Nivel 2 - Aspectos Culturales
Transcripción
Nivel 2 - Aspectos Culturales
CADA CABEZA ES UN MUNDO VOLUMEN XVI NIVEL II #8 Cuando Abril Abrilea, Bien Luce la Primavera. © 2007 Semos Unlimited, Inc./New Mexico Highlands University CONTENIDO Lema Página Hispanic Culture Day at the Legislature, February 13, 2007 Remarks from Ben Altamirano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1 First Place Essay Winner: Leeana López . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2 a 8-3 Third Place Essay Winner: Taylor Roach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4 a 8-5 Gente Homenajeada en 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6 a 8-7 Comida Unas Comidas Americanas: Chile y Chocolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-8 México . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9 Personas Fray Angélico Chávez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 César Chávez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-11 Mela Leger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-12 a 8-13 Una Actividad: Llene el Blanco/Fill in the Blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-14 Un Juego: Brinca la Cuerda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-15 Remedios para Diabetes y Asma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-16 El Departamento de Seguridad Pública . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-17 Federal Writers’ Project* Interview with José García y Trujillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-18 a 8-20 Crucigrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-21 Remedio del Mes: Habas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .back cover * The Federal Writers’ Project was operational during the WPA days of the early 30’s during the Great Depression. NOTE: There are 2 folders included in the CD for this issue: *a Power Point with student art from Hispanic Culture Day at the Legislature *a folder with 2 interactive games: Jacky Chango (a game which emphasizes shapes and colors) and Ilumina (a series of 20 pictures with a color palette-the students click on the color and then on the part of the picture they want to fill in with that color) Special Quote from Senator Ben Altamirano: “ ...knowing who we are, understanding how special we are as New Mexicans, makes us strong.” HISPANIC CULTURE DAY AT THE LEGISLATURE REMARKS FROM SENATOR BEN ALTAMIRANO Welcome to our fifth Hispanic Culture Day. Spanish language and tradition are deeply embedded in many of our communities. But perhaps because of their pervasiveness, we have forgotten how important it is to keep those traditions alive. It isn’t enough to call our parties fiestas, add calle or camino to the names of our streets. Because the traditions we grew up with were just part of our day to day lives, we sometimes miss how those traditions are being slowly replaced in our children’s lives. Fewer and fewer children grow up speaking Spanish. In this way, our culture slips away. Our children need to know that long before the use of herbs, meditation and body work were labeled alternative medicine, New Mexico had traditional healers known as curanderos/curanderas who knew how to heal the body and the mind with plants, roots and a special touch. It is through teaching history and tradition that we can instill in the next generation the pride we feel as New Mexicans, whether we are Hispanic or Anglo or Native American or, like many of us, a little of everything. We cannot allow our children to become disconnected from their history, not just because our history is interesting and unique but because knowing who we are, understanding how special we are as New Mexicans, makes us strong. And we need to teach our children that with these strong roots, they can do anything. We will succeed, not in spite of our Hispanic heritage but because of it, because at the heart of our culture is the strength of family and community, the values of respect and hard work. I want my children and grandchildren to know the warmth and honor I feel when I think of New Mexico and its people. I want them to celebrate their own Hispanic heritage, not just one day a year at an event like this but in their daily lives. And, through this celebration of who they are and who they can become, I look forward to watching my children and my grandchildren thrive, both today and tomorrow. 