Tertiary basins of Spain the stratigraphic record of crustal kinematics

Tertiary basins of Spain the stratigraphic record of crustal kinematics

Tertiary basins of Spain
the stratigraphic record
of crustal kinematics
Edited by
PETER F. FRIEND AND CRISTINO J. DABRIO
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERS1TY PRESS
Tertiary basins of Spain
the stratigraphic record of crustal kinematics
EDITED BY
PETER F. FRIEND
Department of Earth Sciences, University af Cambridge
AND
CRISTlNO J. DABRIO
Departamento de Estratigrafia, Facultad de Ciencias Geo16gicas and
Instituto de Geologia Economica, CSIC, Universidad Compiutense,
Madrid, Spain
_CAMBRIDGE
:::
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1R P
4 0West 20th Street, New York, N Y 10011--4211, USA
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© Cambridge University Press 1996
First published 1996
Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
Tertiary basins of Spain : the stratigraphic record of crusta]
kinematics / edited by Peter F. Friend and Cristino J. Dabrio.
p.
cm.
- (World and regional geology series)
Includes bibliographical references.
SBN 0 521 461715
1. Geology, Stratigraphic - Tertiary.
2. Geology, Structural­
Spain.
I. Friend, P.F. H. Dabrio,
3. Basins ( Geology) -Spain.
Cristino J.
QE69l .T465
Ill. Series.
1995
551.7'S'0946 - dc20
94-21724
ISBN 0 521 46 l 7 l 5
hardback
SE
CIP
Contents
P.F. FRIEND and c.]. DABRIO
Dedication
10
c. PUlGDEFABREGAS
97
L. CABRERA and F. CALVET
xv
E9.
P. ANAD6N, N. MOISSENET
and O. RIBA
Onshore Neogene record in NE Spain: Valles-Penedes and
El Camp half-grabens (NW Mediterranean)
xiii
Professor Oria! Riba I Arderiu
Memorial, Etienne Moissenet 1941-1994
EB.
ix
List of contributors
Preface
xvii
The Paieogene basin of the Eastern Pyrenees
106
].M. COSTA, E. MAESTRO-MAIDEuand CH. BETZLER
EIO. The Neogene Cerdanya and Seu d'UrgeU intramontane
basins (Eastern Pyrenees)
PARTGGENERAL
GI.
Tertiary stages and ages, and some distinctive stratigraphic
approaches
Ell. Eocene-Oligocene thrusting and basin configuration in the
3
eastern and central Pyrenees (Spain)
P.F. FRiEND
G2.
J.
Cenozoic latitudes, positions and topography of the Iberian
Peninsula
Tertiary tectonic framework of the Iberian Peninsula
basin, west of the Segre River
Deep crustaI expression of Tertiary basins in Spain
GS.
Oil and gas resources of the Tertiary basins of Spain
9
Eil. Chronology of Eocene foreland basin evolution along the
weslern oblique margin of the South-Central Pyrenees
15
P.
E. BANDA
Mineral resources of the Tertiary deposits of Spain
144
8ENTHAMand D.W. BURBANK
E14. Evolution of the Jaca piggyback basin and emergence of the
20
External Sierra, southern Pyrenees
F. MELENDEZ-HEvIAand E. ALVAREZ DE BUERGO
G6.
134
E. MAESTRO-MAlDEU and 1. SERRA ROIG
C.M. SANZ DE GAlDEANO
G4.
120
VERGES and D. w. BURBANK
E12. The Late Eocene - Early Oligocene deposits of the NE Ebro
6
A.G. SMITH
G3.
114
E. ROCA
153
P.l. HOGANand D.W. BURBANK
26
EIS. Long-lived fluvial palaeovalleys sited on structural
M.A. GARciA DEL CURA, C.l. DABRlO and S. ORD6NEZ
lineaments in the Tertiary of the Spanish Pyrenees
161
S.l. ViNCENT and T. ELLIOTT
E16. Evolution of the central part of the northern Ebro basin
PART E EAST
El.
Geologica l setting of the Tertiary basins of Northeast Spain
E2.
The lithosphere of the Valencia Trough: a brief review
margin, as indicated by its Tertiary fluvial sedimentary infill
43
P.F. FRIEND,
P. ANADON and E. ROCA
VAN GELDER and S.l. VINCENT
49
Et7. The Rioja Area (westernmost Ebro basin): a ramp valley
M. TORNE
with neighbouring piggybacks
E3. 'Depositional sequences in the Gulf of Valencia Tertiary
basin
166
M.J. LLOYD, R. MCELROV, J. TURNER, A.
173
M.l. JURADO and o. RIBA
55
w. MARTiNEZ DEL OLMO
E4.
Neogene basins in the Eastern Iberian Range
68
PART W W E S T
P. ANAD6N and E. MOISSENET
ES.
W I . The Duero Basin: a general overview
The Tertiary of the Iberian margin of me Ebro basin:
sequence stratigraphy
77
1.1.
and C.l. DABRlO
1. VllLENA, G. PARDO, A. ptREZ, A. MUNOZand A.
. W2. Alpine tectonic framework of south-western Duero basin
GONZALEZ
E6.
Tertiary of the Iberian margin of the Ebro basin:
paleogeography and tectonic control
1.1.
