Ocean Acidification

1
Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile &
Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
2 Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Chile
3
Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás,
Santiago, Chile
Principal fuente de carbono, ha
sido en la forma de CO2 eyectado
por volcanes.
Volcanes han liberado ca. 60 ✕
109 tons de CO2 a la atmósfera.
Hoy en día 0.04 ✕ 109 tons
El plancton ha secuestrado cerca
de un 99.5% del C liberado a la
atmósfera, formando rocas
sedimentarias y materia orgánica
en sedimentos.
Si los océanos no existieran, la
concentración de CO2 sería
muy alta, y la temperatura
de la Tierra sería cercana a
la de Venus
461 ºC !!!
Venus: Altísima concentración de CO2, y
alta temperatura no permite la
presencia de líquidos.
Hoy en día las emisiones de CO2
antropogénico son cerca de 130 veces
mayores que las emisiones volcánicas
Emisiones anuales de CO2
por la quema de
combustibles fósiles y
cambio de uso del suelo
(70 millones de tons diarias)
Emisiones
anuales de
CO2 desde
volcanes
O
C
CO2
O
1. Se disuelve en el agua
HCO3-
CO2 + CO32- + H2O
O
H
O
H2O
H
2. Reacciona con el agua para
formar bicarbonato y un ión
hidrógeno
H
+
O
O
3. Casi todos los iones hidrógeno
reaccionan con el ión carbonato
O
para formar más bicarbonato
incremento
bicarbonato
también la concentración de iones hidrógeno
incrementa:
HCO3-
+
C
disminuye
carbonato
O
H
CO3-
H
C
O
incremento
CO2 disuelto
2HCO3-
i.e., pH = -log [H+] disminuye
O
H
C
O
O
y la saturación de carbonato de calcio
disminuye:
Ω = [Ca+ ][CO32− ]
Ksp
La absorción de CO2 por el océano a llevado que durante los últimos
ca. 200 años el pH se reduzca en ca. 0.1
Que el pH descienda 0.1, representa cerca del 30% del
incremento total de la acidez del océano.
A la fecha la mayor parte de los experimentos han
sido realizados con moluscos, equinodermos,
crustáceos, y corales, con diferente tipo de
respuestas y costos socio-económicos.
SOLAS – IMBER WG on Ocean Acidification (SIOA WG)
• In 2012: SIOA WG and the international Ocean Acidification Reference User Group (iOA-RUG) recommend the establishment
of a international platform.
• In response to this recommendation and concerns expressed by Member States, the IAEA announced at the Rio+20 UN
Conference on Sustainable Development the launch of the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)
Ocean Acidification International
Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)
Communicating, promoting and facilitating global actions
in a changing ocean world
Advisory Board
SOLAS IMBER WG on OA
• Objective: act as a hub to communicate,
promote and facilitate overarching
activities on ocean acidification
• End
users: scientific community and
science users (e.g., policy makers,
media, general public)
CAPACITY BUILDING
‘Help train tomorrow’s experts on ocean acidification’
Training courses
Lisa Robbins, USA
Participation of scientists from
developing countries in key
international meetings
CAPACITY BUILDING
SCIENCE
‘Promote activities to help advance ocean acidification
research’
Global observing network
R. Feely, USA & L. Jewett, USA
Joint platforms & experiments
P. Siveri, Spain & N. Lagos , Chile
The human dimension
J. Bijma, Germany & S. Cooley, USA
Inter-comparison exercises
M. Dai, China
Best practices
U. Riebesell, Germany & J.-P. Gattuso, Fran
On-line bibliographic database
J.-P. Gattuso, France
Data management
F. Gazeau, France
SCIENCE
COMMUNICATION
‘Serve as a hub of information for different
audiences (scientists, policy makers, media…)’
Exhibits, side events, publications (in
cooperation with the Ocean
Acidification International Reference
User Group; OA-iRUG)
D. Laffoley, UK & C. Turley, UK
Web site & news stream
Distribution of material
COMMUNICATION
OA-ICC key online resources
OA-ICC web site
iaea.org/ocean-acidification
OA-ICC news stream
news-oceanacidification-icc.org
OA-ICC data compilation
http://tinyurl.com/oaicc-data
OA-ICC bibliographic database
http://tinyurl.com/oaicc-biblio
Ocean Acidification
The „other CO2 problem“
The GOA-ON-related efforts are the main
IOCCP contribution to our understanding of
this multidisciplinary, multi-scale, global
phenomenon.
