(natia) ZIMBARDO
Transcripción
(natia) ZIMBARDO
hipnozi sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayoflobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/ validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca, hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT (relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis cvlilebebiT. hipnoturi stimulacia da hipnobiluroba hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic induction) iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo- cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas. Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba, rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi (Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi, monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT _ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968). mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998). zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomareobisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia. arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, placebo reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowonebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vinaidan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba, naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis zogierT efeqts. 209 Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi 210 lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulisxmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias. ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosamzadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976). hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnotiziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis unari Tu „niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemdebaros. hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri, STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur STagonebadobamde. suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xarisxis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am skalaze „maRali~ an „Zalian maRali~ maCvenebeli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias, romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda. rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs ar SeeZloT „ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva, Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „dabali~ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs. hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi standartul hipnotur STagonebas. suraTi 6.5 pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pirvelad moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobiluroba stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-debulebian skalaze gaizoma. hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasiaTebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros (Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis testirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipnoturi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozardobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al., 1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979; Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis unikalur kognitur unars. hipnozis efeqtebi hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb- saidan viciT hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad, maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimentatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom marTlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romelSic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143). isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgomareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris intensivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT. savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigonoT. Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad individis moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simulianti monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli individebi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren: isini TavianT realur gamocdilebasTan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian, vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996). am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi. hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria (hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tkivilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STagonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gakeTebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancalkevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `damaxinjeba~. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan (Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miRweva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviThipnozi (autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba. erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi (Spiegel et al., 1989). mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils. Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu- cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen) da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca, rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs, romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da simuliantebs. 211 rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993). saidan viciT Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi hipnozi amcirebs tkivils 212 moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis autaneli tkivili. individebis mier tkivilis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT, rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da (2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda, romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilurobis skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawilesTan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis molodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve, yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca, Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al., 1978). dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan; es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas; faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas. es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZleblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba. meditacia aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradiciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri, aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben mentalur da spiritualur „me~-ze Sinagani fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowodebulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas pozebi), minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia, axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generirebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari azrisagan. garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis forma, romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix. Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al., 1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991) gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva, ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi, rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval gzaze dagvayenebs. halucinaciebi halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. suraTi 6.6 es iluziaa da ara halucinacia! miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs, adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli procesebisgan. cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgomareobasa da meditaciis konkretul procedurebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell, 1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al., 1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba, gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT, rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/ obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri konstruqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis perceptuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6. masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs, Tumca, is „realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am 213 Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi 214 faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac, rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis Sedegad „Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT, rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxvavebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdilebaa, romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halucinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapirispirebiT, halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis~ daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992). halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba. isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo, iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis, magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilobis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos. xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi (aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben, DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoqmedeba uwyobs xels. zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs. amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze, ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze. religiuri eqstazi meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZlierebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas, romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komunikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mravali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawils. TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba. maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuTrebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal, yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur trialsa da cekvebSi: enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir- gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi monawileoba „maTTvis personaluri jildos tolfasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983). cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebi adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi, rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meqsikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen „Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu meskalis5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva, romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel halucinaciebs iwvevs. dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTobasTan, dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen, gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon 5 erTgvari narkotiki. Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavavlebT paralels normaluri cnobierebis funqcionirebasTan~ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cnobierebis Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cnobierebis TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgomareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda. cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT 25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi: 16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mozardebis 19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7% gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva. damokidebuleba da miCveva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia, romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze~ metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT, TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa magaliTebi mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55) 215 Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi 216 qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blokirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZvlianad cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas, zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, gunebaganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTierebebis gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). tolerantobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba, procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze, nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arsebobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi. tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali, oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis ararsebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba. Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyenebas imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs, rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da qcevaze. tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba. fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) - procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze. miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas. fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence) - narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an survili. mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, narkotikis miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis SesanarCuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze momakvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxmareblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba `gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT. mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daRwevisa da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasamklaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian. saidan viciT nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegebi mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo. gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavrebeli klasis 1634 moswavle los anjelesidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb & Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991): narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da socialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTierTobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials, zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrovnebas. fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT, romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul da socialur Sedegebs. cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halucinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da `ara me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini (miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri, iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs. halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neirotransmiterze _ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek, 1993). kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea. misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sasiamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi. Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli. mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri, romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcvlel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis moxmarebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi. opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini, Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizianeblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intravenuri miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamovnebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeulebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils eiforiis grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxardaWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas. nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesatyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTierTobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis kombinacia iZleoda. moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan, romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda momatebuli socialuri integracia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen. 217 cxrili 6.1 fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da damokidebuleba samedicino gamoyeneba opiatebi (narkotikebi) morfini fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri tkivilgamayuCebeli 3-6 maRali maRali kvlevis procesSi 3-6 maRali maRali kodeini tkivilgamayuCebeli, xvelis aRmkveTi 3-6 zomieri zomieri ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili maRali PCP (penciklidini) veterinaruli anesTetiki varirebs meskalini (peioti) ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili fsilocibini ara 4-6 ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili kanafi (marixuana) qimioTerapiis Tanmxlebi gulisrevis aRmkveTi 2-4 msubuqad zomieri ar aris cnobili sedatiuri, Zilis wamali, anesTetiki, antikonvulsanti 1-16 zomierad maRali zomierad maRali SfoTvis Semamcirebeli, sedatiuri, Zilis wamali, antikonvulsanti 4-8 msubuqad zomieri msubuqad zomieri antiseptiki 1-5 zomieri zomieri hiperkinezia, narkolefsia, wonis kontroli 2-4 maRali maRali kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali nikotini nikotinis saReWi rezini mowevisTvis Tavis dasanebeblad varirebs msubuqad maRali zomierad maRali wonis kontroli, stimulanti mwvave respiratoruli sirTuleebisas, analgetiki 4-5 ar aris cnobili zomieri depresantebi barbituratebi (magaliTad, seqonali) benzodiazepini (magaliTad, valiumi) alkoholi Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi damokidebuleba heroini haluciogeni LSD 218 efeqtis xangrZlivoba (saaTebSi) stimulatorebi amfetamini kofeini xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad, opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna) imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs, rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs, romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli nivTierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebiT, tvini kargavs faqiz balanss. depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da, gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotrasmiteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999). alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba. mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996). mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaqciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca, organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan, romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcvelobaa, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli 2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs, adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze, rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva. alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikvdilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze, auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas. aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alkoholizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, tolerantoba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aReniSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5 da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi (SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%). stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini, serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula- 219 Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi 220 torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqmedebas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin, 1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba, moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba. intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben. am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben. kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxmareblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i, gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki, romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis; crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs. ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamocdilebidan vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze, sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas. TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncentraciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens, romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZnobinebs, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni, romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod, nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs, romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa, roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris. nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaTvliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000 sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995). yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995). es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa, rac adamianad gvaqcevs. aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobierebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval- ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT, sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis ganusazRvrelobas varCevT. Sejameba nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hipnozis zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam- dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosagebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis farul, aracnobier aRqmas. meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvlilebebisa da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, romelic ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili. cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis, rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis, gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT, daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben. sakvanZo sakiTxebi cnobiereba gonebis Sinaarsebis gacnobierebas, maT Sesaxeb codnas warmoadgens; arsebobs cnobierebis sami done: (1) samyaros bazisuri cnobiereba, (2) gaazreba imisa, Tu ras vacnobierebT da (3) TviTcnobiereba; RviZili periodis cnobierebis Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba aracnobieri procesebisgan, winarecnobieri mexsierebisgan, yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciisgan, aracnobierisgan da cnobieri aRqmisgan; sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi da eqsperimentis SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. cnobierebis funqciebi cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi da gvaZlevs realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli konstruqtebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas; mkvlevrebi swavloben cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris arsebul urTierTmimarTebas. Zili da sizmari cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas; Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi. REM Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT da Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmrebis periods. mTliani Zilis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM Zilia 4-5 calkeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi; sakvanZo sakiTxebi cnobierebis Sinaarsi 221 221 Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi 222 222 Zilis raodenoba da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakTan erTad icvleba; REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva funqciebs emsaxureba, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis CaTvliT; Zilis darRvevebi, rogoricaa insomnia, narkolefsia da Zilis apnoe uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dRis manZilze adamianis funqcionirebis unarze. dRis Zilianoba, aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli seriozuli problemaa; froidi Tvlida, rom sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri masalaa, romelmac gaiara sizmris cenzura; sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis interpretacia regularulad xdeba da amas gansakuTrebuli kulturuli rolis mqone adamianebi axorcieleben. interpretacia momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcias emsaxureba. sizmris zogierTi Teoria maTi wyaroebis biologiur warmomavlobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad ar Tanxvdeba sizmris Sinaarsebs. cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebi aris gacnobiereba imisa, rom sizmars vxedavT da mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze. hipnozi cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobaa, romelic xasiaTdeba STagonebaze reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli adamianebis aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis SecvliT. meditacia cvlis cnobier funqcionirebas ritualuri praqtikis saSualebiT, romelic garegani sazrunavebidan Sinagan gamocdilebaze gadaanacvlebs yuradRebas. halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa, romelic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblebis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierT kulturul jgufSi adamianebi intensiur religiur gamocdilebas ganicdian. fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, cvlian ra nervuli sistemis aqtivobas, zemoqmedeben mentalur procesebze cnobierebis droebiTi SecvliT. cnobierebis cvlilebebis gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv- TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis: halucinogenebi, opiatebi, depresantebi da stimulatorebi. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi aracnobieri gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodi dakvirvebadi sizmrebi dRis Zilianoba Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT Zili (REM) Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe Zili (NREM) TviTcnobiereba insomnia meditacia midrekileba narkolefsia sizmris muSaoba tolerantoba faruli Sinaarsi fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba SeTanxmebuli validizacia cirkaduli ritmi cnobiereba winarecnobieri mexsiereba Zili apnoe xiluli Sinaarsi xmamaRla fiqris oqmi halucinaciebi hipnobiluroba hipnozi daswavla da qceviTi analizi 7 daswavlis unaris kvleva • ra aris daswavla • biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba • pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi • ganpirobebulobis procesi • SeZena • klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb • efeqtis kanoni • qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi • pirobiTi ganmtkiceba • ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi • ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi • qcevis formireba (Seipingi) fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba biologia da daswavla • instinqturi swrafva • gemos aversiiT daswavla kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze • cxovelTa kognicia • dakvirvebiT daswavla sakvanZo sakiTxebi • ZiriTadi cnebebi 223 T Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi avis wignSi _ „jadoqari lorenco~ _ mwerali robert franklin lesli daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvis, lorencos Tavgadasavals aRwers, romelic leslis ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. stumrobis epizodSi lorenco iseT rames swavlobs, rac bevri TqvenganisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi iyos: 224 rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks, romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma am dResaswauls „Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino, funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi, raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxelurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg ratom erideba lorenco Rvinos? pasuxi, romelic savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali asociacia daiswavla – leslis sityvebiT, man „praqtikuli codna SeiZina~, romelic SeiZleba kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze. dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, Tu rogor iswavla lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra meqanizmiT moxda es. rogor aiTvisa lorencom es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive war- onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac „amoiluRluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo. me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi, vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan, waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda. meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praqtikuli codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamoZaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuvlidiT nabaxusev frinvels. mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa. man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar iyo absurduli. matebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs? fsiqologebi didi xania dainteresebulebi arian ganpirobebulobiT, anu im meqanizmebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba erTmaneTTan. daswavlis unaris kvleva am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad, ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba. cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT potencialSi aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos ganxorcielebulad, rodesac Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze, magaliTad, SegiZliaT manqanis marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans, magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia. xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi, magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna, rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi cvlilebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxulobs, agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis magaliTi – sxvaoba naswavlsa da qcevaSi gamoxatuls Soris. SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba ra aris daswavla daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac viRebT SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da romelic damyarebulia gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaSi gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili. imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli, daswavlili qceva an qceviTi potenciali unda iyos stabiluri da mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva, yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis gamoyenebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsa- daswavlis unaris kvleva ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi tipi: klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli maTgani organizmis gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis gadamuSavebis formas warmoadgens. ganpirobebulobis TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebsac. sanam ganpirobebulobis am formebs ganvixilavT, daswavlis fenomens evoluciuri poziciidan unda SevxedoT. daswavla, umetesad, genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravali aspeqti. adamianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvidreobiT iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT. iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da amfibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTierTobiT umtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas. maTi gadarCena damokidebulia iseT garemoSi cxovrebaze, sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT, upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini an iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT, an ganeridebian arasasurvels.. sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT, genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemoqcevis urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gacilebiT elastiuri da variabiluria daswavlasTan mimarTebaSi. cxovelebs SeswevT unari, daiswavlon imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris realizacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli. 225 niSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovelTvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba gavxdeT badros sakmaod kargi mtyorcneli mocemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT, rom ise kargad veRar vflobT mas, Tumca, xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile, romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis Sedegad. am konteqstSi cvlileba SeiZleba mudmivi iyos. Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi 226 daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba. gamocdileba gulisxmobs informaciis miRebas (Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas, rac gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulisxmobs cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis an tvinis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis matebasTan erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis, mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra asakSi iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas. yovelgvari cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris SemuSaveba, anu sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganviTardeba, amao iqneba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi. biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis didi nawili saTaves jon uotsonis (John Watson, 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma daaarsa fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cnodaswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali. daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi. bilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50 wlis manZilze amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda bihevioristuli tradiciebi, romlebic gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis mier 1919 wels gamosul wignSi _ „fsiqologia bihevioristis gadmosaxedidan~. igi amtkicebda, rom introspeqcia – adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi gancdebis, xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad, rogorc zedmetad subieqturi meTodi. rogor unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdakvirvebebis sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia uaryofilia, raRa iqneboda fsiqologiis sagani? uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi qceva. misi sityvebiT: „cnobierebis mdgomareobebi, egreT wodebuli spiritualizmis fenomeni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis~ (Watson, 1919, gv. 1). uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis kontroli da prognozi~ (Watson, 1913, gv. 158). skinerma (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia cnobilia, rogorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. man aRiara, rom evoluciis Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis yvelaze popularul wignSi _ „Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis miRma~ (1972) _ igi amtkicebs, rom am paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc daswavlis martivi formebi. bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsiqologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs. meTodebisa da sferos gafarToebiT SeviswavloT. amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT. mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT. amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis kompleqsuri formebi martivi procesebis kombinacias warmoadgenen. bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi aqcenti ki qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris kavSirze keTdeba da ara _ qcevasa da fsiqikur movlenebs Soris kavSirze. Sejameba daswavla aris procesi, romelic SedarebiT mdgradi qcevis an qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan momdinareobs da gamocdilebas emyareba. qceviTi analizi amodis uotsonisa da skineris Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba warmoidgineT, rom kinoSi xarT da saSinelebaTa films uyurebT. filmis gmiri daxurul kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT survili, iyviroT „ar Sexvide!~ amasobaSi aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZleba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (daZabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma, romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs, winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias or stimuls Soris – pirvelsa, romelic adre ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac klasikuri ganpirobebuloba skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda mas am poziciis formulirebamde. 1924 wels gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ „biheviorizmis~ _ wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs harvardSi. igi eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi, Tumca, aqcents ufro metad akeTebs ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis SeuZleblobaze, aramed maT, rogorc qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990). sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva, ar iwveven qcevas, metic, isini, Tavis mxriv, ganixilebian, rogorc qcevis formebi, romlebic garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi; movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia, niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT moipovos sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom is swored ase akeTebs. skineri am SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtredis qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT – SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis, gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda, romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mtredma SimSilis an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi mtredi, ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva. saWiroa, ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs mtreds, asociacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris. esaa skineris biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili (Delprato & Midgley, 1992). swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos, romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, 1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis 227 gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki qceviTi midrekilebaa. Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi 228 klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqologiis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fiziologuri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels nobelis premia miiRo. pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gadamuSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT (ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZlebda. sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs udebda. es procedura meordeboda gansazRruli raodenobiT, ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manam, sanam mis pirSi xorci moxvdeboda, ubralod saWmlis danaxvaze da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli, romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori stimulisa. pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis, ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla- suraTi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning) - daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli). 7.1 pavlovis eqsperimenti Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi. eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis saSualebiT. damokidebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). Zalian xSirad, ganpirobebuli reaqcia hgavs ganupirobebel reaqcias. magaliTad, pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan: ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, daswavlis Sedegia. amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli stimuli-reaqciiT, magram daswavla klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT ganpirobebuli stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs qmnis. ganpirobebulobis procesi rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis damTxveviT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea daswavla? ramdenad myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba cxovelTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegad. refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis. ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs. ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe. ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze. es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan. SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamowveuli ganpirobebuli stimuliT. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, agreTve, pavloviseul ganpirobebulobad iwodeba, radgan ganpirobebulobis fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba. pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam mas saSualeba misca, martivi strategiuli gegma aerCia, raTa ZaRlebSi nerwyvis gamoyofa ganepirobebina. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli sagangebo mowyobilobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, sadac regularuli intervalebiT iRebda stimuls zaris saxiT, ris Semdegac mas garkveuli raodenobis sakvebi eZleoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa da sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo – ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis gamoyofa. fenomeni, rasac pavlovi Tavis adrindel kvlevebSi akvirdeboda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. is SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena mravalnairi stimuli, rogoricaa: naTura, eJvani, metronomi. klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi aris dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia, magaliTad, nerwyvis gamoyofa, Tvalebis xamxami da misTanani. yvela refleqsi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli specifikuri stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria organizmisaTvis. nebismier stimuls, romelic bunebrivad iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, ganupirobebeli stimuli ewodeba, radgan swavla araa stimulis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli piroba. qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli stimuliT, ganupirobebeli qcevaa. tipuri, klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi (sur. 7.2) neitraluri stimuli, magaliTad, sinaTle, zari da a.S., romelsac, Cveulebriv, aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel stimulTan ise, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur stimuls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganupirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS), radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva, 229 suraTi 7.2 klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli reaqciis msgavsia. 230 SeZena da Caqroba ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi, saerTod, ramdenjermeE unda dawyvildes, vidre ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebul reaqcias ar gamoiwvevs (sur. 7.3, nawili 1). ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli reaqcia. klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogorc kargi anekdotis moyolis dros, dro Zalian mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom organizmma isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas (am wesis gamonakliss mogvianebiT aRvwerT sxva TavSi gemos aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT). mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or stimuls Soris, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze 7.4 (Hearst, 1988). yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic ganpirobebuli stimuli Cndeba da narCundeba manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba is gavlena Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tan- suraTi 7.3 SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri aRdgena klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli gamovlenilia erTdroulad, xolo, droSi gadaweul ganpirobebulobaSi, ganpirobebuli stimuli gamovlenilia ganupirobeblis Semdeg. ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia Seferxebuli ganpirobebulobis para- suraTi 7.4 ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris mcire intervaliT. digmaSi, anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls Soris. Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis, damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze, magaliTad, ganpirobebuli stimulis intensivobasa da ganpirobebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul reaqciaze. magaliTad, iseTi kunTuri reaqciisaTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami, erTwamiani an naklebi intervalia saukeTeso; visceraluri reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali SeiZleba 10-15 wamamde gaizardos. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmocenebisaTvis ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi intervali, wamebi da, zogjer, wuTebic ki. ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli procesebis dros. droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba SeiZleba ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis Semdeg SevityoT, magram igi maleve qreba, radgan cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis aRmocenebas (winaswarmetyvelebisa da SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi davubrundebiT). magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls (magaliTad, xmas), romelic aRar winaswarmetyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis fxvnils). aseT garemoebaSi ganpirobebuli reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba. rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar klasikuri ganpirobebuloba SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs. Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZliere nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ganupirobebeli stimuli ar arsebobs. ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamoCenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba. 231 suraTi 7.5 stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram, rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan. 232 vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupirobebeli stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis process (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 2). ganpirobebuli reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti; Tumca, ganpirobebulma reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT Segvaxsenos Tavi, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli marto aRmocendeba (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 3). pavlovi am movlenas gansazRvruli drois Semdeg, ganupirobebeli stimulis eqspoziciis gareSe swavlobda da mas spontanuri droebiTi aRmoceneba uwoda. Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ararsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis Sesusteba. spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqrali ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena garkveuli periodis Semdeg. stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan. rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia, Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla dakavSirebulia im maragTan, romelic pirvelad daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad. ase rom, zogierTma eqsperimentulma asociaciam stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia) davuSvaT, ZaRlma iswavla, rom garkveuli sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs sakvebis miRebas. specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod am stimulis mimarT? araa gasakviri, magram am kiTxvis pasuxia „ara~. zogadad, radgan erTxel gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia, msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamoiwvevda ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTxvevis Semdeg patara ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila dakavSirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, stimulis ganzogadeba ewodeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia mocemuli stimuli sawyis ganpirobebul stimulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac reaqciis siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba generalizaciis gradienti (ix. sur. 7.5). generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, stimulis ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis speqtrs sawyisi gamocdilebis miRmac. amgvarad, axali movlena SieZleba aRqmul iqnes, rogorc imave Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa. stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis gansxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba wyalsa da zeTs Soris). organizmis mier stimulis diskriminaciis daswavla SeiZleba eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi mxolod, magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi mis gareSe meordebian. ganpirobebulobis pirvel etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi stimuli msgavs reaqcias, Tumca arc ise Zliers, warmoSobs. diskriminaciis treningis gagrZelebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs stimulebze iklebs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli stimuli moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls da romeli _ ara. organizmma rom qceva optimalurad, saWiro drosa da adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da ganzogadebas Soris. ar aris saWiro, bevri dro daeTmos stimulis diskriminacias; amasobaSi, SesaZloa mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gvaSinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs am ukanasknels, Sesabamisad reagirebdes garemos struqturebze (Garcia, 1990). SeZena stimulis diskriminacia am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis. aqamde Cven klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena aRvwereT, Tumca ar agvixsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi Tvlida, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebis Sedegia. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda gamovlindnen, anu adgili hqondes droSi zogierT garemoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire raodenobaze aRmocendes. organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisgan garbodes, romelic namdvil mtacebels waagavs. stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _ ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta daswavlili asociaciis gamovlena da ara saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi. 233 Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba. pirobiTi ganmtkiceba klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960 wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli) emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac, Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis. suraTi 7.6 saidan viciT Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mniSvneloba 234 eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen barierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks; Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis gasazomad. rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT SerCevas ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) spontanurad da ganpirobebuli stimulisagan (zarisgan) (sur. 7.7) damoukideblad eZleoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen droSi erTmaneTTan axlos an erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen Tanxvedrilni _ ganupirobebeli stimuli SeiZleba imave warmatebiT ganpirobebuli stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo, xolo sakontrolo jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis zari sando momaswavebeli iyo eleqtroSokisa. wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda. ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore SerCevidan (sur. 7.8). amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganupirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes ganupirobebel stimuls – es ori piroba aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescorla, 1988). es aRmoCena sakmaod mniSvnelovania. cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria, vidre laboratoriaSi. informatiuloba reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin, 1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS) SeiZleba informatiuli iyos (ix. sur. 7.9). suraTi 7.7 reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris. saidan viciT kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis 2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi pirvelad iwvrTneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebuli stimuli moaswavebda – zari da sinaTle. sakontrolo jgufSi vlindeboda mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra, anu am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod zarze. Tu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad, maSin virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad unda epasuxa zarsa da Suqze, magram eqsperimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod zarze da ara _ sinaTleze, roca sakontrolo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia hqondaT sinaTlesa da zarze (Kamin, 1969). suraTi 7.8 pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkicebelis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen (SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba 235 suraTi 7.9 kaminis procedura dablokvis efeqtisaTvis Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi eqsperimentuli jgufis virTxebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze (CS1) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS1) da sinaTleze (CS2), virTxebs sakontrolo jgufSi unda epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpirobebuloba mxolod zarze da mxolod sinaTleze, marto sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze. kaminis mixedviT, eqsperimentulma virTxebma imitom ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is aranair axal informacias ar Seicavda ganupirobebeli stimulis gamovlenis Sesaxeb; zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis efeqti. 236 kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair damatebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli stimulis unars, Seamciros meores informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirispirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls. rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli, blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul efeqtur signalTan erTad. miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT, unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976). cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da, amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols asrulebs. klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad, ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokidebulebaSi; dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis umetesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti patara albertze. saidan viciT emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswavleT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli – movlenebi, romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos? ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin at all 1986): SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma aqvs? dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars, Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT ewera „Sxami~? dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic sterilizebuli tarakani tivtivebs? Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar SemTxvevaSi~, es imas niSnavs, rom klasikurma ganpirobebulobam Tavisi roli iTamaSa. klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia: _ „es sazizRrobaa~ an „saxifaToa~, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. vinaidan klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia is cnobieri mizezSedegobriobiT CavaqroT. patara albertis SeZenili SiSi uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri virTxis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT. SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswavlisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda saerTod bewvian sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda, manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi ewia mas (Harris, 1979). axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan erTad adamians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba reaqcia. ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15 wlis gasvlis Semdeg, veteran mezRvaurebs jer klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri funqciis gasamdidreblad. 237 Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi kidev hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis niSanze~ – omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad gongi uxmobda – wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac 238 agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas veteranebSi (Edwards & Acker, 1962). sainteresoa, rom, Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli, ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis mxolod erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba gagrZeldes. magaliTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, ewyeba panikuri SiSi im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi manqanis ukana nawilSi gadacocda da pirisaxiT qveviT daemxo wvimis Sewyvetamde. me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis gzebi iseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqturobas. yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom mxolod uaryofiTi reaqciebia klasikurad ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris (jinsebi, sunamoebi da a.S.); isini imedovneben, rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi, magaliTad, „seqsualuri~, adamianebisa Tu situaciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben ganupirobebli stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad iqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis procesi – ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis, rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis meti magaliTebi, sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze, rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi gancdebisa da emociebis mozRvaveba, magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT. nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves kacis cxedari, romelsac mklavSi CarCenili hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis zedmeti doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom saidan viciT narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis aspeqtebi erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi heroinis ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) da deqstrozis (tkbili Saqari) – meoreSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). wvrTnis pirvel fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimRebloba heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis Cveulebrivze didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda, xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa, vidre pirvelidan (32). savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen heroins, ufro momzadebulebi iyvnen am potenciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan konteqstma (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) gamoiwvia iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia (ganpirobebuli reaqcia 1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis tipur efeqts (Poulos & Cappell, 1991). imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba Tu ara adgili hqondes adamianebSi, sigelma da misma kolegebma gamokiTxes heroinze damokidebulni, romlebic araerTxel sikvdilis piras iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo. aTidan Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal da ucxo garemoSi (Siegel, 1984). miuxedavad imisa, rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac individs SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet, momakvdinebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es analizi gveubneba, rom manhetenze napovn kacs arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas, sadac igi ipoves. miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva exeboda heroins, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis mimarT mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel, 1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive sawyisebi, romlebsac pavlovi swavlobda ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba, avxsnaT zogierTi meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebisa. klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba adreul, 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes aRmoCena, rom daswavlis procesebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonion organizmis imunur sistemaze. istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom imunologiuri reaqciebi _ antisxeulebis swrafi gamo- klasikuri ganpirobebuloba es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT ufro did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevrebi – rogor SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi, romelsac am nivTierebis sakmaod didi mimRebloba hqonda? pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom mimRebloba narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes, rodesac adamiani elodeba wamlis farmakologiur moqmedebas. Tanamedrove mkvlevarma Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi. igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoiyeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis miRebisas wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli) iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs, razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod homeostazis damyarebis mizniT (ix. Tavi 3). swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli reaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli reaqciac ganpirobebuli reaqcia xdeba. es niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic, Cveulebriv, asocirebulia wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad amzadebs Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba Cndeba imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba raime saxis „dadebiTi~ efeqti. mzardi doza niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac. sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi, gamoumuSava ra virTxebs mimRebloba heroinis mimarT. 239 muSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs, romlebic organizms vneben _ arsebobda. eqsperimentebma ganpirobebulobaze daadastures am daskvnebis mcdaroba. saidan viciT klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da imunologiuri funqcia Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) virTxebs aswavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli) asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli stimuli), wamalTan, romelic asustebs imunur sistemas. sakontrolo jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvianebiT, roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxarini ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda, warmoiSva metad naklebi antisxeulebi ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi ufro mowyvladi gaexada sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT. daswavlis efeqti imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis Semdeg. 240 aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar- Cuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunologiam Seiswavla aseTi tipis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri nervuli sistema da imunuri sistema (Ader & Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999). am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali teqnika, romelic saSualebas miscems ganpirobebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi, romlebsac xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni suxmanma, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT, romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman & Ader, 1989). rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs moexsna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narkotikuli nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpirobebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls – wamlis miRebas. mxolod Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod qmnis rituals, iwvevs sasargeblo organul reaqcias. imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo meTodad iqces, mkvlevrebi unda darwmundnen, fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology) – kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogorebicaa reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcionireba. saidan viciT imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli gaumjobeseba mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan, romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda ganpirobebuli stimulis rols, xolo lisozimi – ganupirobebeli stimulisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali misces, magram lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda et al., 1995). es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac ganpirobebuli stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel stimulTan, sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia imunuri sistemis gasaZliereblad. vidre „fsiqologia da cxovrebas~ waikiTxavdiT, albaT Zalian cota ram icodiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT bundovan warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze. vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad gaecaniT daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod, meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Seswavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu odesme mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi. Sejameba mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi principebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobebeli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned response). manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvilebis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZenisaTvis. stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise, rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris kontingentursa da informatiul damokidebulebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri ganpirobebulobisa gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi. operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi damTavrda da Tqven gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni adgilidan. megobari, visTan erTadac uyureT films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven pasuxobT: „me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze aRar unda wamovide~. albaT, marTali xarT, magram ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi. operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba ganpirobebulobis Sedegad. mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT. 241 suraTi 7.10 kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimulis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswavla TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi, romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda, isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad, rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi. Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel Sedegs iwvevs. qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi efeqtis kanoni 242 daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi muSaobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze, eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898) akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10). Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, magram, radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac impulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba, „yvela warumatebeli da gamousadegari impulsebi CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde~ (Thorndike, 1898, gv. 13). ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis analizis mixedviT, daswavla iyo asociacia situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic iswavla cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis ZiriTadi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas ar mohyveba jildo. skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa, romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebulobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqanizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi. bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimentuli analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yvela is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214). skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo, vidre Teoriuli: Teoretikosebi xelmZRvaneloben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi, rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian mxolod realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben eqperimentis konteqstSi monacemebis SegrovebiT da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias. imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina, skinerma ganaviTara operantuli ganpirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda organizmis Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom miRebuli efeqti daenaxa. operantulia nebismieri 7.11 operantuli kabina sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis mowodebas virTxisTvis. qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier da SeiZleba daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi, konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze. sityvasityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze gavlenas, misiT operirebas (Skinner, 1938). operantuli qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli stimuliT, rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia. mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs, bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samooperantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning) _ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT. operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros. pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) _ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs. pirobiTi ganmtkiceba pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris, romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs. magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti, romelSic mtredis mier firfitis kenkvas (reaqcia) mohyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi cvlileba garemoSi). es myari kavSiri anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs kenkvis intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis sixSire, marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis Semdeg. miwodeba unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg. skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb suraTi mavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva operantuli qcevis albaTobas imdenad, ramdenadac isini, faqtobrivad, garemo Sedegebis funqciebad gvevlinebian. Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna aparati, romlis meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs. mis mier Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve, rogor funqcionirebs is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators aqvs gansazRvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvladebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs sakvebs, roca kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), is swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas unda Semouaros. operantul eqsperimentebSi did interess iwvevs is periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic cxovels SeiZleba gansazRvruli qcevis paterni axsovdes. mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis ganmavlobaSi. es meTodologia saSualebas miscemda skiners, gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis qcevaze. 243 pirobiTi ganmtkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna aRmoCenili am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT. Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba 244 davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa galiaSi wreze arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad saWiroa ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli, romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba garkveul reaqciaze. ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa gansazRvruli im efeqtis mixedviT, romelsac is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu Tqven irgvliv samyaros gadaxedavT, aRmoaCenT stimulTa sam klass: (1) stimuli, romlis mimarTac neitralurad xarT ganwyobili; (2) stimuli, romelic gizidavT da (3) stimuli, romelic aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT. cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis. is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli, individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs, vidre maSin, marwyvi moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT. movlenas, rodesac qcevas sasargeblo stimulis miwodeba mohyveba, dadebiTi ganmtkiceba ewodeba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _ dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _ uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _ iwvevs. operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction Sedegi iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi kvlavac mohyvebian anekdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. movlenas, rodesac qcevas aversiuli stimulis CamoSoreba mohyveba, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba ewodeba. magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba wvimis dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri magaliTia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa. am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba. qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT mas. manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, erTgvarad, uaryofiTi ganmamtkiceblis funqcias asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds gadaiWers. imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmaneTisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba, davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive – dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis miwodebiT, xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves, oRond sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT. gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mogvewodeba, ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili aqvs operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebisas araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic garkveuli periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila, ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT avtomatisTvis? Tuki am dros fuli Cavardeba avtomatSi, Tqven sxva drosac gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man erTxel ukve moitana Sedegi. magram momavalSi, Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, es qcevac Caqreba. albaT icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac – dasjas. damsjelia nebismieri stimuli, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu im reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba, rasac mohyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi SegiZlia daimaxsovroT, rogorc raRac, rac situacias emateba). magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs tkivils, rac „sjis~ masze adre aRmocenebul qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa, rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. movlenas, rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, uaryofiT dasjas vuwodebT (uaryofiTi SegiZliaT daimaxsovroT, rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad, rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom meored Zmas aRar unda daartyas. romeli dasja xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva? miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia, isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze, pirvel rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis mixedviT, dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba ki yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad. wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryofiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas (sur. 7.12). diskriminaciuli stimuli da ganzogadeba nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla yovelTvis gvindodes an gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda gavzardoT imis albaToba, rom bavSvi wynarad ijdeba saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. konkretuli asociaciebiT, dasjis an ganmtki- cebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli, romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul stimuls – qmnis am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT mis qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze. magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos – amas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves jarima an ubeduri SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuliqceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc sampirobiani albaToba (contigency, ix. cxrili 7.1) da Tvlida, rom swored es formula xsnida adamianis qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrilSi 7.1 aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba sampirobianma albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis qceva. laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli stimulis miwodebiT SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva. magaliTad, mtreds SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli stimulia, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos. organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas, reagirebs regularulad mxolod erT stimulze da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT. damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, romelic amcirebs reaqciis sixSires. dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) – qcevas mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs qcevis albaTobas. uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba. diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimulus) – stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas, radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtkicebuli. sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) – meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva gavlenas moaxdens garemoze. operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja 245 suraTi 7.12 Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi operantuli ganpirobebuloba Tqvens cxovrebaSi 246 organizmi, agreTve, ganazogadebs reaqcias sxva stimulzec, romelic diskriminaciuli stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia ganmtkicda diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskriminaciul stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. magaliTad, mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT, mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze. ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi: rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT? amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT. rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar arian pirobiTi, maSin maT naklebi efeqti aqvT qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos es?). rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti, romelSic qceva adekvaturi an araadekvaturia? gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamovlenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic mSobels undoda bavSvis sasurveli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iqneba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma cxrili 7.1 sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da Sedegs Soris reaqcia Sedegi iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogaddeba Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul situaciebSic? gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva SemTxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT romelime qcevis Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms, rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas (ufro dawvrilebiT seqciaSi „fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi am qcevisTvis. Tu SeZlebT, moaxerxebT, rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT mocemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili avlens didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiTxeT sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice es tantrumebi, rodesac zedmet yuradRebas vaqcevdi mis kivils?~ Tu asea, tantrumis Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZ- operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb diskriminaciuli stimuli 247 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba? Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauwkeplaoba bavSvs afuWebs~, anu bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabolood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSoblidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa, Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2 wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94% iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis 3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Straus & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva, 449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis 93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvobaSi fizikurad da 87% eTanxmeboda dasjis am formas (Buntain-Ricklefs et al;1994). Tqven xedavT, rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad dasjis meTodia da adamianebi, ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc dasjis formas, magram ra aris dasjis am formis Sedegi? mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kavSiris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebasa da bavSvis agresiul qce- 248 vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSoblebi iyeneben fizikur agresias Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvlelad, agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac situaciurad sxva individebis qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi sakuTari mSoblebisgan swavloben fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas (Cven ufro mets vityviT modelirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT, TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT es hipoTeza? erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac indianasa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdeli monawileobda, mSoblebs sTxoves, SeevsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb, Tu fizikuri dasjis ra formebs iyenebdnen sakuTar bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis dedebze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis 6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic liaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan. qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri qceva, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas, jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an sasacilo iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT. magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi zogjer imitom narCundeba, rom adamiani iRebs yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa da meti araferi. es meoradi sargebeli ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdes- arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni 26% ki ufro intensiurad isjeboda fizikurad, dedebi maT an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an mujlugunebs wahkravdnen xolme. dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6 Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am bavSvebis urTierTobas TanatolebTan. mkvlevrebma daafiqsires bavSvebis agresia Tanatolebis mimarT. magaliTad, roca isini brazdebodnen, dascinodnen an scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bavSvi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac ufro intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen mSoblebi, miT ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi Svilebi. es monacemebi gvarwmunebs, rom bavSvebi agresiul qcevas TavianTi mSoblebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar truqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda, iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac qceva xdeba metad an naklebad albaTuri, SegiZliaT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catarebac scadoT. rekomendebulia, rom, rac SeiZleba met SemTxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad gamoviyenoT dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi, rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi. jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi, alkoholizmi, sakuTari bavSvebis mimarT fizikuri Seuracxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom „nebismieri fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvnelovan faqtorad gvevlineba bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis, depresiis, suicidis da alkoholizmis pirvelad prevenciaSi~ (gv. 558). Cven gvjera, konkretuli magaliTebiT dagarwmuneT, rom bavSvebis gatyepa ar aris Sesatyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa, arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis SemaCereblad mxolod dasja gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes garkveul pirobebs (Walters & Grusec, 1977). dasja unda iyos: • • swrafi da xanmokle; unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs adgili; • intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli; ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebulobis energiis brokerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos — isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtkiceblebs bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog SemTxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa, ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi • es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur arasasurvel qcevaze da arasodes _ p i r o v n u l maxasiaTebelze; • limitirebuli unda iyos im situaciis Sesatyvisad, sadac reaqcias aqvs adgili; • Sedgebodes dasjisagan da ara _ fizikuri tkivilisagan. ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba bavSvis arasasurveli qceva. mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad, bavSvis myiseuli reaqcia ganamtkicebs mSoblis damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant & Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli, xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSoblebma moTmineba unda gamoiCinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmokle ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari Svilebis Soreuli interesebis gamo. vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri ganmamtkiceblebi). pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi roca am qveyanas moevlineT, auracxeli pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad, wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli. droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise gvevlineba operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtobrivad, adamianis qcevis umetes wilze gavlenas xSirad operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb a r i s ( Chess & Thomas; 1984). savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali, SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom ,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~ bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000). Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja araswori strategiaa mSoblebis mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT kidev erTi kvlevis Sedegebi. analizi dafuZnebulia erT-erTi mizanmimarTuli proeqtis monacemebze, romelic ikvlevda 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi mecnierebi dainteresebulni iyvnen gardatexis asakis bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri dasjis gavleniT maT momaval cxovrebaze (Straus & Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod dramatuli gamodga. mokled rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom maT fizikurad sjidnen Tineijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _ gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mogvianebiT hqondaT problemebi. isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk 249 Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi 250 sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli axdens da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi da bevri sxva simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas gansazRvraven. faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is pirvelad stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa swavlebis dros. maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daadgines, rom pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan: (1) ramodenime pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli yovelTvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs, SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi gacema; (3) isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa. zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi an narkologiur dispanserSi, Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba. sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca es qceva gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva tipis jildoze an privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin& Pear,1999). ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis qcevis modificirebisTvis Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT; gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _ biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli _ saWmeli da wyali. pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers) – klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtkiceblad iqca. saidan viciT pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli SimpanzeebisTvis Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc ki Jetonebi gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis~ mosapoveblad. maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT Jetonebi qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937). savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac gaakeTebinoT; ar gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb, SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo~. Tqven mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi~ saidan viciT bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom iTamaSon Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi gamoyofili iyo droiTi intervalebi, roca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas mohyveboda instruqcia: „gaiqeciT da iyvireT~.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv wamoxtebodnen da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen da erTobodnen. ramdenime wuTSi Semdegi signali afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrunebuliyvnen TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali sixSiris qcevis — maTematikis mecadineobisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas aZlevda, CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT TamaSi. am tipis proceduriT kontroli SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramodenime dReSi (homme et al,1963). sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleblebis mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema da yvirili, Cavarda. axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT premakis principi dabali sixSiris qcevaSi bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri bavSvisaTvis amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganmamtkiceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria. ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom Tqvens Sinaur cxovels ganumtkicoT raime konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia Tavis laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise, rom ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi ganmamtkicebeli Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomias akeTebda da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met sakvebs veRar iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur ganmamtkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze. rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo? is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWerdnen GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT. skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda. am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam migviyvana kvlevamde ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur. 7.13). Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi, maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc proporciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma — ramdenime konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli intervalebiT — roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb mocemul situaciaSi premakis principad gvevlineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak) 1965 wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs), SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT, savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad organizmisTvis mniSvnelovani nebismieri qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. premakis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba gansakuTrebiT bavSvTa instituciebis iseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad, rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia erTi klasikuri SemTxveva. 251 intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda, rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modi vnaxoT, sxva ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevrebma ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakavSirebiT. fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis) cxrilebi fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac organizmi gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas. roca ganmtkicebas mohyveba erTi reaqcia, cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp1; es aris Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili). roca ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25. fiqsirebuli suraTi Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi ( 252 7.13 fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi verbaluri proporcia qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtkicebelTa oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli. fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas. cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc winaswar gansazRvrulia. warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi (shaiping by successive approximations) – qceviTi meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs, romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqciasTan. proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal xarisxs, radgan reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris pirdapiri korelaciaa. mtreds SeuZlia, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi miiRos, ramdenic unda, Tu sakmarisad xSirad akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT metia pauza TiToeuli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg. ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo reaqciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawvrTnili da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba, vidre jamagirs aiReben. variabiluri proporciis cxrili variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar gansazRvrulia ganmamtkicebelTa Soris reaqciaTa raodenoba. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli reaqciis Semdeg, anu fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis Semdeg. FI-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti iRebs ganmtkicebas, unda gavides 10 wami, sanam meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba _ reaqciaTa raodenobisda miuxedavad. cvalebadi intervalis cxrili cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi saSualo intervali winaswar aris gansazRvruli. magaliTad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba, saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram Zalian stabiluri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am dros etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT SemTxvevaSi mtredma 18 000-jer akenka pirveli 4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali gakveTilisaTvis? qcevis formireba (Seipingi) erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virTxebze, romlebic Rilaks aWerdnen TaTs saWmlis misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa. Tu mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT, ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs spontanurad. virTxas naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi, romlebic, savaraudod, iSviaTad vlindebian? Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1), rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT. am dros Tqven ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas, romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli saboloo mizanTan. es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis saWmliT deprivireba erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imuSaos, rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis saxelurTan. ganmamtkicebeli ki im SemTxvevaSi gaicema, Tu virTxa exeba mas, xolo saWmlis misaRebad man unda saxelurs daaWiros. am dros virTxa swavlobs, rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis. axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi gamoyenebul iqna patara autisti bavSvis cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. saidan viciT qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas hqonda normaluri socialuri da verbaluri operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba ganmamtkicebeli, magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis Semdeg. aseTi saxiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. davuSvaT, Tqven mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000 marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azartuli TamaSebic SegviZlia vp cxrilebis kontrols daqvemdebarebulad miviCnioT. am princips emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis principi _ masSi monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili gayenebT gamocanis winaSe – rodis mova jildo. Tqven gjeraT, rom is Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba da ara ufro mogvianebiT (Rachlin, 1990). 253 Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi qcevis deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel qcevebs. kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac Zlier mniSvnelovani iyo misi mxedvelobisaTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom, saWmelTan asociaciis fonze es xma pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi. Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara saTvalis CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi yovndeboda, bolos _ roca bavSvs ekeTa saTvale. nel-nela biWi jildovdebida maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos mihqonda CarCo. ramodenime kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi 12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (Wolf et al., 1964). 254 axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven mogindaT aswavloT virTxas galiaSi wreze sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am SemTxvevaSi? ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis mibrunebis qcevac ki. Semdeg Tqven virTxas saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT, Tu is mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT. ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg? daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirob- ebuloba, romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze, katebze, virTxebze da mtredebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi, mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleblobebiT. axla Cven gadavalT im procesebis Sejameba Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas. ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven. Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad iqnes ganmtkicebuli. biologia da daswavla is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia, pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma (David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom „nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104). am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzomierebebi da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993; Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze. bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adaptaciiT SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evoluciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu- leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos aversiiT swavla. instinqturi swrafva cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da teleekranze. zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, pingpongs TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis gareT. Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi cxoveli „cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad, enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan. amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT, isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT miRebuli. aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi, biologia da daswavla ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs SemosazRvraven. 255 daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, 1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela aspeqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba metnaklebad advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biologiurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas. Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi gemos aversiiT daswavla 256 am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs. daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT. instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides. gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) – daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas. davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT. rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels, Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs, maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT daswavla. am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs. gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man „simTvraleSi~ gamoscada. gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/ surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis – elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12 saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood, gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas. jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laboratoriaSi da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuliganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul saxeobebSi. saidan viciT stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokidebulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978). cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom eqperimentatorebi, romlebic ecdebian am paternebis darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven. mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis, suraTi 7.14 Tandayolili unarebi garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan. virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _ ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba mohyveboda. rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT. amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis magivrad ukan ixevdnen. gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacientebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli gulisrevis gamo. saidan viciT mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi gemos arideba 22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze biologia da daswavla garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles. meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari – xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda, xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, romelic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies, Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia) da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocirdeboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14). 257 Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels 1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian mowoneba). mkvlevrebi aversiis gamovlenas maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba 4 quliT daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis 46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire, erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi, romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi gaxda, rom, virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT, pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993). 258 imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein, 1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwodebul kanfetebs an nayins sruliad specifikuri surneli hqonda anu aversia swored am surnelis mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT, kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli. bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romelSic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul stimulad iqca (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). amgvari efeqtebis safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mkvlevrebs mkurnalobis meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs. kidev erTxel _ ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis efeqtebis safuZvlebis codna mkvlevrebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis sawinaaRmdego mkurnaloba. axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove qceviTi analitikosebi yuradRebiT reaqciis im tipebis mimarT, romlebic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis ufro Sesaferisebi arian dasaswavlad (Todd and Morris 1992). Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT potencials. Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs, romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxoven. axla swored aseTi saxis daswavlas SevexoT. Sejameba instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs, rom organizmebi limitirebulni arian im TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia imdenad Zlieria zogierT cxovelTan, rom is permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis erTjeradi SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze myof adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul gemos aversias. mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gamoigonon klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili meTodebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es aversiebi. kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arseboben Tu ara daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT? kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtivoba, romelic CarTulia codnis gadamuSavebisa da warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogorebicaa: azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT formebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv, kognituri procesebis Sedegia. suraTi am TavSi ganvixileT daswavlis wesebi virTxebis, ZaRlebis da mtredebis magaliTze. mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxeobebis unarebis ganzogadeba (Wasserman, 1993-1994). Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeWdav, tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur unarebze. kognituri rukebi edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) iyo pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri procesebis kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situaciebis gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri, erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida cxovelis qcevas. daakvirdiT 7.15 suraTs. tolmenma da misma studentebma aCvenes, rom, rodesac labirinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki, virTxebi iq adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven umokles gzas gamosvlisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman & Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise, TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi siarulis daswavlisas cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1) mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo. roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, virTxebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka gaaCndaT. kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman, 1948). tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas da, Semdeg, am daswavlili masalis warmoCenas qceviT konteqstSi. tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam gamoavlina sivrcobrivi mexsierebis gasaocari unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa da adamianebSic ki (Tolman, 1948). kogcxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, adamianamde. kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivrcis gonebrivi reprezentacia. kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze cxovelTa kognicia 7.15 259 nituri rukis gasagebad yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian: cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis amosacnobad; maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis misagnebad; garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad. Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri rukebis sxvadasxva funqcia frinvelTa sxvadasxva saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels farTo arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon saWmels saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreTdasavleT nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin, rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180). 260 Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul garemoSi, aramed, TuUgaumarTlaT, marcvlebs ki ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven maT nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg 84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze (Kamil & Balda, 1990). isini kargad agneben im adgilebsac, sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze, qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlomdgom saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxvaveba qcevis warmatebulobas Soris araa am saxeobisTvis, romelic samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi sivrcobriv eqsperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom am Citebis qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri ruka SenarCundeba. konceptualuri qceva kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs garemoSi orientaciaSi, magram sxva ra kognituri procesebi unda hqondeT cxovelebs da raSi unda iyenebdnen maT? me-11 TavSi aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad iTvleba axali cnebebisa da kategoriebis daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian erTaderTi arsebebi, romelTac am amocanis daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon konceptualuri gansxvavebebi. saidan viciT mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT iReben edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma (1992) warmoudgines mtredebs adamianebis, yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi. yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili iyo or ufro did kategoriad (sur. 7.16). magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs, Tuki niskarts daartyamda narinjisfer Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis an manqanis suraTi da uwevT, airCion mwvane, an TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi gamocdileba, Sesabamisad Cven ar SegviZlia daswavlis procesze dafuZnebuli qcevis winaswarmetyveleba. ras izamdiT Tqven, Tu msgavs situaciaSi aRmoCndebodiT? albaT, eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi Tqven daiswavlidiT, rom yvavilebi da skamebi erTad moiazreba. eqsperimentis meore fazaSi ki iswavlidiT, rom unda gamoamJRavnoT erTi an ori reaqcia yvavilis TiToeul fotoze. roca saqme skamebze midgeboda, Tqven, albaT, igive reaqcia geqnebodaT, rac yvavilze gqondaT. igives akeTeben mtredebic. testebis triadebis 60-70 procentSi maT gamoiyenes „kategorizaciis~ msgavsi informacia. dakvirvebiT daswavla imisaTvis, rom daswavlis axal formas gavecnoT, albaT, kargi iqneba SevexoT sakiTxs adamianebis da virTxebis mier axali sakvebis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT. virTxebi gacilebiT frTxilebi arian am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, vidre adamianebi, ZiriTadad im mizezis gamo, rom akliaT mniSvnelovani informacia sxva virTxebisagan. roca Cven, adamianebi, axal sakvebs vsinjavT, yovelTvis gvaqvs konteqsti. es konteqsti imas gulisxmobs, rom viciT, sxva adamianebma ukve gasinjes da moewonaT igive sakvebi. Tqveni „saWmlis Wamis qceva~ sxva adamianebis codnis paternebiTaa ganmtkicebuli. es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT daiswavlon sxvebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, risTvisac isini kognitur unarebs gamoiyeneben. Sesabamisad, Cven vcvliT sakuTar qcevas sxvebis gamocdilebis mixedviT. Zalian xSirad, socialuri daswavla im situaciebSi iCens Tavs, sadac daswavla ar aris gamowveuli tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis TeoriiT. adamianebi ubralod sxvebze dakvirvebiT swavloben, anu, Tu adamiani uyurebs, Tu rogor daisaja an waxalisda sxva raRac qcevisTvis, cdilobs igive qceva gaimeoros an Seikavos Tavi. amas dakvirvebiT daswavla hqvia. asaniSnavia, rom Cveni kognicia dakvirvebiT daswavlisas garkveul molodinebs gamoimuSavebs. roca models (adamians, romelic raRac qcevas axorcielebs) vuyurebT, Cven vfiqrobT, rom, Tu zustad imas gavimeorebT, rasac modeli akeTebs, igive jildos miviRebT an iseve davisjebiT. umcrosi Svili SesaZloa ukeT iqceodes, vidre ufrosi, radgan man ufrosis Secdomebze iswavla. daswavlis amgvari unari, razec zemoT iyo saubari, sakmaod momgebiania. aRaraa saWiro im cdisa da Secdomis meTodis mravalgzis gamoyeneba, rom raime viswavloT. sxvebis Secdomebis mixedviT SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba. dakvirvebiT daswavla suraTi (Observational lerning) – 7.16 kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis, Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kategoriaSi. meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva kombinaciisa). kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori feris Rilaks urtyamda niskarts. wvrTnis meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis TiToeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds unda daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze – skamis fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis 80%-ma Tavi gaarTva amocanas. 261 Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikur magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert banduras laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoamJRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines (Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen, roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirdebodnen. amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain- 262 teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze? kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura, 1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis mqonea, roca: adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas; modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da endobian; arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis Tvisebebs Soris; damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis; modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia – is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan; damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba. mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs; an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod sxvaTa dakvirvebiT. radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs modelisagan, advili gasagebia televiziis didi nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze: axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is, rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT – mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi da TviTmkvleloba – Sedegad ki bavSvebis da mozrdilebis qceva. xels uwyobs Tu ara Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias? fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock & Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac televizia uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mayureblis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel rigSi, Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas. es asociacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bavSvebisaTvis _ agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena Zaladobis adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba antisocialur qcevaSi gadaizardos ufro gviandel asakSi; meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur saidan viciT mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan TiToeuli Seiyvanes eqsperimentul oTaxSi, sadac unda eyurebinaT an Zaladobis scenebiani filmi „karates Svili~, an araagresiuli sportuli sanaxaoba 1984 wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasetebis yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres, rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs, rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da maxlobel oTaxSi paralelurad xdeboda. sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romelSic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba erTmaneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs instruqciaSi neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori, Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT, rasac videoze uyurebdnen. studentebma, romlebsac „karates Svili~ hqondaT nanaxi, orjer ufro metxans uyures Canawers, vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT (Molitor & Hirsch, 1994). Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli kvlevis mcire efeqti, magram warmoidgineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve, iswav- lon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki amis magaliTs televiziiT naxaven (Rosenkoetter, 1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televiziidan imas, rasac uyureben, amitom mSobeli an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis programebis SerCevaze. dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did gavlenas axdens ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul Terapiis programebs. davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis naxvas. rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni gamocdileba? Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo waxvediT, e.i. uneblie ganmtkicebas daemorCileT; Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis efeqti SeimCneva; Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia, magram, Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT, damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes mogindebaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia. mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad? Sejameba mkvlevrebma daswavlis kognituri formebi aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi cxovelebs moqmedebisa da gadarCenis saSualebas aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs SeuZliaT, daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac perceptualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damokidebuli. qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze~ dayrdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da antisocialur qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian. kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zala--dobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi; mesame, Zaladobis yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos desensitizaciamde – emociur aSlilobasa da distresamde. ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli magaliTi. 263 sakvanZo sakiTxebi daswavla daswavla iwvevs SedarebiT mudmiv cvlilebas qcvaSi an gamocdilebze damyarebul qceviT potenciaSi. bihevioristebs sjeraT, rom qcevaTa umetesoba SesaZloa axsnil iqnes daswavlis martivi procedurebiT. maT aseve sjeraT, rom nebismieri cocxali organizmisTvis daswavlis erTnairi principebia gamosadegi. Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis ganmsazRvreli niSnebi 264 264 klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi pirveli wvlili pavlovma Seitana Semdegi aRmoCeniT: ganupirobebeli stimuli ganupirobebel reaqcias iwvevs. ganupirobebel stimulTan dawyvilebuli neitraluri stimuli ganpirobebul stimulad gadaiqceva, romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. Caqrobas maSin aqvs adgili, roca ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mohyveba ganpirobebul stimuls. stimulis generalizacia movlenaa, roca ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. ganmasxvavebeli daswavla aviwroebs im ganpirobebuli stimulebis speqtrs, romlebzec reagirebs organizmi. imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes klasikur ganpirobebulobas, saWiroa ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulTa Soris uwyveti, informatiuli kavSiris arseboba. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba xsnis narkotikis mimarT tolerantulobas da mraval emociur reaqcias. igi aseve gamoyenebul iqna imunuri sistemis funqcionirebis Sesacvlelad. operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb Torndaikma aCvena, rom komfortuli, sasiamovno Sedegebis gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT gameorebis tendencia. skineris qceviT-analizuri midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtkiceblis ganpirobebulobiT manipulirebas da qcevaze am gavlenis Seswavlas. qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis Sedegad yalibdeba. da naklebad yalibdeba dadebiTi an uaryofiTi dasjis Sedegad. konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi qceva aixsneba Semdegi ganpirobebulobiT: ganmasxvavebeli stimuli – qceva _ qcevis Sedegi. pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi is stimulebia, romlebic ganmamtkiceblad gvevlinebian maSinac ki, roca organizms maTTan dakavSirebiT aranairi gamocdileba ar hqonia. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkiceblebi pirvelad ganmamtkiceblebTan asocirebiT formirdeba. sacdeli aqtivobebi ise funqcionirebs, rogorc dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD qcevaze gavlenas ganmamtkicebelTa Semdegi cxrilebi axdenen: fiqsirebuli proporciis cxrili, variabeluri proporciis cxrili, fiqsirebuli intervalis da variabeluri intervalis cxrilebi. kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa Seipingis Sedegad iqnes daswavlili. biologia da daswavla kvlevebis mixedviT daswavla SesaZloa konstruirebul iqnes saxeobis specifikurobidan gamomdinare. instiqtebma SeiZleba zogjer gadasZalos Sedegiganmtkicebis procesi. gemos aversiiT daswavlis mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba genetikurad mzadaa asociaciis zogierTi formebisTvis. kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze daswavlis zogierTi forma ufro rTul, kompleqsur procesebs asaxavs, vidre klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebulobaa. cxovelebi kognitur rukebs SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT rTul garemoSi funqcionirebisTvis iyeneben. konceptualuri qceva saSualebas aZlevs cxovelebs, generalizeba moaxdinon garemos struqturis Sesaxeb. qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da xan isjeba. adamianebs da cxovelebs dakvirvebiT swavla SeuZliaT. ganpirobebuloba daswavla klasikuri ganpirobebuloba refleqsi ganupirobebeli stimuli ganupirobebeli reaqcia ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebuli reaqcia SeZena Caqroba dadebiTi damsjeli uaryofiTi damsjeli diskriminaciuli stimuli pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili cvalebadi intervalis cxrili daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba instinqturi swrafva sakvanZo sakiTxebi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi spontanuri aRdgena stimulis generalizeba stimulis diskriminacia blokireba efeqtis kanoni operantuli ganpirobebuloba operantuli qceva pirobiTi ganmtkiceba ganmamtkicebeli dadebiTi ganmtkiceba uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba operantulobis Caqroba damsjeli 265 mexsiereba 8 ra aris mexsiereba • ebinghausi zomavs mex- sierebas • mexsierebis tipebi • mexsierebis procesebi sensoruli mexsiereba • xatiseburi mexsiereba • eqo-mexsiereba xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba • xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba • muSa mexsiereba xangrZlivi mexsiereba • • • • kodireba da Senaxva konteqsti da kodireba mogonebis mimniSnebeli kodirebis da aRdgenis procesi • arastruqturuli informaciis daxsomebis gaumjobeseba • metamexsiereba fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rogor SeioZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi • mexsierebis struqturebi • mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba • mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqciuli procesi fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi: adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi • engramis ZiebaSi • tvinis suraTi (skanireba) sakvanZo sakiTxebi 266 • ZiriTadi cnebebi mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan. rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma? axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi, romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT. Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoadgenT. davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans, gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi, bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze. me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras. mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs. swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65 wlis manZilze~. gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis gareSe? Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT, es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT, rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magaliTad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romelTa moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac, iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, ra aris mexsiereba? T avis avtobiografias marlon brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT iwyebs: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli, naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks, rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, erTxel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis (brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis 267 darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram aris mexsiereba. dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi 37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis, 37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi. Tavi 8 / mexsiereba ra aris mexsiereba 268 magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniSvnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis SekiTxvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usiamovnod ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobieroT, rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaciis 100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzarmazari moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. amitomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba. Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari. mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixilavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erTerTi formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvaviwydeba is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul formebs. ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~. sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba. ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebinghausmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas suraTi 8.1 ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba. saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored daswavlas naklebi dro. saidan viciT ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo 9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xelmeored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficienti 25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am proceduris gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvavebul droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, romelic man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze. rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis. ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs. mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxeobaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs adgili. mexsierebis tipebi rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs, pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi, romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _ igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad, ra aris mexsiereba? _ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda, magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvlevari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqsperimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda). dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo damokidebuli. ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT, pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im raodenobas zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkrivis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni- 269 suraTi 8.2 ra Secdomaa daSvebuli am suraTze? Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _ `ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~ amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis procesebis mier samzareulos situaciis aracnobieri gadamuSavebaa, romelic baWias samzareulosTvis zedmet elementad miiCnevs. mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoebriv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia. masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, xSirad aracnobier donezec. Tavi 8 / mexsiereba implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba 270 ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSvebuli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT, cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _ es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi unda iyos? mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenisa. mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da aRdgena. es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eqsplicitur unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo, radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samzareulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba, es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad _ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro. aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic. saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi, an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara. ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimaxsovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT; Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daatkacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe akeTebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba, romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba, magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac, Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime, rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa. ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba, saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars. proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs. is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas (Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqtivobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas. am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT deklaraciuli faqtebiT: Tavidan unda avkrifo 2, Semdeg unda avkrifo 3, Semdeg isev 3 da a.S. magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers. am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Anderson, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Seddeklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _ mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze. proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena da gamoyeneba. ra aris mexsiereba? viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze, rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze. es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons (Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad, ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperimentatorebi, Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanonzomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth., et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi. 271 genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros, Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis magaliTs davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas) ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba, SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvisTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba. Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Secdomebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beWdva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas. proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri Secdoma. mexsierebis procesebi Tavi 8 / mexsiereba mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas), Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic informaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in- 272 kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri reprezentaciebi. Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba garkveuli drois manZilze. aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena, amotana mexsierebidan. formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva), akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria. vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT. yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri, TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovidginoT warsuli gamocdileba. Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struqturis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis Senaxvis unars. aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba? axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis suraTi 8.3 informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas, xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas Sejameba mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arsebobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa da gamoyenebaSi. sensoruli mexsiereba daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT, momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT. amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT suraTTan dakavSirebiT: sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _ sensoruli mexsiereba informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba. marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis, rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis, daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mexsierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ „is iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~, saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs, dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi, revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate. axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsierebis formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT, rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT, rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT. 273 suraTi 8.4 ramdens daixsomebT am scenidan? Tavi 8 / mexsiereba aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv, xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod wamier xats inaxavs. 274 1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis qveda nawilSi? 2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis SuaSi? 3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara? sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia. TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizianeblis fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedvelobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Catarebul ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT. xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _ xatiseburi mexsiereba mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes (Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsiereba, anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informaciis aRdgena evalebodaT. saidan viciT xatiseburi mexsiereba jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil sam mwkrivs 1 L 4 V 5 W F 3 7 cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTlianad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRedginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda. cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawilobriv aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda dabali, saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali, romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daadgina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkrivis aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen. imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebismieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba. es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling, 1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi samyarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi, rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas, detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams da aRwers mas. „xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia, radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%, xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath, 1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofilebeli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder, 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi. eqo-mexsiereba bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xatiseburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor- suraTi 8.5 mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT (sperlingi, 1960). sensoruli mexsiereba 7 X B 275 macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al., 1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davukavSiroT. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT winadadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba, rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras. eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaadgilebs winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavidanve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqomexsierebidan (Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo (Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqomexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ajgufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamocdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995). saidan viciT Tavi 8 / mexsiereba kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqomexsierebaze 276 studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda. sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqsperimentis erT seriaSi monawile cdis pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac, ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi, Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma adamianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993). yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizikuri gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas. Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani – wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva. saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi. es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moiTxovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdilebebs. Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas. Sejameba sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT. eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca, is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad arRvevs. xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven, SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqomexsiereba gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma, eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba, xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mexsiereba, operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT. xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erTjeradi aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yuradRebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad, SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsierebis SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRuduloba ganapirobebs. xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT msgavsi amocana: erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac SeZlebT: 8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5 ramdeni CamowereT sworad? axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive TanmimdevrobiT. I M R S O F L P T Z B ramdeni aRadgineT sworad? Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT, daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT. jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, adamiani saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus or) erTeuls, romelsac igi „magiur cifrs~ uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis, sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob masalaze. uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri. Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mexsierebis calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba uwodes. Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac daxsomebuli masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa, romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999; Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu telefonis nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis, rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqsplicituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes, 1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsierebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac informacia implicituri mexsierebis xangrZliv formaSi gadava. amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT, romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba (Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daixsomoT telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi, muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur 277 (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi, romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976), magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris, rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis aseT SezRudulobas? xanmokle mexsierebis mniSvneloba miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba. ganmeoreba Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli telefonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba. ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias, kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi. da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda. rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT. ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Paterson & Paterson, 1959). Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia (interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT). Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac- saidan viciT Tavi 8 / mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba 278 cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans, magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3dan 18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZleven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis suraTi 8.6 xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis gareSe rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli (distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba, ramdenadac intervali izrdeba. dajgufeba (Chunking) jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos. magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads (1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ „1984" saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagrCebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze, dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994). ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi _ 19411917186518121776? im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „20“, xolo Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5~. Tu Tqven meore strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc 20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixilavT, ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi moculobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT dajgufebis safuZvelze. saidan viciT dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas. ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. magaliTad, man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks, RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cifrobriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina. magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamomuSavebuli asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981; Ericsson & Chase, 1982). S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare (magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis, an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs. maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis, mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am strategiiT sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZliaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460). yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas. xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgena ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da gvari. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagexmarebaT. 279 strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen. saidan cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda 400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _ am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi aRmoCnda. viciT Tavi 8 / mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis efeqturi aRdgena 280 cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad, cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests – cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi. damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo „diax~, raTa daedasturebina, rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze aRniSvniT „ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo SemoTavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990), yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba. modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmoCenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod, yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmasruleblisagan. dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze. ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis monaxvis analogiuri? mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe). aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da efeqtur aRdgenas Soris. muSa mexsiereba Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali informaciis eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT, mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic. gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame, Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, magaliTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze (metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semosvla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers, am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas eyrdnobiT; mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonologiuri sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiTsivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT auditoriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT merxebis raodenobas; centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri sacavidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis, rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur procesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centraluri aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT, romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasawyvetad (am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT). xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kognituri aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak- xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi, romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb, sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996). alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley, 1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi sami komponenti gamoyves: 281 cxrili 8.1 individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amocanebze SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis iyeneben. muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo sityvebi. kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda, mosvenebas aRar aZlevda. mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze. cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi. taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis sruli xedi iSleboda. bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila, triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve gamqraliyo. Tavi 8 / mexsiereba wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980. 282 virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs. mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956; Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa. am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven. 8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSualod 4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsierebis moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxvavebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia. ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT. imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs saidan viciT muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas axdens teqstis daxsomebaze mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad, hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mexsierebis moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv, myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad. magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleqcia. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia, romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli) da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze (axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs, romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney, 1991). mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavidanve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba, ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba. didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamuSaveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis individualur gansxvavebebs. Sejameba xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xanmokle mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs. ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba. informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv process. xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi? ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada, rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi. rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia, emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba, Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs. winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda, daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs, romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT visaubrebT. konteqsti da kodireba manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben. xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba, romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT, magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba. imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba, radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT. ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier dros mis aRdgenas. xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali informacia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xangrZliv mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT droSi ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze. 283 kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteqsts emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnierebma am principis demonstrireba. kodirebis specifikuroba ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulvingma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi miiRes. saidan viciT kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze Tavi 8 / mexsiereba cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _ Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%is mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 % aRadgines. 284 ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba? tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi, kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben. rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas xom wveulebaze SexvdiT? Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs. mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamowveva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda. aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve, daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tanmxlebi musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch & Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeqturoba ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab, 1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens konteqstis efeqtze. viciT mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols asrulebs romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoyenebiT ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveulebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni. hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWdvisas, magram es mxolod osmantuss da vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996). suraTi am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeqtSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc konteqstis elementma, dakargos. rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis – rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti). mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisufali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT), ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve, sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis 8.7 mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti). xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva saidan 285 suraTi 8.8 konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi informacia matareblis liandagis msgavsad warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad, SegiZliaT ifiqroT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia erTmaneTzea mWidrod miwyobili, rogorc moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTmaneTisgan proporciulad daSorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve, SegiZliaT Zveli informacia gamokveToT fsiqologiurad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis miniWebis gziT. daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder, 1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi (Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)? mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997; Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva- Tavi 8 / mexsiereba rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa. 286 dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba. daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba. konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma gamocdilebam. vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romelSic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT daboloebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizualuri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT. Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiTqos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolosgan) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla warmoidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi, Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba. am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua~ informacia ukeT daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT (erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaTvaliswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni. viciT mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa, liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT. mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqsperimentSi gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi, magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. proporciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad) pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amis Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990). es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom standartuli daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imitom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiToeuli TiTo bolodan. mogonebis mimniSneblebi ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili. gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam, sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar ityviT: vaSli – navi qudi – Zvali velosipedi – saaTi Tagvi – xe burTi – saxli yuri – sabani Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi, am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT, visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT. Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven. jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba. mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa. cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2) engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSirdeba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazaralebuls sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borotmoqmedis specifikuri niSnebi: _ „rame ucnauri mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli informaciis reproduqcia. cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT). xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva saidan 287 xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~ xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme. axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT sityvaTa wyvili: qudi _ ? velosipedi _ ? yuri _ ? SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic daiswavleT? vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa Tavi 8 / mexsiereba cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis? asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT. mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT, provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis romel principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT. amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, „vin aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es 288 mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmarebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi. epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac es movlenebi xdeba. semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi. gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs: „vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni~. davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas. mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs, magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sedegiania. mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTiTebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxevari saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod „ki~ an „ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~ rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori: qudi _ saaTi qudi _ Zvali yuri _ navi yuri _ sabani axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva, romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia. axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT. epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvavebuli formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixedviTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamoiyofa im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis epizodur da semantikur formaze. epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs. viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu daiswavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs, ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagexmarebaT gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben. interferencia magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi, romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros _ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im movlenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis gamoxexvisgan? yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris informaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mexsiereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa, rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2, an pasuxi kiTxvaze _ „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~ specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra situaciaSi SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs. ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga- vaSli – qurdi qudi – wre Tagvi – Jurnali velosipedi – saxuravi burTi – bavSvi yuri – centi rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba, scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _ „Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. interferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995). Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi erTmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaqinterferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni, romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkretul movlenaze. xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli informacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul sixaruls? rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise, rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba: 289 Tavi 8 / mexsiereba 290 tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retroaqtiuri _ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme (proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas (retroaqtiuri interferencia). rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperimentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen, aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949). gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _ mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxorcieleblad: konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT, warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis, rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo, rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas. romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva erTmaneTs. gadamuSavebis doneebi daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba – yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT – gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxsomebaze. gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik, 1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSavebebs moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba. gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magaliTad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990). gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston, Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas. am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze, SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas. axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur mexsierebaSi. kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebi gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT, Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur da implicitur mexsierebas Soris kodirebis da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs (Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs eZleva fragmentuli sityva —rt-rq-, romelic man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda Seavsos. sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______, TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT. sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs monitorze eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT, rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTerTi sityva iqneba martorqa. anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva, magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva, romelic TavSi mouvaT. zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi, swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros, yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmarTavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris – swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri. implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udarebdnen imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze: procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo. sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas. mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba (Sloman et al., 1988). axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsierebis oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians. gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba. xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala, romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimarTavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWirdebaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-appropriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic implicitur mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba. axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno) 5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram & Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris sityva martorqa): 291 suraTi 8.9 impicituri mexsierebis testze praimingi praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amocanebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo sityvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implicituri testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg. martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT, daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli, ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa~ imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoikiTxeT, saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba. Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis praimingze damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT, vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris. saidan viciT Tavi 8 / mexsiereba praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba 292 mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxvavebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili. cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixedviT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva) daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvnelobas efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis testSi praimings eqneboda adgili, Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve, fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masalis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs (Srinivas & Roediger, 1990). am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss: Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSavebis garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba, Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT (Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al., 1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi, romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi warmogidgineT. axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba. arastruqturuli informaciis daxsomebis gaumjobeseba am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex- gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom, rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimaxsovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven, albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis, radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _ verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas iZleva (Paivio, 1972). gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleblobas iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs, ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erTdroulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991). amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT „liza~, TqviT _ „icinis, rogorc mona liza~. mnemonika mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan „moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi mohyavT SemTxveviTi informacia. ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi niSnavs „adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _ xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba. mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT. xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva siereba – meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi daiviwyoT. qveTavi „fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~ dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT, rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba, Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSavebis igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT. saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT informacias. warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyidvelad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram, rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2 cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvilebuli asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT, cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelobas moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia. imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba, rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos. 293 suraTi 4.2 lokusis meTodi Tavi 8 / mexsiereba lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad, sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan (magaliTad, institutidan saxlisken mimaval gzaze). 294 daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermarketidan, gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midixarT. Semdeg, mogonebisas „CamouvliT~ maT da gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10). mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori, sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon aRdgena. metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb; mexsierebis Semecneba. metamexsiereba davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers, rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni darwmunebulobaa, rom Tqven flobT am informacias, magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoadgens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia. metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom vici. pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi kodirebis specifikuroba. rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis specifikurobis principi gulisxmobs, rom mogonebis konteqsti, anu pirobebi, romelSic mogoneba xdeba, daemTxves kodirebis konteqsts. swavlis procesSi konteqsti xSirad „informaciis gansxvavebul konteqstsac~ niSnavs. Tu Tqven yovelTvis erTsa da imave konteqstSi swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase magaliTad, Tu profesori odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT da ver upasuxoT, amitom Tqven swavlis procesSi konteqstebi unda cvaloT. gadaawyveT masala, dausviT Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva kiTxvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT gamocdaze, scadeT gamoiyenoT rac SeiZleba meti mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi konteqsti aRadginoT: _ „es xom igivea, rac xanmokle mexsierebis leqciaze movismine~; mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti. adgilmdebareobis efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT, vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi ganlagebuli informacia yvelaze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba. faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyisi da bolo, vidre Sua nawili (Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962). rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, swored leqciis Sua nawils miaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. swavlis dros Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda gamoiyenoT masalis daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT, rom masala yovelTvis erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es Tavi mexsierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis, an bolo Tavebs; gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zogjer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis procesSi iseTi gancda giCndebaT, TiTqos daulagebel, arastruqturirebul masalas swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swavlobT tvinis gansxvavebuli nawilebis funqciebs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis efeqturi gza _ an mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi daixmareT, an winadadebebSi CarTeT, an TiToeul cnebas patara istoria daukavSireT. am wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri xerxi, romelic gamoiyena fsiqologiis SesavalSi ventramedialuri hipoTalamusis, romlis abreviaturac laTinurad aris VMH, dasamaxsovreblad. es iyo Very Much Hungry, magram rogorc me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri xerxi mas Semdeg ukve aRar aris iseTi zusti. gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli kidev ufro ganamtkicoT; metamexsiereba. am sferoSi warmoebulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom adamianebi kargad grZnoben, Tu ra ician da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro SezRudulia, Tqven unda miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da andoT mas drois ganawileba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT, rogor grZnobT, romeli sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris iseTi gamocdebic, sadac yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi savaldebulo ki ara, SerCeviTia, magram pasuxi siswrafes moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias unda endoT da im kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT, romelTa pasuxis sisworeSic darwmunebuli xarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom axla metnaklebad gasagebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba mexsierebaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT momzadebaSi dagexmaroT. xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva yvelaze xSirad studentebi mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen kiTxvas: _ „rogor gamoviyeno miRebuli informacia swrafad?~ „rogor momexmareba es gamokvlevebi momavali gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT am gamokvlevebidan: 295 ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ „mzis sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiqceodiT, romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi: „miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi, vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba maT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT („savsebiT darwmunebuli var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi: a. plutoni b. venera g. dedamiwa d. iupiteri Tavi 8 / mexsiereba Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmunebulobis – „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT („d~s), Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba (sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda, kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixedviT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti indikatori iyos. metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimarTulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze, Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat & Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000). mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emyarebian. magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ „ra erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992). misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu- 296 xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ „ra erqva beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995). orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamokvlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonaklisebze miuTiTebs). Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT, Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situaciebis „kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mexsierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba mexsierebaSi. Sejameba xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan, Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin, rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba, emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis (sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba. Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT. cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakargulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuri, rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri, rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels. informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT, informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis specifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb tipuri da zustia. wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas, ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqturaSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri urTierTobis procesSi. xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze? am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakavSirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsierebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi. mexsierebis struqturebi mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeWdilebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5 TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi individualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT, romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT – im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa, raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da, agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _ bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias. individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva _ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch, 1981). Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli, magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba. gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad, sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi; abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani, vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyalibebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa. xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi kategorizacia da cnebebi 297 Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo, agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli prototipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoecnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT adre miwodebisas nanaxi. kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnobdnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen, rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi prototipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso & McCarthy, 1981). prototipebi im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT, romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips warmoadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi. Tavi 8 / mexsiereba saidan 298 viciT prototipebis Camoyalibeba cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen prototipisgan (sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCvenebdnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura- am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen, TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT. kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, prototipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan, amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi, an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav Seicvalos kidec. is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias, rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT, gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis metnaklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxeobebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi. prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli magaliTi. suraTi 8.11 A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqlemisTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis garemocvaSi). ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs, cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaerTiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs: iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi. cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias- xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi (A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan erTad. 299 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi Tavi 8 / mexsiereba adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba 300 rodesac kompiuterisa da adamianis SesaZleblobebs adareben, xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom kompiuteri jobnis adamians. kompiuteris mexsierebas bevrad meti – aTasobiT da milionobiT _ biti informaciis Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens mexsierebas, magram adamianis mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba aqvs, romelic mis mexsierebas ufro maRla ayenebs. procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven, movigonoT specifikuri informacia, xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars Tqveni gamocda unda am Tavis mixedviT da gekiTxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis cneba?~ Tqven SegiZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi (tulvingi da tomsoni), mcdari pasuxi (soerlingi), an TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT, ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pasuxi, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. rogor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, rodesac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis davalebas manqanas aZlevT? pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac Google.com gvTavazobs, Semdegia: „aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia miRweuli. meore mcdeloba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir- deba. is gvTavazobs imis definicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ratom aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan es pasuxebi adamianis mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli? Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis) or Taviseburebas gamovyofT, romelic kompiuterTan SedarebiT misi upiratesobis ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli: rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs, romlebic saZiebel informaciazea mimarTuli. is uzrunvelyofs imas, rom aRdgenili informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiuteri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvaliswinebs konteqsts da ufro sityvis viwro mniSvnelobazea orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu Cven „kodirebis specifikurobas~ veZebT Google.com-Si an ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds, romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieblisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, romlebic konteqstis dasazusteblad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bevri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore: Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa. rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego- adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi marTaven da ara sityvebi. rodesac Tqvens mexsierebaSi kodirebis specifikurobis Sesaxeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniSvneloba ras ityviT, „mkvlevars~ Tu „eqspermentators~, „aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~. cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels. kompiuters ki saqme mxolod sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad, rodesac Cven Google.com-s veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmomCeni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZlevs bmuls mexsierebis TeoriaSi garkveuli gverdis miTiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla „eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs, rogorc pirveli bmulis SemTxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT: „talRebi, pulsi, neironuli masis Teoria~. es patara eqsperimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu kompiuteri, adamianis mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor ufro metadaa damokidebuli sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden upiratesobas kompiuterTan SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT imaze fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi kompiutersac gadasceT. veb-gverdebi: www.google.com www.AskJeeves.com rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch, 1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze, rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Safranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa. suraTi 8.12 cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es, Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia (da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba). bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT, bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali geqnebodaT. sqemebi Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams, Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is, rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis reprezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _ gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis, adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris „codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struqturis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili. Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profesoris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT, bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done, romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad. sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis „klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs. xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi, TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons). 301 suraTi 8.13 cnobis iluzia ixvi Tu kurdReli Tavi 8 / mexsiereba ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli. erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad, rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli, Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin & Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi. axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT. 302 mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvdariyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna orazrovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias? davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis, rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini. Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias, raTa gavamarTloT molodini. Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirovnebaze getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqologebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moaxdinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze. es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molodinebs momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT, rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas. mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqiuli procesi axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSualeba, romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struqtura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigonoT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli codnidan. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTelsayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva: me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~? 1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes? sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs Soris? Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram, ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi- zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi ufro detalurad gavarCioT. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba; gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli gaSuqeba; asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar codnasTan. amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nacvlad, Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad. bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli. miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoyenebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad, mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba, romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis masalidan: nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTvalierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumarTa erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo. nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad. koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao, gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba. axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganlagebis procesi. xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti monacemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia, aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperimentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvlevebi~ (1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legendebi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis brZola~. bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda originalisgan, anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamaxsovreblad. Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis rekonstruqciul process moicavda: 303 meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar es Sesavali waakiTxes: Tavi 8 / mexsiereba nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac dainaxa? 304 axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis. rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT „arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel damaxinjebas. magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa, rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis iluziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas, mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi. mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad, Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT, movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac mSvenivrad xerxdeba. cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam, raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans, gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT, Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda _ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~. rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis cvlasTan erTad icvleba. saidan viciT miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialogis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves. TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen dialogs maSin, rodesac meore jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod 62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubralod, arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas (Wadi, Klark, 1993). es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva garemoebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda, Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT. zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac, sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis mowmis mexsiereba mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan „simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT, maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZiebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa, romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrunvelyofs. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992). maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT. magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~ xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqariT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini erTmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~ Sejameba mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamocdilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi. rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq- xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT mowmis mexsiereba. sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod 14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis Cvenebaze. movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxvavebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995). rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell & Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber & Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs, rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva elementebis gavleniT. Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba. dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur safuZvlebs ganvixilavT. 305 ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas, magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT. mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom, ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas? aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. Tavi 8 / mexsiereba engramis ZiebaSi 306 modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi TqvenTvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, SevamowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia, romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is? karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira. leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswavlida, Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi. amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi naswavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsierebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT, engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba. leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs. labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiromecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sistemaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskretuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxolod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Markowitsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000). mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul struqturas: naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeorebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis; zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimulireaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia; didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia sensoruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris asociaciebize; nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis daxsomebaze. tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi, bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri korteqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis. me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi, romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT. pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqsperimentze~, romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane- suraTi 4.16 tvinis struqtura ........ bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben. amnezia 1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi cxovreba. niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda. moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda – swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganagrZo. am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana. yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gadacemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs oriode wuTis win nanaxs. mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT, radgan „bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli proceduruli mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsiereba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala, magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi. eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli ubnebia CarTuli. mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi ii amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva ......... 307 axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa, romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _ implicituri (Squire, 1992). saidan viciT amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba daculia Tavi 8 / mexsiereba gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi) Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi. rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emociuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT da romeli – ara. maTi mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests. erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogonebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf et al., 1984). 308 es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gavlenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs. mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992). gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba ar irRveva. is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs, amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ „medicina arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000), romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod, medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT, aris – „ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. perceptul implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba. es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias. tvinis suraTi (skanireba) fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT, magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PETskanis saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994) daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi saidan viciT tvini da kodirebis operaciebi magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimentebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da evalebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ semantikuri: _ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami~, an „siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli?~ an perceptuli _ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „ndoba~ an „wigni~) fanqriT aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodirebis ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili, vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi (Gabrieli et al., 1996). mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix. Tavi 3). ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifikuri regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi). (magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli (hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles. am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri safuZvlebi. skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon, raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros, fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis procesebis kvlevaSi. Sejameba karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi. amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa biologiuri safuZvlebi. mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZlierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma aRmoaCines. funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI) warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsierebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997). 309 sakvanZo sakiTxebi ra aris mexsiereba kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven mexsierebas, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis process. mexsiereba, romelic moiTxovs cnobier Zalisxmevas, aris eqsplicituri. aracnobieri mexsiereba implicituria. deklaraciuli mexsiereba uzrunvelyofs faqtebis daxsomebas. proceduruli mexsiereba ki unarebis SemuSavebas. mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc kodirebis, Senaxvis da aRdgenis samsafexurian process. sensoruli mexsiereba sensoruli mexsierebis sistema didi moculobis, magram Zalian mcire xangrZlivobisaa. xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelobiT vels wamebis ganmavlobaSi aCerebs. eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gamRizianeblebs inaxavs. Tavi 8 / mexsiereba xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba 310 310 xanmokle mexsierebas SezRuduli moculoba aqvs da swrafad qreba ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis pirobebSi. ganmeoreba masalas xanmokle mexsierebaSi aCerebs. xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SeiZleba gaizardos dasaxsomebeli wevrebis azrian jgufebad dalagebis Sedegad. aRdgenis procesi xanmokle mexsierebidan efeqturad xorcieldeba. muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti xels uwyobs gare samyarodan gamocdilebis yovelwuTier asaxvas. xangrZlivi mexsiereba. kodireba da aRdgena xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs Tqvens srul codnas samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganusazRvreli moculobisaa. Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris pirobaa kodirebisa da aRdgenis pirobebis damTxveva. swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs Soris damTxveva ganapirobebs aRdgenas. adgilmdebareobis mrudis Tavisebureba aixsneba konteqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT. mogonebis mimniSneblebi xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis moZebnas. epizodur mexsierebas iseTi movlenebis daxsomebasTan aqvs saqme, romlebic pirovnebis subieqtur gamocdilebaSi monawileobdnen. semantikuri mexsiereba sityvebisa da cnebebis arsebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb mexsierebaa. interferencias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mimniSneb- lebs mxolod Sesabamis informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan) ar mivyavarT. rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamuSavebuli informacia, miT ukeTesia daxsomeba. implicituri mexsierebisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebi msgavsi iyos. mexsiereba SeiZleba gaviumjobesoT gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri xerxebiT. Cveulebriv, darwmunebulobis gancdas zustad SeuZlia mexsierebaSi informaciis arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba. xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi cnebebi aris azrovnebisTvis mexsierebis saSeni agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo niSnebis mqone obieqtebis, an azrTa jgufebi. prototipi warmoadgens cnebis saSualo egzemplars. cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad arian dalagebulni zogadidan kerZosaken. sqema ufro zogadi kognituri klasteria. mexsierebis yvela es zogadi struqtura gamoiyeneba axali informaciis molodinebisa da interpretaciis konteqstisTvis. mogoneba mxolod angariSi ar aris, is rekonstruqciuli da seleqciuri procesia. mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi tvinis gansxvavebuli struqturebi (hipokampis, amigdalas, cerebelumis da cerebruli korteqsis CarTviT) monawileoben sxvadasva tipis mexsierebaSi. eqsperimentebi amneziis mqone pacientebze daexmara mkvlevrebs imis garkvevaSi, Tu rogor xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis mexsierebis Camoyalibeba da tvinSi maTi ganawileba. tvinis skanirebis teqnikam udidesi roli Seasrula mexsierebis kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis monawileobis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebaSi. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi amnezia bazisuri done dajgufeba cnebebi konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba deklaraciuli mexsiereba eqo-mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba kodireba kodirebis specifikuroba engrama epizoduri mexsiereba mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba xatiseburi mexsiereba mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba interferencia gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria xangrZlivi mexsiereba mexsiereba metamexsiereba mnemonika dasawyisis efeqti praimingi proceduruli mexsiereba prototipi mogoneba mwkrivis daboloebis efeqti cnoba rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba aRdgena mimniSneblebi sqemebi semantikuri mexsiereba sensoruli mexsiereba adgilmdebareobis efeqti xanmokle mexsiereba sacavi gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba muSa mexsiereba sakvanZo sakiTxebi wina gamocdileba da miznebi gavlenas axdens mogonebaze. axalma informaciam SeiZleba Secvalos mogoneba da amiT mowmis Cveneba arasando gaxados, Tu mas axali movlenis Semdgomi informacia Seereva. 311 311 kognituri procesebi 9 kognituri procesebis Seswavla • fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena • fsiqikuri procesebi da resursebii metyveleba • eqspresiuli metyveleba • impresiuli metyveleba • metyveleba, azrovneba da kultura fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla vizualuri Semecneba • vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba • verbaluri da vizualuri reprezentaciebis kombinireba problemis gadaWra da azrovneba • problemis gadawyveta • deduqciuri azrovneba • induqciuri azrovneba fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi: eqspert-sistemebi da medicina msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba • evristika da msjeloba • gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia sakvanZo sakiTxebi • ZiriTadi cnebebi 312 Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda; da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi ukve advilad gvardeboda. es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dabrunebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi, sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990, gv.15-16). elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxovrebis ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs. erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaurkveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli. salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvareba.~ Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxadad aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa, metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoyalibebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs. termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs (me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze kognituri procesebis Seswavla r odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma [elen keleris maswavlebeli] xelze damawera sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi, rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi. erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da Seecada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo. manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs `t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdilobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me kvlav mereoda es ori... Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda. 313 kognituri fsiqologia grZnoba suraTi ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba fiqri da problemebis gadaWra 9.1 kognituri fsiqologiis sfero kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT. Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise procesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi: `ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; „wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs `sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebiseuli dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT. fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqologiis specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2). kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva 314 momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teoriebis daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav- kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta da abstraqtuli azrovneba. Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi, romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs. kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) – mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqikur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas, aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas. kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero. suraTi 9.2 kognituri mecnierebis sfero kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis, neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis (xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias. kognituri procesebis Seswavla rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli, rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia, magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs _ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi, romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla. fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holandieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders) mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safexurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi 9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT, gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba. ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda cxrili 9.1 dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi (qarTuli varianti) CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad. davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze „s~ iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani, maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali ymiani dro: __________ davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs daawereT Tavze „v~, xolo didad daweril Tanxmovnebs „s~ iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani, maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali ymiani dro: ___________ davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze „v~ iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani, maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali ymiani dro:__________ CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba: a. b. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara; Tu didia, daawereT Tavze „s~. ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs CamovTvliT: a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara; b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu Tanxmovani; kognituri procesebis Seswavla lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT, sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili. Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdiloben mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixilavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba. 315 Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze „s~, Tu xmovania, daawereT „v~. 316 amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera). pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _ aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve, or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT, rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis, amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri (operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes, vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?) Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoiyenebda. misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZloT, gamogekloT pirveli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas, romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro, rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro _ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami (wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150 miliwami. kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokidebulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xangrZlivobas, romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba konkretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi. vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanaskneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi. fsiqikuri procesebi da resursebi kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebis mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri procesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs. TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi (ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZlebelia ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias. Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad _ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke, erTimeoris miyolebiT. procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3 suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba, romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT suraTi 9.3 umaRlesi kognituri procesebis analizi maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad. kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens davalebis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia, radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori unda iyos pasuxi. Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da paraleluri mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT, rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi. Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs; magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasakvlevad, SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs damatebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyvelebis procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba. am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon & seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs. paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad mimdinareobs. kognituri procesebis Seswavla kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gansazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis identuroba da organizacia, romlebic umaRlesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas warmoadgenen; (A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes; (B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad; (C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba. 317 9.2 cxrili ricxvebis gadamuSaveba dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi). SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia. sia A. 8-8 cxra-rva 1-2 rva-rva 2-1 8-9 9-9 2-2 ori-ori erTi-erTi erTi-ori cxra-cxra rva-cxra 1-1 ori-erTi 9-8 Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi sia B. 318 Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia, romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amorCeuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss. faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols (Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi procesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxorcieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) _ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas; xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba. avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas, maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis paralelurad. 1-1 cxra-ori erTi-erTi cxra-cxra 2-9 rva-ori 9-9 1-9 cxra-erTi 2-2 8-8 1-8 rva-rva cxra-erTi ori-ori 2-8 paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis gareSe. qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT 9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT? saidan viciT Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis `mniSvneloba~ cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2 cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin, roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magaliTad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire intervalebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvilebs Soris intervali didia, amitom pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo. bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba obieqti „2~ Tu „ori~ – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias raodenobis Sesaxeb. axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia; Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia icvleba, rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali variantidan airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT, saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT. radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yuradReba „CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4). es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra. pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare, esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yuradRebas iTxovdes. axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi. kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna, romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. daviwyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT. Sejameba kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena, gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba. dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da kontrolirebad procesebs. metyveleba SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romelzec weria: „kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesabamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saidumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovelTvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven gecodinebaT, rom „kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti, metyveleba magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgavsebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTicxra fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein, 1995). 319 xolo „xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT. magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ „kata xaliCazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli, saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes. warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT, roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT „kata xaliCazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ „SegiZlia, kata gareT gauSva?~ Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: „kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia manqanis gamoyvana. 320 suraTi 9.4 eqspresiuli metyveleba SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars? ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma iyos? warmoidgineT, rom gsurT SeajibroT Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris ZaRli. am dros Tqven ambobT: „kata xaliCazea~, riTac miuTiTebT, rom „kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili~. metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba): aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs. nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs; eqspresiuli metyveleba eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) – is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren; am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi. msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis formirebis procesi. SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecadeT, ramodenime sityviT aRweroT is. ris Tqmas apirebT? axla warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti daZabva? eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti cxrili 9.3 graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb 1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT. rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma. 2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli faqtebic ar gaqvT. rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli faqtebi. 3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba. rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris Sesaxeb saubrobT. 4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT. rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT. 5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom? giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi? daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels. ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~. giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar gamZarcvon. daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia. ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs? giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo? daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT. giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT? daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb wamosvlas. giorgi: aa . . . daTo: hm keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad), ise, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs, gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvelebaa, agreTve, wera da JestebiT saubari. advilad gasagebad saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia sityvebi: mosaubre – is, vinc metyvelebs anu wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba JestebiT laparakic) da msmeneli – is, vinc ismens (igebs). Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar, SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb? (Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob) gaeba maxeSi. msmenelis gaTvaliswineba Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da brma adamianisTvis im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami konkretuli msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegegmaT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da is informacia, romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, metyveleba ras amboben? 321 TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom `kata xaliCazea~, Tu man ar icis, rom kata xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis wesi, romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, pirvelad filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul Grice) Semoitana. graisi TanamSromlobis princips ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias, gamonaTqvami aagos mimdinare saubris pirobebisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. am instruqciis arsis gasagebad graisma Camoayaliba oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9.3. cxrilSi warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTxzuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma. amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: „dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, Tu darwmunebuli ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob yvela aleqss Soris mxolod erTs axsenebT am konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar waxvalT); anu „saerTo codnaSi~ arsebobs vinme aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis, ise _ Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981) miaCniaT, rom „saerTo codna~ informaciis sam wyaros eyrdnoba: Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgufis wevrebi Semoklebul msjelobebs iyeneben, roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisTvis; 322 lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas adamianebi ukve ganxilul informacias (wina saubrebis dros) miiCneven „saerTo codnis~ nawilad; fizikuri Tanaarseboba – roca mosaubre da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian da Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan. es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces, romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise _ maT garSemomyof adamianebs. amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis: „me dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, SesaZloa, gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an, SesaZloa imitom, rom adre Tqven ukve aRniSneT aleqsis arseboba (lingvisturi Tanaarseboba), an, sulac, imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi (fizikuri Tanaarseboba). saidan viciT eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens jgufis wevroba eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevrebi studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT Sedarebis davaleba ise, rom winaswar arafers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom cdis pirebs swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT isini. eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda Tu ara c.p. niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis mcxovreblebs esaubrebodnen baraTebis aRsawerad, isini ufro metad iyenebdnen sakuTar saxelebs: „es aris sitikorpis Senoba~, vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: „es aris maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT~ (Clark, 1987). ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom vinmes pirvelad xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre iyoT, pirvel rigSi unda gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs) ekuTvnis igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliswinebs Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca, tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician (Fussel & Kraus, 1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebels xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur regulacias.Y cxrili Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi dagegmvis doneebi: mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs. Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad, `movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _ `movifone~. mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi. radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba. cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri wamskda. lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba. metyveleba da Secdomebi gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v.a. spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner) oqsfordis universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac, ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma es saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura. zarmac students semestris gacdenis SemTxvevaSi frazis „You have wasted the whole term~ („Sen mTeli semestri gaacdine~) nacvlad eubneboda: _ „You have tasted the whole worm~ _ („Sen mTeli matli SeWame~) (waste – gacdena; taste _ gemos gasinjva, term _ semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis azris gamoTqmis dagegmvis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan Cans, gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000). gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi – isini gasagebi xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos styvebis pirveli asoebi – „tips of the slung~– nacvlad „slips of the sung~-isa, magram arasodes ityvis „tlips of the sung~, radganac am SemTxvevaSi irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi, romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes gvxvdeba „tl~(Fromkin, 1980). metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba metyvelebis Secdomebs, amitom mkvlevrebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnu- 9.4 mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi, romelTa Tqmasac apirebs. radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven, SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba. cali xeli → xali celi. li Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdomebis xelovnurad gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi (Bock, 1996). am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis safuZvlad mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis met-naklebi gageba. procesebi. gaixseneT me-6 TavSi ganxiluli xelovnurad Seqmnili predispoziciuli spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs, laparakis dros dauSvan spunerizmiseuli Secdomebi (baars, 1992). cdis pirebs sTxoven, waikiTxon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L buzi-fuli baRi-fari boli-foni bedi-fexi Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan „feriberi~. rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi cdis piri manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs „beri-feri~. metyveleba daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri informacia unda miawodoT quCaSi adamians, romelic gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara konkretul kiTxvebs (magaliTad, iciT, sad aris meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT, saidan aris igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda aRuweroT gza. Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT, gamonaTqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze, romelsac esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoTqvaT azri. 323 Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebs saSualeba eZlevaT, Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. magaliTad, spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis gadaadgileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al., 1975; Stemberger, 1992); amgvarad, „feri-beri~-s magivrad „beri-feri~-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia, vidre, magaliTad, „coli-qmari~-s magivrad „qmoli-cari~-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli zogierTi kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas. es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis gamoTqmas gulisxmobs. 324 reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen wyvil-wyvilad waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, magaliTad, shoot the breeze – raise the roof (bevri laparaki – aurzauris atexva); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erTerTi. droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi cdis pirebi zogierT SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia, vidre zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma kavSirma SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977). Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs, romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs igeben. impresiuli metyveleba warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azris gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor airCevT mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze saubars orazrovani mniSvnelobis problemis ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT. orazrovnebis daZleva ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT: erTi, romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan (sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore, romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoidgineT, rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari~, rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SeZloT am or mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom zogierTi kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrovnebis daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde _ samuSao iaraRebze Tu gasarTob adgilebze. es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi, magram rogor? sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs es winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba.~ Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian et al., 1990) (ix. suraTi 9.5). lingvistebi winadadebis struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `kata xaliCazea~ _ analizi. am winadadebis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas, erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvemdebare _ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub- suraTi 9.5 winadadebis struqtura winadadebis gramatikuli struqturis TvalsaCino ilustraciis mizniT, lingvistebi xSirad iyeneben diagramebs. I struqtura warmoadgens winadadebis _ `kata xaliCazea~ _ struqturul analizs; II da III struqtura ki gviCvenebs, rom winadadeba _ `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli struqturuli analiziT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili. vis gadasces daxmareba? or adamians Tu erTs? nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winadadebaSi. mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995). struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993; Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva. modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod metyveleba rundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an meti SesaZlo variantidan? davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: „anas yvavili aqvs~. ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT, rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvneloba, albaT, aseTi iqneba: gansazRvreba 1: mcenare. gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba. am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelobidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998). konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime (tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi: 1. ana avadaa yvaviliT; 2. ana krefda yvavilebs; 3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs. pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZloa ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye- 325 cxrili 9.5 orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri da sarkastuli interpretacia pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man uTxra das: „Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~. sarkastuli moTxovna Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki, rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna – daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da uTxra amxanags: „ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~. 326 orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom konteqstis mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994). SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs. amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naTqvami fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare. saidan viciT konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebaSi ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria da Tbila~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5 cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxvadasxva istoriis SeTxzviT sxvadasxva azri mivaniWoT. Cven vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis arapirdapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniSnuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli informacias sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstanturi rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978; Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis. mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs, 1986). ra gvesmis orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze, Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri erTeulebiT, romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben (Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis _ `kata xaliCazea~ _ ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT, gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT. propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze (kata, xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra taxtis qveS~. aq pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT: SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]; sabolood ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]. mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRoda win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi _ „mavzoleumi~ da „moedani~ erTad iyo warmodgenili mexsierebaSi (Ratclif &McKoon, 1978). SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)] uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))] rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvnelobis fsiqikuri propoziciebi marTlac ase muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda, eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi ori sityva ekuTvnis erTsa da imave propozicias, mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan winadadebaSi. saidan viciT propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis struqturas ganvixiloT winadadeba: „mavzoleumi, sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans gadahyurebda~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi mavzoleumi da moedani erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsierebaSi erTad unda Seikribos propoziciaSi gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani). am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis CamonaTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu ara TiToeuli sityva winadadebaSi. zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg miewoda, zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi _ „diax, iyo mavzoleumi~ gacilebiT swrafad modioda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia vinmes naTqvamis zustad damaxsovreba? SesaZloa, gicdiaT zustad (sityvasityviT) dagemaxsovrebinaT raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dabrunebuls aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityvasityviT damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axorcielebs, propoziciebis gamoyofas gulixmobs, xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (magaliTad, „kata misdevs Tagvs~ _ „Tagvi gaurbis katas~). mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba: me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad. igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars. imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa, sul cota, ori daskvnis gakeTeba. Tqven unda gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi~ meore winadadebaSi da rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars. megobari, vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmunebulia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: _ `me mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad; igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba~. mosaubre yovelTvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT akeTebs daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan. uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas, Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben msmenelebi regudaskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis da Teoriis safuZvelze. metyveleba qveS (Tagvi, taxti) 327 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT filmi, an satelevizio Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveulebriv saubroben adamianebTan. gaxsovT mister edi _ molaparake cxeni? SesaZlebelia es realur cxovrebaSi? am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT laparaki. radganac Simpanzeebs ar gaaCniaT laparakisaTvis Sesaferisi sametyvelo aparati, mkvlevrebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, komunikaciis damyarebis sxva meTodebi moeZebnaT. magaliTad, Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, aswavles amerikuli niSnebis enis gamartivebuli varianti (Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Simpanzes, saxelad saras ki daaswavles simboloebiT manipulacia (simboloebi aRniSnavdnen iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, mi- 328 cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperimentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg & Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainteresdnen Semdegi sakiTxebiT: Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bodiSi, Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaTqvamis SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, vinaidan Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli, filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT: `me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad~. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gakeTebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: `arqiteqtorma daWra kaci~. rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi, umravlesobam azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniSvnelobaTa umetesoba, rac miewereba maimunis gamonaTqvams, xom ar Cndeba adamianis da ara maimunis TavSi. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma kolegebma Caatares kvleva, romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana~ (Dosher & Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs, rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar xdeba avtomaturad, magaliTad, viRaca daWres daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gulisxmobs mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa~ da nacvalsaxel `igi~-s Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~ Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia, romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT. miani enis adreuli aTvisebis periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca, bonobos jiSis maimuns – panbaniSas bevrad ufro meti sityvis daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995). bonobos jiSis maimunebze miRebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria, Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT e.w. msmenelTa gaTvaliswineba. SeuZliaT cxovelebs informaciis Secvla auditoriaze morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da robert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney, Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis, arwivis an gvelis moaxloebis dros es maimunebi gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen. maT auditoriidan gamomdinare metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT. rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi? metyveleba, azrovneba da kultura Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea, rogor ggoniaT, or enaze Tqven gansxvavebulad fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrovnebaze? es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevrebi SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _ mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis dros ufro maRali sixSiris xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis STa m o m a v a l m a i m u n e b Ta n erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan. vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan gamomdinare, xmis Secvla: eqsperimentul pirobebSi Seqmnili saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi deda vervetebi erTsa da imave xmebs gamoscemen marto yofnis drosac da maSinac, roca maTi STamomavali safrTxis momaswavebeli movlenis TviTmxilvelia. mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom adamiani erTaderTi cocxali arsebaa, romelsac SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaTvaliswineba da, Sesabamisad, qcevis Secvla (Povinelli & Prince, 1998). rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli zogierTi, magram ara yvela unari. araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa, rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball – `mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania, maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli? es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT mTavrdeba, anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im metyveleba ufro zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis metyvelebis unaris Sesaxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad, bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze muSaobda, romlebic, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro axlos arian adamianTan, vidre Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom bonobos jiSis orma maimunma, kinzim da mulikam kvlevis procesSi spontanurad aiTvises plastmasisagan damzadebuli simboloebis mniSvneloba; maT ar dasWirdaT rTuli treningi. isini simboloebis mniSvnelobebs avtomaturad daeuflnen adamianebsa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs Soris komunikaciis procesze dakvirvebisas. garda amisa, maT esmiT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvneloba, magaliTad, kanzas SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze dados misi Sesabamisi simbolo an foto. mkvlevrebma bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac maimunebi metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas iRebdnen, rogorc ada- 329 movlenebis mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis gansxvavebulma gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia. xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas. am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla edvard sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) daiwyes. kroslingvisturi kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom enaSi gansxvavebebi azrSi gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs: „Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad ganvicdiT movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazogadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~ (Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69) sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTes. uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic sepir-uorfis hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. Brown, 1976). lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris arsebuli struqturuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeba am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul aralingvistur kognitur unarebze. Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struq- 330 tura Zlier gavlenas axdens da, SesaZloa, mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake individebis mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas. am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria, radgan is amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs azrovnebas. Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqologebma, lingvistebma da anTropologebma araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis Seqmna am hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996). ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erTerTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, gagikvirdeT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli raodenobaa. lingvisturi analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane, lurji, yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafilosferi, nacrisferi), xolo zogierT enaSi, magaliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi, romelsac dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin & Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~ (1956 gv. 213): mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom ferTa dasaxelebis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis unarebze. Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis klasifikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWvqveS ayeneben mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevrebi mainc iziareben azrs SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyvelebaSi gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi sdevs Tan. saidan viciT metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis klasifikaciaze mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT sami feris wiri. ferebi aRebuli iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtrul diapazonSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, ganesazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan. cdis pirTa erTi jgufi warmodgenili iyo inglisurenovani individebiT (inglisur enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi), xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da mwvane elferis aRsaniSnad arsebobs mxolod erTi sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom, Tu sepir-uorfis hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani individebi SeZlebdnen lurjisa da mwva- msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi (hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs (gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996). savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwereT „fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSewonili iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben, SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxvavebze metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb. axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze, sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris damokidebuli. Sejameba saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas. orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba. miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi, romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRvraven adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes azrovnebaze. vizualuri Semecneba 9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ „kata xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. romelia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT, orive sworia – orive suraTze kata xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT, ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am winadadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle, 1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb? cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day- vizualuri Semecneba nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas, radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZlebdnen mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key & Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros inglisurenovani cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake individebi ki _ vera. 331 es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT, Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT. ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis warmodgenaSi „datrialeba~. saidan viciT gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsia suraTi 9.6 vizualuri reprezentaciebi aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze? rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT. Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba 332 kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas (Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra. maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTematikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben, albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da sityvebis saSualebiT. cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso „R~-sa da misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli „ß~) nimuSebi (ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi „R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapirproporciul kavSirSia – rac ufro metad aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben, warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is vertikalur mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebuli siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyvetilebas. rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard& Cooper, 1982). adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba (Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad, 9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven, albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?). vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: „golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping- suraTi 9.7 sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili `R~, romelic warmodgenis Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT miewodebodaT figurebi da moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _ `R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro. pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul saganTan. saidan viciT dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali, magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza. aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis „dasanaxad~ (warmosadgenad) cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn, 1980). vizualuri xatebis skanireba ganvixiloT Semdegi problema: warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar suraTi 9.8 warmodgenis vizualuri skanireba vizualuri Semecneba erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura, kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8). Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCinod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov- 333 gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)? pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili (250 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven, albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT. verbaluri da vizualuri reprezentaciebis kombinireba Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, romelTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi – mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvelze. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizualuri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani warmodgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs. ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ „ganzraxvidan mkvlelobamde~: 334 mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959 gv. 19-20). scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis). kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997). warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso nawyvets moTxrobidan: operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT. Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan, Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze CuqurTmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, romelic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65). seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxvelebi) teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky, 1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes. (sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven win~, vidre kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo aRwerili. am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT „moxvdeT scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdileba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdilebad. zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT informaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi, scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba, radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca, SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is. erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49 qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000 daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur reprezentaciaze. am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi, sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra da azrovneba. Sejameba adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotaciisaTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvaliereben ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis Seqmna. suraTi 9.9 students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka (Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena, Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyobasac isaxavda miznad. kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusirebulia evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiqsirda kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10 da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT. rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~ aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs, romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT. msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi, rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli azrovnebis procesi. problemis gadaWra da azrovneba problemebis gadaWra da azrovneba 335 suraTi 9.10 orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs. problemis gadawyveta ,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi suraTi 336 9.11 yuradReba miaqcieT _ msoflio avstraliaze centrirebulad aris warmodgenili. axla vin aris qvemoT? borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmarTvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis, siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~. problemuri situacia rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo- problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi, romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba _ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi. problemis gadaWra da azrovneba Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT: rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi; rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze; rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakavSirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac problemas wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12 suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT, naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa, TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, romlebic davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi dagexmarebaT. mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad, materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZliaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972). problema ganisazRvreba: 1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; 2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi TqvenTvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb; 3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemuli mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia), romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgilebas (mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba. problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi, romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT operaciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmoCenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo- 337 (A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT? (B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs milidan? (C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa 62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs. scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT? (D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs? (E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi. daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze. (F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3 qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba? suraTi 9.12 SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I) Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.) 338 mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena. rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT, rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma mogcaT formula x2+x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis? am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa- fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4), gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis, SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba ,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388). SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ problemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zustad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky & Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa, verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra? problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis SemuSavebas. Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al., 1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niuiorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba. SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT. ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yuradRebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT. gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msofalgoriTmi xureobrivi vpoulobT problemis (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safeprocedura, romlis saSualebiTac swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis gadasaWrelad. cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda, Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an vertikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon, 1979, 1989). evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an ,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis gadasaWrelad. problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols) _ ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas, problemis gadaWra da azrovneba da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas. warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs saidumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaarkvioT, vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven, SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT, rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts. mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evristikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmamaRali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verbalizacias gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993). magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis problemas (suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon, 1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs (dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda). 339 suraTi 9.13 SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II) Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am amocanebs. 340 lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos (Gobet & Simon, 1996). rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, warmatebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams, 1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian erTmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara verbaluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob- lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad cxrili 9.6 gamocana `beri~ erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis. spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba, isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camosvlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac (pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze). suraTi 9.14 gamocana `beri~-s amoxsna A suraTze naCvenebia ori beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan zemoT, meore _ zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris adgili dRis erTsa da imave momentSi. axla SecvaleT ori beri erTiT; amocana damtkicebulia. deduqciuri azrovneba warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Express~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: „Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben. ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gakeTebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca: wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs; wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi sakredito ba-raTi; daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American Express~. aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimarTeba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven, funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) – sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis unaris arqona. deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs. problemis gadaWra da azrovneba ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is, rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix. sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze. rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi _ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli axali kombinaciis misaRebad. rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT. qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas, romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba. 341 gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis formaluri wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari, magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi. modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT Semdegi silogizmi: wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava, sWirdeba benzini; wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini; Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava. 342 rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis wesebis Tanaxmad — ara, radgan pirveli wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve, sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris aucilebeli, rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic. e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989). aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick, 1943; Newstead et al., 1992). rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia, romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi. Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna, romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi problemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas. Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna, daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra, rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoitanda. amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990). logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi, romlebic aq aris aRwerili, amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et al., 1994). azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs. amaSi dasarwmuneblad SeadareT, Tu ro-gor asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codnis gamoyenebiT. warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia 4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze weria „A~, „D~, „4", „7" ise, rogorc es 9.15 suraTzea warmodgenili. romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT, rom SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxares xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~ suraTi 9.15 abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba (Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi „ A~ — rac sworia da baraTi „4", rac arasworia. mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs „4", amitom mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?); Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi „7" da Tu naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori. am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas (Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars. es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoTqves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi baraTebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben, vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT, realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad (Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997). meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna (Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985). am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: „17" da „ludis daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: „televizors ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb~. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia, xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis davalebebi ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea. zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Catarebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra – akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ- problemis gadaWra da azrovneba Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore 343 loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999). am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia, saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki. axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias, romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas moiTxovs. Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi induqciuri azrovneba 344 warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT, SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis _ „American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze. restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas, mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT, rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri azrovnebis nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul situaciaze dayrdnobiT. Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrovnebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil informacias iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas Semdeg SemTxvevebSi iyenebT: haerSi popkornis surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac popkorns akeTebs; induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT, Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs. uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros). dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis tipebi, romlebic adamianis saubridan gamomdinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis nimuSs warmoadgens. realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damokidebuli. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT. ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988; Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ `iseTi adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~. am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamianebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _ induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad gadaWraT axali problemebi. problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblebi gacnoben ramdenime amocanas Tavisi amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasuxebiT mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. Semdgom Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna, romlebsac, savaraudod, daZlevT. aseTi midgoma emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT induqciur azrovnebas da SeZlebT Zveli meTodebis gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad. mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, ganesazRvraT is pirobebi, romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett & Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs, saidan viciT msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT daakvirdiT 9.16 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul figuras. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi mocemuli nimuSebi. ganvixiloT odnav Secvlili varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis TavSi Slangi daamagra. cvlis es rames? cdis pirebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac, maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis Semdeg. Semdgom sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda maT naxats. erT-erT eqsperimentSi, sadac pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, cdis pirTa mxolod 30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi (f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis Semdeg es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans, warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sexsenebisas (magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan), cdis pirebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas, Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben, rom „miamituri fizikis~ kanonidan gamomdinare, milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas (Catrambone et al., 1995). am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis umravlesobas problemis gadaWrisas sWirdeba Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri azrovneba. Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba xSirad aucilebelia — maswavleblebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis daZlevis meTodi. rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli Zveli problemis komponentebi da struqtura, miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier miRebuli Sedegebi maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs gauziaroT. suraTi 9.16 ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel nawilSi daxatuli mowyobilobidan gamodis wylis nakadi. rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki, meore nawilSi warmodgenili nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavs Tqvens naxats. problemis gadaWra da azrovneba rom moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi waxaliseba — miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). modiT ganvixiloT magaliTi. 345 Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 346 induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamoyeneba, magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa, warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12 suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins, 1942). pirveli ori amocanis „F~ nawilSi Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda gaavsoT „A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom Seivsos „C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac warmateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca, maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli, maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas? problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT problemuri situaciebisa da maTi daZlevis rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro SemoqmedebiTs gaxdis daZlevis process. am nawilSi Cven problemis gadawyvetisa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli etapebi ganvixileT, romlebic realur pirobebSi moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT unda gaiaroT. am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia. mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan situaciaSi. Sejameba problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs, romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan individi aRwevs mizans. problemis daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdevrulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad, isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca, „akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovnebis efeqturoba imatebs. induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZlevis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb saubars Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT daviwyebT: Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9 dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba an mogewonoT an _ ara? gamocdis win Tqveni Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxelmZRvanelos xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli samedicino konsultacia eqimTan, Tavad yofilxarT im situaciis monawile, roca individis msjelobasa da problemis gadaWris unars udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tqvens janmrTelobaze pasuxismgebelma pirma unda moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoTvlili simptomebis erTobliobis (paternis) identifikacia da daadginos daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli daskvnis safuZvelze individma samoqmedo gegma unda SeimuSavos. am procesSi mocemuli sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, warmoidgineT raoden Znelia zustad Tqveni daavadebis simptomebis aRwera ise, rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi iyos. swored amitom kognitur mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ramdenime welia muSaoben kompiuterul programebze, romlebic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTelobis dacvis personals diagnostikasa da mkuranlobis dagegmvaSi. am programebs ,,eqspertsistemebs~ uwodeben, romlebic profesionalTa mier problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa, arsebuli codnis gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZvlad daedo mecnierul kvlevaTa did nawils am sferoSi. igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeqciur daavadebaTa diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis damxmare saSualeba (Shortliffe, 1976). am programis muSaoba eyrdnoba ,,Tu – maSin~ wesebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi momuSave specialistebis evristikul codnaze (magaliTad, praqtikaze) damyarebuli daskvnebis dakavSireba. realuri samedicino diagnozis msgavsad, MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa (magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis analizis pasuxis) da konkretuli daskvnis (magaliTad, diagnozis an mkurnalobis rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba. programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos (moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi), Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sistema arasodes gamouyenebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili msgavsi programebi inarCuneben igive princips – rekomendaciebis garda momxmarebels miawodon informacia „azrovnebis procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae, 1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000). faqtia, rom am programebis SesaZlebloba – daadginos daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, mkurnalobis procesis warmatebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedicino eqspert-sistemas. rogorc eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar aRiaroT, rom romelime kompiuterul programas SeuZlia Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni codna da mravalwliani gamocdileba, Tumca, mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq- spert-sistemebi erTad uyris Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagrovil codnas. aseTi tipis sistemebSi mocemulia ara mxolod faqtebi, aramed maT am faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZliaT „azrovneba~. mecnierebi cdiloben iseTi sistemebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen axsnas, Tu ratom unda daakavSiros momxmarebelma (janmrTelobis dacvis muSakma) faqtebis garkveuli erToblioba konkretul daskvnebTan (Chandrasckaran& Mittal, 1999). axla pacientis TvaliT SevxedoT am yvelafers. ramdenadac XXI saukuneSi eqspert-sistemebis mniSvnelovni gaumjobeseba xdeba, Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims, romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul monacemebs kompiuterSi da sakuTari codnis garda eqspert-sistemaSi mocemul codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs. veb-gverdebi: http://smi.stanford.edu e s aris stenfordis samedicino informatikis veb-gverdi, sadac ganTavsebulia informacia mkvlevarTa jgufis Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxorcieles mTeli rigi proeqtebi medicinasa da eqspertul sistemebTan dakavSirebiT. www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid „TraumAID~ aris programa, romelic Seiqmna kritikul situaciaSi eqimTa dasaxmareblad. veb-gverdze ganTavsebulia eqspert-sistemebis sademonstracio versiebi. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba eqspert-sistemebi da medicina 347 Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 348 da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT. amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba, misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~. is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZloa, Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racionaluri, rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT, romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs. sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe. gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alternatividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTierTdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad, SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs, akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi. gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alternativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variantebis seleqcia da uaryofa. momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davubrundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas. evristika da msjeloba romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT, Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares – ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi, magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul, vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul, praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis (gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules. ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs? rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevrebi upiratesobas aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Secdomis daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis Seswavla – mexsierebis darRvevebis SeswavliT, aseve SesaZlebelia msjelobis procesebis Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT (Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am drosac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da misawvdomobis evristika gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv kiTxvaze (Cveni azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT moTxrobis patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba ufro meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k~-Ti (magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k~ mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven tverskisa da kanemanis cdis pirebis msgavsad fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k~ ufro metad gvxvdeba xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic) _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias. sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki ,,k~ orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi (inglisur enaSi). ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom ,,k~ aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi? es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic ,,k~-Ti iwyeba, vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k~ mesame adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze, rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis evristika _ Tqveni daskvna emyareba im informacias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis da umravles SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde mivyavarT, amitom ganixileba, rogorc swori. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas. problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi. amocana, romelSic cdis pirebs „k~ asos Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis gansazRvra evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori msjelobis (daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens. mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba, roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi msjeloba. saidan viciT guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, Tu ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos gunebaganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasiamovno saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagarwmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad evristikuli msjelobebis gamo aRmocenebuli Secdomebisa, Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis barierebs. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad komfortulad grZnobT Tavs, roca aseTi tipis Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze damokidebuli. Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom iciT, isini erTi sigrZisani arian, xolo, Tu iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis Secdoma. inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobeben Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas (zogierT SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjobeseba. am nawilSi Cven swored am unarebis efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas ganvixilavT. davubrundeT evristikis sam tips: misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da „Ruzis~ evristikas. 349 gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uaxloesi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom warsuli movlenebis gaxsenebaze gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba, xolo am ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze myofi cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod & Campbell, 1992). Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi am eqsperimentiT naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas axdens msjelobaze mexsierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi informaciis tipi. mniSvnelovan samomavlo sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misawvdom informaciaze da hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: ,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems gunebaganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas moaxdens mexsierebidan amotanil informaciaze?~ 350 misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs televizoris yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis Sefasebas Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ufro xSirad uyureben „dinastiisa~ da „dalasis~ tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr amerikel diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi. mkvlevrebis azriT, es korelacia imiT aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic advilad misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis. ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown & Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT mciredan didisken: a. SvedeTi b. indonezia c. israeli d. nigeria kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom, rac ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims~-is statiebSi mimdinare wels (sxvaTa Soris, swori pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia. SegiyvanaT Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam)? rogorc Cans, Znelia endoT Tqvens kognitur procesebs, radgan masmedia TqvenTvis xarveziani monacemebis mowodebas uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde, informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT Tqven SegiZliaT Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas. darwmunebuli xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, TqvenTvis namdvilad cnobilia? reprezentaciuli evristika rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evristikas eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa- warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis adamiania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli saxeobiTaa igi dakavebuli? a. b. c. d. swrafi siaruliT burTis TamaSiT CogburTiT msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemuli warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTvaliswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT~ yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans, sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis struqturas. saidan viciT savaraudod sworia ufro metis momcveli kategoria. suraTi 9.17 reprezentaciuli evristikis gamoyeneba reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~ dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs. siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategoriisadmi mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri daskvnis arss warmoadgens. urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobis dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma, mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad hgavs is sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias, romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahnemean & Tversky, 1973). erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT 9.17 suraTze mocemuli pasuxebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 dolaris mogebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT cifri `1". Tqven romel variants amoirCevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT 45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba `CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~. 9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni. is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi. cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). reprezentatulobaze dafuZnebuli es msjeloba monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon sxva tipis informacia, kerZod, kategoriis struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-Hille & Neter, 1993). ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, romelsac, agreTve SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos Tqven mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT, SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness heuristic) – kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSnis safuZvelze. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens msjelobaze 351 Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba, anu am cifrebidan romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba? 859 101 333 574 948 772 Tu Tqven moTamaSeebis umravlesobas hgavxarT, Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es ricxvebi SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezentatuli iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifriani ricxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiToeuli cifri aRebulia SemTxveviTad diapazonidan 0-dan 9-is CaTvliT, eqneba ganmeorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa, gaTamaSebaSi „Indiana pick-3" 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992). imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis situaciebis umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia, maT sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixedviT da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans. „Ruza amoRebulia!~ evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT azrovnebis eqsperimentis Catareba. daiwyeT qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi. 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____ gamravlebas, rac ukve sakmaod did ricxvs gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganagrZobT magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs aZlevdnen identuri problemis or variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pasuxebis mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis SemTxvevaSi _ 2,250-s (swori pasuxia 40320). rogorc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi) gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro didia saboloo Sefaseba. A am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasabuTeT „Ruzis~ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba „Ruzis~ evristikas, sakmarisi ar aris. misi gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniSvnelobis gadafasebas an verSefasebas. „Ruzis~ evristikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris, roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur informacias. miuxedavad amisa, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi „Ruzis~ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas ganicdian. saidan viciT Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramdenime moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT arasrul pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24-s, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanT saboloo pasuxs. axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna: 352 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____ im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod gansxavebuli iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X 7 da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze „Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) – zogierTi movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba an verSefaseba. SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi (1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis kiTxvarebze (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi ar iRebdnen nomrebs). am ricxvze studentebis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad sxvadasxva saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti) mimarTavdnen, magram saidentifikacio nomeri naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc sxva nebismieri pasuxisTvis irelevanturi. mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT adgilobriv sainformacio broSu- es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxureben yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben „Ruzis~ efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon, iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000 dolaris gadaxdas, ara?~ mas Semdeg, rac maRal fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad 599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT. vfiqrobT, am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT „Ruzis~ uaryofiTi gavlena; rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT, rom windaxeduleba gamoiCinoT. msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa: xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba da „Ruza~, radgan umravles SemTxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvevlobidan da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba Secdomamde migiyvanoT. mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis dros SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi. gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudeqiT sxvebis SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT zegavlena moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla ganvixiloT gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba. gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi. waikiTxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti. axla am problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT arCevans? eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen am problemis erT-erT versias (Shafir, 1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen, Tu romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis 67% irCveda B variants, xolo, rodesac studentebs sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B variants). ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias, naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom msgavsma informaciam imave gadawyvetilebamde unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans, ,,upiratesobis~ miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur mxareebze _ Tqven agrovebT aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis~ moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis koncentrireba arCevanis negatiur aspeqtebze xdeba _ Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg. amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba Seicvalos. aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did gavlenas axdens kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995), swored amitom saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT, eqvemdebareba Tu ara is detalur analizs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu im variantis uaryofis da ara arCevis SemTxvevaSi?~ Tu romelime konkretul arCevans erT SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas niSnavs, rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba raSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze aSkara gavlena moaxdina absoluturad irelevanturma, pirobiTma „Ruzam~. studentebi, romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben, rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis raodenoba didia – 631, vidre sakontrolo jgufis studentebis – 219. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca studentebs specialurad afrTxilebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sefasebaze, maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539), vidre sakontrolo jgufSi gaerTianebul studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219) (Wilson et al., 1996.). 353 cxrili 9.7 fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba 1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoirCevdiT dasasveneblad? adgili A saSualo amindi saSualo sanapiro saSualo donis sastumro wylis zomieri temperatura RamiT zomieri garToba adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis rifebi ultraTanamedrove sastumro Zalian civi wyali Zalian Zlieri qari RamiT aranairi garToba adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis rifebi ultraTanamedrove sastumro Zalian civi wyali Zalian Zlieri qari RamiT aranairi garToba arCevanis forma Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi 2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT. Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgilis javSans gaauqmebdiT? adgili A saSualo amindi saSualo sanapiro saSualo donis sastumro wylis zomieri temperatura RamiT zomieri garToba mxareebi. bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs warmoadgens. 354 nawili 2: uaryofa gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze bunebriv gzas imis gansazRvra warmoadgens, Tu romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels, an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben 5 an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia 10 dolaris arCeva. situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da danakargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. „forma~ warmoadgens arCevanis detalur aRweras. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xelfasis gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi miRweva iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT, magram manamde Tu ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000 forma (Frame) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera. gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gakeTebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena. dolariT gazrdas, maSin rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageufloT, TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000 dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT; Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi 1 000 dolariT mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia. ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras ganvixilavT mogebad da ras _ danakargad, nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT 1 000 dolaris an 10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi darCenas). axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi, romelSic `formireba~ ufro mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. 9.8 cxrilSi Tqven filtvis simsivnis mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva gevalebaT _ operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT `gadarCenis~ formiT warmodgenili problema da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki `sikvdilianobis~ formiT gadmocemuli igive saidan viciT msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, monawileoba miiRoT disciplinarul komisiaSi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra TanxiT daajarimos kompania, romelic reklamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze? eqsperimentSi kompaniis saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT SemTxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad, ,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - negatiuri kuTxiT (magaliTad, `80%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~). xedavT, rom orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive informacias gvawodebs? cdis pirebi, romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri kuTxiT miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca negatiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis wakiTxvis Semdeg maTi rekomendacia iyo daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis jarima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT, ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze. rogor SegviZlia aseTi Sedegebis sakuTar cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur samyaroSi gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, romelic momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis mosazrebas (varauds) eyrdnoba. aseT SemTxvevebSi, scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom cxrili 9.8 formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti gadarCena operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34. radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg – 22. mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu radioTerapias? sikvdilianoba operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Semdgom periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki – 66. radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi ki – 78. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi obieqturad erTi da igivea, gansxvaveba mxolod statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSia, romelic mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis gadarCenis an sikvdilianobis terminebiTaa warmodgenili. cdis pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCevaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mogebaze da danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis~ formiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis~ kuTxiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis~ es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, statistikis mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamocdili eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982). es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi asaxulia Tqveni realuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba. mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu radioTerapias? 355 cxrili 9.9 gadawyvetilebis aversia A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularuli firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT? 1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi. B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99 dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~ 159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT? 1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~. 2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~. gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ; oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas, rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis _ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereblobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert, 1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba. Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi. 356 Tqven axali manqanis yidvas apirebT. gamyidveli Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis kuTxiT: `qsenoni~-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!~ Tqven SegiZliaT mis mier mowodebuli informaciis perefrazireba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvel wels!~ cvlis Tu ara axali formulireba Tqven mier situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa, romelic realur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT. manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis saukeTeso magaliTia, rodesac viRac cdilobs informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowinaaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa simpaTia daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas: `vTvli, rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) (Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis albaToba. gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT alternativebi. ra moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992); axla ganvixiloT B nawilSi aRwerili odnav Secvlili situacia. gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT informacias ar miiRebs. ra xdeba? (rogor ggoniaT, ratom?) Cveulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa, rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas waarTmevs pirvel ors; Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erTerTi pirveli arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba? adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis Sedegadac zogs eqneba meti sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi; adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton, rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT ar gaakeTes; adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi Sedegi hqondes; adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvebis magivrad. im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic adamianebi eZeben gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros formulireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT, TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi, rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. ZiriTadad iqonieT Tqvens kognitur procesebze damyarebuli msjelobebis imedi da gamoiyeneT isini Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad! am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven movitaneT citata elen keleris publikaciidan _ ,,azris dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba~; Semdeg ganvixileT sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _ metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis miReba _ da vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT. SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT da ar moepyroT Tqvens SemecnebiT procesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri yofis arss. Sejameba msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad eyrdnobian evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niSnebis gansazRvras. `Ruzis~ evristikis mixedviT, adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare xdeba. kiTxvis forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi antipatiur damokidebulebas. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac cdis pirebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani `sidipleeris~ arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT, monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian, sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCveneblis Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba, rom `sonis~ arCeva advilia, Tumca, arCevanis gakeTeba `sonis~ SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa da umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas~ Soris rTulia. ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT gadawyvetilebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias. miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa, adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT (Bettie et al., 1994): 357 sakvanZo sakiTxebi kogniciis Seswavla kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian fsiqikur procesebs da struqturebs, romlebic safuZ- vlad udevs adamianis aRqmis, metyvelebis, azrovnebis, problemis gadaWris, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarebs. im fsiqikuri procesebis gamoyofis mizniT, romlebic rTuli amocanis Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad, mkvlevrebi mimarTaven reaqciis drois gazomvas. Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi metyveleba 358 358 adamianebs SeuZliaT azris gamoTqma da naTqvamis gageba. gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis gaTvaliswinebiT. metyvelebis Secdomebi naTels hfens metyvelebis dagegmvis bevr process. gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gageba – orazrovnebis daZleva – xdeba konteqstis mixedviT. mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi Senaxuli reprezentaciebi efuZneba propoziciebs, xolo maTi Sevseba xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT). ena, romelzec adamianebi laparakoben, SesaZloa gavlenas axdendes maT azrovnebaze. vizualuri kognicia vizualuri reprezentaciebi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes propoziciuli reprezentaciebis Sesavsebad. vizualuri reprezentaciebi garemos vizualuri aspeqtebis gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. adamianebi qmnian vizualur reprezentaciebs, romlebSic gaerTianebulia rogorc verbaluri, ise vizualuri informacia. problemis gadaWra da azrovneba adamianebma unda gansazRvron sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da is operaciebi, romlebic saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi mdgomareobidan miaRwion mizans. logikur wesebze damyarebuli wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvna deduqciuri azrovnebaa. induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs daskvnis gakeTebas xdomilebis albaTobis gaTvaliswinebiT. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba evristikas, romelic adamians gadawyvetilebis swrafad miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa da „Ruzis efeqtis~ arasworma gamoyenebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis formireba. fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamo adamianebi avlenen rTuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganridebis tendencias. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi avtomaturi procesebi azrovneba algoriTmi gadawyvetilebis aversia gadawyvetilebis miReba deduqciuri azrovneba evristika eqspresiuli metyveleba varaudi induqciuri azrovneba kognituri procesebi kognituri fsiqologia kognituri mecnierebebi kontrolirebadi procesebi misawvdomobis evristika msmenelis gaTvaliswineba msjeloba paraleluri procesebi problemis gadaWra problemuri situacia reprezentaciuli evristika seriuli procesebi forma funqcionaluri rigidoba fsiqikuri ganwyoba Ruzis evristika Semecneba xmamaRali fiqris oqmi avtomaturi procesebi azrovneba algoriTmi gadawyvetilebis aversia inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 10 ra aris Sefaseba • Sefasebis istoria • formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi inteleqtis Sefaseba • inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi • IQ testebi fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi: Sefaseba internebtiT inteleqtis Teoriebi • inteleqtis fsiqometriuli Teoria • sternbergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria • gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti inteleqtis politika • jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria • memkvidreobiToba da IQ • garemo da IQ • kultura da IQ testebis validoba SemoqmedebiToba • kreatulobis Sefaseba da kavSiri inteleqtTan • gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba da SeSliloba Sefaseba da sazogadoeba sakvanZo sakiTxebi • ZiriTadi cnebebi 359 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba a 360 dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~ da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi `WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri testis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvlebis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel, superracionalur da postindustriul samyaroSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamocdilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba dagavalon. imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxoven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organizaciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocdaTerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mravalferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samogzauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZiebis biuros agentebisaTvis. Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli. me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests. nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi (Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumoristuli SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva, Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi, romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris. Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _ umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administratorebi Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis farglebs scildeba. am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvadasxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba, rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes, romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos, davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols sazogadoebaSi. Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamoyenebis mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT. fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs individTa unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadgenili procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc individualuri gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan SefasebaTa umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba, an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi; aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava. Sefasebis istoria SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre, vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamianTa Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi. faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiyeneboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs TavianTi kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme, agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w. aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda. im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abarebdnen gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiodnen, anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze. mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas, ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda. 1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebuli SerCevis proceduras britaneli diplomatebi da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen. Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris personalis SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973). inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment) _ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli procedurebi. ra aris Sefaseba ra aris Sefaseba 361 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 362 aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~ 1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis, Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluciis Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmatebuli iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki _ ara. galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireblad raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore, adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvavebebi zaris formis mruds, anu normalur ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamianTa umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ wertilebTan axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu gonebrivi unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis saxeliTaa cnobili. samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~ formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveulwilad, moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi politika genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli) da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZraoba, romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebiT, adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biologiurad superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomavlobaze uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: `arsebobs mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~ (Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200). es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarjze unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard) da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria. ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvixiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi. formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes. Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2) validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi- sandooba sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs. Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT, ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba gasazomi sidide. testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas, sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas an konsistenturobas. test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _ erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi. paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT. Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _ sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis, rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, SesrulebaSi miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi. SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency) _ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi miRebuli qulebis Sedareba. ra aris Sefaseba yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magaliTebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _ fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan. rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos. korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur +1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac izrdeba. sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs. pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamimdevruli Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadasvlisas. sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobaa, romelic erTi da igive testis pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulobis maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gaxleCvis sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva. umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT, 363 mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesafaseblad. amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxvavebis dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT. isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTanado formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis gamoyenebis unarebs. Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba validoba 364 testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts. inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTebels da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. kreatulobis validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali- validoba (Validity) – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo miwodebuli. TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity) _ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kriteriums. doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas, romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli validoba. validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukavSirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi, romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT. magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis. pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen, sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsruleblebs maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebuli pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romelTac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli garemodan wasvla. saidan viciT pacientebi manipulireben fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda, ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba. rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad, dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca, rodesac interviu stacionaridan gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo, am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino validobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas. testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis (cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli validoba) misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRebul qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakavSirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixedviT miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozireba, maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi validuria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Sefasebis instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozirebisaTvis. swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SATis qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom administracias maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo. pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, SeiZleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan korelirebs an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi, maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteriumebSi, maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedicino fakultetis studentebis stresTan gamklavebis unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT, rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi warmoqmnili stresuli situaciebis daZlevis unarTan. amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve, korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisazRvra testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is validuri da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _ sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis koreqtirebas akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxurSi muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs. dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. sandooba izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoyenebisas), xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisxiT korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan (sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando, is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magaliTad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli paraleluri formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magaliTi), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu romeli studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswarmetyvelebasac ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando, magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleqtis sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb- ra aris Sefaseba vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen, romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad, pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena, maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo (Braginsky & Braginsky,1967). 365 iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando, magram aravaliduri. Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba normebi da standartizacia 366 amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi, magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad, depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowodebul testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT, ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _ msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs, anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. testis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT, Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula. es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze. normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis normebi. standartizacia (Stanradtization) – testirebis erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti Tu monacemebis registracia. iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis interpretireba. Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, testis normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi, Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki, socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba. imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa, rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seasrulos. standartizacia aris testirebis meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. standartizaciis aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa, magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivirebulebi arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis. ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba: ielis universitetis magistraturaSi swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: `ielis universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1958). SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vinaidan testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis Sejameba fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswavlaze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi individi sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) da `uaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb. testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria, anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna. aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis procedura iyos standartizirebuli da miRebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis normas. inteleqtis Sefaseba ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvrebaze: `inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis, problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis, rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a, gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptualizebas, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs, riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg, 1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisazRvros da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba. am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi da misi gazomvisadmi interesi. inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi 1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeqinteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari. inteleqtis Sefaseba qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza, maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelobebis interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli SedegebTan. axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani, romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinamdvileSi zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazomvac surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve, unda daadginon testirebis standartuli pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT. aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi Catarda. Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis gazomvas. 367 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 368 turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva. man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas, naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad tendenciur Sefasebebs. inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gacemuli pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911). testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs CautardaT da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda. magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben. qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis raodenoba. qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis raodenoba. bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSanTvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame, igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda, romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi. dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan. inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kombinaciam ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtualuri unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoiyenes. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi IQ testebi × miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyenebisTvis mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi: stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris skalebi (Wechsler). stenford-bines inteleqtis skala luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba. aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti, romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916). am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914 wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamravlebuli 100-ze: IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri asaki 100 bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75 (6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100 qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad. es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs, romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea morgebuli da romelTac mcire reviziaTa CautardaT 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQis gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; (2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenfordbines testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis mqone~, an niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992). miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient) _ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula. inteleqtis Sefaseba (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagangebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985). am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testirebis gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen. 369 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 370 Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti (120 da zemoT) _ `umaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs 70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesabamebian, magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi, gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon, individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSirebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram, adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod, rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _ rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 7075-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve, rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari. Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic komunikaciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992. gv.34). veqsleris inteleqtis skala david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida, rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqslerbelvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur, anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan. amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverbaluri IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels, mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdReobiT misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, rogorc _ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981). WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmetikuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi (eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru- cxrili 10.1 gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: • individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali; • dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia: komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi; Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi; saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva; socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi; komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba; sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unarCvevebi; janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi; funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi (rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxorcielebaSi; Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi; samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi. • CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi. lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT manipulirebas, praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. magaliTad, kuburebis awyobis testSi individs baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba, risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usadagebs erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9 cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula _ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani, anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuTvnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac (sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSvebisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia (WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bavSvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bavSvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993). WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis monitoringi. inteleqtis Sefaseba wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41. 371 cxrili WAIS-R 10.2 testis analogiuri sakiTxebi da problemebi verbaluri subtesti informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~? gageba ras niSnavs, roca adamianebi amboben: `feri fersa - madli RmerTsa~. ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5 dolari gadaixade da batibutSi - 2.5 dolari, maSin ocdolarianidan xurda ramdeni unda dagibrunon? msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa navi? ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi: 3 2 7 5 9 leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~? Sesrulebis subtesti Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba ricxobrivi simbolo 372 eqsperimentatori cdis pirs awvdis gasaRebs, romelic ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3) simboloebs (magaliTad, Ö, È , ) uTanadebs. cdis piri sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod ricxvebi an simboloebia mocemuli. suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia mas (magaliTad, cxeni fafaris gareSe) kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs, rom gamomcdelis mier mowodebuli nimuSi gaimeoros. suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos suraTebis serias iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos moTxrobas hyveba; obieqtis ageba eqsperimentatori awvdis cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis nawilebs, romelic cdis pirma ise unda daalagos, rom nacnobi sagnis suraTi miiRos. Sejameba inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axorcielebda, romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama- suraTi 10.2 tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasificirebuli yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronologiur asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves. inteleqtis Teoriebi Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi Sefaseba internetiT ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~ kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _ sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalinteleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom testis Sedegebi ar aris gansakuTrebiT sando. Tu testebi ar aris sando, isini verc validuri iqneba. davuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT yvela SemTxveva, rodesac daveWvdebodiT maT validobaSi: poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTvlili iyo misi Sedegis (20 kiTxvaze miRebuli swori pasuxebis raodenoba) im individebis SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze mocemuli zaris formis ganawilebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQs afasebs. ra problemasTan gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli, sando arainternetuli testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im adamianebis mxridan, vinc vebgverdze mocemuli testi Seasrula? meore, Cven araviTari safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom testi yvelam erTnair stan- Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexmaroT, inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToeuli Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s gamoiyenebdnen. dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa. magaliTad, testSi Sedis kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur marags saWiroebs. rogor SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko, yovelTvis vambobdi, rom geniosi var!