8-1 HISPANIC CULTURE DAY AT THE LEGISLATURE FIRST PLACE ESSAY WINNER: LEEANA LOPEZ 1st place art winner: Jonathan Barron, Vado Elementary I am a Hispanic girl of America. I am 16 years old and live with my mother, brother and stepfather. I’m going to tell you about my life as a Hispanic and what I see everyday. I see Mexicans and whites fighting everyday. Not only are the students bad with racism but so are some of the teachers. I remember my eighth grade year we had a teacher at Belén Middle School tell some of my friends not to speak Spanish. My brother Michael López is 14 years old and also goes to Belén High School. He is very proud of his Hispanic background and receives a lot of slack because he is of lighter skin. My step-father, César Molina, who was born and raised in Mexico, also gets a lot of slack from his coworkers. They get mad at him for being Mexican and tell him that the Mexicans are taking all of their jobs. Many people don’t understand how hard it is for someone who doesn’t speak English to find work in the United States. My step-father now happily works as an electrician. 8-2 My mom’s name is Lilian Molina. She is always made fun of because she has blonde hair and blue eyes and speaks Spanish better than anyone would picture. I believe that being Hispanic is no different than any other ethnicity. I don’t understand why we are treated so differently. We value and love our families, we carry a strong work ethic, and hold strong ambitions to better ourselves and to help those who are less fortunate. The dreams we dream are the same as yours. We have Hispanic artists, scientists, leaders, teachers and technicians. Just because our ancestors are from somewhere else doesn’t mean we won’t fight for our country the same. We have a lot of Hispanics who have died for our country in war and are still, to this day, fighting for our country in Iraq. Hispanic Visions No matter what color you are or what language you speak, We love you the same, strong or weak. No matter what you believe in or what you see, We’re all the same, you and me. Unidos paramos y unidos vivimos, Somos iguales, no importa de dónde vinimos. 2nd place art winner: Eluid Morales, Vado Elementary 8-3 HISPANIC CULTURE DAY AT THE LEGISLATURE THIRD PLACE ESSAY WINNER: TAYLOR ROACH 2nd place art winner: Danielle Horner, McCurdy Elementary I am a sixth grade student at Our Lady of Annunciation Catholic School in Albuquerque. My family is very important to me. I love them, and I would do anything for them. Families are like glue in the Hispanic culture. This means that they always stick together. Families are beautiful works of art that go on for many generations. They are helpful and experienced at giving advice. They love. Pets are part of a family, too. No matter where you are going, they will go with you because they love you. You always need to remember that a family is constantly there to help you up when you are down, because if you break down, they will all break down with you. My Nino and Nina have taught me that the Hispanic culture follows these values very closely. They were there at my baptism and have followed my growth in faith and knowledge. They are an extended family to me. My Nina gives me an angel ornament each Christmas. She always remembers this tradition. She has taught me that “If you can’t help a thousand people, just help one.”-Mother Theresa. 8-4 Culture is the ideas, skills, tools, arts and way of life of certain people at a certain time or civilization. New Mexico is a state full of culture. We have a life of determination and an eagerness to succeed. I also found out that I have much in common with a girl named Zelma who lives in Mexico. We both like art and have become pen pals. She writes in Spanish, and I write back to her in English. This is a good way to learn about her language and culture. Language and communication are keys to keeping families together. My Spanish teacher, señora Helland, tries her best to help our school be fluent in the Spanish language to keep the Hispanic culture alive in New Mexico. Each day, she will say “Hola” to everyone in the hall. She expects to hear a greeting back in Spanish. I believe that she is a hero for our school. Some of my friends are good at speaking both Spanish and English, but no matter what language they speak, I love being open to their culture and passing it down to other people. In conclusion, family, friends, faith and tradition are strong parts of our New Mexico culture. 