Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica ( 2.26 MB )

Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica ( 2.26 MB )

Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET)
Biblioteca – BINABITROP
Bibliografía actualizada al 30 de enero del 2008
Desde 1996, la Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) a través de su Biblioteca ha desarrollado
y consolidado la “Bibliografía Nacional en Biología Tropical” (BINABITROP), proyecto único en el
país cuyo objetivo principal es rescatar las publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre Costa Rica,
generadas a lo largo de los años, tanto dentro como fuera del país, para reunirlas en una base de
datos disponible al público gratuitamente en la Internet. De esta forma la OET colabora con
conservar, aumentar y difundir conocimientos generados a partir de nuestra riqueza natural.
Objetivos de BINABITROP
1. Detectar las publicaciones nacionales
costarricense y temas relacionados.
y
extranjeras
sobre
biología
tropical
2. Difundir esta información mediante el sitio web de la OET.
3. Mantener comunicación con científicos generadores de la información, a fin de
incrementar la bibliografía.
4. Facilitar las publicaciones a los interesados o remitirlos a las bibliotecas que las
poseen.
Contenido de la Base de Datos
Destaca las referencias de publicaciones periódicas y tesis. Actualmente la Base de Datos
cuenta con 32 800 registros de monografías, publicaciones periódicas, tesis, congresos, y
otros.
La Base de Datos puede ser accesada en la siguiente dirección:
http://www.ots.ac.cr/binabitrop/
Agradecimiento a Joanne Fuentes Molina, por su desinteresada colaboración en el diseño
de la portada.
Más información
M. Sc. Gilbert Fuentes González
Master Ana Beatriz Azofeifa Mora
Investigador
[email protected]
Coordinadora Sistema de Bibliotecas OET
[email protected]
¿Qué es el calentamiento global?
El calentamiento global se refiere al incremento observado en la temperatura promedio de la superficie terrestre
acaecido en décadas recientes. Esta temperatura ha aumentado en promedio 0.74° C (1.3° F) en los últimos 100
años, tanto sobre la tierra como los océanos.
¿No son normales los cambios en la temperatura de la Tierra a lo largo de su historia?
Sí, las temperaturas de la Tierra han cambiado dramáticamente durante millones de años en la historia de
nuestro planeta. Estos cambios han generado variaciones igualmente dramáticas en los niveles de los océanos, en
la cantidad de tierra cubierta por glaciares y por bosques tropicales.
¿Por qué la temperatura está cambiando tan rápidamente?
Los científicos consideran que el calentamiento global es causado principalmente por un incremento en los “gases
invernadero”, constituidos primordialmente por dióxido de carbono, pero también por metano, vapor de agua y
dióxido de azufre- en la atmósfera. Este aumento es causado esencialmente por la combustión de combustiles
fósiles y la deforestación.
¿Por qué representa este cambio un problema?
Porque incluso un pequeño aumento en la temperatura puede causar el derretimiento de los glaciares. Además,
las altas temperaturas en algunas partes del mundo están asociadas con reducciones extremas en la lluvia o en
un incremento de la intensidad de las tormentas.
¿De qué forma interactúan las plantas y los bosques en este proceso?
Las plantas toman dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera y lo utilizan en su proceso de fotosíntesis para crecer y
producir alimento para el resto del planeta. La composición física (biomasa) de las plantas es aproximadamente
50% carbono.
¿Por qué importa que los trópicos estén un poco más calientes? De todas formas los trópicos son
calientes y ahí no hay glaciares que puedan derretirse
De antemano sabemos que los trópicos son una parte importante del ciclo del carbono global, porque mucha de la
vegetación del mundo se localiza en los trópicos. Y los árboles del trópico son muy sensibles a la temperatura.
¿Por qué es importante la investigación en los trópicos?
La mayoría de la investigación sobre cambio climático se realiza en latitudes templadas- Europa, América del
Norte, la tundra Ártica. Pero gran parte de la vegetación mundial y la fotosíntesis mayor se encuentran en los
trópicos.
¿Está el cambio climático global relacionado con otros temas ecológicos?
Sí, con otros temas ecológicos sumamente importantes, tales como biodiversidad, fragmentación del hábitat y
corredores biológicos. Si las poblaciones de animales y plantas están restringidas a pequeños fragmentos de
hábitat no tendrían la posibilidad de sobrevivir si las condiciones de su hábitat cambian.
¿Por qué Costa Rica es tan importante en la investigación de los trópicos?
Costa Rica ha sido durante muchos años líder en generar conciencia ambiental. Costa Rica posee muchas áreas
protegidas públicas y privadas, un sistema que alienta a los propietarios de tierra a preservar sus bosques y un
alto nivel de conciencia ambiental entre sus ciudadanos.
¿Por qué la gente habla sobre neutralidad de carbono?
Ser “carbono neutral” significa tomar tanto carbono de la atmósfera como el que se está liberando en ella. Este
concepto se puede aplicar tanto a individuos, como corporaciones, o a todo un país. Si usted maneja un
automóvil que utiliza gasolina, usted está liberando carbono en la atmósfera. Y si usted está plantando árboles,
usted está tomando carbono de la atmósfera.
¿Qué podemos hacer para ayudar al balance global de carbono?
Hay muchas cosas que podemos hacer para ayudar al balance global de carbono:
•
Usar menos gas, carbón y petróleo, para no depositar más dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera.
•
Proteger a los árboles grandes y a los bosques viejos porque ellos son nuestros almacenes de carbono.
•
¿Qué está haciendo la Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) para proteger el ambiente y
combatir el calentamiento global?
La OET está trabajando en todas las formas posibles para mejorar el presupuesto global del carbono:
•
La misión de la OET es promover la educación, la investigación científica y el uso responsable de los
recursos naturales en los trópicos.
Le invitamos a unirse a nuestros esfuerzos para entender los cambios que están afectando nuestros ecosistemas
y el mundo natural tal como lo conocemos. Su contribución realmente puede ayudar a mejorar el presupuesto
global de carbono.
Preguntas y respuestas elaboradas por la Dra. Deedra McClearn, Directora de la Estación Biológica La
Selva
Calentamiento Global (Según Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre)
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calentamiento_global
Calentamiento global es un término utilizado habitualmente en dos sentidos:
1. Es el fenómeno observado en las medidas de la temperatura que muestra en promedio un aumento en la
temperatura de la atmósfera terrestre y de los océanos en las últimas décadas.
2. Es una teoría que predice, a partir de proyecciones basadas en simulaciones computacionales, un
crecimiento futuro de las temperaturas.
Algunas veces se utilizan las denominaciones cambio climático, que designa a cualquier cambio en el clima, o
cambio climático antropogénico, donde se considera implícitamente la influencia de la actividad humana.
Calentamiento global y efecto invernadero no son sinónimos. El efecto invernadero acrecentado por la
contaminación puede ser, según algunas teorías, la causa del calentamiento global observado.
La temperatura del planeta ha venido elevándose desde mediados del siglo XIX, cuando se puso fin a la etapa
conocida como la pequeña edad de hielo.
Predicciones basadas en diferentes modelos del incremento de la temperatura media global respecto de su valor
en el año 2000.
Cualquier tipo de cambio climático además implica cambios en otras variables. La complejidad del problema y sus
múltiples interacciones hacen que la única manera de evaluar estos cambios sea mediante el uso de modelos
computacionales que intentan simular la física de la atmósfera y del océano y que tienen una precisión limitada
debido al desconocimiento del funcionamiento de la atmósfera.
La teoría antropogénica predice que el calentamiento global continuará si lo hacen las emisiones de gases de
efecto invernadero (GEI). El cuerpo de la ONU encargado del análisis de los datos científicos es el Panel
Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés de Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate
Change).
El IPCC indica que "[...]La mayoría de los aumentos observados en las temperaturas medias del globo desde la
mitad del siglo XX son muy probablemente debidos al aumento observado en las concentraciones de GEI
antropogénicas."[1] . Sin embargo, existen algunas discrepancias al respecto de que el dióxido de carbono sea el
gas de efecto invernadero que más influye en el Calentamiento Global de origen antropogénico.
El Protocolo de Kyoto, acuerdo promovido por el IPCC, promueve una reducción de emisiones contaminantes
(principalmente CO2). El protocolo ha sido tachado en ciertas ocasiones de injusto, ya que el incremento de las
emisiones tradicionalmente está asociado al desarrollo económico, con lo que las naciones a las que más afectaría
el cumplimiento de este protocolo podrían ser aquellas zonas menos desarrolladas.
Global Warming (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans in recent
decades and its projected continuation.
The global average air temperature near the Earth's surface rose 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100
year period ending in 2005, which is higher than the earlier estimate of 0.6 ± 0.2 °C for the period ending in
2000.[1] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes "most of the observed increase in
globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in
anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations"[1] via the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar
variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a
small cooling effect from 1950 onward.[2][3] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least 30 scientific
societies and academies of science,[4] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized
countries.[5][6][7] While individual scientists have voiced disagreement with the conclusions of the IPCC[8], the
overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change are in agreement with the conclusions.[9][10]
Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely
rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century.[1] The range of values results from the use of
differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity.
Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for
more than a millennium even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result
of the large heat capacity of the oceans.[1]
Increasing global temperature will cause sea level to rise, and is expected to increase the intensity of extreme
weather events and to change the amount and pattern of precipitation. Other effects of global warming include
changes in agricultural yields, trade routes, glacier retreat, species extinctions and increases in the ranges of
disease vectors.
Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and
related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. There is ongoing political and public debate
worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its
expected consequences. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate Change (From GLOBAL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER)
http://gcmd.nasa.gov/Resources/pointers/glob_warm.html
Concept definition:
The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate.
External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity,
precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal
variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce
fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback
processes interrelating the components of the climate system.
Cambio Climático (Según Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre)
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_climatico
Se llama cambio climático a la modificación del clima con respecto al historial climático a una escala global o
regional. Tales cambios se producen a muy diversas escalas de tiempo y sobre todos los parámetros climáticos:
temperatura, precipitaciones, nubosidad, etcétera. Son debidos a causas naturales y, en los últimos siglos,
también a la acción de la humanidad.[sin referencias]
El término suele usarse, de forma poco apropiada, para hacer referencia tan solo a los cambios climáticos que
suceden en el presente, utilizándolo como sinónimo de calentamiento global. La Convención Marco de las
Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático usa el término cambio climático sólo para referirse al cambio por
causas humanas:
Por 'cambio climático' se entiende un cambio de clima atribuido directa o indirectamente a la actividad humana
que altera la composición de la atmósfera mundial y que se suma a la variabilidad natural del clima observada
durante períodos de tiempo comparables.
