Food Safety in Latin America

Food Safety in Latin America
Gerald Gutscher
Latin America
Population:
580m (8,4%)
Arable Land:
567m ha (37%)
Freshwater Supply:
18.392 km3 (33%)
(soft)
Commodity
Giants
Food Supply Chain
1 loaf of bread
MADE IN THE U.S.A.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat gluten from France, Poland, Russia, the Netherlands,
or Australia
Honey from China, Vietnam, Brazil, Uruguay, India, Canada,
Mexico, or Argentina
Calcium propionate from the Netherlands
Guar gum from India
Flour enrichments from China
Beta-carotene from Switzerland
Vitamin D3 from China
Source: R. Brackett ; Managing Food Safety Practices (2009)
Food Supply Chain
• 200,000 food processing companies
• 900,000 restaurants (12m employees)
• 100m head of cattle
• Avg. distance farm-fork of 1lb of meat: 1,600km
• Agricultural Supply Chain -> U$ 1 trillion p.a.
Source: P. Cheek (2006)
Storage &
Trading
OTHER
Feed &
Flour Mills
Distribution & Retail
CROPS
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
FOOD INDUSTRY
Processing & Packaging
Aquaculture
Restaurants
CONSUMER
PLANT ORIGIN
PRODUCE
SIMPLIFIED FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN
OF A DEVELOPED COUNTRY
Fuente: Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards_UK
Report_2007_extract
Consumer Perception and Public Health
Concern in Germany
Source: Roehr et al (2005)
Food Safety in History
Fuente: Griffith, C.J.; Food Safety: where from and where to?; British Food Journal , Vol. 108 No. 1; 2006; pp. 6-15
Food Safety Contaminants
Mycotoxins
Microbiological
Allergens
(claim!)
Agrochemicals
(Pest+Drugs)
GMO
Risk
Chronic Toxicity
Acute Toxicity
Acute Toxicity
Toxic &product attribute
(organic)
unknown
Main Cause
Climate/Environ.
Environment
Manufacturing
Production
Cultivation
Predictability
Low
Low
High
High
High
Frequency of
occurrence
Medium
High
Low*
Low
High
In Supply Chain
Mainly primary
production
All over the supply
chain
Food Manufacturing
Primary production
Primary
production
Motive to Control
Economic
(Feed/Brand),
Legislation
Economic (Brand,
Recall), Legislation
To comply with a claim
on the label
Preventive Action
hardly possible
Traceable/Liability
Legislation
Legislation or to comply to comply with a
with a claim (product
claim on the
attribute)
label, legislation
partially
yes - thru effective
yes - no application of AC
possible/unaccepted
ingredient management
in question
(irradiation)
yes
no
partially
yes
yes
yes
partly
yes
unclear and partly
partly
partly
ENVIRONMENTALLY
INDUCED RISKS
HUMAN INDUCED RISKS
ALLERGENS
Storage &
Trading
OTHER
Feed &
Flour Mills
Distribution & Retail
CROPS
ANIMAL
PROTEIN
FOOD INDUSTRY
Processing & Packaging
Aquaculture
Restaurants
CONSUMER
PLANT ORIGIN
PRODUCE
Critical Points
Alergenos alimentarios
Cualquier alimento puede provocar una reacción alérgica,
pero los alérgenos más comunes (proteínas) son:
nueces
Leche y lactosa
mostaza
sésamos
apio
Dióxido de azufre,
sulfitos >10mg/kg
• moluscos
→ Directivas de etiquetado para diferentes alergenos
en USA, Canada, EU, Japon, Australia/Nueva Zelanda
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
gluten
crustaceos
huevos
pescado
maní
soja
lupines
•
•
•
•
•
•
Regulaciones de Etiquetado
Alergenos
USA
EU
Canada
Japon
Australia/
Nueva
Zelanda
Huevo
Leche
Pescado
Crustaceos
Nueces
Maní
Trigo
Soja
Apio
Mostaza
Sulfitos
Sésamo
Alforfón
Moluscos
Lupines
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
>10 mg/kg
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
>10 mg/kg
X
X
X
X
Regulaciones para Gluten
Codex Standard para alimentos destinados a
dietas especiales para personas con intolerancia
al gluten (CODEX STAN 118 – 1979)
• “Libre de Gluten” Etiquetado: productos que no
contienen trigo (i.e., todas las especies de
Triticum, como ser durum, spelt, y kamut),
centeno, cebada, avena o las variedades
cruzadas, y el contenido de gluten no debe
exceder los 20 mg/kg en total
• „Contenido de gluten reducido“, “Dietas
especiales” etiquetado: Alimentos procesados en
forma especial para reducir el contenido de
gluten desde 20 hasta 100 mg/kg
Cómo llegan los alergenos a
los productos?