3rd place art winner: Sean Maez, San Felipe de Neri Elementary 8-5 GENTE HOMENAJEADA EN 2007 HISPANIC CULTURE DAY 3rd place art winner: Savannah Bustillo, Our Lady of Annunciation Elementary Bill Richardson El gobernador actual, Bill Richardson, en 1978 vino a vivir en Santa Fe. Ganó para representante al Congreso en el tercer distrito. El presidente Bill Clinton lo nombró embajador a las Naciones Unidas. Fue Secretario de Energía. Ganó como gobernador. Ben Altamirano Altamirano es nativo de Pinos Altos. Ha sido senador desde 1971. Es negociante con experiencia en bancos, venta de ropa y de seguros como también tienda de abarrotes. Ha estado casado por 56 años con su esposa Nina. Ben Luján Luján fue elegido por primera vez en 1974. Empezó como trabajador de hierro y luego en el laboratorio de Los Alamos. Es miembro de una gran variedad de organizaciones hispanas. Además es muy activo en su iglesia Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en Pojoaque. Clara Apodaca Hoy en día Clara es directora de la Fundación del Centro de Cultura Hispana Nacional. Ha servido como secretaria estatal del Departamento de Asuntos Culturales. Sirvió en el equipo de transición para Bill 8-6 Richardson. Estevan Arellano Estevan es escritor de Embudo. Ha ganado varios premios de literatura y homenaje por el estado de Chihuahua por sus escritos. El Dr. José Armas El doctor Armas fundó Pajarito Publications, la fiesta De Colores, Hispanic Magazine e IMAGEN. María Benítez María es reconocida internacionalmente por sus esfuerzos en el baile flamenco. Es nativa de Nuevo México. Estudió en España. Ha enriquecido mucho a la comunidad artística de Santa Fe. Denise Chávez Ella es autora, nativa de Las Cruces. Ha recibido premios como el American Book Award, New Mexico Governor’s Award in Literature y el Premio Aztlán. Hace 13 años que dirige el Festival de Libros en la Frontera. Darren Córdova Córdova es músico muy reconocido. Ha ganado más de 20 premios. Es dueño de 4 estaciones de radio. Hoy en día sirve en el Concilio de la Ciudad de Taos. Trent Dimas Dimas es gimnasta. En las Olímpiadas en Barcelona (España), ganó una medalla de oro en el evento de barra alta. Es el único gimnasta hispano de ganar una medalla de oro. Tiene su doctorado en derecho y hoy en día trabaja para First National Bank of Santa Fe. Edward Gonzales Edward pasó su juventud en Albuquerque. Es un pintor que representa la vida hispana rural de Nuevo México en su arte. Sid Gutiérrez Sid es el primer hispano que sirve como piloto de un transbordador espacial. Pasó más de 20 días en el espacio. Ha recibido una gran variedad de honores y está en el International Space Hall of Fame. Edward Luján El señor Luján fue uno de los fundadores del Centro Nacional de Cultura Hispana. Además es un negociante de gran éxito en la Agencia de Seguros Manuel Luján. Roberto Mondragón Roberto ha sido representante, teniente gobernador, anunciador de radio y director de la agencia para los ancianos. Además es cantante y fundador de Aspectos Culturales/ Semos Unlimited, Inc. Concha Ortiz y Pino de Kleven Era decana de un colegio, legisladora, miembra del New Mexico Women’s Hall of Fame y fue nombrada Mujer del Año por el periódico Vista en 1999. Embajador Ed Romero Es fundador de Advanced Sciences, Inc., un negocio internacional que se dirige a la ingeniería del medioambiente. Es fundador de la Fundación para la Cultura Hispana. Bill Clinton lo nombró embajador a 8-7 España en 1998. UNAS COMIDAS AMERICANAS: CHILE Y CHOCOLATE Puesto que el chile es tan antiguo y el chocolate posiblemente ayuda el cerebro, incluiremos estas recetas. CHILE El periódico Science recientemente publicó resultados de una investigación sobre el chile. Hallaron foósiles de chile de unas 6,100 años atrás. Los hallaron en la Cuenca Amazona como también en Ecuador. El descubrimiento hace el chile una de las especies más antiguas del mundo. Otros son cabriola que tiene 10,000 años, fenogreco que tiene 9,000 años y cilantro que tiene 8,500 años. Todos estos fueron hallados en el medio oriente. CHOCOLATE En una junta, científicos discutieron los efectos del chocolate en el cerebro. Una substancia llamada flavanols aumenta la cantidad de sangre que fluye al cerebro por 2 o 3 horas. Es posible que en el futuro la información tenga valor en tratar problemas como el cansancio o los derrames cerebrales chicos. Chile con Queso 2 cucharadas de mantequilla 2 cucharadas de cebolla picada 1 diente de ajo, machucado 2 tomates rebanados 1 taza de chile verde asado y picado 2 1/2 tazas de queso rllado En una olla doble, fría la cebolla y el ajo en mantequilla. Añada los tomates, chile y queso. Cocine hasta que el queso se derrita. Se sirve con tostadas. Chocolate Estilo Mexicano 2 cuadritos de chocolate sólido sin azúcar sal, canela, nuez moscada-una pulgarada 1 1/2 tazas de leche o crema 1/2 taza de azúcar 1 clara de huevo Combine todos los ingredientes menos la clara y caliente hasta que esté derritido. Necesita batir la mezcla constantemente. Antes de servirlo, bata la clara de huevo hasta que esté a punto de turrón. Añada un poco de la clara a cada taza. 8-8 MEXICO El nombre oficial es los Estados Unidos de México. La población en 2005 era 106.4 millones de personas. La capital es la Ciudad de México a veces llamada el Distrito Federal. El área es 1,972,550 kilómetros cuadrados o 761,602 millas cuadradas. Eventos Principales de la Historia de México: 10,000 a.C. cazadores y cosechadores llegan a México 1,500 a.C. aparecen los pueblos 200 a.C.