Industrial Location and Innovative Cities: the case of Mexico
Transcripción
Industrial Location and Innovative Cities: the case of Mexico
14th International Forum on Urban Competitiveness Industrial Location and Innovative Cities: the case of Mexico Jaime Sobrino El Colegio de México Querétaro August 24, 2015 Contents ¢ Theoretical discussion about innovative cities (five minutes) ¢ Empirical reflection: a comparative analysis (twelve minutes) ¢ Final remarks (three minutes) Innovative Cities ¢ Why innovative cities? l l ¢ What does it mean? l l ¢ Innovation is one of the key driving forces of economic growth in contemporary economies and among urban systems Industrial location is geographically concentrated Innovation: new commodities, new technologies, new sources of supply, and new types of organization developed by the firm (Schumpeter, 1942) Innovative city: a place that enables those elements external to firms that made significant contributions to specific innovations developed within it (Simmie, 2001) How to analyze them l l Markets, competitive advantages, and trade Arrangements among external agents to firms Innovation factors ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Agglomeration economies Knowledge network Cultural framework Economic environment Organizational elements Government intervention The case of Mexico: twelve cities Population in 2010 25 Optimal size? 15 10 4.4 4.0 5 Source: 2010 Population census Salamanca Monclova Orizaba Oaxaca Tuxtla Hermosillo Merida Queretaro Juarez Monterrey Mexico City 0 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Guadalajara Miliion people 20 Rank-size Rule = 1.72 20.1 High primacy Internal migration, 2005-2010 25 Laboral migration 80 69 20 40 33 20 15 1 6 -1 5 0 -3 -15 10 -20 -33 -41 5 -55 Source: 2010 Population census -40 -60 Salamanca Monclova Orizaba -80 Oaxaca Hermosillo Merida Queretaro Ciudad Juarez Monterrey Guadalajara Mexico City 0 Tuxtla Gutierrez Million people 37 Migrants per 10,000 people 60 Quality of life Violence Not to city size Manufacturing employment in 2013 800 731 Rank-size Rule = 1.82 600 500 388 400 308 300 223 200 Source: 2014 economic censuses 14 39 13 Monclova Salamanca Queretaro Juarez Monterrey Guadalajara 0 16 Orizaba 47 16 Oaxaca 46 Tuxtla 100 Hermosillo 123 Mexico City But Highest geographical concentration Merida Thousand people 700 Linked to City-size Productivity and innovation 4500 Negative Relationship 70 4000 60 HSE linked to city size 3500 50 2500 40 2000 30 1500 20 1000 10 500 Productivity Source: 2014 economic censuses High skill employment Salamanca Monclova Orizaba Oaxaca Tuxtla Hermosillo Merida Queretaro Juarez Monterrey Guadalajara 0 Mexico City 0 Share of HSE Million pesos 3000 Productivity to geographical position Poverty: The other face of the coin 60 Poverty linked to 18 city size (-) 16 14 40 12 30 10 8 20 6 Employment share Poverty intensity 50 20 geographical Position manufacturing Employment (-) 4 10 2 Poverty intensity Salamanca Monclova Orizaba Oaxaca Tuxtla Hermosillo Merida Queretaro Juarez Monterrey Guadalajara 0 Mexico City 0 Manufacturing employment Source: Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) Final Remarks Two approaches to innovative cities ¢ From Schumpeterian point of view (Krugman): l Cities that offer opportunities for innovation within companies l Agents to procure external conditions: infrastructure; research and development l Ability of firms to innovate: i) product market; ii) exports; iii) human capital; iv) commodity chains l Effect: Productivity → Efficiency Final Remarks Two approaches to innovative cities ¢ Beyond Schumpeter l Cities who design and develop innovative processes for the performance of their duties l Intervention of different actors in the functioning of urban markets: i) housing; ii) transport; iii) public services l Effect: quality of life → equity Taking these approaches together ¢ Efficiency (city as a place where innovation is generated) ¢ Equity (city as a product from innovation) ¢ They are in correspondence with the ecology, to move towards a sustainable urban development ¢ Sustainability not as a target, but as a dynamic process [email protected]