GCSE Spanish Student Guides
Transcripción
GCSE Spanish Student Guides
A Student’s Guide to the AQA GCSE Spanish Specifications 2003 onwards A Student’s Guide to the AQA GCSE Spanish Specifications 2003 onwards Further copies of this booklet are available from: Aldon House, 39, Heald Grove, Rusholme, Manchester, M14 4NA. Tel: 0161 953 1170 Fax: 0161 953 1177 or downloaded from the AQA Website : www.aqa.org.uk © Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 2001 COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications including this Student Guide. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. Printed in Great Britain by Nuffield Press, 21 Nuffield Way, Ashville Trading Estate, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 1RL. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a registered Charity 1073334. Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8, Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ. The AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board (AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and the Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB). Kathleen Tattersall, Director General. Welcome to your help-yourself guide to the AQA GCSE Spanish Specifications This guide will help you with • Vocabulary All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extra words, arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. We’ve given you the meanings too. • Language Tasks A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/Module, and how - listening, speaking, reading or writing, with room for your own notes. • Communication Strategies How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words! Lots of useful hints and tips on how to get by without needing a dictionary. • Grammar Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions – how to make sentences that make sense. The contents page will tell you where to find the information you need – the rest is up to you! 3 4 CONTENTS Pages • Vocabulary 7 • Language Tasks Record 63 • Communication Strategies 93 • Grammar 107 5 6 VOCABULARY All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extra words, arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. We’ve given you the meanings too. 7 RUBRICS AND INSTRUCTIONS actividad, la afirmación, la anuncio, el activity statement anouncement; advertisement añade add apropiado appropriate artículo, el article breve brief busca look for cambia change casilla(s) correcta(s), correct box(es) las carta, la letter cierto / falso true / false cinta, la tape compara compare completa complete contesta answer conversación, la conversation corresponder to correspond da give decide decide describe describe descripción, la description detalle, el detail dibuja draw dibujo, el drawing diferencia, la difference diseña design ejemplo, por __ example, for __ empareja match encuentra find entrevista, la interview escribe write escoge choose escucha listen espacio (en blanco), (blank) space el estudia study explica explain ficha, la (index) card formulario, el form frase, la phrase; sentence graba record habla speak haz do he aquí here you have imagina imagine incluye include indica indicate __ con una equis (X) __with an X __ con una marca (!)__with a tick información, la information justifica lee letra, la lista, la marca, la menciona mira noticias, las número, el opina opinión, la palabra, la persona, la pide plano, el pon en orden pon una equis (X) pon una señal (!) posibilidad, la pregunta prepara razón, la reacción, la rellena respuesta, la según la información señal, la sigue siguiente subraya sugiere tabla, la verdad / mentira / no se sabe te toca a ti 8 justify read letter list mark mention look news number give your opinion opinion word person ask plan put in order put an X put a tick possibility ask prepare reason reaction fill in reply according to the information tick continue following underline suggest table true / false / not known it's your turn Vocabulary in the Specification – by Themes/Modules GENERAL VOCABULARY 1 hallarse abajo (de) aislado adentro afuera ahí allá allí alrededor (de) aquí arriba (de) centro, en el _ (de) contra debajo (de) delante (de) dentro (de) derecha, a la _ (de) detrás (de) donde en en/por todas partes encima (de) enfrente (de) entre exterior, el extranjero, el final, al fondo, el fuera (de) izquierda, a la _ (de) interior, el lado, al __ (de) próximo siguiente sobre Existential (a) Existence, non-existence hay ser there is; there are to be (b) Presence, absence afuera aparecer aquí ausente desaparecer estar faltar pertenecer presente outside to appear here absent to disappear to be to lack; to be absent to belong present (c) Availability, non-availability alcanzar hacer falta hay necesitar quedar tener to reach; to be enough to need; to require there is; there are to need to be left; to remain to have (d) Occurrence, non-occurrence a lo mejor ocurrir pasar quizá(s) realizar tener lugar maybe to happen to happen maybe, perhaps to achieve; to make; to carry out to take place (b) Distance cerca (de) near cercano nearby estar a (X) (kiló)metros it's (X) (kilo)metres away estar a (X) minutos it's (X) minutes away kilómetro, el kilometre lejano far away lejos (de) far (from) (e) Demonstration aquel ese eso este esto that that that this this 2 Space (c) Motion (a) Location a a pie andar andando atravesar encontrarse estar (situado) to be situated under isolated inside outside there over there there around here on; over; above in the middle (of) against under in front (of) inside to the right (of) behind where in; on everywhere on; on top of; above opposite between outside abroad at the end bottom; back outside; except to the left (of) inside next to next following on; on top of to be situated to be situated 9 to; towards on foot to walk walking to cross bajar (de) caer(se) cambiar coger con destino a correr cruzar de detener(se) dirección, la dirigir(se) (a) doblar empujar en autobús en autocar en avión en coche en metro en tren entrar (en) hacia hasta ir (a / en ) irse llegar (a / de) llevar marcharse para parar(se) pasar (por) paseo, dar un __ por procedente de salir (a / de) subir (a) tirar tomar torcer traer venir viajar viaje, el volver (a / de) vuelta, dar una ___ to go down; to get off to fall down to change to take going to to run to cross from to stop direction to go towards; to turn; to fold to push by bus by coach by plane by car by underground by train to go in towards until to go (to/by) to go away to arrive (at / from) to take; to wear to go away for to stop to go past, through to go for a walk through; by; per coming from to leave (at / from) to go up to throw; to pull to take to turn to bring to come to travel journey to return (to / from) to go for a walk / ride oeste, el por aquí / allí recto, todo __ sur, el (e) Origin de ¿de dónde? ser de __ from; of where from? to be from (f) Motion with person or thing acompañar conducir ir a buscar ir con __ llevar poner to accompany to drive; to lead to fetch to go with to take to put (g) Places aldea, la alrededores,los barrio, el ciudad, la lugar, el mundo, el país, el por aquí pueblo, el región, la sitio, el village outskirts neighbourhood city place world country around here town region place (h) Dimensions alto altura, la ancho bajo (centí)metro, el corto delgado estatura, la estrecho gordo grande grueso largo mediano medida, la medir pequeño pesar peso, el (d) Direction derecha, a la __ derecho, todo __ este, el izquierda, a la __ norte, el west through here / there straight ahead south to the right straight ahead east to the left north 10 tall; high height wide short; low (centi)metre short slim height narrow fat big; large thick; stout long medium; average measurement to measure small; little to weigh weight talla, la tamaño, el size size fiesta, la fin de semana, el 3 Time (b) Clock (a) Calendar ¿a qué hora ...? ¿Qué hora es? a la una a las dos, etc. a medianoche a mediodía ... y / menos cinco ... y media ... y / menos cuarto a eso de la(s) __ cuarto de hora, un de la mañana de la tarde fecha, la date ¿A cuántos estamos? What's the date? ¿Qué día es hoy? What day is it today? ¿Qué fecha es (hoy)? What's the date (today)? Es el (primero) de __ It's the (1st) of __ Estamos a (dos) de __It's the (2nd) of __ día, el day domingo, el Sunday lunes, el Monday martes, el Tuesday miércoles, el Wednesday jueves, el Thursday viernes, el Friday sábado, el Saturday semana, la week año, el year estación, la season invierno, el winter otoño, el autumn primavera, la spring verano, el summer mes, el month enero January febrero February marzo March abril April mayo May junio June julio July agosto August se(p)tiembre September octubre October noviembre November diciembre December Año Nuevo, el New Year's Day Carnaval, el Mardi Gras; Carnival Día de Reyes, el Epiphany; 6th January Navidad, la Christmas Nochebuena, la Christmas Eve Nochevieja, la New Year's Eve Semana Santa, la Holy Week; Easter Viernes Santo, el Good Friday celebrarse to celebrate; to take place día festivo, el holiday de la noche en punto es la una son las dos etc. hora, la horario, el minuto, el festival weekend at what time ...? What time is it? at one o'clock at two o'clock, etc. at midnight at midday five past / to half past quarter past / to around ... o'clock a quarter of an hour in the morning in the afternoon / evening at night exactly it's one o'clock it's two o'clock, etc. hour; time timetable minute (c) Point in time a principios (de) a mediados (de) a fines (de) actualidad, la ahora (mismo) anoche anteayer at the beginning (of) in mid at the end (of) present (right) now last night day before yesterday antes (de) before año pasado, el last year año próximo, el next year año que viene, el next year año siguiente, el the following year ayer yesterday cuando when después (de) after durante during lunes pasado, el etc. last Monday, etc. mañana tomorrow noche, la night pasado, el past pasado mañana day after tomorrow por la(s) mañana(s) in the morning por la(s) noche(s) at night por la(s) tarde(s) in the afternoon/ evening 11 (f) Sequence principio, al at the beginning semana pasada, la etc. last week primero - décimo antes (de) después (de) entonces finalmente luego por fin siguiente último (d) Length of time ¿cuánto tiempo hace que …? how long ...? pasar (+ time) to spend quedarse (+ time) to stay dentro de (diez) within (ten) minutes minutos de from desde from desde hace for durante during durar to last; to take en (una) hora within / in (one) hour hace it's been hasta until mucho tiempo a long time ocho días eight days; a week quince días fortnight rato, un a while (g) Imminence a tiempo al / en un momento apenas en seguida pronto tarde temprano ya (e) Frequency algunas veces a menudo a veces cada (diez) minutos de nuevo de vez en cuando dos veces, etc. generalmente jamás los lunes, etc. muchas veces normalmente nunca otra vez pocas veces por año, __ por día por noche, etc. por lo general raramente siempre tiempo, el todas las semanas todo el tiempo todos los días / meses, etc. una vez más vez, la first - tenth before after then finally then finally following last in / on time in a moment scarcely; as soon as straight away soon late early already (h) Rapidity sometimes often sometimes every (ten) minutes again from time to time twice, etc. generally never Mondays, etc. many times normally never again a few times a/per year, a/per day a/per night, etc. generally rarely always time every week all the time every day / month, etc. (cien) kilómetros por hora darse prisa de prisa de repente despacio inmediatamente lentamente lento rápidamente rápido tener prisa (100) kilometres an hour to hurry up quickly suddenly slowly immediately slowly slow quickly quick; fast to be in a hurry (i) Contemporaneousness ahora en ese momento mientras (que) mientras tanto todavía now at that moment while meanwhile still (j) Begin, continue and end a partir de acabar comenzar continuar dejar (de + infin) desde once again; one more time time 12 from to finish to begin; to start to continue to stop (+ gerund) since empezar final, el hasta llevar (+ time) + gerund parar ponerse a + infin seguir terminar to begin; to start end until to do sth. for (+ length of time) to stop to start to …… to continue to finish santo,el vida, la viejo (c) Appearance aspecto, el bello bonito castaño feo guapo horrible igual (k) Change and permanence acabar de + infin cambiar encontrarse hacerse ponerse quedar(se) volverse to have just (done) to change to meet; to find oneself to become to become to stay; to remain to become limpio moreno pálido parecer parecerse a parecido roto rubio sucio típico tranquilo 4 Qualities and Characteristics (a) Size alto bajo grande mediano pequeño profundo Saint's day life old tall; high short; low big; large medium; average small; little deep look; appearance beautiful pretty chestnut; brown ugly good-looking horrible like; equal; the same clean dark-coloured; brown pale to seem to look like looks like broken blond dirty typical calm; peaceful; quiet (d) Quantity Cardinal numbers: bolsa, la bote, un botella, una cada caja, la cantidad, la cartón, el cuarto, un doble docena, una exactamente gramos kilo, el lata, una litro, el loncha, una máximo, el mayoría, la medio mínimo, el mitad, la nada nada más paquete, un (b) Age ¿Cuántos años tiene(s)How old are you / / cumple(s)? today? tener __ años to be __ years old adolescente adolescent adulto adult antiguo old; ancient; former anciano old bebé, el baby cumpleaños, el birthday cumplir to have a birthday edad, la age joven young joven, el young person mayor elder menor younger moderno modern morir to die muchacho, el lad muerto dead nacer to be born nacimiento, el birth nuevo new 13 0 - 1.000.000 bag can; pot; jar bottle each box quantity carton quarter double dozen exactly grammes kilo tin litre slice maximum majority half minimum half nothing nothing else packet par, el parte, la pedazo, un ración, una solamente solo sólo suficiente tarro, un trozo, un pair part piece portion only alone only enough jar; pot piece pobre regular sobresaliente terrible único ventaja, la (h) Access abierto abrir cerrado cerrar completo entrada, la entrar (en) libre lleno ocupado poder prohibido prohibir salida, la salir vacío (e) Shape cuadrado rectangular redondo triangular triángulo, el square rectangular round triangular triangle (f) Temperature calor, el caliente caluroso fresco frío, el grado, el temperatura, la templado tener calor tener frío tibio heat hot hot; very warm fresh cold degree temperature mild to be (feel) hot to be (feel) cold lukewarm open to open closed to close full entrance to enter; to come in available full occupied; taken to be able; can forbidden to ban; to forbid exit to go out; to leave empty (i) Value ¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? How much does it / do they cost? ¿Cuánto vale(n)? How much does it / do they cost? ¿Cuánto es? How much is it? barato cheap caro expensive costar to cost deber to owe económico cheap; economical gratis free (of charge) gratuito free (of charge) libra (esterlina), la pound (sterling) peseta, la peseta precio, el price rich wealthy (g) Quality bien bueno desventaja, la especial estupendo excelente extraordinario fantástico fatal genial ideal igual importante inconveniente, el mal malo mejor mejorar necesario peor perfecto poor regular; so-so; average outstanding terrible; awful only; unique advantage well good disadvantage special great; fantastic excellen extraordinary great; fantastic awful brilliant ideal similar; (the) same important disadvantage badly bad better; best to improve necessary worse; worst perfect (j) Correctness correcto dar igual deber + infin estar bien / mal equivocarse estar equivocado 14 correct to be all the same to have to; must to be well; right/bad; incorrect; to suit to make a mistake to be wrong, to be mistaken falso mentir mentira, la tener razón ¡Vale! verdad, la verdadero false to tell a lie lie to be right OK truth true país, el Portugal portugués sudamericano country Portugal Portuguese South American (l) Facility ayuda, la ayudar difícil éxito, el fácil fracasar imposible inútil posible problema, el tener éxito tratar de + infin útil (k) Nationality ¿De dónde eres / es? Where are you from? ser + adjective to be + adjective of nationality ser de + place to be from + place vivir to live alemán German Alemania Germany América del Sur South America Andalucía Andalusia andaluz Andalusian Australia Australia Austria Austria Bélgica Belgium británico British castellano Castillian catalán Catalan Cataluña Catalonia Escocia Scotland escocés Scot; Scottish España Spain español Spanish Estados Unidos, United States; U.S los / EEUU Europa Europe europeo European francés French Francia France Gales Wales galés Welsh Galicia Galicia gallego Galician Gran Bretaña Great Britain Grecia Greece Inglaterra England inglés English Irlanda Ireland irlandés Irish Italia Italy italiano Italian latinoamericano Latinamerican Londres London mejicano (mexicano) Mexican Méjico (México) Mexico nacionalidad, la nationality norteamericano Northamerican help to help difficult success easy to fail impossible useless possible problem to be successful to try to useful (m) Interest aburrido aburrirse aguantar animado atención, la callado dar igual detestar divertido emocionante encantar favorito fenomenal gustar interesante interesar(se) odiar pasarlo bien popular preferir raro tener ganas (de + infin) valer la pena boring to be bored to put up with; to bear lively; bustling; busy attention quiet to be all the same; not to matter to detest; to hate entertaining; amusing; funny exciting; thrilling to delight; to love favourite great to like interesting to be interested to hate to have a good time popular to prefer rare; odd; strange to feel like (doing something) to be worthwhile (n) Emotion actitud, la afortunadamente alegrarse de 15 attitude fortunately to be glad alegre alegría, la cansado contento desafortunado enfadado enfadarse estar a favor (de) estar de acuerdo estar en contra (de) feliz felicidad, la independiente injusto justo llorar negativo optimista pesimista positivo reírse sonreírse sorprender sorpresa, la susto, el tener miedo tolerante (p) Taste and smell cheerful; happy happiness tired happy unfortunate angry to get angry to be in favour (of) to agree to be against happy happiness; joy independent unfair; unjust fair; just to cry; to weep negative optimistic pessimistic positive to laugh to smile to surprise surprise fear, fright to be frightened tolerant amargo dulce olor, el picante rico sabor, el salado (r) Colour ¿de qué color? amarillo azul blanco claro color, el gris marrón morado naranja negro oscuro pálido rojo rosa rosado verde violeta (n) Strength débil durable duro enérgico flojo fuerte suave (o) weak durable hard forceful; vigorous slack weak soft; smooth what colour? yellow blue white light colour grey brown purple orange black dark pale red pink pink green violet (s) Personal characteristics ¿Cómo se(te) llama(s)? apellido, el dirección, la estado civil, el identidad, la nombre, el señas, las sexo, el activo agradable alegre amable capaz contento cortés desagradable elegante famoso femenino gracioso inteligente Materials algodón, el cerámica, la cuero,el hierro, el lana, la madera, la oro, el papel, el piel, la plástico, el plata, la plomo, el seda, la tela, la vidrio, el bitter sweet smell spicy tasty taste salty cotton pottery leather iron wool wood gold paper skin; fur; leather plastic silver lead silk fabric; material glass 16 What's your name? surname address marital status identity name personal details sex active pleasant; nice happy; cheerful kind able happy polite unpleasant elegant famous feminine funny intelligent ver llamarse masculino normal práctico responsable sencillo simpático tonto trabajador triste (b) Communication to be called masculine normal; usual practical responsible simple; natural nice; pleasant; kind silly hard-working sad artículo, el carta, la charlar contar contestación, la contestar conversación, la conversar correspondencia, la decir diálogo, el article letter to chat to count; to tell answer; reply to answer conversation to talk; to chat correspondence to say dialogue; conversation escribir to write hablar to speak hacer una pregunta to ask a question leer to read llamar (por teléfono) to call; to ring palabra, la word pregunta, la question preguntar to ask repetir to repeat responder to answer; to reply respuesta, la reply sugerir to suggest telefonear to phone (t) Audibility alto bajo callar(se) fuerte ruido, el ruidoso silencio, el silencioso sonar sonido, el high low to shut up loud noise noisy silence silent to sound; to ring sound (u) Degree, manner bastante bastar casi demasiado más muy menos mucho poco, un suficiente tan tanto ¡Qué + adjective! to see quite; sufficient(ly) to be enough nearly too more very less a lot a little enough so so much How + adjective! (c) Expression acordarse creer decidir desear olvidar opinar pensar querer quisiera recordar to remember to believe to decide to wish to forget to think; to have an opinion to think to want I'd like to remember 5 Mental Notions 6 Relations (a) Senses (a) Logical buscar escuchar estar bueno / malo gustar mirar oír oler probar sentir tener hambre tener sed tocar to look for to listen to taste good / bad to like to look to hear to smell to taste; to try to feel to be hungry to be thirsty to touch entonces o/u para pero por eso porque pues si sin también tampoco 17 then or for; in order to but for that reason because (well) then if without also neither todavía y/e (b) Actions still and andar to walk; to work (machine) to walk to take to buy to achieve; to get to give to leave to wait to spend to do; to make to need to get; to obtain to organize to take part; to participate to put; to put on; to start to to practise to prepare to collect; to pick up to take out to sit to take to work to use to use caminar coger comprar conseguir dar dejar esperar gastar hacer necesitar obtener organizar participar poner(se) practicar preparar recoger sacar sentarse tomar trabajar usar utilizar muy nadie ninguno otro poco, un tanto todo todo el mundo uno varios very nobody no; none another a little so much all; everything everybody one several (e) Referring to future See 3 (c) ir a + infinitive to be going to + infinitive + Present and Future tenses (f) Referring to the present See 3 (c) Present and Present continuous (g) Referring to the past See 3 (c) Past tenses (h) Ownership (c) Question words ¿adónde? ¿cómo? ¿cuál(es)? ¿cuándo? ¿cuánto(s)? ¿de dónde? ¿de quién? ¿dónde? ¿por qué? ¿qué? ¿quién? tener pertenecer ser de (+ person) to have to belong to belong to (+ person) Possessive adjectives and pronouns where? how? which? when? how much?; how many? where from? whose? where? why? what? who? (i) Similarity and difference como like diferente (de) different (from) distinto (de) different (from) igual (a) like; the same as parecerse (a) to look like parecido similar Comparatives and superlatives (d) Indefinites algo alguno cada cosa, la cualquier(a) demasiado gente, la mismo mucho something some each thing any too people same much; many 7 Social Activities (a) Greetings and salutations abrazo, un adiós atentamente 18 hug; with best wishes good-bye yours faithfully; yours sincerely bienvenido buenas noches buenas tardes buenos días ¿Cómo está(s)? despedirse estar bien / fatal / regular / mal estimado Hasta luego Hasta mañana Hola ¿Qué hay? ¿Qué pasa? ¿Qué tal? querido recuerdos saludos (e) Express a reaction welcome good night good afternoon; good evening good morning How are you? to say good-bye to be fine / awful / so-so / ill dear See you later See you tomorrow Hello; Hi How's things? What's the matter? How are you? dear regards best wishes; regards ¡Basta! ¡Olé! ¡Qué asco! ¡Qué bien! ¡Qué horror! ¡Qué lástima! ¡Qué pena! ¡Qué va! (f) Language problems / Linguistic activities - The alphabet acento, el decir deletrear describir descripción, la ejemplo, el entender escribir explicar pronunciar querer decir repetir saber significar (b) Introductions conocer encantado mucho gusto presentar to know; to be acquainted with pleased to meet you pleased to meet you to introduce (c) Please, thank you and apologies accent to say to spell to describe description example to understand to write to explain to pronounce to mean to repeat to know to mean (g) Social interactions: (dis)agreement, permission, opinions De nada. Don't mention it; You're welcome disculpa, la apology disculparse to apologize Gracias Thank you perdón, el forgiveness; pardon Perdona / Perdone Excuse me; I'm sorry por favor please siento, lo __ (mucho) I'm (so) sorry aceptar aconsejar Con permiso. consejo, el creer de acuerdo estar de acuerdo hay que + infin me parece molestar(se) no pedir pedir permiso pedir prestado pensar permitir poder prestar queja, la quejarse quisiera (d) Express good wishes ¡Buen viaje! ¡Buena suerte! ¡Enhorabuena! ¡Felicidades! ¡Feliz cumpleaños! ¡Feliz Navidad! ¡Feliz santo! ¡Que aproveche! ¡Que lo pase(s) bien! That's enough! Bravo!; Well done! How disgusting! Good!; Well done! How dreadful! What a pity! What a pity! Come on!; Of course not! Have a good trip! Good luck! Congratulations! Congratulations! Happy birthday! Merry Christmas! Happy Saint's day! Enjoy your meal! Have a good time! 19 to accept to advise Excuse me. advice to believe OK to agree it is necessary to…… it seems to me to bother no to ask to ask permission to borrow to think to allow to be able; can to lend complaint to complain I'd like recomendar sí tocarle a uno to recommend yes to be someone's turn (h) Forms of address señor señora señorita tú usted(es) vosotros caballero(s) Mister Mrs.; Madam Miss you you you gentleman / gentlemen Appropriate forms of verbs as required. 