Crítica al S.A.P. desde un punto de vista médico
Transcripción
Crítica al S.A.P. desde un punto de vista médico
Crítica al S.A.P. desde un punto de vista médico-psiquiátrico Antonio Escudero (psiquiatra) Lola Aguilar (pediatra) Julia de la Cruz (médica) SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE, DICIEMBRE 2009 La definición del SAP (1985...) • “El síndrome de alienación parental (SAP) es un trastorno infantil que surge casi exclusivamente en el contexto de disputas por la custodia de los niños. Su manifestación primaria es la campaña de denigración del niño contra un padre, una campaña que no tiene justificación. Ello resulta de la combinación de una programación (lavado de cerebro) de adoctrinamiento parental y de las propias contribuciones del niño para el vilipendio del padre objetivo. Cuando un «maltrato/abuso sexual» está presente, la animosidad puede estar justificada y así la explicación del síndrome de alienación parental para la hostilidad del niño no es aplicable ” La MUESTRA EXPERIMENTAL de Gardner “Los pacientes seleccionados para este estudio fueron casos en los cuales estuve personalmente implicado. No había ningún caso en este estudio en el cual yo no hubiera tenido alguna participación directa. En muchos casos yo tuve la oportunidad de conducir las evaluaciones completas de ambos padres y los niños, tanto individualmente como en varias combinaciones. (...) Síntomas que definen el sap según Garner 1. Una campaña de denigración. 2. Racionalizaciones débiles, absurdas, o frívolas para la desaprobación. 3. Ausencia de ambivalencia. 4. El fenómeno del “pensador-independiente”. 5. Apoyo reflexivo al padre alienante en el conflicto parental. 6. Ausencia de culpa sobre la crueldad y/o explotación hacia el padre alienado. 7. La presencia de escenarios prestados. 8. Extensión de la animosidad hacia los amigos y/o familia extendida del padre alienado. EL RECONOCIMIENTO DEL SAP No ha sido reconocido por la Asociación Médica Americana o la Asociación Psicológica Americana. Se ha rechazado su incorporación en los sistemas de clasificación de enfermedades de: La Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10) de la OMS. Los Manuales Diagnósticos y Estadísticos de los Trastornos Mentales de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana (DSM-III, DSM-IIIR, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR) “Un marco contradictorio: al servicio de dos amos” • “Una investigación que no se lleva a acabo de acuerdo con los cánones de la ciencia no es ética. Los proyectos de investigación deben ser aprobados por un comité ético debidamente constituido. Los psiquiatras deben cumplir las normas nacionales e internacionales para llevar a cabo investigaciones (...)”. Asociación Mundial de Psiquiatría. Declaración de Madrid. Asamblea General de la AMP, Madrid, 25 de agosto de 1996. EL RECONOCIMIENTO DEL SAP El National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges determinó en 2004 que “la teoría de Richard Gardner que postula la existencia del ‘síndrome de alienación parental’ o ‘SAP’ ha sido desacreditada por la comunidad científica. Testimonios de que una de las partes en un caso de custodia sufren del síndrome deberían por tanto ser considerados inadmisibles (...) ”. ¿Qué es el Síndrome de Alienación Parental o SAP? • La analogía con el «Síndrome de Down»: La denominación de «síndrome médico» del SAP • Un ejemplo podría ser el Síndrome de Down, el cual incluye una multitud síntomas aparentemente dispares que no parecen tener una vinculación común [...]. Los pacientes del Síndrome de Down parecen a menudo muy semejantes y la mayoría exhiben típicamente todos estos síntomas. La etiología común de estos síntomas dispares se relaciona con una anormalidad cromosómica específica. Es este factor genético el responsable de agrupar juntos estos síntomas aparentemente dispares. Hay entonces una causa primaria, causa básica del Síndrome de Down: una anormalidad genética.” [1] [1] GARDNER, R.,A., «Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: which diagnosis should evaluators use in child-custody disputes?», The American Journal of Family Therapy, 2002, 30, 2, pp. 93-115. Sobre su apariencia • Los síntomas (que constituyen el síndrome) tendrían como propiedades fundamentales, ser “injustificados” y ser específicos de una programación por parte de un progenitor. Por deducción este progenitor no puede ser el “vilipendiado”. Diagnóstico diferencial LEVE/ MODERADO/ SEVERO, según: -presencia severa de psicopatología previa a la separación -frecuencia de pensamientos de programación -frecuencia de verbalizaciones de programación -frecuencia de maniobras de exclusión (obstrucción visitas o tf…) -frecuencia de denuncias a policía o servicios sociales -litigaciones -episodios de “histeria”(explosiones emocionales) -violaciones de órdenes de la Corte -éxito en manipulación del sistema legal para aumentar programación Sobre su fin “(...) antes de que el tratamiento principal pueda comenzar los niños deben ser retirados de la casa de la madre y situados en la casa del padre, el padre supuestamente odiado. Esto puede no ser logrado fácilmente, y el tribunal podría tener que amenazar con sanciones (como las multas o la pérdida permanente de la custodia) y aún la cárcel si la madre no accede. Después de este traslado debe haber un período de descompresión y ‘debriefing’ en el cual la madre no tiene ningún contacto con los niños.” GARDNER, R.,A., «Legal and psychotherapeutic approaches to the three types of parental alienation syndrome families. When psychiatry and the law join forces», Court Review, 1991, 28, 1, p 14-21. Sobre su apariencia • Dado que dicha programación requiere un contacto constante entre un progenitor y el menor, se deduce que el progenitor que tiene la custodia es el causante primario del síndrome. Esto es independiente de que el progenitor sea padre o madre, si bien Gardner establece que la mujer, por sus características vinculares, tiene más posibilidades de generar el síndrome. Sobre su apariencia • Dado que el tiempo de contacto entre el progenitor diagnosticado y el hijo es un elemento fundamental para la programación, se propone el cambio inmediato de custodia o en su defecto la amenaza disuasoria de llevar a cabo dicha medida. Sobre su apariencia • Si, habiéndose producido el cambio de custodia, persiste aún el rechazo del niño al progenitor ahora custodio se deduce por ello la existencia de un refuerzo de la programación durante las visitas acordadas debiéndose reducirse estas visitas o suspenderse. ¿Qué es el Síndrome de Alienación Parental o SAP? • «Los terapeutas que trabajan con los niños del SAP deben sentirse cómodos con métodos alternativos de terapia, la terapia que implica un enfoque autoritario del tratamiento. (...) GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. ¿Qué es esto, según lo se dice...? ¿Cómo explicar elcual SAP? • (...) Deben ser capaces de decir a un padre alienador: “Si los niños no son dejados en la casa de su ex-espos@ a las 5:00 de la tarde este viernes, yo informaré al juzgado y recomendaré las sanciones ya descritas en la orden judicial”. (...) GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. ¿Qué es esto, según lo cual se dice...? • (...) Ellos deben sentirse cómodos trabajando sin la confidencialidad tradicional tan necesaria al tratamiento estándar. (...) GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. ¿Qué es esto, según lo cual se dice...? • (...) Ellos deben sentirse cómodos amenazando a los padres alienadores así como a los niños de que habrá consecuencias si ellos violan el programa de visitas ordenado por el juzgado. (...) GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. ¿Qué es esto, según lo cual se dice...? • (...) Tales terapeutas deben sentirse cómodos con enfoques de confrontación, el propósito de los cuales es desprogramar a niños con SAP. (...) GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. ¿Qué es esto, según lo cual se dice...? • (...) Ellos deben reconocer que hacer lo que los niños manifiestan puede no ser sus mejores intereses. Lo que es el mejor interés en los casos de SAP es que los niños sean forzados a visitar al padre alienado. (...) GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. ¿Qué es esto, según lo cual se dice...? • (...) Los terapeutas que no se sientan cómodos con lo que yo llamo "terapia de la amenaza" no debe trabajar con las familias de SAP.» GARDNER, R. A., «Should Courts Order PAS Children to Visit/Reside with the Alienated Parent? A Follow-up Study», The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2001, 19, 3, pp. 61-106. Sobre las consecuencias • La espontaneidad del vínculo quebrada • La confianza en los adultos quebrada • Se ha dotado de una formidable herramienta de disuasión de abandono o maltratadores • Paradójicamente, ya “todo” es falso GRACIAS. ∗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