section I

Trro HunaerFossrr.
Recoso
S6i6 Edital'
JIFFRWH. ScHw Rrz
D.pmcnt of Anihrcpolosl
Univesityol?itsbugh
Piicbugh, Pennsl,lvria
laN TAnERS^LL
D.plro.nt of Anthbpolosy
Anedc?. Musfln oaNrtu,l tiisrory
NN YortqNewYork
The Hunan Fo$nR.conl,VolumeOn r Terminologrmd cnniodentRlMorphorDsy
of
Ccn6 sr,, (Euope)
btlfitt H s.r'1ntta Id, Tdtbrkl
The Humn lo$il Rc@rd,VoluneTwo:Cmnioden.nMo+hol%y ofc.nus l/?za
(Atie.ndArir)
bll,ftzt H. &tu.h, Ia,'rdtnn
Fdtnniq
Th. Hudr
Uahnt
!o$il Rc.od, Volumelor Cnniodent,l MorpAolqy oaEdly Hominids
brlNllt! H. s.tlMttz Iar Tbitanl
tlsiq uocnloD umq ptuuoq .lo onur: s s, uBart
Dt nu$lqs rn &! inl^4 !trErs FTnDoPUJ :qt Jo
tulnalF SurrurN:H
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:ncq
pu srlooq qI
nunq:llr hrt [email protected]?r4r
{Eq.wonru
Fuolrnnj
urpou pnl8otdnrq r qadEor
rqtq :qr $ prulub r,l o r'u.$p rI 1$RFrd uo5
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pEsr $:rrqo q:ns tuz,tpui uGJ luaFsr 4?p.qi
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-dr trqr pur ruould: uruqjo rroj Suhup r 3sqoot
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,ruaiJs pn
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unq q u@ordjo
'ulunqjo,{rs}D!
:qr rloDy,rpqd:tru: or eu.8
{or
trrPqd$oDlujo slrulr
nF tru8 r3sntuq tuoq!
nd rFu!! surpirsr smrC nolr:pr,{nB sr DrrqB
:qr $.'lt u4rn qooq Pm sP@ .to lqunu rlPjt
'qdq r.q r ,{Fns sruruq non\ :qr Jo uoqqoD ,q!
sCVclUd
on the dned fo$il ddence, which loDsns ol hni.
s;e, lobarprtdis, shaprlnd morpfiomdric an Fei
rd *lindries,
r. erh ol th* rri!b16 6as some
.orehd.n ;rh b.luvior:l wiaton.
We do nor neh r. imply tAxrft do!. h!rc madr
tnis renpr. We sbnd on rhe sho'ndes of oihc6,
.mely Cnfton Elioi Snill, W. E. LeGJos C1!L.
RaornrndJ. Anrhoni Raynond Drq G. H. S.I+e(,
A;e.s Krppds, TiIy Edin8d, Mrjorie LeMan
Vdonlkr Kochekda, HiJry Jdison, C. R. Comollrl
Innz Weidetreich, Phiillp V Tobias,Ler Radinslgl
Deh l,I{. md Willlwelker, and ft m indebredto
ihe ddvs ofhominid semhes who [m tr]<.n ih. Folitic,l isk md sufe€d the hostG elemeo6nr lheir
smhes b prdide the skelerd dn.oEis ih have
aentu,ry led b rhe produ.tion ol the bnin endocs6
thr$ve studt. This \olume is .drii!, nor fe ofspeG
ulition, but m hxvc ticd b t:me ou spedlrtions on
thc basGolm rmdgm ofcurerr neurc{iencernd ihe
fosil rccod. We havenot discovcEdxnyBen$ for lan
guage,rgmmeties, or ftduction of Brodnrn.t mr
17! nor do w. knw what thc dkribftion ol ox:tr.in
re.?b6 wre lik. in tft thalamusot Hana l)abih.We
do not knowwhndrdc orpDduccdsmal dimopbnm
in bEin sizc,?ndve cannotdcEd shally dimorphic
ncural nuclei or 6td hc6 in our tiloiarcl%isl
E.ord. lndc.d, *e ..n only eu6s a. to thc *nal i&n
nti$ ofmotr ofour fo$il cnni'il Enains. We havcnot
dtcovrrcd or uncovcrcdany module, in the honinid
bnin thlt wc cM plug inb dtr EEA In tifrc, vith thc
autu{ unnvcliigofDNA md the s€rco.hemicd tsp
cnicsofrhc prorins th.y hclppoduc., w. nignt ha@a
bdter picru( ofthc mol(ulr chogs rhit undsrlisour
mort Sossnduruxn.ronicatvdi.!ioo. Inicad, shitw
lind ptus.ndl, in our Fr.oicuologicll em.in, aie the
vrixr.s of size,ov.el] mo4)6ologl. syoncriri
Fgion,l differencs in gyii md srnri, rnd Eiatiotu in
menin8fll pxncms.Wr ulc th6. @ of.r spe.ulitions
rbouitheirinerel*ednes md.volurlon rhowh imc,
md *en h* we ofd feeLon sh.ly groud.
Fi..Iy,ye hxvenot $udied r]ts C.ontuologic.l
ftndns ro adwna an) pturllrnd imnomic viNpoini
We do .ot Egard the gmeric md specG. nms uscd
1brfo$il honhids I nessdily wit in $on., rnd w.
re nor (nor do we nish to be) inv.lved in tdononi.