The community behind long term large scale OA
observations have developed a Requirements
and Governance Plan which provides details on
required observing strategy, data accuracy, data
handling and sharing procedures and data
information products development. The plan was
published in September 2014 and is available
from the GOA-ON website as .pdf and as hard
copy on request.
Ocean Acidification
The „other CO2 problem“
Two major GOA-ON activities developed with IOCCP leadership
over the past 12 months are:
Ocean Acidification Data Portal
A small technical working group lead by Benjamin Pfeil (IOCCP Data Manager) was established to
investigate possibilities to create a dedicated portal for ocean acidification observing data. A workplan
and initial goals of this group were turned into an agenda for a small workshop held in Monaco in June
2015. The group works on the report that will incorporate the recommendations made by the OA-ICC
Advisory Board, the GOA-ON Executive Council and workshop participants. This document will be
distributed across the community for comments and will serve as a baseline for a data portal
implementation plan, which will be hopefully developed before May 2016.
Ocean Acidification Data Synthesis Products
As a global approach similar to SOCAT was deemed not feasible at the moment for such a fragmented
and mostly coastal community, it was suggested that effort might initially be directed at a regional
synthesis for the western Pacific (primarily involving China, Taiwan, Japan and Rep Korea), and for the
NE Atlantic/European seas (expanding on a UK/North Sea synthesis that has just been finished by
NERC/Defra and ICES).
Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON)
Science Workshop
8-10 May 2016, Hobart, Australia
The 3rd Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network Science Workshop will be held in Hobart, Australia, following the
4th International Symposium on the Oceans in a High CO2 World (3-6 May 2016).
GOA-ON is guiding the development of an integrated network for the detection and attribution of ocean acidification and ecosystem
response, and has engaged with over one hundred participants from 30 nations to formulate its Requirements and Governance Plan.
GOA-ON has also served to focus funding bodies and international research programs to integrate within a shared vision that extends
from the coastal to open ocean domains.
The 3rd GOA-ON science workshop aims to further the development of the network.
Issues to be covered are:
1. GOA-ON national and regional status, linkages to other global programs
2. New developments for weather and climate quality OA observations
3. Essential biological variables and integration with other observations
4. Data management and synthesis plans from regional to global scales
5. Developing regional hubs to facilitate national programs and capacity building
Organisers:
Prof. Fei Chai, University of Maine, USA
Prof. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University, China
Prof. Sam Dupont, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Dr. Richard Feely, NOAA-PMEL, USA (IOCCP SSG member for OA)
Dr. Kirsten Isensee, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO
Dr. Libby Jewett, NOAA Ocean Acidification Program Director, USA
Dr. Wajih Naqvi, CSIR-National Institution of Oceanography, India
Dr. Jan Newton, University of Washington, USA
Dr. Maciej Telszewski, IOCCP Director, SCOR and IOC-UNESCO
Dr. Bronte Tilbrook, CSIRO, Australia
Dr. Phil Williamson, NERC/University of East Anglia, UK
The IOCCP Approach to Coordination
aligned with the Framework for Ocean Observing
Establishment of societal or
scientific requirements for
observations and
monitoring
Providing the stakeholders community
with information allowing to meet the
requirements and verify the fitnessfor-purpose of the system
Developing data synthesis products
Developing strategies for observing
network implementation
Brokering international
agreements on measurements
standards and procedures
Developing and implementing data
quality control procedures
 Today Latin America appears as one of the
regional nodes with relatively scarce information
on Ocean Acidification over whole world.
 But ... that's the reality?
 Only 20 papers in whole the OA community in LatinAmerica, 12 in
Chile and 8 in Mexico. What about Brasil, Argentina, Perú, and so
on…?
 Is this a lack in the exchange of information with the worldwide
community ?
 Result of previous meetings among colleagues from Brazil (Leticia
Da Cunha & Rodrigo Kerr), Mexico (José-Martin Hernández Ayón)
and Chile (Nelson Lagos & Cristian Vargas) during the 3rd
International Symposium Effects of Climate Change on the
World's Ocean and during the meeting of the Global Ocean
Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) held in St. Andrews,
UK, need arises to create a network to coordinate research efforts
that are being developed in the LA region, with focus on ocean
acidification, and generation of information for decision-makers.