Al producido constantemente por causas naturales lo denomina variabilidad natural del clima. En algunos
casos, para referirse al cambio de origen humano se usa también la expresión cambio climático
antropogénico.
Además del calentamiento global, el cambio climático implica cambios en otras variables como las lluvias globales
y sus patrones, la cobertura de nubes y todos los demás elementos del sistema atmosférico. La complejidad del
problema y sus múltiples interacciones hacen que la única manera de evaluar estos cambios sea mediante el uso
de modelos computacionales que intentan simular la física de la atmósfera y de los océanos y que tienen una
precisión muy limitada debido al desconocimiento actual del funcionamiento de la atmósfera.
Climate Change (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
Is the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time. It involves changes in the variability
or average state of the atmosphere over durations ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can
be caused by dynamic process on Earth, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and more
recently by human activities.
In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term "climate change" often refers to
changes in modern climate (see global warming). For information on temperature measurements over various
periods, and the data sources available, see temperature record. For attribution of climate change over the past
century, see attribution of recent climate change
INDICE DE DESCRIPTORES
ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE
263
AGE CALIBRATION
243
ALAS PROJECT
240
AGE DATING
177
ALCHORNEA
033, 178
AGE TREES
018
ALGAE
243
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
058
ALLEY CROPPING
204, 241, 285
AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION
284
ALLOMETRIC EQUATION
245
AGRICULTURAL LANDS
145, 160
ALLOPHANIC SOILS
189
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
129
ALLVIUM
203
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
076
ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION
172
ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED
JOINTLY
093, 124, 128, 136, 219
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
161
AMAZONIA
183
ADAPTABILITY
307
AGRICULTURE
077, 153, 193, 253, 265, 276
AMERICA
071
ADAPTATION SCIENCE
140
AGRICULTURE ACTIVITY
090
AMERINDIAN
292
ADULT MORTALITY
312
AGRICULTURE VULNERABILITY
155
AMMONIA
035, 038, 048, 145, 160, 161
ADULTS
215, 261
AGROCHEMICALS
193
AMMONIA OXIDIZING
BACTERIA
222, 235, 260
AERIAL PARTS
010, 245
AGROFORESTRY
039, 062, 073, 101, 107, 168,
204, 241, 247, 285, 292, 311
ABUNDANCE
211, 305
ACALYPHA
178
ACCUMULATION
182, 229
ACETYLENE
038, 042
ACETYLENE INHIBITION
311
ACID PRECIPITATION AND SOIL
159
ACID SOILS
167
AEROSOLS
231
AEROSOLS AND PARTICLES
231
AEROSOLS FROM BIOMASS
BURNING
231
AFRICA
072, 134, 276, 303
AGROSILVOPASTORAL
SYSTEMS
062, 073
AIR
042, 295
AIR POLLUTION
035, 046, 090, 095, 102, 110,
116, 122, 133, 176, 231
AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES
253
AIR TEMPERATURE
007, 013, 022, 101, 180, 205,
294
AGALYCHNIS
159
AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS
277
AMMONIUM
163, 165, 184, 235, 260
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
035
AMPHIBIAN DECLINES
083, 092, 103, 106, 152, 159,
185, 216, 221, 244, 251, 259,
262, 274, 282, 308, 312
AMPHIBIANS
083, 092, 103, 106, 152, 159,
185, 215, 216, 221, 244, 251,
256, 259, 261, 262, 274, 282,
308, 312
ANALYSIS
045, 264
044,
159,
243,
264,
045,
188,
248,
272,
056,
195,
252,
282,
083, 118, 152,
216, 218, 242,
254, 256, 263,
304
ANDIRA INERMIS
253
APIDAE
253
ANEMOMETERS
030
APIS MELLIFERA
253
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
082
ARACEAE
160
ANIMAL ECOLOGY
082
ARCHAEOLOGY
178
AREA DE CONSERVACION
PACIFICO CENTRAL
086, 195, 290
ANIMAL POPULATIONS
061
AREA DE CONSERVACION
ARENAL HUETAR NORTE
113, 115, 117, 156, 174, 175,
192, 195, 217, 228, 245, 257
AREA DE CONSERVACION
TEMPISQUE
033, 044, 052, 087, 118, 170,
188, 195, 253, 286, 310
AREA DE CONSERVACION
ARENAL TILARAN
003, 004, 026, 044, 056, 092,
106, 111, 152, 156, 159, 174,
175, 178, 182, 185, 192, 195,
213, 217, 218, 223, 226, 228,
229, 230, 240, 244, 249, 251,
256, 259, 262, 267, 268, 274,
276, 279, 282, 287, 297, 299,
305, 312
AREA DE CONSERVACION
TORTUGUERO
041, 044, 116, 126, 127, 129,
137, 156, 174, 175, 192, 195,
202, 215, 217, 228, 261, 306,
310
ANIMALS
037, 045,
092, 103,
159, 172,
215, 216,
253, 256,
266, 273,
298, 305,
060,
106,
177,
221,
259,
274,
308,
061,
108,
185,
240,
261,
278,
310,
082,
152,
211,
244,
262,
282,
312
083,
158,
213,
251,
264,
288,
ANIONS
038, 081
ANNONACEAE
018
ANNUAL RECRUITMENT
191, 198
ANNUAL STREAMFLOW
086
ANNUAL TREE GROWTH
021
ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE
277
ANTHOPHORIDAE
253
ANTHOZOA
196, 288
ANTHROPOGENIC
DISTURBANCES
125, 298
AREA DE CONSERVACION
CORDILLERA VOLCANICA
CENTRAL
001, 002, 005, 006, 007, 008,
009, 010, 011, 012, 013, 014,
015, 016, 017, 018, 019, 020,
021, 022, 023, 024, 025, 027,
028, 029, 030, 031, 032, 035,
036, 038, 042, 043, 044, 046,
047, 048, 049, 051, 053, 054,
056, 062, 074, 076, 081, 086,
088, 091, 095, 096, 097, 098,
099, 100, 101, 103, 105, 120,
123, 127, 139, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 151, 154, 156, 160,
164, 171, 176, 180, 187, 188,
189, 192, 194, 195, 200, 201,
203, 204, 205, 211, 214, 217,
219, 222, 231, 235, 241, 245,
250, 255, 257, 260, 266, 270,
277, 278, 280, 283, 285, 293,
294, 300, 302, 306, 308, 311,
312
ANTS
240, 305
AREA DE CONSERVACION
GUANACASTE
037, 044, 118, 125, 132, 158,
179, 191, 195, 196, 198, 253,
266, 286, 298
ANURANS
092, 103, 106, 152, 159, 185,
215, 216, 221, 244, 251, 256,
259, 261, 262, 274, 312
AREA DE CONSERVACION LA
AMISTAD CARIBE
060, 086, 118, 177, 195, 218,
242, 248, 256, 289, 292
APHIDIDAE
082
AREA DE CONSERVACION LA
AMISTAD PACIFICO
ANTIGUA
288
AREA DE CONSERVACION OSA
044, 086, 157, 195
ARECACEAE
012
ARTHROPOD ASSEMBLAGES
240, 305
ARTHROPODS
060, 061, 082, 177, 240, 253,
266, 278, 305
ASCOMYCOTA
035
ASIA
071, 072, 119, 161, 197, 276,
289, 303
ASSESSMENT
118, 295
ASTREOPORA
288
ATELOPUS CHIRIQUIENSIS
083, 159, 216, 282
ATELOPUS COYNEI
282
ATELOPUS IGNESCENS
282
ATELOPUS LONGIROSTRIS
282
ATELOPUS MINDOENSIS
282
ATELOPUS MUCUBAJIENSIS
282
ATELOPUS PINANGOI
282
ATELOPUS PLANISPINA
282
ATELOPUS VARIUS
159, 262, 282
ATLANTIC LOWLANDS
042, 156, 174, 175, 192, 217,
223, 228, 249, 267, 279
ATLANTIC ZONE
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105, 107, 116
ATMOSPHERE
034, 043, 046, 051, 068, 076,
077, 080, 081, 088, 091, 102,
142, 171, 176, 193, 197, 200,
207
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
020, 107, 114, 163, 165, 166,
167, 168, 184
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
169, 170, 186, 309
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
003, 004, 026, 043, 046, 049,
053, 054, 068, 074, 080, 081,
090, 091, 102, 127, 142, 143,
144, 145, 146, 164, 171, 176,
202, 306
ATTITUDES
173, 212
BELIZE
104, 197, 236, 237, 295, 307
AULACOSEIRA
243
BELOWGROUND
016, 201
AUSTRALASIA
082
BIO-DEGRADABLE WASTES
068
AUSTRALIA
150, 276
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND
068
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
243
BACTERIA
222
BAGACES (CANTON)
253
BAHIA CULEBRA
125, 158, 196, 298
BAJO PACUARE
086
BALIZIA ELEGANS
018, 280
BANANA PLANTATIONS
080, 097
BANANA SOILS
080
BIOCLIMATOLOGY
002
BIODEGRADABILITY
250
BIODEGRADATION
189
BIODIVERSITY
002, 006, 058,
104, 112, 130,
166, 177, 179,
190, 193, 198,
224, 225, 226,
253, 256, 260,
305
073,
131,
181,
210,
235,
287,
079,
135,
183,
211,
240,
298,
082,
150,
186,
222,
251,
299,
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
104, 122, 139
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT
224
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
231
BARRO COLORADO NATURE
MONUMENT
002, 103, 266
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
230
ATMOSPHERIC CO2
151, 187, 189
BASELINE
247
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS
075, 076
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
AND STRUCTURE
023, 231
BASELINES
195, 208, 270, 283
BIOGENIC VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
012
ATMOSPHERIC DISTRIBUTION
295
ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES
086
ATMOSPHERIC METHANE
291
ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS OXIDE
144, 145
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES
231
ATMOSPHERIC WATERBALANCE
297
BAT HABITAT
211
BAT POPULATIONS AND
DISTRIBUTION
213
BATRACHOCHYTRIUM
