Food Safety in Latin America
Transcripción
Food Safety in Latin America
Food Safety in Latin America Gerald Gutscher Latin America Population: 580m (8,4%) Arable Land: 567m ha (37%) Freshwater Supply: 18.392 km3 (33%) (soft) Commodity Giants Food Supply Chain 1 loaf of bread MADE IN THE U.S.A. • • • • • • • Wheat gluten from France, Poland, Russia, the Netherlands, or Australia Honey from China, Vietnam, Brazil, Uruguay, India, Canada, Mexico, or Argentina Calcium propionate from the Netherlands Guar gum from India Flour enrichments from China Beta-carotene from Switzerland Vitamin D3 from China Source: R. Brackett ; Managing Food Safety Practices (2009) Food Supply Chain • 200,000 food processing companies • 900,000 restaurants (12m employees) • 100m head of cattle • Avg. distance farm-fork of 1lb of meat: 1,600km • Agricultural Supply Chain -> U$ 1 trillion p.a. Source: P. Cheek (2006) Storage & Trading OTHER Feed & Flour Mills Distribution & Retail CROPS ANIMAL PROTEIN FOOD INDUSTRY Processing & Packaging Aquaculture Restaurants CONSUMER PLANT ORIGIN PRODUCE SIMPLIFIED FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN OF A DEVELOPED COUNTRY Fuente: Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards_UK Report_2007_extract Consumer Perception and Public Health Concern in Germany Source: Roehr et al (2005) Food Safety in History Fuente: Griffith, C.J.; Food Safety: where from and where to?; British Food Journal , Vol. 108 No. 1; 2006; pp. 6-15 Food Safety Contaminants Mycotoxins Microbiological Allergens (claim!) Agrochemicals (Pest+Drugs) GMO Risk Chronic Toxicity Acute Toxicity Acute Toxicity Toxic &product attribute (organic) unknown Main Cause Climate/Environ. Environment Manufacturing Production Cultivation Predictability Low Low High High High Frequency of occurrence Medium High Low* Low High In Supply Chain Mainly primary production All over the supply chain Food Manufacturing Primary production Primary production Motive to Control Economic (Feed/Brand), Legislation Economic (Brand, Recall), Legislation To comply with a claim on the label Preventive Action hardly possible Traceable/Liability Legislation Legislation or to comply to comply with a with a claim (product claim on the attribute) label, legislation partially yes - thru effective yes - no application of AC possible/unaccepted ingredient management in question (irradiation) yes no partially yes yes yes partly yes unclear and partly partly partly ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED RISKS HUMAN INDUCED RISKS ALLERGENS Storage & Trading OTHER Feed & Flour Mills Distribution & Retail CROPS ANIMAL PROTEIN FOOD INDUSTRY Processing & Packaging Aquaculture Restaurants CONSUMER PLANT ORIGIN PRODUCE Critical Points Alergenos alimentarios Cualquier alimento puede provocar una reacción alérgica, pero los alérgenos más comunes (proteínas) son: nueces Leche y lactosa mostaza sésamos apio Dióxido de azufre, sulfitos >10mg/kg • moluscos → Directivas de etiquetado para diferentes alergenos en USA, Canada, EU, Japon, Australia/Nueva Zelanda • • • • • • • gluten crustaceos huevos pescado maní soja lupines • • • • • • Regulaciones de Etiquetado Alergenos USA EU Canada Japon Australia/ Nueva Zelanda Huevo Leche Pescado Crustaceos Nueces Maní Trigo Soja Apio Mostaza Sulfitos Sésamo Alforfón Moluscos Lupines X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X >10 mg/kg X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X >10 mg/kg X X X X Regulaciones para Gluten Codex Standard para alimentos destinados a dietas especiales para personas con intolerancia al gluten (CODEX STAN 118 – 1979) • “Libre de Gluten” Etiquetado: productos que no contienen trigo (i.e., todas las especies de Triticum, como ser durum, spelt, y kamut), centeno, cebada, avena o las variedades cruzadas, y el contenido de gluten no debe exceder los 20 mg/kg en total • „Contenido de gluten reducido“, “Dietas especiales” etiquetado: Alimentos procesados en forma especial para reducir el contenido de gluten desde 20 hasta 100 mg/kg Cómo llegan los alergenos a los productos? • Receta (Ingredientes, pre-mezclas de ingredientes) • Contaminación cruzada – Almacenamiento de ingredientes – Producción (pesaje, mezcla, linea de producción – limpieza