W3. South-western Duero and Ciudad Rodrigo basins: infill and
GONZALEZ
dissection of a Tertiary basin
Stratigraphy of Paleogene deposits in the SE margin of the
1.1. SANTlSTEBAN, A. MARTiN-SERRANO, R. MEDIAVILLA
Catalan basin (St. Feliu de Codines-St . L1ore n� del Munt
sector, NE Ebro basin)
1.
188
SANTISTEBAN, R. MEDIAvILLAand A. MARTiN­
SERRANO
83
J. VILLENA, G. PARDO, A. PEREZ, A. MUNOZ and A.
E7.
183
SANTISTEBAN, R. MEDIA VILLA, A. MART1N-SERRANO
196
and c.J. DABRIO
W4. Teetono-sedimentary evolution of the Ajmazan basin, NE
89
Spain
CAPDEVILA, E. MAESTRO-MAIDEU, E. REMACHA and J.
SERRA ROW
1.
vii
BOND
203
Contents
Vlll
C8.
W5. Tertiary basins and Alpine tectonics in the Cantabrian
Mountains (NW Spain)
214
Early Miocene, LOTanca Basin, Central Spain
J.L. ALONSO, l.A. PULGAR, J.C. GARciA-RAMOS and
P. BARBA
e9.
l.l.
(Cuenca Province, central Spain)
SANTISTEBAN
North-western Cainozoic record: present knowledge and the
correlation problem
237
PART S SOUTH
SI.
SANTISTEBAN
W8. Onshore Cenozoic strike-slip basins in NW Spain
S2.
FERNANDEZ
A. MARTiN-SERRANO, 1.1. SANTISTEBAN and
S3.
263
S4.
268
G. DE VICENTE, l.P. CALVO and A. MUNOZ-MARTIN
of GuadaJquivir (SW Spain)
Miocene basins of the eastern Prebetic Zone: some tectono­
sedimentary aspects
Sedimentary evolution of lake systems through the Miocene
272
D' AUTREY
S6.
Stratigraphic architecture of the Neogene basins in the
central sector of the Betic Cordillera (Spain): tectonic
CURA, S. ORDONEZ, l.P. RODRlouEz-ARANDA and M.E.
control and base-level changes
SANZ-MONTERO
Paleomorphologic features of an intra-Vallesian paleokarst,
Pliocene-Pleistocene continental infiUing of the Granada and
S7.
Guadix basins (Betic Cordillera, Spain): the influence of
278
allocyclic and autocyc1ic processes on the resultant
1.C. CANAVERAS, 1.P. CALVO, M. Hoyosand S. ORD6NEZ
stratigraphic organization
Tectono-sedimentary analysis of the Loranca Basin (Upper
285
S8.
S9.
Paleoecology and paleoclimatology of micromammal faunas
Tectonic signals in the Messinian stratigraphy of the Sorbas
basin (Almeria, SE Spain)
from Upper Oligocene - Lower Miocene sediments in the
295
R. DAAMS, M.A. ALVAREZ SIERRA, A.J. VAN DER MEULEN
387
J.M. MARTIN and 1.C. BRAGA
StO. Basinwide interpretation of seismic data in the Albonin Sea
392
c. DOCHERTY and E. BANDA
and P. PELAEZ-CAMPOMANES
C7.
372
CH. MONTENAT and P. OTT D'ESTEVOU
LENDiNEZ
Loranca Basin, Province of Cuenca, Spain
Late Neogene basins evolving in the Eastern Betic
transcurrent fault zone: an illustrated review
1.1. 06MEZ FERNANDEZ, M. DiAZ MOLINA and A.
C6.
366
J. FERNANDEZ, C. VISERAS and 1. SORIA
Oligocene-Miocene, Central Spain): a 'non-sequenced'
foreland basin
353
1. FERNANDEZ, 1. SORIA and c. VISERAS
Tertiary Madrid Basin: significance of paleokarstic surfaces
C5.
346
CH. MONTENAT, P. OTT D'ESTEVOU and L. PIERSON
J.P. CALVO, A.M. ALONSO ZARZA, M.A. GARciA DEL
in continental basin analysis
339
FLORES and J. CIYIS
SS.
of the Madrid Basin: paleoclimatic and paleohydrological
C4.
Late Neogene depositio nal sequences in the foreland basin
F.l. SIERRO, LA. GONZALEZ DELOADO, C.l. DABRIO, J.A.
MARTiN, 1. GINER and M.A. RODRIGUEZ-PAscuA
constraints
330
c. RIAZA and w. MARTINEZ DEL OLMO
G. DE VICENTE, J. M. OONZALEZ-CASADO, A. MUNOZ­
C3.
Depositional model of the Guadalquivir - Gulf of Cadiz
Tertiary basin
PART C CENTRE
Neogene tectono-sedimentary review of the Madrid basin
323
C.M. SANZ DE GALDEANO and 1. RODRiGUEZ­
255
R. MEDIA VILLA
Structure and Tertiary evolution of the Madrid basin
321
Neogene palaeogeography of the Betic Cordillera: an
attempt at reconstruction
J. BACELAR
W9. Tertiary of Central System basins
The Betic Neogene basins: introduction
CH. MONTENAT
247
L. CABRERA, B. FERRUS, A. SAEZ, P.F. SANTANACH and
C2.