.onddesi$. Indeed,the ruthor hdividudly dlslire.
on the tdonomic REdniiiesofnml ofthe spe.inens
Fesentedin rhisvolume.To rhrt end,it isronh notl.g,
ou$idethe Bmer.l t*, the lrrcmny thr.ve gener:lly
rdh{e to i. this rclume. We usea contrflnive {in dr
$ne ofmosdy comensal) classGcationwhse re F
asnturte.pe.is 4brt^n, .lri't6
gnri athkPnr,
,rA16 rnd ,a;, of the g.nus?atukpitluu
\e{liu
slccics do si( but w hr€ no endou.i?l remrim
of thcm asrt). The lar thhs w nisn b becomein
rclrcd in aE \plifteFlump{" conrdeFie' lfve use
r\ee,n zinjatua.o?$ a, P",arthn?,r, it k in the hope
oadr$inglnhins tncm aron orl{ norpn: Wc beli*
n\at hini rd:ptirc Edirlions mrc Ploblblc in tic e{
!e* ph6$ of hobinid dolutioD. In rdditioD rc bc
leve ihxr edrytive ndixrions qde 1*s fequent vithin
lhe genust za end ft beli*e tfid t[e .pe.ies,,
blti\ qetu\ tuayqa' mt q?a @e tu sPcci.s.
we rtEta H
1 . It. h;,t"1b"ry",;, tnd H ..t
"ry
andi s no* Frob$lt strbspsli. or 'n id' di!n6
of Eada t{tu, rndwe rtWd H n.and{firt L\n ts
sitlin{Fe.ns vriDr .f lr,u a Jalrai wc hn tiat^
rhesries Edno( I6rgive us.Wiih nor fosil mdi,ls xnd nor studl ir is .d,iJ y posible il]r wlDt
rve.dl erly I7 ,,rra s 4n*enred by OH ?, OH 13,
OH 16,OH 24, md OH 62, uii1tun outo besinpLy
non idvRn.edrusd,lopnhe.ines.Indeed,s this Prtj:
rce is beingrvritten, a nsvly announceddi$ove4 E n
Old$Ri Colge (Blunenshineer,1.,2003)susgesbrb1t
OII 7 md the new OH 65 m rhe sne rsoi, thns
brinsins into qucsrionthe smcrig .r Hrno tuht!ft"rs as a tdo.. Tne Kent desigmtion of the Dndlsi
Oorgim 6nds is ,q,r, S?,g,ru seenspre.ipitous ro
us, but wc haw not sccnthc rosils nor hrd rcc*s b
th.n.ndocmnixlEm,ins.Wc cm snc rhe srne foi
thc Ahpumr mdi.ls in Sprin, lnoM xs }1 r, ,,
ecs,i Wc notc that \Vhitc ind hn coleryues nrE
l.bded tne Middlc Awsh homi.ids o1160K ycds rso
Hono $fit: idrhr, rt\c)zncr\e.rd mcxning'eldq"
^s
thus suggcsringth* i6vN thc erL*t nenbtr l1,r,
J,ltJ tut quie N$ihly ofi ditrcrcnt $bspccicsthm
(whitc ct al., 2003).we
our oh lt'u, J,?t'Jj,?;d
6nd thi. whol\' icrttfrblc. In sum,iawc m ir k on th.
sidoofresdiding both gcnda and 9cci.s hbcls b vcry
dndnahorphologiB,dndacce ing.ub6Fci6clabcls
for whit rtra' s havc becn eithd brccdins ielrtcs
o! potuhdons wnh sohc desrc. oachronolosicrl rnd
Wboba. tbt I,rs tnpuni rhnan'bi?' .frl /n!
]iah;riti, @ tgnnl a.h af ti. mda':b w tnr ntd
;?a6 rt?nxhn gad /ia;tg, b...thin& ?lk.tingnun'r
ot,?tthuhn" ;h,! t;lthtt @;tb snn;u t.in6 ad
.hrrh,i *t! nhit". dtbennat identnat,ta av aun.'fna
skeleul xnd cndocFniil romainsdidnt cone our dfthc
deposiA wxviig labcls,aid n n up b us, tfie .ocial
t
'0ry p@lrdona ttrljv
rFmu luor8r
p!o4 ulF$ArDrFqDqd
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SAMBLNCMACAN
SAMSUIICMACAN3 (SM3)
TRINIL
TRINIL2
133
133
133
139
ZIIOUKOUDIAN
(cHouKolnrEN)'
SKULLlll LOCUSE
SkullIII,Lo.dsE (SkullI]I,E)
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srQ11r,
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192
r92
792
192
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SkullI,L
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SAMBUNCMACAN3(SM
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133
133
133
173
139
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(CHOUKOUTIDT')l
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LMus E (Sle11I]I,E)
Slelll, LocusL (SktrllI, l)
SkullII1,Lmus L (Sk' III,L)
192
192
192
t92
Slall I11,E
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Slell lII, L
792
S k n llI , L
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193
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SWANSCOMBE
LEMOUST]ER
LESCOTTfS
MONTECIRCEO
219
250
264
250
PART
5: ENDOCMNhL VASCUhTUTE
B| Dq\iitlu
Ilun
ctn&ti
ti'
HNnn
bl Pdtu|Hdat
ENDOCRANL{L VASCUT-A'|URD
PREDMOSTi
PRDDIIOSTi3
?RTDMOSTi '1
PRI'DMO5Ti 9
PRI.DMOST'i 1O
273
Sph.oot drlSinus
Pdrosqumous Snrs
