Shales characterization for hydrocarbon production

Transcripción

Shales characterization for hydrocarbon production
Dr. Vinicio Suro Pérez
November 21, 2013
Proyecto Shale Gas/Oil: Asimilación y desarrollo de tecnología en diseño, adquisición, procesado e interpretación de
datos sísmicos 3D con enfoque a plays de shale gas/oil en México
1
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Project scope
Sweet-spots characterization
Importance of elastic parameters and stress fields
Seismic acquisition in Limonaria and Galaxia areas
Final remarks
2
Non conventional hydrocarbons production is a game changer
• A growing of 50% in the worldwide gas demand is expected between 2010
and 2035
• The gas rate participation at the energy market will reach 25% for 2035, just a
single position below crude-oil, in percentage
• IEA has an estimated shalegas resource of 671 trillions of cubic feet (tcf).
Fourth place worldwide
• In a suitable scenario, the total production of gas in Mexico could rise from
1766 to 3178 billions of cubic feet of gas (bcm) for 2035, 37% of such volume
is estimated from unconventional (shale gas/tight gas)
• Previous points require an specific technological strategy that should be
developed and performed in order to maximize the return of investment in
exploitation of unconventional reservoirs
*Source: Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas, World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas, International Energy Agency, 2012
3
The ultimate scope is to reduce uncertainty to achieve better
production
• To reduce uncertainty on the volumetric evaluation of shale
gas/oil unconventional reservoirs, using cutting-edge
seismic information (sweet spots identification)
• To characterize with detail the prospective resources in
studied areas, performing the integration of geophysical,
geological and geochemical information
• To design the conceptual engineering for the drilling and
completion of two horizontal wells devoted to confirm the
prospective resources
• To develop social and environmental research activities
that comply standards and regulations for shale oil & gas
exploration
4
Sweet spots characterization
• The integral strategy proposed in the project will reduce the
uncertainty on the sweet spots characterization, this is fundamental in
the decision taking process
• Reducing the uncertainty on the sweet spots determination, will be
translated into less drilling wells and more successful wells
• More successful wells means optimization of investment costs,
production growing and reduction of environmental impact
• Integral scope (industry complete-cycle) for better practices
5
Integration of information is a key element to succeed
Brittleness with
density of fractures
Sweet spots:
The term refers to high
density fractured areas with
favorable conditions for
hydrocarbons accumulation
and best conditions to
perform hydro-fracturing
Geomechanics
Geophysical
Well Logs
Sweet
Spot
Best TOC (Total
Organic Carbon)
areas
Areas with major
maturity of Type II
Organic Matter
6
Geological Modeling will allow the calibration and validation of
seismic data with the aim of delineating sweet-spots
10 cm
350 µm
Direct
geological
methods
Petrography
Coring
1.75 cm
325 µm
Chanel samples
Electronic Sweep Microscope
7
The mineralogical distribution of the shales allow the
documentation of their fragility to direct the hydrofracing at
the interest units
• Zones of mineralogical distribution and
porosity
• To identify zones of mineralogical
distribution
• To identify and map the distribution zones
of porosity kinds
•
Inorganic chemistry:
• Elemental, mineral and isotopic
composition
• SEM techniques, microprobe, X-ray
diffraction and isotopes
•
Slatt (2011)
Petrophysics:
• Calibration of logs and scaling
• Analysis of shale-log
8
The objective of porous system characterization is to determine
the origin and quantify kinds of porosities in the units of
interest
Porous system characterization
•
Analysis of the porous system:
• Size, abundance, distribution and images
• Techniques of electronic microscope, cathode
and fluorescence
Imagen MEB de arcillas en
Fm. Pimienta (Jurásico)
•
Petrography:
• Identification and quantification of porosity
and mineralogy
•
Digenesis:
• In shaly rocks and siliciclastics; compaction
analysis, cementation and fracturing
• Techniques of optic petrography, diffraction of
X-rays, scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Poros entre
partículas
Loucks (2010)
Poros dentro
de partículas
9
¿How to minimize the impacts associated to unconventional HC
exploitation?
The growing exploitation of shale gas/oil worldwide has generated the need to assess
with greater certainty the magnitude of environmental and social impacts, which could
call into question the social and environmental viability of these developments.
.
(1) Well head and "christmas tree", (2) flow line (for flowback and testing), (3) sand, (4) tanks for flowback, (5) line heaters, (6) burner, (7) pumping
trucks, (8) sand deposits, (9) trucks for the transport of sand, (10) trucks for the transport of acid, (11) trucks for chemical additives, (12) mixer, (13)
Center of monitoring and control of fracture, (14) reservoir of fresh water, (15) main supply of fresh water, (16) extra tanks, (17) online heaters, (18)
sliding separator, (19) production collector.
