Medicago citrina, Alfalfa Arborea
Transcripción
Medicago citrina, Alfalfa Arborea
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T61653A12533350 Medicago citrina, Alfalfa Arborea Assessment by: Draper Munt, D. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Draper Munt, D. 2013. Medicago citrina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T61653A12533350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Leguminosae Taxon Name: Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter Synonym(s): • Medicago arborea subspecies citrina Font Quer Common Name(s): • Spanish: Alfalfa Arborea Taxonomic Notes: Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter belongs to the section Dendrotelis and is a tertiary wild relative of alfalfa, M. sativa (USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2010). Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,v) ver 3.1 Year Published: 2013 Date Assessed: April 21, 2010 Justification: Medicago citrina is assessed as Critically Endangered because the area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km², the global population is very fragmented, and there is evidence of decline in number of mature individuals as well as quality of habitat. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2006 – Critically Endangered (CR) 1998 – Rare (R) Geographic Range Range Description: This species only grows in small, fragmented subpopulations on the rocky slopes of some Balearic Islands, the Columbretes archipelago (province of Castellón), and on one small islet (the 'Illot de la Mona' or 'Escull del Cap de Sant Antoni') situated just off the coast of the Cape of St Antoni (province of Alicante). There are no known populations on the large Balearic Islands (Ibiza, Cabrera and Majorca) themselves, only on the islets surrounding Ibiza and Cabrera. Plants have been introduced onto one islet of Majorca. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 10 km². Country Occurrence: Native: Spain (Baleares, Spain (mainland)) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 1 Distribution Map © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 2 Population The global population is very fragmented, with very few individuals and the population trend is declining. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This shrub or small tree grows on rocky slopes. The plant grows on several small islands, and is thought to be dispersed by seabirds or other animals. It seems that seed germination improves after passing through an animal's digestive tract. Systems: Terrestrial Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information) M. citrina is a potential gene donor to alfalfa, M. sativa ssp. sativa. Threats (see Appendix for additional information) In 1997, the subpopulation on the Columbretes decreased by 40% due to an attack of scale insects (Icerya purchasi) introduced from Australia, The same insects were detected on the Balearic Islands in 2001. Other threats include introduced rabbits, alien species such as Opuntia maxima which has invaded parts of its habitat (e.g., on the Illot de la Mona), and periodic, severe attacks of the parasitic plant Cuscuta. Invasive species may be more tolerant of drought than M. citrina, which has considerably reduced fruit set under dry conditions. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) The species is presently listed in Annex I of the Spanish Royal Decree 439/1990, in the category 'sensible to the disturbance of its habitat', which guarantees protection of its natural habitat. Since 1985, it is strictly protected within the region of Valencia by a regional government decree. In situ on the Columbretes: Here M. citrina occurs within a federally-owned nature reserve. Access to populations on the Islands Ferrara and Foradada is strictly prohibited apart from scientific expeditions. These two islands have now been designated as micro-reserves by the regional government, and a management plan was developed in 1993. The species has been reintroduced to the island of Grossa where it was eradicated by rabbits brought to the island in the 18th and 19th centuries. The rabbits were eliminated by 1987. In situ 'Illot de la Mona': The plant micro-reserve, itself within the boundaries of the El Montago Nature Park and established by the regional government of Valencia, now fully protects this small population of approximately 25 plants. An action plan for the micro-reserve has recently been approved. In situ on the Balearic Islands: Most of the subpopulations occur within the National Park of Cabrera. The botanical garden of Sóller has put in place a conservation plan on the islets around Cabrera, which includes reintroduction and monitoring of the populations. It is intended that these measures will also be applied to the islets of Ibiza. All the small Balearic islands are protected as Natural Areas of Special © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 3 Interest under the Parliament of the Balearic Islands law 1/1991. Ex situ: This plant is cultivated and seeds stored in the botanic garden of Valencia. It is also under cultivation in the botanical garden of Sóller and IMIDA (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agropecuario) of Murcia. No germplasm accessions are reported by EURISCO to be held in European genebanks (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). The priority is to control attacks by the scale insect. It has been noted that the scale insect is a problem in citrus farms on the Spanish mainland, since farmers spray their citrus trees to kill a leaf miner, and in doing so kill a ladybird which is the main predator of the scale insect. If correct, measures are needed to maintain ladybirds in the areas where Medicago grows. A method of controlling Cuscuta also needs to be identified, and invasive alien species (e.g., Opuntia maxima) need to be managed. In general, conservation efforts require more information about the population trends of M. citrina over a prolonged period. Reintroduction work needs to be continued. Credits Assessor(s): Draper Munt, D. Reviewer(s): Dulloo, M.E. & Nieto, A. Contributor(s): Osborne, J. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 4 Bibliography Alonso, L.A., Carretero, J.L. and Garcia-Carrascosa, M. (eds). 1987. Islas Columbretes: Contribución al estudio de su medio natural. Monografias, n°5, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain. Anonymous, 2006. Herbier virtuel de l'Université des Baléares, http://www.uib.es/depart/dba/botanica/herbari/index.html>. Bolòs, O. and Vigo, J. 1974. Notes sobre taxonomia i nomenclatura de les plantes. I. Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. 