confluem of sinusci (Connucnt
251
REILINCDN
261
SigniGcme of ltndomniil
PART 6: Hor0NrD ENDo.^srs:
Some Gene$l Nores
261
233
262
Itndocxns Yet to Bc Studi.d
sPrI
291
APPENDIX 1: ENDOCI{'\NIAL
vOLUTIDS
OFTHE
FOSSILHOM]NIDS
spl2
APPENDI\ 2I STATISTICAI
ANALYSES OF ENDOCIL{NIAL
VOLUMESBYTA{A
I ITII!\TURE CITED
303
sll2
SWANSCOMBE
LEMOUST]ER
LESCOTTfS
MONTECIRCEO
219
250
264
250
PART
5: ENDOCMNhL VASCUhTUTE
B| Dq\iitlu
Ilun
ctn&ti
ti'
HNnn
bl Pdtu|Hdat
ENDOCRANL{L VASCUT-A'|URD
PREDMOSTi
PRDDIIOSTi3
?RTDMOSTi '1
PRI'DMO5Ti 9
PRI.DMOST'i 1O
273
Sph.oot drlSinus
Pdrosqumous Snrs
confluem of sinusci (Connucnt
251
REILINCDN
261
SigniGcme of ltndomniil
PART 6: Hor0NrD ENDo.^srs:
Some Gene$l Nores
261
233
262
Itndocxns Yet to Bc Studi.d
sPrI
291
APPENDIX 1: ENDOCI{'\NIAL
vOLUTIDS
OFTHE
FOSSILHOM]NIDS
spl2
APPENDI\ 2I STATISTICAI
ANALYSES OF ENDOCIL{NIAL
VOLUMESBYTA{A
I ITII!\TURE CITED
303
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1979){hose premrtut d. h robbcdpddoneurclog,v,
plihxtolo8y, ini rnihr.pology of an .nrt ntly skjll.d
yorler rnd vRlucdouexgue Addn,ond sourcs that
crrfriie the hibry ofl]:l.onnrclogl .xn be aound
c"(he(1973),
inHi^. er(19a2),cotrnanv(1950),
Wh Datr Can Bnif, Endoc.*s Provider
Bcfdc \ve dis.us thc dxh imilablc ton endocass,
yhcther mtur:l or humxididq ir n D...sary to q
pbin exrdy whn is 6.i',g.st.
cst of the bninr n n x .r$ madcof d'e in&rnRlh
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rcundtM bmin(Fg ll). (1)rmmcdidtlri.t$insrhc
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intes i.to thc s,lci .f thebnin. (2) Surtoundinsthc pia
nxkr b thc ddinoid tnsue,r fibroushItr that holds
the ..r.6rosp'nJ flnid (CSF), vhnh rcs pdially r\
r shock absor6inr deviceto i6r surfre of thc bnin
xgxin$ dlcmal iisur6. (3) Sutuundi'rR the anchnoid
*sue is thc dcnsqihicker and6ush dtrnDit.r, rho\.
outerhlq xdhdcst theintcm! hble ofcmnialhoic
Ii is th*c thrc. hves thit naEr y'.onsPiR"al] ins
the living bnin maL ng tr t tJ ly f;rhfd nnprsion oa
rll its g-vriand sul.i igiinn ih. in ri:l hble of.nnirl
boneGg., *e s)mingroq 1916;C1Ik et.l., 1t35i
ToLixs,1991)
Clark,1947;HiFchld, 19.12i
SomeF,vriard sul.i td, rnd do,nnpdnt themsclvs
tlnotrgh thsc insuci iid 1erv.trc.s or the intrn?l h
bb ofbonc,but thn n x higNywixble, ind ?t prcscnt,
xn unexphincd
ph.nomenon
{e.9.,seeWclkc41990i
th.cndo
lobhs, 1991rConn.[y.19j0).AswewiU$c,
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shoy dhd h.r .o.volution ddiil than do ,ry,,,
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ln stn.nl Pnmary.dcl
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aDrta '|tHo ro '!I c It'i ':35/6lsts qrs{s qJnsi{tl6r
'it96t) $'qol lq PrqmsP sr Po'Ii.o rstroPur Frrd
rqr no P.sBqru:umrDrr
w, or srlr g PoqDN
'939r)S P!" ':SSIS il]gstrS isunDtrqna s q s i(O5t
:t6I akofloH) ruoDtrusuotrr ru.rq$td ttd,u,u
qrh rssprr rur{ ro ltg . lqra Jo ru:u..ttdelP
E3rD:4,
o snl' v Pogrw !rtd@ oc,tloP
poqFu ko u srnbr rwpur qrr. rqr PnblPu!
sa r'(516r'16r {honoH q .) $tdtdDqrE ul
unrq 9uBs,u 3tqzqordsoE trrlr5u!..!dr & ru:sd
srrBqajo runno rdrqs a95tulsollq'.{q luoqodr4ru
rql qqBllr
qo 5u$m qr sump loqisruo
sq s, uoDtr@suortrqrltuEsu i dn'u:DoPur:t'
wq
lo rd rqr !rr:$ .qr utrq^\ 'loqguiP gjo
e$ .o Iu 0B rq oJ P4?FJPr $ qrqa b.P^ siPLnF
q'll 1!1016l
E rnq eonto rFP? ut rou $urrdr
(raonoH)
prlodr
urrlc
In gzs
sz6r
&
{Irr,8no
.qr wqr laor ,lqiFPsqor 3,
lu tot Jo 4
'!l,j^
sun8l:,r!
redD F urDoplr ft p:pFlt !.uD.ds
'SuunsEU or iold piMUr rq snd I'qr r.!sd spnp
lPrPp! rq $nu qrrq{ !s?:oPU: :qr
-u, pur
ro uo€'
Fruo4rd tqr Jo uo!ftd E qrq u:8$ds
w
]o rirll qqa lu s3'Jo:unto PruroPU:'ufttr:lI
i9 !s
-od $eroPu: ailduor t 3r $td (rw ro) rrw 'u!Pn
1!L trt-Pq
x rh s?gqldtuaC
la *nPu,
IrroPu: {1lo rcqrorlP.,o .rurerd ro rq (z)
P!! \uoqrod PrFr$uor
P.PPEPUBr$ropur :qrjo
sraldum
O) rronj ,{q oN rsr:r rB uo spu:d?