DENDROBATIDIS
244, 262, 282, 312
BATS
211, 213
BEEF CATTLE
168
BEHAVIOUR
061
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS
291
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
024, 088, 189, 200, 302
BIOGEOGRAPHY
225, 228, 252
BIOGRAPHIES
015
BIOINDICATOR PLANTS
035
BIOLOGIC CHANGES
059
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN SOIL
038, 081
BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
140
BIOLOGICAL COMPETITION
061
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
211
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
156, 217, 218, 223, 228, 249,
267, 279
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
125, 196, 298
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION
189
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
230
BIOLOGY
082, 310
BIOMASS
003, 004, 009, 022, 026, 048,
067, 068, 107, 118, 138, 149,
182, 229, 231, 232, 260
BIOMASS BURNING
003, 004, 026, 076, 231
BIOMASS COMPOSITION
191, 198
072, 162, 197, 246, 282, 284,
303
CALCINATION
068
BOMBACACEAE
142, 170
CALCIUM
024, 302
BOMBACOPSIS QUINATA
170
CALLOPHYLLUM BRASILIENSE
245, 280
BOMBYCILLIDAE
172
CAMBIUM
119
BORAGINACEAE
107, 113, 115, 117
CAÑAS (CANTON)
087
BOSQUE ETERNO DE LOS
NIÑOS
276
CANDELARIA DE PURISCAL
086
BRIBRI DE TALAMANCA
292
BROMELIACEAE
215, 261
BROMINATED FLAME
RETARDANTS
295
BRYOPHYTA
004, 026, 252
BUFO PERIGLENES
092, 106, 159, 185, 221, 251,
256, 259, 262, 274, 276
BIOMASS OF EPIPHYTES
056
BUFONIDAE
092, 106, 152, 159, 185, 221,
251, 256, 259, 262, 274, 276,
282
BIOMONITORING TESTER
035
BURNING
046, 048, 176
BIOPROSPECTING
193, 226, 287
BURNING NITRIC OXIDE
EMISSION
046, 176
BIOSPHERE/ATMOSPHERE
INTERACTIONS
023, 231
BIRDS
061, 092, 108, 172, 185, 259,
274
BOCAS DEL TORO
060
BOLITOGLOSSA MINUTULA
083, 159, 216
BOLITOGLOSSINI
083, 159, 216
BOLIVIA
BURSERACEAE
018
BUTTRESSES
009, 022
BYRSONIMA CRASSIFOLIA
253
C3
041
C4
041
CACAO PLANTATIONS
292, 312
CANOPY
004, 005, 010, 012, 013, 026,
123, 182, 205, 229, 231, 240,
255, 294, 305
CANOPY FOGGING
240
CARBON
010, 013,
088, 118,
232, 236,
271, 281,
014,
132,
237,
294,
025, 031, 041,
179, 200, 205,
238, 255, 258,
296
CARBON ACCUMULATOR
027, 032, 303
CARBON AEROSOL
OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES
231
CARBON BALANCE
027, 032, 303
CARBON BUDGET
032
CARBON CREDITS
209, 234, 257
CARBON CYCLE
007, 009, 011, 013,
016, 017, 022, 025,
030, 032, 041, 044,
118, 139, 180, 183,
205, 246, 251, 254,
294, 303
CARBON DIOXIDE
012, 017, 022, 028,
031, 032, 035, 041,
073, 082, 090, 116,
121, 123, 131, 134,
151, 153, 162, 163,
168, 169, 170, 171,
189, 190, 199, 203,
214, 232, 233, 234,
014,
027,
048,
194,
255,
015,
029,
068,
201,
260,
029,
048,
117,
142,
165,
184,
204,
241,
030,
068,
120,
144,
167,
187,
209,
247,
251, 257, 272, 278, 285, 293,
294, 300, 303, 309
CARBON DYNAMICS
007, 009, 011, 014, 015, 016,
022, 025, 029, 030, 201, 294
CARBON EXCHANGE
007, 009, 011, 013, 015, 016,
022, 029, 030, 180, 201, 205,
255, 294
CARBON FIXATION
063, 093, 112, 113, 115, 117,
124, 128, 131, 136, 139, 190,
194, 204, 219, 232, 241, 245,
280, 285, 291
CARBON FLUXES
007, 009, 011, 013,
016, 022, 025, 029,
041, 153, 180, 195,
205, 255, 269, 270,
303
014,
030,
201,
283,
015,
032,
203,
294,
CARBON INPUT
204, 241, 285
CARBON MARKET
209, 234, 257
CARBON MONOXIDE
035, 068, 090, 153, 220
CARBON NET LOSS
027, 032, 303
CARBON OFFSETS
136
CARBON PARTICLE
DEPOSITION
231
CARBON POOLS
006, 208
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
044, 093, 107, 113, 114, 115,
117, 118, 123, 124, 128, 131,
136, 138, 139, 150, 153, 163,
165, 166, 167, 168, 179, 183,
184, 190, 194, 197, 204, 209,
219, 232, 233, 234, 241, 246,
254, 257, 271, 272, 281, 285,
291, 292, 296
CARBON SINK
009, 022, 093, 124, 128, 139,
153, 194, 219, 245, 254, 271,
280
CARBON STOCKS
006, 011, 014, 015, 025
CARBON STORAGE
063,
115,
149,
272,
067,
117,
194,
280,
068, 090, 093, 113,
124, 128, 138, 139,
219, 245, 254, 271,
291
CARBON STORAGE EQUATIONS
044
CARBON STORAGE FORECASTS
208, 269
CARBON-SINK SERVICES
190
CARBONATE FOSSIL
037
CARBONO PROJECT
005, 006, 007, 009, 010, 011,
013, 014, 015, 016, 018, 022,
025, 027, 201, 203, 205, 231,
250, 255, 278, 294
CECROPIA
178
CECROPIACEAE
178
CEDRELA ODORATA
254, 272
CENTRAL AMERICAN DROUGHT
CORRIDOR
286
CENTRAL AMERICAN MONSOON
263
CENTRIS
253
CENTRO CIENTIFICO TROPICAL
276
CARETTA CARETTA
310
CENTROLENELLA
PROSOBLEPON
092
CARIACO WATERSHED
057
CENTROLENIDAE
092, 103, 152, 159
CARIARI (DISTRITO)
137, 215, 261
CERRADO
162
CARIBBEAN SEA
231
CERRO BUENAVISTA
263
CARICA PAPAYA
145, 160
CERRO CHIRRIPO
045, 264
CARICACEAE
145, 160
CERRO DE LA MUERTE
242, 248, 263
CASE STUDIES
071, 116, 131, 132, 179, 190,
194
CERRO DE LAS VUELTAS
195
CATABOLIC DIVERSITY
260
CATABOLIC POTENTIAL
260
CATIE
204, 241, 285
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
041
CERRO KAMUK
242, 248, 263
CERTIFICATION
118, 132, 179
CERTIFIED TRADABLE OFFSETS
122
CH4 OXIDATION
154
CATTLE
109
CHANGES IN SPECIES
COMPOSITION
210
CATTLE RANCHING
284
CHARCOAL
045, 178, 264
CAUDATA
083, 103, 159, 216, 221
CHELONIA MYDAS
310
CHELONIA MYDAS AGASSIZI
310
CHELONIIDAE
310
CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
159
CHILE
071
CHINA
071, 072, 161, 289
CHIROPTERA
211, 213
CHLORANTHACEAE
178
CHLORIDE
035
CHLOROFLOUROCARBONS
068, 090
CHRONOLOGY
248
CHYTRIDIALES
244, 262, 282, 312
CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS
092, 244, 262, 282, 312
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTINA
244, 262, 312
CITIZEN SCIENCE
230
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
172
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM
093, 124, 128, 136, 219, 247,
272
CLIMATE
001, 008,
094, 119,
180, 192,
217, 223,
267, 268,
307
019,
135,
193,
225,
271,
045,
156,
197,
228,
279,
065,
174,
201,
249,
286,
085,
175,
206,
264,
301,
CLIMATIC
001, 002,
007, 008,
013, 014,
019, 020,
025, 026,
031, 032,
037, 038,
043, 044,
049, 050,
055, 056,
061, 062,
067, 068,
073, 074,
079, 080,
085, 086,
091, 092,
097, 098,
103, 104,
109, 110,
115, 116,
121, 122,
127, 128,
133, 134,
139, 140,
145, 146,
151, 152,
157, 158,
163, 164,
169, 170,
175, 176,
181, 182,
187, 188,
193, 194,
199, 200,
205, 206,
211, 212,
217, 218,
223, 224,
229, 230,
235, 236,
241, 242,
247, 248,
253, 254,
259, 260,
265, 266,
271, 272,
277, 278,
283, 284,
289, 290,
295, 296,
301, 302,
307, 308,
313, 314,
319, 320,
325, 326,
CHANGE
003, 004,
009, 010,
015, 016,
021, 022,
027, 028,
033, 034,
039, 040,
045, 046,
051, 052,
057, 058,
063, 064,
069, 070,
075, 076,
081, 082,
087, 088,
093, 094,
099, 100,
105, 106,
111, 112,
117, 118,
123, 124,
129, 130,
135, 136,
141, 142,
147, 148,
153, 154,
159, 160,
165, 166,
171, 172,
177, 178,
183, 184,
189, 190,
195, 196,
201, 202,
207, 208,
213, 214,
219, 220,
225, 226,
231, 232,
237, 238,
243, 244,
249, 250,
255, 256,
261, 262,
267, 268,
273, 274,
279, 280,
285, 286,
291, 292,
297, 298,
303, 304,
309, 310,
315, 316,
321, 322,
327, 328,
050, 053, 086, 198, 209, 215,
257, 261
005,
011,
017,
023,
029,
035,
041,
047,
053,
059,
065,
071,
077,
083,
089,
095,
101,
107,
113,
119,
125,
131,
137,
143,
149,
155,
161,
167,
173,
179,
185,
191,
197,
203,
209,
215,
221,
227,
233,
239,
245,
251,
257,
263,
269,
275,
281,
287,
293,
299,
305,
311,
317,
323,
329
006,
012,
018,
024,
030,
036,
042,
048,
054,
060,
066,
072,
078,
084,
090,
096,
102,
108,
114,
120,
126,
132,
138,
144,
150,
156,
162,
168,
174,
180,
186,
192,
198,
204,
210,
216,
222,
228,
234,
240,
246,
252,
258,
264,
270,
276,
282,
288,
294,
300,
306,
312,
318,
324,
CLOSING OF CENTRAL
AMERICAN ISTHMUS EFFECT
060
CLOUD FORESTS
003, 004, 026, 106, 182, 185,
229, 240, 251, 259, 299, 305
CLOUD FORMATION
111, 218, 228
CLOUD WATER CHEMISTRY
003, 004, 026
CLOUDS
111, 156, 174, 175, 192, 217,
218, 223, 228, 230, 249, 267,
279
CLUE-CR
066
CLUSIACEAE
245, 280
CNIDARIA
037, 158, 288, 298
COAST IVORY
276
COASTAL RESOURCES
155
COASTAL-MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
193
COCCOLITHOPHORIDS
273
COCHRANELLA
159
CODEFORSA
257
COFFEA ARABICA
039, 062, 073, 101, 163, 165,
184, 247, 254, 311
COFFEE
039, 062, 073, 163, 165, 184,
247, 254, 311
CLIMATE HISTORY
264
CLIMATIC FACTORS
086, 129, 253
COLEOPTERA
082
CLIMATE MODIFICATION
225
CLIMATIC IMPACT
267
COLOMBIA
246, 248, 265, 282, 284
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
201, 307
CLIMATOLOGY
COLOSTETHUS
159
COLPOPHYLLIA
288
COMBRETACEAE
245, 254, 272, 280
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
231
COMMODITIES
179
COMMON BEAN
204, 241, 285
COMMON TINK FROG
312
COMMUNITIES
179, 181, 185, 186, 240, 259,
305
COMMUNITY COMPOSITION
222, 235, 260
COMMUNITY FORESTRY