20 THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD 1A Self, Family and Friends abuelo, el albañil, el amigo, el animal, el barba, la bigote, el boda, la caballo, el calvo camarero, el cara, la carpintero, el cartero, el casado casamiento, el chico, el cobayo, el cocinero, el comerciante, el compañero,el conejo, el dentista, el dependiente, el divorciado empleado, el electricista, el enfermero, el esposo, el familia, la gafas, las gato, el gemelo, el granjero, el hermanastro, el hermano, el hijo (único), el hombre, el ingeniero, el jubilado lentes de contacto, los liso loco madrastra, la madre, la mamá, la marido, el matrimonio, el mecánico, el médico, el mellizo, el mujer, la nieto, el niño, el novio, el obrero, el ojos, los orejas, las padrastro, el padre, el pájaro, el papá, el pareja, la parientes, los pecas, las pelirrojo pelo, el peluquero, el periquito, el perro, el pez, el primo, el programador, el ratón, el recepcionista, el rizado secretario, el sentido del humor, el separado sobrino, el soldado, el soltero técnico técnico, el tío, el tortuga, la viudo grandfather bricklayer friend animal beard moustache wedding horse bald waiter face carpenter postman married wedding boy guinea-pig cook shop-keeper partner; mate rabbit dentist shop assistant divorced employee electrician nurse husband family glasses; spectacles cat twin farmer step-brother brother (only) child; son man engineer retired contact lenses twin woman; wife grandson child boyfriend; fiancé workman eyes ears step-father father bird dad partner; couple relatives freckles red-haired hair hairdresser budgie dog fish cousin programmer mouse receptionist curly secretary sense of humour separated nephew soldier single; unmarried technical technician uncle tortoise; turtle widowed 1B Interests and Hobbies actor, el aerobic, el aficionado, el ajedrez, el ambiente, el aprender (a + infin) atletismo, el bailar baloncesto, el batería, la bicicleta / bici, la billar, el straight; smooth mad step-mother mother mum husband marriage; married couple mechanic doctor 21 actor aerobics fan; amateur chess atmosphere to learn (to do something) athletics to dance basketball drums bicycle/bike billiards bolera, la bowling alley boxeo, el boxing campeón, el champion campeonato, el championship campo, el field canción, la song cantante, el singer cantar to sing cartas, las playing cards ciclismo, el cycling cine, el cinema club, el club club de jóvenes, el youthclub colección, la colection concierto, el concert copa, la cup, trophy corrida, la bullfight deporte, el sport deportista sportsperson disco (compacto), el CD discoteca, la disco entrada la ticket equipo, el team equipo de música, el hi-fi system equitación, la horse-riding espectáculo, el show esquí, el ski; skiing esquiar to ski estadio, el stadium estéreo personal, el walkman fiesta, la party flamenco, el flamenco flauta, la flute footing, el jogging fútbol, el football ganar to win gimnasia, la gymnastics gol, el goal grupo, el group guitarra, la guitar instrumento, el instrument internet, el Internet juego, el game Juegos Olímpicos, losOlympic Games jugador, el player jugar to play juguete, el toy lectura, la reading lotería, la lottery marcar to score medalla, la medal miembro, el member monitor, el monitor monopatín, el skateboard montar a caballo to ride a horse moto, la motorbike nadar natación, la novela, la ordenador, el parque, el parque de atracciones, el parque infantil, el parque temático, el participar partido, el pasatiempo, el pasear patinaje, el patinar patines, los película, la pelota, la perder pesca, la pescar piano, el ping-pong, el piscina, la pista de hielo, la plaza de toros, la polideportivo, el practicar premio, el programa, el público (adj.) radio, la ratos libres, los revista, la sala de fiestas, la serie, la socio, el teatro, el tebeo, el televisión, la tenis, el tiempo libre, el tocar torero, el torneo, el toro, el vela, la videoclub, el videojuego, el windsurf, el zoo, el to swim swimming novel computer park fairground playground theme park to take part match pastime; hobby to go for a walk skating to skate skates film ball to lose fishing to fish piano ping-pong; table tennis swimming pool ice rink bullring sports centre to practise prize programme public radio free time magazine dance hall; night club series member theatre comic television tennis free time to play (an instrument) bullfighter tournament bull sailing video shop videogame windsurfing zoo 1C Home and Local Environment aeropuerto, el afueras, las 22 airport outskirts aire acondicionado, elair conditioning alfombra, la carpet alquilado rented amueblado furnished aparador, el sideboard aparato, el machine; appliance aparcamiento, el car park; parking árbol, el tree armario, el cupboard; wardrobe aseo, el toilet aspiradora, la vacuum cleaner avenida, la avenue ayuntamiento, el town hall balcón, el balcony barrio, el neighbourhood biblioteca, la library bloque, el block bosque,el woods butaca, la armchair calefacción (central), (central) heating la calle, la street cama, la bed campo, el countryside; field capital, la capital carretera, la road casa, la house; home casa adosada, la semi-detached house castillo, el castle catedral, la cathedral céntrico central centro, el centre centro comercial, el shopping centre césped, el lawn chalet / chalé, el bungalow chimenea, la chimney; fireplace clima, el climate cocina, la kitchen cocina (de gas), la cooker cocina eléctrica, la electric cooker comedor, el dining-room comisaría, la police station cómoda, la chest of drawers cómodo comfortable compartir to share concurrido crowded congelador, el freezer correo, el post; mail Correos Post Office cortina, la curtain costa, la coast cruce, el intersection; crossroads cuadro, el picture cuarto de baño, el bathroom desván, el loft dirección, la discoteca, la domicilio, el dormitorio, el ducha, la edificio, el enseñar escalera, la escritorio, el espejo, el esquina, la estación, la estación de autobuses, la estación de servicio, la estanco, el estante, el estantería, la finca, la flor, la fregadero, el frigorífico, el fuente, la galería (de arte), la garaje, el granja, la habitación, la habitante, el hierba, la histórico hospital, el iglesia, la industria, la industrial jardín, el lago, el lámpara, la lavabo, el lavadora, la lavaplatos, el librería, la manta, la máquina, la mar, el mesa, la montaña, la monumento, el moqueta, la mudarse (de casa) muebles, los museo, el nevera, la oficina de turismo, la paisaje, el 23 address disco address bedroom shower building to show stairs desk; study room mirror corner station bus station service station tobacconist's shelf shelving property; country house flower sink refrigerator fountain (art) gallery garage farm room inhabitant grass historic hospital church industry industrial garden lake lamp washbasin washing machine dishwasher bookcase blanket machine sea table mountain monument wall-to-wall carpet to move (house) furniture museum fridge tourist information office landscape palacio, el papelera, la pared, la pasillo, el patio, el pintado piso, el planta baja playa, la plaza, la póster, el precioso propio puente, el puerta, la puerto, el radiador, el radio, la Renfe / RENFE residencial río, el sala de estar, la salón, el sierra, la silla, la sillón, el sofá, el sótano, el suelo, el supermercado, el techo, el tejado, el terraza, la tienda, la tocador, el turístico valle, el ventana, la vídeo, el vista, la zona, la palace waste-paper bin wall corridor patio; yard painted floor; flat ground floor beach square poster beautiful own bridge door port; harbour radiator radio Spanish railways residential river lounge lounge mountain range chair armchair sofa basement floor supermarket ceiling; roof roof terrace; patio shop dressing table tourist (adj.) valley window video view zone desayuno, el despertador, el despertarse diente, el dormir dormirse ducharse lavarse levantarse limpiarse los dientes merendar merienda, la peinarse quitarse vestirse 1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18) agenda, la alemán, el alumno, el apagar diary German pupil to turn off; to switch off aprender to learn aprobar to pass (an exam) apuntes, los notes arte dramático, el theatre studies; drama asignatura, la school subject asistir to attend; to be present aptitud, la aptitude; ability aula (fem.), el classroom biología, la biology bolígrafo / boli, el biro borrador, el rough copy; board rubber campo de deportes, el sports ground cancha de (tenis), la (tennis) court cantina, la canteen carpeta, la folder cassette (casete), la cassette cassette (casete), el cassette player ciencias, las science cinta, la tape clase, la class cocina, la cookery colegio, el school comercio, el business studies corregir correct cuaderno, el exercise book curso, el course; lesson deberes, los homework despacho, el office dibujar to draw dibujo, el art 1D Daily Routine acostarse afeitarse almorzar almuerzo, el arreglar arreglarse bañarse cena, la cenar comer comida, la desayunar breakfast alarm clock to wake up tooth to sleep to fall asleep to have a shower to have a wash to get up to brush one's teeth to have a snack /picnic snack; picnic to comb one’s hair to take off (clothes) to get dressed to go to bed to shave to have lunch lunch to fix; to tidy up to tidy oneself up to have a bath dinner (evening meal) to dine to eat; to have lunch meal; lunch to have breakfast 24 diccionario, el dictionary director, el headteacher diseñar to design educación física, la PE ejercicio, el exercise encender to switch on; to turn on encuesta, la opinion poll; survey enseñar to teach entrevista, la interview escuela, la school español, el Spanish estuche, el pencil case estudiante, el student estudiar to study estudios, los studies ética, la PSE examen, el examination física, la physics francés, el French geografía, la geography gimnasia, la PE; gymnastics gimnasio, el gymnasium goma, la rubber guardar to put away historia, la history idioma, el language impresora, la printer informática, la IT inglés, el English insignia, la badge instalaciones, las facilities instituto, el secondary school laboratorio, el laboratory lápices de colores, coloured pencils los lápiz, el pencil lección, la lesson lengua, la language levantar la mano to put one's hand up libro, el book literatura, la literature matemáticas, las mathematics mochila, la rucksack música, la music nota, la grade; mark orientación profesional, careers la página, la page pantalla, la screen pasar (la) lista to call the register pasillo, el corridor patio, el yard pizarra, la blackboard presentación (oral), la (oral) presentation profesor, el secondary school teacher prueba, la química, la recreo, el regla, la religión, la repasar resumen, el rotulador, el sacapuntas, el sacar buenas/ malas notas sala de actos, la ser fuerte en … subrayar suspender taller, el teclado, el tecnología, la texto, el tijeras, las tiza, la trabajos manuales, los tutor, el uniforme, el vocabulario, el test chemistry break ruler RE; religion to revise summary felt-tip pen pencil-sharpener to have good/bad grades hall to be good at … underline to fail workshop keyboard technology text scissors chalk handicrafts tutor uniform vocabulary THEME/MODULE 2 HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL 2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way aeropuerto, el airport andén, el platform aparcar to park autobús, el bus autocar, el coach autopista, la motorway AVE high speed train avión, el airplane barco, el boat billete, el ticket (billete) sencillo, el single (ticket) (billete) de ida, el single (ticket) (billete) de ida y return (ticket) vuelta, el bonobús, el multiple ride ticket carretera, la road cinturón de seguridad, safety belt el coche, el car conductor, el driver conductor, el motorist consigna, la left-luggage office despacho de billetes, ticket office el destino, el destination 25 directo expreso, el (no) fumador informarse llegada, la mapa, el metro, el direct fast train (non-) smoking to find out arrival map underground train; tube moto, la motorbike parada, la stop parking, el car park pasajero, el passenger paso subterráneo, el subway; underpass plano, el plan (primera) clase, la (first) class rápido, el express train retraso, el delay revisor, el ticket collector sacar to buy (a ticket) sala de espera, la waiting-room salida, la departure semáforo, el traffic lights suplemento, el supplement taquilla, la ticket office Talgo high-speed train taxi, el taxi TER high-speed train transbordo, el train change transporte (público), (public) transport el tranvía, el tram; local train tren, el train vía, la track viajero, el traveller vuelo, el flight folleto, el foto(grafía), la gafas de sol, las guía, el guía (turística), la hotel, el intercambio, el lista, la maleta, la máquina de fotos, la Mediterráneo, el pasaporte, el Pirineos, los sacar fotos sombra, la tomar el sol turismo, el turista, el turístico vacaciones, las visita, la visitar Weather: cielo, el estar nublado / despejado haber tormenta / hielo / niebla hacer buen / mal tiempo hacer calor / frío hacer sol / viento llover lluvia, la nevar nieve, la nube, la pronóstico, el tiempo, el 2B Tourism acampar acondicionado aduana, la bañarse camping, el caravana, la climatizado Costa Brava, la Costa del Sol, la Costa Verde, la descansar divertirse DNI documento, el equipaje, el estar de vacaciones excursión, la to camp conditioned customs office to bathe campsite caravan air-conditioned Costa Brava Costa del Sol Costa Verde to rest to have fun identity card document luggage to be on holiday excursion; tour; trip ferry (ferri), el ferry leaflet; brochure photo(graph) sunglasses guide guidebook hotel exchange list suitcase camera Mediterranean Sea passport Pyrenees to take photographs shade to sunbathe tourism tourist tourist (adj.) holidays visit to visit sky to be cloudy / clear to be stormy/ icy / foggy to be good / bad weather to be hot / cold to be sunny / windy to rain rain to snow snow cloud forecast weather 2C Accommodation albergue juvenil, el youth hostel alojarse to stay aparcar to park apartamento, el apartment; flat ascensor, el lift balcón, el balcony baño, el bathroom; bath caravana, la caravan cepillo (de dientes), eltoothbrush champú, el shampoo desayuno, el breakfast desodorante, el 26 deodorant ficha, la firmar funcionar habitación doble, la habitación individual, la hotel, el jabón, el lavandería, la libre llave, la luz, la media pensión, la parador, el papel higiénico, el pasta de dientes, la peine, el pensión, la pensión completa, la persona, la recepción, la reserva, la reservar saco de dormir, el secador de pelo, el sitio, el tienda, la (index) card to sign to work (machine) double room single room hotel soap laundry available key light half board state-run hotel toilet paper toothpaste comb boarding house full board person reception reservation to book; to reserve sleeping bag hair drier place, space, room tent 2D Holiday Activities (See 1B and 3B) copa, la cuchara, la cuchillo, el mantel, el platillo, el plato, el servilleta, la taza, la tenedor, el vaso, el wine glass spoon knife tablecloth saucer plate napkin cup fork glass 2E Services Post Office buzón, el carta, la cartero, el enviar mandar paquete, el postal, la sello, el tabacalera, la letter-box letter postman to send to send parcel post-card stamp tobacconist's Getting help in an emergency 27 accidente, el ambulancia, la aspirina, la boca, la bomberos, los brazo, el cabeza, la catarro, el comprimido, el crema, la cuello, el cuerpo, el ¡Cuidado! Cruz Roja, la dedo,el doler dolor, el enfermedad, la enfermo espalda, la esparadrapo, el estómago, el fiebre, la garganta, la gripe, la hambre, el herida, la herido incendio, el insolación, la inyección, la jarabe, el mano, la mareado mareo, el medicamento, el medicina, la muela, la nariz, la oídos, los ojo, el ¡Ojo! pastilla, la picadura, la pie, el pierna, la policía, la primeros auxilios, los quemadura, la resfriado romperse sed, la socorrista, el ¡Socorro! accident ambulance aspirin mouth fire brigade arm head cold tablet cream neck body Watch out! Red Cross finger to hurt pain; ache illness ill back sticking plaster stomach temperature throat flu hunger wound; injury injured fire sunstroke injection linctus; cough mixture hand dizzy; sick dizziness; nausea medicine; drug medicine tooth; molar nose (inner) ears eye Watch out! tablet; pill sting foot leg police first aid burn cold to break thirst first-aid person; lifeguard Help! sueño, tener __ tirita, la to feel sleepy plaster urgencias, las emergency service aceite, el aceituna, la agua (f.), el agua mineral …con gas …sin gas ajo, el arroz, el asado atún, el oil olive water mineral water …fizzy water …still water garlic rice roasted tuna barra (de pan), la beber bebida, la biftec, el bocadillo, el bombón, el café, el calamares, los caramelo, el carne, la cebolla, la cena, la cenar cereales, los cerveza, la champiñones, los chicle, el chocolate, el chorizo, el chuleta, la churros, los cocacola, la cocinar col, la coliflor, la comida, la ensalada, la filete, el flan, el freír fresa, la fruta, la gambas, las gazpacho, el guisantes, los hamburguesa, la helado, el hervir huevo, el jamón (de york), el jamón serrano, el judías verdes, las leche, la lechuga, la legumbres, las limón, el limonada, la mantequilla, la manzana, la mariscos, los melocotón, el melón, el merluza, la mermelada, la azúcar (f.), el bacalao, el sugar cod naranja, la naranjada, la Other alquilar billete, el cajero automático, el cambio, el cambio, el cheque de viaje, el descolgar equipo, el introducir moneda, la ranura, la to hire; to rent bank note cash machine bureau de change change traveller's cheque to pick up (phone) equipment to insert coin slot THEME/MODULE 3 WORK AND LIFESTYLE 3A Home Life arreglar belén, el cocinar compras, las costumbre, la faenas, las fregar lavar lavar los platos limpiar pasar la aspiradora planchar quehaceres, los quitar el polvo tareas, las tarjeta, la toalla, la tradición, la tradicional to tidy; to fix crib to cook shopping custom chores to wash up; scrub to wash to wash up to clean to vacuum to iron household chores to dust chores card towel tradition traditional 3B Healthy Living 28 loaf (of bread) to drink drink steak sandwich chocolate sweet coffee squid boiled sweet meat onion dinner to dine cereal beer mushrooms chewing gum chocolate spicy sausage chop fritters Coca-cola to cook cabbage cauliflower lunch; food salad steak; escalope crème caramel to fry strawberry fruit prawns cold soup peas hamburger ice-cream to boil egg cooked ham cured ham string beans milk lettuce vegetables lemon lemonade butter apple shellfish; seafood peach melon hake jam; marmalade orange orangeade nata, la cream paella, la paella pan, el bread pastel, el cake; pie patata, la potato patatas fritas, las chips pera, la pear perrito caliente, el hot-dog pescado, el fish pimienta, la pepper pimiento, el sweet pepper piña, la pineapple plátano, el banana pollo, el chicken postre, el dessert queso, el cheese rellenar to fill; to stuff relleno, el stuffing sal, la salt salchicha, la sausage salchichón, el salami salsa, la sauce sangría, la sangria sardina, la sardine servicio, el service sopa, la soup tapas, las nibbles; bar snacks tarta, la tart té, el tea tomate, el tomato tortilla, (española), (Spanish) omelette la tostada, la toast uvas, las grapes vainilla, la vanilla vegetariano vegeterian verduras, las vegetables; greens vinagre, el vinegar vino (blanco / tinto), el(white / red) wine yogur, el yoghourt zanahoria, la carrot zumo (de fruta), el (fruit) juice dueño, el owner empleo, el job empresa, la company encargado in charge está comunicando the line is busy experiencia laboral, lawork experience fábrica, la factory fax, el fax ganar to earn guía (telefónica), la (telephone) book jefe, el boss línea, la line llamada, la call marcar to dial oficina, la office pagar bien / mal to pay well / badly prefijo, el prefix; telephone code recado, el message repartir to deliver teléfono (móvil), el (mobile) phone 3D Leisure banco, el cabina, la canguro, de __ colgar compañía, la correo electrónico, el cuidar ¿de parte de …? bank booth baby-sitting to hang up company e-mail to look after who's speaking? actuar to act; to perform anuncio, el advert apto suitable asiento, el seat baile, el dance bar, el bar café, el coffee shop cafetería, la cafeteria cantante, el singer carta, la menu cartelera, la entertainments guide ciencia-ficción, la science-fiction clásico classic; classical comedia, la comedy concierto, el concert concurso, el contest; quiz show corrida, la bullfight cuenta, la bill de acción action (adj.) de aventura adventure (adj.) de terror horror (adj.) delicioso delicious dibujos animados, los cartoons documental, el documentary entrada, la ticket entremeses, los starters especialidad, la speciality estrella, la star función, la show ¡Diga! ¡Dígame! dinero, el Hello! Hello! money hamburguesería, la libre menú, el 3C Part-time Jobs and Work Experience 29 hamburger restaurant free (of charge) menu menú del día, el noticias, las ¡Oiga! menu of the day news Hey! (to attract attention) wages; pocket money to pay match dish set meal police (adj.) dessert tip publicity; adverts portion restaurant romantic Cheers! toilets showing; performance box office soap type to act; to perform Bring me to be about … artículo, el bañador, el blusa, la bolso, el botas, las caja, la calcetines, los camisa, la camiseta, la carnicería, la castañuelas, las cerillas, las chandal, el chaqueta, la cheque, el cinturón, el cliente, el comprar half price fan coat to save advert; announcement article swimsuit blouse handbag boots till socks shirt T-shirt butcher's shop castanets matches track suit jacket cheque belt client to buy droguería, la toiletries shop estanco, el tobacconist's falda, la skirt farmacia, la pharmacy frutería, la greengrocer's shop gastar to spend grandes almacenes, department store los guantes, los gloves impermeable, el raincoat jersey, el pullover; jumper juguete, el toy librería, la bookshop medias, las stockings mercado, el mercado monedero, el purse muñeca, la doll oferta, la special offer paga, la pocket money panadería, la bakery pantalón, el trousers pantalón corto, el shorts panty, el tights paraguas, el umbrella pastelería, la cake shop peluquería, la hairdresser's; hair salon pendientes,los earrings periódico, el newspaper pescadería, la fishmonger's probarse to try on quedar to suit quiosco, el stall; kiosk rebajas, las sales recibo, el receipt recuerdo, el souvenir regalo, el present; gift reloj, el watch; clock ropa, la clothes sandalias, las sandals sección, la department servir to serve sombrero, el hat supermercado, el supermarket surtido well stocked tabacalera, la tobacconist's tarjeta de crédito, la credit card tienda de comestibles, grocery shop la traje, el suit traje de baño, el swimsuit vaqueros, los jeans vender to sell vestido, el dress confitería, la corbata, la descuento, el confectioner's shop tie discount zapatería, la shoe shop zapatillas deportivas, trainers las paga, la pagar partido, el plato, el plato combinado, el policíaco postre, el propina, la publicidad, la ración, la restaurante, el romántico ¡Salud! servicios, los sesión, la taquilla, la telenovela, la tipo, el trabajar Tráigame … tratar de… 3E Shopping a mitad de precio abanico, el abrigo, el ahorrar anuncio, el 30 zapatos, los shoes sensible serio severo sincero tímido torpe travieso valiente THEME/MODULE 4 THE YOUNG PERSON IN SOCIETY 4A Character and Personal Relationships agresivo ambicioso amistoso antipático atento atrevido carácter, el cariñoso celoso cobarde comportamiento, el comportarse comprensivo conducta, la confianza, la creativo cruel cualidad, la cuidadoso defecto, el desobediente egoísta emprendedor estúpido extrovertido formal generoso goloso hablador honrado impaciente insolente llevarse bien / mal con mal educado mentiroso mezquino nervioso obediente orgulloso paciente perezoso aggressive ambitious friendly unpleasant attentive; polite daring; insolent character affectionate jealous cowardly behaviour to behave understanding conduct; behaviour trust creative cruel quality careful defect disobedient selfish enterprising stupid extrovert serious; reliable generous sweet-toothed; greedy talkative; chatterbox honest impatient insolent to get on well/ badly with rude liar petty; mean nervous obedient proud patient lazy personalidad, la prudente personality prudent; sensible; careful self-assured seguro de sí mismo sensitive serious; reliable severe sincere shy clumsy naughty brave 4B The Environment ahorrar aire, el amenazar arruinar atasco, el basura, la campaña, la causa, la causar circulación, la contaminación, la contaminar to save air to threaten to spoil; to ruin traffic jam rubbish campaign cause to cause traffic pollution to contaminate; to pollute controlar to control desastre, el disaster desastroso disastrous destrucción, la destruction destruir to destroy ecología, la ecology ecológico ecological estropear to ruin; to spoil; to damage evitar to avoid gasolina (sin plomo), (unleaded) petrol la hogar, el home medio ambiente, el environment peatón, el pedestrian peatonal pedestrian (adj.) planeta, el planet polución, la pollution preocupar(se) to worry; to be concerned proteger to protect recurso, el resource salvar to save selva, la jungle tierra, la earth tráfico, el traffic urbanización, la housing estate vehículo, el vivienda, la 31 vehicle house; housing 4C Education Issues academia, la carrera, la castigar castigo, el deberes, los derechos, los desobedecer empleo, el estricto norma, la obedecer obligatorio opción, la práctica(s), la(s) regla, la respetar respeto, el riguroso universidad, la capacitar(se) to qualify; to train certificado, el certificate; diploma formación profesional, training la academy career; university course to punish punishment duties rights to disobey job; employment strict rule; regulation to obey compulsory option training regulation to respect respect harsh; severe university 4E Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities aceptable alcohol, el alcohólico borracho cigarrillo, el dañar daño, el desempleo, el droga, la drogarse emborracharse en forma en paro fumar horroroso humo, el mantener(se) parado peligro, el peligroso salud, la saludable sano tabaco, el 4D Careers and Future Plans (post age 18) ambición, la aprendiz, el aprendizaje, el calificación, la calificado ambition apprentice apprenticeship; training period qualification; mark qualified 32 acceptable alcohol alcoholic drunk; drunkard cigarette to damage; to harm damage; harm unemployment drug to take drugs to get drunk fit unemployed to smoke horrible; ghastly smoke to keep (oneself) unemployed danger dangerous health healthy healthy tobacco Additional Vocabulary – by Themes/Modules THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD 1A Self, Family and Friends cobaya, la cuñado, el nene, el / nena, la suegro, el tirando, ir __ guinea-pig brother-in-law small child father-in-law to get along; to manage gas, el manzana, la muro, el parqué / parquet, el paseo, el permanecer persiana, la provincia, la pueblecito, el tocar el timbre trasladar(se) trastero, el valla, la vecino, el vestíbulo, el 1B Interests and Hobbies carrera, la coleccionar coser crucigrama, el dardos, los dominó, el entrenar(se) guitarra, la pelota, la piragua, la público, el raqueta, la red, la saltar salto, el solitario violín, el volante, el voleibol, el race to collect to sew crossword darts dominoes to train guitar ball canoe public; audience