313
M.E. ARRIBAS, R. MAsand M. DiAZ-MOLlNA
A. MARTiN-SERRANO, R. MEDIA VILLA and J.I.
Cl.
Shallow carbonate lacustrine depositional controls during
the Late Oligocene -Early Miocene in the Loranca Basin
228
R. MEDIAVILLA, C.l. DABRlO, A. MARTIN-sERRANoand
W7.
308
1. ARRIBAS and M. DIAZ-MOLINA
W6. Lacustrine Neogene systems of the Duero Basin: evolution
and controls
Saline deposits associated with fluvial fans. Late Oligocene -
Fluvial fans of the Loranca Basin, Late Oligocene - Early
Miocene, central Spain
M. DiAZ-MoLINAand A. TORTOSA
300
Index
399
W9 Tertiary of Central System basins
A. MA RTf N·SER RAND.
J.1. SANTISTEIlAN AND R. M EO!/\. VI LL/\.
Al)slra('1
t
The rise of the CClllr..l System due 10 reactivation of laiC
Hcrcynian fault lI),slcms during the Alpine Orogcny direclly afe
f c­
red the slrUClure and slraligraphic framework of the basins nearby
Ihat were being filled al lhe same time. The sc.-dimcntary rI..-cord is the
l."SSCntial key 10 understanding the tectonic and palaeo.morpho\ogi·
cat hlslor), of the t:cntral Range. and vice-versa. Relating the filling
of the basins with the definition oflhe mountain nmge. prc-arkosic.
Ilrkasic Ilnd post-arkosic slagL"S have been proposed. However, il lS
difficult to !\upporl the prevIOus idea Ih;!t the arkosic stage con­
.. . .. . ., . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. ., .. . .. , .
, '". . . . .. . . . ......
. .. . ., . . .. ... . .
' #:
.. . .
..
·
linued throughout the Lale Tertiary to finish in Middle Pliucem.:
·
limes with thc dcposilion of thc·Pimlmos(limeslonc)'. The arkoscs
·
of the Central Sy�tcm arc of Eoccne-Oligoct:ne age and the highcst
·
alluv;:lI·fan deposits may be of Aragonian age. There is only a poor
·
r�ord of the remaining Tertiary and QUllternary scdimenlS.
·
·
·
·
·
·
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
bcellusc of act;,·c river incision during Ihis lime in the ha�ins, the
ranges and elsewhere In the Spanish Mescta.
Int
t
.111. I. Tfrll.r)' outCrtlp"" In "·e!lttm Central S}'�It'III, t. Pn:-Ttftl.fY substr.­
turn: 2. Ttnluy d�posl" of Dutf(l and Taja ha�iIlS; 3. T"rtiMry Oe�ls or th�
illlM:f bllsi�.
n
ruduc iu
The Central System is a complex in\'crsc horst grabcn
system that developed during the Tcrliury. The Plascneill fuult
(b) 1,:ompartmcntall�lItion by transverse contemporaneous
�parates two morphoslruelural domains: a western domain with
uphfts; and
large mountam hlocks and basin� oblique to Ihe range. and an
(c) progressive abandolllllenl of the scdimen tary relalion�hip
eastern one with large highs and minor basins parullello 1111': gCllerill
with the Ducro Basin, due 10 capture hy Ihe Ponuguesc
structure (Fig. I).
fluvlIIl network.
The oldest sedimentary rocks found in the western Duero nuin
Western basins
arc the Crelul.'CouS to P1tlat.'OCCn c .fidl'rolirhic Sl':nes(Jimcnez. 1970,
The wt.S
" lern
fault famihes: ENE-WSW 10 NE-SW and
1977; llIanco 1'1 fll.. 1982: Molina 1'1 al 1989). which crop out only
.•
W-SE to W NW-ESE
in the easternmost Ciudad ROOdgo Basin. ThI."SC St.-dimentl! are
(Moreno. 1990). The most important sediment accumulations lire
petrologically and minendogically mature (quam. and bolmite).
pn:sc:rVt."d in its lowcrmost an:as: Ciudlld Rodrigo, Mnraleja (Cas.
SikTClc.'1 and fcrricrete� are abundanl (Corrochano.
tclo "raneo). enria and Zal7.a de Granadilla.
& Manin-Semno, 1980; Blanco & Cantano,
The Chldad RodrigQ Sas;" is a half·grabcn bounded to the south
by a eompkx NE SW-trending fault. Its infi]) is controlled by:
(a) asymmetry, with thkknesses up to
1977: Bustillo
1983).
The largest part of lhe St.-dimentary rct:ord is of Middle-Late
PalaeoKcnc age lInd it elIn he divided inlO three units of arkosie
600 m S of Ciudad
compositIon:
Rodrigo (Fernandez Amigot. 1981):
The lower 01lC (Early Eoccnc?) crops oul tn the north of
255
Spanis
A. Martil}·Scrrano. J.1. Santisleban and R. Mediavil1a
256
I
ClUOAD RODR1GO BASIN
ZAMORA
SALAMANCA
1
,
•
PLlOCENE
M
I
0
C
•
N
,
5
7
,
"'hre
U p"
a...... .
p
Middle
Molino del Pito
OLlOOCENli
GOCGNG
Miraz.amo..