132, 179
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
132, 179
COMMUNITY POLICIES
230
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
196, 222, 235, 260, 268
COMPACTION
041
COMPENSATION POINT
013
COMPUTER MODELS AND
SIMULATIONS
052, 066, 094
CONSERVATION
061, 082, 188, 191, 198, 206,
209, 211, 224, 256, 257, 265,
308, 312
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
299
CONSTITUENT SOURCES AND
SINKS
023
CONTROL
122, 179, 183
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
068
CONVERSION
041
COOPERATIVE BANKS
179
COOPEVEGA
257
CORAL BLEACHING
158
CORAL ECOLOGY
158
CORAL EXTINCTION
177
CORAL MORTALITY
037
CORAL REEF DEGRADATION
298
CORAL REEF ECOLOGY
157, 158, 298
CORAL REEFS
037, 125, 157, 158, 177, 193,
196, 288, 298
CORALS
177
CORDIA ALLIODORA
107, 113, 115, 117
CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES
209, 234, 257
CORDILLERA DE TALAMANCA
044, 045, 083, 159, 216, 242,
248, 252, 263, 264, 304
CONSERVATION AREAS
058, 112
CORDILLERA DE TILARAN
178, 228, 276
CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS
111
CORDILLERA VOLCANICA
CENTRAL
044
CONSERVATION MEASURES
310
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
MESOAMERICANO
267
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
170, 293, 309
COSTA RICA
001, 002, 003,
007, 008, 009,
013, 014, 015,
019, 020, 021,
025, 026, 027,
031, 032, 033,
037, 038, 039,
043, 044, 045,
049, 050, 051,
055, 056, 057,
061, 062, 063,
067, 068, 069,
073, 074, 075,
079, 080, 081,
085, 086, 087,
091, 092, 093,
097, 098, 099,
103, 104, 105,
109, 110, 111,
115, 116, 117,
121, 122, 123,
127, 128, 129,
133, 134, 135,
139, 140, 141,
145, 146, 147,
151, 152, 153,
157, 158, 159,
163, 164, 165,
169, 170, 171,
175, 176, 177,
181, 182, 183,
187, 188, 189,
193, 194, 195,
199, 200, 201,
205, 206, 207,
211, 212, 213,
217, 218, 219,
223, 224, 225,
229, 230, 231,
235, 236, 237,
241, 242, 243,
247, 248, 249,
253, 254, 255,
259, 260, 261,
265, 266, 267,
271, 272, 273,
277, 278, 279,
283, 284, 285,
289, 290, 291,
295, 296, 297,
301, 302, 303,
307, 308, 309,
313, 314, 315,
319, 320, 321,
325, 326, 327,
004,
010,
016,
022,
028,
034,
040,
046,
052,
058,
064,
070,
076,
082,
088,
094,
100,
106,
112,
118,
124,
130,
136,
142,
148,
154,
160,
166,
172,
178,
184,
190,
196,
202,
208,
214,
220,
226,
232,
238,
244,
250,
256,
262,
268,
274,
280,
286,
292,
298,
304,
310,
316,
322,
328,
COSTA RICA DOME
273
COSTS
123, 234
005,
011,
017,
023,
029,
035,
041,
047,
053,
059,
065,
071,
077,
083,
089,
095,
101,
107,
113,
119,
125,
131,
137,
143,
149,
155,
161,
167,
173,
179,
185,
191,
197,
203,
209,
215,
221,
227,
233,
239,
245,
251,
257,
263,
269,
275,
281,
287,
293,
299,
305,
311,
317,
323,
329
006,
012,
018,
024,
030,
036,
042,
048,
054,
060,
066,
072,
078,
084,
090,
096,
102,
108,
114,
120,
126,
132,
138,
144,
150,
156,
162,
168,
174,
180,
186,
192,
198,
204,
210,
216,
222,
228,
234,
240,
246,
252,
258,
264,
270,
276,
282,
288,
294,
300,
306,
312,
318,
324,
COVER MODEL
066
COYOLAR (DISTRITO)
086
CROP PRODUCTION
039, 062
CROPPING SYSTEMS
073, 204, 241, 285
CRUSTACEANS
060, 177
CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
262, 312
CYCLONES
284, 290
CYPERALES
145, 160, 204, 207, 241, 285
CYPHASTREA
288
DATA ACCESS
028
DATABASES
047
DATASETS
015
DDD
295
DDE
295
DDT
295
DEBT FOR NATURE SWAPS
303
DECIDUOUS FORESTS
146
DECISION MAKING
058, 129
DECLINES
221, 282
DECOMPOSITION
041, 151, 187, 189, 260, 285
DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT
033, 060
DEEP SEA SEDIMENTS
258
DEFORESTATION
016, 041, 042, 043,
049, 054, 055, 063,
076, 079, 081, 085,
116, 118, 126, 127,
138, 147, 151, 156,
183, 186, 187, 188,
192, 195, 202, 210,
228, 232, 234, 244,
265, 267, 269, 270,
279, 281, 283, 284,
296, 305, 306
DEUTERIUM
301
047,
068,
090,
131,
174,
189,
217,
249,
271,
289,
048,
074,
110,
133,
175,
190,
223,
251,
276,
291,
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
131, 190
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
132, 179
DIAMETER
001, 019
DEFORESTATION RATES
195, 269, 270, 283
DIATOMS
243
DEFORMITIES
083, 103, 216
DIELDRIN
295
DEGRADATION
116
DIET
172
DEHYDRATION
277
DIPLORIA
288
DEL ORO CITRUS COMPANY
226, 287
DELTA 18O
242
DIPTERYX PANAMENSIS
018, 180, 245, 280
DIRECT ENERGY CONVERTERS
148
DELTA-C-13 VALUES
151, 187, 189
DIRECT IMPACTS
225
DENDROBATES AURATUS
215, 261
DISSOLVED INORGANIC
NITROGEN
250
DENDROBATIDAE
103, 215, 261
DENITRIFICATION
039, 042, 046, 054,
089, 095, 096, 097,
100, 102, 105, 137,
144, 145, 146, 160,
171, 176, 200, 311
DEVELOPMENT
215, 261, 281, 296
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON
250
062,
098,
142,
161,
088,
099,
143,
164,
DISSOLVED ORGANIC
NITROGEN
250
DENMARK
276
DISTRIBUTION
172, 181, 186, 188, 230, 251,
265, 298
DEPOSITION
003, 004, 026
DISTRIBUTION RANGES
252
DERMOCHELYIDAE
310
DISTURBANCE
240, 305
DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA
310
DISTURBED HABITAT
240
DESMODONTIDAE
211
DIVERSITY
252
DESMODUS ROTUNDUS
211
DIVING
298
ECONOMIC EVALUATION
093, 124, 128, 168, 194, 219,
245
DRINKING WATER
064
DROUGHT
181, 193, 251, 286, 307
ECONOMIC GROWTH
284
DROUGHT EFFECTS
286
EL NIÑO SOUTHERN
OSCILLATION
013, 014, 015, 021, 024, 025,
064, 085, 086, 125, 157, 158,
181, 196, 205, 231, 251, 286,
294, 298, 302
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
122
DRY SEASON
003, 004, 026, 156, 174, 175,
192, 217, 267
DYNAMICS
041, 048, 138, 143, 144, 145,
147, 160
ECONOMIC MODELS
138
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
148
ECONOMIC POLICIES
058
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS
DIASTEMA
092, 312
ECONOMIC SITUATION
112, 293
DYNAMICS FLUX
102, 142, 171
ECONOMIC VALUE
208, 269, 270, 281, 283, 296
EARLY MIOCENE
288
ECONOMICS
073, 129, 209, 234, 257
EARLY PLEISTOCENE
288
EMBALSE ARENAL
178
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
024, 302
EASTERN PACIFIC
033, 196, 273, 288
EMERGENT TREES
018
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
056, 222, 235, 260
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
073
ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
INFLUENCE
208, 281, 296
ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION
172
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
134
ECOSYSTEMS
045, 051, 073,
162, 181, 185,
207, 208, 251,
269, 270, 281,
146,
193,
256,
283,
150,
197,
259,
292,
ENCYONEMA LUNATUM
243
161,
206,
264,
296
ECOTOURISM
058, 179, 299
ECOTYPES
118
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
251
ECUADOR
157, 197, 244, 246, 265, 266,
276, 282, 284, 303
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
226, 287
EDAPHIC EFFECTS
006
014,
092,
198,
274,
015,
172,
205,
294,
019,
180,
225,
303,
025,
186,
255,
310
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
123, 129
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
058, 134
EDDY COVARIANCE
007, 013, 022, 205, 255, 294
EFFECTS
060, 135, 156, 174, 175, 180,
192, 217, 223, 228, 249, 251,
267, 268, 279
EFFICIENCY
058, 129, 148
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS
PUNCTARIOLUS
083, 159, 216
ELEVATION
151, 187
ECOPHYSIOLOGY
028, 186
EARTH SURFACE
152
ECOLOGY
008, 013,
027, 082,
191, 196,
262, 268,
EL NIÑO EFFECT
021, 125, 157, 158, 196, 298
ECONOMIC IMPACT
179
DROUGHT INCREASED
021
EGG POACHING AND
HARVESTING
310
ENDANGERED SPECIES
159, 193, 256, 282, 308, 310,
312
ENDEMISM
274
ENDOSULFAN
295
ENERGY
104, 153
ENERGY BUDGET
156, 192, 217
ENERGY CONSERVATION
155
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
148
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
148
ENERGY INDUSTRY
090
ENERGY POLICY
058, 148
ENTERIC FERMENTATION
068, 090
ENVIRONMENT
030, 040, 104, 193, 236, 237,
295
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
173, 212
093,
131,
170,
194,
280,
112,
136,
190,
219,
287,
122,
139,
193,
226,
292,
123, 124, 128,
166, 168, 169,
EUTRIC HAPLUDAND
041
245, 254, 257,
299, 309
EVALUATION
307
ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT
046, 176
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
111, 255
ENVIRONMETAL POLICY
188
EVOLUTION
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105
ENZYME ACTIVITY
260
EPICHARIS
253
EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURE
276
EXTINCT SPECIES
193
EPIDEMICS
159, 282
EXTINCTION
282
EPIPHYTES
056, 182, 186, 218, 229, 305
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
230
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
& POLICY
188
EPISODIC EMISSIONS
164
FABACEAE
101, 180, 211, 254
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
185, 203, 259
EQUILIBRIUM LINE ALTITUDE
248
FABACEAE/MIM.