racquet net to jump; to skip jump lonely violin shuttlecock; badminton volleyball 1D Daily Routine desnudarse echarse colonia / perfume madrugar pintarse ponerse colonia/ perfume to take one's clothes off to put cologne / perfume on to get up very early to put make-up on to put cologne/ perfume on 1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18) 1C Home and Local Environment alcalde, el azulejos, los baldosas, las calentar camino, el cerro, el comunidad, la construir contraventana, la cristal, el electricidad, la electrodomésticos, los embalse, el estatua, la gas block (in a city) thick wall parquet floor avenue to remain; to stay blinds province tiny town to ring the bell to move storage room fence neighbour entrance hall avanzado boletín, el borrar destacar grabar nivel, el privado público ser flojo en tiza, la vestuarios, los mayor ceramic tiles floor tiles to warm road hill community to build shutter glass; pane electricity electrical appliances dam; reservoir statue 33 advanced school report to erase to stand out to record level private public to be weak in chalk changing rooms recorrer THEME/MODULE 2 HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL relámpago, el tostar(se) trueno, el visitante, el 2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way astronave, la spaceship azafata, la (air) stewardess calle sin salida, la cul-de-sac camino, el route camión, el lorry camioneta, la van carnet de conducir, el driving licence chocar (con) to collide comprobar to check cruce giratorio, el roundabout de vuelta back despegar to take off glorieta, la roundabout llevar retraso to be delayed maleta, la boot (of car) marear(se) to get (car / sea) sick neumático, el tyre rueda, la wheel TER, el high speed train volante, el steering wheel volar to fly 2C Accommodation agente inmobiliario, el cama de matrimonio, la disponible enchufe, el hacer camping hospedarse linterna, la lujo, el terreno, el estate agent double bed available plug; socket to go camping to stay; to lodge torch luxury piece of land 2D Holiday Activities acostumbrar(se) disfrutar echar(se) fotografiar gratuito inolvidable madrugada, la pinturas, las siglo, el sombrilla, la tender(se) 2B Tourism acompañante, el aguacero, el Aragón arena, la Asturias Atlántico, el Baleares, las (Islas) broncear(se) cámara, la Canarias Castilla chubasco, el Costa de la Luz Costa Dorada Extremadura filmar Galicia helar intercambiar ir de vacaciones mojar(se) murallas, las Murcia nubosidad, la océano, el País Vasco to travel through / around flash of lightning to get brown thunder visitor escort shower Aragon sand Asturias Atlantic Balearic Islands to get a sun tan camera Canaries Castille squally shower Costa de la Luz Costa Dorada Extremadura to shoot a film Galicia to freeze to exchange to go on holiday to (get) wet (city) walls Murcia clouds ocean Basque Country to get used to to enjoy to lie down to take photographs free (of charge) unforgettable early morning; dawn paintings century sunshade to lie down 2E Services algodón, el cabina telefónica, la cortar(se) estar constipado estar roto golpear(se) hombro, el insoportable muñeca, la quemar(se) recuperar(se) rodilla, la silla de ruedas, la sordo tobillo, el torcer(se) tratamiento, el venda, la vendar vomitar voz, la 34 cotton wool phone booth to cut (oneself) to have a cold to be broken to knock oneself shoulder unbearable wrist to burn to recover knee wheelchair deaf ankle to twist; to sprain treatment bandage to bandage to vomit voice apreciar balón, el bandeja, la barra, la bola, la cadena, la canal, el caña de pescar, la conjunto, el deportivo entretener(se) THEME/MODULE 3 WORK AND LIFESTYLE 3A Home Life amueblar casero cesta, la empapelar espacio, el máquina de coser, la nata, la ofrecer pintar pintura, la santo santo, el to furnish home-made basket to paper (walls) space sewing machine cream to offer to paint paint holy saint entretenido fila, la frecuentar lanzar luna, la papel, el pelota vasca, la riesgo, el TVE, la 3B Healthy Living apetecer alimentación, la alimento, el aprovechar(se) to fancy; to feel like food food to profit; to make use of ciego blind comida preparada, la ready-made food comida basura, la junk food corazón, el heart dañino harmful dieta, la diet estado, el state of health farmacéutico, el chemist fuerza, la strength grasa, la fat; grease ligero light nocivo harmful nutritivo nutritious pecho, el chest pipa, la pipe puro, el cigar 3E Shopping afortunado americana, la bragas, las calzoncillos, los camisa, la cazadora, la chaqueta, la conjunto, el de moda diamante, el gorro, el IVA, el joyería, la letrero, el maquillaje, el moda, la pañuelo, el pijama, el reembolso, el venta, la 3C Part-time Jobs & Work Experience actualmente laborable llevar a cabo puesto, el traducir nowadays working (adj.) to carry out post; job to translate 3D Leisure actriz, la amor, el to appreciate ball tray bar counter ball chain channel fishing rod music group sports (adj.) to entertain; to amuse oneself entertaining; amusing row to frequent to throw moon rôle pelota risk Spanish Television actress love 35 lucky jacket panties underpants shirt jacket jacket outfit fashionable diamond cap VAT jeweller's shop sign make-up fashion handkerchief; scarf pyjamas refund sale THEME/MODULE 4 THE YOUNG PERSON IN SOCIETY hacienda, la huerta, la impresionante 4A Character & Personal Relationships infección, la inquietar(se) afable bondadoso chistoso compasivo compromiso, el disputa, la enamorado enamorar(se) encantador enfadar(se) fastidiar humor, de buen __ humor, de mal __ orgullo, el reconocer relaciones, las sentido común, el pleasant kind funny compassionate commitment; engagement argument in love to fall in love charming to get angry to annoy good-humoured ill-tempered pride to recognize relationships common sense inundación, la lluvia ácida, la lodo, el marea negra, la malgastar matar naturaleza, la oveja, la palmera, la parcela, la pastor, el pato, el pino, el pinturas, las pleno reciclaje, el reciclar rodear secar(se) sendero, el sequía, la ternera, la tranquilidad, la 4B The Environment alcance, el arder ardiente arrojar belleza, la burro, el cabra, la campestre capa de ozono, la cerdo, el colina, la contenedor, el cordero, el cuadra, la cueva, la dañoso desperdicios, los echar energía, la escondido extinción, la fijar finca, la fuego, el gallina, la gallo, el ganso, el gasóleo, el reach to burn burning to throw; to emit beauty donkey goat rural ozone layer pig hill container; bin lamb stables cave harmful rubbish; waste to throw energy hidden extinction to fix; to stick on property; country house fire hen rooster goose diesel (oil) vaca, la viña, la farm; property vegetable garden impressive; marvellous infection to worry; to get upset flood acid rain mud oil slick to waste to kill nature sheep palm tree plot; piece of ground shepherd duck pine tree paintings full recycling to recycle to surround to dry lane; path; track drought calf; veal peace and quiet; calmness cow vineyard 4C Education apoyo, el dificultad, la entregar obligar permiso, el pretexto, el resultado, el suspendido support difficulty to hand in to force; to compel pemission; permit pretext; excuse result failed; suspended 4D Careers and Future Plans (post age 18) casar(se) cita, la ensayar fabricar inscribir(se) maquinaria, la universitario veterinario, el 36 to get married appointment; date to rehearse; to test to produce; to manufacture to register machinery university (adj.) veterinary surgeon 4E Social Issues, Choices & Responsibilities abandonar actualidades, las cárcel, la cifra, la cohabitar culpa, la cura, el devolver discurso, el ejército, el explotar falta, la guerra, la huelga, la imponer informe, el ladrón, el libertad, la marina, la muerte, la multa, la obispo, el pobreza, la prensa, la primer ministro, el reina, la responsabilidad, la rey, el riqueza, la robar SIDA, el telediario, el the navy death fine bishop poverty press prime minister queen responsibility king wealth to steal AIDS television news bulletin tener cuidado to be careful testigo, el witness tratar to treat vigilar to watch over; to be vigilant violencia callejera, la street violence to abandon news jail number; quantity to live together guilt; blame priest to give back speech army to exploit lack war strike to impose report thief freedom; liberty 37 Vocabulary in the Specification - Alphabetical A a ¿A cuántos estamos? a eso de la(s) __ a fines (de) a la una …y / menos cuarto …y / menos cinco, etc. …y media a las dos, etc. a lo mejor a mediados (de) a medianoche a mediodía a menudo a mitad de precio a partir de a pie a principios (de) ¿a qué hora …? a tiempo a veces abajo (de) abanico, el abierto abrazo, un abrigo, el abril abrir abuelo, el aburrido aburrirse acabar acabar de + infin academia, la acampar accidente, el aceite, el aceituna, la acento, el aceptable aceptar acompañar acondicionado aconsejar acordarse acostarse actitud, la actividad, la activo actor, el actualidad, la to; towards What's the date? actuar adentro adiós adolescente ¿adónde? aduana, la adulto aerobic, el aeropuerto, el afeitarse aficionado, el afirmación, la afortunadamente afuera afueras, las agenda, la agosto agradable agresivo agua (f.), el agua mineral con gas sin gas aguantar ahí ahora ahora mismo ahorrar aire, el aire acondicionado, el aislado ajedrez, el ajo, el al / en un momento al final (de) albañil, el albergue juvenil, el alcanzar alcohol, el alcohólico aldea, la alegrarse de alegre alegría, la alemán alemán, el Alemania alfombra, la algo algodón, el algunas veces alguno allá allí around …o'clock at the end (of) at one o'clock quarter past / to five past / to half past at two o'clock, etc. maybe in mid at midnight at midday often half price from on foot at the beginning of at what time …? in / on time sometimes under fan open hug; with best wishes coat April to open grandfather boring to be bored to finish to have just (done something) academy to camp accident oil olive accent acceptable to accept to accompany conditioned to advise to remember to go to bed attitude activity active actor present 38 to act; to perform inside good-bye adolescent where? customs adult aerobics airport to shave fan; amateur statement fortunately outside outskirts diary August pleasant aggressive water mineral water fizzy water still water to put up with; to bear there now right now to save air air-conditioning isolated chess garlic in a moment at the end (of) bricklayer youth hostel to reach; to be enough alcohol alcoholic village to be glad happy happiness German German language Germany carpet something cotton sometimes some over there there almorzar almuerzo, el alojarse alquilado alquilar alrededor (de) alrededores, los alto altura, la alumno, el amable amargo amarillo ambición, la ambicioso ambiente, el ambulancia, la amenazar América del Sur amigo, el amistoso amueblado ancho anciano Andalucía andaluz andando andar andén, el animado animal, el añadir año, el Año Nuevo, el año pasado, el año próximo, el año que viene, el año siguiente, el anoche anteayer antes (de) antiguo antipático anuncio, el apagar aparador, el aparato, el aparcamiento, el aparcar aparecer apartamento, el apellido, el apenas aprender aprender (a + infin) to have lunch lunch to stay rented to rent; to hire around outskirts high; tall height pupil kind bitter yellow ambition ambitious atmosphere ambulance to threaten South America friend friendly furnished wide old Andalusia Andalusian on foot; walking to walk; to work (machine) platform lively; bustling; busy animal to add year New Year last year next year next year the following year last night day before yesterday before old; ancient unpleasant anouncement; advertisement to turn off; to switch off sideboard machine; appliance car park to park to appear apartment; flat surname scarcely; as soon as to learn to learn (to do sth.) aprendiz, el aprendizaje, el aprobar apropiado aptitud, la apto apuntes, los aquel aquí árbol, el armario, el arreglar arreglarse arriba (de) arroz, el arruinar arte dramático, el artículo, el asado ascensor, el aseo, el así asiento, el asignatura, la asistir aspecto, el aspiradora, la aspirina, la atasco, el atención, la atentamente atento atletismo, el atravesar atrevido atún, el aula (f.), el ausente Australia Austria autobús, el autocar, el autopista, la AVE, el avenida, la avión, el ayer ayuda, la ayudar ayuntamiento, el azúcar (f.), el azul 39 apprentice apprenticeship; training period to pass appropriate aptitude; ability suitable notes that here tree cupboard; wardrobe to fix; to tidy up to tidy oneself up above; on; upstairs rice to ruin; to spoil theatre studies; drama article roast lift toilet thus seat school subject to attend; to be present look; appearance vacuum cleaner aspirin traffic jam attention yours faithfully; yours sincerely attentive; polite athletics to cross daring; insolent tuna classroom absent Australia Austria bus coach motorway high speed train avenue airplane yesterday help to help town hall sugar blue B bacalao, el bailar baile, el bajar (de) bajo balcón, el baloncesto, el banco, el bañador, el bañarse baño, el bar, el barato barba, la barco, el barra (de pan), la barrio, el ¡Basta! bastante bastar basura, la batería, la bebé, el beber bebida, la belén, el Bélgica bello biblioteca, la biblioteca, la bicicleta / bici, la bien bienvenido biftec, el bigote, el billar, el billete, el billete, el …de ida …de ida y vuelta …sencillo biología, la blanco bloque, el blusa, la boca, la bocadillo, el boda, la bolera, la bolígrafo / boli, el bolsa, la bolso, el bomberos, los bombón, el cod bonito to dance bonobús, el dance to come down; to get off borracho borrador, el low; short borrador, el balcony bosque, el basketball botas, las bank bote, un swimsuit botella, una to have a bath; boxeo, el to bathe brazo, el bathroom breve bar británico cheap ¡Buen viaje! beard ¡Buena suerte! boat buenas noches loaf (of bread) buenas tardes neighbourhood That's enough! bueno enough; quite; buenos días sufficient(ly) buscar to be enough butaca, la rubbish buzón, el drums baby C to drink caballero(s) drink caballo, el crib cabeza, la Belgium cabina, la beautiful cada bookcase cada (diez) minutos library caer(se) bicycle/bike café, el well café, el welcome cafetería, la steak caja, la moustache caja, la billiards cajero automático, bank note el ticket calamares, los single ticket calcetines, los return ticket calefacción single ticket (central), la biology caliente white calificación, la block calificado blouse callado mouth callar(se) sandwich calle, la wedding calor, el bowling alley caluroso biro calvo bag 40 handbag fire brigade chocolate sweet pretty multiple ride ticket drunk rough copy board rubber woods boots can; jar; pot bottle boxing arm brief British Have a good trip! Good luck! good night good afternoon; good evening good good morning to look for armchair letter box gentleman; gentlemen horse head booth each every (ten) minutes to fall coffee coffee shop cafeteria box till cash machine squid socks (central)heating hot qualification; mark qualified quiet to shut up street heat hot; very warm bald cama, la camarero, el cambiar cambio, el cambio, el caminar camiseta, la campaña, la campeón,el campeonato, el camping, el campo, el campo de deportes, el cancha de (tenis), la canción, la canguro, de __ cansado cantante, el cantar cantidad, la cantina, la capacitar(se) capaz capital, la cara, la carácter, el caramelo, el caravana, la cariñoso Carnaval, el carne, la carnicería, la caro carpeta, la carpintero, el carrera, la bed waiter to change bureau de change change to walk T-shirt campaign champion championship campsite countryside sports ground castañuelas, las castellano castigar castigo, el castillo, el catalán Cataluña catarro, el catedral, la causa, la causar cebolla, la celebrarse celoso cena, la cenar (centí)metro, el céntrico centro comercial, el centro, el centro, en el __ (de) cepillo (de dientes), el cerámica, la cerca (de) cercano cereales, los cerillas, las cerrado cerrar certificado, el cerveza, la césped, el chalet / chalé, el champiñones, los champú, el chandal, el charlar cheque de viaje, el cheque, el chicle, el chico,el chimenea, la chocolate, el chorizo, el chuleta, la churros, los ciclismo, el cielo, el (cien) kilómetros por hora ciencia - ficción, la ciencias, las cierto cigarrillo, el (tennis) court song babysit tired singer to sing quantity canteen to qualify; to train able; capable capital face character boiled sweet caravan affectionate Mardi Gras; Carnival meat butcher's shop expensive folder carpenter career; university course road letter menu playing cards entertainments guide postman carton house; home semi-detached house married wedding nearly correct box(es) carretera, la carta, la carta, la cartas, las cartelera, la cartero, el cartón, el casa, la casa adosada, la casado casamiento, el casi casilla(s) correcta(s), la (s) cassette (casete), el cassette player cassette (casete), la cassette chestnut; brown castaño 41 castanets Castillian to punish punishment castle Catalan Catalonia cold cathedral cause to cause onion to celebrate; to take place jealous dinner to dine (centi)metre central shopping centre centre middle, in the __ of (tooth)brush pottery near nearby cereal matches closed to close; to shut certificate beer lawn bungalow mushrooms shampoo track suit to chat traveller's cheque cheque chewing gum boy chimney; fireplace chocolate spicy sausage chop fritters cycling sky (100) kilometres an hour science-fiction science true cigarette cine, el cinta, la cinturón, el cinturón de seguridad, el circulación, la ciudad, la claro clase, la clásico cliente, el clima, el climatizado club, el club de jóvenes, el cobarde cocacola, la coche, el cocina (de gas), la cocina eléctrica, la cocina, la cocina, la cocinar cocinero, el coger col, la colección, la colegio, el colgar coliflor, la color, el comedia, la comedor, el comenzar comer comerciante, el comercio, el comida, la comida, la comisaría, la como ¿cómo? ¿Cómo está(s)? ¿Cómo se (te) llama(s)? cómoda, la cómodo compañero, el compañía, la comparar compartir completar completo comportamiento, el comportarse cinema tape belt safety belt comprar compras, las comprensivo comprimido, el Con permiso. concierto, el concurrido concurso, el conducir conducta, la conductor, el conductor, el conejo, el confianza, la confitería, la congelador, el conocer traffic city clear; light class classic; classical client climate air-conditioned club youth club coward Coca-cola car (gas) cooker electric cooker cookery kitchen to cook cook to take; to catch cabbage colection school to hang up cauliflower colour comedy dining-room to begin; to start to eat shop-keeper business studies food lunch police station as; like how? How are you? What's your name? conseguir consejo, el consigna, la contaminación, la contaminar contar contento contestación, la contestar continuar contra controlar conversación, la conversar copa, la copa, la corbata, la correcto corregir correo, el correo electrónico, el Correos correr correspondencia, la corresponder corrida, la cortés cortina, la corto cosa, la costa, la Costa Brava, la Costa del Sol, la Costa Verde, la costar costumbre, la chest of drawers comfortable partner; mate company to compare to share to complete full behaviour to behave 42 to buy shopping understanding tablet Excuse me. concert crowded contest; quiz show to drive; to lead conduct; behaviour driver motorist rabbit trust confectioner's shop freezer to know; to be acquainted with to achieve; to get advice left-luggage office pollution to contaminate; to pollute to count; to tell happy answer; reply to answer; to reply to continue against to control conversation to talk; to chat cup; trophy wine glass tie correct; right to correct post e-mail Post Office to run correspondence;post to correspond bullfight polite curtain short thing coast Costa Brava Costa del Sol Costa Verde to cost custom creativo creer crema, la cruce, el cruel Cruz Roja, la cruzar cuaderno, el cuadrado cuadro, el ¿cuál(es)? cualidad, la cualquier(a) cuando ¿cuándo? ¿cuánto(s)? ¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? ¿Cuánto es? ¿cuánto tiempo hace que …? ¿Cuánto vale(n)? ¿Cuántos años tiene(s) / cumple(s)? cuarto cuarto, un cuarto de baño, el cuarto de hora, un cuchara, la cuchillo, el cuello, el cuenta, la cuero,el cuerpo, el ¡Cuidado! cuidadoso cuidar cumpleaños, el cumplir curso, el D dañar daño, el dar dar igual darse prisa de de acción de acuerdo de aventura creative to believe cream intersection; crossroads cruel Red Cross to cross exercise book square picture which? quality any when when? how much? how many? How much does it / do they cost? How much is it? how long…? How much does it / do they cost? How old are you / today? fourth quarter bathroom quarter of an hour spoon knife neck bill leather body Watch out! careful to look after birthday to have a birthday course; lesson to damage; to harm damage; harm; injury to give to be all the same, to not matter to hurry from; of action (adj.) OK; agreed adventure (adj.) 43 ¿de dónde? ¿De dónde eres / es? de la mañana de la noche de la tarde De nada. de nuevo ¿de parte de …? de prisa ¿de qué color? ¿de quién? de repente de terror de vez en cuando debajo (de) deber deber deberes, los deberes, los débil decidir décimo decir dedo,el defecto, el dejar dejar de + infin delante (de) deletrear delgado delicioso demasiado dentista, el dentro (de) dentro de (diez) minutos dependiente, el deporte, el deportista derecha, a la __ derecho, todo __ derechos, los desafortunado desagradable desaparecer desastre, el desastroso desayunar desayuno, el descansar descolgar describir where from? Where are you from? in the morning at night in the afternoon; in the evening Don't mention it. You're welcome. again who's speaking? quickly what colour? whose? suddenly horror (adj.) from time to time under must to owe duties homework weak to decide tenth to say finger defect to leave to stop (+ gerund) in front of to spell slim delicious too dentist inside within (ten) minutes shop assistant sport sportsperson right, to the __ straight ahead rights unfortunate unpleasant to disappear disaster disastrous to have breakfast breakfast to rest to pick up (phone) to describe descripción, la descuento, el desde desde hace desear desempleo, el desobedecer desobediente desodorante, el despacho de billetes, el despacho, el despacio despedirse despertador, el despertarse después (de) destino, con __ a destrucción, la destruir desván, el desventaja, la detalle, el detener(se) detestar detrás (de) día, el Día de Reyes, el día festivo, el diálogo, el dibujar dibujo, el dibujo, el dibujos animados, los diccionario, el diciembre diente, el diferencia, la diferente (de) difícil ¡Diga! ¡Dígame! dinero, el dirección, la dirección, la directo director, el dirigir(se) description discount from; since for to wish unemployment to disobey disobedient deodorant ticket office divertirse divorciado DNI doblar doble docena, una documental, el documento, el doler dolor, el domicilio, el domingo, el donde ¿dónde? dormir dormirse dormitorio, el dos veces droga, la drogarse droguería, la ducha, la ducharse dueño, el dulce durable durante durar duro to apologize to design different (from) entertaining; amusing; funny to have fun divorced identity card to turn double dozen documentary document to hurt pain; ache address Sunday where where? to sleep to fall asleep bedroom twice drug to take drugs toiletries shop shower to have a shower owner sweet durable during to last; to take (+ time) hard E ecología, la ecológico económico edad, la edificio, el educación física, la egoísta ejemplo, el ejercicio, el electricista, el elegante emborracharse emocionante empezar empleado, el empleo, el emprendedor empresa, la empujar ecology ecological cheap; economical age building PE; physical education selfish example exercise electrician elegant to get drunk exciting to begin; to start employee job enterprising company to push disculparse diseñar distinto (de) divertido office slowly to say good-bye alarm clock to wake up after going to __ destruction to destroy loft disadvantage detail to stop to detest; to hate behind day Epiphany, 6th of January holiday dialogue; conversation to draw art drawing cartoons dictionary December tooth difference different (from) difficult Hello! (on the phone) Hello! (on the phone) money address direction direct headteacher to go towards; to address oneself disco (compacto), el CD; (compact) disk disco discoteca, la apology disculpa, la 44 en en (una) hora en autobús en autocar en avión en coche en ese momento en forma en metro en paro en punto en seguida en tren en/por todas partes encantado encantar encargado encender encima (de) encontrarse encuesta, la enérgico enero enfadado enfadarse enfermedad, la enfermero, el enfermo enfrente (de) ¡Enhorabuena! ensalada, la enseñar enseñar entender entonces entrada, la entrada, la entrar (en) entre entremeses, los entrevista, la enviar época, en la ___ de equipaje, el equipo de música, el equipo, el equipo, el equis, la equitación, la equivocarse Es el (primero) de __ es la una escalera, la escocés in; on in (one) hour by bus by coach by plane by car at that moment fit by underground; by tube unemployed exactly at once; right away by train everywhere pleased to meet you to delight; to love in charge to switch on; to light on; above to meet; to be situated opinion poll forceful; vigorous January angry to get angry illness nurse ill opposite Congratulations! salad to show to teach to understand then entrance ticket to enter; to go in between starters interview to send time,at / in the __ of luggage hi-fi system equipment team X horse-riding to make a mistake It's the (1st) of __ it's one o'clock stairs Scot; Scottish Escocia escoger escribir escritorio, el escuchar escuela, la ese eso espalda, la España español español, el esparadrapo, el especial especialidad, la espectáculo, el espejo, el esperar esposo, el esquí, el esquiar esquina, la esta semana estación de autobuses, la estación de servicio, la estación, la estado civil, el estadio, el Estados Unidos, los / EEUU Estamos a (dos) de__ estanco, el estante, el estantería, la estar estar (situado) estar a (X) (kiló)metros estar a (X) minutos estar a favor (de) estar bien / fatal / regular / mal estar bien / mal estar bueno / malo estar comunicando estar de acuerdo estar de vacaciones estar en contra (de) estar equivocado estar despejado estar nublado 45 Scotland to choose to write desk; study room to listen school that that back Spain Spanish Spanish language sticking plaster special speciality show mirror to wait husband ski; skiing to ski corner this week bus / coach station service station station marital status stadium United States; U.S. It's the (2nd) of __ tobacconist's shelf shelving to be to be (situated) to be (X) (kilo)metres away to be (X) minutes away to be in favour of to be well / awful / so-so / ill to be correct / wrong to taste good / bad to be busy (phone line) to agree to be on holiday to be against to be wrong; to be mistaken to be clear to be cloudy estuche, el estudiante, el estudiar estudios, los estupendo estúpido ética, la Europa europeo evitar exactamente examen, el excelente excursión, la éxito, el experiencia, la explicar expreso, el exterior, el extranjero, el extraordinario extrovertido height this this year / month east walkman dear this stomach narrow; tight star strict; severe to ruin; to spoil; to damage pencil case student to study studies great; fantastic stupid PSE Europe European to avoid exactly examination excellent excursion; tour; trip success experience to explain fast train outside abroad extraordinary extrovert F fábrica, la fácil faenas, las falda, la falso faltar familia, la famoso fantástico farmacia, la fatal favorito fax, el febrero fecha, la felicidad, la ¡Felicidades! feliz factory easy chores skirt false to lack; to be absent family famous great; fantastic chemist's awful favourite fax February date hapiness; joy Congratulations! happy estatura, la este este año / mes este, el estéreo personal, el estimado esto estómago, el estrecho estrella, la estricto estropear ¡Feliz cumpleaños! ¡Feliz Navidad! ¡Feliz santo! femenino fenomenal feo ferry (ferri), el ficha, la fiebre, la fiesta, la fiesta, la filete, el fin de semana, el final, el finalmente finca, la firmar física, la flamenco, el flan, el flauta, la flojo flor, la folleto, el fondo, el footing, el formación profesional, la formal formulario, el foto(grafía), la fracasar francés francés, el Francia frase, la fregadero, el fregar freír fresa, la fresco frigorífico, el frío, el fruta, la frutería, la fuente, la fuera (de) fuerte (no) fumador fumar función, la funcionar fútbol, el futuro, el 46 Happy birthday! Merry Christmas Happy Saint's day! feminine great; fantastic ugly ferry (index) card temperature festival party steak; escalope weekend end finally property; farm to sign physics flamenco crème caramel flute slack flower leaflet; brochure back; bottom jogging training serious; reliable form photo(graph) to fail French French language France phrase; sentence sink to wash up; to scrub to fry strawberry fresh refrigerator cold fruit greengrocer's shop fountain outside; except strong (non) smoking to smoke show to work (machine) football future G gafas, las gafas de sol, las galería (de arte), la Gales galés Galicia gallego gambas, las ganar ganar garaje, el garganta, la gasolina (sin plomo), la gastar gato, el gazpacho, el gemelo, el generalmente generoso genial gente, la geografía, la gimnasia, la gimnasio, el gol, el goloso goma, la gordo gracias gracioso grado, el gramos Gran Bretaña grande grandes almacenes, los granja, la granjero, el gratis gratuito Grecia gripe, la gris grueso grupo, el guantes, los guapo guardar guía, el guía (telefónica), la guía (turística), la guisantes, los guitarra, la gustar glasses; spectacles sunglasses (art) gallery Wales Welsh Galicia Galician prawns; shrimps to earn to win garage throat (unleaded) petrol to spend cat cold soup twin generally generous brilliant people geography PE; gymnastics gym(nasium) goal sweet-toothed; greedy rubber fat thank you funny degree grammes Great Britain big; large department store farm farmer free free Greece 'flu grey thick; stout group gloves good-looking to put away guide (telephone) book guidebook peas 47 H haber haber tormenta / hielo / niebla habitación, la habitación doble, la habitación individual, la habitante, el hablador hablar hace (+time) hacer hacer buen / mal tiempo hacer calor / frío hacer falta hacer una pregunta hacer sol / viento hacerse hacia hallarse hambre, el hamburguesa, la hamburguesería, la hasta Hasta luego. Hasta mañana hay hay que + infin helado, el herida, la herido hermanastro, el hermano, el hervir hielo, el hierba, la hierro, el hijo (único), el historia, la histórico hogar, el hola hombre, el honrado hora, la horario, el horrible horroroso hospital, el hotel, el guitar to like to have (auxiliary) to be stormy icy / foggy room double room single room inhabitant talkative; chatterbox to speak it's been (+ time) to make; to do to be good / bad weather to be hot / cold to need; to require to ask to be sunny / windy to become towards to be situated hunger hamburger hamburger restaurant until See you later. See you tomorrow. there is; there are it is necessary ice-cream injury; wound injured step-brother brother to boil ice grass iron (only) child; son history historic home hello man honest hour timetable horrible ghastly hospital hotel hoy huevo, el humo, el today egg smoke irse Italia italiano izquierda, a la __ I ideal identidad, la idioma, el iglesia, la igual imaginar impaciente impermeable, el importante imposible impresora, la incendio, el incluir inconveniente, el independiente indicar industria, la industrial información, la informarse informática, la ingeniero, el Inglaterra inglés inglés, el injusto inmediatamente insignia, la insolación, la insolente instalaciones, las instituto, el instrumento, el inteligente intercambio, el interesante interesar(se) interior, el internet, el introducir inútil invierno, el invitar inyección, la ir (a / en ) ir a + infinitive ir a buscar ir con __ Irlanda irlandés ideal identity language church like; equal; the same to imagine impatient raincoat important impossible printer fire to include disadvantage independent to indicate industry industrial information to find out IT engineer England English English language unfair; unjust immediately badge sunstroke insolent facilities secondary school instrument intelligent exchange interesting to be interested inside Internet to insert useless winter to invite injection to go (to/by) to be going to + infinitive to fetch to go with __ Ireland Irish J jabón, el jamás jamón (de york), el jamón serrano, el jarabe, el jardín, el jefe, el jersey, el joven joven, el jubilado judías verdes, las juego, el Juegos Olímpicos, los jueves, el jugador, el jugar juguete, el julio junio justificar justo 48 K kilo, el kilómetro, el L laboral laboratorio, el lado, al __ (de) lago, el lámpara, la lana, la lápices de colores, los lápiz, el largo lata, una latinoamericano lavabo, el lavadora, la lavandería, la lavaplatos, el lavar lavar los platos lavarse lección, la to go away Italy Italian left, to the __ soap never cooked ham cured ham cough mixture; linctus garden boss jumper; pullover young young person retired string beans game Olympic Games Thursday player to play toy July June to justify fair; just kilo kilometre at work laboratory next (to) lake lamp wool coloured pencils pencil long tin Latinamerican washbasin washing machine laundry dishwasher to wash to wash up to wash oneself lesson leche, la lechuga, la lectura, la leer legumbres, las lejano lejos (de) lengua, la lentamente lentes de contacto, los lento letra, la levantar la mano levantarse libra (esterlina), la libre libre librería, la librería, la libro, el limón, el limonada, la limpiar limpiarse los dientes limpio línea, la liso lista, la literatura, la litro, el llamada, la llamar (por teléfono) llamarse llave, la llegada, la llegar (a / de) lleno llevar llevar (+ time) + gerund llevarse bien / mal con llorar llover lluvia, la loco loncha, la Londres los lunes, etc. lotería, la luego lugar, el lunes, el milk lettuce reading to read vegetables distant far (from) language slowly contact lenses lunes pasado, el etc. lunes, los etc. luz, la M madera, la madrastra, la madre, la mal mal educado maleta, la malo mamá, la mañana mañana, la mandar mano, la manta, la mantel, el mantener(se) mantequilla, la manzana, la mapa, el máquina, la máquina de fotos, la mar, el marca, la marcar marcar marcharse mareado mareo, el marido, el mariscos, los marrón martes, el marzo más masculino matemáticas, las matrimonio, el máximo, el mayo mayor mayoría, la me parece mecánico, el medalla, la media pensión, la mediano medianoche medias, las medicamento, el medicina, la slow letter to put your hand up to get up pound (sterling) available free (of charge) bookcase bookshop book lemon lemonade to clean to brush your teeth clean line smooth; straight list literature litre call to phone to be called key arrival to arrive (at / from) full to take to have been doing sth. for (+ time) to get on well / badly with to cry to rain rain mad slice London Mondays, etc. lottery then place Monday 49 last Monday, etc. (on) Mondays, etc. light wood stepmother mother badly; wrong rude suitcase bad mum tomorrow morning to send hand blanket tablecloth to keep butter apple map machine camera sea mark; tick to dial to score to go away dizzy; sick dizziness; nausea husband shellfish; seafood brown Tuesday March more masculine mathematics marriage; married couple maximum May elder majority it seems to me mechanic medal half board medium midnight stockings medicine; drug medicine médico, el medida, la medio medio ambiente, el mediodía medir Mediterráneo, el mejicano (mexicano) Méjico (México) mejor mejorar mellizo, el melocotón, el melón, el mencionar menor menos mentir mentira, la mentiroso menú, el menú del día, el mercado, el merendar merienda, la merluza, la mermelada, la mes, el mesa, la metro, el metro, el mezquino miembro, el mientras (que) mientras tanto miércoles, el mínimo, el minuto, el mirar mismo mitad, la mochila, la moderno molestar(se) moneda, la monedero, el monitor, el monopatín, el montaña, la montar a caballo monumento, el moqueta, la morado moreno doctor measurement half environment midday to measure Mediterranean Sea Mexican Mexico better; best to improve twin peach melon to mention younger less to tell a lie lie liar menu menu of the day market to have a snack / picnic snack; picnic hake jam; marmalade month table metre underground train; tube mean; petty member while meanwhile Wednesday minimum minute to look same half rucksack modern to bother coin purse monitor skateboard mountain to ride a horse monument wall-to-wall carpet purple dark-coloured 50 morir moto, la muchacho, el muchas veces mucho Mucho gusto mucho tiempo mudarse (de casa) muebles, los muela, la muerto mujer, la mujer, la mundo, el muñeca, la museo, el música, la muy N nacer nacimiento, el nacionalidad, la nada nada más nadar nadie naranja naranja, la naranjada, la nariz, la nata, la natación, la Navidad, la necesario necesitar negativo negro nervioso nevar nevera, la niebla, la nieto, el nieve, la ninguno niño, el no noche, la Nochebuena, la Nochevieja, la nombre, el norma, la normal normalmente to die motorbike lad many times; often a lot Pleased to meet you a long time to move (house) furniture tooth; molar dead wife woman world doll museum music very to be born birth nationality nothing nothing / anything else to swim nobody orange (colour) orange (fruit) orangeade nose cream swimming Christmas necessary to need negative black nervous to snow fridge fog grandson snow none child no night Christmas Eve New Year's Eve name rule; regulation normal normally norte, el norteamericano nota, la noticias, las novela, la noveno noviembre novio, el nube, la nuevo número, el Nunca O o/u obedecer obediente obligatorio obrero, el obtener ocho días ocio, el octavo octubre ocupado ocurrir odiar oeste, el oferta, la oficina, la oficina de turismo, la ¡Oiga! oídos, los oír ¡Ojo! ojo, el ¡Olé! oler olor, el olvidar opción, la opinar opinión, la optimista ordenador, el oreja, la organizar orgulloso orientación profesional, la oro, el oscuro otoño, el otra vez North Northamerican grade; mark news novel ninth November boyfriend; fiancé cloud new number never otro P paciente padrastro, el padre, el paella, la paga, la paga, la pagar pagar bien / mal página, la país, el paisaje, el pájaro, el or palabra, la to obey palacio, el obedient pálido compulsory pan, el workman panadería, la to get pantalla, la eight days pantalón, el leisure pantalón corto, el eighth panty, el October papá, el occupied; taken; busy papel, el to happen papel higiénico, el to hate papelera, la west paquete, el offer par, el office para tourist information office parada, la parado Hey! parador, el inner ears paraguas, el to hear parar Watch out! parar(se) eye parecer Bravo! Well done! parecerse (a) to smell parecido smell pared, la to forget pareja, la option parientes, los to think parking, el opinion parque, el optimistic parque de computer atracciones, el ear parque infantil, el to organize parque temático, el proud parte, la careers participar partido, el gold pasado mañana dark pasado, el autumn pasajero, el again pasaporte, el 51 another patient step-father father paella pocket money wages to pay to pay well / badly page country landscape bird word palace pale bread bakery screen trousers shorts tights dad paper toilet paper waste-paper bin packet pair for stop unemployed state-run hotel umbrella to stop to stop to seem to look like like; similar wall couple; partner relatives car park park fairground playground theme park part to participate match day after tomorrow past passenger passport pasar pasar (+ time) pasar (por) pasar la aspiradora pasar (la) lista pasarlo bien / mal pasatiempo, el pasear paseo, dar un __ pasillo, el paso subterráneo, el pasta de dientes, la pastel, el pastelería, la pastilla, la patata, la patatas fritas, las patinaje, el patinar patines, los patio, el peatón, el peatonal pecas, las pedazo, un pedir pedir permiso pedir prestado peinarse peine, el película, la peligro, el peligroso pelirrojo pelo, el pelota, la peluquería, la peluquero, el pendientes,los pensar pensión completa, la pensión, la peor pequeño pera, la perder perdón, el perdonar perezoso perfecto periódico, el periquito, el to happen permitir to spend (time) pero to go past, through perrito caliente, el to vacuum perro, el to call the register persona, la to have a good / bad time personalidad, la pastime pertenecer to go for a walk pesar to go for a walk pesca, la corridor pescadería, la subway; underpass pescado, el pescar toothpaste peseta, la cake; pie pesimista cake shop peso, el tablet; pill pez, el potato piano, el chips picadura, la skating picante to skate pie, el skates piel, la patio; yard pierna, la pedestrian pimienta, la pedestrian (adj.) pimiento, el freckles ping-pong, el piece pintado to ask piña, la to ask permission Pirineos, los to borrow piscina, la to comb one's hair piso, el comb piso, el film pista de hielo, la danger pizarra, la dangerous planchar red-haired planeta, el hair plano, el ball planta baja, la hair salon, plástico, el hairdresser’s plata, la hairdresser plátano, el earrings platillo, el to think plato, el full board plato, el plato combinado, el boarding house playa, la worse; worst plaza, la little; small plaza de toros, la pear plomo, el to lose pobre forgiveness; pardon pocas veces to forgive poco, un lazy poder perfect policía, la newspaper policíaco budgie polideportivo, el 52 to allow but hot-dog dog person personality to belong to weigh fishing fishmonger's fish to fish peseta pessimistic weigh fish piano sting spicy foot skin; fur; leather leg pepper sweet pepper ping-pong; table tennis painted pineapple Pyrenees swimming pool flat floor ice rink blackboard to iron planet plan ground floor plastic silver banana saucer dish plate set meal beach square bullring lead poor few times; seldom a little can; to be able police police (adj.) sports centre polución, la pollo, el poner ponerse ponerse a + infin popular por por año, __ día, __ noche, etc. por aquí por allí por eso por favor por fin por la(s) mañana(s) por la(s) noche(s) por la(s) tarde(s) por lo general ¿por qué? porque Portugal portugués posibilidad, la posible positivo postal, la póster, el postre, el práctica(s), la(s) practicar práctico precio, el precioso preferir prefijo, el pregunta, la preguntar premio, el preocupar(se) preparar presentación (oral), la presentar presente prestar primavera, la primera (clase) primero primeros auxilios, los primo, el principio, al probar probarse problema, el pollution procedente (de) chicken profesor, el to put to put on profundo to begin; to start programa, el popular programador, el through; by; per prohibido per/a year, per/a day, prohibir per/a night, etc. pronóstico, el through here pronto through there pronto for that reason pronunciar please propina, la at last propio in the morning proteger in the evening; at night próximo in the afternoon / evening prudente generally why? prueba, la because publicidad, la Portugal público (adj.) Portuguese pueblo, el possibility puente, el possible puerta, la positive puerto, el postcard pues poster dessert Q training ¿qué? to practise ¡Qué + adjective! practical ¡Que aproveche! price ¡Qué asco! beautiful ¡Qué bien! to prefer ¿Qué día es hoy? prefix; telephone code ¿Qué fecha es question (hoy)? to ask a question ¿Qué hay? prize ¿Qué hora es? to worry ¡Qué horror! to prepare ¡Qué lástima! (oral) presentation ¡Que lo pase(s) bien! to introduce ¿Qué pasa? present ¡Qué pena! to lend ¿Qué tal? spring ¡Qué va! first class quedar first quedarse (+ time) first aid quehaceres, los queja, la cousin quejarse at the beginning quemadura, la to try querer to try on querer decir problem querido 53 coming (from) secondary school teacher deep programme programmer forbidden to ban; to forbid forecast soon ready to pronounce tip own to protect next prudent; sensible; careful test adverts; publicity public town bridge door port; harbour then what? How + adj.! Enjoy your meal! How disgusting! Good!; Well done! What's the day today? What's the date (today)? How's things? What's the time? How dreadful! What a pity! Have a good time! What's the matter? What a pity! How are you? Come on!; Of course not! to be left; to remain to stay; to remain household chores complaint to complain burn to want to mean dear queso, el ¿quién? química, la quince días quinto quiosco, el quisiera quitar el polvo quitarse quizá(s) R ración, la radiador, el radio, la ranura, la rápidamente rápido rápido, el raramente raro rato, un ratón, el ratos libres, los reacción, la realizar rebajas, las recado, el recepción, la recepcionista, el recibo, el recoger recomendar recordar recreo, el rectangular recto, todo __ recuerdo, el recuerdos, los recurso, el redondo regalo, el región, la regla, la regla, la reír(se) regular religión, la reloj, el rellenar relleno, el Renfe / RENFE repartir repasar cheese who? chemistry fortnight fifth kiosk; stall I'd like to dust to take off maybe portion radiator radio slot quickly quick express train rarely rare; odd; strange a while mouse free time reaction to achieve; to make; to carry out sales message reception receptionist receipt to collect; to pick up to recommend to remember break rectangular straight ahead souvenir regards resource round gift region regulation ruler to laugh regular; so-so; average RE; religion watch; clock to fill in stuffing Spanish railways to deliver to revise 54 repetir reserva, la reservar resfriado residencial respetar respeto, el responder responsable respuesta, la restaurante, el resumen, el retraso, el revisor, el revista, la rico rico riguroso río, el rizado rojo romántico romperse ropa, la rosa rosado roto rotulador, el rubio ruido, el ruidoso to repeat reservation to book; to reserve cold residential to respect respect to answer; to reply responsible answer; reply restaurant summary delay ticket collector magazine tasty wealthy harsh; severe river curly red romantic to break clothes pink pink broken felt-tip pen blond noise noisy S sábado, el saber sabor, el sacapuntas, el sacar sacar buenas / malas notas sacar fotos saco de dormir, el sal, la sala de actos, la sala de espera, la sala de estar, la sala de fiestas, la salado salchicha, la salchichón, el salida, la salida, la salir (a / de) salón, el salsa, la Saturday to know taste pencil-sharpener to get; to take out to get good / bad marks to take photos sleeping bag salt hall waiting-room lounge dance hall; night club salty sausage salami departure exit to go out; to leave lounge sauce ¡Salud! salud, la saludable saludos salvar sandalias, las sangría, la sano santo,el sardina, la se(p)tiembre secador de pelo, el sección, la secretario, el sed, la seda, la seguir segunda (clase) segundo seguro de sí mismo selva, la sello, el semáforo, el semana pasada, la etc. Semana Santa, la semana, la señal, la señas, las sencillo señor señora señorita sensible sentarse sentido del humor, el sentir separado se(p)tiembre séptimo ser ser (+ adjective) ser de (+ person) ser de (+ place) ser de (+ material) ser fuerte en … serie, la serio servicio, el servicios, los servilleta, la servir sesión, la severo Cheers! health healthy best wishes; regards to save sandals sangria healthy Saint's day sardine September hair-drier department secretary thirst silk to continue second class second self-assured jungle stamp traffic lights last week, etc. sexo, el sexto si sí siempre siento, lo __ (mucho) sierra, la significar siguiente silencio, el silencioso silla, la sillón, el simpático sin sincero sitio, el sitio, el sobre sobresaliente sobrino, el socio, el socorrista, el Holy Week; Easter week tick personal details simple Mister Mrs.; Madam Miss sensitive to sit down sense of humour ¡Socorro! sofá, el sol, el solamente soldado, el solo sólo soltero sombra, la sombrero, el son las dos, etc. sonar sonido, el sonreír(se) sopa, la sorprender sorpresa, la sótano, el suave subir subrayar sucio sudamericano suelo, el suficiente sugerir supermercado, el suplemento, el sur, el surtido to feel separated September seventh to be to be to belong to come from to be made of to be good at … series serious; reliable service toilets napkin to serve showing; performance severe; strict 55 sex sixth if yes always I'm (so) sorry mountain range to mean following silence quiet chair armchair nice; pleasant; kind without sincere place space; room on; on top of outstanding nephew member first-aid person; lifeguard Help! sofa sun only soldier alone only single; unmarried shade hat it's two o'clock, etc. to sound; to ring sound to smile soup to surprise surprise basement smooth; soft to go up to underline dirty Southamerican floor enough to suggest supermarket supplement south well stocked suspender susto, el to fail fright; scare T tabacalera, la tabaco, el tabla, la Talgo, el talla, la taller, el tamaño, el también tampoco tan tanto tapas, las taquilla, la taquilla, la tarde tarde, la tareas, las tarjeta, la tarjeta de crédito, la tarro, el tarta, la taxi, el taza, la té, el teatro, el tebeo, el techo, el teclado, el técnico técnico, el tecnología, la tejado, el tela, la telefonear teléfono (móvil), el telenovela, la televisión, la temperatura, la templado temprano tenedor, el tener tener __ años tener calor tener éxito tener frío tener ganas (de + infin) tener hambre tener lugar tener miedo tobacconist's tobacco table high-speed train size workshop size also neither so so much nibbles; bar snacks box office ticket office late afternoon chores card credit card jar; pot tart taxi cup tea theatre comic ceiling; roof keyboard technical technician technology roof fabric; material to phone (mobile) phone soap television temperature mild early fork to have to be __ years old to feel hot to be successful to feel cold to feel like (doing something) to feel hungry to take place to be afraid tener prisa tener razón tener sed tener sueño tenis, el TER, el tercero terminar terraza, la terrible texto, el tibio tiempo, el tiempo, el tiempo libre, el tienda, la tienda, la tienda de comestibles, la tierra, la tijeras, las tímido tío, el típico tipo, el tirar tirar tirita, la tiza, la toalla, la tocador, el tocar tocar tocarle a uno todas las semanas todavía todo todo el mundo todo el tiempo todos los días / meses etc. tolerante tomar tomar el sol tomate, el tonto torcer torero, el torneo, el toro, el torpe tortilla, (española) la tortuga, la tostada, la trabajador 56 to be in a hurry to be right to feel thirsty to feel sleepy tennis high-speed train third to finish terrace; patio terrible text lukewarm time weather free time shop tent grocery shop earth scissors shy uncle typical type to pull to throw plaster chalk towel dressing table to play (an instrument) to touch to be somone's turn every week still all everyone all the time every day / month, etc. tolerant to take to sunbathe tomato silly to turn bullfighter tournament bull clumsy (Spanish) omelette tortoise; turtle toast hard-working trabajar trabajar trabajos manuales, los tradición, la tradicional traer tráfico, el Tráigame … traje de baño, el traje, el tranquilo transbordo, el transporte (público), el tranvía, el tratar de + infin tratar de travieso tren, el triangular triángulo, el triste trozo, un tú turismo, el turista, el turístico tutor, el to act; to perform to work handicrafts vaso, el vegetariano vehículo, el vela, la vender venir ventaja, la ventana, la ver verano, el verdad, la verdadero verde verduras, las vestido, el vestirse vez, la vía, la viajar viaje, el viajero, el vida, la vídeo, el videoclub, el videojuego, el vidrio, el viejo viento, el Viernes Santo, el viernes, el vinagre, el vino (blanco / tinto), el violeta visita, la visitar vista, la vista, la viudo vivienda, la vivir vocabulario, el volver (a / de) volver a (+ inf.) volverse vosotros vuelo, el vuelta, dar una ___ tradition traditional to bring traffic Bring me … swimsuit suit calm; peaceful; quiet train change (public) transport tram; local train to try to to be about naughty train triangular triangle sad piece you tourism tourist tourist (adj.) tutor U último una vez más único uniforme, el universidad, la uno urbanización, la urgencias, las usar usted(es) útil utilizar uvas, las last again; one more time only; unique uniform university one housing estate emergency service to use you useful to use grapes V vacaciones, las vacío vainilla, la ¡Vale! valer la pena valiente valle, el vaqueros, los varios holidays empty vanilla OK to be worthwhile brave valley jeans several 57 glass vegetarian vehicle sailing to sell to come advantage window to see summer truth true green greens; vegetables dress to get dressed time track to travel journey traveller life video video shop videogame glass old wind Good Friday Friday vinegar (white / red) wine violet visit to visit sight view widower house; housing to live vocabulary to return to do sth. again to become you flight to go for a walk / ride W windsurf, el windsurfing Y y/e ya and already yogur, el yoghurt zapatos, los zona, la zoo, el zumo (de fruta), el Z carrot zanahoria, la shoe shop zapatería, la zapatillas