qqroPlr ddJ suoDsurmDp 3znjo liDnrrr 3qI
\q'NaL6r'
I L6r'tL6t N0L6t
nEmloH) Drh ur P.r.uur {rqa
r :toqa.qI IFqs r$tropur :IIr or Dmas +hord Pw
srn$rd rqDsorplq :zrnbr or snd lo ssld pnLt
reogsasFoPo
rql onrulr :rlr to rPsu, rF uotr Phoulr !tu lFtF
sqr puB lrq Jq przmrrrru r$ sr{q t{t {028,
ptoupv) brur nqqu pmbq 9uBn ]Prr .rM arq
rn ,quqoc rr uoDrno mo u! q*rPu, iqJ
'0!a rs*.u r$ or IFd
lp p:q8tu sr prrq&p lrhjo
runld Jqr !'iF
uo4 * 1II] suonrrnor ri!P&
alrrd
r{dror
uD !o (rmu
pw rur$6uor Jou r$a Pnrtds!,
Jo turqSDA eqr punoJsItuF $q roqrN sq, lFg
lp Plqtm rq uBr stdDu'd ,npru'qrry or qu!$
!o '0]puq6 pNnpla r q.h 'a n Illttrlliunto
10
Iigure ,1. Dcmo6mio'
oa ,he lo.iior
of dr luDne $L1ds (LS) in SN 505 (A), ?nd 14, ,,gro1l8
(€rtex to th. dccpc$ pono" .f th. r.mpotul l.be),
and {idih olthc ccr$cllf Lbs. Orhft mexsucme's
arein.ludcd dcpcndingon $c d.gft of mmpkienss
ofthe cndo.6t. Somctin$ it n tosibl. r. merslrt
disftn.$ bcMcn tartilulr sul. lxndnrls nd ro
.omprreti!* Md rhcn m.ndi',g ind.xs rirb those
lound on adurl bniis, fdr .rx,nfle, xs bese€,r dt
chimpanzccbrinrnd rhc Shv505. o.r$, ro scd
hin ti! rhtiv! pdsitui.frhr lunlte sulds, which
of dr primaryvisud
sdirie
delimitsihc ritd.r.*.nt
17 orBodmnn (Fis.4l. con
conq (PvCl da
K{,tl'.rkoh (1973),xndGrinxud Ilefl,:
nolly(1e50),
(19e7)ofid iuneouslinermdx( me$nftmenband
in rhc; dN;priois ofendo.sb md bnlns
'ndcxc6
Anorhdnorl h.ldgl..l{prcrh hsbeento $m
oplor rliliil dnrxi.$ fnn dr endocst surErc to r ho
molosN..ntr.l rcfern.e phft (e.8.,goingthrough
thc fn,ibl xid occipitulpolet, using r wrieq oa
mulivri*r *xiisti.d te.hniqu*,to comprft sudrce
shlncsb.nna, tdx ome size h.s been .oftded
for (c s, Hollo*ry, 1973b).This te.hniqueh$ ft
reicil dft d'd slrpe ofdr dmsition?l ftgion beMef,
Bndfrdns rrta 17 md poserior a$oriationcoF
tci showrd rhe Do$ shape.hange. MoF re(nt\
(B) Gcl]( =
,\'Ii.Leodet rl (2002)hi€ usedcomp(tcFimrging
redrni'tues to do the ene tbing (i.c., d.pict $!pc
chrngs or bmin endocst $rfa(s of pdicula' lossil
homi'ridsftom in irnge condguntion).
Thc dcgc
ol diftreDfts crn then be color .odcd, shoving'hol
a.d told ' spo$ or regions.Unaotundcl)' th ii frcthod
Disasimponxntneuologi.?lreorgrniational
chrnge6
dDi m mt dwrys rc{eced d shape.hangcqsuchas
the reductionof LlDdmann'sarca17, PVC.
ln idditionobsemtionson thc shapcoapdi.'lr rgio.s car be nradeil, aordrmplc, r!$dins thc
Dundednssor la.k thcFol of rh. p'cfontJ loh*, or
wheth{ tbe thnd intuio! frcnhl lonv.luti.n, rhi.l,
indudes Bro.ai rrer, has a morc hum{i or ponuidlike appemn.e. Do rbc .crcbnl hcmGphqcsoydhng
the ceFbeUr lobcs?Ticsc !hrnc(n*i.s, xid nxny
oth( .orsidcntioDE (gutc !n rpFd.ixtion of whxt
bnin endo.atrshaps p'o'nlq !d .xi lerd b useli'l hDotheses,
bascdon acbalDrasurcndh. ln $ncnl, rhc divisionsbctucr! the yxrious ceftbr:l lobs
(lrnkl, prri.hl, tcmpoel olcipitrl) rd id riurry
visibl.onbnin lndocanqsrvlnt[!drtibdtionof CSr
andmcningccsoquutitxiiyt d$ifrrt.sof .ercbidsuli.c ftrs rc * hcf .nlr 4nrdimrions.
$oup !r u,i4 rg or lddns poon FNtrr :qr trron
P4or"r :qr xh sr ut uHq :qr or Addns Pmrq Funr
FqIV lmnrl uDPou 5llpntru imr rDurd fl.
u $liddr JrqrdF Ir$1 p.5ur.u rqr 'l(ZOoZiF !