012, 018, 073, 254, 272, 280,
302
ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS
112
EQUILIBRIUM THEORY
071
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
053, 070, 110, 133, 134, 162,
174, 175, 193, 196, 211
ERETMOCHELYS IMBRICATA
310
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSEQUENCES
220
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
169
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
058, 193, 211, 292
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
221
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
122
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
236, 237
ERYTHRINA
073
ERYTHRINA FUSCA
062
ERYTHRINA POEPPIGIANA
039, 062, 101, 204, 241, 254,
272, 285
ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION
286
ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL LOS
DIAMANTES
137
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
140, 148, 166, 179, 183, 193,
197, 226, 287
ESTIMATION
043, 068, 080, 081, 091, 102,
166
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
044, 058, 069, 114, 118, 132,
139, 169, 179, 226, 246, 247,
251, 287
EUCALYPTUS DEGLUPTA
254, 272
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
236, 237, 272
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
PAYMENT
EUNOTIA MINOR
243
EUPHORBIACEAE
178, 245, 280
EUROPE
082, 134, 135, 197, 209, 276
FABACEAE/PAP.
018, 073, 204, 241, 245, 253,
272, 280, 285
FAGACEAE
033, 252, 304
FARMING SYSTEMS
080, 091, 102, 129, 286
FARMLAND
042, 075
FARMS
168
FAVIA
288
FAVIIDAE
288
FAZENDA VITORIA
144, 146
FEED GRASSES
167
FEED LEGUMES
167
FEEDING HABITS
061
FERNS
045, 264
FLUCTUATIONS
057, 248
FOREST FIRES
045, 193, 264
FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS
258
FOREST FRAGMENTATION
210
FOG DRIP
297
FOREST HABITAT
088, 200
FERTILIZERS
039, 062, 080, 091, 116, 154
FONAFIFO
122, 195, 226, 257, 270, 283,
287, 299, 309
FOREST INDUSTRY
193
FICUS
082
FOOD AVAILABILITY
108
FOREST INFLUENCES
038, 042, 081, 093, 123, 124,
128, 194, 219, 245, 280
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
075, 076, 077, 091, 102
FOOD FOR MAN
310
FOREST LITTER
024, 031, 302
FIELD STATIONS
015, 027
FORAGING
061
FOREST MANAGEMENT
048, 123, 132, 139, 179, 183,
191, 198, 232, 296
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
309
FORAGING BEHAVIOUR
061
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
188
FORAMINIFERANS
037, 273
FIRE
045, 231, 264
FORECAST METHODS
247
FIRE EFFECTS
031
FORECASTING
094
FIRE HISTORY
178, 264, 275
FOREST BIOLOGY
186
FIRST NATIONAL
COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
155
FOREST CONSERVATION
150, 251
FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS
258
FERTILITY
285
FERTILIZATION
145, 154, 160, 164
FISHERIES
110, 112, 133
FIXATION
073
FLACOURTIACEAE
302
FLOODING
193, 284, 289, 290
FLORENCIA DE TURRIALBA
029, 030, 031, 219
FOREST COVER
131, 190, 195, 269, 270, 283
FOREST DECLINE
284
FOREST DISTURBANCE
243
FOREST DYNAMICS
191, 198
FOREST ECOLOGY
017, 022, 028, 210, 211, 218,
225
FLOWERING
230, 253
FOREST ECONOMICS
093, 124, 128, 179, 183, 194,
219, 245
FLOWERING PHENOLOY
210
FOREST EVOLUTION
186
FLOWERING TIMING
052
FOREST FELLING
032
FOREST PLANTATIONS
093, 124, 128, 139, 170, 194,
219, 245, 247, 280, 309
FOREST PRODUCTS
281, 296
FOREST PROTECTION
048, 136
FOREST RESOURCES
104
FOREST RESTORATION
150
FOREST SOILS
017, 022, 024,
041, 042, 043,
068, 077, 081,
202, 203, 247,
034,
049,
102,
302,
036, 038,
053, 054,
127, 164,
306
FOREST VULNERABILITY
155
FORESTRY
001, 019, 041, 044, 048, 139,
191, 198, 246
FORESTRY INCENTIVES
117, 139
FORESTRY LAW
122
FORESTRY POLICIES
139, 179, 183
FORESTRY SECTOR
195, 270, 283
FORESTS
045, 049, 052, 074, 076, 136,
138, 166, 183, 186, 193, 197,
214, 236, 237, 264
FORESTS AND CLIMATE
156, 217, 223, 228, 249, 267,
279
FORMICIDAE
240, 305
FORTUNA DE PANAMA
083, 216
GAS EMISSION BALANCE
199
GAS EMISSIONS
074, 090, 122, 127, 199, 202,
306
GAS EXCHANGE
049, 053, 054, 164
GAS FLUXES
088, 200
FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES
060
GASES
043, 053, 068, 072, 080, 081,
091, 102, 109, 161, 239
FOSSIL CORALS
037
GATT
110
FOSSIL POLLEN
304
GENETIC DIVERSITY
135, 210
FOSSILS
059
GENETIC DRIFT
210
FRACTIONATION
151, 187, 189
GENETIC RESOURCES
193
FRAGILITY
265
GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
023
FRESHWATER
193, 299
GEOCHEMISTRY
258
FROGS
092, 106, 159, 185, 259, 262,
282
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
048, 088, 089, 095, 096, 097,
098, 099, 100, 105, 129, 137,
181, 200, 251
FRUGIVORY
061, 186
FRUIT TREES
073
GEOLOGICAL AGES
060, 177, 242, 248, 263, 275,
288
FRUITING TIMES
230
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
186
FUNGI
035, 244, 262, 312
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
172, 186
GAMBIA
072
GEOLOGY
037, 060, 242, 263
GAP ANALYSIS
256
GEOMORPHOLOGY
263
GARDINEROSERIS
288
GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS
060
GAS
051, 207
GEOPHYSICS
258
GAS DIFFUSION
278
GEOSTATIONARY
OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE
IMAGERY
156, 192, 217, 228
GIS
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105, 116, 137, 181, 251
GLACIAL DEPOSITS
045, 264
GLACIAL GEOLOGY
242, 263
GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL
CYCLES
177
GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM
204, 241, 285
GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHANGES
056
GLOBAL CARBON BUDGET
009, 022
GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
067, 149
GLOBAL CHANGE
028, 291
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FUND
303
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MARKET
233
GLOBAL FRACTIONATION
295
GLOBALIZATION
173, 212
GLOBIGERINA BULLOIDES
037
GLOSSOPHAGA COMMISSARISI
211
GLOSSOPHAGINAE
211
GLUCOSE
042
GLYCINE MAX
204, 241, 285
GMELINA ARBOREA
170, 233, 309
GOES SATELLITE IMAGERY
277, 280, 281, 283, 284, 289,
292, 296, 299, 302
228
GOLDEN TOAD
092, 106, 185, 251, 259, 262,
274
GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION
226, 287
GREENHOUSE GASES
048, 054, 067, 068, 070,
088, 090, 110, 120, 122,
129, 133, 149, 153, 155,
163, 164, 165, 166, 183,
197, 200, 202, 233, 254,
272, 303
GOLFO DE PAPAGAYO
037, 125, 158, 196, 298
GOMPHONEMA GRACILE
243
GOMPHONEMACEAE
243
172
HABITATS
268, 305
HANDICRAFTS
112
075,
126,
162,
184,
257,
HCB
295
HEAVY METALS
035
GROUNDWATER
297
HEDYOSMUM
178
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
193
HEIGHT
005
GOVERNMENT POLICY
140, 148
GROWTH
009, 014, 022, 025, 052, 123,
180
HEMIEPIPHYTES
186
GRACILICUTES
222
GROWTH PERIODICITY
052
GRASSES
077, 117
GUACIMO (CANTON)
127, 129, 306
GRASSLAND
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105
GUANACASTE (PROVINCIA)
085, 119, 129, 286, 306
GONIASTREA
288
GOVERNMENT BONDS
121
GRASSLAND SOILS
034, 038, 041, 042, 049, 081,
091, 102, 127, 202, 306
GRASSLANDS
042, 054, 116, 142, 145, 160,
164, 167, 171
GREAT BARRIER REEF
157, 158
GREEN GROUPS' LEADERS
173, 212
GREEN MARKETS
209, 234, 257
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
002, 015, 022, 024, 027,
043, 044, 048, 054, 055,
064, 067, 068, 069, 072,
080, 081, 087, 090, 091,
094, 102, 112, 113, 115,
117, 120, 122, 124, 128,
134, 138, 139, 141, 143,
145, 149, 153, 155, 162,
164, 166, 183, 184, 185,
188, 189, 190, 194, 199,
213, 215, 219, 230, 233,
239, 245, 246, 251, 256,
261, 265, 269, 270, 272,
GUAPILES (DISTRITO)
126
GUATEMALA
057, 104, 206, 236, 237, 246,
248, 256, 267, 284, 286, 307,
310
HENAN
161
HEPATICAE
252
HEPTACHLORE
295
HERBICIDES
116
HERBIVORES
061, 186, 266
GUATTERIA AERUGIONOSA
018
HIGH-ELEVATION SITES
106, 185, 259
GYMNOPHIONA
103
HIGHLAND TROPICAL FORESTS
268
HABITAT ALTERATIONS
211
HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE COASTAL
REGIONS
037
HABITAT DEGRADATION
210
041,
063,
078,
093,
116,
131,
144,
163,
186,
208,
234,
259,
276,
HEMIPTERA
082
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
253
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
159
HABITAT LOSS
251
HABITAT MODIFICATION
159, 282
HABITAT USE
HISTORICAL DATA
208, 281, 296
HOJANCHA (CANTON)
170
HOLOCENE
045, 263, 264, 275
HOLOCENE CLIMATE SHIFTS
178
HOMO
045, 061, 264
HOMOPTERA
082
HYLA CALYPSA
083, 159, 216
HONDURAS
104, 152, 197, 206, 236, 237,
246, 284, 286, 307
HYLA PSEUDOPUMA
092
HONEYBEES
253
HORQUETAS DE SARAPIQUI
091, 154
HYLA RIVULARIS
083, 159, 216
HYLIDAE
083, 092, 103, 152, 159, 216
INDIA
289
INDICATORS FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
134
INDICES OF VEGETATION
PRODUCTIVITY
151, 187
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
292
HOUSE WREN
108
HYMENOLOBIUM
MESOAMERICANUM
001, 018, 019
HUMAN ACTIVITY
152, 159, 178, 264
HYMENOPTERA
082, 240, 253, 305
HUMAN DISTURBANCE
178, 265
ICHNEUMONIDAE
082
HUMAN ECOLOGY
066
IDEOLOGIES
173, 212
INDUSTRIA NACIONAL DE
CEMENTO
233
HUMAN IMPACT
243, 265
IICA
029, 030
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
153
HUMAN LAND USE SYSTEM
DYNAMICS
208, 281, 296
IMPACT
050, 152, 159, 218, 264, 297
INFLUENCE OF EPIPHYTES
056
IMPACT IN TROPICAL FORESTS
056
INFRARED GAS ANALYZERS
017
IMPACT ON HATCHLING
PRODUCTION
310
INGA
073, 254, 272
HUMAN POPULATION
251
HUMID TROPICS
137, 154
HUSBANDRY
168, 265
HYALINOBATRACHIUM
092, 159
HYALINOBATRACHIUM
FLEISCHMANNI
092
HYDNOPHORA
288
HYDROCARBONS
220
HYDROGEN
291
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
035
HYDROZOA
288
HYERONIMA ALCHORNEOIDES
001, 019, 245, 280
IMPLEMENTED JOINTLY
PROJECT [RFCAIJP]
209
IMPORT OF USED CARS
220
IMPROVEMENT FELLINGS
123
INBIO
112, 135, 193, 226, 252, 263,
264, 265, 287
INBREEDING
210
INCENTIVE PROGRAMS
166
INCENTIVES
166
INCEPTISOLS
041, 042
INCREMENT
001, 019, 123
INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS
111, 225, 245, 280
INDIRECT IMPACTS
225
INHIBITION
038, 081
INORGANIC NITROGEN
026
INPUTS
285
INSECTS
061, 082, 240, 253, 266, 278,
305
INSOLATION
022, 180, 230
INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
140
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
183
INTERACTIONS
186
INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY
181, 251, 263
INTERANNUAL VARIATION
014, 015, 025, 278
INTERFERENCE
061
INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL
ON CLIMATE CHANGE
140, 141
INTERNAL PRESSURES
188
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
155, 167
JANZEN-CONNELL MODEL
015
LAGO QUEXIL
057
JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
048
LAGUNA LA YEGUADA
057
JUNQUILLAL DE SANTA CRUZ
132, 179
LAGUNA ZONCHO
243
KYOTO PROTOCOL
114, 136, 167, 236, 237, 247,
254, 271, 272
LAKE
057
LAKE SEDIMENT
045, 178, 243, 264, 275
LA BOMBA
060
LAND CLEARING
102
INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS
134
LA CASCADA
257
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
179, 183, 197
LA CHONTA DE EL GUARCO
057, 304
INTERNATIONAL DEPOSITED
FUELS
068
LA FORTUNA DE SAN CARLOS
113, 115, 117
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
134, 138
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE
ZONE
227, 242, 263, 273, 301
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION
253
INTRODUCED SPECIES
159
IPCC
140, 141
IRRIGATION
034
ISLA DE CAÑAS
310
ISLAS GALAPAGOS
157
LA NIÑA EVENT
286
LA PACIFICA ECOLOGICAL
CENTRE
052
LA SELVA BIOLOGICAL
STATION
001, 002, 005, 006, 007,
009, 010, 011, 012, 013,
015, 016, 017, 018, 019,
021, 022, 023, 024, 025,
028, 032, 036, 038, 042,
046, 047, 049, 051, 053,
074, 076, 081, 086, 088,
096, 097, 098, 099, 100,
105, 120, 127, 142, 143,
145, 146, 151, 160, 164,
176, 180, 187, 188, 189,
201, 203, 205, 211, 214,
231, 235, 245, 250, 255,
266, 270, 278, 280, 283,
300, 302, 306, 308, 312
008,
014,
020,
027,
043,
054,
095,
103,
144,
171,
200,
222,
260,
294,
ISOPODS
177
LA SUERTE BIOLOGICAL
STATION
215, 261
ISOPRENE
012
LA VIRGEN DE SARAPIQUI
123, 194, 257
ISOPRENE EMISSION
012
LAETIA PROCERA
302
ISOPTERA
082
LAGO COTE
178
ISOTOPE RATIOS
258
LAGO DE LAS MORRENAS
264
LAND COVER
135, 147, 151, 187, 202, 214
LAND USE
016, 041, 043,
068, 080, 081,
098, 099, 100,
118, 129, 134,
147, 151, 156,
174, 175, 183,
195, 202, 214,
228, 232, 235,
267, 269, 270,
283, 296, 297
048,
090,
104,
135,
153,
187,
217,
247,
276,
LAND USE CHANGE
016, 066, 089, 090,
097, 098, 099, 100,
145, 151, 153, 160,
189, 202, 267, 276,
055,
095,
105,
138,
160,
189,
222,
249,
279,
066,
097,
116,
145,
161,
192,
223,
260,
281,
095, 096,
105, 138,
161, 187,
297
LAND USE CHOICE EFFECTS
208, 269
LANDSAT IMAGERY
156, 192, 217, 223, 228, 249,
279
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
006
LANDSCAPE SAMPLING
028
LANDSCAPE SCALE
088, 200
LANDSCAPING
166
LANDSLIDES
289
LARGE SCALE
208
LARVAE
215, 261, 266
LAS CRUCES BIOLOGICAL
STATION
188, 243
LAS NUBES DE QUIZARRA
254
LAS PALMITAS
257
LAS VEGAS
054, 164
LASER ALTIMETER
010
LASER PROFILING SYSTEM
005
LASER RETURNS
005
LEG 205
258
LIZARDS
312
LEGISLATION
155, 265, 310
LLANURAS DE SAN CARLOS
156, 174, 175, 192, 217, 228
LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEA
310
LLANURAS DE TORTUGUERO
044, 156, 174, 175, 192, 217,
228
LEPIDOPTERA
061, 082, 266
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
092, 103, 152, 159, 312
LEPTOSERIS PAPYRACEA
158, 298
LOCAL VEGETATION
DEVELOPMENT
304
LOGGING
031, 123, 193, 284
LONG TIME PERIODS
208
LIBERIA (CANTON)
253
LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT
295
LICHENES
035
LASER VEGETATION IMAGING
SENSOR
005
LICHENIZED FUNGI
035
LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
009, 015, 022, 027
LAST DEGLACIATION
263, 273
LIDAR REMOTE SENSING
010
LONG-TERM STUDIES
308, 312
LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
248
LIFE HISTORY
215, 261
LOS CUSINGOS NEOTROPICAL
BIRD SANCTUARY
254, 272
LATE HOLOCENE
243
LIGHT
001, 019, 186
LATE NEOGENE
059, 060
LIGHTNING
264
LATE OLIGOCENE
288
LATE PLEISTOCENE
177, 248
LILIOPSIDA
012, 033, 034,
113, 115, 117,
204, 207, 215,
264, 272, 278,
LATE QUATERNARY
033
LIMNOLOGY
243
LEACHING
024, 039, 062, 116, 129, 302
LINEAR MODELS
116
LEAF LITTER
215, 261
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
068, 090
LEAF PHENOLOGY
180
LISSAMPHIBIA
216, 221, 256, 262, 312
LECYTHIDACEAE
180
LITTER
024, 260, 302
LECYTHIS AMPLA
001, 019, 180
LITTER LEACHATE
250
LEG 170
258
LIVESTOCK
109, 116, 168
LOSSES
039, 062
LOSSES FROM SOIL
039, 041, 062
045,
145,
241,
285,
097, 107,
160, 178,
254, 261,
305
LOWER STRATOSPHERE
277
LOWLAND DEFORESTATION
297
LOWLAND RAIN FORESTS
275
LOWLANDS
119
LUQUILLO EXPERIMENTAL
FOREST
056, 146
LYMANTRIIDAE
082
MAGNESIUM
024, 302
MAGNOLIOPHYTA
001, 012, 018, 019, 033, 034,
039, 045, 056, 062, 073, 082,
094, 097, 101, 107, 113, 115,
117,
178,
215,
261,
292,
142,
180,
233,
264,
302,
145,
184,
241,
272,
304,
163,
204,
245,
278,
305,
165,
207,
253,
280,
309,
170,
211,
254,
285,
311
MAGNOLIOPSIDA
001, 012, 018, 019,
056, 062, 073, 082,
107, 113, 115, 117,
160, 163, 165, 170,
184, 204, 211, 233,
253, 254, 272, 278,
292, 302, 304, 305,
033,
094,
142,
178,
241,
280,
309,
039,
101,
145,
180,
245,
285,
311
MAIZE
034, 145, 160, 204, 207, 241,
285
MALACOSTRACA
177
MALPIGHIACEAE
253
MAMMALIAN EXTINCTIONS
224
MAMMALS
045, 061, 211, 213, 264
MANAGEMENT
142, 145, 160, 171, 196
MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
276
MANGROVES
112, 193
MAPS
214
MARINE RESOURCES
104
MARINE TURTLES
310
MARKET
148
MARKET CONSTRUCTION
209
MARKET FAILURES
284
MARKET INSTRUMENTS
130, 131, 150, 190
MARKETING
179, 281, 296
MARYLAND
266
103
MASS MORTALITY
152
MICROPARASITES
312
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
088, 089, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105, 116, 137, 161
MICROSCOPIC CHARCOAL
275
MATURE FOREST
032
MIGRATION
045, 211, 264, 286
MAUI
053
MIGRATION EVENTS
230
MEASUREMENT
118
MINERALIZATION
306
MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
112
MINERALOGY
151, 187
MELANESIA
082
MINING
284
MELIACEAE
254, 272
MINQUARTIA GUIANENSIS
001, 018, 019
MESOAMERICAN BIOLOGICAL
CORRIDOR
267
MISSING SPECIES
259
MESOSCALE LANDSCAPES
006
MESOZOIC
060
METADATA STANDARDS
230
METEOROLOGY
030, 101
MISSOURI
266
MISTAKEN POLICY
INTERVENTIONS
284
MITIGATION
048, 122, 130, 131, 150, 190,
208, 281, 292, 296
MODELING
111, 185, 306
METHANE
049, 068, 081, 082, 090, 109,
126, 143, 145, 153, 160, 161,
163, 165, 168, 184, 199, 277
MODELS
012, 040, 094, 095, 111, 129,
185, 247, 306
METHANE FLUX