deportivas, trainers las 58 shoes zone zoo (fruit) juice Additional Vocabulary - Alphabetical A abandonar acompañante, el acostumbrar(se) actriz, la actualidades, las actualmente afable afortunado agente inmobiliario, el aguacero, el alcalde, el alcance, el algodón, el alimentación, la alimento, el americana, la amor, el amueblar apetecer apoyo, el apreciar aprovechar(se) Aragón arder ardiente arena, la arrojar astronave, la Asturias Atlántico, el avanzado azafata, la azulejos, los B baldosas, las Baleares, las (Islas) balón, el bandeja, la barra, la belleza, la bola, la boletín, el bondadoso borrar bragas, las broncear(se) burro, el C cabina telefónica, la cabra, la cadena, la calentar calzoncillos, los calle sin salida cama de matrimonio, la cámara, la camino, el shower camino, el mayor camión, el reach camioneta, la cotton wool camisa, la food campestre food caña de pescar, la jacket canal, el love Canarias to furnish capa de ozono, la to fancy; to feel like cárcel, la support carnet de conducir, to appreciate el to profit; to make use of carrera, la Aragon casar(se) to burn casero burning Castilla sand cazadora, la to throw; to emit cerdo, el spaceship cerro, el Asturias cesta, la Atlantic chaqueta, la advanced chistoso (air-) stewardess chocar (con) ceramic tiles chubasco, el ciego cifra, la floor tiles cita, la Balearic Islands cobaya, la ball cohabitar tray coleccionar bar counter colina, la beauty comida preparada, la ball comida basura, la school report compasivo kind comprobar to erase compromiso, el panties comunidad, la to get a sun tan conjunto, el donkey conjunto, el to abandon escort to get used to actress news nowadays pleasant lucky estate agent 59 phone booth goat chain to warm underpants cul-de-sac double bed camera road route lorry van shirt rural fishing rod channel Canaries ozone layer jail driving licence race to get married home-made Castille jacket pig hill basket jacket funny to collide squally shower blind number; quantity appointment; date guinea-pig to live together to collect hill ready-made food junk food compassionate to check commitment; engagement community music group outfit construir contenedor, el contraventana, la corazón, el cordero, el cortar(se) coser Costa de la Luz Costa Dorada cristal, el cruce giratorio, el crucigrama, el cuadra, la cueva, la culpa, la cuñado, el cura, el to build container; bin shutter heart lamb to cut (oneself) to sew Costa de la Luz Costa Dorada glass; pane roundabout crossword stables cave guilt; blame brother-in-law priest enchufe, el energía, la ensayar entregar entrenar(se) entretener(se) entretenido escondido espacio, el estado, el estar constipado estar roto estatua, la explotar extinción, la extranjero Extremadura plug; socket energy to rehearse; to test to hand in to train to entertain; to amuse oneself amusing; entertaining hidden space state of health to have a cold to be broken statue to exploit extinction foreign Extremadura D dañino dañoso dardos, los de moda de vuelta deportivo desnudarse despegar desperdicios, los destacar devolver diamante, el dieta, la dificultad, la discurso, el disfrutar disponible disputa, la dominó, el harmful harmful darts fashionable back sports (adj.) to take one's clothes off to take off rubbish; waste to stand out to give back diamond diet difficulty speech to enjoy available argument dominoes F fabricar falta, la farmacéutico, el fastidiar fijar fila, la filmar fotografiar frecuentar fuego, el fuerza, la to produce; to manufacture lack chemist to annoy to fix; to stick on row to shoot a film to take a photograph to frequent fire strength E echar echar(se) echarse colonia / perfume ejército, el electricidad, la electrodomésticos, los embalse, el empapelar enamorado enamorar(se) encantador G gallina, la gallo, el ganso, el gas, el gasóleo, el glorieta, la golpear(se) to throw gorro, el to lie down grabar to put cologne/perfume grasa, la on guerra, la army electricity H electrical appliances hacer camping hacienda, la dam; reservoir helar to paper (the walls) hombro, el in love hospedarse to fall in love huelga, la charming huerta, la 60 hen rooster goose gas diesel (oil) roundabout to knock oneself cap to record fat; grease war to go camping farm; property to freeze shoulder to stay; to lodge strike vegetable garden humor, de buen __ humor, de mal __ I imponer impresionante infección, la informe, el inolvidable inquietar(se) inscribir(se) insoportable intercambiar inundación, la ir de vacaciones IVA, el ir tirando good-humoured ill-tempered to impose impressive; marvellous infection report unforgettable to worry; to get upset to register unbearable to exchange flood to go on holiday VAT to get along; to manage J joyería, la jeweller's shop L laborable ladrón, el lanzar letrero, el libertad, la ligero linterna, la llevar a cabo llevar retraso lluvia ácida, la lodo, el lujo, el luna, la working (adj.) thief to throw sign freedom; liberty light torch to carry out to be delayed acid rain mud luxury moon M madrugada, la madrugar maleta, la malgastar manzana, la maquillaje, el máquina de coser, la maquinaria, la marea negra, la marina, la matar marearse moda, la mojar(se) muerte, la multa, la early morning; dawn to get up very early boot (of car) to waste block (in a city) make-up sewing machine machinery oil slick the navy to kill to get (car / sea) sick fashion to (get) wet death fine 61 muñeca, la murallas las Murcia muro, el wrist walls (of city) Murcia thick wall N naturaleza, la nene, el / nena, la neumático, el nivel, el nocivo nubosidad, la nutritivo nature small child tyre level harmful clouds nutritious O obispo, el obligar océano, el ofrecer orgullo, el oveja, la bishop to force; to compel ocean to offer pride sheep P País Vasco palmera, la pañuelo, el papel, el parcela, la parqué / parquet, el paseo, el pastor, el pato, el pecho, el pelota vasca, la permanecer permiso, el persiana, la pijama, el pino, el pintar pintarse pintura, la pinturas, las pipa, la piragua, la pleno pobreza, la ponerse colonia / perfume prensa, la pretexto, el primer ministro, el privado provincia, la Basque Country palm tree handkerchief; scarf rôle plot; piece of ground parquet floor avenue shepherd duck chest pelota to remain; to stay permission; permit blinds pyjamas pine tree to paint to put make-up on paint paintings; graffiti pipe canoe full poverty to put cologne / perfume on press pretext; excuse prime minister private province público, el pueblecito, el puesto, el puro, el public; audience tiny town post; job cigar Q quemar(se) to burn R raqueta, la reciclaje, el reciclar reconocer recorrer recuperar(se) red, la reembolso, el reina, la relaciones, las relámpago, el responsabilidad, la resultado, el rey, el riesgo, el riqueza, la robar rodear rodilla, la rueda, la tender(se) tener cuidado ternera, la terreno, el testigo, el tobillo, el tocar el timbre torcer(se) tostar(se) traducir tranquilidad, la S saltar salto, el santo santo, el secar(se) sendero, el sentido común, el sequía, la ser flojo en SIDA, el siglo, el silla de ruedas, la solitario sombrilla, la sordo suegro, el suspendido racquet recycling to recycle to recognize trasladar(se) to travel around / throughtrastero, el to recover tratamiento, el net tratar refund trueno, el queen TVE, la relationships flash of lightning U responsibility universitario result king V risk vaca, la wealth valla, la to steal vecino, el to surround venda, la knee vendar wheel venta, la vestíbulo, el vestuarios, los to jump; to skip veterinario, el jump vigilar holy viña, la saint violencia callejera, to dry la lane; path violín, el common sense visitante, el drought volante, el to be weak in volante, el AIDS volar century voleibol, el wheelchair vomitar lonely voz, la sunshade deaf father-in-law failed; suspended T telediario, el television news bulletin 62 to lie down to be careful calf; veal piece of land witness ankle to ring the bell to twist; to sprain to get brown to translate peace and quiet; calmness to move storage room treatment to treat thunder Spanish Television university (adj.) cow fence neighbour bandage to bandage sale entrance hall changing rooms veterinary surgeon to watch over; to be vigilant vineyard street violence violin visitor shuttlecock; badminton steering wheel to fly volleyball to vomit voice LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/ Module, and how – listening, speaking, reading, or writing with room for your own notes. 63 LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD Language Tasks Record - How much can you do? All the language tasks you will be expected to practise for the examination are set out on the next few pages. You will see the tasks have been grouped into Themes/Modules as the following boxes show. Topic Theme/Module 1 - My World 1A Self, Family and Friends 1B Interests and Hobbies 1C Home and Local Environment 1D Daily Routine 1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18) Topic Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time & Travel 2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way 2B Tourism 2C Accommodation 2D Holiday Activities 2E Services Topic Theme/Module 3 – Work & Lifestyle 3A Home Life 3B Healthy Living 3C Part-time Jobs and Work Experience 3D Leisure 3E Shopping Topic Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society 4A Character and Personal Relationships 4B The Environment 4C Education 4D Careers and Future Plans (after age 18) 4E Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities 64 How do I use this Record? ❍ Look at the page headed ‘Theme/Module 1 – My World’. You will see that this page is divided into topics and that each topic is divided into separate tasks. ❍ Alongside each task are four boxes, with the headings ‘Listen’, ‘Speak’, ‘Read’, ‘Write’. The boxes are for you to tick whenever you are sure that you can do the task yourself or understand someone else doing it. ❍ Here is an example of a record which Penny has started to fill in, for Topic 1B – Interests and Hobbies. 1B – Interests and Hobbies State what you do at evenings and weekends Listen Speak ✓ ✓ Read Write Look at the first line. Penny can say what she does at the weekend and in the evening and she can understand someone else doing the same, so she has ticked the ‘Speak’ and ‘Listen’ boxes on that line. Penny isn’t yet sure that she can understand details of weekend and evening activities when she reads them, so she hasn’t ticked the ‘Read’ box yet. She isn’t able to write down what she does at evenings and weekends yet, so she hasn’t ticked the ‘Write’ box. ! ‘Listening’ means that you can understand • other people performing the tasks listed • announcements, instructions, requests and interviews on the tasks listed • monologues, and conversations between two or more people, on the tasks listed. " ‘Speaking’ means that you can • carry out the tasks listed, by speaking • take part in a conversation on the topics listed ! ‘Reading’ means that you can understand • other people communicating appropriate tasks listed, in writing • written material associated with, or on the subject of, the tasks listed. " ‘Writing’ means that you can • carry out appropriate tasks in the list in writing • write on the subject of the tasks listed. ❍ As you go through your course, keep your own record of how much you can do, by ticking the boxes on the next few pages, and by making notes about how well you are doing. You can also tell where you need a bit more practice by looking to see which boxes are still blank and reading your notes. Fill in your record every time you are sure of a task and you will soon see at a glance just how much you can do! 65 Theme/Module 1 – My World 1A – Self, Family and Friends Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write Give information about yourself, your family, friends and pets: name, age, birthday, nationality, likes and dislikes, physical appearance, jobs Ask for and understand information about someone else’s family, friends and pets: name, age, birthday, nationality, likes and dislikes, physical appearance, jobs Spell out your own name, street and town and understand someone else spelling out their name, street and town Greet someone and respond to greetings Ask how someone is and respond to similar enquiries Make and understand informal introductions Welcome and receive a visitor Thank someone for their hospitality Give information about whether or not you are married Ask about and understand whether or not someone else is married State your opinions and feelings towards members of the family Ask about and understand someone else’s opinions about and feelings towards members of the family 1B – Interests and Hobbies State what you do at evenings and weekends Understand and respond to an invitation to take part Give, ask for and understand information about hobbies and interests (when, where, with whom, how often) Give, ask for and understand, opinions and preferences about hobbies and interests 66 Theme/Module 1 – My World My notes on 1A – Self, Family and Friends......................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 1B – Interests and Hobbies............................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 67 Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.) 1C – Home and Local Environment Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write State your address and understand someone else stating their address Give information about your house or flat, its location, details of rooms, garage, garden: location, colour, size, contents Ask for and understand information about someone else’s house or flat, its location, details of rooms, garage, garden: location, colour, size, contents Give, ask for and understand information about having your own room or sharing Give, ask for and understand information about travelling into town and how long the journey takes Give a description of your own town, neighbourhood and region: location, character, amenities, features of interest Ask for and understand a description of someone else’s town, neighbourhood and region: location, character, amenities, features of interest Compare your own country with a Spanish speaking country or community: towns, region, climate and geographical features Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about where you and other people live and the advantages and disadvantages of the local environment 1D – Daily Routine Give information about your daily routine on weekdays and at weekends Ask about and understand someone else’s daily routine on weekdays and at weekends Give, ask for and understand, information and opinions about meals at school and at home 68 Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.) My notes on 1C – Home and Local Environment.................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 1D – Daily Routine ............................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 69 Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.) 1E – School and Future Plans Listen Speak Make requests in the classroom Understand instructions in the classroom Give, ask for and understand details of school routine, travel to and from school and extracurricular activities Give information and opinions about your school: size, location, facilities Ask for and understand information and opinions about someone else’s school: size, location, facilities Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about school subjects, school timetables, terms and holidays Give information about your future plans in coming months Ask about and understand someone else’s future plans in coming months Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 1 70 Read Write Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.) My notes on 1E – School and Future Plans.......................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 1 71 Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel 2A – Travel, Transport and Finding the Way Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write Attract the attention of a passer-by Give, ask for and understand the location of a place and of facilities such as bus stops, toilets, platforms Understand simple signs, announcements and notices in the street, shops, stores and supermarkets Obtain and understand information from maps, street plans and timetables Buy tickets, or a booklet of tickets, giving details: destination, single or return, class, day of travel Give, ask for and understand information about a journey, including means of transport, directions, times of arrival and departure, cost, travel conditions, problems 2B – Tourism Ask for information about a region, town or area, including lists of hotels, restaurants Describe weather conditions and give simple predictions about the weather Give, ask for and understand information about a holiday: where, with whom, how long, when Give, ask for and understand information about a particular holiday region, town or area, including what there is to do and see, excursions, visits State preferences for different types of holiday Give, ask for and understand information about local customs, festivals and culinary specialities 72 Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel My notes on 2A – Travel, Transport and Finding the Way .............................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 2B – Tourism..................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 73 Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.) 2C – Accommodation Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write Give, ask for and understand information about the location of rooms in a house, hotel etc and where facilities are: restaurant, toilet, shower or bathroom, garage, lift Give, ask for and understand information about accommodation, including availability, when, for how long, requirements, cost, acceptability, rules and regulations, mealtimes Make and understand complaints about inadequate accommodation and problems with accommodation 2D – Holiday Activities Accept and decline offers of food and drink Understand signs and announcements inside and outside restaurants and cafés Give, ask for and understand information about food, drink, cafés, restaurants, including reserving a table, ordering, paying Give, ask for and understand opinions about food, drink, cafés, restaurants, including reserving a table, ordering, paying Make a complaint, giving reasons Give, ask for and understand information about holiday activities and interests, including tourist attractions and entertainments Give, ask for and understand opinions about holiday activities and interests, including tourist attractions and entertainments 74 Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.) My notes on 2C – Accommodation........................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 2D – Holiday Activities ................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.) 2E – Services Listen Speak Give, ask for and understand information about postal services, including sending and receiving letters, faxes, email, phone calls Give, ask for and understand information about money transactions, including changing money and cheques Give, ask for and understand information about hiring things such as bicycles, boats, sleeping bags: cost, condition, location Give, ask for and understand information about a loss or theft, saying what has been lost and where it was lost or stolen and describing the item: what it is made of, size, colour, make, contents Give information about how you feel: well, ill, better, cold, hot, tired Ask for and understand information about how someone else is feeling: well, ill, better, cold, hot, tired Give, ask for and understand information about consulting a doctor, dentist or chemist, including questions about common ailments and treatment Give, ask for and understand information about the location and basic details of an accident or breakdown, including calling the emergency services or garage Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 2 76 Read Write Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.) My notes on 2E – Services................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 2 77 Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle 3A – Home Life Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write Give, ask for and understand information about meals, mealtimes and eating habits Give information about what you and other people in your family do to help around the house Ask for and understand information about what someone else and other people in their family do to help around the house Offer and ask for help to do something around the house Give, ask for and understand information about important festivals 3B – Healthy Living Say what kind of food and drink you prefer and understand someone else doing the same Give, ask for and understand information about eating habits Understand publicity and announcements about food Give, ask for and understand information about healthy meals and how to prepare them Give, ask for and understand information about healthy and unhealthy lifestyles Give, ask for and understand opinions about radio and TV broadcasts about food and health 78 Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle My notes on 3A – Home Life ................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 3B - Healthy Living .......................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 79 Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.) 3C – Part-time Jobs and Work Experience Listen Give, ask for and understand information about travel to work: times, means of transport, how long the journey lasts Make a phone call and ask to speak to someone Leave a simple telephone message: name, telephone number, time to call back and understand someone else doing the same Give, ask for and understand information about weekend jobs and work experience Give information about whether suitable work is available Make arrangements to contact or be contacted by phone, fax or email 80 Speak Read Write Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.) My notes on 3C – Part-time Jobs and Work Experience.................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 81 Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.) 3D – Leisure Listen Give, ask for and understand information about TV programmes, radio, music, performers, personalities Give, ask for and understand opinions about TV programmes, radio, music, performers, personalities Give, ask for and understand information about leisure facilities, including times and prices Make arrangements to go out, including invitation, location, time and understand someone else doing the same Understand publicity about leisure activities and public events Give, ask for and understand opinions about leisure activities and opportunities Give, ask for and understand information and preferences about events such as theatre, films, dances Give, ask for and understand information about sporting events, including watching and taking part Give, ask for and understand opinions about sporting events, including watching and taking part Narrate the main features of a book, newspaper, television or radio programme, film or play 82 Speak Read Write Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.) My notes on 3D – Leisure...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 83 Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.) 3E – Shopping Listen Speak Understand signs and announcements in and around shops including opening and closing times, special offers, discounts, sales Understand advertisements about shops and shopping including opening and closing times, special offers, discounts, sales Give, ask for and understand information about particular goods, including description, price, quantity, size, availability, acceptability, payment Give, ask for and understand information about shopping facilities in a town or area Give, ask for and understand opinions about shopping facilities in a town or area Give, ask for and understand information about shopping experiences and preferences Give, ask for and understand opinions about shopping experiences and preferences Say you will or will not buy something, giving a reason Make a complaint about unsatisfactory goods, giving reasons Ask for a refund or replacement for unsatisfactory goods Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 3 84 Read Write Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.) My notes on 3E – Shopping ................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 3 85 Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society 4A – Character and Personal Relationships Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about: • your and other people’s character and personality • feelings and problems arising out of personal relationships with parents or friends or adults • personal feelings towards other people • the qualities of a good friend or relationship • the character and personality of famous people • issues about marriage and children • why parents or friends hold different views 4B – The Environment Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about: • types of housing in your area • transport issues in your area, traffic congestion, public transport • reasons for pollution such as lack of recycling, too much packaging, overuse of energy • issues concerning conservation such as recycling, wildlife, energy sources • factors which might lead to an ideal environment • simple ways to improve the environment 86 Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society My notes on 4A – Character and Personal Relationships.................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 4B – The Environment ..................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 87 Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.) 4C – Education Listen Speak Read Write Listen Speak Read Write Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about: • types of school, further education and training • reasons for choices of study and training • issues at school or college such as rules, uniform, choice of subjects, teaching • the benefits of school • difficulties encountered in study • ideas for improving study and social facilities at school • the pressure for good results and completing work and its effects on relationships and social life 4D – Careers and Future Plans (after age 18) Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about: • plans for the time after completion of formal education • the advantages and disadvantages of different occupations – wages, working conditions, prospects • long-term career plans and intentions • working abroad • future plans relating to marriage, family, children, home, holidays • issues relating to pressures to earn money or to study • the advantages and disadvantages of having a break before further study • the pressure to follow an expected career or study path versus your own personal preference 88 Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.) My notes on 4C – Education.................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. My notes on 4D – Careers and Future Plans (after age 18) ............................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. 89 Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.) 4E – Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities Listen Speak Give, ask for and understand information and opinions about: • seeking a job • advertisements • problems appropriate to age, experience and interests • different family situations • issues associated with equal opportunities: gender or race, at school or work • issues associated with media pressure, peer pressure and parental pressure and expectations • unemployment and the difficulties in finding a job • problems arising from unemployment and/or financial difficulties • issues concerning smoking, alcohol and drugs • issues about the consequences of addictions Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 4 90 Read Write Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.) My notes on 4E - Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities......................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 4 91 92 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words! There are hints and tips on how to discover the meaning without needing your dictionary, too. 93 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES or How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words In your GCSE examination you will sometimes need to understand or use words which you haven’t met before. Don’t panic! This is where you need communication strategies or ways of working out the answer even if you don’t know all the words. The next few pages give you plenty of tips. Use these and your common sense and you will find life much easier. Understanding words when Listening and Reading In the examination, as in real life, when you are listening to someone speaking Spanish, you don’t have time to use a dictionary. When you are reading Spanish, you would quickly lose the thread if you had to look up every word. So you need some help in finding the meaning quickly, without any help from anywhere else. It will help to ask yourself a few simple questions. Do I need to read or listen to every word? Sometimes the same thing will be written or said more than once, in different ways. Sometimes there will be extra information which you do not need in order to answer the question. In both cases, you need to know what’s important and what you can ignore. To help you pick out the information you really need to know so that you can answer the question • make sure you really understand the question set • decide what kind of a question it is – is it asking for details, or for an overall impression? • watch out for the words which will help you answer it, and ignore the rest. Asking for details: For example “The girl was tall and thin, with brown hair. Her coat and shoes were blue. She stopped at the kiosk and bought a newspaper.” Question: ‘What colour were her clothes?’ To answer this you need to watch out only for words for colours and clothes. You can ignore the rest of the sentence, because you don’t need the other words to answer this question. 94 Asking for an overall impression: When the question asks you to sum up what you have heard or read, or give an overall impression, you will probably need to gather clues from different places in the text. In this kind of question it is very important not to make snap judgements from just one or two words – you need to read or listen right through to the end before your decide on your answer. For example “Although he didn’t have much money, Jim always tried to help other people. Jim was small and thin and his clothes were old but he would rather give a few pence to charity than spend money on himself.” Question: “What does this tell you about Jim’s character?” To answer this, you need to watch out for the words which tell you about the kinds of things Jim did. The question isn’t asking you what Jim looked like, so you can ignore the words which tell you about his appearance and concentrate on the ones which tell you how he behaved. Are there any useful clues in the sentence? The rest of the sentence can help you to work out the meaning of a word you don’t know. The following sentences contain made-up words, but you can make a reasonable guess at what kind of things they are from the rest of the sentence. “The man was wearing a fizzo on his head.” (some kind of hat) “The woman was accompanied by a long-haired bilpo on a long lead.” (some kind of animal) Intelligent guesswork of this kind can help you to make an attempt at the answer. How can my knowledge of grammar help me? If you know about how plurals of words are formed, how different tenses are made and such things as the rules for making words agree with each other, you will have some idea of what kind of unknown word you are dealing with. This can help you to make an intelligent guess at its meaning. Look at this example in English: ‘The hungry cows waited at the gate.’ Here are some of the things which you know about English and which would help in working out what kind of words you are dealing with. • • • Adding ‘-s’ usually makes a noun plural in English Adding ‘-ed’ to a verb usually makes a verb into the past tense A word between ‘the’ and a noun is often an adjective describing the noun 95 Using clues of this kind in Spanish can help you to find your way through the sentence and to work out • • what kind of word you are dealing with how the sentence as a whole fits together. What do I know about the Spanish way of life? If you know something about the country and the way of life of the people whose language you are studying, you will have a better chance of working out what something means. For example, your knowledge of the money they use could help you. It is obvious, from your knowledge of British currency, that • “They paid three pence for the cinema tickets” is nonsense, but • “They paid three pounds for the cinema tickets” makes sense. Knowledge of this kind can also help you making sense of Spanish. Are there any patterns in the language to help me? It can help you to unravel the meaning of a word if you understand how the word itself has been put together. Look particularly for prefixes (letters added to the front of a word) and suffixes (letters added to the end of the word). For example • the prefix ‘des-’ makes a word meaning the opposite of its original meaning, eg. hacer deshacer - conocido desconocido • to do to undo known unknown The suffixes ‘-ito/-ita’ and ‘-illo/-illa’ make something smaller, e.g. un perro un perrito - a dog a little dog una casa una casita - a house a little house una mesa una mesilla - a table a little table 96 • • • the suffix ‘-ería’ often indicates the shop where an article is sold and the suffix ‘-ero/-era’ indicates the word for the shopkeeper, e.g. fruta una frutería un frutero/una frutera - fruit a fruit shop fruit seller un reloj una relojería un relojero/una relojera - a watch a watchmaker’s shop a watchmaker the suffixes ‘dad’, ‘-eza’ and ‘-ura’ often make adjectives into nouns, e.g. limpio la limpieza - clean cleanliness, cleaning sucio la suciedad - dirty dirtiness hermoso la hermosura - beautiful beauty the suffix ‘-dor’ makes a verb into an adjective or a noun, e.g. hablar hablador - to talk talkative trabajar trabajador un trabajador - to work hardworking a worker comprar un comprador - to buy a buyer, purchaser Understanding words when Reading Here are some extra hints to help you understand words which you have not met before when you are reading. Try asking yourself the following questions. Are any words the same as in English? There are a lot of words which look the same as in English and have the same, or almost the same meaning. These words are often called cognates. They can help you to understand words you don’t know in Spanish, though you do need to be careful, as you’ll see below. Here are some cognates animal central horrible - animal central horrible 97 piano ping-pong principal zoo - piano ping-pong, table tennis principal, main zoo And some near-cognates – words which have nearly the same spelling in Spanish as in English. Here are some examples: accidente familia inteligente medicina número policía sardina teléfono vocabulario - accident family intelligent medicine number police sardine telephone vocabulary BEWARE! There are also a few ‘false friends’ – words which look the same in Spanish and English but have different meanings. Watch out for words such as actual conductor enfrente de estar constipado largo un pariente sensible simpático - present-day driver opposite to have a cold long a relative sensitive nice What else helps? There are a lot of words in Spanish which you can understand if you know a few simple spelling rules. These will help you to work out what the word is in English. Here are some examples: • Words where ‘f’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘ph’ in English, e.g. farmacia física foto frase - pharmacy, chemist’s physics photo phrase, sentence 98 • Words which begin ‘esp-’ or ‘est-’ in Spanish and ‘spa-’ or ‘st-’ in English, e.g. español especial estéreo estudiar estúpido • mature operator - to disconnect to disembark - to announce to pronounce Words where two vowels in Spanish become a single vowel in English, e.g. compartimiento puerto • - Words where ‘-un-’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘-oun-’ in English, e.g. anunciar pronunciar • authentic author cathedral theatre Words where ‘des-’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘dis-’ in English, e.g. desconectar desembarcar • - Words where a ‘-d-’ between two vowels in Spanish is replaced by ‘-t-’ in English, e.g. maduro operador • Spanish special stereo to study stupid Words where ‘t’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘th’ in English, e.g. auténtico autor catedral teatro • - - compartment port A lot of words in the two languages are basically the same apart from the ending, e.g. activo pianista medicina aire color admirar decorar generalmente furioso acción - active pianist medicine air colour to admire to decorate generally furious action 99 - protestante inteligencia fanático sociedad canadiense • protestant intelligence fanatical society Canadian Remember that Spanish is very much a phonetic language (one where words are spelt as they are pronounced) so the sound of the word can often help you guess the English, e.g. - cuestión quiosco question kiosk Understanding words when Listening It is easier to use guidelines when you are reading than when you are listening to Spanish because you have more time to stop and think about the unknown word and the words around it. All the same, there are some ways in which you can help yourself. Are there any words the same as in English? There are many words which sound the same, or almost the same as in English, and have the same meaning, such as aspirina cruel foto hospital hotel instrumento kilo normal taxi televisión How else can I help myself? Some words which look the same as in English do not sound the same, but if you know something about sound patterns in Spanish you will find them easier to recognise. Here are some examples where knowing about sound patterns can help. acento circuito isla policía zoo - accent circuit isle, island police zoo 100 Producing words in Speaking & Writing When you are speaking or writing in Spanish you sometimes find yourself ‘lost for words’. Think about what you do if this happens to you when you are speaking your own language. You get your message across either • non-verbally by using your face or hands, perhaps with a few words, to show what you mean, or • verbally by talking your way round the problem. You can do exactly the same things in Spanish. What can I do to get my message across non-verbally? This method of communication can be useful when you are speaking Spanish abroad, but you should not rely on it in the Speaking Test, because the examiner can only mark what you say! All the same, it is worth knowing what you could do. Here are some ideas. • Pointing & showing, e.g. - Showing the size of something with your hands and saying ‘Así de grande.’ - Pointing at an object and saying ‘¿Qué es?’ - Pointing to where it hurts and saying ‘Me duele aquí.’ • Expression, e.g. - Showing surprise or anger by tone of voice - Showing anger, surprise, fear or pleasure by look on your face • Mime, e.g. You’ve forgotten how to say ‘Can I help you by drying the dishes?’ You could mime the action of the drying dishes while saying ‘¿Te puedo ayudar?’ • Drawing e.g. To show how you get from one point to another, such as from your house to the station. 101 How can I get my message across verbally, if I don’t know all the words? There are ways of doing this, and it’s well worth practising them because they are useful in lots of different situations, not just the Speaking Test. All of them are better than saying nothing. Here are some ideas. • Using a word which refers to a similar thing. For example, if you can’t remember how to say: ‘catedral’ you could say ‘iglesia grande’ ‘abrigo’ you could say ‘impermeable’ ‘rosa’ you could say ‘flor’ ‘dormitorio’ you could say ‘cuarto’ ‘vaso’ you could say ‘taza’ ‘supermercado’ you could say ‘tienda’ You could make a list of others which you might find useful. • Describing something You could describe the thing you’ve forgotten the word for. For example if you can’t remember how to say: • ‘parada de autobús’ you could say ‘donde viene el autobús ‘albergue juvenil’ you could say ‘hotel para jóvenes’ ‘limón’ you could say ‘fruta amarilla’ ‘abrelatas’ you could say ‘la cosa que se utiliza para abrir una botella’ ‘conejo’ you could say ‘el animal con las orejas grandes’ Using simpler language If you can’t communicate your idea exactly as you want to, try saying it more simply e.g. If you can’t say ‘Le ruego que me envíe….’ you could say ‘¿Quiere enviarme ….?’ 102 If you can’t say ‘Llegué a las cinco.’ you could say ‘Estaba aquí a las cinco.’ Is it all right if I just invent a word? No-please don’t! It really isn’t a good idea. At best you will probably have a word which doesn’t exist and at worst one which means something quite different from what you intended and which leads you into a lot of awkward explanations! Using a dictionary REMEMBER – you can use a dictionary for classwork and for coursework, but you cannot use it in the examination. A dictionary is a useful tool, but it isn’t a substitute for learning words and learning how to communicate. Like most tools, a dictionary is only as good as the person using it. It’s worth the effort to find out how your dictionary works and to practise using it. Here are some hints to help you get the best out of your dictionary. What do I need to remember when looking up a word? You will find words much more quickly if you remember that • a bilingual dictionary comes in two halves – Spanish-English, followed by English-Spanish • the words are listed in alphabetical order, so you need to know what the alphabetical order is for Spanish • the words at the top of the page will help you find the word you want • your knowledge of grammar will help you to find the word you want – for example, it is no use looking up tiene because verbs are listed as infinitives (tener). Similarly, fue will be listed as ser, pongo as poner, trajeron as traer, and so on. • In the same way, tendera will be found under the masculine form tendero and feminine and plural adjectives will also be listed under the masculine singular form, so amarilla will be found under amarillo, charlatana will be listed under charlatán, jóvenes will be found under joven and so on. • Adverbs formed by adding –mente to an adjective may not be listed separately, so to find the meaning of tranquilamente (calmly) you may have to look up tranquilo (calm). 103 What can help me to understand the dictionary entry now that I’ve found it? Quick ways of giving you information are used in dictionaries. You need to know what these are, so that you can find your way through the entry easily and without wasting time. Remember that • feminine and plural forms are often given without writing the word out in full, for example tendero, -a profesor(a) joven - young; los ~es young people inglés - English; los ~es the English • abbreviations are used to show parts of speech e.g. n m f v adj noun masculine feminine verb adjective Make sure that you know where the list of abbreviations is in your dictionary, and what they mean. Practise looking up works and working your way through the entry for them. You need to be able to use your dictionary quickly and confidently if you are to get the best out of it. How do I choose the correct word from the ones I’m given? Sometimes you look up a word and find that several different translations are given. This can be a problem – if you choose the wrong one, you won’t be saying what you intended. For example • You look up ‘lie’ in your dictionary. The words you find are mentir, acostarse, encontrarse You might find that all you needed was a reminder – perhaps acostarse looks familiar straight away and so you pick that. But sometimes none of the words you have to choose from look familiar, so what do you do now? The only thing you can do is look each one up in the Spanish - English part of the dictionary, and see which fits the meaning you had in mind. For the example we are using, you would find something like mentir acostarse encontrarse means means means ‘to tell lies’ ‘to lie down’ or ‘to go to bed’ ‘to be situated’ 104 This shows that the words actually match different meanings of ‘lie’ in English. Now that you know this you can choose sensibly the word you need. • Likewise, if you looked up the word ‘beat’ in a dictionary you might find you had to choose between the following: means means means means latido compás golpear vencer ‘heartbeat’ ‘a musical beat’ ‘to strike’ ‘to defeat’ Only by checking in the Spanish-English part of the dictionary can you be sure to have chosen the right word. Will I do best if I look up every word? No! A dictionary can help you, but it’s only as good as the person using it. If you don’t know how Spanish works and how it fits together, the dictionary can’t do it for you. There really is no substitute for learning vocabulary and grammar. Looking up every word can lead you into writing gibberish. This is because people often communicate their thoughts by groups of words. For example, if you looked up every word to translate ‘I want to leave school’ in Spanish you could come out with Yo falta a permiso escuela. These are Spanish words, one for each English word, but as a group they wouldn’t mean anything to a Spanish-speaker. So think about how Spanish communicates ideas, and keep well away from wordfor-word translation. To sum it all up…. If you • know your vocabulary • know how Spanish works – its grammar and structures and how it all fits together • learn to use communication strategies and practise them as often as possible you will stand a very good chance of producing good work in the examination and, better still, being a person who understands and communicates Spanish well. In other words, you’ll get real pleasure from being able to talk to Spanish-speakers and from being able to understand their language and way of life. ¡MUCHA SUERTE! 105 106 GRAMMAR Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions – how to make sentences that make sense! 107 SPANISH GRAMMAR SELF-HELP GUIDE 1. Nouns (gender) Nouns are things, people or places. So words like book, teacher and house are all nouns. In Spanish, all nouns have a gender, either masculine (m), or feminine (f). It is important to remember this as it affects other words in the language, too, especially adjectives. In general, nouns ending in the letter o in Spanish are masculine, and nouns ending in the letter a are feminine. So libro (book) is masculine and casa (house) is feminine. A word like teacher could refer to a man or a woman, so in fact there are two words for teacher in Spanish, profesor (masculine) and profesora (feminine). The gender of other nouns often has to be learnt as it is not possible to generalise, but here are some helpful tips: nouns ending in –ma are usually masculine clima, crucigrama, problema, programa, sistema nouns ending in –aje, -or, -án, or any stressed vowel (á, é etc.) are usually masculine garaje, conductor, desván, sofá, café nouns ending in –ión, -dad, and –tad are usually feminine natación, ciudad, libertad nouns ending in –ista can be either masculine or feminine! artista, ciclista Unfortunately, some nouns also break the rules! Here are some of the common ones: día (m), mapa (m), planeta (m), avión (m), camión (m) mano (f), foto (f), moto (f), flor (f), radio (f) If you are not sure whether a noun is masculine or feminine, check it out in a dictionary before learning it. Symbols may vary between dictionaries. For instance the letters nm or (m) after a noun mean it is masculine, and the letters nf or (f) indicate that it is feminine. 2. Nouns (plural) Nouns ending in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) are made plural by adding s. hermano ! hermanos; mesa ! mesas; café ! cafés 108 Nouns ending in a consonant are made plural by adding –es. árbol ! árboles; ciudad ! cuidades; jugador ! jugadores but if the last letter is –z it becomes a –c before adding –es. actriz ! actrices; lápiz ! lápices If the noun has an accent on the last vowel in its singular form, the accent disappears in the plural. habitación ! habitaciones; jardín ! jardines Compound nouns (nouns made up of two words) only make the first word plural. museo de arte ! museos de arte; traje de baño ! trajes de baño 3. Nouns (indefinite articles – a and some) You need to know the gender of the noun in Spanish before you can say a (or an). For a masculine word: un libro (a book); un profesor (a male teacher) For a feminine word: una casa (a house); una profesora (a female teacher) To save you repeating the noun when you answer a question, use uno (to replace a masculine word, and una to replace a feminine word). ¿Hay un banco por aquí? Sí, hay uno en la Plaza Mayor. ¿Tienes una manzana hoy? Sí, tengo una. Is there a bank near here? Yes, there’s one in the Main Square. Have you got an apple today? Yes, I have got one. You also need to know the gender of the noun before you can say some. For masculine words: unos plátanos (some bananas) For feminine words: unas fresas (some strawberries) Note: It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when saying what somebody’s profession is.. Es mecánico = He’s a mechanic; Es camarera = She’s a waitress. 109 If you use an adjective to describe the person however, you will need the indefinite article. Es un mecánico trabajador = He’s a hard-working mechanic. 4. Nouns (definite articles – the) There are four words used in Spanish for the. Which one you use depends on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural. The following table shows you which one to use when. Singular Plural Masculine el los Feminine la las = My bicycle is in the garage. = The window is broken = Pass me the books, please = Where are the magazines? Mi bicicleta está en el garage. La ventana está rota. Pásame los libros, por favor. ¿Dónde están las revistas? Note: You may need a definite article in Spanish when talking about languages, but not when you use the verb hablar (to speak) = Spanish is fun! = I speak English. ¡El español es divertido! Hablo inglés. Special article: You can use lo followed by an adjective to mean the……thing Lo importante es aprender vocabulario The important thing is to learn vocabulary. Lo malo es que tenemos muchos deberes. The bad thing is that we have losts of homework. 5. Nouns (definite articles with ‘a’ and ‘de’) The Spanish preposition a means to or at. The Spanish preposition de means of or from. With masculine singular nouns you need to combine: a + el de + el ! ! (to the…/ at the…) (of the…/ from the…) al del For all other nouns the prepositions and definite articles stay unchanged. Singular Plural Masculine al a los Masculine del de los Feminine a la a las Feminine de la de las = How do I get to the market? = Turn right at the end of the bridge. ¿Para llegar al mercado? Tuerza a la derecha al final del puente. 110 6. Adjectives (agreement) The endings of Spanish adjectives change according to the gender of the noun they describe. It is often said that they must “agree” with noun. An adjective ending in –o, for example, will have four different forms: un libro rojo = a red block una toalla roja = a red towel unos zapatos rojos = some red shoes unas sillas rojas = some red chairs (masculine singular) (feminine singular) (masculine plural) (feminine plural) Here is a summary of the different patterns of adjective endings: SINGULAR masculine feminine -o -a -a -a -e -e - l, - s - l, - s PLURAL masculine feminine - os - as - as - as - es - es + es + es - ol - és - án - or - oles - eses - anes - ores - ola - esa - ana - ora - olas - esas - anas - oras Examples (m, f, mpl, fpl) rojo, roja, rojos, rojas optimista, optimista, optimistas, optimistas grande, grande, grandes, grandes azul, azul, azules, azules, gris, gris, grises, grises español, española, españoles, españolas inglés, ingesa, ingleses, inglesas alemán, alemana, alemanes, alemanas hablador, habladora, habladores,habladoras Note: The plural form of joven (young) becomes jóvenes (gaining an accent, in order to keep the stress on the letter –o). Una casa grande Cuatro libros españoles Muchos turistas ingleses Una máquina de fotos alemana Tengo los ojos azules Mi hermana es trabajadora Mis primos son jóvenes Mis padres son optimistas 7. A big house Four Spanish books Many English tourists A German camera I have blue eyes My sister is hard-working My cousins are young My parents are optimistic Adjectives (position) Most Spanish adjectives follow the noun they describe, specially if they are fairly long. This is quite different to the position of the adjective in English! = It’s an industrial city. = It was a romantic film. Es una ciudad industrial. Fue una película romántica. If you want to use two adjectives together they can be linked with the word y (and), but they still follow the noun they describe. = He’s a kind and dedicated teacher. Es un profesor simpático y dedicado. 