-100 d.C. Monte Albán 600-900 d.C. la civilización Maya 1376-1520 el reino de los Azteca 1519 llega Hernán Cortés 16 de septiembre de 1810 el Grito de Dolores 1821 la independencia de España 1846-1848 la guerra entre México y los Estado Unidos 5 de mayo 1862 vencieron a los franceses en Puebla 1867 Benito Juárez es presidente 1910 la Revolución Mexicana 1916 Pancho Villa invade Columbus, Nuevo México 1917 una constitución 8-9 FRAY ANGELICO CHAVEZ Fray Angélico Chávez nació el 10 de abril de 1910 en Wagon Mound, Nuevo México. Sus padres fueron Fabián Chávez y María Nicolasa Roybal de Chávez. Su nombre era Manuel Ezequiel. Fue inspirado a seguir la senda del misionario Junípero Serra. Asistió a las escuelas públicas en Mora. A la edad de 14 lo admitieron al Seminario. En 1937 se convirtió en cura en la catedral de San Francisco en Santa Fe. Fue el primer nativo de Nuevo México a ser franciscano. Fue asignado a la parroquia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en Peña Blanca. Además conducía servicios religiosos para la gente indígena de San Felipe, Santo Domingo y Cochití. Sirvió en el ejército durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial como cura. Cuando regresó, Chávez comenzó a ser archivero. Entre los libros que Chávez escribió son But time and chance: the story of Padre Martinez of Taos, La Conquistadora: the autobiography of an ancient statue, Coronado’s friars, My Penitente Land: Reflection on Spanish New Mexico y Origins of New Mexico families: a genealogy of the Spanish colonial period. En la categoría de ficción él escribió New Mexico triptych: being three panels and three accounts, The Lady from Toledo y The Short Stories of Fray Angélico Chávez. Su poesía incluye Eleven Lady-lyrics and other poems, Cantares: canticles and poems of youth y Selected Poems, with an apologia. Fray Angélico Chávez dejó de ser cura en 1971. Regresó a ser cura antes de morir el 18 de marzo del año 1996 en Santa Fe. Está enterrado en el Cementerio del Rosario. Rehusó a ser enterrado en la catedral de San Francisco. El Museo de Nuevo México nombró su biblioteca de historia en honor de 8-10 Chávez. CESAR ESTRADA CHAVEZ César Chávez nació en Arizona el 31 de marzo 1927. Hablaba nada más el español. Asistió a 37 escuelas. Después del grado 8 se salió de la escuela. Empezó a trabajar como campesino. En 1948 se casó con Helen Fabela. Tuvieron 8 hijos. En San José, California César empezó a leer sobre San Francisco y Mohandas Gandhi y su filosofía de la no violencia. Chávez fundó la Asociación Nacional de Campesinos con Dolores Huerta. Los mexicanos formaron el Sindicato de Campesinos Unidos (United Farm Workers). Empezaron una coalición para animar a gente a no comprar las uvas. La huelga duró por 5 años. En 1969 César Chávez y miembros del sindicato marcharon por los valles Imperial y Coachella para protestar el uso de inmigrantes ilegales empleados para reemplazar los trabajadores durante una huelga. Ganaron un aumento en los sueldos de los campesinos que piscaban las uvas como también la lechuga. Hizo una campaña en contra del uso de las pesticidas para matar insectos. Al estilo de Gandhi hizo un ayuno para que el público reconociera lo que pasaba. Más tarde, la educación se hizo la pasión de Chávez. Tenía cientos de libros en su oficina sobre filosofía, la economía, cooperativas, los sindicatos y biografías de Gandhi como también de la familia Kennedy. César Chávez murió el día 23 de abril del año 1993. Su esposa recibió la Medalla de Libertad del presidente Clinton en 1994. Es el honor más alto que puede recibir la gente civil. Hay calles, escuelas y parques nombrados por Chávez. El lema de César Chávez era “Sí se puede.” Puede aplicarse a cualquier persona en cualquier parte del mundo. “Si Se Puede!” 