Source: Shale gas: a provisional assessment of climate change and environmental impacts. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
10
The risks need to be managed through the use of best
practices
Water usage for
hydrofrac
Soil and water pollution due to fracking fluids
Polluting emissions to the
atmosphere
Risks of explotions
Methane
leakage
COVs emissions
Fracking fluids
flowback tanks
Improbable pollution of shallow
acquifers
Soil, subsoil, surface water or groundwater
pollution by spills, leaks or runoffs
Drilling operation errors
Methane
infiltration?
Risk to human health
2 km
Improbable fracking fluid
leakage from the fractured
zone
Soil compaction and erosion
Shale
Social impact
Fractured
area
Habitat fragmentation and loss
11
The dynamics of seismic data give information of the elastic
wave propagation in the shale
Smoothed Amplitude Spectra
Hz
Velocities and times
give depths of the
horizons
The coherent arrivals of seismic waves give information about subsurface layers.
This is the objective of seismic exploration. The consecution of such amplitudes
gives a seismic image.
12
Elastic parameters distinguishing areas more susceptible to be
fractured from others more difficult
Computation of Elastic Moduli
Wave propagation velocities
13
The use of multicomponent seismic should help to reduce
uncertainty and to calibrate a target area
Multi component
detailed studies
• Selection of 2 sub-volumes
of 100 Km2 where elastic
parameters based on P- and
S-wave velocities will be
investigated
• Results will offer
quantitatively estimations of
the Young´s modulus and
Poisson´s ratio
3D-3C Seismic Acquisition
• Frecs. 2Hz-100Hz
• Velocities P and S
• Elastic moduli calculation
3D-VSP´s
• Frecs. 60Hz-120Hz
• Walkaway-3C
• Calibration of the
seismic data
Dipolar logging
• Frecs. 2kHZ – 20Khz
• Advanced suite of records
• Velocity P and S-indirectly
• Petrophysical properties
Rock physics
(P and S waves)
• Frecs. 200KHz-1Mhz
• Vp and Vs Tensors
• Geomechanics
These techniques allow to study the birefringence phenomenon of S-waves associated with fracturing.
Research will be executed for Wavelet upscaling
14
The stress field estimation data for actual location and
orientation of producers
Brittle
Ductile
Subsurface
Poisson’s ratio
map (red= high;
blue= low)
• Special processing : Elastic inversion (FracFactor, Lambda Rho, Mu Rho,
Poisson´s ratio, Young´s modulus, TOC estimation) calibration with
microseismic
15
The goal is to design an optimized horizontal drilling and
hydraulic fracture
Vertical Well, to
control Shalegas formation
Total Gas
Total
Gas
Vertical
Well for
shale
definition
Lithology from
cuttings
Lithological
definition
from core samples
Fracture detail
Fractured
horizontal well
Vertical
well
Fractured
vertical
well
Microseismic data:
• Hydrofracture monitoring
• In-situ stress estimation
16
The challenge is to infer saturation from an integral approach
• Identify rocks with organic richness
• Susceptible rocks to be fractured
Laboratory analyses to define:
• COT, Maturity, Porosity
• Free Gas and Adsorbed Gas
• Mechanical properties
BRITTLE
Petrophysical evaluation of gas shales
with geophysical well logs
6
DUCTILE
17
Shales characterization demands proper well logs and a proper
interpretation
Triple Combo Log
• Gamma ray activity >150 gAPI
• May not be valid for Mesozoic and Tertiary
shales. May not be valid for lacustrine shales
• Resistivity > 15 ohm-m
• Thermal maturity, swelling clays
• Density porosity > 8 pu (Ls matrix)
• Bulk density < 2.57 g/cm3
• Presence of kerogen and/or porosity
• Neutron reflects clay content, type
• NPHI < 35 pu (Ls)
Gas Shale
“Typical Shale”
18
Seismic surveys localization and geological objectives
Limonaria 3D-3C, Prospected Area (1200 Km2)
Galaxia 3D-3C, Prospected Area (1500 Km2)
20 km
Limonaria 3D
Tres Hermanos
Norte
Finished
Limonaria 3D
Objective Pimienta Formation:
- 10-200 m thickness
- 1400 - 3000 m (depth EIA, 2011).
Objective Agua Nueva (Eagle Ford)
Formation:
- 100-300 m thickness
- 1000 - 5000 m (depth EIA, 2011).
