the alphabet sounds

THE PHONETIC ALPHABET IN THE CLASSROOM
BY JAIRO ORLANDO GAVIRIA CORAL
2015
CONTENTS
1. Vowel sounds…………………………………………………………………………………2
2. Consonant sounds……………………………………………………………………………..3
3. The alphabet sounds…………………………………………………………………………..4
4. Pronunciation of the vowels acording to the position…………………………………………5
5. Sound past endings of the regular verbs………………………………………………………6
6. Pronunciation of the numbers…………………………………………………………………7
7. Irregular verbs pronunciation………………………………………………………………….8
8. Pronunciation of the –s- endings………………………………………………………………9
9. Word stress……………………………………………………………………………………10
10. Intonation of questions………………………………………………………………………..11
VOWEL SOUNDS
[
i
]
Spanish
Vocal muy tensa y cerrada
muy similar a la i de
Español.
Feel, we, here, these, see, sheep, least, he’ll,
seat, beat, cheap.
[
I
]
Cap ‘i’
Vocal breve, intermedia entre [ i ] y [e ].
Listen, big, sit, will, ship, chip, fit,
fill, list.
hill,
[
e
]
Print ‘e’ Diptongo ‘ei’; la i de este diptongo es muy
relajada y más abierta que en Español.
Gate, pain, late, sail, date, main, wait.
[
ɛ
]
Epsylon
Vocal tensa, similar a la ‘e’ del
Español.
Get, pen, let, sell, bet, debt, men, wet.
[ æ
]
Diagraph
Vocal intermedia entre la ‘a’ y la ‘e’. No existe
en Español y muy frecuente en Inglés.
Have, can’t, salad, sandwich, happy, last, rapid.
[ ə
]
Shwa
Vocal débil sin valor definido que generalmente
representan
a
cualquier
vocal
en
sílaba
no
acentuada. Es intermedia entre la ‘a’ , la ‘e’ y la
‘i’ del Español. Es el sonido más frecuente en
Inglés.
Above, together, sofa, suggest, handsome, opinion.
[
Λ
]
Wedge
Vocal acentuada. Intermedia entre la ’e y la ‘o’
Cup, much, some, butter, wonderful, hungry, but.
[
u
]
Spanish
Vocal cerrada. Similar a la del Español.
Fool, pool, suit, food.
[
U
]
Cap ‘u’
Vocal abierta. Para pronunciar este sonido los
labios deben
tener la posición de una ‘o’ y la lengua debe
producir una ‘u’.
Full, pull, look, soot, could, foot.
[
o ]
Print‘o’
Diptongo ou,la u de este diptongo es muy relajada
y más abierta que es Español.
Cold, boat, bowl, coat, toll.
[
ɔ
]
Open ‘o’
Similar a la del Español, pero con mayor abertura.
Ball, called, bought, tall, pause, walk.
[
ɑ
]
Spanish
Sonido similar a la del Español.
Art, charge, father, comedy, congress, army.
[ ɚ
[
]
ɝ ]
Shwar
Es una e muy relajada, articulada simultáneamente
con la r.
[ ə ]+[ r ]
After, dollar, brother.
Wedeger
Es un sonido intermedio entre la e y la o
articulado simultáneamente con la r.
[ Λ ]+[ r ]
Were, thirty.
DIPHTHONGS
[ aI
]
Find, cried, dine, high, grind, pride.
[ aU
]
Found, crowd, down, how, ground, proud.
[ ɔI ]
Boy, noise, boil, oil, destroy, enjoy.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
bilabial
[ p ] stop
voiceless
Ex: pen
bilabial
alveolar
[t]
stop
voiceless
teacher
alveolar
[k]
velar
stop
voiceless
kid
velar
stop
voiced
Ex: baby
[b]
[d]
stop
voiced
[g]
day
labiodental
[ f ] fricative
