P01-Redes de computadoras1-Vc

Transcripción

Seminario Redes y
Conocimiento I
TEMAS:
• Redes de computadoras
Redes de Computadoras
Diseño por capas
• Historia de internet
(las dos fuerzas)
• Capa física
(del telégrafo al celular)
• Capa de enlace
(lo que conecta los cables)
• Capa de red
(aquí yo allá tu)
• Capa de transporte
(te mando un paquete)
• Capa de aplicación
(Encontrémonos allí)
Tomado de Tanenbaum 2003
Historia de Internet
• Los Visionarios
– Paul Otlet (1868-1944)
Mundaneum
– Vannevar Bush (1890 – 1974) Memex
• Los Teóricos
– Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) Cibernética
– Marshall McLuhan(1911-1980)Aldéa Global
• Los que leyeron a Vannevar Bush
– Eugene Garfield (1925 - )
Citation
Index
– Doug Engelbart (1925 -) networkaugmented intelligence
– Ted Nelson (1937 - )
Hipertext
• Los Proyectos de Defensa
– Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
(SAGE)
– SPUTNIK I
– DARPA/ARPA
• Las Redes
–
–
–
–
Arpanet
CSNET
NSFNET
EUNET
• ARPA
– J.C.R. Licklider (1915 –1990) Man-Computer
Symbiosis
– Paul Baran (1926 - )
Packet switching
– Vinton Cerf (1943)
TCP/IP
– Robert Kahn (1938)
TCP/IP
• Paul Otlet Mundaneum 1924
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/thisdayintech/2009/12/mundaneum.jpg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/marcwathieu/sets/72157623466540563/
http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/handle/1854/5612/Traite_de_documentation_ocr.pdf
• Paul Otlet
http://www.kantl.be/ctb/vanhoutte/teach/slides/graphics/Otlet.jpg
• Paul Otlet
• Paul Otlet
• Paul Otlet
• Paul Otlet
• Paul Otlet
http://www.modernarchitecture.net/wp-content/uploads/mundaneumcorb.jpg
• Paul Otlet Monde : essai d'universalisme 1935
El hombre no sería necesario si la documentación amenazara en
convertirse en un ser omnisciente, como Dios mismo.
A un grado menor, en última instancia, se crearía una máquina de
instrumentación remota que combina la radio, los rayos Roentgen, el
cine y la fotografía microscópica.
Todas las cosas en el universo, y todos los hechos se almacenarían de
forma remota a medida que ocurren.
Esto establecería la imagen en movimiento en el mundo, su memoria, su
verdadero doble.
Todo el mundo podría leer de forma remota el pasaje que, ampliado y
limitado por su tema, se proyectará en la pantalla de forma individual.
Por lo tanto, cada uno desde su silla podrá contemplar la creación,
en su totalidad o en partes las partes de ella mismas.
http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/BIB-217P004_2009_0001_AC.pdf
• Paul Otlet
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/06/13/science/1194817103564/classifying-the-world.html
• Paul Otlet
http://www.enoughroomforspace.org/app/webroot/uploads/-3.jpg
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/55/128755-050-1C853B18.jpg
• Paul Otlet
Bélgica en 1940 y destruyeron
millones de fichas.
Otlet falleció en 1944
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3048/3073665341_2056c9af8e.jpg
Vannevar Bush Analizador Diferencial
1925-1931 1935- 1942 en el MIT http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/vbush_overvw.gif
http://cache-media.britannica.com/eb-media/98/23598-004-1E6A382E.jpg
Vannevar Bush Analizador Diferencial
1925-1931 1935- 1942 en el MIT Motor Diferencial
http://cache-media.britannica.com/eb-media/98/23598-004-1E6A382E.jpg
http://ed-thelen.org/bab/bab-t-photo.jpg
• Vannevar Bush As we may think 1945 “MEMEX”
http://arqinfo.creatis-tech.com/Andres_Vallejo/Grandes%20mentes/Pagina/todo/img/memex.jpg
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1969/12/as-we-may-think/3881/
http://xenotex.com/lj/memex/MEMEX0L.jpg
• Vannevar Bush MEMEX 1945 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees&feature=player_embedded
Vannevar Bush NDRC (National Defense Research Committee)
OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees&feature=player_embedded
http://soundstudiesblog.com/2011/01/17/y2k-and-collective-ritual-sound-in-the-new-millennium/
Norbert Wiener CYBERNETICS 1948
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_53DeJXNouO0/SjPjmXEQf7I/AAAAAAAAA5Q/eecu_GXAmCQ/s400/norbert+Wiener+copy.jpg
http://www.nowires.com.br/blogger/uploaded_images/Cybernetics-784042.jpg
• Del griego kybernḗt (timonel)
• “la ciencia del control y la comunicacion, in
animales y máquinas”
• El arte del timonel.
• Se preocupa del comportamiento de la
máquinas en la medida en que sea regular o
determinado o reproducible
• Es marco de referencia para el estudio de
sistemas complejos.