19
IMP began acquiring 3D seismic information in Limonaria, North of
Veracruz State
● PObtained
ermis os Obt
enidos
permitting
● PRejected
ermis os Negados
permitting
● PConditioned
ermis os Condicpermitting
ionados
ermis os A bandonados
● PAbandon
● PNo
ermis
os s in A f ec t ac ión
affectation
● Res
erv a Cinagét
ic a
Cinegetic
reserve
● AHunting
c t iv idad de
Cac
ería
activity
91. 14%
96.04%
● Topograf
ía
Topografía
64.71
% 53. 95%
Topography
64.71%
erf
orac
ión
● PPerforación
% 62. 83%
Perforation74.06
74.06%
● Carga
poz
oswells
Carga
pozos
49.8749.87%
% 40. 33%
Charged
● Obs
erv ac ión 38.21%
Observación
38.21 % 29. 96%
Observed
20
Actual state of source points
Observed
Charged
Perforated
Preplotted
To be perforated
To be vibrated
21
Raw data, brute stack in Limonaria
Pimienta seismic response
• The directly recorded seismic information from Limonaria survey provide
subsurface acoustic images useful to map, in 3D, economic geological
objectives such as the shales of Pimienta Formation
Proyecto
Sub
proyecto
Shale
“C”:
Gas/Oil:
Asimilación
Asimilación
y desarrollo
y desarrollo
de tecnología
de tecnología
en diseño,
en diseño,
adquisición,
adquisición,
procesado
procesado
e interpretación
e interpretación
de datos
de
sísmicos
datos
3Dsísmicos
con enfoque
3D con
a plays
enfoque
de shale
a plays
gas/oil
de shale
en México
gas/oil en México
22
22
Amplitude preservation
Depth and charge tests for sources
Surface Geology (Alluvial deposits)
Detonation testing; depth = 20 m. Charge = 2Kg.
Amplitude
Spectra
At some parts of the survey area
alluvial deposits are located. This
geological surface characteristic
attenuates the seismic energy.
In the areas with alluvial deposits,
detonation test are performed in order
to minimize the energy loss of seismic
amplitudes and preserve the frequency
content.
23
Results of preliminary processing, Zippers 1 - 2
Time: 1074 ms
Velocity: 2950 m/s
Stacking velocities are given for all
time common mid point gathers
Pre-processed data for Zippers 1-2
The preliminary velocity analysis
computed in the field, offers the firsts
set of results useful in the Velocity
Model that is fundamental to perform
Depth Migration.
24
Results of preliminary processing, Zippers 1 - 2
2
ZIPPER 3
ZIPPER 2
XL2917
XL3125
XL 3125
IL
3096
1
LUTITA
ARENISCA
LIMITE DEL ZIPPER
2Y 3
ALUVION
Basement
a. Reference Map for the In-Line and Cross-Line seismic sections of Limonaria survey.
b. Preliminary processed results in the Limonaria Zippers 2 – 3 for the In-line, IL 3096
seismic section displayed in Fig a).
It is easily seen two principal features in the seismic section of Fig b); 1) The strong
basement response at the bottom including one coherent inclined horizon and 2) The
intermediate Pimienta Formation seismic response cuasi-horizontal with high amplitude.
25
5-D interpolation to get better information
Seismic line (zipper-1), with 5D interpolation and PSMT
a)
CDP gather without Interpolation
b)
CDP gather with Interpolation
NE
SW
Pimienta
a) Original CDP data.
b) 5D interpolation results
improving seismic
resolution.
Results of post-stack time migration (PSTM)
after 5D interpolation. It can be seen the good
seismic response of Pimienta Formation.
26
Existent wells to calibrate seismic data and improve interference
28
Seismic exploration in Galaxia 3D-3C
North: Piedras Negras, Coahuila
South: Nuevo León state
East: Mexico-USA border (Rio
Bravo)
West: Villa Union, Coahuila
Survey center is located 160 Km
NW of Nuevo Laredo, 90 Km SE of
Acuña, 111 Km NE of Sabinas,
Coahuila
29
Advances of infrastructure
Base camp is located at Km. 111 of
the federal highway Piedras-NegrasNuevo Laredo.
Earth Coordinates
Latitude: 28°13’14.29’’
Longitude: 100°13’37.60’’
31
Advances in Topography Galaxia 3D-3C
Advance of
Topography
18.48%
EL BARKO
32
Survey program and relevant stages, Galaxia 3D-3C
Hito 1
Hito 2
Hito 3
34
Final Remarks
• The exploration is designed to identify accurately the
areas with most hydrocarbon accumulation and the better
conditions for fracking.
• Limonaria exploration activities are performed as planned.
Just some recoverable delays on recordings have been
reported due to tropical storms of September and October.
• Galaxia exploration activities report excellent advances
on Permitting, Topography and feasibility studies. Just
hunting season must be avoided for the seismic
observation stage.
• The seismic recording in Galaxia will start in February
2014.
• Processing results of first obtained seismic images offer
high definition and enhanced resolution to perform sweetspots investigation.
35
S-wave Birefringence phenomenon
Shear-wave splitting will be
investigated using four
geophysical
scales in the project.
This phenomenon provides a
more precise characterization
of fracture density and
orientation.
Fracture
direction
Cheng & Tang, 1982
back. 9
37

Shales characterization for hydrocarbon production

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