Spanish III Honors: Essential questions, vocabulary and grammar
Transcripción
Spanish III Honors: Essential questions, vocabulary and grammar
Spanish III Final Exam Study Guide C-4A to C-6B (Essential questions, vocabulary and grammar) Capítulo 4A: essential questions, vocabulary and grammar Essential questions: 1. Who are your family members? 2. Who are family members in Hispanic families? 3. What childhood toys and games do you remember? 4. What activities did you do repeatedly in the past? 5. What toys did you have when you were a child? 6. How frequently did you play with toys? 7. What adjectives do you use in order to describe situations or people? 8. How do you form the Imperfect tense? 9. What are the similarities between Present tense endings of –AR verbs and the endings of the Imperfect tense? 10. What common expression do you use when you talk about movies? 11. How do you conjugate the only three irregular verbs in the Imperfect tense? 12. When do you use the Imperfect tense? 13. What nouns and adjectives are associated to your childhood? 14. What is an Indirect Object? 15. What question does the I.O. answer? 16. What pronouns take the place of the I.O.? 17. How do you clarify the third person of the I.O.P.? 18. Where are the I.O.P. placed in a sentence? 19. What are the endings of the Imperfect tense? Vocabulario: to name toys los bloques la colección, pl. las colecciones la cuerda el dinosaurio la muñeca el muñeco el oso de peluche el tren eléctrico el triciclo to name animals el pez, pl. los peces la tortuga blocks collection rope dinosaur doll action figure teddy bear electric train tricycle todo el mundo el vecino, la vecina la verdad other useful words la moneda el mundo coin world fish turtle to discuss things you used to do coleccionar to collect molestar to bother pelearse to fight saltar (a la cuerda) to jump (rope) to name places la guardería infantil el patio de recreo to explain your actions de niño, -a de pequeño, -a de vez en cuando mentir (e → ie) obedecer (c → zc) ofrecer (c → zc) permitir por lo general portarse bien / mal to describe what someone was like bien educado, -a well-behaved consentido, -a spoiled desobediente disobedient generoso, -a generous obediente obedient tímido, -a timid travieso, -a naughty, mischievous daycare center playground as a child as a child once in a while to lie to obey to offer to permit, to allow in general to behave well badly everyone neighbor truth Imperfect or Ir Iba Ibas Iba íbamos ibais iban imperfect of jugar jugaba jugábamos jugabas jugabais jugaba jugaban imperfect of ser era éramos eras erais era eran imperfect of tener tenía teníamos tenías teníais tenía tenían Indirect object pronouns me nos te os le les Gramática: The imperfect tense: regular verbs ¿Recuerdas? You have already learned to talk about completed actions in the past using the preterite tense. • Ayer Rafael patinó y Mónica corrió en el parque. Another way to talk about the past is with the imperfect tense. Use the imperfect tense to talk about actions that happened repeatedly in the past. Rafael patinaba y Mónica corría. Rafael used to skate and Monica used to run. Here are the regular forms of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs in the imperfect tense. Notice the accent mark on the nosotros form of jugar: (yo) (tú) Ud. (él) (ella) jugaba jugabas jugaba (nosotros) (nosotras) jugábamos (vosotros) (vosotras) jugabais Uds. (ellos) (ellas) jugaban Note that -er and -ir verbs, such as hacer and vivir, have the same endings: (yo) hacía vivía (nosotros) (nosotras) hacíamos vivíamos (tú) hacías vivías (vosotros) (vosotras) hacíais vivíais Ud. (él) (ella) hacía vivía Uds. (ellos) (ellas) hacían vivían Notice the accent mark on each ending. • As you know, in Spanish you can often omit the subject of a verb because the subject is made clear in the verb ending: Vivo en Chicago. (The subject, yo, is included in the verb ending.) However, since the yo and Ud. / él / ella forms are the same in the imperfect for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs, speakers often use the subject pronouns to avoid confusion. Patricia tenía un triciclo rojo pero yo tenía uno azul. • Expressions such as generalmente, por lo general, a menudo, muchas veces, de vez en cuando, todos los días, and nunca can cue you to use the imperfect because they imply that something happened repeatedly in the past. The imperfect tense: irregular verbs There are only three irregular verbs in the imperfect tense: ir, ser, and ver. Here are all the forms: ir (yo) iba (nosotros) (nosotras) íbamos (tú) ibas (vosotros) (vosotras) ibais iba Uds. (ellos) (ellas) iban (yo) era (nosotros) (nosotras) éramos (tú) eras (vosotros) (vosotras) erais Ud. (él) (ella) era Uds. (ellos) (ellas) eran Ud. (él) (ella) ser • Notice the accent mark on the nosotros form for the verbs ir and ser. ver (yo) veía (nosotros) (nosotras) veíamos (tú) veías (vosotros) (vosotras) veíais Ud. (él) (ella) veía Uds. (ellos) (ellas) veían • Notice the accent mark on each form of ver. Indirect object pronouns Remember that an indirect object tells to whom or for whom an action is performed. Indirect object pronouns are used to replace or accompany an indirect object noun. Nuestros profesores no nos permitían beber refrescos en clase. Sus abuelos siempre les daban regalos a los niños. me te le Singular (to / for) me (to / for) you (familiar) (to / for) him, her, you (formal) nos os les Plural (to / for) us (to / for) you (familiar) (to / for) them, you (formal) • Because le and les have more than one meaning, you can make the meaning clear by adding a + name, noun, or pronoun. Lolita siempre les decía la verdad a sus padres. Lolita siempre les decía la verdad a ellos. • Like direct object pronouns and reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns are placed right before the verb or attached to the infinitive. Siempre le quería comprar dulces a su hija. Siempre quería comprarle dulces a su hija. Capítulo 4B Essential questions: 1. What are some typical Spanish customs and manners that differ from those of the US? 2. What are some special events in the Spanish culture? 3. What cultures have been using bulls for religious or entertainment purposes? 4. What is a bullfight? 5. What kind of bull is used in bullfights? 6. How do men and women greet and say goodbye in Spanish-speaking countries? 7. What is Vasco or Euskera? 8. Where is Alsasua? 9. What is a reciprocal action? 10. How do they celebrate Easter in Sevilla, Spain? 11. How do they celebrate Carnaval in Latin America? 12. When do we use the Imperfect tense? 13. What is a D.O.P.? 14. What is an I.O.P.? 15. What is “La ceremonia del lazo”? 16. What is a reciprocal action? 17. How do you use D.O.P. and I.O.P.? 18. Where in a sentence do you place a D.O.P. and I.O.P.? 19. What is El Roscón de Reyes? Vocabulario: Talk about manners and customs abrazar(se) besar(se) dar(se) la mano despedirse (e → i) (de) los modales saludar(se) sonreír (e → í) to talk about people el bebé, la bebé contar (o → ue) (chistes) llevarse bien / mal llorar los mayores los parientes reírse (e→ i ) reunirse (u→ ú) to hug to kiss to shake hands to say good-bye (to) manners to greet to smile to discuss the past antiguo, -a frecuentemente había mientras (que) recordar (o → ue) old, antique frequently there was / there were while to remember baby to tell (jokes) to get along well / badly to cry grown-ups relatives to laugh to meet to talk about special events alrededor de around el aniversario anniversary casarse (con) to get married (to) charlar to chat la costumbre custom cumplir años to have a birthday el desfile parade el día festivo holiday divertirse (e → ie) to have fun enorme enormous ¡Felicidades! Congratulations! felicitar to congratulate la fiesta de sorpresa surprise party los fuegos artificiales fireworks hacer un picnic to have a picnic nacer to be born regalar to give (a gift) la reunión, pl. las gathering reuniones using the imperfect tense to describe a situation La casa donde vivía el año pasado estaba al lado del lago. Había mucha gente en la fiesta de sorpresa. Mis padres me felicitaban todos los días. reciprocal actions Los estudiantes se saludaban todos los días. Nos veíamos frecuentemente cuando éramos niños. Se escribían por correo electrónico de vez en cuando. Gramática: The imperfect tense: describing a situation ¿Recuerdas? You know how to use the imperfect tense to say what someone used to do. • Siempre nos reuníamos para los días festivos. • Mis primos y yo jugábamos mucho. In addition to saying what someone used to do, the imperfect tense is used: • to describe people, places, and situations in the past La casa de mis abuelos era enorme. Tenía cinco dormitorios. • to talk about a past action or situation when no beginning or end is specified Había mucha gente en la casa para