.01
Coa.a:lomenlel
Facie.
�
Sori_
Molmo
.......
MolI"ri<lo Sondsl.
AIdeIrrubi.
Aldearrubla SIb,d.t.
--
Calnm_ S.,..)st.
0.
....
""_
ViIlaroayw Sands!.
Saod.tOllCl
Up,,,
Dclritk
Ullil
�
CUil
Rl'O Alnw Sands!,
Anpiles ConSlom,.
Salamanca SandsI,
Pen. CdeUina
MudIt,
Amat� Sandst,
TenMiil1or; Saodst,
l...oII'er Congiollle,ate Pe .... de H;"ro Ikd
c...n81"''''''"'t�
V"""ptet!
Coll,gl""."at
...
�
Bellver
t.._ .
AI•
....!iU.
Conglomerates
'" S&DdIiIODM
7
del N
UPI_
Arkoaic
(Upper
""'-
p
rL; )
Cimt.d RodrilO
"""
(u.we. Group)
T�jone.... Seri""
YellowSil",
Cl 'Y�Y
Unil
t-o'/
CRIiTACEOUS
"""""
SandllOIIeJ
rz,
PALEOCENE
Soi_
-
Cillonoclo
.01
COOII�
�
,--,
Tier.. de Campa.
Faci...
� �:
Monlalllll/U fKM.
Mnntamarta Fad...
FerrM!itic Cms!
Fenuginou. Crust
Ciudad Rodri,lO
Fonnatioo
Unit
�
""",
Attosic
Unit
I-lg. 2. VarloUll slnlll:uphl� SKoons f'rn(l(lSe(l for t.... P"h"'O¥l'IIl' dqlO�it� ...fS.lamanta and lamora prnl"intfS by prtl-illll� ..'nrk"r� (nn!'r Santi$l!'ban ../ 0/.,
1991.), I: Jim�rn:� (11170): 2: Aionso (iavilin (1981):.1: Cnrr(>('h,u>o (1977); 4: Milrtin·S:rnulO (1988); 5: Jimenel & M arlin-bard (1987); 6: Alonso GI,"ilan &:
P(llu (1986 87) and Alonw Gi,-ltin &: Canlano (1987); 7: Cantaoo &: 1\'lnlina (1987).
Ciudad Rodri1jo (TcjoncfllsScrics: Jimcnc:r& Mllrlln­
Neogene sedilT)cnlS of presumed Early Middle Mior.:cm: age arc
Izarcl. 1987). resting unconfonnably upon the sit/ero­
rcprc�ente(\ in the eastern Ducru Basin, funning a gently dipping
N/hit" SCTtC5 of $alamanc:t (SanT isTcban l'l af. . 1991). h
piedmont that erodes
eonst�ts of white arkoses wjth \'ariegated spot�: grain
age is based
011
and buries - the r"lacogel}e def'losits. The
detai!cd stratlgraphi cal correlation. Tbey are
.s.izc varies widely. This unit was deposit..--d in proximal
polymir.:tir.:, hctcrometrie red conglomerates deposited in alluvial
br a ide d river systems,
r.:o ne�
The Middle Eoc,:\;nc (Jinu.in�:t:, 1977. 1982) intermedt;lIC
unit crops out in many placC!'i with a lhtckne.�s of up to
passing distally Into red 5:mds and muds with paludal nllcl
pcdogeOlc (edaph ic) carbonates. The youngest dl:posits are Upper
Mlocene-P1iOCCl)e siliciclastic. ochre sedim':'/I\S deposited i n alluv·
lOO m both In Ctudad Rodr igo and 10 [he SW Oucro
ial plains of similar appearance
Basln5 (Figs. 2 and 3). I1 IS composed ofbeige'grecni$h
initiat io n orHuvial dissl:etion (Mediavl
i la
or reddi�h ::ITkmic 10 l ith ootrkosic snndstonc lint.! mud.
10 Ihose of rmia.l" rclau: d lO the
Tfl(' Afflg/m lx/sins are morphostTuctural and stral igr;lphic copies
forming a coarsening·upwards megasc4ucm:e. The
of tlw Ciudad Rodrigo Ba�in. "'hickncss
muds
B:ism, For i nstance. the Moraleja-C<lSTeio Brar'lOO Basjll is
:tre
burro wed aucl hardened (ealc retcs and stl­
reach es
900 111 in t he Coria
n
half­
10
grahen lowered towards the NW by the POlIsul Fault (Dias &
sinuous nu...iul systems IlHlI flo we d towards the east
CahTal. 1989). Alllhese small basins are the rcmains of a single,
eretes). They
lire
i n terpr et ed as deposits of brnH1ed
ami north·cast and had well·developed flood plains.
- The third, Ohgocen e (Cant;!no & Molina. 1987, Polo t'l
largl:r basin that underwent faulting and emSlnn (Fig.
4). As a
l:unSl."qUl:nr.:e they ,,11 show the same lithof;l cie� ( llascones & Marlin
af.. I �1I7). uni t is composed of coars c·grained urkose�
Herrcm, l1J1I23. b; lklsconcs ('I (/f.. 19823. b. 1984a, 1984b; Ugidos
with idiomorph ic large-sized fddspurs, They are ric h
et lIl. . 11.}!:I5). The most promn
i ent
in smCCliLic days and show a little ccmental 1on . Thts
unit reacin;s morc thlln
extensive.