• Receta (Ingredientes, pre-mezclas de
ingredientes)
• Contaminación cruzada
– Almacenamiento de ingredientes
– Producción (pesaje, mezcla, linea de
producción – limpieza inadecuada)
– Carry over – limpieza
– Personal
Distribución irregular de los alergenos
Métodos Analíticos Comerciales
para Alergenos
Detección de Proteína o DNA
 ELISA
AgraQuant® Allergen
 Lateral flow assay (LFD) AgraStrip
 PCR
 RT-PCR
®
ELISA
PCR
Allergen
Desafíos para el análisis de
Alergenos
• No hay materiales de referencia
disponibles
• No hay patrones de referencia disponibles
• La fortificación es muy dificil
– Spiking con extracto de proteína (que se
detecta?)
– Spiking con alergeno (alimento)
– Spiking extracto
– Spiking muestra
Desafíos para el análisis de
Alergenos
Control de Alérgenos
Incluye:
• Desarrollo del producto
• Proveedores de
ingredientes
• Almacenamiento
ATP
• Identificación de puntos de
contaminación cruzada
• Limpieza y Higiene
• Documentación
• Monitoramiento del
producto terminado
Lateral flow
ELISA
PCR
Latin American
Food Safety Survey
 June 2010
Respondents by Country
Uruguay, 8
Paraguay, 9
USA, 1
Peru, 4
Panama, 1
Argentina,
17
Nicaragua, 2
 online
Mexico, 45
Brazil, 70
 n=209
Guatemala, 4
Ecuador, 4
 14 countries
Costa Rica, 3
Colombia,
17
Chile, 24
Respondents by Industry
100%
1
2
90%
1
6
6
8
Certification & Auditing
8
80%
8
Brewery & Malting
Dried Fruits, Nuts & Spicery
13
9
Commodity Trader/Export
70%
Biotech & Food Safety
60%
Re-Seller/Distributor
14
Petfood
16
50%
7
Flour Milling
Consultancy
40%
27
Dairy
42
Research
30%
Animal Husbandry
20
20%
Government
21
Feed
10%
University
Service Lab
0%
Food Complex
1
Feed Complex
62
0%
10%
Research and
Public
Organisations
48
20%
30%
40%
Services
Distribution
56
50%
60%
36
70%
80%
90%
7
100%
Food
Respondents„ Profiles
Status Quo of Food Safety Testing
Contaminants and Residues Tested
% of all respondents n=209, multiple answers possible
100%
80%
79%
63%
60%
36%
40%
27%
21%
19%
17%
Allergens
GMO
Melamine
20%
0%
Mycotoxins
Microbiology
Pesticides
Drug Residues
Contaminants and Residues Tested BRAZIL
Contaminants and Residues Tested FOOD COMPLEX
% of respondents, n=70, multiple answers possible
% of respondents, n=62, multiple answers possible
100%
100%
82%
80%
80%
76%
80%
60%
60%
51%
40%
36%
40%
53%
40%
23%
20%
17%
13%
13%
Melamine
Allergens
0%
29%
20%
19%
19%
GMO
Melamine
0%
Mycotoxins
Microbiology
GMO
Pesticides
Drug Residues
Microbiology
Mycotoxins
Pesticides
Allergens
25
Drug Residues
RASFF Border Rejections
Diagnostic Technology Employed
(chemical contaminants)
Technology Employed (n=209)
Technology in the Food Complex (n=62)
60%
60%
55%
50%
39%
40%
30%
50%
48%
18%
20%
8%
10%
45%
0%
40%
30%
Technology in Feed Complex (n=48)
60%
50%
20%
48%
40%
30%
13%
21%
20%
8%
10%
10%
8%
0%
0%
ELISA
Chromatography
LFD
Fluorometry
27
8%
Outlook in Food Safety
(chemical contaminants)
Contaminants and residues to play a major role in the future of food safety.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
All (n=209)
50%
Food Complex (n=62)
40%
Feed Complex (n=48)
Research Staff (n=44)
30%
QC & Lab Staff (n=105)
20%
10%
0%
Mycotoxins
Pesticides
Veterinary Drug
Residues
GMO
Allergens
Marine and
Freshwater
Biotoxins
28
Status-Quo vs. Outlook
(chemical contaminants)
Status-Quo vs. Outlook (n=209)
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Status-Quo
40%
Outlook
30%
20%
10%
0%
Mycotoxins
Pesticides
Veterinary Drug
Residues
GMO
Allergens
29
Romer Labs
Check Sample Survey
Interlaboratory Study
• Round CSS-26307-RLI-2
• Aflatoxins in Maize
• Oct/Nov 2010
Latin America
• 109 participants
• 10 countries
2
Argentina
7
5
2
Brasil
17
Chile
4
Colombia
Costa Rica
17
Guatemala
Mexico
43
21
4
5
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Final Considerations
• Compliance with Export Food
Safety Standards helps Food Safety
in the exporting country.
• Ambivalent Realities
– Large Food Export Countries (e.g. Brazil, Argentina,
Chile, Paraguay)
– Countries depended on imports (e.g. cradle of maize
depends on US corn)
Balancing Food Security
and Food Safety.
“A World Bank study has calculated that the European Union regulation on aflatoxins costs
Africa $670 million each year in exports of cereals, dried fruit, and nuts. And what does it
achieve? It may possibly save a life of one citizen of the European Union in every two years […]
Surely a more reasonable balance can be found.”
KOFI ANNAN
Final Considerations
Gerald Gutscher
Email: [email protected]