el aniversario de mis abuelos. • to describe the situation or background information when something else happened or interrupted the ongoing action. In these cases, the imperfect tense is used to tell what someone was doing when something happened (preterite). Todos mis parientes bailaban cuando llegamos. All my relatives were dancing when we arrived. Reciprocal actions ¿Recuerdas? You already know that Nos vemos means “We’ll see each other later.” Sometimes the reflexive pronouns se and nos are used to express the idea “(to) each other.” These are called reciprocal actions. Los novios se abrazaban y se besaban. The bride and groom were hugging each other and kissing each other. Por lo general nos saludábamos con un abrazo. También nos dábamos la mano. We usually greeted each other with a hug. We also would shake hands. Capítulo 5A Essential questions: 1. What Spanish verb do we use in order to talk about weather expressions? 2. What Spanish verb do we used to talk about thirst, hunger, and age? 3. What are some of the items you have in your house? 4. What words describe natural disasters and crisis situations? 5. What common words do we use in emergencies, rescues, and other heroic acts? 6. Where is Cuba? 7. Where is Guantánamo? 8. What political system do they have in Cuba? 9. What forms of the verbs Oír, Creer, Leer, and Destruir are irregular in the Preterit? 10. What forms of Oír, Creer, Leer, and Destruir have an accent mark in the Preterit? Vocabulario: to talk about natural disasters and weather extremes el huracán, pl. los hurricane huracanes la inundación, pl. flood las inundaciones llover (o → ue) to rain la lluvia rain nevar (e → ie) to snow el terremoto earthquake to tell a story a causa de afortunadamente asustado, -a la causa de prisa de repente gritar hubo llamar because of fortunately frightened cause in a hurry suddenly to scream there was to call (on the la tormenta to discuss the news el artículo investigar el locutor, la locutora el noticiero ocurrir el reportero, la reportera tratar de to talk about fires apagar bajar el bombero, la bombera comenzar (e → ie) destruir (i → y) dormido, -a el edificio de apartamentos la escalera escaparse esconder(se) la explosión, pl. las explosiones el humo el incendio los muebles muerto, -a el paramédico, la paramédica quemar(se) se murieron subir to discuss rescues herido, -a el herido, la herida el héroe storm article to investigate announcer newscast to occur reporter (por teléfono) oír sin duda ¡Socorro! phone) to hear without a doubt Help! present of oír oigo oyes oye oímos oís oyen to try to preterite of oír to put out (fire) to go down firefighter to start to destroy asleep apartment building ladder to escape to hide (oneself) explosion smoke fire furniture dead paramedic oí oíste oyó oímos oísteis oyeron preterite of creer creí creíste creyó creímos creísteis creyeron preterite of leer leí leíste leyó leímos leísteis leyeron to burn (oneself), preterite of destruir to burn up destruí destruimos they died destruiste destruisteis to go up destruyó destruyeron injured injured person heroe la heroína rescatar salvar valiente la vida vivo, -a heroine to rescue to save brave life living, alive Gramática: The imperfect tense: other uses ¿Recuerdas? You already know how to use the imperfect tense together with the preterite to describe a situation that existed when something else happened. • Nadie estaba en la casa cuando los bomberos entraron. The imperfect tense may also be used: To tell what time it was or what the weather was like when something happened. Eran las cinco de la mañana y llovía mucho cuando el accidente ocurrió. To describe the physical, mental, and emotional states of a person or thing when something happened. Muchas personas querían ayudar a la familia, pero no sabían qué hacer. These verbs are often used in the imperfect to describe states of being: estar (triste, contento, cansado) parecer (cansado, mal) pensar querer sentirse (bien, enfermo) tener (calor, frío, hambre, sed, sueño) Había and hubo are forms of haber and both mean “there was, there were.” Había is used to describe a situation that existed in the past, while hubo is used to say that an event took place. Había mucho humo en el apartamento. terremoto ayer a las seis de la mañana. Hubo un The preterite of the verbs oír, leer, creer, and destruir ¿Recuerdas? You know the expression ¡Oye! (“Hey!”), which is used to get