8-11 MELA LEGER by Mary Jean Habermann, associate director New Mexico Association for Bilingual Education Mela Leger, early pioneer of bilingual education, passed away on December 31, 2006 at her home in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Mela was a quiet, kind, compassionate and committed individual who understood the power of politics and bilingual education. She was one of a handful of educators nationwide to pilot test and participate in the national debate and development of curriculum for bilingual children. She started and ran a fully bilingual, multi-cultural elementary school, which was visited by policy makers and educators from Washington D.C. and every state with a sizable bilingual population. She collaborated with state leaders early on and traveled to various school districts to meet with parents and convince them that bilingual education was a good thing for their children. In 1969 she accompanied the New Mexico State Department of Education team on a review of the Portales School district’s school. The team found a school far below standards and a recommendation was made that the school “not be approved for having below standards curricula.” (New Mexico State Department of Education files). The landmark Serna V Portales lawsuit relied upon this report for its segregation of Hispanic children finding. She was intricately involved in the development of the 1973 Bilingual Education Act and was named to the initial state bilingual advisory committee in 1975. She urged the Department to include bilingual education as part of the state's Educational Standards. She also supported the concept of creating a proficiency exam in Spanish for certifying teachers in bilingual education, knowing that without proficiency a quality education through two languages was meaningless. 8-12 In the mid 70’s she directed the Las Vegas Teacher Training Center, one of three such centers established by the Legislature. These centers provided demonstration classes and in-service training in bilingual education. It was truly a marvelous model. Mela helped field test language arts, math, science, social studies, and fine arts materials in New Mexico classrooms. A founding member of NMABE, Mela stayed involved at the state level throughout her lifetime. Dr. Paul Martínez, Director of the Center for Education and Study of Diverse Populations, remembers Mela in this way, “There is always a deeply felt sense of loss for me when an anciano passes. When one of our bilingual education pioneers dies however, it is even a more profound loss. Mela was an amazing person, I cannot ever remember one time that I spoke with her when she wasn’t smiling or upbeat about our work and the students we serve. When I first returned to NM after living in Denver and Chicago, she was one of the first people along with Henry Pascual who welcomed me back and had consejos to share with me. Our community, not only in NM, but nationally has lost an anchor, truly one of our pioneers.” She continued to build on that foundation by helping prepare future teachers at the University of New Mexico and also as a teacher trainer with the Albuquerque Public Schools. She retired from UNM but not from her career as she then worked for Crane Publishing Company. At 76, she finally decided that she had worked her last Bilingual Education Conference. Mela trained hundreds of teachers who impacted thousands of students. Dr. Julia Rosa Emslie, NMABE President, had the following words for Mela. "Mela Leger was a great friend and great mentor. Her funeral mass was wonderful and moving. The Newman Center was packed with family and friends. At the cemetery, her son Steve played "Over the Rainbow" on his trumpet. There was not a dry eye in the place." At the cemetery, one of her granddaughters passed along something unforgettable that Mela had taught her as she was growing up, “My grandma told me this. When you educate a man, you educate an individual. When you educate a woman, you educate a family.” The family of bilingual education will never forget the contributions Mela has made to New Mexico’s teachers, parents, and children. Mela Leger-que descanse en paz. 8-13 LLENE EL BLANCO/FILL IN THE BLANK 1. I want them to ______________ their own Hispanic heritage, not just one day a year at an event like this but in their daily lives. 2. Not only are the students bad with _________ but so are some of the teachers. 3. She is always made fun of because she has blonde hair and blue eyes and speaks _______________ better than anyone would picture. 4. Families are like _________ in the Hispanic culture. 5. _________________ is a state full of culture . 6. _____________________ es nativo de Pinos Altos. 7. El es el primer hispano QUE como __________ de un transbordador espacial. 8. El descubrimiento hace ________ una de las especies más antiguas del mundo. 9. Una substancia llamada ______________ aumenta la cantidad de sangre que fluye al cerebro por 2 o 3 horas. 10. El nombre oficial es los Estados Unidos de __________. 