Magnolia schiedeana

Transcripción

Magnolia schiedeana

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T30758A2796250
Magnolia schiedeana
Assessment by:
Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-Espinosa, M.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-Espinosa, M. 2014. Magnolia schiedeana. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2014: e.T30758A2796250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20141.RLTS.T30758A2796250.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Magnoliales
Magnoliaceae
Taxon Name: Magnolia schiedeana Schltl.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Vulnerable B1ab(iii) ver 3.1
Year Published:
2014
Date Assessed:
April 2, 2007
Justification:
Magnolia schiedeana is an endemic Mexican cloud forest species. It is considered to be Vulnerable
based on its extent of occurrence of 17,411 km2, its occurrence at five locations and a continuing decline
in habitat.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
1998 – Endangered (EN)
1998 – Vulnerable (V)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Magnolia schiedeana is a species endemic to Mexico. It is only found in the central part of the slopes of
the Gulf of Mexico (Jimenez-Ramirez et al. 2007). It has a much smaller range than previously thought. It
was restricted to fourteen scattered populations ranging across the Mexican states of Queretaro,
Hidalgo, Veracruz (in Acatlan), Guerrero and Oaxaca (Vazquez-G 1994) and also in Michoacan and the
Sierra Madre Oriental (Gonzales-Espinosa et al. 2011). This species has also been recorded in the BMM
de la Cortadura in Veracruz (Garcia-Franco 2008). The distribution of this species is allopatric. This
species occurs at elevations of 1,200 to 2,100 m asl with a potential forest distribution of 17,411 km2,
used here as an estimate of the extent of occurrence.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Mexico (Guerrero, Hidalgo, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Querétaro, Veracruz)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Magnolia schiedeana – published in 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T30758A2796250.en
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Distribution Map
2
Population
Records from the Pacific region are incorrect identifications and actually represent either Magnolia
guerrerensis (J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz Durán) or Magnolia vazquezii (Cruz Durán & K.Vega). Three
populations exist in the vicinity of Xalapa, Veracruz but they are isolated by substantial distances (>100
km) from any other populations of the species and form a cluster at a similar geographic scale to those
of M. sharpii.
Magnolia schiedeana has been described as a rare species by Cartujano et al. in 2002. Its regeneration
is primarily vegetative by resprouting from the roots and trunk bases; fertility appears to be low. Studies
of genetic variation in this endemic cloud forest tree species were carried out by Newton et al. in 2007.
Genetic analyses indicated a high variation and degree of population differentiation in central Veracruz
with little evidence of inbreeding. This data is consistent with recent evidence suggesting that some
endemic plant taxa are able to remain at a relatively high diversity within populations despite the
occurrence of inbreeding and genetic drift. This species has a wider geographic range than other
endemic species of Magnoliaceae exhibiting relatively high genetic differentiation amongst populations.
The results implied limited gene flow between populations of M. schiedeana either currently or
historically. Populations are restricted to relatively small forest fragments, are rare and have restricted
geographical ranges.
All M. schiedeana populations studied by Dieringer and Espinosa (1994) exhibited very low fertility
which was attributed to previous episodes of over-harvesting.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
This is a tree species reaching up to 30 metres in height found in cloud forests in the eastern states of
Mexico. This species is also associated with Oak forests. Very little is known about the ecology of this
species. It is known to be similar to other species of Magnoliaceae in being self-compatible and beetle
pollinated although it seems to possess a more specialised pollination system than temperate Magnolia
species. One of its two known pollinators Cyclocephala jalapensis is a regionally endemic scarab beetle
that appears to be dependent on M. schiedeana for adult nutrition and reproduction (Dieringer and
Espinosa 1994). The seeds of this species are bird-dispersed and therefore it is conceivable that gene
flow between forest fragments is occurring through movement of seed dispersal vectors. The forests in
the region of Eloxochitlan are found at altitudinal gradients of 1,400 to 2,210 m asl. In the lower parts up
to 1,700 m asl, Magnolia schiedeana is one of the most important species found (over 20 metres tall)
associated with species of the genus Quercus. The species vicariance between islands of Mexican cloud
forests, which include Magnolia, have been due to orographic phenomena such as volcanic and tectonic
activity and past climate fluctuations, which lead to the fragmentation of ancestral populations.
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)
M. shiedeana is used for medicinal purposes, for example, a decoction of the flowers is used as a
remedy for scorpion stings (Callaway 1994).
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Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
The habitats of Magnolia schiedeana have been severely reduced in recent decades as a result of land
clearance for agriculture. Analysis of Landsat MSS satellite images supported by interpretation of aerial
photography has indicated that the montane forests of Chiapas have been severely fragmented over