voiceless
Ex: family
interdental
[ đ ] fricative
voiced
Ex: the
[ʃ]
fricative
voiceless
Ex: wish
[v]
[s]
alveolar
fricative
voiceless
sit
fricative
voiceless
Ex: lunch
alveolar
[n]
nasal
voiced
Ex: night
alveolar
[ r ] liquids
voiced
Ex: car
interdental
[ θ ] fricative
voiceless
theater
[z]
[ʒ]
fricative
voiced
usually
glottal
[h]
affricate
voiced
juice
[Ŋ]
velar
nasal
voiced
[w]
bilabial
[m]
nasal
voiced
meet
[l ]
ring
fricative
voiceless
hand
palatoalveolar
[ʤ ]
alveolar
fricative
voiced
zoo
palatoalveolar
palatoalveolar
[ʧ]
gas
labiodental
fricative
voiced
verb
palatoalveolar
stop
voiced
alveolar
liquids
voiced
let
bilabiovelar
glides
voiced
wet
[j]
palatoalveolar
glides
voiced
yes
THE ALPHABET SOUNDS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
[e]
[ bi ]
[ si ]
[ di ]
[i ]
[ ɛf ]
[ ʤi ]
H
I
[ aI ]
J
K
L
M
N
[ ʤe ]
[ ke ]
[ɛl ]
[ɛm ]
[ ɛn ]
[eʧ ]
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
[o]
[ pi ]
[ kju ]
[ ɑr ]
[ ɛs ]
[ ti ]
[ ju ]
V
W
X
Y
Z
[ waI ]
[ zi ]
[ vi ]
[dʌblju ]
[ ɛks ]
GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE SOUND
[ e ]
A
H
J
K
[ i ]
B
C
D
E
G
P
[ ɛ ]
F
L
M
N
S
X
[aI]
I
Y
[ o ]
O
[ u ]
Q
[ ɑr ]
R
U
T
V
Z
W
REGULAR VERBS
SOUND PAST ENDINGS
[t]
It’s used after verbs that end in a voiceless sound
Ask.ed
[æsk]
PREGUNTAR, PEDIR
Cook.ed
[kUk]
Dance.d
[dæns]
Divorce.d
[dəvórs]
DIVORCIAR
Finish.ed
Fix.ed
[fInI ʃ]
[fIks]
FINALIZAR
REPARAR
Guess.ed
[gɛs]
ADIVINAR, SUPONER
Hope.d
[hɑp]
ESPERAR
Kiss.ed
[kIs]
BESAR
Like.d
[laIk]
GUSTAR
Look.ed
[lUk]
MIRAR
Park.ed
Pick.ed
[pɑrk]
[pIk]
PARQUEAR
LEVANTAR
COCINAR
BAILAR
Pass.ed
[p æs]
PASAR
Practice.d [præktIs] PRACTICAR
Promise.d [prɑmIs] PROMETER
Pronounce.d[prənaUns] PRONUNCIAR
Push.ed
[pU ʃ]
EMPUJAR
Shop.ped
[ʃɑp]
COMPRAR
Stop.ped
[stɑp]
PARAR
Talk.ed
[tɔk]
HABLAR
Type.d
Walk.ed
[taIp]
[wɔk]
ESCRIBIR A MAQUINA
CAMINAR
Wash.ed
[wɑ ʃ]
LAVAR
Watch.ed
[wɑt ʃ]
MIRAR
Work.ed
[wɝk]
TRABAJAR
[d]
It’s used after verbs that end in a voiced sound
Advice.d
[ədvaIz]
Answer.ed [ænsɚ]
ACONSEJAR
RESPONDER
Arrive.d
Believe.d
Call.ed
Clean.ed
Close.d
[əraIv]
[bəlív]
[kɔl]
[klin]
[kloz]
ARRIVAR, LLEGAR
CREER
LLAMAR
LIMPIAR
CERRAR
Enjoy.ed
[InʤɔI]
DISFRUTAR
Happen.ed
Listen.ed
Live.d
Love.d
Mail.ed
Marry.ied
Move.d
[hæpən]
[lIsn]
[lIv]
[lΛv]
[mel]
[m ærI]
[muv]
OCURRIR, PASAR, SUCEDER
ESCUCHAR
VIVIR
AMAR
ENVIAR (POR CORREO)
CASARSE CON
MOVER
Offer.ed
[ɔfɚ]
OFRECER
Order.ed
[ɔrdɚ]
ORDENAR
Plan.ed
Play.ed
[plæn]
[ple]
PLANEAR
JUGAR
Prefer.ed [prIfɝ]
PREFERIR
Prepare.d
Prove.d
Pull.ed
Rain.ed
Receive.d
PREPARAR
DEMOSTRAR, PROBAR
TIRAR, HALAR
LLOVER
RECIBIR
[prIpɛr]
[pruv]
[pUl]
[ren]
[rIsIv]
Remember.ed[rImɛmbɚ]
RECORDAR
Return.ed [rItɝn]
REGRESAR, RETORNAR
Serve.d
[sɝv]
SERVIR
Share.d
[ʃɛr]
COMPARTIR
Study.ied [stΛdI]
Travel.ed [trævl]
Try.ied
[traI]
ESTUDIAR
VIAJAR
TRATAR
Turn.ed
Use.d
GIRAR
USAR
[tɝn]
[juz]
Wonder.ed [w Λndɚ]
PREGUNTARSE
[Id]
It’s used after verbs that end in a /d/ or /t/ ending sound.