Irtu[oH lol]ot lB D {sl 166rit "jFt pm ]nq^!)
dlqsriuru
trun:qldoFnsnE .Fnqdj or rnp D s
PN uarq !r 'rrrrte tnrs (I^to) FUfiNU/lrrdDo 1II]
$D3'P * u:rl^
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JDrI 8ulPr8r nolDlnr:ds ,tqrDPcuor
s'
Fuolrq
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rphrd 3rnun prouSn puB 3sasu@ iFulPruduot
trql sBqrm st$sr snonr roEu :!r r,^:^\oH uoc
ru'J PUErDtrus Ir']rJ
qra oP or Eu'qio! .^eq
'mu! :d s rJ sBtFs$ rsrql F
sqr qrnoqlF i(166I iry:Fl pn80!5 :ffi6r '1uqrs trr
rrrouonr * rmuodu uos :^eq st$
'A r) sqlu
si rsrqrjo suD!?arql auoqjo:tqB Furru, rqr uo
qundm :^DI ,{pu:nbr.t a$qr pUEtF$h Frsumu
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Gnon.
PnBrBlpFv)
4ddos pootgpnEsuD!.d p:tuln.t\l
ruolrunj :3rn5!q or p4rlJ Intra$ld Frq
rusorm PU,rlru,Fomr' $oq 5u!@suourp sJtq
i:d snqrpnE.5Br]rra gn ?m o lFu?ry!'r 5u's!ru,
ilmtn
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r tr,uortrrnPno r u Ir.ruIs
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usr :nsr sm rojrq surun! uTou pu? siJ. qroq
u s:pn {tr pur {,t uDNtrq pur ilr ,{tq$.o'l Pu!
i,uo:l
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rq : { protr F4r:r rqr Jo suneJ FrLlot.qdiu
sor' qrhr xu or iurrodu 5' rr ltnolrtt 'sr:LrqIP
FUoDUnJrurxodu iilurirP r.! oP3urled lD:lnsJo
s:9ru UI^l rqr rpnFuorq.n sPlrl s"ll'9f PUEt'
sDn siunuTsg uDNrq Punoj !
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uo! uOZsptosBsdsqDd
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:qr ro n$roprr uusauopur
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'|rooaiF rr PLrgPr,!sl,LrnPb,Pu,
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:{r rxlh r?qr liltn! iq} snqr 4EP no
p u uog Ir$,Jtrg,J,so'tr do,rrorg :'1,r
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q'utDmqrror:€JP
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4rP rurtrsrds liorlw Pm lqrl&E rr:uoq
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41
ioj "q
sPlo,j uoDrPuornsoddo aql !:t .rI El
]rlaruos rrrddr qrfh PUog n{5r rll] ]t,F
r9r u,$ frq Drt!'rl sP!.e llrdDro rJ{ rF
!trrjo I$:uo 'luNrd prPUEqrrlEu rlo uF{
. r hlqop 5:imL)uojl rrrrd Flolr,'{tg
P:u'quor r@dd |u'dDrortrt. r r: P !
roj '|lrq\ u' qhort:nbo r soqr utr4
stdum rol aoq
)Iqo
iP
FrErtr
to
Furlur
io: F4rD: :rIJo sroKarp{dua
m *lFll
rl p r$ J
' p ! {rN: . T lann$do: & n
qrns sroorzFD:ds trlrqdsurq lo ,{r{qssod
8nsqrrqa tuud
FFrrd m rnp rou ro
rms'to u3trruo uoDroNlPto tq rF P@et
pu, rt{:qr uot suoDrd Flqrr Jo uor
:r8:p :qr uo 9uDurd:p pn 'F DEdlt
sDqosruaq lBqrr rF ahou{
^t.n
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Pm soEsuJsqo
tt
12
ll tr1rx rlf o i, ! rro \
tordly int(nrl io the sufi.e md rhusnor dctceblc on
rn cndo.a$.Were delighted
,hxrD. GnmNd Hent
hx shrrcdherknoqledgeoanrning.rl
vfaionswith
trs!i rhisvohme,andihat htr husbrndhsprdidcd
su.hjinc illu*ntionsof dr( pr(ens.
BroBD!^vrour SrcNrrrcANcr
oF BMIN ENDocAsTs
As na*i.n.d rbovc,bnin endocsGxie id ach
soufes of inform*ion aboutthe sdcturt or tunction
nrBof rhe 6B; Asidefrom size,nd .ome loUr cor
ind ph.emeftdfrhc
&u ions, su.hrs th! presence
Iumie s'n.us,d! ihc rcgionoathe thnd inlerior ftuih1
.onvolurion $q:lly dcsignred s Brmrt m4 or dc,
gre* ofhennphdc .cEbnl symmeri.s, bain cndo
.Nb rcmainnrt tcnimont to what drt otrc-tivins
.erebnl xnd suli. ,cll corrcnG could do.
The hu,nM sF.ricssccnsro beprtic'nr\'fiun.d
ro mrftds otsize,vh&6c,ofrhc bnin ororhe. rnxroni.rlpars, md rhisLr r vricq of resons.Fist, size
is som*hing rhxr ch 6t hcNtrcd, rnd mesurmenG
cin eirhtrbercpk edor tur lntoitivelylr rI xsune
tha he size.f somerhinghb sonc Elationship to i6
cficcivcnss ?|d power(is yr11!s ns co{, netiboliqlly), ind thrt we cm in ds.ncc 6rd the imporhn.e
ofrhe entity disphyedin rhetroprq oasizevuiarion.