- The major part of their sedimentary fill eon�ISI � or
fluvlQ·]aeuMnne arko�es, subdivided int o IWO litho·
W9
Tertiary of Central System basins
Fig. 3. Slrnli�rn llhk lif!("lion o(Paleogenl'. depo!;il� in Ihe M!Urh-wtSlern Uutro
<,
Bnsin (afler SamiSIp.han ", 0.1., 19'H). 0: Ah!Irolure af!e ("/Ar) sg 1\"13 (D1arn:o
�I 0.1•• 19112). I: Sanlol� and AI·tdillo (Zamora). 2: Te!iO de la l'1Kha
(Zamora). J: Mollno del I'ico and Sail i\lorales
(Salamanca), 4: Ca ml lKl Fuentcs and El i\lolilKl (Cludad Kodrigo Basin). 5: El
(Salamancd and CornlH
Guljo (Salamanca). 6: Bena'·enle (Zamara).
257
tig. s. !lth!ps ofslrueforlllllnd Hoo"uer IIn.omlllks uf Ambit-.; KH�io (Gllrlon .'f
al•• 1981). I: Terliwry �diments; 2: 1·t.·r9·lIiun i)lIs.:mcnt; .l: rllotl; 4: buril�
rHntl.
N
---
-Along thc faults bounding the hasins there arc marginal
ribbons of red
muds
and
reddened
polymicfic
conglomcrat(.'s.
The largest part of lh e .wdimcntuy fill of the Ciudad Rodrigo
Basin is attributed to
,10
Eoccne-Olrgocene age on Ihe basis of
d�tailed stratigraphic con dation with the area of Salamanca and
Zamor.1. coupled with palynological d ating. Stratigraphie and
morphoslnlctural slm"arllie.� between the Ciudad Rodn go Hasin
and the basins pla(.'ed towards the s out h. support the eJltension of
OIl·
m·
Gil,
Cl·
0.
.".
this correhllion to their arko�ie $(.'<.iiments. Tertiary sedimcnts.
m ainly ofPalaeogene age. should he prc$Cnt at hoth marg ins of the
Central mount"in range in the two tC"Ctonic:llIyconlrolled, �ubsid·
ing troughs filled with nuvial sedimerus.
Inlernal basins or the eastern 1Irt'3
fig.·t Sedimentary Inllll of Alag6n.l.:oriallnd Mur�lcjp bpsinS(Hd9�tffi from
Ra!'oCnnt� tl al.• 191:12 b. 1�1:I4 a. b. cJ. 1. I¥n�uus ....,k,.: 2. schists: J. "lnarI7.it<"li
4 and 5. Ttrllary (4 lIuI·iu·laeustrilM' IIrkUSl.-s: S. COR(W gr9ioed sediment'; of
lhe marginal rrlng��J; 6. rectot d,·posits rd>lt�d to fl",.ial o�.hmrk.
Small. uiseominuuus basins occur in an ENE WSW
di rect ion for mor e than ISO km in the Gredos-Guadarrama­
Somosier ra massif. Such b:lsins arc .[!feclcd :lOd displaced hy E-W
ami NE-SW raults. The most important of these small basins are
facies: I. whlle.grey and o chr e gravely sands and
the Ambles ami Cu mpo Al�lvllro busins. where sl.:dimentution
polymictic miero eon glol11e r<t fe� inrlurated hy carbo·
reached thicknesses of 1000 :lnd 4()U m of sedimcnts respeciivcly
nates
(Fig. 5).
and
men t ary
days: this lithofacies dominates the sedi·
fil l; 2. grcy, grecn and brown muddy �nds,
EastwlIrd from Avila. basins contllin siticidaSlic and carbonate
burrowed snlectitie mild.'! :md .'lands in channel-form
scdiments of I .a t e Creraceous age. Sit/emUrhir Jades sel1su stricto
bodics with carbonate concretions and fish bone�
arc re strict ed 10 Campo Azt\lvaro. Ambles and Alto Albcrche
(Clupcidae).
basins. Aow�vcr. the sedimen tary infill of thes.:' basins began with
A. Marlin·Serra"o, J.1. Saolistcban and R. Mcdiavilla
'"
movementS directly afec
f ted
the basins. ami the S<.:dimentary record ;s the essential key to
understanding the tectonic and palaeomorphological history of till.:
Central Range (and vice H'rsa). Th� evolution of the Central
System is deuu(,.'Cd from lhe scdimenlS found in nearby :lreas (pre­
lIrkosie, arko�ic :lnn postarkosic stages: Garzoo 1'1 ul" 1982),
becausc thc division links the filling ofthe basins with the definition
of the mountain r.m!!e.
Unlil the Upper I'alaeogene (Midd1c-L1Ie Eocene in Sah,wanca;
Eoceno--( )Iigoccnc in the Gredos Guadarrama) a mature relief was
de\'eloped (lllperfld/;' fllJlig"'JicafillJdlll1lt'IJla/) with smooth re.�in,.al
lillcaTJIents of Hercynian strike as In Pen:l de Fr:locia. Tam3mes .
_
.
