unit two what happened - Gimnasio Virtual San Francisco Javier

Transcripción

GIMNASIO VIRTUAL SAN FRANCISCO JAVIER
“Valores y Tecnología para la Formación Integral del Ser Humano”
UNIT TWO
WHAT HAPPENED
COMPETENCIES
AND
PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
•Past Perfect
•Illnesses
•Past Perfect Continuous
•Suggestions with SHALL
•Time expressions: for, since, ago, until
•Vocabulary
•Conversation practice
COMPETENCIAS E INDICADORES DE
DESEMPEÑO
Past Perfect
FORM
[had + past participle]
Examples:
 You had studied English before you moved to New York.
 Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
 You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
Complete List of Past Perfect Forms
English.
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
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The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another
action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time
in the past.
Examples:
 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
 A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we
use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up
until another action in the past.
Examples:
 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than
forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
English.
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
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Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases
with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with
them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used
instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The
words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect
is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with
them in 1996.
 She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in
1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not
optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of
experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past
cannot be used.
Examples:
 She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
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English.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
Examples:
 You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
 Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
 George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's
license. A CTIVE
 Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's
license. P ASSIVE
That clauses with think, guess, know and hope
Illnesses
Athlete's Foot
The human body is home to many different kinds of fungi. Most never cause a
problem.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Justin and Katie are both seventh-grade students with ADHD. They act quite
differently at school, however.
Autism
child, he kept his toys in the exact same spot on his shelves and would become very
angry if anything was moved.
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English.
Like many children with autism, Jamie was concerned with order. Even as a young
Babesiosis
Babesiosis is a rare disease carried by ticks infected with the Babesia parasite. It
most often affects cows, horses, sheep, dogs, and cats, but it can be transmitted to
people through tick bites.
Bacterial Infections
Bacteria are everywhere: in soil, in water, in air, and in the bodies of every person
and animal. These microorganisms* are among the most numerous forms of life on
Earth.
Bedsores (Pressure Sores)
Bedsores develop when the skin is compressed between a protruding bone, like a
hipbone or elbow, and an external surface, like a wheelchair or mattress, over a
long period of time. This compression limits the flow of blood in blood vessels that
bring nutrients and oxygen to the skin and remove wastes.
Bedwetting (Enuresis)
Bobby felt ashamed when he woke up and discovered his underwear and bed sheets
were wet again. He had urinated while sleeping.
Fifteen-year-old Shelly woke up one morning feeling like she had just received a
shot of Novocain from the dentist. When she looked in the mirror, she saw that her
face seemed limp on one side.
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English.
Bell's Palsy
Bends
The bends is also called decompression sickness or caisson* sickness. When a
person is scuba diving, the water pressure increases with depth.
Birth Defects
A birth defect is an abnormality in the body structure or chemistry of a newborn
child. It may be caused by hereditary factors (that is, by genetic causes), by
environmental influences that affect the embryo or fetus in the mother's womb, or
by a combination of factors.
Bites and Stings
In addition to bites by mammals such as dogs, cats, and humans, many other
animals can bite or sting people. Some animals inject venom, which is a poisonous
substance, into the skin when they bite.
Bladder Cancer
Cigarette smoking is most commonly associated with lung cancer, but smokers also
are two to three times more likely than nonsmokers to develop bladder cancer.
Cigarette smoke contains harmful cancer-causing chemicals called carcinogens
(kar-SIN-o-jenz).
English.
Blindness
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Corrine tried to imagine how she would describe a bird to her sister Amy, who
might never be able to see one. She could say that it is small, that it has feathers,
and that it sings.
Botulism
Botulism (BOCH-u-liz-em) is food poisoning caused by eating food containing
Clostridium botulinum bacteria or the toxin they produce. Improperly canned
foods, fresh produce, and occasionally fish may carry the bacteria.
Brain Tumor
A brain tumor is a clump of abnormal tissue that can be found anywhere in the
brain. The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, which controls
everything a person does on purpose (such as walking and talking), or
automatically (such as breathing and digesting food).
Breast Cancer
In the United States, breast cancer is a very common cancer among women, second
only to skin cancer. Breast cancer also occurs in men, but much more rarely.
Broken Bones and Fractures
Ken knew the steps to the attic were steep, but when his little sister ran off with his
toy airplane, he took the stairs two at a time. Halfway down he slipped.
English.
Bronchitis
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Chrissy's father had been smoking cigarettes since he was Chrissy's age. In the last
few years, though, her father had developed a nasty cough that never seemed to go
away.