11. _________________________ nació el 10 de abril de 1910 en Wagon Mound. 12. El lema de César Chávez era “____ ____ _________.” 13. The family of bilingual education will never forget the contributions _____ has made to New Mexico’s teachers, parents, and children. 8-14 UNA ACTIVIDAD: BRINCA LA CUERDA La primera evidencia de brincar la cuerda viene de pinturas medievales donde hay niños brincando la cuerda en las calles de Europa. En Egipto en 1600 d.C. usaban enredaderas para brincar. En tiempos antiguos brincar la cuerda era sólo para hombres, mujeres estaban prohibidas de hacerlo. Hoy en día se puede ver a boxeadores usando la cuerda para hacer ejercicio. Ayuda en fortalecer el funcionamiento del corazón.Hay cuerdas de cuero, con cuentas, de algodón, de nilón, de cables y de plástico. http://www.gameskidsplay.net/jump_rope_ryhmes/ "I like coffee, I like tea, I like (name of next person in line) to come in with me." Then the two jump together, the second person saying the rhyme. When the rhyme is done, the first person runs out, and the new person comes in and jumps with the second person. Contributed by Cheryl Anderson http://www.aacs.wnyric.org/donius/jump_rope/rhymes.html Cinderella dressed in yella, Went downstairs to kiss a fella, Made a mistake and kissed a snake. How many doctors did it take 1, 2, 3, . . . . http://www.kids-teens.org/RHYMES/jump_rope.htm Ice cream soda, Delaware punch, Tell me the name, Of your honeybunch? A, B, C... (the letter you miss on is your sweetheart's initial) 8-15 REMEDIOS PARA DIABETES Y ASMA Diabetes es una enfermedad en que el cuerpo no produce suficiente insulina que usa el cuerpo para usar glucosa que, a la vez, produce energía. Las células no tienen suficiente energía para funcionar. La gente hispana tiene más posibilidad de tener diabetes. Los síntomas incluyen la orina frecuente, la sed insaciable, pérdida de peso, mucho hambre, cansancio e irritabilidad. Con dieta, ejercicio y medicina la persona puede vivir una vida normal. La dieta que se recomienda para prevenir problemas no contiene mucha grasa ni tampoco azúcar. Las vitaminas y minerales que ayudan son manganeso, vitamina B12 y cinc. Manganeso se halla en aguacates, frijoles, café, jengibre, avena, chícharos y espinacas. La vitamina B12 se halla en almendras, res, queso, pollo e hígado. Comidas con cinc son la yema, pescado, leche, guajolote y granos enteros. Entre las cosas que usan los curanderos tradicionales la favorita es nopal. Otros remedios incluyen trumpet flower (tronadora), té de brickle bush (prodigiosa) o té de sage (salvia). Hay más información en www.cdc.gov/diabetes, www.diabetes.org y en español en www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ spanish y www.diabetes.org/español. Asma es un desorden que consiste de episodios de estar sin poder respirar, dolores en el pecho y tos por la mañana. Puede resultar por fumar, infecciones, alergias y polución. Se estima que hay 6.1 millones de niños con asma en los Estados Unidos. Como diabetes, asma es una situación que requiere consulta médica. Es una condición bastante seria. Hay varios pasos que podemos usar para reducir la incidencia de asma. Uno es asegurar que no haya moho en la casa. Si hay animales en la casa, asegúrense que no estén causando alergias en los niños. Otra práctica con que se beneficia el niño es el ejercicio. Tomar mucho líquido ayuda. Evite harina blanca y azúcar. Frutas y vegetales crudos pueden abrir los bronquios. Baje el uso de carne roja y productos lácteos. Unos remedios que alivian algunos síntomas del asma incluyen té de gordolobo (mullein), eucalipto (eucalyptus) frotado en el cuerpo y uña de gato (cat’s claw). La raíz de regaliz es otro remedio muy usado. Se usa también ajo y cebolla para prevenir la inflamación. Tomillo se puede mezclar con miel y sirve para 8-16 reducir la tos. EL DEPARTAMENTO DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA La visión del Departamento de Seguridad Pública es mantener Nuevo México más seguro con comunidades y caminos seguros. Su misión es asegurar que Nuevo México sea más seguro y capacitado al proporcionar servicios que fortalecen la ley de alta calidad, entrenan, responden a desastres y emergencias y mantienen comunicaciones técnicas y apoyo forense al público como también a otras agencias gubernamentales. Las divisiones del departamento incluyen la policía estatal, el transporte de motor, una academia de entrenamiento, investigaciones especiales, archivos de casos sin soluciones, registración de ofensores sexuales, búsquedas y liberación de gente desaparecida, un laboratorio forense, un esfuerzo en contra de las pandillas, información sobre niños desaparecidos