World SHP Development Report Draft Version: June 2012 Country

World SHP Development Report Draft Version: June 2012 Country

World SHP Development Report
Draft Version: June 2012
Country Report: Mexico
“Bajo en Carbono” Team, Mexico
Introduction
Mexico is located in the Northern Hemisphere of the American continent, bordering the United
States to the North, the Gulf of Mexico to the East, and Guatemala and Belize to the South, and
the Pacific Ocean to the West. Mexico has an area of 1 964 375 km². It is a sovereign country with
a population of 112 322 757, and an average density of 57 inhabitants / km ² (2010 population
and housing census). 23.2% of the population live in rural areas [1], compared to 49% rural at the
global level [2].
Electrification
The 2004 Energy Outlook by the Ministry of Energy, estimated that 95.7% of the population had
electricity coverage, with 98.6% coverage in urban and 87.2% in rural areas. Most of the
population without access to the grid, use small diesel or gasoline electricity generators. The main
barrier to rural electrification is the difficult access to dispersed populations over a large area,
rugged terrain, poor infrastructure and limited capacity to pay, which increases the access costs.
For these reasons, renewable energy, not necessarily connected to the network, is the most
extensively explored by most of Mexico’s isolated communities. In this sense, there is significant
untapped potential in the field of mini hydro technology.
Figure 1. Map of Mexico. Source: CIA World Factbook [3].
Renewable Energy and climate mitigation
Mexico is one of the most advanced countries in the Latin American region in the fight against
climate change. It sent four communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and has a coordinating body of public policy which in 2005 created the
Interministerial Commission on Climate Change (CICC). The Commission launched the National
Strategy on Climate Change (ENACC) in 2007, which created by presidential mandate a Special
Climate Change Programme (ECCP), under the 2007 - 2012 National Development Plan (PND Plan
Nacional de Desarrollo). The ECCP established a national goal of reducing GHG emissions by 50%
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by 2050 compared to the baseline of 2000. The Plan presents 106 objectives and 300 subobjectives of mitigation and adaptation in the sectors of production and consumption of energy,
water management and waste or agricultural production and other cross cutting issues.
Specifically within the energy sector, the following national policies seek to promote the
development of renewable sources of electricity:
 In 2001, the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE Comisión Reguladora de Energía) adopted a
specific regulation for renewable energy sources in order to encourage the development of
electricity generating projects.
 In 2005, the Law on the Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Transition Financing (la Ley para
el Aprovechamiento de Energías Renovables y el Financiamiento de la Transición Energética)
aimed at regulating the use of renewable energy sources and clean technologies to generate
electricity for purposes other than providing the public electricity service as well as
establishing the national strategy and the instruments to finance the energy transition.
 The National Strategy for Energy Transition and Sustainable Use of Energy
o is the instrument through which the Federal Government uses to promote policies,
programs, projects and actions to achieve greater use of renewable energy and clean
technologies, and to promote energy efficiency and sustainability and reduced reliance
on fossil fuels, mainly oil as the primary source of energy.
o it sets objectives, lines of action and goals related to 2024, while considering the
impact that the energy sector has on the environment not only in relation to end use
but considering the whole energy chain from production to final consumption and
considering factors such as GHG emissions and the sustainable use of natural resources.
 In parallel, the Law for Sustainable Energy for the optimal use of energy in all its processes and
activities from farm to consumption was also published in 2008. This Act/Law also provides
the National Program for Sustainable Energy (PRONASE) via/by the Advisory Council for
Sustainable Energy, the National Information Subsystem on the Use of Energy and the
National Commission for the Efficient Energy Use.
Installed capacity in Mexico
The share of generation from renewable sources in total is 14.2%, divided into 11.2% hydro, 2.9%
geothermal, and 0.1% wind power. In Mexico, a renewable hydroelectric generation facility is
considered renewable when it is less than 30 MW capacity (Renewable Energy and Energy
Transition Financing Law, Chamber of Deputies of Congress, 2011 [4]). However, for purposes of
this report, small hydro refers to that with a capacity below 10 MW, mini hydro between 0.1 and 1
MW, micro hydro between 10kW and 100kW and low hydro below 10kW. Also, mini hydro plants
(<5 MW) are classified according to their head. Low-load head is (down from 5 to 20m), half load
(falling from 20 to 100m) and high load (greater than 100m). In 2005 the National Energy Saving
Commission estimated the national hydroelectric potential at 53 000 MW, of which 3250 MW are
by plants with potential capacity under 10 MW.
According to the Energy Department of Mexico [5], the installed hydropower capacity is 11.4 GW,
of which approximately 300 MW of small hydroelectric plants belong to public companies, and 90
MW to private self-sufficient companies, with capacities of less than 30 MW.
According to the definition of small hydro with a capacity below 10 MW, Mexico has 15 private
stations, 9 in operation, 2 inactive and 4 under construction, with permits issued by the Energy
Regulatory Commission with a total operating installed capacity of 60.8 MW, and 16 public power
operation of the Federal Electricity Commission (Comisión Federal de Electricidad) with a capacity
of 121 MW [6,7].
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Table 1. Private generation permits of power granted by the Energy Regulatory Commission
Permitee
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Energía EP, s. de r. l. de c. v.
Ingenio Tamazula, s. a. de c. v., Planta
Santa Cruz
Hidroeléctrica Cajón de Peña, s.a. de c.v.
Papelera Veracruzana, s.a. de c.v.
Hidrorizaba, s.a. de c.v.
Compañía Eléctrica Carolina, s. a. de c.
v.
Energía Nacional, s.a. de c.v.
Hidroeléctricas Virita, s.a. de c.v.
Industrias Wack, s. a. de c. v.