Our bmins R€ ttu.e to fotrr rincs lalgq rhan dros
or our close* rehtnq rhe clinpxozcc, whos brxin
in ntrn is roqhly thre rines xs uqc r thos of dr
ord world monkeys,su.h s mx.rqus and baboo$.
nr bqin sizc in thse spdes, w. q9d thc .oftla
tion, hovccr crude,{ith behxviorto b! sclaevid..t
Wc rlso end b believeih* orghs rhat qry in sia
rd lhar havc som. rclrtionship ro brhalior aollowa
Drwinnn ryolltrjond model lDderd, rh$ ; basical)
[email protected],rhatourbni.s
b.dnc lrrgg and our lrger bnin siz* $rr s.le.ftd
aorxs*. crclvcd bc.rus we wer crpible.fnor.om
pl* md in$lligcntbchrvioiWe err iecognizc
that
drtu hdd o bc .on$ninr on dris prxdign.
lcst ir
tems of &, Faftn, namelt nehbolic !.is and par
turnion, *ih th! laftq having ro do \yirh ih. flzc ol
the inlxnt\ hcadrnd thc pclvic inlet rid ouilei ud thc
efi.ien.l.f li,pcdatlocomotionThe.vidricc lroinE
ro or exrly ftc{oF
of 3 ro ,l IIYA hxving b n
sirs xound 100ml and our .nni,l .xprni.$ bling
mund 1a00hlit6c ini(mediatemrus for dr1]' md
liter Hr,, rft, in dn vis, thought b iedd $nc
mtur:l selecriv. i;ccs opcnting on bnin size rnd
r\ D t rDo . 1 s 1 r
inrelige.r lrhNjor corelrrd wnh it. O. th orhe
hxndi dr no( micro cvolution?ryeven6in our bia;i
rvoluridnxrt lot tmsprent. Ther mayw.ll hxk hccn
tnns !v[en n*qn1 sc]cctionaivord trgd body siz(,
rnd dr bdi, duc to ns rlomdric rlxtionshi Mh
body size,in.ierscd !t a,r sledion n.ce$fily Ning on brhxvior Al$. sctcdon for nrresed bodysir.
might hxv. cstrlrd ; incrcasd brain size,$ ihe M.
Thm m lrobl.hs in6sent in simplyx(epting
pa$ bdn siz. xs rn indiaror of inGsing beluvioml sophisdcdon in th! losil ftcod. If natuml selection woiked ii rhe p6r to incrers our bnin siu,
isnt bnin sizebdry.ls. bcinssl.cied aor(or asrin$)?
And ihercin lrys rh. tuh. .o to speak.The uixtion in
moder. humn bnii si2e.wfiih nngesi. yeight lron
900 io 2000 grms, n roughl),the sme rs rh€ 6rJ
cvolutionxry.hrnge in 6 in rjzc iom l,vul,rjtL.tr b us, which is rboft 1000 ml. onc oa the .rdi,
nrl lc$ons humm biolog1hxscGccd n that ruiriion
in modm bni| size hxs nd rigrifi(nft lbr nodem
6uman b.hivioi To beti*e orhcnanc n, simply put,
dncnminaring
rnd ncisi. Th.conundrumwe endup
wnh s howcrn we dplai. rhr
iatheft
-.1utionrrypa{
n oo signilicantbehrvionl .ondLrion
bcMen inteli
$n!c (hd4er d.rin.d) rnd our 6 in sizci Asuming
thn 3 lvlY sepRnt.s ouselvs fon Auttrlofrrttut,
1000 ml divided by 3 MY giv* x vuy ough e$imat.
oi 0.000333
ml pqlerqorxbout0.00666mlp{ gen
eiti.n. lai gcnemtionis .,lcul*ed * 20 Ea6 lonF.Ii
simply dud* our imrgimiivr rbilit!6 ro belGvethli
.v.n lhmsc of 1 ro 10 nl codd hrvc any c&ct on
behvio.Wcc?nnoreven
mesurtwhxr0.00666
mloa
bixii insucmight mem in my.onfurlhond sense.
lfr. so ih. rcEne diftction, rd ily to rrgre that
'n
1000nlha! mrdc rn.nomous di1rerti.. in ourin
tene.t df thc pa$ 3 MY, shoulds. dp<t thrcuFh
utriloftnrirnism pinciples dr rodxy'sindivjdualsn
dE low.nd ofbminsize(i e.,roud 1000n1).shotrtd
be considcntly lcss intcllk€nt thxn rhosewith bnin
sizs mund 2m0 ml?Wcll, in 6d, sone wnc6 do r
guerhtrt thc dillcrcnccbeMen x mfli brlin uisht ol
13i0glxnsrd 1300qmmsisindicxtiFofrdrf.lcD.c
in h.lligenr 6.LNior (c.g.,se. Ruslron,2000,2m2,
sho hxspdl ps sonc tfrc tuthe*\ith ihis ider)
It hrs becn dno* uniformly (cepted by ihc rn
rhDpologi.d .onnuni9 that the ofeldion behrF
bnin sizr xid inrdtigcncc k ne8tgible, rnd tuftI_vin
signfi.xnr, t idldiis at mon ar R coefi.ienr of xbour
0 2t {e.g.,ft vrn vdlcn,1974,who trgueddrtr .n!11
diferen.escoutdheifrpnintssmmlgen(
oit.
'(uossDsD Dqag rot z36I rsod PUxlraouoH rx)
rplr aol r$ uo qtlot rJ .nF^ :qr 5ps qtq :qr uo s'
titwduqr roJrq5€a uBqlo :nF^ rql'(136r ip F
u?qd4s,(qurNEsnF^:qr .D s:qr) sDri8 000.591
Jo rqt!:a Ipoq r puDsrr€ Sgtjo rqSrs ualq rtE
Jr^r u. pxn ra lrt]Ilo' rt smr5 ooo,9tro rqAr*
IFlg r pue trHt oztjo rqfih mrq ::zuxddlqr I
Psn iai.b3 srD unrqo oI %16r sr_OnNIIioB
!e65 s'_bs r:zuedu'qr :qr iuolsnb: sqr
6a
! pu!