y la patrulla a caballo. El secretario del departamento se llama John Denko. Era piloto. Luego se unió con la policía estatal hasta que llegó a ser el director. Después de formar su propia compañía de seguridad, sirvió como director de la policía de la ciudad de Santa Fe. Entre los empleados del secretario Denko hay Faron Segotta, el director de la policía estatal. Paul Cook es el secretario diputado de administración. Timothy Manning es el secretario diputado de servicios de emergencia. El sitio del Departamento de Seguridad Pública (www.dps.nm. org) tiene una variedad de aspectos interesantes. Tiene números para reportar emergencias como también reportar a choferes borrachos o vehículos llevando algo no bien atado. Hay un enlace para ver quiénes son los ofensores sexuales y dónde están. Hay una página con biografías de policías que murieron mientras que trabajaban. El Departamento de Seguridad Pública es uno con el que tenemos contacto casi a diario. Vale la pena aprender sobre las maneras en que nos puede ayudar. 8-17 INTERVIEW WITH JOSE GARCIA Y TRUJILLO from an interview by Janet Smith for the WPA Federal Writers’ Project: 08/26/36 José García y Trujillo doesn't believe that Billy the Kid was ever shot. He feels sure he got away to South America. When I showed him a book by the man who killed Billy the Kid, he was unconvinced. "No señora," and he shook his forefinger back and forth before his face. "You think Billy the Kid let himself be shot in the dark like that? No, señora - Billy the Kid - never. That Billy, tenía un' agileza en su mente - en su mente aquí." He pointed to his forehead. When I stopped to see Mr. García, he was sitting on the ground under the cottonwood tree that shades the cracked adobe walls of his long narrow house. His hat was pulled down over his eyes and he seemed to be sleeping. He squinted at me, and then pulled himself to his feet. "¿Cómo le va, señora?" Mr. García placed the one chair in the shade for me. He found a box behind a heap of wagon wheels and car fenders and sat down beside me. He squinted his long blue eyes and asked in Spanish, "What's new?" I patted the black kitten stretched on a bench at my elbow. Two little brown dogs nosed at my shoes, and a big shaggy fellow laid his head against my arm. A thin dark old woman stepped over the little goat sleeping just inside the doorway of the house, its head resting on the doorstep. She gathered up some green chili from a table in the yard, giving me an intent look as she stood there. Mr. García asked me again, "What's new? You bring me those history books of Billy the Kid?" I showed him the picture of Pat Garrett who shot Billy the Kid. "I don't want to dispute against you señora, but in my mind which is the picture of my soul, I know it is not true. Maybe Pat Garrett, he give Billy the Kid money to go to South America and write that story for the books. Maybe he kill somebody else in Billy's place.” Mrs. García came out again and sat on a bench beside her husband. "What did Billy the Kid look like?" I asked. "Chopito - a short man, but wide in shoulders and strong. His forehead was big. His eyes were blue. He wore Indian shoes with beads on his feet. His clothes - muy desarreglado - " "¿Desarreglado?" I asked. “Like yours," he said, pointing to my blue denim skirt and shirt. "Any old way." 8-18 In broken English, mixed with Spanish phrases, Mr. García told me how he went in a posse of thirty-five or more men to capture Billy the Kid. He didn't know the Sheriff's name, but the description sounded like Pat Garrett himself. "Muy, muy alto" very, very tall, and Pat Garrett was six feet, four and a half. José García was working at the time as a sheepherder on the ranch of Jacobo Yrissari, about ninety miles southeast of Albuquerque. The tall sheriff came by one day with a band of men and offered him five dollars a day and food for himself and his horse to join the posse in search of Billy the Kid. He said he didn't think there was any danger of their getting Billy, and five dollars was a lot of money. The plan was to surround the Maxwell Ranch on the Pecos River, where Billy the Kid was known to spend much time. This ranch belonged to Lucien Maxwell. "Un hombre muy grande, un millonario," said José García. He came to New Mexico from Illinois when the country was still a part of Old Mexico. There he married Luz Beaubien, daughter of a French Canadian, Charles Hipolyte Trotier, Sieur de Beaubien, and a Spanish woman. With Guadalupe Miranda, Beaubien had received from the Mexican Government during the Administration of Governor Manuel Armijo a huge grant of land as a reward for pioneer