someone’s attention. Oye is the affirmative tú command form of oír. It is formed from the present-tense Ud. / él / ella form of the verb. In the preterite forms of oír, the i changes to y in the Ud. / él / ella and Uds./ ellos / ellas forms. There is also an accent mark over the i in all other forms. Here are the present and preterite forms of oír: Oír Present tense oigo oyes oye Preterite tense oí oímos oíste oísteis oyó oyeron oímos oís oyen Creer and leer follow the same pattern in the preterite. Creer creí creíste creyó - creímos creísteis creyeron Leer leí leíste leímos leísteis leyó leyeron el artículo sobre el incendio en el periódico? No, oí el noticiero en la televisión. ¿Leíste Destruir is conjugated like oír, creer, and leer in the preterite except that the tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms do not have accent marks. ¿Destruiste la carta que le mandó Raúl? El incendio destruyó todos los muebles de la casa. Capítulo 5B Essential questions: 1. What are the Spanish names of some body parts? 2. What are some common accidents? 3. What happens in an emergency room? 4. What are the Preterit endings of the verbs Venir, Poner, Decir, Traer? 5. What are the stems we use to conjugate the Preterit of Venir, Poner, Decir, Traer? 6. What Spanish verb do we use in order to form the progressive tenses? 7. How do we form the present participle of –ir stem-changing verbs? Vocabulario: to talk about treatments for medical conditions doler (o → ue) to hurt el dolor pain el enfermero, nurse la enfermera examinar to examine, to check la inyección, pl. injection, shot las inyecciones poner una to give an inyección injection la medicina medicine las muletas crutches las pastillas pills las puntadas stitches dar puntadas to stitch (surgically) la radiografía X-ray sacar una radiografía to take an X-ray la receta prescription recetar to prescribe roto, -a broken to name parts of the body el codo elbow el cuello neck la espalda back el hombro shoulder el hueso bone la muñeca wrist el músculo muscle la rodilla knee el tobillo ankle preterite of venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron la sala de emergencia la sangre la silla de ruedas la venda el yeso emergency room preterite of decir and traer blood wheelchair bandage cast to explain how an accident occurred el accidente accident la ambulancia ambulance caerse to fall me caigo I fall te caes you fall se cayó he / she fell se cayeron they / you fell chocar con to crash into, to collide with cortarse to cut oneself lastimarse to hurt oneself ¿Qué te pasó? What happened to you? romperse to break, to tear torcerse (o → ue) to twist, to sprain tropezar (e → ie) to trip (over) (con) other useful words and expressions moverse (o → ue) to move pobrecito, -a poor thing ¡Qué lástima! What a shame! sentirse (e → ie) to feel dije dijiste dijo traje trajiste trajo dijimos dijisteis dijeron trajimos trajisteis trajeron preterite of pone puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron imperfect progressive tense Use the imperfect-tense forms of estar + the present participle to say that something was taking place over a period of time in the past. present participles: stem + -ando → caminando -ar stem + -iendo → corriendo -er stem + -iendo → escribiendo -ir Grammar: Irregular preterites: venir, poner, decir, and traer The verbs venir, poner, decir, and traer follow a pattern in the preterite that is similar to that of estar, poder, and tener. All these verbs have irregular stems and use the same unaccented endings. Infinitive decir estar poder poner tener traer venir -e -iste -o Stem dijestuvpudpustuvtrajvin- Irregular preterite endings -imos -isteis -ieron / -eron Note that verbs like decir and traer, whose irregular stems end in j, drop the i in the Uds. / ellos / ellas form and add only -eron. Me trajeron una silla de ruedas y me dijeron que no debía tratar de caminar. Imperfect progressive and preterite ¿Recuerdas? When you say that an action is happening right now, you use the present progressive tense. The present progressive uses the present tense of estar + the present participle. • No puedo ir al cine. Estoy estudiando para el examen. To describe something that was taking place over a period of time in the past, use the imperfect progressive, which uses the imperfect tense of estar + the present participle. Estaba esquiando cuando me caí y me torcí la rodilla. I was skiing when