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5qt'ra urrq ou s, rDqr !q$ra lpoq ou r rrlr.t,
n$! itqlq rr\ 1116r t?'qoJ) smrt 0m.99
P'|
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roj suct' O'SI Jo rq$$ umq r's:^r ur uo psq
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'If6
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:zn uoq.qr suq noj o1rnF inoqr dq * +
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srrqccnhgeolhlmri !ius. Rrnk
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dtar lci$ 0.9,i,rditxrnLr clor butnor pd[!t rgrce
nbt lh's thenikofEG lnl somernnn $rngcs
d+ctuling on tlr€ dxhbxc uscd We prter rhc fiomo
.cnEic cqmtion snndy Fccztrs n givesi. psccnr an
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.ot cq,rvc. lj(lv.tus
rr inrcre or deccr\c for an
xiinrllinc dependi,rg
o. thc cluitionsurd, h( whar
n .hMLjng aE bnn'6ody wcight ruirbl€\ wl,ich mav
oJ h{ noi be undtr selechonprc
Thc appli.rtioi of rhsc cquationsr. trd.u
lr fdril hominidsrequirtsh rcctrntesiinxti{,n of
bod) &ishc, xnd in tr giLrn livingpop'nltidi r6csc
vry dns cmbtt: Far exmpl!. bxsedon I drh 5cr
ol ,r3 lhimpa'zce bnin iiJ trod)' r€thn, l|l! E(\
(usingHoll{{?v rnd lost: .r4{cndc equli,r)
raftd bchyccn29qi rnd 51]6ofih. modtrtrhuhrn
vxrlr oi rm16, ryhile tor 23 g.lilras, the nQ vficd
be6veen17trirnd 379i Using rhc IJ rnnh bnnr w. ishr
*mpte dis.u$cdin Llouovrv0930),andculing.ut
exrrtN bodywighs, dulr humro D(\ vried 6c
tueen 70% rnd 145%,the xv.rxsc rnd modd v'luc
benrg10094Conscqu.nd),we
dbuli lxfed sone dl
our euly hominidsto derlxp sns chimpinzeeEq
.\\- n ItN0r ..\sr s
In our gu*t ro bdrcr und($,nd tl]e .hr8cs in
our(ryn enrtphrlizrnD" throughtime, se ftluiF not
dnlyic.umted{enimiilrs of bminsi?s bui rlsooa
bod)sizcs.'lhefr.t n, hdycra thrt none.aor los
sil liods, rside toii sholc sl<cletons,eve F dc us
unl, coougb mrteri.rl ft, obhin highly rtuntu body
urish$ M,'chnnewor!hxbccndoft(Junstrs,re33;
jn try
Il.Hcn( 1933,1992iRufl,1990,2000,1003)
n,g nr 6timrte body r.ish$ from p?fixl skdehl ma
krids, su.h as liDb boi. llngths,using.ompdivc
rnd liqorn skeletrl nlrdirls whrc bodl weiAl*s rrc
kroh, bur these*iI oily ntuvidc c*inato( rh{ ar
le$ xtcuRr thin buitr si7as.
Ncvcrthd*s,r stu& oa
thse ddionships is us.ful rb it has ,rfld) shoM
thar niJ PliocenehoninidsvcR moE enrpl'rli?ld
ihxn ihcn moft ftcenr toigid Iik. ma*os. Tlis rc
suh o'c n@ss rxtufll dcdion ro h,ve $.!krd on
rthrir.bn; sizeearlliloursllurion?ryhisrorrsin(
tl]es hom;ids hrd roughlythcsamebminsizesx our
krg*r.hiDlrrnzes, $hnl' is dtuund400to.150+mt.
To lhe dqjrc hit datr m NxiLblc, *c *iI dis.us th!
rcl,lve bain sizs andpo$iH. rtya,ccsin errtll,J
izrnDnn' r htq chapter
on spcci6.hominidtdx.
Tne R€duction ofPrinrJy
Visual Coft*
One .a ric aey mersuo61. dillcrncs bee..D rhc
gros icuturnromyoflumnddpongidbmlds, bidc
lron ovmll sizc,isthit rbetriDrryvisu:t$ixt dtcx
{Pvc) Brodmrnn\mr r7 $rcl icly rtdurd in
volun. iD rh. htrmmLnin. [lgure 5 shousI $rical
Logo Srriare
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lq : 9 , s o4o, ' ipw' 36! iioq
surui'luDpou or eu'qIdrxs uo{ iu6ud !r's
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tor tr$ nu,,AsJr\d:qrlo runld:\rlo ioldEol-'q
sl
16
B k^ rN E\ n ur r or
ol brRinevolurionfis involvedrhc cntdgm.n. ot th.
6ondl lob.. Countles chrp n !n nlllnmbo),
and
ncurologyrd$ do provide.vid.ncc aortheto'bl lob6,
involren..r i. cohpl* cognitiv. bsls, and,ind.cd, in
dur v{itabL hudmn4s. Wh.n onc Imk rt ific bhin
endo.ss ofr *rics ofll)oni.ids FoE tfu nid,Pfio.cnc
to moderr hlndns, n r'aa looL lik the io.ul tott
becomesrounder hi8ner,a.d broade-in efl..t, tc*
When RLH wtc his diseflrtjon in 1964,h. ss
qtrnc surpdsedro lind lron rhe Lr.hdre thxr adil
deasuEnenr of the fbnt?l lob. by wn Bonin (1948)
showld thrt wh.i fontal lobe siz q* plofted rFiilt
rorJ bminsia rordrff!rcnrp'mra. f hca.uldng!topc
wA a shiChi 450!desneLie, rnd thr fie hunJn
v2rucdid not dtr$ fbm ii Ge. ,l$ Hollomn 1968).
Scm.ndeleri rnd hcr conessus Lrs coDftn.d this
obs.mtio! h seEril .nicles (S.nendd.i d.1., 1997,
2001,2002)brkd on MN inage brlyris rnd qurn6fi.ario., ind tnen xndFcs rle dftided to portions of
rhepdiont.l oird, Brcdmsnnsr.xs 9, 10,md t3. A
sinil2r sci offnding:, tiir rimeusioggrrchirctonic
cfteir, ms publishcd
by Uylings.r.1.(1992)on the
onn8uhn, alsor lrg.-bnined rpe. Slop6 aorEgns
siors bdyeen lont l lotc siz. r.d pi.fiontal sia s.r
.I vdy clos b 1.0, or .lno* onpteE nom.rla vith
th. bu(an poinb hlliig rlmo* ptrf.dly on the rceBsion lin.. N.Erhelcs, one nnds *rihlrs such{
D.rcon's (199, ihrt rbehlnd Ptaonbl totc is202%
legn ibxn an ap.\, r liiding bsed on .alcutations
nd. f6h Brcdnmn! crliq 1909 obscmtion on
TABLE I Slnmsr ofu.nussinhun,n
^\D
r t^u!1,\sr r
.yrorchiildoni.
Aonologu.s betu en m?csque,
chimpanzee,md hum.ns. No one hc confrmed indep..d.ndy anyof rhosccnlier 6.di.gs, xid re beli.w
th. eant n.di.gs of Scmendcldi rnd colle'Fes
shouldlay this issuero ($ onc. and for dl, Hwfta
Schoencmrnn(1999) b.licva rhe sufr.e aEa oa ihe
p€fmntd lob4 is ei.c a6 larg. h hullfts than in
non-hudrn primres. In&cd, spaime.s 6uci as the
N.rnde ,al c?lvriur and Lr F&ssi. .anDor h.
sboM ro havehrd sn.Ier ionril lobesrhr modem
Hatu e?im', xs
llgss) iniri.xy ricd b
shos Lleq Bookrein
'lolravret r]. (1999) sl]oked, usinq
mmpr* morphond;c mal':s, thri tAe foreheaa
Dundre$ dfNes.darbrls md moJem Hno:.rk":
doesnot diflr ir rny siSnifcantyry.
Of.ourq wirh x rhr! to iour fold qpansion of
bnin sizcGommid-Plioccnchominidsro r/a'ar,rt'r
(Tsbl. 3) it canbe reftd rhat th. huno forhabbe
rnd irs prefrontal portions nu( hrk in.fted in sjze
ibsolurev Ifone beli.ks in Rubiconmod.ls, thcn pd
hrps on e rhc absolutevoluoc suqssed sonc sitical
level,dr hefiwiorat hdtndk of hum.mds suddlnly
emsStd,n4ctytmgurgr, foft$oughqpt in ng,in
h,b rionol imputsive
b.hrvio4,ymboL.beh:uvr,and
much els.. This is simild ro thc lpmdrets eiew pc
mulgriedbycould andL.wonnn 0979). TrJs pGition
vies luch behaviord d.v.toph.ns a neft cpiphe
nomem wnhout any bsis i. Daf sdstio. pr$ures.
such r vi$ htu num*ous onolosic,r pfbLfs 5 n
spccb ol both thc fosil hamiiid and
'gnors
'nmyncurorn,iomi.rl
compmtiE
cvid.nc. rhxr poc thrt
b,:jn.mluuon
Bcin sr. incss
400-450 ht,
(2)Mxjo! iloea€, rlpid, bdh
(3)snax ?noeeric inftsc in bnii
*.
300 1000n1Gsqmslr
,4d&'o ws KlM 1170lib)
(4) cnduar andmodst sia itrwd. ro
{.hric r4-,r't.%, mcd}
(5)S,nxlr.rrbEdic rcdu.doi h bnitr
n4 ?notgna,r.n ]kna 3"?trt
oqs
rthid
r,z,
Ikuo,. q?n,i
b body sir Dscs€ d d{ft*q
.dr4 bnii .dddes6 and
Modon eido(ruizr qpkiri.r
whil. noi.xomc,ic aalF io
ruErnq
ur pnbutuj ln nsn s rn!tur slqJ rasold uzr
-tu1lou u, xaio: azrs Fnsr 6rdd aqrlo rlui{ ror
- uhqr srug.p Inrnsn $lr 3n1
'uMq .qr to sn$g PU?i'rFs !:^oora !.N
-trq itpu prsH V mrq rqrJo uo,$tMuo V :dC
'unmDopu.
rqr.lo .iptru ftun'{ io Fraru ,r0o 5!rc 133sPtl
Juouosl iud uo P:sq 1q$h IPoq $ DJ PrD:db
rzqr puo{tq srs:sod Fu,m n r.ql tns! !'''l Jo
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aqrtu'lqrm loud rD\r or puo&tlor Ptnd
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!II]
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-rij IrrurDoPU.5onto sq!]o FUtr{r rEsuolrussaP
tr'uouonr Pre srDroas{s tulPltd uolfdo no PU3l
oP * ql'{ { asnoJo tDq P$sn:
tlrs:r
aqr ru'[email protected] or Dprr rqr or dn i rr tprtr
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ro6j .uo a:u or DPl! iqr Pr,I ks uqr uoudojo
PD€P .q pFols ss?roPui FnPwPU rqrlo sloDdrDs
+ :!r ':$lruesls ud suo'udo Mo mo adsPrsrl
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or Dpu rqr Suuijd tr{A rd.rF trDoPur ]u'r:J
lp:qr Surq!*p u, suoqe:lldu'rlsulsls Prc . or
(sdno€ Dqro uo{ !.dsd FrISoPq&oo .ros u, s.J
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