Accept.ed
[əksɛpt] ACEPTAR
Attend.ed
[ətɛnd]
ATENDER, ACUDIR A
End.ed
[ɛnd]
FINALIZAR
Depend.ed
Decide.d
Invite.d
Last.ed
Need.ed
[dIpɛnd] DEPENDER
[dIsaId] DECIDIR
[InvaIt] INVITAR
[læst]
DURAR
[nid]
NECESITAR
Record.ed
[rIkɔrd]
Rent.ed
Repeat.ed
[rɛnt]
[rIpIt]
RENTAR
REPETIR
Rest.ed
[rɛst]
DESCANSAR
GRABAR
Separate.d [sɛprIt]
SEPARAR
Shout.ed
[ʃaUt]
GRITAR
Start.ed
[stɑrt]
COMENZAR
Want.ed
Wait.ed
[wɑnt]
[wet]
QUERER, NECESITAR
ESPERAR
PRONUNCIATION OFTHE NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1
one
[wʌn]
2
two
[tu]
3
three
[θri]
4
four
[for]
5
five
[faIv]
6
six
[sIks]
7
seven
[sέvən]
8
eight
9
nine
10
ten
11
eleven
12
twelve
13
thirteen
14
fourteen
[et]
[naIn]
[tɛn]
[Ilέvən]
[twəlv]
[θɚtín]
[fortín]
15
fifteen
16
sixteen
19
nineteen
20
twenty
twenty-one
[etín]
[naIntín]
[twέntI]
60
sixty
[sÍkstI]
70
seventy
[sέvəntI]
80
eighty
[étI]
90
ninety
[naIntI]
100,000
a, one
hundred
thousand
17
18
seventeen eighteen
[fiftín] [sIkstín] sɛvəntín]
30
thirty
40
forty
[θɝti]
[fɔrtI]
50
fifty
[fÍftI]
100
a (one)
hundred
200
two
hundred
300
three
hundred
1,000
a (one)
thousand
2,000
two
thousand
10,000
ten
thousand
[ə, wʌn
[tu
[θri
hʌndrəd]
hʌndrəd]
hʌndrəd]
[ə, wʌn
θaUzənd]
[tu
θaUzənd]
[tɛn
θaUzənd]
21
[twέntI
wʌn]
[ə, wʌn
hʌndrəd
θaUzənd]
1,000,000
1,000,000 1,000,000
1,000,000
,000
,000
,000,000
a, one
a, one
a, one
a, one
million
thousand
billion
trillion
million
[ə, wʌn
mÍljən]
[ə, wʌn
θaUzənd
mÍljən]
[ə, wʌn
bÍljən]
[ə, wʌn
trÍljən]
ORDINAL NUMBERS
1ST
first
2ND
second
3RD
third
4TH
fourth
5TH
fifth
6TH
sixth
7TH
seventh
[fɝst]
[sέkənd]
[θɝd]
[forθ]
[fifθ]
[sIksθ]
[sέvənθ]
8th
eighth
9TH
ninth
10TH
tenth
11th
eleventh
12th
twelfth
[eθ]
[naInθ]
[tɛnθ]
[Ilέvənθ]
[twɛlfθ]
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
nineteenth
twentieth
twentyfirst
[naIntínθ]
[twɛntIθ]
twɛntIfɝst
fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth
[fIftInθ]
[sIkstínθ
30th
40th
thirtieth fortieth
[θɝtIθ]
[fɔrtIθ]
100th
101st
a (one)
A (one)
hundredth hundred
first
[ə, wʌn
hʌndrədθ]
[ə, wʌn
hʌndrəd
13th
14th
thirteenth
fourteenth
[θɝtínθ] [fortínθ]
[sɛvəntínθ]
[etínθ]
50th
fiftieth
60th
sixtieth
80th
90th
seventieth eightieth ninetieth
[fÍftIθ]
[sÍkstIθ]
[sέvəntIθ]
[étIθ]
100,000
a, one
1,000,000
a, one
millionth
1000th
10000th
a (one)
Ten
thousandth thousandth
[ə, wʌn
θaUzəndθ]
[tɛn
θaUzəndθ]
fɝst ]
70th
hundred
thousandth
[ə, wʌn
hʌndrəd
θaUzəndθ]
[naIntIθ]
[ə, wʌn
mÍljənθ]
IRREGULAR VERBS PRONUNCIATION
It is possible to classify irregular verbs into three types.
TYPE 1: THE SAME FORM IN THE THREE TENSES
The base form, the simple past tense form and the past participle form
of the verb are the same.
BASE FORM
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
MEANING
BID[bId]
BID[bId]
BID[bId]
Ordenar, mandar
BEAT[bit]
BEAT[bit]
BEAT[bit]
Batir, golpear
HIT[hIt]
HIT[hIt]
HIT[hIt]
Pegar, golpear
KNIT[nIt]
KNIT[nIt]
KNIT[nIt]
Tejer (aguja)
QUIT[kwIt]
QUIT[kwIt]
QUIT[kwIt]
Dejar,abandonar
RID[rId]
RID[rId]
RID[rId]
Librar
SLIT[slIt]
SLIT[slIt]
SLIT[slIt]
Cortar,hacer
rendija
SPIT[spIt]
SPIT[spIt]
SPIT[spIt]
Escupir
SPLIT[splIt]
SPLIT[splIt]
SPLIT[splIt]
Partir,divider
OUTBID[aUtbId]
OUTBID[aUtbId]
OUTBID[aUtbId]
Exceeder
READ[rid]
READ[rɛd]
READ[rɛd]
Leer
BISET[bIsɛt]
BISET[bIsɛt]
BISET[bIsɛt]
Acometer,acosar
BET[bɛt]
BET[bɛt]
BET[bɛt]
Apostar
LET[lɛt]
LET[lɛt]
LET[lɛt]
Permitir
RESET[rIsɛt]
RESET[rIsɛt]
RESET[rIsɛt]
Reestablecer
SET[sɛt]
SET[sɛt]
SET[sɛt]
Poner,colocar
SHED[ʃɛd]
SHED[ʃɛd]
SHED[ʃɛd]
Derramar,difundir
SHRED[ʃrɛd]
SHRED[ʃrɛd]
SHRED[ʃrɛd]
Desmenuzar
SPREAD[sprɛd]
SPREAD[sprɛd]
SPREAD[sprɛd]
Extender (se)
UPSET[Λpsɛt]
UPSET[Λpsɛt]
UPSET[Λpsɛt]
Transtornar
WET[wɛt]
BROADCAST
WET[wɛt]
BROADCAST
WET[wɛt]
BROADCAST
Mojar
[brɔdkæst]
[brɔdkæst]
[brɔdkæst]
CAST[kæst]
CAST[kæst]
CAST[kæst]
Echar (pesca)
FORECAST
FORECAST
FORECAST
Pronosticar
[forkæst]
[forkæst]
[forkæst]
MISCAST
MISCAST
MISCAST
Hacer
[mIskæst]
[mIskæst]
[mIskæst]
reparto
OVERCAST
OVERCAST
OVERCAST
Nublar
[ovɚkæst]
RECAST[rIkæst]
[ovɚkæst]
RECAST[rIkæst]
[ovɚkæst]
RECAST[rIkæst]
Reconstruir(frase)
Radiodifundir
mal
el
BURST[bɝst]
BURST[bɝst]
BURST[bɝst]
Reventar
HURT[hɝt]
HURT[hɝt]
HURT[hɝt]
Herir
CUT[k Λt]
CUT[k Λt]
CUT[k Λt]
Cortar
SHUT[ʃ Λt]
SHUT[ʃ Λt]
SHUT[ʃ Λt]
Cerrar
THRUST[θr Λst]
THRUST[θr Λst]
THRUST[θr Λst]
Meter,encajar
COST[kɔst]
PUT[pUt]
COST[kɔst]
PUT[pUt]
COST[kɔst]
PUT[pUt]
Costar
Poner
TYPE 2: THE SAME FORM IN PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE
The simple past tense and past participle forms of the verb are the
same.
BASE FORM
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
MEANING
BESEECH[bIsIt ʃ ]
BETHINK[bIθIŊk]
BESOUGHT[bIsɔt]
BESOUGHT[bIsɔt]
Suplicar, rogar
BETHOUGHT[bIθɔt]
BETHOUGHT[bIθɔt]
Considerer
BRING[brIŊg]
BROUGHT[brɔt]
BROUGHT[brɔt]
Traer
BUY[baI]
BOUGHT[bɔt]
BOUGHT[bɔt]
Comprar
CATCH[ kæt ʃ ]
FIGHT[faIt]
CAUGHT[ kɔt]
CAUGHT [kɔt]
Coger, atrapar
FOUGHT[fɔt]
FOUGHT[fɔt]
Pelear
SEEK[sik]
SOUGHT[sɔk]
SOUGHT[sɔk]
Buscar
TEACH[tit ʃ]
THINK [θIŊk]
TOUGHT[tɔt]
TOUGHT[tɔt]
Enseñar
THOUGHT [θɔt]
THOUGHT [θɔt]
Pensar
LOSE[luz]
LOST[lɔst]
BOUND[baUnd]
Perder
BIND[baInd]
LOST[lɔst]
BOUND[baUnd]
FIND[faInd]
FOUND[faUnd]
FOUND[faUnd]
Encontrar
GRIND[graInd]
GROUND[graUnd]
GROUND[graUnd]
Moler, afilar
REWIND[rIwaInd]
REWOUND[rIwaUnd]
REWOUND[rIwaUnd]
Reenvolver
WIND[waInd]
WOUND[waUnd]
WOUND[waUnd]
Enredar,envolver
BEREAVE[bIrIv]
BEREFT[bIrɛft]
BEREAVED[bIrIvd]
BEREFT[bIrɛft]
BEREAVED[bIrIvd]
Despojar,privar
BLESS[blɛs]
BLEST[blɛst]
BLEST[blɛst]
Bendecir
BLESSED[blɛst]
BLESSED[blɛst]
BLEED[blid]
BLED[blɛd]
BLED[blɛd]
Sangrar
BREED[brid]
BRED[brɛd]
BRED[brɛd]
Criar, procrear
CLEAVE[klIv]
CLEFT[klɛft]
CLEAVED[klIvd]
CLEFT[klɛft]
CLEAVED[klIvd]
Tajar, partir
CREEP[krIp]
CREPT[krɛpt]
CREPT[krɛpt]
DEAL[dil]
DEALT[dɛlt]
DEALT[dɛlt]
DREAM[drim]
DREMT[drɛmt]
DREAMED[drimt]
DREMT[drɛmt]
DREAMED[drimt]
Arrastrarse,
Gatear
Repartir,
negociar
Sonar
DWELL[dwɛl]
FEED[fid]
DWELT[dwɛlt]
DWELT[dwɛlt]
Residir, morar
FED[fɛd]
FED[fɛd]
Alimentar
FEEL[fil]
FELT[fɛlt]
Felt[fɛlt]
Sentir
FLEE[fli]
FLED[flɛd]
FLED[flɛd]
Huir
HOLD[hold}
HELD [hɛld]
HELD[ hɛld]
Sostener
KEEP[Kip]
KEPT[kɛpt]
KEPT[kɛpt]
Guardar,
conservar
Atar, unir
KNEEL[nil]
KNELT[nɛlt]
NELT[nɛlt]
Arrodillarse
LEAD[lid]
LED[lɛd]
LED[lɛd]
Guiar, dirigir
LEAN[lin]
LEANT[lɛnt]
LEANT[lɛnt]
LEANED[lɛnd]
LEANED[lɛnd]
LEAP[lip]
LEAPT[lɛpt]
LEAPED[lipt]
LEAPT[lɛpt]
LEAPED[lipt]
Prender,