inadecuada) – Carry over – limpieza – Personal Distribución irregular de los alergenos Métodos Analíticos Comerciales para Alergenos Detección de Proteína o DNA ELISA AgraQuant® Allergen Lateral flow assay (LFD) AgraStrip PCR RT-PCR ® ELISA PCR Allergen Desafíos para el análisis de Alergenos • No hay materiales de referencia disponibles • No hay patrones de referencia disponibles • La fortificación es muy dificil – Spiking con extracto de proteína (que se detecta?) – Spiking con alergeno (alimento) – Spiking extracto – Spiking muestra Desafíos para el análisis de Alergenos Control de Alérgenos Incluye: • Desarrollo del producto • Proveedores de ingredientes • Almacenamiento ATP • Identificación de puntos de contaminación cruzada • Limpieza y Higiene • Documentación • Monitoramiento del producto terminado Lateral flow ELISA PCR Latin American Food Safety Survey June 2010 Respondents by Country Uruguay, 8 Paraguay, 9 USA, 1 Peru, 4 Panama, 1 Argentina, 17 Nicaragua, 2 online Mexico, 45 Brazil, 70 n=209 Guatemala, 4 Ecuador, 4 14 countries Costa Rica, 3 Colombia, 17 Chile, 24 Respondents by Industry 100% 1 2 90% 1 6 6 8 Certification & Auditing 8 80% 8 Brewery & Malting Dried Fruits, Nuts & Spicery 13 9 Commodity Trader/Export 70% Biotech & Food Safety 60% Re-Seller/Distributor 14 Petfood 16 50% 7 Flour Milling Consultancy 40% 27 Dairy 42 Research 30% Animal Husbandry 20 20% Government 21 Feed 10% University Service Lab 0% Food Complex 1 Feed Complex 62 0% 10% Research and Public Organisations 48 20% 30% 40% Services Distribution 56 50% 60% 36 70% 80% 90% 7 100% Food Respondents„ Profiles Status Quo of Food Safety Testing Contaminants and Residues Tested % of all respondents n=209, multiple answers possible 100% 80% 79% 63% 60% 36% 40% 27% 21% 19% 17% Allergens GMO Melamine 20% 0% Mycotoxins Microbiology Pesticides Drug Residues Contaminants and Residues Tested BRAZIL Contaminants and Residues Tested FOOD COMPLEX % of respondents, n=70, multiple answers possible % of respondents, n=62, multiple answers possible 100% 100% 82% 80% 80% 76% 80% 60% 60% 51% 40% 36% 40% 53% 40% 23% 20% 17% 13% 13% Melamine Allergens 0% 29% 20% 19% 19% GMO Melamine 0% Mycotoxins Microbiology GMO Pesticides Drug Residues Microbiology Mycotoxins Pesticides Allergens 25 Drug Residues RASFF Border Rejections Diagnostic Technology Employed (chemical contaminants) Technology Employed (n=209) Technology in the Food Complex (n=62) 60% 60% 55% 50% 39% 40% 30% 50% 48% 18% 20% 8% 10% 45% 0% 40% 30% Technology in Feed Complex (n=48) 60% 50% 20% 48% 40% 30% 13% 21% 20% 8% 10% 10% 8% 0% 0% ELISA Chromatography LFD Fluorometry 27 8% Outlook in Food Safety (chemical contaminants) Contaminants and residues to play a major role in the future of food safety. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% All (n=209) 50% Food Complex (n=62) 40% Feed Complex (n=48) Research Staff (n=44) 30% QC & Lab Staff (n=105) 20% 10% 0% Mycotoxins Pesticides Veterinary Drug Residues GMO Allergens Marine and Freshwater Biotoxins 28 Status-Quo vs. Outlook (chemical contaminants) Status-Quo vs. Outlook (n=209) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Status-Quo 40% Outlook 30% 20% 10% 0% Mycotoxins Pesticides Veterinary Drug Residues GMO Allergens 29 Romer Labs Check Sample Survey Interlaboratory Study • Round CSS-26307-RLI-2 • Aflatoxins in Maize • Oct/Nov 2010 Latin America • 109 participants • 10 countries 2 Argentina 7 5 2 Brasil 17 Chile 4 Colombia Costa Rica 17 Guatemala Mexico 43 21 4 5 Panama Paraguay Peru Final Considerations • Compliance with Export Food Safety Standards helps Food Safety in the exporting country. • Ambivalent Realities – Large Food Export Countries (e.g. Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay) – Countries depended on imports (e.g. cradle of maize depends on US corn) Balancing Food Security and Food Safety. “A World Bank study has calculated that the European Union regulation on aflatoxins costs Africa $670 million each year in exports of cereals, dried fruit, and nuts. And what does it achieve? It may possibly save a life of one citizen of the European Union in every two years […] Surely a more reasonable balance can be found.” KOFI ANNAN Final Considerations Gerald Gutscher Email: [email protected]