111 Some short adjectives can be placed in front of the noun they describe, however. = My first visit to Mexico. = The last lesson of the day. = The poor boy fell into water. Mi primera visita a México. La última clase del día. El pobre niño cayó al agua. Note: These adjectives lose the final -o if they are placed in front of a masculine singular noun. alguno bueno malo !algún !buen !mal grande primero tercero !gran !primer !tercer = Carlos is a good friend of mine. = Picasso was a great painter. = The first day of the holidays. = I won the third prize. Carlos es un buen amigo mío. Picasso fue un gran pintor. El primer día de las vacaciones. Gané el tercer premio. Certain adjectives change their meaning, depending on whether they are placed before or after the noun. Compare the following pairs of examples: = my former house = an ancient house = a great problem = a big (large) table = a new (= another) car = a brand new car mi antigua casa una casa antigua un gran problema una mesa grande un nuevo coche un coche nuevo 8. Adjectives (comparison) There are three key phrases that enable you to compare and contrast different things, people or places. They are as follows: más…que… menos…que… tan…como… more…than… less…than… as…as… In English the letters –er are often added to make a comparison (e.g. dear ! dearer; cheap ! cheaper), but for Spanish it would be like saying more (dear/cheap) than…Look at these examples: Este abanico es más caro que el otro. This fan is dearer than the other one. La historia es menos interesante que la geografía. History is less interesting than Geography. María es tan guapa como Sofía. María is as pretty as Sofía. ¿Tiene usted una talla más pequeña? Have you got a smaller size? 112 Note: There are some special comparative forms you need to be aware of: bueno (good) ! mejor (better) malo (bad) ! peor (worse) Mi español es mejor que mi fancés. My Spanish is better than my French. Mis notas son peores que las tuyas. My marks are worse than yours. And don’t forget mayor (older/elder) and menor (younger). = Do you know my elder sister? = My brothers are younger than me. ¿Conoces a mi hermana mayor? Mis hermanos son menores que yo. Note: When using a number in the comparison, you need to change que to de. = I earn more than £5 an hour. Gano más de cinco libras por hora. 9. Adjectives (superlatives) By adding el / la / los / las in front of the noun in the phrases of comparison above, the meaning changes more.. ! the most… (or from less…! the least). In English the letters –est are often added to make a superlative (e.g. dear ! dearest; cheap ! cheapest), but in Spanish it would be like saying most (dear/cheap). Notice the “agreements” as you look at these examples: = the cheapest car = the least interesting film = the longest days = the most beautiful beaches = Have you got a larger size? = No this is the largest I have el coche más barato la película menos interesante los días más largos las playas más bonitas ¿Tiene usted una talla más grande? No, ésta es la más grande que tengo Note: Spanish uses de after the superlative although English use in. = the laziest pupil in the class el alumno más perezoso de la clase 10. Adjectives (miscellaneous) ‘Demonstrative’ adjectives (this, that) also have to agree with the noun they are used with. Singular: this that that…over there Masculine este ese aquel Feminine esta esa aquella Plural: these those those…over there 113 Masculine estos esos aquellos Feminine estas esas aquellas = How much is this T-shirt? = Who is that man? = What is there in those boxes over there? ¿Cuánto cuesta esta camiseta? ¿Quién es ese hombre? ¿Qué hay en aquellas cajas? ‘Indefinite’ adjectives include words like cada, otro, todo, mismo, alguno and ninguno. The word cada (each / every) never changes. Cada alumno tiene un cuaderno. = Each pupil has an exercise book. It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when using the adjective otro (other, another). = Do you want another lemonade? ¿Quieres otra limonada? The words todo (all, every), and mismo (same) “agree” with the noun as normal. Todas las chicas practican los mismos deportes. All the girls do the same sports. The words alguno (a, some) and ninguno (not any, no) lose their final –o if they are placed in front of a masculine singular noun. ¿Tienes algún libro sobre la gramática española? Have you got a book on Spanish grammar? ‘Possessive’ adjectives (my, your, his, her, etc.) have masculine, feminine and plural forms too. (m.sing) (f.sing) (m.pl) (f.pl) my mi mi mis mis your(singular, informal) tu tu tus tus his, her, your (formal) su su sus sus our nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras your (plural, informal) vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras su su sus sus their, your (formal) Note: To ask who something belongs to, you could use the question ¿De quién es? 114 The following possessive adjectives could be used in the answer and must ‘agree’ with the noun they refer to. (m.sing) (f.sing) (m.pl) (f.pl) mine mío mía míos mías yours(singular, informal) tuyo tuya tuyos tuyas his, hers, yours (formal) suyo suya suyos suyas ours nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras yours (plural, informal) vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras suyo suya suyos suyas theirs, yours (formal) ¿De quién es esta chaqueta? ¿Es tuya? – No, es mía. ¿De quiénes son estos libros? ¿Son vuestros? – No, son nuestros. = Whose jacket is this? = Is it yours? – No it’s mine? = Whose are these books? = Are they yours? - No they’re ours. Note: To indicate who something belongs to by name, remember that Spanish doesn’t use an apostrophe followed by the letter ‘s’ as English does. You need the word de after the item followed by the person’s name. = Juan’s house = my grandparent’s neighbours la casa de Juan los vecinos de mis abuelos Note: In adjectival phrases the word cuyo (cuya, cuyos, cuyas) means whose and must ‘agree’ with the noun it ‘describes’. 11. Adverbs Adverbs describe how things are done so they qualify verbs. They usually correspond to words in English ending in –ly (e.g. quickly, easily). In Spanish the majority of adverbs end in –mente. You need to use the feminine form of the adjective before adding this ending. lento (slow) (m) fácil (easy) (m) desgraciado (unfortunate) (m) ! lenta (f) ! fácil (f) ! desgraciada (f) ! Ientamente ! fácilmente ! desgraciadamente Note: If you need to use two adverbs together, then remove the –mente from the first one. 115 Habla clara y lentamente, por favor. = Speak clearly and slowly please. The following words are adverbs in their own right, and do not end in –mente. bien (well); mal (badly); despacio (slowly); rápido (quickly) = I speak Spanish well. = I play the piano badly. = Read the text slowly! = Come here – quickly! Hablo bien el español. Toco mal el piano. ¡Lee el texto despacio! ¡Ven aquí – rápido! Note: The word quickly has two forms in Spanish – rápido and rápidamente. In some cases it is more common to form adverbial phrases rather than adverbs from the adjectives. con entusiasmo en secreto de manera sorprendente = enthusiastically (with enthusiasm) = secretly (in secret) = surprisingly (in a suprising way) Here are some examples of the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs: Felipe explicó el problema más claramente que Susana. Felipe explained the problem more clearly than Susana. Yo hablo francés más correctamente que Teresa pero ella escribe mejor. I speak French more correctly than Teresa, but she writes best. There are many phrases of place and time that are classified as adverbs because they qualify the verbs they are associated with. You can find many of these in subsections 2 (a, b, d, g) and 3 (a, b, c, d, e, g, i) in the general vocabulary section of the specifications. Here are a few examples: Place: Es muy tranquilo vivir aquí. Hay que seguir todo recto. Vamos allí todos los días. Time: ¿Adónde vamos ahora? El tren no ha llegado todavía. ¡Ya he terminado! = It’s very quiet living here. = You have to go straight on. = We go there every day. = Where are we going now? = The train hasn’t arrived yet. = I’ve already finished! 116 Common adverbial phrases can refer to time or place and can be found in the same sections of the specifications mentioned above. Here are a few examples: a veces muchas veces de vez en cuando 12. sometimes often now and again dentro de poco por todas partes en otra parte soon everywhere elsewhere Qualifiers/intensifiers You can change the strength of your descriptions by adding these useful words in front of your adjectives: muy = very bastante = fairly, rather Es bastante difícil. = It’s fairly difficult. demasiado = too Es demasiado caro. = It’s too expensive. un poco = a little (bit) Es un poco sucio. = It’s a little bit dirtly. poco = little Es poco útil. = It’s little use. casi = almost Está casi vacío. = It’s almost empty. no…nada = not at all No es nada divertido. = It’s not at all fun. Es muy interesante. = It’s very interesting. Note: You can also convey the sense of very by adding –ísimo on to the end of some adjectives, but you must remember to make them agree with the nouns they are describing. = a very rare coin = some very tired children una moneda rarísima unos niños cansadísimos You can change the strength of your verbs by adding these useful words after them: 13. mucho = a lot Me gusta mucho el té. = I like tea a lot. bastante = enough No duermo bastante. = I don’t sleep enough. demasiado = too much Grito demasiado. poco = little, not much = I shout too much. Leo poco los sábados. = I don’t read much on Saturday. Pronouns (subject and object) Pronouns can replace nouns as the ‘subject’ or an ‘object’ of a sentence. Subject pronouns tend to be used less in Spanish than in English. They are seldom used in front of verbs, for example, since the verb ending is usually enough to indicate who or what the subject is. 117 Subject pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL yo I nosotros/as we tú you (informal) vosotros/as you (informal) él he ellos they (m) ella she ellas they (f) usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal) They might be used for emphasis. It is enough to say vivo ‘I live’, but it would stress the difference more to say Todos mis amigos viven en la ciudad, pero yo vivo en el campo ‘All my friends live in the town, but I live in the country.’ Object pronouns can de divided into two groups: direct object pronouns, and indirect object pronouns. In the question and answer ‘Did you give the book to Mum and Dad? – Yes, I gave it to them’ there are two objects: the direct object is the book (or it) and the indirect object is to Mum and Dad (or to them). Direct object pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL me me nos us te you (informal) os you (informal) le, lo him, it los (m), las (f) them (objects) la her, it les (m), las (f) them (people) le (m), la (f) you (formal) les (m), las (f) you (formal) Note: Object pronouns usually come before the verb in Spanish. When using the perfect tense they come before the auxilliary verb haber. However, you should put the object pronoun after an imperative or an infinitive, and this may mean that you need to add an accent on the verb in order to keep the original stress. ¿Tienes el boli? – Sí, lo tengo ¿Ves esas sillas? – Sí, las veo. ¿Conoces a Pepe? – Sí, le concozco ¿Has visto la película? – Sí, la he visto. ¡Abre le botella! – Sí, ábrela. Lo siento pero ¡no puedo abrirla! 118 = Have you got the pen? – Yes I’ve got it = Do you see those chairs? – Yes I see them =Do you know Pepe? Yes, I know him. =Have you seen the film? – Yes, I’ve seen it. =Open the bottle! Yes, open it! =I’m sorry, but I can’t open it! Indirect object pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL me to me nos to us te to you (informal) os to you (informal) le to him les to them (m) le to her les to them (f) le to you (formal) les to you (formal) Mis padres no me dan dinero. Te daré el libro mañana. Nos mandaron una postal. Les ofrecí unos chocolates. ¡Escríbeme pronto! Voy a hablarle en seguida. =My parents don’t give me money (i.e.to me). =I’ll give you the book tomorrow (i.e to you). =They sent us a postcard (i.e. to us). =I offered them some chocolates (i.e to them). =Write to me soon! =I’m going to speak to him right away. Note: If you need to use an indirect and a direct object pronoun together with the same verb, the indirect pronoun comes first. ¿Sacaste tus notas? – Sí, mi profesor me las dio esta mañana? Did you get your marks? – Yes, my teacher gave me them this morning (i.e to me). To avoid two pronouns beginning with the letter ‘I’ coming together, the indirect object pronouns ‘le’ and ‘les’ change to se. ¿Devolviste el boli a María? – Sí, se lo devolví durante el recreo. Did you return the biro to María? – Yes I returned it to her during break. 14. Pronouns (reflexive) Reflexive pronouns are used with certain verbs to indicate something you do ‘to yourself’. They always appear on the end of the infinitive (e.g. lavarse = to wash oneself), but they move in from on the verb when it is conjugated. They are used in the same way no matter what tense of the verb is, but remember to put them in front of the auxiliary verb haber in compound tenses like the perfect and pluperfect tenses (see sections 34 and 35). Reflexive pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL me myself nos ourselves te yourself (informal) os yourselves (informal) se himself, herself se themselves se yourself (formal) se yourselves (formal) 119 Me lavo en el cuarto de baño. ¿A qué hora te levantaste? Ayer nos divertimos mucho. Se había despertado tarde. ¡Vamos a sentarnos aquí! 15. =I wash (myself) in the bathroom. =What time did you get (yourself) up? =We enjoyed ourselves a lot yesterday. =He had woken (himself) up late. =Let’s sit (ourselves) down here! Pronouns (relative) The word que can be used to link an activity or description to a person or thing. It corresponds to the English words who, that or which (although sometimes in English this word is omitted altogether). The word quien (pl. quienes) is also used, but only to refer to people, and usually after a preposition. La mujer que vive aquí es profesora. The woman who lives here is a teacher. El libro que leo es muy interesante. The book (that) I’m reading is very interesting. El chico con quien hablaba es mi primo. The boy I was talking to (= to whom I was talking) is my cousin. After prepositions and for clarity it is also possible to use el que (or el cual), la que (or la cual), and their plural versions to refer to people or things, as in the following examples: Éstos son los coches detrás de los que nos escondimos. These are the cars (that) we hid behind (= behind which we hid) Fui a visitar a la madre de Antonio, la cual está en el hospital. I went to visit Antonio’s mother who is in hospital. Note: When refering to something indefinite, you can use lo que which corresponds to what in English. No entiendo lo que dices. ¡Lo que necesito es descansar! 16. =I don’t understand what you’re saying. =What I need is a rest! Pronouns (disjunctive) Always used after a preposition, disjunctive pronouns are not directly linked to a verb. 120 Disjunctive pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL mí me nosotros us ti you (informal) vosotros you (informal) él him ellos them (m) ella her ellas them (f) usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal) =This present is for you =They’re always talking about me. Este regalo es para ti. Siempre están hablando de mí Note: When using the preposition con (with) there are two special forms that replace the pronouns mí and ti. They are conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you). ¿Quieres ir al cine conmigo? 17. =Do you want to go to the cinema with me? Pronouns (demonstrative) These are identical to the demonstrative adjectives, but they all have an accent on them to indicate that they are pronouns. Each one needs to ‘agree’ with the previous noun it refers to. Singular: Masculine Feminine this one éste ésta that one ése ésa aquél aquélla that one over there Plural: Masculine Feminine these ones éstos éstas those ones ésos ésas aquéllos aquéllas those ones over there No me gusta esta camiseta. Prefiero ésa. I don’t like this T-shirt. I prefer that one. Note: If you refer to a general idea rather than a specific noun, you need to use esto, eso/aquello. Tenemos más deberes que nunca ahora, y ¡eso no me gusta nada! We’ve got more homework than ever just now, and I don’t like that at all! Note: If you want to refer to an unspecified thing you should use the word algo, and to refer to an unspecified person you should use the word alguien. ¿Tiene usted algo para el dolor de garganta? Have you got something (anything) for a sore throat? ¡Alguien me ha robado la bicicleta! Someone has stolen my bicycle! 121 18. Pronouns (interrogative) When forming a question, you may need one of these three interrogative pronouns ¿cuál? = which one (e.g. of a choice of two)? ¿Cuál (de los coches) prefieres – el verde o el azul? Which (of the cars) do you prefer – the green one or the blue one? ¿qué? = What? ¿Qué te gusta hacer en tus ratos libres? What do you like doing in your spare time? 19. Pronouns (possessive) These are identical to the possessive adjectives but need the definite article in front of them to show they are pronouns. (m.sing) (f.sing) (m.pl) (f.pl) mine el mío la mía los míos las mías yours (singular, informal) el tuyo la tuya los tuyos las tuyas his, her, yours (formal) el suyo la suya los suyos las suyas ours el nuestro la nuestra los nuestros las nuestras yours (plural, informal) el vuestro la vuestra los vuestros las vuestras el suyo la suya los suyos las suyas theirs, yours (formal) ¿Os gustan los postres? – El mío está muy rico, pero el suyo parece horrible. Do you like the desserts? – Mine is delicious, but his seems horrible. 20. Verbs (general) Verbs are words that indicate an action. They all have a basic form that is called an infinitive, and this is the version that appears in dictionaries and word lists. In Spanish you can recognise an infinitive by its ending. There are three main endings: (-ar), (-er) and (-ir). Occasionally there may be a reflexive pronoun (-se) on the end as well. For most situations you need to change this infinitive ending in order to identify who carries out the action - the person, and when the action takes place - the time, or tense. This process of changing the verb is called ‘conjugation’. To conjugate a verb usually involves removing the infinitive ending and replacing it with different letters, all of which designate a different ‘person’. Conventionally, verbs are listed in a consistent pattern that helps learning. Starting with the singular forms, then going on to the plural forms, the order of each ‘person’ 122 never changes and is outlined below. Since the form of the verb is the same for the singular parts él (he), ella (she) and usted (you, formal), and the plural parts ellos (they, m), ellas (they, f) and ustedes (you, formal plural), verbs are frequently listed with only three singular parts and three plural parts. SINGULAR PLURAL (yo) I (nosotros) we (tú) you (informal) (vosotros) you (informal) (él) he (ellos) they (m) (ella) she (ellas) they (f) (usted) you (formal) (ustedes) you (formal) In the following verb tables the subject pronouns are given in brackets. This is simply because the subject pronouns are not an essential part of the verb. It is the ending that indicates the ‘person’. Note: There are two clearly defined forms of address in Spanish – informal and formal. Each one has a separate singular and plural form. Use the (tú) form to address someone you know very well, or someone of about your own age; use the (vosotros) form to address more than one person like this; use the (usted) form to address an official (e.g. in a bank) or stranger; and use the (ustedes) form for more than one person like this. 21. Verbs (questions and the negative) Some questions are formed by putting a special question word in front of the verb. ¿Dónde está la estación? = Where is the station? Other questions are formed using a rising intonation when speaking, or adding two question marks, one upside down at the beginning, and one at the end, when writing. (There is no need for any other verb or word like ‘do’ or ‘does’ or ‘did). ¿Vives en el centro de la ciudad? ¿Tu hermana come carne? ¿Compraste unos recuerdos? = Do you live in the town centre? = Does your sister eat meat? = Did you buy any souvenirs? When English uses the word not to make a statement negative, Spanish uses no before the verb. Mi amigo no está en casa. = My friend is not at home. When English uses doesn’t, don’t, or didn’t to make a sentence negative, Spanish again uses no in front of the verb. 123 Mi hermana no come pescado. Mis padres no hablan español. Ayer no jugué al fútbol. = My sister doesn’t eat fish. = My parents don’t speak Spanish. = I didn’t play football yesterday. When English uses negative expressions like nothing, not anything, never, etc, Spanish normally uses no in front of the verb and adds the negative expressions after the verb. No veo nunca las telenovelas. No compramos nada en la tienda 22. = I never watch soap operas. = We didn’t buy anything in the shop. Verbs (regular simple present tense) This tense refers to what somebody does and what happens. Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR HABLAR (to speak) hablo hablas habla hablamos habláis hablan -ER COMER (to eat) como comes come comemos coméis comen Hablo español y francés. Comemos a las doce. ¿Dónde vives? 23. -IR VIVIR (to live) vivo vives vive vivimos vivís viven = I speak Spanish and French. = We eat (have lunch) at 12 o’clock. = Where do you live? Verbs (irregular simple present tense) A number of verbs are irregular in the ‘yo’ form, but regular in all other forms: conducir (to drive) conocer (to know) dar (to give) ! conduzco ! conozco ! doy hacer (to do, make poner (to put) saber (to know) ! hago salir (to go out) ! salgo ! pongo traer (to bring) ! traigo ! sé ver (to see,watch) ! veo Three of the most common verbs are completely irregular: Infinitive: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) ESTAR (to be) estoy estás está estamos estáis están SER (to be) soy eres es somos sois son 124 IR (to go) voy vas va vamos vais van No sé quién es. ¿Adónde vas? Salgo al cine. Estoy seguro que lo hago bien. 24. = I don’t know who he is. = Where are you going? I’m going out to the cinema. = I am sure that I am doing it well.. Verbs (radical changing present tense) There are three groups of verbs which change their ‘stem’. This means, in effect that one of the key vowels in the infinitive changes for all forms except the ‘nosotros’ and ‘vosotros’ forms. Infinitive: Meaning: Type of change: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) PODER (to be able) (o ! ue) puedo puedes puede podemos podéis pueden ¿Puedo llamar a casa? ¿Qué piensas de la película? Mis abuelos siempre piden té. 25. PENSAR (to think) (e ! ie) pienso piensas piensa pensamos pensáis piensan PEDIR (to ask for) (e ! i) pido pides pide pedimos pedís piden = May I phone home? = What do you think of the film? = My grandparents always ask for tea. Verbs (present tense, reflexive Some verbs ‘reflect back’ to their own subject. They are often used in situations where you do something ‘to yourself’. For each ‘person’ you need the correct reflexive pronoun in front of the verb. They are listed in section 14 of this grammar together with some examples. Note: There are also some useful impersonal reflexive constructions that correspond to the English phrase ‘one can…/one (does)…’ or the more familiar ‘you can…/you(do)…’ or ‘they can…/they(do). In some cases they function rather like the English ‘passive’. Se puede cambiar dinero aquí. Se bebe mucho café en España. Se habla inglés en esta tienda. 26. =You (one) can change money here. =They drink a lot of coffee in Spain. =English is spoken in this shop. Verbs (present continuous tense) This corresponds to the present tense in English which uses a present participle ending in –ing. In Spanish you need the correct part of the present tense of estar, followed by the present participle of the main verb. If the infinitive ends in –ar, this will change to –ando; if the infinitive ends in –er or –ir this will change to –iendo. 125 Infinitive: Meaning: HABLAR (to speak) (yo) estoy hablando (tú) estás hablando (él) (ella) (usted) está hablando (nosotros) estamos hablando (vosotros) estáis hablando (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) están hablando COMER (to eat) estoy comiendo estás comiendo está comiendo estamos comiendo estáis comiendo están comiendo VIVIR (to live) estoy viviendo estás viviendo está viviendo estamos viviendo estáis viviendo están viviendo ¿Qué estáis haciendo en el jardín? – Estamos jugando al fútbol. What are you doing in the garden? – We are playing football. Note: There are a few verbs whose present participles require a spelling change: caer construir creer 27. ! cayendo ! construyendo ! creyendo falling building believing dormir leer oír ! durmiendo sleeping reading ! leyendo hearing ! oyendo Verbs (regular preterite tense) The preterite tense refers to what somebody did and what happened in the past. It is formed by removing the last two letters of the infinitive and replacing them with the following endings for each ‘person’. Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR TRABAJAR (to work) trabajé trabajaste trabajó trabajamos trabajasteis trabajaron Trabajé en una tienda el año pasado. ¿Cuándo perdiste tu bolsa? Paco escribió una carta a María. -ER PERDER (to lose) perdí perdiste perdió perdimos perdisteis perdieron -IR ESCRIBIR (to write) escribí escribiste escribió escribimos escribisteis escribieron = I worked in a shop last year. = When did you lose your bag? = Paco wrote a letter to María. Note: Some spelling changes may be necessary in the ‘yo’ form only. Verbs ending in -car buscar ! busqué practicar ! practiqué sacar ! saqué Verbs ending in -gar jugar ! jugué llegar ! llegué pagar ! pagué 126 Verbs ending in -zar comenzar ! comencé cruzar ! crucé empezar ! empecé Some spelling changes may be necessary in the él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms only: creer leer él/ella ! creyó, ! leyó, ellos/ellas creyeron leyeron Jugué al baloncesto ayer. Nadie me creyó. 