~)? interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs rogorc IQ-is, ise sxva unarebisa da pirovnuli konstruqtis Sefasebis uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom frTxilad SeafasoT internetiT miRebuli qulebis sandooba da validoba. amasobaSi, poindeqsteri internetSi mocemuli IQtestebis daJinebul momxmareblad gadaiqca. `evropul IQtestebze~ misma saukeTeso qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi irwmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is validuri sazomia. Tqvenc darwunebuli xarT amaSi? veb-gverdebi: www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _ veb-gverdi, sadac didi raodenobiT testebia mocemuli; www.majon.com/iq.html --_ mravali testi erT saitze. inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, ZiriTadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, romelmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria inteleqtis Teoriebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs xSirad uCndebaT interesi imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaarTmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens droSi sakamaod advilia ewvioT romelime veb-gverds, amoirCioT testi da miiRoT garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu ara rames miRebuli qulebi? am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT, romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT. analizisaTvis monacemebi dagvWirda da Cvens megobars, romelsac pirobiTad poindeqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis internetSi mudmivad arsebuli ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT, rom sandooba konsistentiurobas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara msgavs qulebs is testebi, romlebic iTvleba rom, faqtobrivad, erTsa da imave rames zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da 130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrundebiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi saSualoze maRalia (ra kargia poindeqsterisaTis!), magram miRebuli qulebidan 373 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 374 fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba, inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva. amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAISR-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura, romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqtorebis ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statistikuri procedura mxolod statistikur mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea. Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvlevis sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneTTan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxorcielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi specializirdeba. g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar inteleqtualur aqtiobas. kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leqsikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars. specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda. magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur unarebze. raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqtoruli analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyenebiT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad, romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da problemebis gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. TvalsaCino kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal, abstraqtul problemebze. joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqtoruli analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena. inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi; produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi. rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi; eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi, mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba, konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli produqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa, gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoadgens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze, suraTi 10.3 inteleqtis struqtura leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis mexsierebas saWiroebs. es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematuri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi, qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels, rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina, cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985). gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis, rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs. sternbergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988) xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teorias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens. komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis, anu saazrovno procesebis meSveobiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs sami tipis komponents, romelTac centraluri mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamuSavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponentebi problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli savarjiSos Sesruleba. rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis komponentebis da metakognituri komponentebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT; metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas inteleqtis Teoriebi inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars. 375 cxrili 10.3 komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis unari qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis amoxsna (Sternberg,1986). 1. H-U-L-A-G __________ 2. P-T-T-M-E __________ 3. T-R-H-O-S __________ 4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________ 5. T-E-W-I-R __________ 6. L-L-A-O-W __________ 7. R-I-D-E-V __________ 8. O-C-C-H-U __________ 9. 10. T-E-N-R-E C-I-B-A-S __________ __________ Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos. 376 iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTanxmebebis mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs, maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponentebs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama TN-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia, romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba, xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdilobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas, romelic T-H-iT iwyeba? sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansazRvron procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQis mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tanatolebisgan gansxvavebiT. empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZebnas. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu, magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas `axali ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs. konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan) adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstualuri inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqeqilobas~ da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s gareSe. saidan viciT konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqspertebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma SemTxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki _ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda (Ceci & Liker, 1986). emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inteleqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi: emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _ inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad. Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes~. gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999) SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs. gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad, mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT. es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena. balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs, gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur inteleqtis Teoriebi vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi parametrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuviTardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT garemos specifikurad esadageba. sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT, mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom `aragonier~ adamianebs garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~ Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis 377 cxrili 10.4 gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba inteleqti 378 saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi logikurmaTematikuri mecnieri maTematikosi logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msjelobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari. lingvisturi poeti Jurnalisti sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelobebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba. sabunebismetyvelo biologi bunebrivi garemos mkvlevari mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan saTuTad mopyrobis unari. musikaluri kompozitori mevioline ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsaxvelobebis formebis codna sivrcobrivi navigatori moqandake vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis transformirebis unari. sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri mocekvave aTleti pirovnebaTSorisi fsiqoTerapevti saqonlis gasaRebis muSaki Sidapirovnuli sakuTari Tavis detalurad mcodne pirovneba inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa iaponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Triandis,1990). inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardneriseuli Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi, romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia mocemuli. bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonaluri da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri- sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari. sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, temperamentis, motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi. sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesatyvisad qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis codna. Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer & Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia: emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis, Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamoyenebis unari; emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve, emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari; emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari. am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inteleqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxadon, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi. ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stambuls Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs, saidan viciT EQ-is gazomva 503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaqtoriani emociuri inteleqtis skala~, romelic individebisagan emociur problemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mocemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQis qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan, ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniSvnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. dabolos, emociuri inteleqtis am axal skalaze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs (Mayer et al., 1999). Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT, rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs (Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)? inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo- gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis. Sejameba Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva mdgenelebis kvleva scades. sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaafarTova inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs individis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos emociebi. inteleqtis politika Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda, rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis TanSobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvaleEQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti. inteleqtis politika pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZnobebis gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlevrebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas, romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da validuri sazomebi iqneba. 379 badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis, ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris interpretirebuli jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi. Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria 380 1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~ aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975; McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxvedrisTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc `Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebodnen, vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca, es `arasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas, romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda arsebobas). godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Seswavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva, rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs, arakanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca. godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _ `normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli- saidan viciT genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875 wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis `jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis, kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki, TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevrTa samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faqtori iyo. genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamoyenebul inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan Segrovda: `maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobrivia... amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba, davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveulebrivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 9192). saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afroamerikelebi da laTinosebi standartizebul inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZlebeli IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gansxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrulfasovnebas (bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi mohyveba. memkvidreobiToba da IQ rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena? am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas, aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowodebuli erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozigoturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done- inteleqtis politika lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sapirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored `karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496 STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna `defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa, rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard, 1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti, genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoholizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985). 381 suraTi 10.4 memkvidreobiToba da IQ Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi. monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~ qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena. 382 ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT, rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac gamovlinda). mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidreobiTobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSanTvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba, rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros. memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate) _ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT. es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis (magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT, Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur, anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQis memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000; Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvidreobiToba daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s inteleqtis politika aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZlebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvidrulobas viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997), Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein &Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvidreobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ `ara!~ memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT, rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT 90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli. igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli individis IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba genetikuri warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia. meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba genetikuri nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jgufTaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea (Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad, gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic, aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruqtia, vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis (Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad afrikel amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winaprebi TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi SesaniSnavi magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar 383 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 384 Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivad gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc biologiuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebebi (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997). mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvlevebis saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romelTac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSoblebi hyavdaT. aSS-Si „Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30% Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi? im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mravalricxovan kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15s Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _ kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris. amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998). genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa, Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gansxvavebebis memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia. is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga- remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi wyvetebis arsebobaSi. garemo da IQ vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, garemos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani? garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze (Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki & Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZleba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvleboda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTeloba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze. umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis (Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena IQ-ze. 10.5 memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur klasTan (garemos gavlena). ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze? simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba inteleqtis politika suraTi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs davalebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis, kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas, romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv ganviTarebas. `orientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs, gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ testebi. dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi, rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki, rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _ IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebulobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis SemTxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo gavlena IQ-ze. 385 suraTi 10.6 naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naSvileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqondaT saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli monacemebi aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQze. saidan viciT Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba garemos gavlena IQ-ze 386 mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgufis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _ TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s. im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7 iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2. rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneblebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis (Lynn,1996). unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvavebas qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi, ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv mikuTvnebulobasTan. praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZleblobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start programis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privilegirebul pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaumjobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen. aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas, yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleqtis testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixedviT miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtobrivad, programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda. samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998; Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana: IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start programis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod IQ-is mimarT. Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inteleqtis testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situaciur adaptaciaSi. kultura da IQ testebis validoba adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasargeblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, rogoricaa saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b; Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvnelovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebis miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQis saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQSi, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur moswrebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRwevaze da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles. aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT, SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad, imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studentobis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros, IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna. amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis wvlilis miuxedavad. miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas (Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas, an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi: rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _ laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akademiuri Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis forma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uaryofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi skolis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli, mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul formad aris miCneuli. am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi. erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci- inteleqtis politika empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan. adreul intervencias ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom programebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTesos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc (Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129). 387 urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod. kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT aravalidursa da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998) aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam, rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stereotipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda. saidan studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebuli qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleqtis Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini davalebebs uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel & Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs arasrulfasovnebis stereotipi. magaliTad, stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acnobierebdnen TavianT sqesobriv ganxvavebulobas, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda am studentebis SemTxvevaSic. viciT Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba 388 erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi misaReb standartul testSi Semavali kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxvebisTvis, romlebic enis kargad codnas moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres, rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtualuri unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im studentebs, romelTac situaciam Seuqmna stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis (maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davalebebis Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis adekvaturad Sefasebas. dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqtisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kultura individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivensonma da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993) ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. suraTi 10.7 stereotipuli muqara amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs. 1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo: `Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qulebi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi genetikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad, ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rodesac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovani iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~ Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respondentebi aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~ akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tandayolil gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zusti mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _ ara. Sejameba godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulobis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvidrebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si inteleqtis politika stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis _ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips: qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda. 389 mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena. Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elferi dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli rasobrivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadgines garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipuli muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis. Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba SemoqmedebiToba sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba. kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg & Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba. kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, SemoqmedebiTi unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro- kreatuloba (Creativity) – iseTi ideebis generirebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi. divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _ 390 duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo) kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSlilobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajildoebuli adamianebisagan. kreatulobis Sefaseba da kavSiri inteleqtTan rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi (SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari. kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan, 1965): daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni azriT, oTxkuTxedia; sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi sagnebi; daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT. pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba _ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma (Runco,1991). rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben, SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena. xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris. saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris arsebobs susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & O’Hara, 1999). ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari fiqrobs rom `inteleqtis~ garkveuli done 10.8 iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleblobas, magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins, 1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansazRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas, iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba. SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs (ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120 IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _ kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _ naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna. eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas (Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis mixedviT. gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba da SeSliloba arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxelebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze, romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C. uwoda. E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars, romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti. am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanatolebisgan da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul SemoqmedebiToba suraTi 391 momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri, ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs. amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner, 1993, gv. 361). Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukavSirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989). SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921) aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris Tavisuflad dinebis1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram, rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis azrovnebis realur procesze? 392 saidan viciT kreatuloba da mania aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma (Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kompozitor robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba, romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diagnozi hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna maniakaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3), 1 Free flowing though processes. vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7), Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. maniakalur periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebs. veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis. Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva, am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca, xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990, gv.164). mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ- Sejameba kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis testebiT izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca, SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias. Sefaseba da sazogadoeba fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privilegiebis, an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs, Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad, fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3) testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT. testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec Sefaseba da sazogadoeba leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad kreatuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajildoebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian (Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation). SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asruleben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian (Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi unarebis metad gamovlenas. axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian individualur gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca, ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleqtualobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, romlebic TiToeuli individis unikalurobas gansazRvravs. 393 Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba 394 umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes, ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (William Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxvadasxva umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa (1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fasdeboda. garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandidatebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyenebuli SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesabamisad, samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba. meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs. magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkaravda mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogoricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaocebulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces. adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneblebi, an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrkoleblad iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba; testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monacemebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdasmulebi~, ijereben imas, rasac `eqspertebi~ amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis saSualebad. testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze. rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis, konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva, adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis `aranormalurobaze~ ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devianturi pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT individualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamianebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da, amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad, miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma testebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela. miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdamTavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude) davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani) C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze., Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi. am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb. sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi) sxvagan wavida staJirebaze. warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod standartizebuli testebiT gazomili unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeblebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs, nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas. adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qulebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT, pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri ZalisxmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs. albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis. Sejameba miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri testireba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa individisaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxismgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaTleblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kategoriebad daxarixebisaTvis. sakvanZo sakiTxebi ra aris Sefaseba fsiqologiur Sefasebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da dasabams antikuri CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana ser frensis galtonma. Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos sando, validuri da standartizirebuli. sando sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis Sedegebs. validuri sazomi afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa gasazomadac Seiqmna testi. sakvanZo sakiTxebi rac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens gavlenas maT qcevaze. es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi weriliT davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STagonebis wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis, romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur testebs: 395 standartizirebuli testis Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba yovelTvis erTi da igive gziT xdeba. normebis arseboba saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevadaroT pirovnebis qulebi igive asakis, sqesis da kulturis individTa saSualo maCvenebels. inteleqtis Sefaseba XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi safrangeTSi alfred binem safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis obieqturi testirebis ganviTarebas. qulebi mocemuli iyo gonebrivi asakis terminebiT da bavSvebis funqcionirebis arsebul dones asaxavda. aSS-Si termenma Seqmna stenford-bines inteleqtis skala da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis popularizacia. veqslerma Seqmna specialuri inteleqtis testebi mozrdilebisTvis, skolamdeli da saskolo asakis bavSvebisaTvis. Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba inteleqtis Teoriebi 396 396 IQ-is fsiqometriulma analizma aCvena, rom zogierT ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa inteleqtis fluiduri da kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs IQ qulebSi. Tanamedrove Teoriebi Zalian farTod ganixilaven da zomaven inteleqts, msjeloben ra im unarebsa da insaitebze, romelTac adamianebi sxvadasxva amocanis gadasaWrelad iyeneben. stenbergi ganasxvavebs inteleqtis komponentur, empiriul da konteqstualur aspeqtebs. gardnerma daadgina inteleqtis rva tipi, romelic moicavs da scildeba kidec standartuli IQ sazomebiT gazomvad inteleqtis formebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze. inteleqtis politika Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis testebi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi gancxadebebis gasakeTeblad gamoiyeneboda. IQ-is maRali memkvidreobiTobis gamo zogierTi mkvlevari garkveuli rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis dabal Sedegebs maT Tandayolil arasrulfasovnebas miawers. araxelsayreli garemo pirobebiT da stereotipuli muqariT aixsneba zogierTi jgufis dabali IQ qulebi. gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos garemo faqtorebiT. SemoqmedebiToba xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis Sefaseba divergentuli azrovnebis testebis saSualebiT xdeba. gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi midian riskze, gadian momzadebas da uaRresad motivirebulni arian. ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa da SeSlilobas Soris. 10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta 1. Laugh 6. Allow 2. Tempt 7. Drive 3. Short 8. Cough 4. Knight 9. Enter 5. Write 10. Basic Sefaseba da sazogadoeba miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi xSirad sasargeblod gamoiyeneba momavali Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar unda ganapirobebdes individis ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis SezRudvas. rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi momavalSi gavlenas axdens individis cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli teqnikebi unda iyos sando da validuri rogorc am individTan, ise _ gamoyenebis mizanTan mimarTebaSi. ZiriTadi cnebebi qronologiuri asaki kreatuloba kriteriumis validoba kristalizebuli inteleqti divergentuli azrovneba emociuri inteleqtiQ TvalsaCino validoba fluiduri inteleqti formaluri Sefaseba memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli inteleqti inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba gonebrivi asaki gonebrivi CamorCeniloba normebi paraleluri formebi prognozirebadi validuroba fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fsiqometria sandooba SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba standartizeba stereotipuli muqara test-retestuli sandooba validoba adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze 11 ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna • ganviTarebis aRwera • ganviTarebis axsna fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze • ganviTareba Canasaxisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi • fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi • fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze • piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb • adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi • kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi enis aTviseba • sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma • sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla • gramatikis Seswavla socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze • eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi • socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi • socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi • socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze genderuli ganviTareba • sqesi da genderi • genderuli rolebis aTviseba moraluri ganviTareba • moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT • genderobisa da kulturis gavlena moralur gansjaze • viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba sakvanZo sakiTxebi • ZiriTadi cnebebi 397 Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze v 398 fiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. TandaTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis „mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad, garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi mezobeli bavSvebisagan. vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, magram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc miiqcev ramiT. is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upiratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs. Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebismieri, radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komercia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi~ da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebelia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar. es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afroamerikelis, derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes, misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Goodmillie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ayalibeben. warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg? xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis? samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaTleba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli, Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teoriebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemurad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb. 11.1 ganviTarebis safexurebi safexuri asaki Canasaxovani (prenataluri) dabadebis wina periodi Cvili bavSvoba dabadebidan 18 Tvemde adreuli bavSvoba daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde gviani bavSvoba daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde mozardoba daaxloebiT 13 wlidan 20 wlamde axalgazrdoba 1 daaxloebiT 20 wlidan 30 wlamde mowifuloba daaxloebiT 30 wlidan 65 wlamde xnovani daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamianis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi. mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socialuri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod aucilebeli aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs. am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixilavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yuradRebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTarebaze SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad 1 cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba. originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axalgazrdoba, (2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna) bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze. axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Seswavla. ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvlilebis siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT, bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobarTa axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTarebas aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, ZiriTadad, SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas) bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (danakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi. ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad, mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989). magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros. agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci, 1994). ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan. ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna cxrili 399 axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi ganviTarebis cvlilebebs. Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis aRwera 400 imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT. normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkretuli asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sistematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adamianze dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis standartul paternebs, romelic didi raodenobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli. normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _ qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umravlesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, romelic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi, iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba. cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _ gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganviTarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis aRweras. qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis raodenoba. ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qronologiuri asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul dones. longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze. models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamoyenebisas erTi da igive individebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTmetikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley, 1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze. grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa, rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben, SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi CarTuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi dabadebul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakveTebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis an gauCinarebis gamo. ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jvaredini Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze, romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxardaWeras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa