landsat - GERS Laboratory at UPRM

1
•
Orbita geosincronizada
•
36,000 km de altura
•
Orbita alrededor del plano
ecuatorial
•
Pobre covertura polar
(80°N – 80°S)
•
Tienen la mayor resolución
temporal y mayor área de
covertura de todos los sistemas
satelitales
•
Pobre resolución espacial
•
Muy efectivos para
telecomunicaciones
•
GEOS, METEOSAT
• Orbita heliosincronizada
(sincronizada con el sol)
• 900 km de altura
• Cruzan el ecuador a la
misma hora todos los días
• Muy útil para análisis de
series de tiempo
• Inclinación cerca de 90
grados (orbita polar o
“near polar”)
• Landsat, SPOT, NOAA
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• A finales de la década
de los 60 se comenzó la
planificación del primer
satélite dedicado
específicamente a
percepción remota
multiespectral.
• Diseñado y construído
por NASA. El ERTS-1
(Earth Resources
Technology Satellite)
fué lanzado el 23 de
julio de 1972.
• Más tarde su nombre
cambió a LANDSAT
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov
2013
OLI / TIRS
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3
Orbit Tracks of Landsat 1, 2, or 3
During A Single Day of Coverage
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•orbita “near-polar” (inclinación aproximada de 98° en el
ecuador, pasando a menos de 8 grados en los polos) y
sincronizada con el sol.
•Cruza el ecuador (viajando de norte a sur) cada día entre
9:30 y 10:00 A.M., hora local.
•Landsats 1-3 : altitud: 570 millas (923 km) completa 14
órbitas desplazadas 2875 km ó 1785 miles al oeste cada día (3
veces sobre USA), repite cada 252 orbitas (18 días).
•Landsats 4-5, altitud: 438 millas (705 km), regresa a la
misma órbita cada 16 días, después de 233 orbitas.
LANDSAT: REMOTE SENSORS
Return Beam Vidicon camera (RBV)
Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
Thematic Mapper (TM)
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)
Operational Land Imager (OLI)
Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
B,G,R
G,R, 2 NIR
B,G,R, NIR, 2 MIR, FIR
B,G,R, NIR, 2 MIR, FIR, PAN
2B,G,R, NIR, 3MIR, PAN
2 Thermal Bands
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 Sensor de imágenes digitales a bordo de un
satélite que obtiene la información reflejada
de la superficie terrestre en 4 bandas del
espectro electromagnético.
 El MSS consiste de
un telescopio
espejo explorador (oscila 2.89° a ambos lados)
6 detectores por banda
componentes electrónicos
Band Number
(L1-L3)
Band Number
(L4-L5)
µm
Resolution
4
~ 2 (0.52–0.60 µm)
0.5-0.6
68 m X 83 m
5
~ 3 (0.63–0.69 µm)
0.6-0.7
68 m X 83 m
6
~ 4 (0.76–0.90 µm)
0.7-0.8
68 m X 83 m
7
~4
0.8-1.1
68 m X 83 m
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~ 6 (2.08–2.35 µm)
10.41-12.6
68 m X 83 m
Bands 4, 5, and 7
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•Primer TM se lanzó el 16 de julio de 1982 a bordo de
Landsat 4.
•Tiene mayor resolución espacial, espectral y radiométrica
que Landsat MSS.
•Ciclo de 16 días
•7 bandas (3 visible, 1 IR cercano y 2 en IR medio)
Band No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Wavelength
Interval (µm)
0.45
0.52
0.63
0.76
1.55
10.40
2.08
-
0.52
0.60
0.69
0.90
1.75
12.50
2.35
Spectral
Response
Resolution (m)
Blue-Green
Green
Red
Near IR
Mid-IR
Thermal IR
Mid-IR
30
30
30
30
30
120
30
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False color (TM bands 2, 3, 5 in blue, green,
and red) rendition of mountain ranges in
southeastern California and western Nevada.
The large valley towards the left is Death
Valley, with the Panamint Range to its left.
The large range near the upper right is the
Spring Mountains, whose reddish tones
indicate vegetation (mixed evergreens and
deciduous trees). The bottom of the image
includes the north edge of the Mojave Desert.
Sonoran Desert of northwest Mexico (a
bit of the Gulf of California appears in
the lower left), shown here in true
color. Star and crescentic sand dunes
dominate this subscene in this vast
sand sea deposited over igneous lavas.
The dark patches in the upper right are
volcanic lavas but the dark mass to its
southwest is the Sierra del Rosario,
composed of granitic rocks
ETM+ TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
ETM+ BANDS
Band Micrometers
Resolution
(M)
Type
opto-mechanical
scanner
Spatial
resolution
15/30/60 m
Spectral range
0.45-12.5 µm
Number of
bands
8
1
.45 to .515
30
2
.525 to .605
30
3
.63 to .690
30
4
.75 to .90
30
5
1.55 to 1.75
30
Temporal
resolution
16 days
6
10.40 to 12.5
60
Size of image
183 x 170 km
7
2.09 to 2.35
30
Swath
183 km
Pan
.52 to .90
15
Stereo
n
Programmable
y
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•
•
The images below show a
subsection of a scene taken
over Southern California,
encompassing the region
from Long Beach to San
Diego. At the extreme
northeast region of this
scene we found the most
amazing collection of golf
courses at Palm Springs, CA.
Presented in black and white
is this subset of the scene in
each of the 30 meter bands:
1 through 5, and 7. The band
3-2-1 composite shows the
scene in near-natural color.
However, the golf courses
become more evident when
band 4 is used, the band that
best reflects chlorophyll. The
green grass of the links
shows up as bright red in the
band 4-3-2 composite image.
Finally, an unusual 7-4-2
band combination makes all
sorts of things stand out!
Band 1
Band 4
Band 3-2-1
Band 2
Band 5
Band 4-3-2
Band 3
Band 7
Band 7-4-2
(Path 44 Row 34) San
Francisco Bay area,
California. This Band
3,2,1 image shows the
spring runoff from the
Sierras and other
neighboring mountains
into the Bay and out
into the Pacific.
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ETM+
13-NOV-2000
10
Resolutions
of OLI:
Spatial=
30 m, 15 pan
Spectral=
9 bands
Radiometric=
12 bits
Temporal=
16 days
Bands of Landsat 7 and 8
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Bands of Landsat 7 and 8
http://glovis.usgs.gov
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http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
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MSS
TM
ETM+
OLI/TIRS
Sensor type
opto-mechanical
whiskbroom
whiskbroom
pushbroom
Spatial Resolution
80 m
30 m
(120 m - thermal)
30 m
(120 m - thermal,
15 m pan)
30 m
(15 m pan, 100 m thermal)
Spectral Range
0.5 - 1.1 µm
0.45 - 12.5 µm
0.45 - 12.5 µm
0.43 – 12.51 µm
Number of Bands
4
(5 in Landsat 3)
7
8
11 (9 and 2)
Temporal Resolution
18 days (L1-L3)
16 days (L4 & L5)
16 days
16 days
16 days
Image Size
185 km X 185 km
185 km X 172 km
184 km X 185.2 km
185 km X 185 km
Radiometric
Resolution
6 bits (64 DN)
8 bits (256 DN)
8 bits (256 DN)
12 bits (4096 DN)
Programmable
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
TM and ETM+
OLI and TIRS
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•SPOT-1 lanzado por Francia en 1986.
•Utiliza un analizador “push broom”
(no es un analizador mecánico como
en Landsat).
•Dos arreglos de “charge-coupled
detectors, CCD) con 6,000 detectores
en arreglo lineal.
•Capacidad de visión estereoscópica.
•Los espejos pueden ajustarse para
visión fuera de nadir y aumentar la
frecuencia de revisitar un lugar.
•Modos multiespectrales y
pancromáticos.
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Sep 9, 2012
In 2014
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IKONOS SENSOR
IKONOS is derived from the Greek word for "image." The IKONOS satellite is the
world's first commercial satellite to collect black-and-white images with 1-meter
resolution and multispectral imagery with 4-meter resolution.
Sensor Characteristics
The IKONOS satellite weighs about 1600 pounds. It orbits the Earth every 98
minutes at an altitude of approximately 680 kilometers or 423 miles. IKONOS was
launched into a sun-synchronous orbit, passing a given longitude at about the
same local time (10:30 A.M.) daily. IKONOS can produce 1-meter imagery of the
same geography every 3 days.
Spectral Range
1-meter black-and-white
(panchromatic)
0.45 - 0.90 mm.
1 meter – True Color
4 meter – True Color
4 meter – False Color
1 meter – B/W
4-meter multispectral
Blue: 0.45 - 0.52 mm
Green: 0.51 - 0.60 mm
Red: 0.63 - 0.70mm
Near IR: 0.76 - 0.85 mm
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IKONOS 1-m Natural Color – Rio Añasco, Puerto Rico; 2010
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WorldView-2 50-cm Natural Color - Buenos Aires, Argentina; January 22, 2013
1. Read Chapter 6 and answer the
review questions 3, 5, and 10 (at
the end of the chapter).
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