38 (sec. Bot.1): 61-69. Calduch, M. 1992. The Columbretes Islands. Vascular Plants of the UTM square 31S CE01. Catàlegs floristics locals, 4. Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Spain. Contandriopoulos, J. and Cardona, M.A. 1984. Caractère original de la flore endémique des Baléares. Bot. Helvetica 94(1): 101-131. Diaz, Z., Aguinalde, I. and Ceresuela, J.L. 1995. A phylogenetic approach to the study of Medica arborea L., M. strasseri Greuter, Matthäs & Risse and M. citrina (Font Ouer) Greuter from RAPD analysis of DNA. Abstract VIII OPTIMA meeting. EURISCO Catalogue. http://eurisco.ecpgr.org. (Accessed: September 2010). Greuter, W. and Raus, T. 1986. Med-Checklist Notulae, 13. Willdenowia 16.. Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M. and Long, G. (eds). 1989. Med-Checklist. Conservatoire & Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. Hechmi, C. 1984. Caractérisation des espèces ligneuses du genre Medicago (M.arborea., M. citrina et M. strarseri) comme étude préalable à une sélection postérieure. Thèse de Licenciation. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. IUCN. 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2011.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 16 June 2011). Juan, A. 1995. Evaluación del estado de las poblaciones castellonenses de Medicago arborea ssp. citrina. Bases para su conservación. Unpublished report for the Generalitat Valenciana, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. Juan, A. 2002. Estudio sobre la morfología, variabilidad molecular y biología reproductiva de Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae). Bases para su conservación. Doctoral thesis. Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. Juan, A. and Crespo, M.B. 1999. Comportamiento fitosociológico de Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae), endemismo mediterráneo-iberolevantino. Acta Bot. Malacitana 24: 221–229. Juan, A. and Crespo, M.B. 2001. Producción de flores y frutos en las poblaciones ibicencas de Medicago citrina (Leguminosae). In: M.B. Crespo, S. Ríos and A. Juan (eds), Biodiversidad en pastos, pp. 275-280. Actas de la XLI Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos (SEEP), Alicante, Spain. Juan, A., Crespo, M.B. and Ríos, S. 1999. Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae): variabilidad morfológica, ecología y estado actual de sus hábitats. In: Actas XXXIX Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos (SEEP), pp. 87–91. Almería, Spain. Juan, A., Crespo, M.B., Cowan, R.S., Lexer, C. and Fay, M.F. 2004. Patterns of variability and gene flow in © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 5 Medicago citrina, an endangered endemic of islands in the western Mediterranean, as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Molecular Ecology 13: 2679–2690. Klemmer, K. 1996. Las islas Columbretes die Schlangeninseln ohne Schiangen. Natur und Volk 91(2): 3947. Laguna, E. 1993b. Plan de recuperación de Medicago arborea subsp. citrina la Comunidad Valenciana (actualizado a 1993). In: Rapport du Servicio de Protección de Especies. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain. 22 pp. Laguna, E. 1993. Programa de directrices para la conservación de flora y revegetación de las islas Columbretes. In: Rapport du Servicio de Protección de Especies. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia. 19 pp. Laguna, E. 1995. Libro de la flora rara, endémica o amenazada de la Comunidad Valenciana. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia. Laguna, E. and Jimenez, J.L. 1995. Conservación de la flora de las islas Columbretes. Ecologia Mediterranea 21(1/2): 325-336. Montmollin, B. de and Strahm, W. (eds). 2005. The Top 50 Mediterranean Island Plants: Wild plants at the brink of extinction, and what is needed to save them. IUCN SSC Mediterranean Islands Plant Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Pérez-Bañón, C. Juan, A., Petanidou, T. Marcos-García, M.A. and Crespo, M.B. 2003. Pollinator limitation in isolated environments: The reproductive ecology of Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae), a bee-dependent plant from bee-deprived Mediterranean islands. Plant Systematics and Evolution 241: 29– 46. Robelo, A., Ríos, S. and Correal, E. 1993. El grupo Medicago arborea en la cuenca Mediterránea: Origen, distribución y morfologia. Pastos 23 (2): 325-336. Robelo, A., Ríos, S. and Correal, E. 1993. Genetic variability of the Medicago group in the Mediterranean VU Meeting of the European Sub. Network on Mediterranean pastures and fodder crops. Mediterranean Institute of Chaania-Greece. Suarez, F.O. 1992. Estudio de la flora y vegetación de las islas Columbretes y su posible regeneración. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia. Unpublished. 123 pp. Suarez, F.O. and Urios, G. 1993. Estaquillado de 5 especies autóctonas en las islas Columbretes. Rapport pour la Generalitat Valenciana. Unpublished. 24 pp. USDA. 2010. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/index.pl. Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. (eds). 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Citation Draper Munt, D. 2013. Medicago citrina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T61653A12533350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en Disclaimer © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 6 To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 7 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 3. Shrubland -> 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation - Suitable - 13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands - Suitable - Use and Trade (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) End Use Local National International Other (free text) No No No Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species Ongoing - - - Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.2. Competition Ongoing - Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing - Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing - Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Icerya purchasi) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. Named species (Oryctolagus cuniculus) - - - - - - Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 8 Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Occur in at least one PA: Yes In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management 3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes Population Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Population severely fragmented: Yes © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Medicago citrina – published in 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T61653A12533350.en 9 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™