inclinarse,
apoyarse
Saltar, brincar
LEAVE[liv]
LEFT[lɛft]
LEFT[lɛft]
Dejar, salir
LEND[lɛnd]
MEET[mit]
LENT[lɛnt]
LENT[lɛnt]
Prestar
MET[mɛt]
MET[mɛt]
MEAN[min]
MEANT[mɛnt]
MEANT[mɛnt]
OVERSLEEP
OVERSLEPT
OVERSLEPT
[ovɚslip]
[ovɚslɛpt]
[ovɚslɛpt]
Encontrarse
o
reunirse
con,
conocer
Querer
decir,
significar
Dormir demasiado
tarde
SEND[sɛnd]
SLEEP[slip]
SENT[sɛnt]
SENT[sɛnt]
Enviar
SLEPT[slɛpt]
SLEPT[slɛpt]
Dormir
SMELL[smɛl]
SPEED[Spid]
SMELT[smɛlt]
SMELT[smɛlt]
Oler
SPED[spɛd]
SPED[spɛd]
SPELL[spɛl]
SPELT[spɛlt]
SPELT[spɛlt]
Darse
acelerar
Deletrear
SPELLED[spɛld]
SPELLED[spɛld]
SPEND[spɛnd]
SWEEP[swip]
SPENT[spɛnt]
SPENT[spɛnt]
Gastar
SWEPT[swɛpt]
SWEPT[swɛpt]
Barrer
WED[wɛd]
WEDDED[wɛdId]
WEDDED[wɛdId]
Desposar
prisa,
WED[wɛd]
WEEP[wip]
BUILD[bIld]
WEPT[wɛpt]
BIT[bIt]
BITTEN[bItn]
BUILT[bIlt]
WEPT[wɛpt]
BIT[bIt]
BITTEN[bItn]
BUILT[bIlt]
CHIDE[tʃaId]
CHID[tʃId]
CHID[tʃId]
GILT[gIlt]
GILDED[gIld]
LIT[lIt]
CHIDDEN [tʃIdn]
GILT[gIlt]
GILDED[gIld]
LIT[lIt]
LIGHTED[laItId]
LIGHTED[laItId]
SPILT[spilt]
SPILT[spilt]
BITE[baIt]
GILD[gIld]
LIGHT[laIt]
SPILL[spIl]
Llorar, lamenter
Morder
Construir
Reprender
Dorar
Encender,iluminar
Verter,derrmar
SLIDE[slaId]
SPILLED[spIld]
SLID[slId]
SPILLED[spIld]
SLID SLID[slId]
SLIDDEN[slIdn]
SLIDDEN[slIdn]
Resbalar
Echar a perder,
estropear,mimar
SPOILT[spɔIlt]
SPOILED[spɔIld]
FORETELL[fortɛl] FORETOLD[fortold]
SPOILT[spɔIlt]
SPOILED[spɔIld]
FORETOLD[fortold]
SHINE[ʃaIn]
SHONE[ʃond]
SHONE[ʃond]
SHINED[ʃaInd]
SHINED[ʃaInd]
SOLD[sold]
TOLD[told]
SOLD[sold]
TOLD[told]
Vender
MISUNDERSTOOD
MISUNDERSTOOD
Entender mal
[mIsΛndɚstænd]
STAND[stænd]
UNDERSTAND
[mIsΛndɚstUd]
STOOD[stud]
UNDERSTOOD
[mIsΛndɚstUd]
STOOD[stud]
UNDERSTOOD
Pararse
Entender
[Λndɚstænd]
[ΛndɚstUd]
[ΛndɚstUd]
GAINSAY[gense]
GAINSAID[Gensed]
GAINSAID[Gensed]
LAY[le]
MAKE[mek]
PAY[pe]
SAY[se]
DIVE[daIv]
STICK[stIk]
LAID[led]
MADE[med]
PAID[ped]
SAID[sed]
DOVE[dΛv]
DIVED[daIvd]
WON[wΛn]
HUNG[hΛŊg]
DUG[dΛg]
DIGGED[dIgd]
STUCK[stΛk]
LAID[led]
MADE[med]
PAID[ped]
SAID[sed]
DOVE[dΛv]
DIVED[daIvd]
WON[wΛn]
HUNG[hΛŊg]
DUG[dΛg]
DIGGED[dIgd]
STUCK[stΛk]
STING[stIŊ ]
STRIKE[straIk]
STUNG[stΛŊ]
STRUCK[strΛk]
STUNG[stΛŊ]
STRUCK[strΛk]
SWING[swiŊ]
SWUNG[swΛŊ]
SWUNG[swΛŊ]
HAVE[Hæv]
HAS[hæs]
SIT[sIt]
HAD[hæd]
HAD[hæd]
SAT[sæt]
SAT[sæt]
FORGET[fɚgɛt]
FORGOT[fɚgɑt]
FORGOT[fɚgɑt]
SPOIL[spɔIl]
SELL[sɛl]
TELL[tɛl]
MISUNDERSTAND
WIN[win]
HANG[hæŊg]
DIG[dIg]
Predecir,
Pronosticar
Brillar,
lucir,
resplandecer
Decir,contar
Contradecir,
negar, prohibir
Colocar, tender
Hacer, fabricar
Pagar
Decir
Zambullirse,
bucear
Ganar
Colgar, suspender
Cavar
Pegar, adherer
Picar,pinchar
Golpear,chocar
con
Columpiarse,
Balancearse
Tener
Sentarse
Olvidar
FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn] FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn]
GET[gɛt]
GOT[gɑt]
GET[gɑt ]
Conseguir, llegar
GOTTEN[gɑttn]
GOTTEN[gɑttn]
SHOOT[ʃut]
SHOT[ʃɑt]
SHOT[ʃɑt]
Tirar, lanzar
BURN[bɝn]
HEAR[hIr]
BURNT[bɝnt]
BURNT[bɝnt]
Quemar
HEARD[hɝd]
HEARD[hɝd]
Oir
LEARN[lɝn]
LEARNT[lɝnt]
LEARNT[lɝnt]
Aprender
LEARNED[lɝnd]
LEARNED[lɝnd]
TYPE 3: DIFFERENT FORM IN THE THREE TENSES
The base form, the simple past tense form and
participle form of the verb are all different.