Hidrorizaba ii, s.a. de c.v.
Hidroeléctrica de Tacotán, s.a. de c.v.
Hidroeléctrica Trigomil, s.a. de c.v.
Hidroeléctrica Arco Iris, s. a. de c. v.
Hidroelectricidad del Pacífico, s.a. de
c.v.
Hidroatlixco, s.a. de c.v.
Authorized
capacity
(MW)
0.412
0.640
Authorized
Investment
energy
(thousands of
(GWh/year)
USD)
2.88
618.00
0.70
960.00
Current state
Plant
location
In operation
In operation
Puebla
Jalisco
1.200
1.260
1.600
2.490
7.71
3.27
13.81
21.80
1,800.00
1,890.00
2,400.00
3,735.00
In operation
In operation
In operation
In operation
Jalisco
Veracruz
Veracruz
Guanajuato
2.500
2.560
3.000
4.440
6.000
8.000
8.400
9.150
21.90
10.17
21.54
37.97
21.80
28.70
45.00
37.00
3,750.00
3,840.00
4,500.00
6,660.00
9,000.00
12,000.00
12,600.00
13,725.00
inactive
In operation
Inactive
In operation
Under constr.
Under constr.
Under constr.
In operation
Puebla
Veracruz
Jalisco
Veracruz
Jalisco
Jalisco
Jalisco
Jalisco
9.169
32.56
13,753.50
Under constr.
Guerrero
According to CFE, the following facilities that have the potential to be converted and utilized as
small hydroelectric plants, with installed capacity below 10 MW.
Table 2. Public plants in operation by the Commission Federal de Electricidad [8]
1
Project
EQ. CANAL TULE (TOMATLÁN)
Status
GV
State
JAL
Basin
TOMATLÁN
PMed MW
0
PI MW
5
GWh
23
Plant factor
0.000
2
AMPLIACIÓN OVIÁCHIC
FA
SON
YAQUI
4
6
26
0.600
3
EQ. LUIS L. LEÓN
PF
5
ALSESECA EL BAJO
EQ. CAJÓN DE PEÑA
GV
CHIH
CONCHOS
6
6
45
0.850
VER
NAUTLA
GV
JAL
TOMATLÁN
2
0
6
7
20
30
0.35
0.000
6
AMPLIACIÓN EL RETIRO
PF
CHIS
CAHUACÁN
7
7
31
0.800
7
EQ. PRESA TACOTÁN
GV
JAL
ARMERÍA
ND
7
24
ND
8
ALSESECA EL ALTO
AMPLIACIÓN MOCUZARI
GV
VER
NAUTLA
FA
SON
MAYO
2
5
7
7
23
42
0.35
0.699
XOCHICUAUTLA
EQ.TROJES (AHUIJULLO)
GV
VER
TECOLUTLA
FA
JAL
COAHUAYANA
3
5
8
8
24
41
0.35
0.590
VER
NAUTLA
13
CHICONTA
EQ. LA ANGOSTURA
GV
PF
SON
YAQUI
3
0
8
9
27
42
0.35
0.000
14
EUSEBA
ID
CHIS
USUMACINTA
5
10
42
0.500
15
PALENQUE
ID
CHIS
USUMACINTA
5
10
42
0.500
4
9
10
11
12
16 LUCINO
ID
VER
TONALÁ
6
10
51
0.500
FA – Feasibility Study, GV - Long term Potential, PF - Pre feasibility, ID - Identification, FP-Feasibility Completed
Most of the permits that have been granted to generate energy were for small hydroelectric
plants between 1MW and 30MW, primarily for the private sector and from 2000 onwards. It is
also estimated that there are a number of important facilities and infrastructure that has not been
maintained or have outdated equipment, and could be refurbished. On the other hand, there
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are potential sites that need further investigation to determine their feasibility, and additional
funding provided by the Clean Development Mechanism could make their investment profitable.
A study in 1995 for the state of Veracruz, found more than 62 viable sites to install power of 250
MW. This was followed by a more detailed study in 2003, which concluded that sites with a total
of 320MW were economically feasible, including rehabilitation projects (9 plants with 26 MW),
new projects (6 plants and a total capacity of 36 MW), and 3 for refurbishing existing plants (8MW)
[9].
Despite the potential presented by Mexico, there are significant challenges to the introduction of
small hydro systems, mainly related to access to the grid and the approval and simplification of
permits and licenses that provide certainty for investment.
References
[1] CONAPO, 2011.
[2] World Bank Country Data. Available online: data.worldbank.org/topic/urban-development.
Last visited: November 20, 2011.
[3] CIA, 2011. The World Fact Book. Available online: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/
[4] Renewable Energy and Energy Transition Financing Law, Chamber of Deputies of Congress,
2011.
[5] Secretaría de Energía (SENER), 2009. Programa Especial para el Aprovechamiento de Energías
Renovables. Available online:
http://www.sener.gob.mx/res/0/ER_para_Desarrollo_Sustentable_Mx_2009.pdf Last accessed:
November 8, 2011.
[6] Secretaría de Energía. Available online:
www.renovables.gob.mx/portal/Default.aspx?id=1650&lang=1 Last accessed: November 8, 2011.
[7] Comisión Reguladora de Energía (CRE), 2009. Permisos de generación e importación de energía
eléctrica. Available online: www.cre.gob.mx/articulo.aspx?id=171
[8] Coordinación de Proyectos Hidroeléctricos. Gerencia Técnica de Proyectos Hidroeléctricos.
Subgerencia de Anteproyectos. CFE.
[9] Valdez, H., 2006. USAID Mexico RE Activities Review Meeting. Available online:
www.onudi.org.uy Last accessed: November 6, 2011.
© International Centre on Small Hydropower, 2012.
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