• Estados
a, b, c, d
• Cambio
a->b , b->c, c->d, d->a
• Transformacion K = (a b c d)->(b c d a)
• Repeticion K2 = (a b c d)->(b c d a)->(c d
• Mapa Cinemático
+->a->b->c->d-+
a b)
\------------/
• Máquina Deterministica
– Un estado solo puede cambiar a otro (y no a varios)
– Transformacion es cerrada
http://www.austinchronicle.com/binary/5ed1/books_feature1.jpg
• Entradas
a, b, c, d
• Salidas
a->b , b->c, c->d, d->a
• Acoplamiento de máquinas K = (a b
>(b c d a)
• Control y retroalimentacion.
http://www.austinchronicle.com/binary/5ed1/books_feature1.jpg
http://wdict.net/gallery/norbert+wiener/
c d)-
Marshall McLuhan ALDEA GLOBAL
http://reaktorplayer.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/marchall-mcluhan1.jpg
http://mediastudiesideas.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/mcluhan1.jpg
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/030003/f1/nlc012699-v6.jpg
Ours is a brand-new world of allatonceness. "Time" has ceased,
"space" has vanished. We now live in a global village...a simultaneous
happening. We are back in acoustic space. We have begun again to
structure the primordial feeling, the tribal emotions from which a few
centuries of literacy divorced us.
…
Because of electric speed, we can no longer wait and see. George
Washington once remarked, "We haven't heard from Benj. Franklin in
Paris this year. We should write him a letter.”
…
Electric circuitry profoundly involves men with one another. Information
pours upon us, instantaneously and continuously. As soon as
information is acquired, it is very rapidly replaced by still newer
information. Our electrically-configured world has forced us to move
from the habit of data classification to the mode of pattern recognition.
--Marshall McLuhan, 1967, The Medium is the Massage
http://www.ubu.com/sound/mcluhan.html
1 ¿Qué agranda o incrementa cualquier
artefacto?
2 ¿Qué desgasta o deja obsoleto?
3 ¿Qué recupera que haya estado antes en
desuso?
4 ¿Qué invierte o cambia cuando se lo empuja
hasta el límite de su potencial (chiasmus)?
--Marshall McLuhan, 1967, The Medium is the Massage
INCREMENTA
Descentralización, comunicación
electrónica, acceso a información,
auto publicación, convergencia de
medios, trabajo en red,
inmediatez, comunidades
virtuales
RECUPERA
La escritura y la correspondencia,
tribus y aldeas, anarquía, chaos,
los sitios de reunión,
representación directa, activismo
local
SE INVIERTE EN
Obsesión por los datos,
aislamiento, sobrecarga de
información, pérdida de tiempo a
solas
HACE OBSOLETO
Viaje, distancia, fronteras
nacionales, interacción cara a cara,
censura centralizada, monopolios
editoriales
Eugene Garfield CITATION INDEX
• Citation Indexes for Science
• A New Dnenaion in Documentation
through Associationof Ideas
• Eugene Garfield, Ph.D.
http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/
Doug Engelbart • “As much as possible, to boost mankind’s collective
capability for coping with complex, urgent problems”
• NLS –Augmenting human inteligence
•
By "augmenting human intellect" we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain
comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems.
This is important, simply because man's problem-solving capability represents possibly the most important resource possessed by a
society. The other contenders for first importance are all critically dependent for their development and use upon this resource.
•
•
•
•
•
h
NLS DEMO 1968 http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html
http://engelbartbookdialogues.wordpress.com/
Colective IQ
http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail378.html
Doug Engelbart • “As much as possible, to boost mankind’s
collective capability for coping with
complex, urgent problems”
• Human-Systems and Tool Systems
Interactively Co-Evolving
• Networked Improvement Community (NIC)
http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/engelbart/
Ted Nelson LITERARY MACHINES
• Hypertext (1965)
• Humanista vs Militarista
• http://xanadu.com/cosmicbook/
• http://transliterature.org/
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
1954 - 1963
MIT
IBM
BURROUGHS
WESTERN ELECTRIC
RAND
http://www.mitre.org/about/photo_archives/sage_photo.html
http://digital.lib.umn.edu/IMAGES/reference/cb/cb000101.jpg
http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/SAGEMap58.html
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
(SAGE)
http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/images5/PDRM0380.jpg
Tamaño:
CPU (15 x 450 metros cada una);
consolas area (7 x 15 metros) (total system=6,000 m2)
PESO:
250 tons
Memoria:
magnetica (4 x 64K word);
Magnetic Drum (150K word);
4 IBM Model 729 Magnetic Tape Drives (~100K words ea.);
Memory Cycle Time: 6us
I/O: CRT display, keyboard, light gun, realtime serial data (teletype, 1300 bps
modem, voice line)
Performance: 75KIPS (single-address)
Technología:
vacuum tubes (60,000); diodes (175,000); transistors (13,000)
Consumo:
3 Megawatts http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/IBM-SAGE-computer.htm