(Pcdraza. 111711: Gan:On. 1980; Martin-Serruno. 1988: Ferl1lilldel.,
1988). The sidaolilhi,· or silit'/;'I!IIs �'(mdl'I/)III'S of bmoTa and
Salamanca (JiIllClIe.l, 1970; Corrochano, 1977; IIUSlll1n & M,lT\in­
Fig. 6. Tertiary depl>Sifs 1"l'11I1l'd lu the i.A)Wl'" Rh'-f. UII!>h�d,'tI, suiJl;lrMturn.
1.l\'Ie!I(lltllc dtposits of the C..nlral System.2, Terlinry deposits /.If \h" Madrid
Duin. J. Ttrtl:ary dlprn;iH .",Iatrd 10 the \.nwya Rinor. 4, Jar/mm Ri.er's
alhl\'lum. S. Main mountain dh-ideo;. 6, Re§I'rmirs.
Scrrano. 1980; Alonso GavII;\.n. 11181: M:lT\in·Serr:lno. 1988).
Lflln'r Tertiary Vllil (Garz6n. 1980; Garzoll
/;'/
u/., 1981) or prl"
arkosic qde (Pcdrnztl. 1978: Gurl.on C/ (1/.. 1982) nf Ihe AVlla
basins. lire rdutt!d to the Cretaceous seclimenlS found west of the
Campo A7jlvaro meridian (GtHzon 1'1 (/1.. 1982: Mlll'tin-Scrrano &
arkolles concaln,ng Crel:1COOUS rock rr:tgmcnts in the lower parL
delOlmo. 199Oa; MoJiml /;'1 ul. . 1989). which. in the ellsternmnS\
Slr;'ligraphic correhllion and palaeontological dutll from Los Bar­
areas of thc range. ure interbedded with manne Cretaceous carbo­
(os (AmblCi Valley) (Garloll & LOp!:l. 1978) indicate
nates (Alonso. 1981).
It
Middk­
Laic Pll.lucogcnc age for these scdimcnts. This Ilrkosic unit forms a
All the Mesozoic silicklastic Iithofaci\.'S (VlrilluJ·. IV/'(/Id .. .)
fining'llpw:lr(l� megascquencc composed of conglomerates with
include altcrite debris. The Jack of carbonate fragmenl� in lhe
carbonate cement. arkosic sands and muds with culio.:hcs (carbon­
Palae<X.'Cne or prc.Luteuan and/or Cretaceous prc-arkosic 5l:'di­
alc-paly!!orskitl'-liepioliIC)
ment.� implies Cretl1ceous shelf presl;'f\,ution. IntcnScly weathered
nver envlronmen1�. The palacocurrent direction is opposite to the
areas without Mesozoic sediments remaincd as snurce :lrca.�.
present regiolltll morpho-structurc (Mtlrtin-Serrano & del Olml),
Centr.tl Syst.;;tn uplift did nnt take place during: this episode
1990b: del Olmo, 1990a; Martincz Salunuva & del 01mo. 1 990).
(Martin-SCrrann & del Olmo. 1990b).
S(,.'t.Iimcnts of pmsihlc Neogene tlge are e(lar.<;c-grained tlrkoses
The dispersion. isolation and dcfonuation sulTer(,.'t.I by the out­
forming twO megasequcnces with 3. restricted and incomplc-tc areal
crops of sidewlillJlc: rocks located close
distribution. Those of Early-Middlc Mioc.:IU.: !Lg.: are very coan;c­
basin borders and their Ilhsencc in the western basins support the
gruincd S(.xlimcnts (conglomerates wllh ooulders and Sands with
previous l1rguments. Their sedimentation area is bounded by u line
10
mcebanieally cleformed
hydromorphie and cdaphie features) with grain-size decreasing
obijque to the funge but parallel to the maximum extent nf marine
rapidly distally. Tbey form a fining-upwards III1:gasequcnct: com­
Cretaceous scdlments (Fig. 7).
posed of alluvial-fan braided river sequences In concordance With
The uplift of the mountain ranges started from u Mesol.Oie
the pr esent mnrpho_structure. They form the morphological topof
inheritance: a smooth rdier ueting as sour\.'c area nf the pre·
the b:lSin inll11 (Martin-Serrano & del Olmo. 1990b: del Olmo,
Lutctian continental deposits.
199001. b. (991). Upper Neogene St't.limcnts arc siliciclastic. of fluvial
Morpho�lrue1l1ral reorganisation of the area started with the
origin. t1nd only represented in a few oUlernp� (M:lrIin·Scrrano &
Arkosic qcle. Its dcposits rest unconfurnmbly upon Crctu(,.'Cous
del Otmo. 1�9Ub: deOlmo. 199Gb. 1991). tlpp.'lremly rel:lted to Ihe
sediments in tit.;; .;;ust�rn basins. The !owermost arkOS1C scdiments.
prt'5ent nuvial network (Fig. 6).
n.;;ar the hollnm nf 1he basins, include abundant rock fragments
The generution of the basins is related to post.lntra-Oligocene
derived from Mesozoic outcrops. The rapid tran�ition from thC$C
movements of N lt1-3U· E and N60--IOO' E !':lull systems (f1x'riGII
scdimellts (rich in fragments of gmnite and cl1ronnate rocks) to
5108('). tlnd their Palaeot;cne arkosic iutill (ulld locally also the
those of exdu.�Ivcly arko�ic n<llure suggesls limited erosion of
Ncogcnc) is affected by reverse or strikt.--slip faulls N20--40" E Hnd
Cretaeeo\J�sedimentsand a slow areal uplift. The source urea must
N7S' E thllt define their borders (CapOle '/(If , II1IH, I !:ol9(J:l. b. C. d.
have been
1 '-J'-J 1 : de V,cente, 19S8).