 27 formal members… but 20 scientists agreed, but they still do not sign their
affiliation = 47 members
 Lines of action includes:
(i) the study of the carbonate system in
coastal, oceanic and estuarine waters, and
its
ecological
and
biogeochemical
implications,
(ii) modelling and projection of local and
regional scenarios of ocean acidification for
Latin America based on monitoring at high
spatial and temporal resolution,
(iii) the experimental evaluation of the
biological responses of marine organisms
against these scenarios of ocean
acidification and its interaction with other
climatic and anthropogenic stressors, and
(iv) the effect on socio-ecological systems of
the participating countries.
We are already working in the establishment of a governance plan and basic
protocols focused on some requirements to be part of this network, e.g.:
 Researchers actively working in one of the lines of action in LAOCA (i.e. demonstrated
in publications, projects and training students), and
 Demonstrate an interest in developing and improving the quality of research on ocean
acidification at the regional level, beyond personal interests.
 Interest for cooperation and assist those regions with significant research gaps.
 This December 15th, 2015, in the city of Concepcion, Chile, it was officially
established the Latin-American Ocean Acidification Network (LAOCA Network).
 A group of 24 scientists from seven Latin-American countries, including two
representatives from; Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, and Chile,
worked all together on a regional workshop, which was funded by Chilean research
centers, Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems
(MUSELS), and the Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO) in Chile, and the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC-UNESCO, OA-ICC.
 During this meeting we have
analysing the “state of the art”
regarding our knowledge about
carbon chemistry and the impact of
ocean acidification on different
biological/ecological models.
COUNTRY
COLOMBIA
ARGENTINA
BRASIL
MEXICO
pH
Alkalinity
DIC
pCO2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reference Material
Yes
Buoys/timeseries/cruises
X (pCO2)
Data quality
Notimplemented
Capacities
Lack of
capacitation
ECUADOR
PERU
CHILE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Weather (pH)
Climate (pCO2,
alkalinity)
Weather (pH)
Climate
(pCO2,
alkalinity)
Weather (pH)
Climate
(Alkalinity)
Weather
Weather (pH)
Climate
(Alkalinity)
Lack of capacitation
Lack of
capacitation
Lack of
capacitation
Human
resources
Lack of
capacitation
Human
resources
Lack of
capacitation
EQUIPMENTS
No-scientists
working in
carbon
chemistry
 We have defined a common criteria for
LAOCA’ members, which is to share and
make available “protocols” and “data”,
including all information on ocean
chemistry after two years of collecting
the data, and in the same way, we will
make available the data generated by
experiments with local species. This
information will be available through
PANGEA. Data from buoys and sensors
will be free to use, from the respective
websites of observation programs.
 Along with this analysis it was defined the mission and goals of LAOCA Network,
including ten main objectives;
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
to synthesize the information about ocean acidification impacts in Latin-American,
to encourage the implementation, maintenance, and calibration of long-term data-set of
carbonate chemistry in Latin-America,
training of LAOCA members in the different action lines (e.g. observation, experimentation, and
modelling),
(iv)
to standardize chemical analytical techniques and protocols for experimentation in order to
enhance data quality,
(v)
to establish a regional node for the articulation and communication between local, regional, and
global research programs (e.g. GOA-ON and IOCCP),
(vi)
to determine and evaluate local and regional scenarios of Ocean Acidification for different types
of marine ecosystems (e.g. estuaries, coastal area, open ocean, etc),
(vii)
to enhance student exchange and to facilitate access to infrastructure and equipment among
institutions and LAOCA member countries,
(viii) to design an outreach strategy for communicate the problematic of ocean acidification to
society,
(ix) to promote the development of cooperation projects between member countries of LAOCA, and
(x)
to promote the inclusion of the problematic of Ocean Acidification on the political agenda of
member countries, and even through the pursuit of cooperation agreements among LAOCA
members.
Co-Chairs
Leticia Da Cunha & Nelson Lagos
GOA-ON / IOCCP
Cristian A. Vargas
BRASIL
CHILE
Rodrigo Kerr
Patricio Manríquez
ECUADOR
Patricia
Castillo
ARGENTINA
COLOMBIA
PERÚ
MEXICO
Alejandro Bianchi
Alberto Acosta
Michelle Graco
Hernández-Ayon