the
past
Many of these verbs have a past participle form that ends in
–n or –en.
BASE FORM
BEGIN[bIgIn]
DRINK[drIŊk]
RING[rIŊ]
RUN[rΛn]
SING[sIŊ]
SINK[sIŊk]
PAST
BEGAN[bIgæn]
DRANK[dræŊk]
RANG[rΛŊ]
RAN[ræn]
SANG[sæŊ]
SANK[sæŊk]
PAST PARTICIPLE
BEGUN[bIgΛn]
DRUNK[drΛŊk]
RUNG[ræŊ]
RUN[rΛn]
SUNG[sΛŊ]
SUNK[sΛŊk]
MEANING
Comenzar
Beber
Timbrar, sonar
Correr
Cantar
Hundir
SWIM[swIm]
SWUM[swæm]
WEAR[wɛr]
SWAM[swΛm]
AROSE[əroz]
AWOKE[əwok]
BROKE[brok]
DROVE[drov]
RODE[rod]
ROSE[roz]
WROTE[rot]
TORE[tor]
WORE[wor]
CHOOSE[ʃuz]
FREEZE[friz]
CHOSE[ʃo z]
FROZE[froz]
CHOSEN[ʃ ozn]
FROZEN[frozn]
FALL[fɔl]
SPEAK[spik]
STEAL[stil]
BLOW[blo]
FELL[fɛl]
SPOKE[spok]
STOLE[stol]
BLEW[blu]
DREW[dru]
FALLEN[fɔlən]
SPOKEN[spokən]
STOLEN[stolən]
BLOWN[blon]
ARISE[əraIz]
AWAKE[əwek]*
BREAK[brek]
DRIVE[draIv]
RIDE[raId]
RISE[raIz]
WRITE[raIt]
TEAR[tIr]
DRAW[drɔ]
Fly[flaI]
GROW[gro]
KNOW[no]
THROW[θro]
FLEW[flu]
GREW[gru]
KNEW[nju]
THREW[θru]
FORSAKE[fɚsek]
MISTAKE[mIstek]
FORSOOK[fɚsUk]
MISTOOK[məstUk]
SHAKE[ʃek]
TAKE[tek]
EAT[it]
SHOOK[ʃUk]
TOOK[tUk]
ATE[et]
FORGIVE[fɚgIv]
GIVE[gIv]
DO[du]
FORGAVE[fɚgev]
GAVE[gev]
DID[dId]
UNDO[Λndu]
BECOME[bIkΛm]
COME[kΛm]
BE[bI]
UNDID[ΛndId]
BECAME[bIkem]
CAME[kem]
WAS[wɑz]
ARISEN[ərIzn]
AWOKEN[əwokən]
BROKEN[brokən]
DRIVEN[drIvən]
RIDDEN[rIdn]
RISEN[rIzn]
WRITTEN[rItn]
TORN[torn]
WORN[worn]
DRAWN[drɔn]
FLOWN[flon]
GROWN[gron]
KNOWN[non]
THROWN[θron]
Nadar
Levantarse
Despertar
Romper
Conducir
Montar
Subir, ascender
Escribir
Rasgar
Usar,
llevar
puesto
Escoger
Congelar
Caer
Hablar
Robar
Soplar
Dibujar
Volar
Crecer, cultivar
Saber, conocer
Lanzar, tirar
Abandonar
FORSAKEN[fɚsekən]
MISTAKEN[məstekən] Errar
Agitar
SHAKEN[ʃekən]
TAKEN[tekən]
EATEN[itn]
FORGIVEN[fɚgIvən]
GIVEN[gIvən]
DONE[dΛn]
UNDONE[ΛndΛn]
BECOME[bIcΛm]
COME[kΛm]
BEEN[bIn]
Tomar
Comer
Perdonar
Dar
Hacer
Deshacer
Llegar a ser
Venir
Ser o estar
WERE[wɝ]
GO[go]
WENT[wɛnt]
SEE[si]
SAW[sɔ]
GONE[gɔn]
SEEN[sin]
Ir
Ver
MOST USED VERBS
It is a list of the most common irregular verbs. It includes verbs of
the three types:
BASE FORM
BE[bI]
BECOME[bIkΛm]
BEGIN[bIgIn]
BET[bɛt]
BITE[baIt]
BREAK[brek]
BUILD[bIld]
BUY[baI]
PAST
WAS[wɑz]
PAST PARTICIPLE
BEEN[bIn]
MEANING
Ser o estar
WERE[wɝ]
BECAME[bIkem]
BEGAN[bIgæn]
BECOME[bIcΛm]
BEGUN[bIgΛn]
BET[bɛt]
BIT[bIt]
BITTEN[bItn]
BROKE[brok]
BUILT[bIlt]
BET[bɛt]
BIT[bIt]
BITTEN[bItn]
BROKEN[brokən]
BUILT[bIlt]
Llegar a ser
Comenzar
Apostar
BOUGHT[bɔt]
BOUGHT[bɔt]
Morder
Romper
Construir
Comprar
CATCH[kæt ʃ ]
CAUGHT[kɔt]