28. él/ella ! cayó, ! oyó, caer oír ellos/ellas cayeron oyeron # I played basketball yesterday. # Nobody believed me. Verbs (irregular preterite tense) The following verbs belong to a group called the pretérito grave. example: Example verb: Meaning: Here is an ESTAR (to be) estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) The endings are the same for the rest of the verbs in the group, whose stems change as follows: andar (to walk) caber (to fit in) conducir (to drive) decir (to say) ! anduv! cup! conduj! dij- hacer (to do, make) poder (to be able) saber (to know) querer (to want) ! hic! pud! pus! quis- sabir (to know) tener (to have) traer (to bring) venir (to come) ! sup! tuv! traj! vin- Note: Verbs with the stem ending in j- take –eron as the ellos/ellas/ustedes ending (not –ieron). The él/ella/usted form of hacer has a spelling change: it becomes hizo. The following four verbs have irregular forms. (Note that ir and ser have the same form). Verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) IR (to go) fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron SER (to be) fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron 127 DAR (to give) di diste dio dimos disteis dieron VER (to see) vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron ¿Qué hiciste ayer? – Vi un partido de fútbol. What did you do yesterday? – I watched a football match. Mis amigos dijeron que no pudieron venir. My friends said (that) they couldn’t come. 29. Verbs (preterite tense, radical changing) Most verbs that are radical changing in the present tense keep the original vowel of the infinitive when forming the preterite tense. Some, however, have an irregular stem because they belong to the pretérito grave group of verbs (see section 28). Also, verbs ending in –ir make the following changes in the él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms of the preterite tense. Infinitive: Meaning: Type of change: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) PREFERIR (to prefer) (e ! i) preferí preferiste prefirió preferimos preferisteis prefirieron PEDIR (to ask for) (e ! i) pedí pediste pidió pedimos pedisteis pidieron DORMIR (to sleep) (e ! ie) dormí dormiste durmió dormimos dormisteis durmieron Yo pedí una naranjada, pero mi amiga pidió una limonada. I ordered an orangeade, but my friend ordered a lemonade. 30. Verbs (imperfect tense) The imperfect tense is used to describe people, places and things as they were in the past. It is also used to indicate what people used to do or things that used to happen. Finally it can describe what people were doing. It is formed by removing the last two letters of the infinitive and adding the following endings. Note that the endings for –er and ir verbs are the same. Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR LLEVAR (to wear) llevaba llevabas llevaba llevábamos llevabais llevaban 128 -ER BEBER (to drink) bebía bebías bebía bebíamos bebíais bebían -IR SUBIR (to go up) subía subías subía subíamos subíais subían El ladrón llevaba un chandal azul. The thief wore a blue tracksuit. Antes, bebía leche fría – ahora prefiero limonada. Before, I used to drink cold milk – now I prefer lemonade. Subía la escalera cuando tuve el accidente.* I was going up the ladder when I had the accident.* Hacía mucho sol y calor durante mis vacaciones en España. It was very sunny and hot during my holidays in Spain. Note: *In the third example above, the imperfect tense describes something that ‘was happening’ (subía la escalera) and during which something else ‘happened’ (tuve el accidente). The sudden event, or accident in this case, requires the preterite tense. There are three irregular verbs worth noting: Infinitive: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) IR (to go) iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban SER (to be) era eras era éramos erais eran VER (to see) veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían Note: The imperfect continuous, which uses a present participle ending in –ing, is formed from the imperfect tense of the verb estar followed by the present participle. (See section 26.) Estaba estudiando. Estaba lloviendo. Estábamos jugando al fútbol. 31. = I was studying. = It was raining. = We were playing football. Verbs (immediate future) This is a way of saying what someone is going to do and what is going to happen in the near future. It uses the present tense of the verb ir (to go) followed by the preposition a and the main verb in the infinitive. (See section 2 for all parts of the verb ir.) Voy a hacer mis deberes ahora. Va a llover por la tarde. Vamos a visitar el museo mañana. = I’m going to do my homework now. = It’s going to rain in the afternoon. = We’re going to visit the museum tomorrow. 129 32. Verbs (future tense) The future tense indicates what someone will do, or that something will happen at some time in the future. It is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive. Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR LAVAR (to wash) lavaré lavarás lavará lavaremos lavaréis lavarán -ER COMER (to eat) comeré comerás comerá comeremos comeréis comerán Lavaré el coche el fin de semana. Comeremos a las dos. ¿Dónde vivirás en el futuro? -IR VIVIR (to live) viviré vivirás vivirá viviremos viviréis vivirán = I’ll wash the car at the weekend. = We’ll eat (have lunch) at two o’clock. = Where will you live in the future? There are a number of verbs that have an irregular stem. Here is the ‘yo’ form of some of the most common: decir (to say) hacer (to do, make) poder (to be able) ! diré ! haré ! podré poner (to put) querer (to want) saber (to know) ¡Tendré que aprender más vocabulario! 33. ! pondré ! querré ! sabré salir (to go out) tener (to have) venir (to come) ! saldré ! tendré ! vendré = I’ll have to learn more vocabulary! Verbs (conditional tense) The conditional tense indicates what someone would do, or that something would happen at some time in the future. Its is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive. Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR COMPRAR (to buy) compraría comprarías compraría compraríamos compraríais comprarían No compraría ese coche viejo. Beberíamos mucha agua. ¿Cómo dividirías el dinero? Me gustaría ser periodista. -ER BEBER (to drink) bebería beberías bebería beberíamos beberíais beberían = = = = 130 -IR VIVIR (to live) viviría vivirías viviría viviríamos viviríais vivirían I wouldn’t buy that old car. We would drink a lot of water. How would you divide the money? I would like to be a journalist. Those verbs that have an irregular stem in the future tense have the same irregular stem in the conditional. decir (to say) hacer (to do, make) poder (to be able) ! diría ! haría ! podría poner (to put) querer (to want) saber (to know) ¿Qué harías tú en esta situación? ! pondría ! querría ! sabría salir (to go out) tener (to have) venir (to come) ! saldría ! tendría ! vendría = What would you do in this situation? Note: Don’t confuse would and could, which come from the verb poder (to be able). ¿Podrías ayudarme? 34. = Could you (would you be able to) help me? Verbs (perfect tense) The perfect tense indicates what someone has done, or that something has happened at some time in the recent past. It is a compound tense made up of the present tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb you want to use. Auxiliary verb: Meaning: HABER (to have…) he has ha hemos habéis han (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) To form the past participle of regular verbs you need to remove the last two letters of the infinitive and replace them with the following endings: -AR -ER -IR Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) ! ! ! -AR VISITAR (to visit) he visitado has visitado ha visitado hemos visitado habéis visitado han visitado -ADO -IDO -IDO -ER COMER (to eat) he comido has comido ha comido hemos comido habéis comido han comido 131 -IR DECIDIR (to decide) he decidido has decidido ha decidido hemos decidido habéis decidido han decidido He visitado muchos países extranjeros. Nunca hemos comido calamares. ¿Qué has decidido hacer? = I’ve visited many foreign countries. = We’ve never eaten squid. = What have you decided to do? A number of verbs have an irregular past participle. abrir (to open) ! abierto hacer (to do, make) ! hecho cubrir (to cover) ! cubierto morir (to die) !muerto decir (to say) ! dicho poner (to put) ! puesto describir (to describe) ! descrito romper (to break) ! roto escribir (to write) ! escrito ver (to see, watch) ! visto freír (to fry) ! frito volver (to return) ! vuelto Ya he hecho los deberes. Lo siento pero he roto este vaso. = I’ve already done my homework. = I’m sorry but I’ve broken this glass. Note: When English expresses the idea that something has been going on for a period of time, Spanish uses the present tense with the phrase desde hace. Espero aquí desde hace más de media hora. I’ve been waiting here for more than half an hour. 35. Verbs (pluperfect tense) The pluperfect tense indicates what someone had done, or that something had happened some time before something else in the past. It is a compound tense made up of the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb you want to use. Auxiliary verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) HABER (to have…) había habías había habíamos habíais habían The past participles, including all the irregular ones, are the same as for the perfect tense (see section 34). No había visto la película antes. Habíamos estudiado muchos libros. = I hadn’t seen the film before. = We had studied many books. 132 36. Verbs (the gerund) Expressions in English such as while… (doing something) or by…(doing something) can be created in Spanish with the gerund. This is basically a present participle of the verb (see section 26) but it is used on its own. Viajando por el campo, vimos muchas fincas. While travelling through the countryside, we saw many farms. Viendo por esta ventana, verás la catedral. By looking out of this window, you’ll see the cathedral. 37. Verbs (the imperative) Imperatives are commands, instructions or orders given to other people. The type of imperative you use depends on who you are talking to: someone you know, or someone you don’t know. For that reason there are informal and formal imperatives. Positive imperatives (informal): For the singular form, remove the –as/-es from the ‘tú’ form of the present tense and add these endings. For the plural form, remove the –r from the infinitive and replace it with –d. -AR -ER -IR Infinitive (hablar) (comer) (escribir) ! ! ! ! tú form (hablas) (comes) (escribes) singular (tú) ¡habla! ¡come! ¡escribe! ¡Habla más despacio, por favor! ¡Escribid (todos) la fecha! plural (vosotros) ¡hablad! ¡comed! ¡escribid! = Speak more slowly, please! = (Everybody) write down the date! There are some irregular singular forms of the informal imperative: decir (to say) ! di salir (to go out) ! sal hacer (to do, make) ! haz ser (to be) ! sé ir (to go) ! ve tener (to have) ! ten poner (to put) ! pon venir (to come) ! ven ¡Haz tus deberes! ¡Ven aquí! = Do your homework! = Come here! 133 Positive imperatives (formal): Remove the –o from the ‘yo’ form of the present tense and add these endings: -AR -ER -IR Example verbs: yo form ! hablo (hablar) ! como (comer) ! escribo (escribir) singular (usted) ¡hable! ¡coma! ¡escriba! plural (ustedes) ¡hablen! ¡coman! ¡escriban! Note: If the verb has an irregular ‘yo’ form in the present tense, that is reflected in the negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changes listed in section 27.) example salir ! salgo ! ¡salga! leave! Negative imperatives (informal and formal): In order to tell someone not to do something, English uses a phrase beginning with Don’t…! In Spanish a negative imperative begins with no and the verb endings change as follows: -AR -ER -IR Example verbs: hablar comer escribir Informal singular (tú) plural (vosotros) ¡no hables! ¡no habléis! ¡no comas! ¡no comáis! ¡no escribas! ¡no escribáis! Formal singular (usted) plural (ustedes) ¡no hable! ¡no hablen! ¡no coma! ¡no coman! ¡no escriba! ¡no escriban! Note: If the verb has an irregular ‘yo’ form in the present tense, that is reflected in the negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changes listed in 27.) ¡No hables en inglés! ¡No comáis en clase! ¡No salga por allí! ¡No toquen las plantas! 38. = Don’t speak in English = Don’t eat in class! = Don’t go out that way! = Don’t touch the plants! (informal, singular) (informal, plural) (formal, singular, irregular (formal, plural, spelling change) Verbs (the passive) We often use the passive if we don’t know (or want to avoid saying) who did something. You can recognise it because it uses the verb ‘to be’ and a past participle. It is the same in Spanish, but you must remember that there are two verbs for ‘to be’ (ser and estar), and that the past participle will have to ‘agree’ with the subject. The verb ‘to be’ can be in different tenses. (For information on ser and estar, see section 41.) El libro fue escrito por Cervantes. La casa está construida en un valle. Los coches serán lavados mañana. Las paredes estaban pintadas de verde. 134 = The book was written by Cervantes. = The house is built in a valley. = The cars will be washed tomorrow. = The walls were painted green. 39. Verbs (the present subjunctive) The forms of all the tenses outlined in sections 20 – 35 are sometimes described as indicative, and are the important ones to know. There also exist subjunctive forms of some of the tenses. Their use is quite complex, and only a few examples are given here. The present subjunctive is formed from the ‘yo’ form of the present (indicative) tense. After removing the final –o, the following endings should be added: Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR HABLAR (to speak) hable hables hable hablemos habléis hablen -ER COMER (to eat) coma comas coma comamos comáis coman -IR VIVIR (to live) viva vivas viva vivamos viváis vivan Note: There are some irregular stems: for ser (to be) it is sea; for ir (to go) it is vaya: and for saber (to know) it is sepa, for example. Here are a number of examples of uses of the present subjunctive: 1. Formal imperatives (see section 36) ¡Viva el rey! 2. = Long live the king! When the word cuando refers to some time in the future, the present subjunctive is used rather than the present indicative, because the event being mentioned hasn’t happened yet, and indeed may not even happen, so there is an element of doubt involved, too. Cuando sea mayor, voy a viajar mucho. 3. In English, when you want / order / ask someone else to do something, you can use an ordinary infinitive. In Spanish, however, you need to use que followed by the subjunctive form of the verb. Quiero que aprendas más gramática. 4. = I want you to learn more grammar. In English, when you express your feelings or emotion about something, you can use an indicative form of the verb. In Spanish, however, you need to use que followed by the subjunctive form of the verb. Me alegro que puedas venir a mi fiesta. 5. = When I’m older, I’m going totravel a lot. = I’m pleased you can come to my party. The phrase ‘so that’ enables us to express a purpose in English. The equivalent in Spanish, para que, requires the subjunctive. 135 ¡Siéntate para que vea mejor! 40. = Sit down so that I can see better! Verbs (the imperfect subjunctive) The imperfect subjunctive can be used with the conditional tense in ‘if clauses’. It is formed from the ellos/ellas/ustedes form of the preterite tense, and the endings – aron, -ieron, and –eron are replaced with the following endings: Infinitive ending: Example verb: Meaning: (yo) (tú) (él) (ella) (usted) (nosotros) (vosotros) (ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) -AR HABLAR (to speak) hablara hablaras hablara habláramos hablarais hablaran -ER COMER (to eat) comiera comieras comiera comiéramos comierais comieran -IR VIVIR (to live) viviera vivieras viviera viviéramos vivierais vivieran Note: Alternative endings for each of the three groups of verbs are also acceptable: -AR (-ase, -ases, -ase, -ásemos, -aseis, -asen) -ER (-iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésesmos, -ieseis, -iesen) -IR (-iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésemos, -ieseis, -iesen) Si ganara la lotería, dejaría de trabajar en seguida. If I won the lottery, I’d stop working straight away. Si pudiera visitar otro país, iría a México. If I could visit another coounty, I’d go to Mexico. Si hiciera más deporte, estaría en plena forma. If I did more sport, I’d be on top form. Note: The word quisiera, although technically an imperfect subjunctive, has become a very common part of everyday language in Spanish and means I would like. 41. Verbs (the uses of Ser and Estar) Both of these Spanish verbs mean to be, but they are used in different ways. Use Ser to refer to: 1. a person’s profession Soy dentista. = I’m a dentist. 2. a person’s nationality Es italiano/a. = He/she is Italian. 3. permanent characteristics Mi padre es alto. = My father is tall. 4. relationships Somos primos. = We are cousins. 5. the time Son las dos. = It’s two o’clock. 6. who owns something El boli es mío. = The pen is mine. 136 Use Estar to refer to: 42. 1. place or position ¿Dónde está el río? = Where is the river? 2. temporary states El agua está fría. = The water is cold. 3. feelings, emotions Estoy cansado/a. = I am tired. 4. continuous tenses Estoy estudiando. = I am studying. 5. the result of an action El cine está abierto. = The cinema is open. Verbs (impersonal) Several Spanish verbs are used impersonally. This means that the object of the verb in English becomes the subject in Spanish. The verb then agrees with this new subject. For example, the English sentence I like strawberries is turned round in Spanish and becomes Strawberries are pleasing to me. The original English has now become an indirect object pronoun. Here are some common verbs that are used impersonally: VERB doler encantar faltar gustar hacer falta interesar quedar sobrar ORIGINAL MEANING to hurt to delight to be absent, lacking to please to have a need to to interest to remain to exceed, surpass USED FOR to have a sore…, to ache, to love to lack, to be short of to like to need to to be interested in to have…left to have too much of Me duele la garganta. I have a sore throat. Me encanta salir con mis amigos todos los sábados. I love going out with my friends every Saturday. Me faltan veinte libras para comprar el videojuego. I’m short of £20 to buy the video game. No me gustan las películas de miedo. I don’t like horror films. Me hace falta mucho más tiempo. I need a lot more time. ¿Te interesa coleccionar sellos? Are you interested in collecting stamps? ¿Quedan entradas para el partido? Are there any tickets for the match left? ¿Cuánto dinero te sobra? How much money have you left over? 137 43. Prepositions These are words, or groups of words, that are used in front of nouns or pronouns, as linking words. Here are some common ones. Meaning to Context destination at / in place on / by transport at time bajo under, underneath position con with association contra against position a opposition de of ownership material contents from place time desde from place time en from…until… desde… hasta… in position at position on position by transport 138 Example Voy a la piscina. I’m going to the swimming pool. El avión ha llegado a Madrid. The plane has arrived in Madrid. Volvimos a pie. We returned on foot. Salieron a las diez. They went out at ten o’clock. ‘España tiene todo bajo el sol’. ‘Spain has everything under the sun’ Quiero un té con limón I want a tea with lemon. ¡No te apoyes contra la pared! Don’t lean against the wall! Jugamos contra un equipo fuerte. We played against a strong team. la casa de mi amigo the house of my friend (=my friend’s house) un anillo de oro a gold ring un paquete de patatas fritas a packet of crisps Llegué de Madrid esta mañana. I arrived from Madrid this morning. de vez en cuando from time to time. La vista desde la torre es fenomenal. The view from the tower is wonderful. desde las nueve hasta las cinco from nine till five en la clase in the classroom en la estación at the station en la mesa on the table. en avión by plane in order to become aim, intention for purpose for giving for, to movement towards by time by which in view of consideration through route, way via route, way for length of time out of movement, direction by by action done by someone manner (in exchange) for money (in return) for gratitude per rate, speed times multiplication for the sake of support on behalf of support because of reason según according to opinion sin without absence sobre on position about time para por subject matter 139 Estudio para ingeniero/a. I’m studying to be an engineer. Trabajo para una compañía eléctrica. I work for an electrical company. Este regalo es para ti. This present is for you. el tren para Valencia the train for Valencia Hay que hacer esto para este viernes. You have to do this by Friday. Es alto para su edad. He’s tall for his age. Dimos un paseo por Granada. We went for a walk through the park. Este tren no pasa por Granada. This train doesn’t go via Granada. Anoche estudié por dos horas. Last night I studied for two hours. Miré por la ventana. I looked out of the window. El cuadro fue pintado por mi tía. The picture was painted by my aunt. Te mando la información por fax. I’m sending you the information by fax. Compré el reloj por cuarenta libras. I bought the watch for £40. Muchas gracias por tu ayuda. Many thanks for your help. ochenta kilómetros por hora 50km per hour. dos por cinco son diez. two times five is ten. Trabajo mucho por mis hijos. I work hard for the sake of my children. No estoy por la caza. I’m not in favour of hunting. No podía salir por la lluvia. I couldn’t go out because of the rain. Según mi profesor soy muy perezoso. According to my teacher I’m very lazy. Prefiero el té sin azúcar. I prefer tea without sugar. Mi mochila está sobre la silla. My rucksack is on the chair. Nos veremos sobre las siete. We’ll meet up about seven. un libro sobre Picasso a book about Picasso Note: There are many compound prepositions that relate to time or place (e.g. delante de, a causa de, a eso de, cerca de, en lugar de, etc.) and these can be found in sub-sections 2 and 3 of the general vocabulary section of the specifications. Note: Remember that a and de will merge with the masculine singular definite article el to form al and del (see section 5) Note: The preposition a must be used in Spanish before a direct object in a sentence that is a specific person. This is usually referred to as the personal a. No conozco a tu hermana. Estoy buscando al director. = I don’t know your sister. = I’m looking for the headmaster. Some prepositions can also be used with verbs. Here are a few examples: a Meaning to Context aim, purpose starting requests, invitations certain key verbs con (various) (idioms) de (various) (idioms) en (various) (idioms) para in order to purpose to be about to nearness of time by cause, reason por 140 Example Fuìmos a ver el partido. We went to watch the match. De repente empezó a llover. Suddenly it started to rain. Me invitaron a cenar. They invited me to have dinner. Estoy aprendiendo a esquiar. I’m learning to ski. Sueño con comprarme una moto. I’m dreaming of buying a motorbike. Dejaré de estudiar en julio. I’ll stop studying in July. Acabo de terminar mis deberes. I’ve just finished my homework. No podía menos de reír. I couldn’t help laughing. Trato de entender todo esto. I’m trying to understand all this. ¿De qué se trata la película? What’s the film about? La carta tardará dos días en llegar. The letter will take two days to arrive. ¿En qué consiste esta actividad? What does this activity consist of? Hago natación para estar en forma. I go swimming in order to be fit. ¡Venga! ¡Estamos para salir! Come on! We’re about to leave! Por estudiar mucho, aprobé todo. By studying hard, I passed everything. 44. Conjunctions Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect different parts of a sentence. They can be as simple as words like y (and), pero (but), porque (because), etc., or more complex like aunque (although), a pesar de que (despite), tan pronto como (as soon as), etc. Here is a list of some of the more common ones. así que como cuando mientras = so that = as = when = while o pero porque que = or = but = because = that salvo que si y ya que = except = if = and = since Note: The word y becomes e before a word beginning with the letter i or hi. The word o becomes u before a word beginning with the letter o. Hace mucho sol así que podemos ir a la playa. It’s very sunny so we can go to the beach. Me voy a la cama porque tengo much sueño. I’m going to bed because I’m very sleepy. 45. Index of Grammar points 1. Nouns (gender) 2. Nouns (plural) 3. Nouns (indefinite articles - a and some) 4. Nouns (definite articles – the) 5. Nouns (definite articles with a and de) 6. Adjectives (agreement) 7. Adjectives (position) 8. Adjectives (comparison) 9. Adjectives (superlative) 10. Adjectives (miscellaneous) 11. Adverbs 12. Qualifiers / intensifiers 13. Pronouns (subject and object) 14. Pronouns (reflexive) 15. Pronouns (relative) 141 16. Pronouns (disjunctive) 17. Pronouns (demonstrative) 18. Pronouns (interrogative) 19. Pronouns (possessive) 20. Verbs (general) 21. Verbs (questions and the negative) 22. Verbs (regular simple present tense) 23. Verbs (irregular simple present tense) 24. Verbs (radical changing present tense) 25. Verbs (present tense, reflexive) 26. Verbs (present continuous tense) 27. Verbs (regular preterite tense) 28. Verbs (irregular preterite tense) 29. Verbs (preterite tense, radical changing) 30. Verbs(imperfect tense) 31. Verbs (immediate future) 32. Verbs (future tense) 33. Verbs (conditional tense) 34. Verbs (perfect tense) 35. Verbs (pluperfect tense) 36. Verbs (the gerund) 37. Verbs (the imperative) 38. Verbs (the passive) 39. Verbs (the present subjunctive) 40. Verbs (the imperfect subjunctive) 41. Verbs (the uses of Ser and Estar) 42. Verbs (impersonal) 43. Prepositions 142 44. Conjunctions 143 The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a registered charity number 1073334. Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8, Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ. AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board (AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and the Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB). Kathleen Tattersall Director General. Temple of the Sagrada Familia. Barcelona, Spain Peter Adams. Courtesy of FPG