Bunions
When Natalie began her job at the bank, she finally could afford to indulge her love
of stylish shoes. The higher the heel and the pointier the toe, the better.
Burns
The skin is the protective outer surface of the body. Its outer layer is the epidermis,
comprising several layers of epithelial cells arranged like shingles on a roof.
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacteriosis is an infection of the intestinal tract that is caused by the
Campylobacter bacterium. The infection may cause diarrhea, nausea and vomiting,
and abdominal cramps.
Cancer
The disease we call cancer has been around as long as we have. Evidence of
cancerous growths, or tumors, has been found among fossilized bones and in
human mummies dating from ancient Egypt.
Canker Sores (Aphthous Ulcers)
her teeth before school. It was inside her lower lip, on the soft, fleshy part in front
of her bottom teeth.
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English.
Ashley first noticed a slight tingle in her mouth one morning as she was brushing
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
The neighbors could set a clock by Dr. Smith's morning routine.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve in the wrist is
compressed by other structures in the "tunnel" formed by ligaments* and the
carpal (or wrist) bones. The median nerve provides feeling to the palm, thumb, and
middle fingers, and irritation of this nerve causes numbness, weakness, and pain.
Cat Scratch Disease
Cat scratch disease is an infection by Bartonella henselae bacteria. It causes swollen
glands, usually after a scratch or a bite from a cat.
Cataracts
Many people who live to an old age will develop cataracts, often without noticing
the effects until they are past age 70. For some, it might mean only a slight change
in vision.
Cavities
Michael's friend Ashley always said that she loved his smile, and Michael wanted to
keep it that way. However, Michael was unaware that he had a small cavity starting
in one of his front teeth.
Rob and Carol were the first to notice that something was wrong with their elevenmonth-old daughter Nancy. Nancy was an alert, happy baby.
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English.
Cerebral Palsy
Chagas' Disease
Chagas' disease is an infection with a protozoan (pro-to-ZO-an), a tiny parasite
called Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite infects many kinds of mammals in South
and Central America.
Chickenpox
With its rash and fever, chickenpox is common in children and usually mild. But it
can be serious, especially in infants, adults, and people with weak immune
systems*.
Chlamydial Infections
Chlamydial (kla-MID-ee-al) infections are caused by three species of
microorganisms. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause eye or lung infections and can
also infect the urinary and genital areas of both men and women.
Cholera
Cholera (KOL-er-a) is an illness that results from infection of the large intestine by
Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cholera causes watery diarrhea and vomiting.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
In November 1996, the enormously popular American jazz pianist Keith Jarrett
found himself completely drained of energy in the middle of a concert tour in Italy.
The only way he could get through his performances was to stay in bed most of the
English.
day and get up just for the concert at night.
Cirrhosis of the Liver
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Many people believe that only heavy drinkers can get cirrhosis of the liver.
Although it is true that the number one cause of cirrhosis in the United States is
drinking alcohol, a person need not be a heavy drinker to get the disease.
Cleft Palate
Tonya and Phil were excited to hear their newborn son's first cry, but they were
shocked when they saw him for the first time; baby Philip's upper lip was split up
the middle. The doctor told them that Philip had a cleft palate as well as a cleft lip,
and that both are fairly common birth defects.
Clotting
Almost as soon as blood starts to flow from a cut finger or scraped knee, platelets
begin to gather. Platelets are clear blood cells that start the process of clotting.
Cold
The rhinovirus, photographed at 100,000 times its actual size.
Cold-Related Injuries
injuries. That includes people who fish, hunt, or hike, especially in the mountains,
where temperatures can drop quickly and icy rain or snow can blow in with little
warning.
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English.
Anyone who spends time outdoors in cold weather can be at risk for cold-related
Colitis
Colitis is a type of inflammatory* bowel disease that affects mainly the large
intestine and the rectum*. Different types of colitis may be chronic or acute and
may have different causes, but they have many symptoms in common, including
diarrhea that may be bloody.
Collagen Vascular Diseases
Collagen vascular diseases have been recognized for a long time. Rheumatoid
arthritis is a chronic inflammatory* disease that causes stiffness in the joints
(places where bones meet), and can lead to disfigurement.
Color Blindness
Red means stop. Green means go.
Colorectal Cancer
In October 1998, New York Yankees outfielder Darryl Strawberry went to see his
doctor because of pains in his stomach. Surprisingly, the cause turned out to be
colon cancer.