088, 137, 154, 200
MOIN FORMATION
177
METHODOLOGY
047, 140
MOISTURE
160
MICROBES
016, 222, 235, 260
MOLLUSCS
273
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
016
MONGOLIA
072
MICROBIAL COMMUNITY
260
MONITORING
028, 118
MICROHABITAT
305
MONITORING STUDY
035
MICROHYLIDAE
MONOPOLIES
148
097, 254, 272
MONTANE RAIN FOREST
252
MYCORRHIZAE
031
MONTANE REGIONS
244
MYOBATRACHIDAE
221
NATURAL RESOURCE
ECONOMICS
179
MONTE CARLO MODELS
066
MYRICA
178
NATURAL RESOURCES
104, 110, 193, 236, 237
MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES
137
MYRICACEAE
178
NATURAL RESOURCES
EXPLOITATION
289
MONTEVERDE CLOUD FOREST
RESERVE
003, 004, 026, 044, 056, 092,
106, 111, 152, 156, 159, 174,
175, 182, 185, 192, 213, 217,
218, 223, 226, 229, 230, 240,
244, 249, 251, 256, 259, 262,
267, 268, 274, 276, 279, 282,
287, 297, 299, 305, 312
MYRISTICACEAE
245, 280
MONTEVERDE CONSERVATION
LEAGUE
226, 287
MONTIPORA
288
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
303
MORACEAE
082
MORAVIA DE SAN CARLOS
257
MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE
172
MORTALITY
006, 083, 103, 157, 158, 198,
216
MORTALITY RATE
191, 198
MOSSES
252
MOTASTRAEA
288
MUCUNA URENS
211
MULTIPURPOSE TREES
204, 241, 285
MUSA
097, 254, 272
MUSACEAE
MYRSINACEAE
178
MYRSINE
178
MYRTACEAE
254, 272
NATURAL REGENERATION
107, 113, 115, 117
NATURAL SCENIC BEAUTY
226, 287
NATURE CONSERVATION
112, 122, 210, 296, 310
NEGUEV SETTLEMENT
129
NET CARBON UPTAKE
021
N2O
088, 142, 145, 160, 164, 171,
200, 311
NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE
013, 014, 025, 205, 255, 294
N2O FLUXES
154
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION
014, 025
N2O PRODUCTION
137
NICARAGUA
104, 206, 236, 237, 246, 286,
307, 310
NAFTA
110, 289
NAMIBIA
276
NATIONAL ACCOUNTING
112
NATIONAL PARKS
047, 058, 118, 195, 256, 270,
283
NATURAL ABUNDANCE
144
NATURAL DISASTERS
286, 289, 290
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
186
NATURAL ENEMIES
082
NATURAL FIRES
284
NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS
152
NICOYA (CANTON)
170
NITRATE NITROGEN
039, 042
NITRATES
038, 039, 062, 081, 163, 165,
184, 235, 260
NITRATES REACTIONS
046, 102, 176
NITRIC OXIDE
003, 004, 026,
075, 076, 077,
091, 102, 127,
144, 146, 154,
202, 306
038,
080,
137,
164,
049,
081,
142,
171,
074,
088,
143,
200,
NITRIC OXIDE EMISSION
046, 075, 091, 176
NITRIFICATION
036, 038, 046, 081, 102, 145,
146, 160, 176, 222, 235, 260,
311
NITRITES
043, 054, 068, 080, 081, 088,
127, 154, 200, 202, 207, 306
038, 046, 081, 102, 176
NITROGEN
024, 031, 038, 039, 042, 062,
075, 081, 129, 258, 302, 306
NON-METHANE VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS
090
NITROGEN AVAILABILITY
160
NITROGEN CYCLE
004, 026, 034, 039,
054, 062, 068, 080,
095, 096, 097, 102,
145, 160, 161, 164,
222, 235, 260
043,
081,
143,
167,
NON-MARKET BENEFITS
093, 124, 128, 194, 219
053,
091,
144,
171,
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
163, 184
NITROGEN DYNAMICS
285
NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
039, 062, 076, 077, 091, 163,
165, 184
NITROGEN FIXATION
004, 163, 170, 184
OIL BEES
253
OIL FLOWERS
253
OLACACEAE
018
NONWOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
232
OLD CANOPY
018
NORTH/SOUTH DIVISION
173, 212
OLD GROWTH FOREST
009, 022, 024, 203, 302
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
GLACIATION
060
ORGANIC CARBON
041, 214, 231
NORWAY
209
NULL MODEL
092, 274
NITROGEN MINERALIZATION
036
OCHROMA LAGOPUS
142
NONGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
162
NOX EMISSIONS
077, 102
NITROGEN FLUXES
004, 026
060
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY
024, 302
ORGANIC MATTER
138, 151, 187, 189, 258, 285
ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
295
ORGANOMINERAL COMPLEXES
041
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
112
NITROGEN OXIDES
039, 062, 068, 074, 090, 116,
153, 161, 171, 220
NUTRIENT DYNAMICS
003, 004, 026
ORNAMENTAL REEF FISH
EXTRACTION
298
NITROGEN RETENTION
003, 004, 026
NUTRIENT INPUTS
056
ORYZA SATIVA
094
NITROGEN STATUS
250
NUTRIENTS
024, 051, 125, 186, 196, 298,
302
OSTRACODS
060, 273
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS
036
NITROSOMONAS
235, 260
OCEAN
157, 158
NITROSOSPIRA
235, 260
NITROUS OXIDE
034, 036, 042, 043,
051, 053, 054, 068,
076, 077, 080, 088,
091, 095, 096, 097,
100, 102, 105, 116,
142, 143, 144, 145,
154, 160, 161, 163,
168, 171, 184, 199,
222, 235, 260, 306,
OAK FORESTS
304
OCEAN CIRCULATION
057
048,
074,
089,
098,
126,
146,
164,
200,
311
NITROUS OXIDE FLUX
049,
075,
090,
099,
127,
153,
165,
207,
OCEAN DRILLING PROJECT
258
OCEANIC CLIMATE AND
HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION
037
OCEANIC CRUST
258
OCEANOGRAPHIC CHANGES
OTS
001,
012,
039,
051,
081,
176,
203,
002,
015,
042,
053,
086,
180,
214,
007,
016,
043,
054,
151,
187,
231
009,
027,
046,
062,
160,
188,
010,
029,
047,
074,
164,
189,
011,
030,
049,
076,
171,
201,
OXYGEN
227, 242, 263
OXYGEN ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS
037
OXYGEN-18
301
OZONE
051, 126, 193, 277
OZONE DEPLETION
042, 152, 303
PALEOVEGETATION
218
047, 151, 187, 189, 195, 214,
270
OZONE LAYER
078
PALEOZOOLOGY
177
PARQUE NACIONAL CAHUITA
195
OZONE PRECURSORS
075
PALYNOLOGY
033, 178, 304
PARQUE NACIONAL CARARA
195
OZONE PROTECTION
078
PANAMA
002, 057,
104, 152,
236, 237,
266, 273,
307, 310
PACIFIC
086, 106, 185, 259
PACIFIC ISLANDS
082
PACIFIC MARGIN
258
PACIFIC SLOPE
087
PACUARE
086
PALEOBOTANY
033, 045, 178, 264
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY
059
PALEOCLIMATE
263, 304
PALEOECOLOGY
178, 304
PALEOENVIRONMENTS
057
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
304
PALEOBIOLOGY
177
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY
060, 273
PALEOCLIMATE CHANGE
177, 227, 242, 248, 263, 301
PALEOCLIMATE RECORDS
177, 227, 242, 248, 263, 301
PALEOECOLOGY
304
059,
157,
244,
282,
060,
172,
246,
286,
083,
216,
256,
288,
103,
227,
265,
301,
PANAMA BASIN
273
PANDORA
086
PANICUM MAXIMUM
107, 113, 115, 117
PARAMO
045, 263, 264, 265
PARAMO ECOLOGY
045, 263, 264
PARAMO FIRES
045, 264
PARAMO VEGETATION
045, 264
PARASITISM RATES
266
PARASITOIDS
082, 266
PARMELIA
035
PARQUE NACIONAL CHIRRIPO
045, 056, 195, 242, 248, 263,
264
PARQUE NACIONAL
CORCOVADO
044, 195
PARQUE NACIONAL
GUANACASTE
044, 118, 195, 266
PARQUE NACIONAL JUAN
CASTRO BLANCO
195
PARQUE NACIONAL MANUEL
ANTONIO
195
PARQUE NACIONAL MARINO
LAS BAULAS
310
PARQUE NACIONAL PALO
VERDE
118, 188, 195
PARQUE NACIONAL PIEDRAS
BLANCAS
118, 195
PARQUE NACIONAL RINCON DE
LA VIEJA
044, 195
PARMELIACEAE
035
PARQUE NACIONAL SANTA
ROSA
118, 191, 195, 198
PARQUE INTERNACIONAL LA
AMISTAD
118, 195, 256
PARQUE NACIONAL TAPANTIMACIZO CERRO DE LA MUERTE
195
PARQUE NACIONAL ARENAL
195
PARQUE NACIONAL
TORTUGUERO
195, 310
PARQUE NACIONAL BARBILLA
118, 195
PALEOENVIRONMENT
177
PARQUE NACIONAL BARRA
HONDA
118, 195
PALEOLIMNOLOGY
243
PARQUE NACIONAL BRAULIO
CARRILLO
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
IRAZU
195
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
POAS
056, 195
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
TENORIO
195
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
295
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
TURRIALBA
195
PERU
072, 152, 246, 265, 282
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
189
PESTICIDES
110, 116, 129, 133, 295
PASSIVE AIR SAMPLING
295
PESTS
284
PASTURE HABITAT
088, 200
PETROLEUM
238
PASTURE LANDS
077, 091, 102
PASTURES
016, 034, 038,
054, 068, 074,
089, 091, 095,
099, 100, 105,
144, 154, 164,
042,
076,
096,
116,
202,
PEST INSECTS
082, 211
043,
077,
097,
127,
306
049,
081,
098,
137,
PHAINOPTILA MELANOXANTHA
MELANOXANTHA
172
PICEA SITCHENSIS
082
PINACEAE
082
PINNULARIA BRAUNII
243
PINOPHYTA
033, 082
PINUS
033
PIPER
033, 178
PIPERACEAE
033, 178
PITHECELLOBIUM ELEGANS
001, 019
PHAINOPTILA MELANOXANTHA
PARKERI
172
PLANT BREEDING STRUCTURE
210
PATTERNS
006, 147
PHASEOLUS VULGARIS
204, 241, 285
PLANT COMMUNITIES
167
PAVONA
288
PHENOLOGICAL DATA
230
PLANT DISPERSAL
251
PAVONA CLAVUS
298
PHENOLOGY
087, 119, 253
PLANT GEOGRAPHY
225
PCBS
295
PHILIPPINES
072, 303
PLANT GROWTH
120