I fell and sprained my knee. The present and imperfect progressive tenses use the same present participles. Remember, to form the present participle of -ir stem-changing verbs, e changes to i and o changes to u: For the following -er verbs, the i of -iendo changes to y: e decir: diciendo pedir: pidiendo repetir: repitiendo →i o seguir: siguiendo servir: sirviendo vestir: vistiendo →u dormir: durmiendo i→y creer: creyendo leer: leyendo traer: trayendo • When you use object pronouns with the imperfect progressive, you can put them before estar or attach them to the participle. — ¿Qué estabas haciendo cuando te cortaste? — Estaba afeitándome. o: Me estaba afeitando. • Note that the imperfect progressive describes what was taking place while the preterite tells a specific occurrence in the past or interrupts the action. Ella estaba corriendo cuando se lastimó el tobillo. Capítulo 6A: essential questions, vocabulary and grammar Essential questions: 1. What TV programs do you watch? 2. How many hours per day do you spend watching TV? 3. What type of TV programs do you think they watch in the Spanish-speaking world? 4. What is life like in Susquehanna Township? 5. What are some interesting things to visit in and around Harrisburg? 6. What do you do here that you think is similar to what students do in Spain? 7. What is your school day like? 8. What activities do you do after school and/or on weekends? 9. What do you do during your holiday breaks? 10. Where do you go and what do you do there when you have vacation? 11. What vocabulary do you use to talk about sport events? Vocabulario: to talk about a sporting event el aficionado, la aficionada al final aplaudir el / la atleta el campeón, la campeona pl. los campeones el campeonato la competencia competir (e → i) el empate el entrenador, la entrenadora fenomenal el jugador, la jugadora la liga meter un gol perder (e → ie) por . . . vez resultar fan at the end to applaud athlete champion championship competition to compete tie coach, trainer phenomenal player to talk about how you feel aburrirse agitado, -a alegre emocionado, -a to get bored agitated happy excited, emotional enojado, -a angry enojarse to get angry furioso, -a furious ponerse + adjective to become volverse to go crazy (o → ue) loco, -a other useful words dormirse (o → ue, o → u) morirse (o → ue, o → u) to fall asleep to die league to score a goal to lose for the . . . time preterite of -ir stem-changing verbs preferir to result, to turn out el tanteo score preferí preferimos último, -a last, final preferiste preferisteis prefirió prefirieron to talk about a contest el auditorio el comentario auditorium commentary pedir el concurso de belleza la entrevista entrevistar un millón de / millones de el premio el presentador, la presentadora el público la reina beauty contest interview to interview a million / millions of prize presenter audience queen pedí pediste pidió pedimos pedisteis pidieron dormir dormí dormiste durmió dormimos dormisteis durmieron Gramática: Preterite of -ir stem-changing verbs ¿Recuerdas? You know that stem changes in the present tense take place in all forms except nosotros and vosotros. preferir (e → ie) • Prefiero ver programas deportivos. pedir (e → i) • Pedimos los espaguetis. dormir (o → ue) • Los hermanos duermen tarde. In the preterite, -ir verbs like preferir, pedir, and dormir also have stem changes but only in the Ud. /él/ella and Uds./ellos/ellas forms. In these forms e changes to i and o changes to u. Mi mamá se aburrió y se durmió durante la película. Mis padres prefirieron ver el concurso de belleza. En la liga compitieron los mejores equipos de México. • Note the special spelling of the preterite forms of reír: reí, reíste, rió, reímos, reísteis, rieron Here are other -ir verbs with stem changes in the preterite tense. • Verbs like preferir: divertirse, mentir, sentirse • Verbs like pedir: competir, despedirse, repetir, seguir, servir, vestirse • Verbs like dormir: morir • Verbs like reír: sonreír Other reflexive verbs ¿Recuerdas? You know that you use reflexive verbs to say that people do something to or for themselves. • Felipe se afeitaba mientras yo me cepillaba los dientes. Other reflexive verbs use reflexive pronouns and verb forms but do not have the meaning of a person doing an action to or for himself or herself. These reflexive verbs often describe a change in mental, emotional, or physical state, and can express the idea that someone “gets” or “becomes.” Examples of these verbs are: aburrirse casarse divertirse dormirse to get bored to get married to have fun to fall asleep to become angry enojarse to become ponerse (furious, happy, . . . ) (furioso, -a; alegre; . . . ) volverse loco, -a to go crazy Se durmieron durante la película. Se puso alegre después de ganar. Capítulo 6B: essential questions, vocabulary and grammar Essential questions: 1. What common expression do you use to talk about movies? 