services. Beaubien bought Miranda's share, and at Beaubien's death, Lucien Maxwell, his son-in-law, purchased all the land from the heirs and became sole owner of more than a million acres. Nearly every day his table was set for more than two dozen, and it is reputed that they ate on plates of silver and drank from goblets of gold. The Maxwell house was "una gran mansión." But it was to the Maxwell House on the Pecos near Fort Sumner that he went in search of Billy the Kid. Maxwell retired to his place at Fort Sumner after losing much of his wealth. His son Pete later became the richest sheep man in that part of the country. It was Pete who was a friend of Billy the Kid. José García said he and the other men surrounded the house for two weeks but they never got so much as a glimpse of Billy the Kid. Mr. García said he knew a good friend of Billy the Kid, José Chávez y Chávez. When he was herding sheep on the Yrissari Ranch, which was not far from Santa Rosa on the Pecos River, José Chávez y Chávez was sheep herder on a nearby ranch. One day the two of them were sitting under a tree smoking when a pack train on the way to Arizona came along on the other side of the Pecos. Just 8-19 opposite the tree where the two sheepherders were sitting, they tried to ford the stream. But the water was swift, and the horses floundered. José García and José Chávez pulled off their clothes, jumped in and guided the horses to the bank. After the pack train went on, José Chávez showed Mr. García the twenty-one bullet scars on his body. "He had an innocent face didn't look as though he could break a dish, but he was bad with a gun. ¡Qué hombre!” According to Walter Noble Burns it was this José Chávez y Chávez who was responsible for the friendship between Billy the Kid and the wealthy Maxwells. Billy the Kid had ridden over to Fort Sumner from Lincoln with several of his men, among whom was José Chávez y Chávez. The fiancé of one of the Maxwell girls was drunk and met José Chávez y Chávez on the street back of the Maxwell House. The two men quarreled, and José Chávez pulled his gun. Mrs. Maxwell ran out of the house and tried to pull her future son-in-law away, begging Chávez not to shoot him as he was drunk and didn't know what he was doing. Just then a young man walked rapidly across the road, touched his sombrero to Mrs. Maxwell, said something in Spanish to Chávez and led him away. It was the Kid. He made Fort Sumner his headquarters and was a frequent visitor at the Maxwell home. It was in Pete Maxwell's room that Pat Garrett shot him. Mr. García asked me if there were any books in Spanish about Billy the Kid. "My wife," he said, "she taught me to read. I didn't know the letters when I married her. She didn't know the words, but she knew the letters, and she taught me. I taught myself how the words went, but I never could teach her to read." Mrs. García shook her head. "Nunca, nunca, nunca," she said. I promised to look for a Spanish book about Billy the Kid. I sat for a minute longer watching some pigeons perched on a water barrel. They pecked at the water. The ripples reflected on their green and lavender breasts. The little goat came out of the house and sniffed the dirt around my chair. As I rose to go, Mr. García stood up and took off his hat. "Muchas felicidades y buena salud, señora," he said, with a little bow. Much happiness and good health to you. Mrs. García put out her hand. Her dark eyes were always somber. "Adiós," she said, "Que Dios vaya con usted." Goodbye, I can only say God be with you. "Vuelva," they called after me as I drove away. "Come back." 8-20 CRUCIGRAMA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DOWN 1 ___Pública 2 step-___ 3 Monte___ 4 condición bastante___ 6 Henry___ 7 ___y minerales 9 Distrito____ 12 Nuestra Señora de ____ 13 efectos de __ 18 chile_____ 14 ___or weak 20 Lucien____ 15 _____estatal 23 an___passes 17 What's___ 24 United____ 19 ____ Chávez 26 take_____ 20 __Leger 29 ____Public21 proficiency ations ___ 30 ___the Kid 22 Locks 31 investigación of____ sobre__ 25 I LIKE___ 32 Belen __ 27 stick___ 28 el___actual School 33 ____Serra 11 12 14 16 17 19 20 24 26 18 21 25 27 28 30 31 32 33 ACROSS 5 Hispanic __ Day 8 family, friends and___ 9 __Angélico Chávez 10 Valles Imperial y __ 11 Ice cream--16 una grande___ 7 22 13 15 23 29 8-21 AMIGOS A Division of Semos Unlimited, Inc. 1219 Luisa Street #2 Santa Fe NM 87505 Director: Georgia Roybal Phone: (505) 986-0799 Fax: (505) 986-1499 [email protected] Remedio del Mes: Habas-se dice que el caldo de habas es bueno para el asma, pulmonía, cold in the lungs, dolor de pecho (también se usa el polvo como un emplaste).