the past 30 years which has been accompanied by loss of florisitc diversity. In the state of Veracruz the
establishment of croplands, cattle ranching and the cutting of forest destruction severely threatens the
remaining forest fragments and their associated biodiversity. In Chiapas, forest fragmentation and
habitat modification of the remaining forest fragments appear to be limiting conditions for many
understorey trees (Newton et al. 2007). Remaining stands show signs of disturbance or cutting.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Conservation strategies for this species need to take into account the significant genetic differences
recorded among populations studied (Newton et al. 2007).
Credits
Assessor(s):
Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-Espinosa, M.
Reviewer(s):
Oldfield, S.
Contributor(s):
Khela, S.
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Bibliography
Alcántara Ayala, O. and Luna Vega, I. 2001. Análisis florístico de dos áreas con bosque mesófilo de
montaña en el estado de Hidalgo, México: Eloxochitlán y Tlahuelompa. Acta Botanica Mexicana 54: 5187.
Cartujano S., Zamudio S., Alcántara O. and Luna I. 2002. El bosque mesófilo de montaña en el municipio
de Landa de Matamoros, Querétaro, México. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 70: 13-43.
Cicuzza, D. 2007. Distribution maps of the Magnoliaceae. Available at:
http://www.globaltrees.org/downloads/RedListMagnolia.pdf.
Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. and Oldfield, S. 2007. The Red List of Magnoliaceae. Fauna & Flora International,
Cambridge, UK.
Cue-Bar, E.M., Villasenor, J.L., Arredondo-Amezcua, L., Cornejo-Tenorio, G. & Ibarra-Manriquez, G. 2006.
La flora arborea de Michoacan, Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico 78: 47-81.
Cuevas Guzmán R., Koch S., García-Moya E., Núñez-López N.M. and Jardel Peláez E.J. 2004. Flora
vascular de la Estación Científica Las Joyas. In: Cuevas Guzmán R. and Jardel Peláez E.J. (eds), Flora y
Vegetación de la Estación Científica Las Joyas., pp. 119-176. Petra Ediciones, Autlán de Navarro, Mexico.
Duran, R.C., Flores, K.V. and Ramirez J.J. 2008. Magnolia vazquezii (Magnoliaceae), Una Especie Nueva
Del Estado De Guerrero, México. Novon 18(1): 21-24.
Frodin, D.G. and Govaerts, R. 1996. World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.
García-Franco J.G., Castillo-Campos, G., Mehltreter, K., Martínez, M.L. and Vázquez, G. 2008.
Composición florística de un bosque mesófilo del centro de Veracruz, México. Boletín de la Sociedad
Botánica de México 83: 37-52.
Gonzalez-Espinosa, M., Meave, J.,A., Lorea-Hernandez, F.G., Ibarra-Manriquez, G. and Newton, A.C.
2011. The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees. FFI, BGCI, Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 12 June 2014).
Jiménez Ramírez J., Vega Flores K., Cruz Durán R. and Vázquez García J.A. 2007. Magnolia guerrerensis
(Magnoliaceae), una especie nueva del bosque mesófilo de montaña del estado de Guerrero, México.
Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 80: 73-76.
Newton, A.C., Gow, J., Robertson, A., Williams-Linera, G., Ramírez-Marcial N., González-Espinosa, M.,
Allnutt, T.R. and Ennos, R. 2008. Genetic variation in two rare endemic Mexican trees, Magnolia sharpii
and Magnolia schiedeana. Sylvae Genetica 57: 348-356.
Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (compilers). 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World
Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
Ruiz-Jiménez C.A., Meave J. and Contreras-Jiménez J.L. 1999. El bosque mesófilo de montaña de la
región de Puerto Soledad (Oaxaca), México: análisis estructural. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de
México 65: 23-38.
Vázquez-García, J.A. 1994. Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: a synopsis.
Brittonia 46(1): 1-23.
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Williams-Linera, G. 2007. El Bosque de Niebla del Centro de Veracruz: Ecología, Historia y Destino en
Tiempos de Fragmentación y Cambio Climático. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la
Biodiversidad/Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico.
Citation
Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-Espinosa, M. 2014. Magnolia schiedeana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2014: e.T30758A2796250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T30758A2796250.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
6
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
-
Suitable
Yes
Use and Trade
End Use
Local
National
International
Medicine - human & veterinary
No
No
No
Threats
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.4. Scale
Unknown/Unrecorded
Ongoing
Unknown
Rapid declines
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.5. Inbreeding
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
2.3.5. Inbreeding
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
2.3.5. Inbreeding
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.4. Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood
harvesting -> 5.3.1. Intentional use:
(subsistence/small scale)
Rapid declines
Rapid declines
Unknown
Unknown
Conservation Actions in Place
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Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Species Management
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
Conservation Actions Needed
3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery
Research Needed
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 17411
Number of Locations: 5
Lower elevation limit (m): 1200
Upper elevation limit (m): 2100
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes
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The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

Magnolia schiedeana

Transcripción

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