Concussion
Most people who watch sporting events on television have seen team physicians
run out to the playing field to examine athletes who receive blows to the head. The
doctors often ask the injured players if they know where they are or what day of the
English.
week it is.
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Past perfect continuous
For example:
"By the time I left England we had been living in Bristol for five years."
"Her back was sore because she had been sitting at the computer all day."
It is also used to say how long something went on for, up to a time in the past.
For example:We apologised because we had kept them waiting for 3 hours.
We apologised because we had kept them waiting since lunchtime.
!Note It is always for a length of time and since a point in time.
English.
Suggestions with SHALL
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'Shall' does not change its form.
I, you, he, she, it, we, they shall.
'Shall' is also shortened to...'ll.
I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll, we'll, they'll - and even (although it's not good English) it'll
The negative of 'shall' is 'shall not' - often shortened to shan't
shall not / shan't
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
In British English 'Shall' is often used instead of will in the first person (I/we).
I / We will
I shall be at work on time.
We shall win the
competition.
They shall not pass!
= I / We shall
=
I will be at work on time.
=
We will win the competition.
=
They shan't pass!
'Shall' is also often used in the first person (I/we) in questions when asking for permission,
making suggestions, making an offer or asking for advice.
Shall I do that?
Shall we go home?
will
English.
Listen to it
won't
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shall
shan't
Time expressions: for, since, ago, until
Vocabulary
Useful Vocabulary
ankle | arm | chest | foot | hand | knee
back | bottom | calf | elbow | head
leg | neck | shoulder
heel | thigh
Close up on the foot
Close up on the hand
index finger | knuckle | fingernails
ankle | big toe | heel | little toe | toenail
little finger | middle finger
ring finger | thumb | wrist
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English.
The Human Body
Build Up
English.
Inside the Body - Simple Anatomy
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bladder The organ
inside the
body of a
person, where
urine is stored
before it
leaves the
body.
The hard parts inside a human or animal that make up its frame.
English.
bone
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The organ
inside the
head that
controls
thought,
memory,
feelings and
activity.
English.
brain
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digestiv The organs in
e
your body that
system digest food.
The ear is
made up of
three different
sections: the
outer ear, the
middle ear,
and the inner
ear. These
parts all work
together so
you can hear
English.
ear
and process
sounds.
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'The eyes
takes in
information
about the
world around
you - shapes,
colours,
movement,
and more.
Then they
send the
information to
your brain.
English.
eye
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heart
The heart
sends blood
around the
body. The
blood
provides
oxygen and
nutrients to
the body.
kidney
One of the
main jobs of
the kidneys is
to filter the
waste out of
the blood.
A large organ
in the body
which cleans
the blood and
produces bile
(a bitter yellow
English.
liver
liquid which
helps to
digest fat).
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lungs
The lungs are
one of the
largest organs
in the body,
they work with
the respiratory
system to take
in fresh air,
and get rid of
stale air.
The opening
in the face
which
consists of
the lips and
the space
between them,
or the space
behind which
contains the
teeth and the
tongue.
English.
mouth
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skeleton The frame of
bones that
support the
English.
body.
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spine
The line of
bones down
the centre of
the back that
provides
support for
the body.
The hard
white objects
in the mouth,
which are
used for biting
and chewing.
English.
teeth
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tooth
(see above)
urinary The parts of
tract
the body
which
produce and
carry urine.
English.
Naturally Speaking
Describing aches and pains
If your head hurts:
"I've got a headache." or "My head aches."
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If your stomach hurts:
"I've got stomach ache." or "My stomach aches."
If your back hurts:
"I've got backache." or "My back aches."
If your neck hurts:
"I've got neckache." or ""My neck aches."
If other parts of your body
hurt:
"I've got a pain in my arm / leg etc."
Dialogue
Listening Practise:Powered By ReadTheWords.com
It's Monday morning and Mr Smith has gone to see the doctor.
Doctor:
Hello Mr Smith. We haven't seen you in a while. What seems to be the
problem?
Mr Smith
Well, I fell off the ladder whilst I was decorating and hurt my ankle. It swelled
up and hasn't gone down since.
Doctor:
OK - let's have a look, take off your shoe and sock and roll up your trouser
leg.
(Examines ankle)
Ah yes, I think we had better send you to the hospital to get this X-rayed. You
may have broken a bone.
Mr Smith:
What? You're joking! No wonder it hurts so much.
English.
Conversation practice
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English.
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unit two what happened - Gimnasio Virtual San Francisco Javier

Transcripción

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