Spanish Historical Syntax Word Order: clitic pronouns 1 Latin • No

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The Hispanic Languages
Word order: clitic pronouns 1
Spanish Historical Syntax
Word Order: clitic pronouns
1 Latin
•
No formal distinction between stressed and unstressed pronouns.
•
Placing of ‘unstressed’ pronouns according to ‘Wackernagel’s Law’, i.e. that in IndoEuropean, clitics usually occupied the second position in the sentence.
•
Adams’ suggestion (i) that Wackernagel’s Law applies by ‘colon’ rather than simply by
sentence; (ii) that unemphatic pronouns are attached to particular kinds of hosts:
antithetical terms, demonstratives/deictics, adjectives of quantity and size, intensifiers,
negatives, temporal adverbs and imperatives; (iii) that such cliticisation may split the
host.
Sed mihi ita persuadeo (potest fieri ut fallar) eam rem laudi tibi potius quam
uituperationi fori (Cicero Ad Familiares 13.73.2 cit Adams 112)
‘But I am convinced - I may be mistaken - that that thing would be a source of praise to
you rather than a source of blame’
in quo maximum nobis onus imposuit (Cicero, Philippics 11.19 cit Adams 125)
‘In this he has imposed on us a very great burden’
summae nobis crudelitatis... fama subeunda est (Cicero, In Catalinam, 4.12)
‘reputation for supreme cruelty must be faced by us’
2 Early Romance
•
Certain distinctions between stressed and unstressed personal pronoun forms.
•
Verb-based placement of the unstressed personal pronouns.
•
Whether the (unstressed) clitic precedes or follows the verb depends on the material
preceding the verb. The Wackernagel principle continues to the extent that a clitic never
stands in initial position.
3 Old Castilian
Vezos mio Çid a llas cortes pregonadas;
dexola creçer e luenga trae la barba,
los unos le han miedo e los otros espanta.
Los de Carrion son de natura tal
non gelas devien querer sus fijas por varraganas
¡o quien gelas diera por parejas o por veladas!
Derecho fizieron por que las han dexadas.
¡Quanto el dize non gelo preçiamos nada!
Essora el Campeador prisos a la barba... (PMC, 3272-80)
Word order clitic pronouns.doc
Last printed 01/10/04
Postposing to a future verb form splits the stem and the inflection unless the future form is
‘synthesised’:
convidar les ien de grado (PMC, 21)
si ploguiesse a Dios querríalas ensayar (PMC, 2376)
4 GA Spanish
Variation:
Subject first:
Yo la pienso vender... y ella póneseme en señoríos (Lope de Rueda)
Object first:
A mi padre se la dieron (Mateo de Alemán)
A mí oféndeme el sonido (Juan de Valdés)
Adverb first:
Agora lo veras (Hernán Pérez de Oliva)
Allí quítasele a la virtud algún govierno (Fray Luis de León)
Rare examples of pronoun in absolute initial position:
Te quexas por que gozauas la cosa que en el mundo mas amauas (Question de amor)
Pero te prometo que no me pague esta traición menos que con la vida (Lope de
Rueda)
Imperatives:
Tú lo dispón y compón (Mateo de Alemán)
Y vos, señora mía, dadme la mano (Lope de Rueda)
Infinitives:
Yo jurava no lo hazer con malicia (Lazarillo)
Participles:
Los españoles no lo viendo... (Cortés)
5 Portuguese
5 1 The Modern European Portuguese rule
‘Preceding’ contexts:
Negative and subordinate clauses
Não o dei ao professor
Quando a vi...
Clauses introduced by an interrogative or exclamatory element
Quem nos chamava?
Clauses introduced by a ‘short’ adverb (já, logo, sempre, etc.)
Já o sei
Clauses introduced by quantifiers: todos, ambos, etc.
Ambos me viram
‘Following’ contexts: elsewhere, provided that the pronoun never stands first in a clause.
Postposing to a Future verb form splits the stem and the inflection:
Comprá-lo-ei
With the gerund, the pronoun precedes with a negative or em; otherwise it follows. In
periphrastic verb-forms, it may precede the auxiliary in ‘preceding’ contexts and immediately
follow the auxiliary in ‘following’ contexts.
Em me vendo BUT vendo-me
Não te insultando
Está comendo-o OR Está-o comendo
Não o está comendo
With the infinitive, the pronoun optionally precedes with a preposition; otherwise it follows.
Desejam ver-nos
Têm vontade de ver-nos OR Têm vontade de nos ver
Auxiliary + infinitive groups behave like the auxiliary + gerund groups.
4.2 Old Portuguese examples
Early examples show greater disposition towards anteposition than in the modern language:
e eu te demando ta companha (A Demanda do Santo Graal)
por quite me tenh’eu d’aver / vosso ben (Cancioneiro de Ajuda)
4.3 Brazilian Portuguese examples:
In BP, clitics are usually anteposed; but in the non-reflexive third person the stressed forms
are used disjunctively:
me viu BUT vi ele (cf. ‘standard’ vi-o [a ele])
João se senta
Queria (agora) se afastar, não queria se afastar
Tinham (então) se afastado, todos tinham se afastado
Ia (pouco a pouco) se afastando, não ia se afastando
5 Modern Romance
Slightly different rules from language to language:
Castilian
French
European Portuguese
lo veo
je le vois
vejo-o
no lo veo
je ne le vois pas
não o vejo
quiero verlo
lo quiero ver
je veux le voir
quero vê-lo
quero-o ver
no quiero verlo
no lo quiero ver
je ne veux pas le voir
não o quero ver
tengo ganas de verlo
j’ai envie de le voir
tenho vontade de vê-lo
tenho vontade de o ver
¡hágalo!
¡no lo haga!
faites-le!
ne le faites pas!
faça-o!
não o faça!
haciéndolo
en le faisant
fazendo-o
Further reading:
Adams, J.N., 1994. ‘Wackernagel’s Law and the position of unstressed personal pronouns in Classical Latin’,
Transactions of the Philological Society, 92, 103-78.
Company Company, Concepción, 1985. ‘Los futuros en el español medieval: sus orígenes y su evolución’,
Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 34, 48-107.
Ramsden, Herbert, 1963. Weak pronoun position in the early Romance Languages (Manchester: UP).
Keniston, H., 1937. The Syntax of Castilian Prose (Chicago: UP).
Teyssier, Paul, 1976. Manuel de langue portugaise Portugal-Brésil (Paris).

Spanish Historical Syntax Word Order: clitic pronouns 1 Latin • No

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