1I
non-altered substratum.
No Cretllc,;;ous sediment5 have been found In the western b.'lsins;
however. it is nnl difficult to dedllct: the age of uplift of tllc
Morphostruclurat evolution :md !ledimentury inlill
The ri� of the Ceutra\ System is related to Alpine
rcactivation of LaIC Hercynilln fault systems. The evolUllon of these
mounlains. Near Salamanca. arkoses �'eIlJ'!lI(l1U fussilise.: an irregu­
lar. faulted substratum of Pahteozoic and sidernfilhir rocks. Fault
dir(,."Ctions arc N3t1. N 12U and E--W . As in the Ambles .lIld Campn
A7a
. lvaro
W9
Teruary of Central System b..'\Sins
259
des'! Moreover, was il rclate d 10 the coarscning-upwllrds trend of
the arkQsic unit S('/ISU /a/O ofthcsc western basins?TeelOfaelcs of the
Gredos. Guadarrama and Somosierra ar e allribmed 10 the Gllador·
rama stag� (I ntra·Aragonian). tt tecl oni c phttsc eonnecled 10 corn·
pression of the Belie Cordilleru thut r.:aused the present pattern of
the Central Sy�tClTI and deposition of relll\1\'ely thick allll\'ial·fttn
sediments hy l�rSe alluvllll conesal lhe top of mOsl of lhe basin fills.
Thr-se may Ix- of the same ttge as Ille red ulluvial-f a n dcposllS of
easl em Ciudad Rodrigo Busin, hUI their rel:Hionship with Ihc
coarser lithofades to pping the .scdimenl�ry inlll1 of the i\lttgon
basins is unclear. Both tcc\of:lcics lTItty be eocllul (synchronous) but
they may ttlso be two wdl·difTr.:rcntillted stages recorded along the
"' �
6:
.....
... . . .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
whole Cenlrlll System.
.
.
. . . . , . . , . , . , . , ., .. ,. , , - ,
.
.
. . .. .. ,. , . .
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . .
.
. .
. . . .
.
. . . . . .
. . . . .
.
. .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . . .. . . . . .
. .
. .
.
.
. . . .
.
.
. .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
.
.
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
Fig. 7. MlIln OUlcrops orsjdn-oljrhic bcies lInd ClrlKlnale nlllrinc �imtnl�or
1\ IS d iffi cu lt to m:.intaill th:llthc urkosie stage eOlllinu�-d through
the Late TC'rtiury
10 end in Middle PliOl"Clle times with the depoSI­
tion of the ·p.iramos
(19X2). The arkoscs of the Central System are of Eoc('nc Oligoccne
age and the h i gh esl a lluvial·fan deposits TIIUY be of Arugoniun agc
Crelaewus age or Cenlral Syslem. Probable limit of stdlmen'9.lnn. I.
(Mttrtin·Scrrauo & del Olmo, J99{lh; dc l Olmo. 199{)a, b. 1441).
bll�mcnl: 2. Cretaceous marine sediments; 3. �dtrolilhir fade!!: 4, Tutlary
Therc is only a [mm rttord of lh e remaining Tertiaryand QU;ttC'fll'
CUfllirH,'nllll S4:dim�'nb: 5. mllrine sedimenllllion fdge: 6. Jidtrolirhh' sedlmen·
Iyliun cdllc.
ary sediments because of the aet ive river incision at thut lime in the
b.uins. the ranges und c1S1:whcrc in Ihr.: Spanish Meseta (Marlin­
Scrrano. 1991).
mlner:llogy betWeen the sider(Jlilltic facics (of mature composition:
quartz. quartzih.· and kaolinite) and the al'kosie unil (ridl ill
fddspar. neofonm:d sml'Clitcs and labile minentls Ilnd rock frag­
menu derived frnm metamorphiC �olJrce areas) is easily observed.
N on· granite fragments characterise IhC' dC'posits of the western
basins made up of interbedded lIlore-or·kss arkosic lithofades.
The extent of the sedimentary basin during lhe Mlddle-Lale
Pal:teogene in the western sector was much wider th::'ll1 the area of
Ihe present basins. There arc several arguments:
- The lithofaeics of lhe Ciudad R<XIrigo liasin and the
AI;tgon b..1sins are very similar.
As most of the basin fills a re fine gmined it cun be
assumed
that
environments
were
geographically
exten�i\'e and surrounded by topographlcally smooth
areas (plains).
All the bas ins exhibillhe sumc sequcnlial evolution.