CAUGHT [kɔt]
Coger, atrapar
CHOOSE[ʃuz]
CHOSE[ʃoz]
CAME[kem]
CHOSEN[ʃozn]
Escoger
COME[kΛm]
COST[kɔst]
DID[dId]
DREW[dru]
COST[kɔst]
Venir
Costar
DRINK[drIŊk]
DREAMT[drɛmt]
DREAMED[drimt]
DRANK[dræŊk]
DRIVE[draIv]
EAT[it]
DROVE[drov]
ATE[et]
DREAMT[drɛmt]
DREAMED[drimt]
DRUNK[drΛŊk]
DRIVEN[drIvən]
EATEN[itn]
FALL[fɔl]
FEEL[fil]
FELL[fɛl]
FALLEN[fɔlən]
Conducir
Comer
Caer
FELT[fɛlt]
Felt[fɛlt]
Sentir
FIGHT[faIt]
FOUGHT[fɔt]
FOUND[faUnd]
Pelear
FIND[faInd]
FOUGHT[fɔt]
FOUND[faUnd]
FORGET[fɚgɛt]
FORGOT[fɚgɑt]
FORGOT[fɚgɑt]
COME[kΛm]
COST[kɔst]
DO[du]
DRAW[drɔ]
DREAM[drim]
DONE[dΛn]
DRAWN[drɔn]
Hacer
Dibujar
Soñar
Beber
Encontrar
Olvidar
FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn] FORGOTTEN[fɚgɑtn]
FORGIVE[fɚgIv]
FORGAVE[fɚgev]
FORGIVEN[fɚgIvən]
Perdonar
GET[gɛt]
GOT[gɑt]
GET[gɑt ]
GOTTEN[gɑttn]
GAVE[gev]
GOTTEN[gɑttn]
GIVEN[gIvən]
Conseguir,
llegar
WENT[wɛnt]
GREW[gru]
HAD[hæd]
GONE[gɔn]
GROWN[gron]
HAD[hæd]
HEARD[hɝd]
HEARD[hɝd]
Oir
HURT[hɝt]
HURT[hɝt]
HURT[hɝt]
Herir
KEEP[Kip]
KEPT[kɛpt]
KEPT[kɛpt]
KNOW[no]
LEAVE[liv]
KNEW[nju]
KNOWN[non]
LEFT[lɛft]
LEFT[lɛft]
Guardar,
conservar
Saber, conocer
Dejar, salir
LEND[lɛnd]
LENT[lɛnt]
LENT[lɛnt]
Prestar
LET[lɛt]
LOSE[luz]
LET[lɛt]
LET[lɛt]
Permitir
LOST[lɔst]
MADE[med]
LOST[lɔst]
MADE[med]
Perder
GIVE[gIv]
GO[go]
GROW[gro]
HAVE[Hæv]
HAS[hæs]
HEAR[hIr]
MAKE[mek]
Dar
Ir
Crecer, cultivar
Tener
Hacer, fabricar
MEAN[min]
MEANT[mɛnt]
MEANT[mɛnt]
MEET[mit]
MET[mɛt]
MET[mɛt]
PAY[pe]
PUT[pUt]
PAID[ped]
PUT[pUt]
PAID[ped]
PUT[pUt]
Querer
decir,
significar
Encontrarse
o
reunirse
con,
conocer
Pagar
Poner
QUIT[kwIt]
QUIT[kwIt]
QUIT[kwIt]
Dejar,abandoner
READ[rid]
READ[rɛd]
RODE[rod]
ROSE[roz]
RAN[ræn]
SAID[sed]
Leer
SAW[sɔ]
READ[rɛd]
RIDDEN[rIdn]
RISEN[rIzn]
RUN[rΛn]
SAID[sed]
SEEN[sin]
SEND[sɛnd]
SENT[sɛnt]
SENT[sɛnt]
Enviar
SET[sɛt]
SET[sɛt]
SET[sɛt]
Poner,colocar
SHUT[ʃ Λt]
SING[sIŊ]
SIT[sIt]
SLEEP[slip]
SHUT[ʃ Λt]
SANG[sæŊ]
SAT[sæt]
SHUT[ʃ Λt]
Cerrar
SUNG[sΛŊ]
SAT[sæt]
SLEPT[slɛpt]
SLEPT[slɛpt]
Cantar
Sentarse
Dormir
SMELL[smɛl]
SPEAK[spik]
SMELT[smɛlt]
SPOKE[spok]
SMELT[smɛlt]
SPOKEN[spokən]
SPELL[spɛl]
SPELT[spɛlt]
SPELT[spɛlt]
SPELLED[spɛld]
SPELLED[spɛld]
SPEND[spɛnd]
SPENT[spɛnt]
SPENT[spɛnt]
Gastar
SPREAD[sprɛd]
STAND[stænd]
SWEEP[swip]
SPREAD[sprɛd]
STOOD[stud]
SPREAD[sprɛd]
STOOD[stud]
Extender (se)
SWEPT[swɛpt]
SWIM[swIm]
TAKE[tek]
SWAM[swΛm]
TOOK[tUk]
SWEPT[swɛpt]
SWUM[swæm]
TEACH[tit ʃ]
TEAR[tIr]
TOUGHT[tɔt]
TORE[tor]
TOLD[told]
TOUGHT[tɔt]
TORN[torn]
TOLD[told]
THROW[θro]