2. Who was Mario Moreno “Cantinflas”? 3. What pronouns do we use with verbs like Gustar? 4. Which ones are the 6 Indirect Object pronouns? 5. What is the conjugation of the present tense of Haber? 6. How do you form the past participle of –ar, -er, and –ir ending verbs? 7. What event is known in Mexico as Cinco de Mayo? 8. What important grammatical concepts did you learn in Spanish III? Vocabulario: to talk about movies alquilar el amor arrestar capturar el crimen el (la) criminal el crítico, la crítica el (la) detective enamorarse (de) to rent love to arrest to capture crime criminal critic detective to fall in love (with) (estar) enamorado, -a (to be) in love other useful words no . . . todavía not yet indirect object pronouns me nos te os le les de la estrella (del cine) el (la) extraterrestre fascinar el fracaso el galán he visto has visto el ladrón, la ladrona, pl. los ladrones matar la película de acción ¿Qué tal es . . . ? recomendar (e → ie) robar será with (movie) star alien to fascinate failure leading man I have seen you have seen thief present perfect haber + past participle he estudiado hemos estudiado has estudiado habéis estudiado ha estudiado han estudiado to kill action film How is (it) . . . ? past participles hablar → hablado to recommend to rob, to steal comer → comido he / she / it will vivir → vivido be tener éxito to succeed, to be successful tratarse de to be about irregular past participles: la víctima victim decir: dicho la violencia violence devolver: devuelto escribir: escrito to talk about making movies hacer: hecho la actuación acting morir: muerto el argumento plot poner: puesto la dirección direction el director, la director romper: roto directora ver: visto los efectos especiales special effects volver: vuelto la escena scene estar basado, -a en el papel hacer el papel de to be based on role to play the role of el personaje principal main character Gramática: Verbs that use indirect object pronouns Here are some verbs that you’ve already learned that use indirect object pronouns. aburrir doler encantar fascinar gustar importar interesar molestar parecer quedar to bore to ache to love to fascinate to like to matter to interest to bother to seem to fit These verbs all use a similar construction: indirect object pronoun + verb + subject. Les encantan los efectos especiales en esa película. Nos aburre mucho esa película. A + a noun or a pronoun is often used with these verbs for emphasis or clarification. The pronouns agree with and clarify the indirect object pronoun. (A mí) me (A nosotros) (A nosotras) nos (A ti) te (A vosotros) (A vosotras) os (A Ud.) (A él) (A ella) le (A Uds.) (A ellos) (A ellas) les A mí me importan mucho los efectos especiales en una película. A Juanita le fascinan las películas de terror. ¿A Uds. les parece realista la película de acción? The present perfect The present perfect tense is used to say what a person has done. Recientemente hemos alquilado muchos videos. Recently we have rented a lot of videos. To form the present perfect tense, use present-tense forms of haber + the past participle. he alquilado hemos alquilado has alquilado habéis alquilado ha alquilado han alquilado To form the past participle of a verb, drop the ending of the infinitive and add -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs. hablar → hablado comer → comido vivir → vivido Most verbs that have two vowels together in the infinitive have a written accent on the í of the past participle. caer → caído leer → leído oír → oído traer → traído Some verbs have irregular past participles. decir → dicho devolver → devuelto escribir → escrito hacer → hecho morir → muerto poner → puesto romper → roto ver → visto volver → vuelto When you use object or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect, the pronoun goes immediately before the form of haber. — ¿Has visto la nueva película de Ramón Guevara? — No, no la he visto.