Moreover. the p:lIO'leocLlrrent p:ll terns do not confonn to the
present morphology of the basin$. All this supports the conclusion
that the arkosic stage did not n.:sult from Ihe morphological
evolution of the Cen tr al System ioto nasins :md r;tnges (Gaflon N
al.. 1982). The lithologies of the Palaeogene sediments of the
Ciudad Rodrigo or Alagon basins (burruwl'U slI1eo.;tilic muds of
fluvio· lacustrine origin wilh fish remains) point to slow �llhsidence
and open. Il:lt land�apes inSlead or r;t pid orogr:lphic reorganis1
.
lion. Such
.\11
environmental cOlltext is vcry differ en l fl'orn the­
prCSl:l1t; lhis is support�"<.l by the factthallcctofadcs n.:lulcd to ra ult�
hounding the haslns are pre�nt only In the latest slages or basi n
inlill. At lhal st:tge. there was concordance between Ihe .scdimenlllry
rC'C'Ord and its lIlorphostructural co n text . How was lho.;
Ibt'rillll
phuse(Oligoc\!nc-Early MiOl'Cne) recorded in the marglnal teetofa-
Alonso. A. (l91U). El
Crfllkko rfto lu f'rul'irrclll d.. S..grm'<! (JJ(lrd� N. •M
Sistt'".u (,',,111,111). Scmtnanos de Eslraligrali<l. lJm\'crsidad
Complukn� ,k Mndm1. Scm Monogrntias. 7: 271 pp.
Alonso Oavil;'". G. (1981). ESlnlhllmCiu yscdlmenlologia dcll'aleogcnocn
el IxmJ" �u"'.>I.'Cid""lal <.k la Cuclll:a dd l)ueTu (I'rovmela dc
SalamanC3l. PhD Thesis. Unh'el�Klad de Sala1l111IK<1. 435 pp.
nastone�, L :lI1d Marlin. D. (198<1) .11111'11 G".,I{>g'Ct, ,le £SPilI'U I' t'srult,
I:SIWf/fI. ('lIrt"Xr,ljill" lIt.:moria d.. l" IIv),",,, 611. TU"''J(tllcifl"
lTG E. Scrvido de I' llblic�ci(lnc� del Minisleri o de TnduSlri� y
Energ i a. M adrid.
Bascone$. L.. Martin. D. and Corn:t.l1(, L.G. (1982a). Maptl (;,·"M,::ir" ,I,·
ESI'D/llllr ('srulu I:j(){)(j(). CurtOJ!,rlijiu J' IIhmorio dt III lI",jll 'OIl.
57J. L",:IJ III MII)'or. ITUE. Scr \'lc io de Pub!i�-.tc lOncs del
M""�lcTio de Ind usmll y E nerg lll. Madnd.
Basconcs. K.. Marlin. D. unu Corrctl!.�·. L.O. (J'JK2b). Mapit C..ulbgico Ilr
£.'1'''';11" ('s(',,11I I 50(){)() Cur/tlsrajiu .1' M('ntorju lit' la Hnju /IQ.
621. Corill. ITGE. Scrvici o de PubliCU<':;l.)ne� dd M ini sleTIO de
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G
..%g/c(l dt E,'pmli't IJl'.frul" (·jO()(}(/. CUrltlgrllji.. ,I' ,\f,.",,,,.,,, lit'
/a Hojal1o. 596. Mora/I'.ia. ITGr:. Servici<) de Puhlk"ciones del
MIIl15teno de InduSlri�1 y Energia. Madrid.
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d,·
1:.'$1'1/11011 tsculo 1:50UlJ(). Ctmllllrujiu.l' M�,rorill de la I/oja 11(/,
597. MQII/rlrtrmuS/l. ITGc, Scrv le lo de I'ubltcaciones <lel Minl.�·
laiu d" lmlustria�' Encrgi(l. Madnd.
lIIaneo. J.A. and Canl:lno, M. (l9R1). SilicifiOllion eonltmpomir" a lu
sedimenlation dans I'unite b�Mle (t" P"leogenc du b.1ssin du
Duero (Espagne). St:i. G"t)/. ,11<'1>1" 72: 7-111.
Dlaneo. J.A.• Corro ehano. A.. Monugn}·. R. and Thui1a
. 1.
rage du debul de la sedlmenlalion dans le has.�in Icrliai n: et\!
Duero (Espagne). Ambution
9U
I'aleoctne par datation iso­
luplque de! aJumtcs de I'umtc mfcrieurc. C. R. ..frud. Sd. f'llrl,.
295 (11): 559-562.
260
A.
MlIrtin-Scrraoo, 1.1. Sanlisleb.1n and R. Mcdiavilla
Bustiliu. M.A. umJ Martio-Semmo. A. ( 1��O). Caraclcrizad6n )' signln·
.
cadode las nx. s silil"l:U5 'I rnru�inosus del Puktx.'<:nu dc Zumora.
Tt'cmll-rraL', 36: 1- 16.
troluciim g..amor{alligir<l tit>
Oml:lntl, M and Molina, E. (1987). Aproximu(ion u la ",\'0Il,II:i6n lJIorrol6gi<:a de la 'rn�a deCilldad Rodrigo' SalamOlllCa Esp.nill. 80/. H..
Snr.
de Ciudad Rodrigo SI.'J. G..ul. S"lmllllliI'fIlSia, 24: 21.5-22�.
Manin-Serrano. (1 9RR). 10
1 ,..fien' Ill' 1<1 «·/ttl
m u<�'itll'lIIal :1II'l(Jfan<l. La
m'l. Nar. ( (;,',I/.). 82: 87-101
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GI.'QI
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'11/
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I'
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