UNDERSTAND
THOUGHT [θɔt]
THREW[θru]
UNDERSTOOD
THOUGHT [θɔt]
THROWN[θron]
UNDERSTOOD
[Λndɚstænd]
[ΛndɚstUd]
[ΛndɚstUd]
RIDE[raId]
RISE[raIz]
RUN[rΛn]
SAY[se]
SEE[si]
TELL[tɛl]
THINK [θIŊk]
TAKEN[tekən]
Montar
Subir, ascender
Correr
Decir
Ver
Oler
Hablar
Deletrear
Pararse
Barrer
Nadar
Tomar
Enseñar
Rasgar
Decir,contar
Pensar
Lanzar, tirar
Entender
UPSET[Λpsɛt]
Transtornar
WEAR[wɛr]
UPSET[Λpsɛt]
WORE[wor]
UPSET[Λpsɛt]
WORN[worn]
WIN[win]
WRITE[raIt]
WON[wΛn]
WROTE[rot]
WON[wΛn]
WRITTEN[rItn]
Usar,
puesto
Ganar
Escribir
llevar
PRONUNCIATION OF THE –S- ENDINGS
The rules of the pronunciation of the third-person singular endings are
the same as those for plural –s- endings.
/S/
It is used when the
base form of a verb
ends in a voiceless
sound.
/Z/
It is used when the
base form of a verb
ends in a voiced
sound.
/IZ/
It is use when the
base form of a verb
VERBS
VERBS
VERBS
Like
[laIk]
Study [stΛdI]
Work
[wɝk]
Try
[traI]
ends in /S/, /Z/, /ʃ/,
/ʧ/, ( /ʒ/, or /ʤ/ )
Push
[pU ʃ]
Finish
[fInI ʃ]
Hope
[hɑp]
Write [raIt]
Type
[taIp]
NOUNS
Cat
[kæt]
Lip
[lIp]
Move
[muv]
Live
[lIv]
Love
[lΛv]
run
[rΛn]
Watch
[wɑt ʃ]
Fix
[fIks]
Dance
[dæns]
Advice
[ədvaIz]
NOUNS
NOUNS
Day
[de]
Place
Dog
[dɔg]
Language[længwIʤ]
[ples]
WORDS STRESS
Some two-syllable words changed their stress pattern depending on their
part of speech:
They made their first record in 1965.
It was recorded in a studio
WORD
NOUN
RECORD
[r έkɚd]
EXPORT
[έksport]
INSULT
[ÍnsΛlt]
IMPORT
[Ímport]
VERB
[rIkɔ´rd
[Ikspórt]
[InsΛlt]
[Impórt]
INTONATION OF QUESTIONS
YES-NO QUESTIONS
Have an intonation pattern that
rises at the end.
WH-QUESTIONS
Have an intonation pattern that
falls at the end.
Is this your book?
Do you like baseball?
Where do you live?
How are you?
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LETTER AND THE PHONEME
Sometimes it is possible to identify the sound just looking at the
letter.
LETTER
PHONEME
Sh
Ph
[ʃ]
[f]
[w]
[hw]
[g]
[f]
Wh
Gh
[ʧ]
Ch
Th
Ng
[ʃ]
[k]
[θ]
[đ]
[t]
[g]
[Ŋg]
[nʤ]
qu
Y
J
[kw]
[j]
[ʤ]
References

Celce-Murcia,
M;
Brinton,
D.
M.;
Goodwin,
J.Teaching
pronunciation: A reference for teacher of English to speakers of
other languages. Cambridge University Press. 2002

Lethaby, C. Skyline 5. Macmillan. Oxford. 2002.

Maurer, J. and Schoenberg, I. E. True Colors 1. Longman.

Castillo, C. Diccionario Universidad de Chicago
THANKS TO
God for your wisdom and my dear wife and daughters for all your support through
my career as a student and as a teacher