http://digital.lib.umn.edu/IMAGES/reference/cb/cb000079.jpg
• Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (IBM
1959)
http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/norc-2.html
Cпутник-1 (1957)
http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=7644
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXS1-X3ehh0&feature=related
DARPA/ARPA Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency
– J.C.R. Licklider (1915 –1990) Man-Computer
Symbiosis
– Paul Baran (1926 - ) Packet switching
– Larry Roberts (1937-) IPTO
– Vinton Cerf (1943- ) TCP/IP
– Robert Kahn (1938- )TCP/IP
J.C.R. Licklider (1915 –1990) Man-Computer Symbiosis
ARPA 1962 -1964
-Behavioral Sciences
-Command and Control
 Information Processing
Techniques Office (IPTO)
 Intergalactic Network Group
"It will possibly turn out that only on rare occasions do most or all of
the computers in the overall system operate together in an integrated
network. It seems to me important, nevertheless, to develop a
capability for integrated network operation"
http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0366.html?printable=1
Paul Baran (1926 - )
Packet switching
- Rand Memoranda
on Distributed Communication (1964)
Cómo sobrevivir a un
ataque nuclear? (Red
de comunicaciones)
 Redundancia
http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3420/
Packet switching
- Rand Memoranda
on Distributed Communication (1964)
Cómo sobrevivir a un
de comunicaciones)
 Redundancia
 Red digital
Packet switching
- Rand Memoranda
onCómo
Distributed
Communication
(1964)
sobrevivir
a un
de comunicaciones)
 Redundancia
Red digigital
Packet switching
“We shall explore the possibilities of building a "real-time" data transmission
system using store-and-forward techniques … But, the network user who has
called up a "virtual connection" to an end station … might also view the system as
a black box providing an apparent circuit connection across the U.S.”
Packet switching
http://www.friends-partners.org/utsumi/Bookwriting/PART_I/Chapter_I/Total/Insertions/Packet-switching/Paul_Baran/Paul_Baran.html/
Larry Roberts (1937-)
-IPTO 1966 -1973
-IMP 1969
Memor
12K
ia
Palabra (16-bit)
Costo $82,200
En August 1969, llega el primer IMP a
UCLA. Un mes despues, el segundo llego
a SRI. Se conectaron y nacio ARAPNET
http://www.darpa.mil/Docs/Internet_Development_200807180909255.pdf
- Wesley Clark
(I a D): Truett Thatch, Bill Bartell (Honeywell), Dave Walden, Jim Geisman, Robert Kahn, Frank
Heart, Ben Barker, Marty Thrope, Will Crowther, Severo Ornstein. Ausente: Bernie Cosell.
NCP
http://www.computerhistory.org/VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_frame.php?tax_id=03.02.05.00
1969
1970
http://www.computerhistory.org/VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_frame.php?tax_id=03.02.05.00
Vinton Cerf (1943)
Robert Kahn (1938)
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
- A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection (1974)
- 1982, TCP/IP version 4
- Enero 1 1983 : Arpanet en TCP/IP
1977
Vinton Cerf (1943)
Robert Kahn (1938)
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
- A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection (1974)
- 1982, TCP/IP version 4
- Enero 1 1983 :
Arpanet en TCP/IP
- TCP/IP Es de dominio público
http://www.darpa.mil/Docs/Internet_Development_200807180909255.pdf
1977
• Las Redes
–
–
–
–
–
Arpanet
Bitnet
CSNET
NSFNET
EUNET
• ARPANET
1971
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/historical.html
• ARPANET
1971
• ARPANET
1974
• ARPANET
1978
• ARPANET
1987
• ARPANET
1989
• USENET(1979-) Servicio de
Noticias
• p2p
• 1983 
http://web.mit.edu/afs/sipb/contrib/postscript/Maps/
• USENET(1979-)
• p2p
• 1993 
http://web.mit.edu/afs/sipb/contrib/postscript/Maps/
• BITNET(1981-1991)
red "store-and-forward“
Ira Fuchs and Greydon Freeman at the City University of New York
(CUNY)
"Because It's There Net“  "Because It's Time Net".
Red con topología de arbol usando lineas telefónicas de 9600 bps
1981 -1
1982 -20
1989 -450
1991 – Absorbida por CSnet
BITNET comunicaba a los investigadores del mundo por email,
listas de correo, Ftp, Gopher, y mensajes en tiempo real.
• BITNET
(1981-1991)
1990 ->
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/bitnet_topology.txt
• CSNET (1980-1991)
Para los no contratistas de defensa!!!
"Computer Science Research Network".
Auspiciado por la NSF (National Science Foundation)
Red X/25
1991 – Absorbe Bitnet
• NSFNET (1981)
1987 
• NSFNET (1981)
1991 
• NSFNET (1981-1995)
1991 
• EUNET (1982)
2010 
• MAPAS
1991 
ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/
• MAPAS
1992 
• MAPAS
1993 
• MAPAS
1995 
• MAPAS
1997 
• Mapa actual
TOPOLOGIA ISP
• http://www.caida.org/research/topology/as_core_network/pics/ascore-ip
CABLES
• http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/
telegeography
• http://www.telegeography.com/maps/index.php
caida
• http://www.caida.org/tools/visualization/mapnet/Ba

P01-Redes de computadoras1-Vc

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