PEASANT MIGRATION
286
PHOSPHORUS
024, 031, 129, 302
PLANT PHENOLOGY
253
PENINSULA DE NICOYA
033, 044
PHOTOELECTRIC CELLS
148
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
180
PENMAN-MONTEITH
255
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
047
PLANT SUCCESSION
049
PENTACLETHRA MACROLOBA
012, 018, 302
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
012, 020, 073, 251
PLANTATION CROP
160
PERACARIDA
177
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFECT
021
PLANTATION FORESTRY
093, 124, 128, 219, 245, 280
PERIODIC LEAF REPLACEMENT
052
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
148
PERIODICITY
119
PHYLLOMEDUSA
159
PERMANENT FOREST STANDS
131, 190
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
211
PERMITS
197
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
125, 196, 298
PLANTS
001, 004,
033, 034,
062, 073,
107, 113,
160, 163,
184, 204,
241, 243,
261, 264,
292, 302,
012,
039,
082,
115,
165,
207,
245,
272,
304,
PLATYGYRA
018,
045,
094,
117,
170,
211,
252,
278,
305,
019,
052,
097,
142,
178,
215,
253,
280,
309,
026,
056,
101,
145,
180,
233,
254,
285,
311
281, 296
288
PLAYA GRANDE
310
PLEISTOCENE
288
PLETHODONTIDAE
083, 159, 216
PLFA
260
PLIOCENE
060
POACEAE
034, 045, 094, 107, 113, 115,
117, 160, 178, 204, 207, 241,
264, 285
POLLUTANTS
049, 053, 109, 166, 169, 209,
234, 257
POLLUTION
035, 049, 053, 071, 072, 083,
103, 109, 116, 135, 166, 169,
209, 216, 231, 234, 257, 295
POLLUTION CONTROL
118, 132, 138, 166, 179
POLLUTION CONTROL
INDUSTRY
226, 287
POLLUTION DISPERSION
231
PRE-COLUMBIAN
243
PRECIPITATION
065, 086, 181, 227, 230, 242,
251, 263, 297, 301
PRECIPITATION TRENDS
040
PREDATORS
082
PREHISTORIC AGRICULTURE
178
PREHISTORIC HUMAN ACTIVITY
045, 178, 264
POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL
ETHERS
295
PRIESTLY-TAYLOR
255
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
295
PRIMARY FORESTS
004, 026, 232
POPULATION
251, 282, 308, 312
PRIMARY PRODUCTION
251
POCILLOPORIDAE
037, 158, 298
POPULATION DECLINE
092, 152, 159, 215, 216, 221,
261, 262, 274, 282
PRIMATES
045, 061, 264
POCOCI (CANTON)
041
POPULATION DENSITY
284
PODOCARPACEAE
033
POPULATION DYNAMICS
082, 092, 125, 172, 186, 196,
221, 262, 274, 298
POCILLOPORA
158
POCILLOPORA DAMICORNIS
037
POCILLOPORA ELEGANS
298
PODOCARPUS
033
POISON-DART FROGS
103, 215, 261
POLICIES
048, 122, 129, 208, 265
POLLEN
045, 057, 178, 264
POLLEN ANALYSIS
033, 045, 264
POLLEN DISPERSAL
211
POLLINATION
186, 210
POLLINATOR DECLINE
253
POLLINATORS
210, 253
POPULATION ECOLOGY
256
POPULATION GROWTH
251, 284
POPULATION SIZE
061
POPULATIONS
061, 108
POPULUS DELTOIDES X NIGRA
204, 241, 285
PRIVATE FORESTRY PROJECT
136
PROCESS MODELING
028, 137
PRODUCTIVITY
013, 014, 025, 110, 133, 205,
255, 280, 294
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
309
PROJECTS
118, 162, 197
PROKARYOTES
222
PRORIOS
226, 287
PORITES
288
PROTECTED AREAS
112, 195, 224, 251, 256, 265,
270, 276, 283, 299
PORITIDAE
288
PROTIUM PITTIERI
018
POTASSIUM
024, 129, 302
PROTOZOANS
037
POVERTY
PSAMMOCORA SUPERFICIALIS
298
PTERIDOPHYTA
045, 264
PTILOGONATIDAE
172
PUERTO LIMON
060
PUERTO RICO
056, 143, 146, 152, 244, 288,
291
PUERTO VIEJO DE SARAPIQUI
048, 086, 257
PUPAE
266
PYRROPHYTA
037, 158, 298
QUANTIFICATION
129
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
129
QUATERNARY
242, 263, 273
QUATERNARY GLACIATION
248
QUEBEC
173, 212
RAINFALL
301, 306
RAINFALL CHEMISTRY
003, 004, 026
RAINFALL DECREASE
191, 198
RAINFALL EVENTS
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105, 137
RANA VIBICARIA
083, 159, 216
RANIDAE
103, 152, 159
RATIOS
144
RECREATIONAL DIVING
196
RECRUITMENT
198
REDUCTION
291
REEF BUILDING CORAL
158
REFORESTATION
044, 136, 179, 193, 197, 209,
232, 233, 246, 257, 265, 309
155
REPRODUCTION
108, 157, 158, 172
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
172, 310
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
210
REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT
052
REPTILES
308, 310, 312
RESEARCH
015, 027, 188
RESEARCH METHODS
120
RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
015, 027
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
188
RESERVA BIOLOGICA ALBERTO
M. BRENES
195
RESERVA BIOLOGICA HITOYCERERE
195
REFORESTATION COSTS
232
RESERVA BIOLOGICA ISLA DEL
CAÑO
157
QUEPOS (DISTRITO)
290
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA
SILVESTRE OSTIONAL
310
RESERVA BIOLOGICA LOMAS
BARBUDAL
044, 118, 195
QUERCUS
033, 304
REGENERATION
158
RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA LA
AMISTAD
218, 256
QUERCUS COPEYENSIS
252
REGIONAL MODELING
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105, 161
QUEENSLAND
221
QUERCUS FORESTS
252, 304
RABIES
211
RADIOCARBON DATING
018, 178
RAIN
021, 065, 086, 087, 119, 180
RAIN FORESTS
038, 042, 046, 081, 176
REGIONAL SCALE
214
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
111, 218
RESERVA NATURAL ABSOLUTA
CABO BLANCO
195
RESERVE DESIGN
224, 256
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
058, 079, 139, 166, 310
RELAXED EDDY
ACCUMULATION
012
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
058, 193
REMOTE SENSING
005, 047, 048, 152
RESOURCE UTILIZATION
058, 179
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
RESPIRATION
020, 031, 203
RESPIRATION EFFECT
021
RETRANSLOCATION
024, 302
RHEOBATRACHUS SILUS
221
RICE
094
RIO LAGARTO
282
RIO QUEPOS
290
RIO SIXAOLA
289
RIO TICO
257
ROADS
284
ROCKY MOUNTAINS
061
ROOST SITES
211
ROOT DISTURBANCE
143
ROOTS
017, 041, 107
RUBIACEAE
039, 062, 073, 101, 163, 165,
184, 247, 254, 311
RURAL COMMUNITIES
132, 179
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
058
RURAL POPULATION
281, 296
RUSSIA
197
SALAMANDERS
244
SALICACEAE
204, 241, 285
SALICALES
204, 241, 285
SALIENTIA
215, 261
SALINITY
125, 196, 298
SALT EFFECT
154
SAN CARLOS (CANTON)
245
SAN JOAQUIN
257
SAN JOSE (CIUDAD)
035, 277
SAN PEDRO DE BARVA
062, 311
SANTA BARBARA BASIN
037
SANTA ELENA CLOUD FOREST
RESERVE
276
SANTO DOMINGO DE HEREDIA
062
SARAPIQUI (CANTON)
080, 086, 151, 187, 189, 245
SARCODINA
037
SATELLITE DATA
152
SATELLITE IMAGERY
048
SATURNIIDAE
082
SAURIA
312
SAVANNAS
167
SCENARIOS
116, 129
SCIENTISTS
015, 027
SCLERACTINIA
196, 288
SCLERACTINIAN CORALS
288
SEA
157, 158
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
057
SEASONAL CHANGES
024, 273, 302
SEASONAL DROUGHT
052
SEASONAL DRY FORESTS
210
SEASONAL STREAMFLOW
086
SEASONAL VARIATION
231, 253
SEASONALITY
008, 024, 034, 087, 119, 203,
207, 302
SECONDARY FORESTS
004, 026, 102, 132, 179, 232,
245, 247, 280
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
186
SECONDARY TROPICAL RAIN
FORESTS
046, 176
SEDIMENT
033, 037, 125, 178, 196, 243,
298
SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS
037
SEED DISPERSAL
211
SEEDS
031
SELECTION
256
SENESCING LEAVES
024, 302
SEQUENCE
248
SEQUESTRATION
093, 124, 128, 194, 208, 219,
245, 269, 270, 283
SERPENTES
278
SEX RATIO
061
SHADE
039, 062, 101, 292
SOCIAL MEANING
209
SOIL COMPACTION
049
SHADE COFFEE PLANTATIONS
254, 272
SOCIAL PARTICIPATION
209
SOIL DEGRADATION
193
SHADE PLANTS
039, 062, 073, 074, 254, 292
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND
DEVELOPMENT
173, 212
SOIL DEPTH
041
SHADING
254
SHORTGRASS STEPPE
088, 200
SIDERASTREA
288
SIDERASTREIDAE
288, 298
SILTATION
298
SILVICULTURE
123, 153, 251
SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS
107, 113, 115, 117, 163, 165,
168, 184
SIMAROUBA AMARA
018
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
140
SOIL DETERIORATION
048
SOCIOECONOMICS
132, 179
SOIL DRIVEN
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105
SOCIOLOGY
173, 212
SOIL EROSION
232
SOIL
006, 031,
041, 042,
054, 062,
088, 091,
165, 171,
235, 260,
032,
043,
068,
107,
176,
263
036,
046,
074,
116,
200,
038,
049,
080,
117,
207,
039,
051,
081,
138,
222,
SOIL AIR
038, 081
SOIL AMENDMENTS
042
SOIL FAUNA
167
SOIL FERTILITY
024, 051, 126, 129, 163, 181,
184, 302
SOIL FLUXES
076, 077, 091, 102, 142, 171
SOIL FORMATION
250
SOIL ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE
077
SOIL GAS EMISSION
003, 004, 026, 053, 127, 202,
306
SOIL BIOLOGY
031
SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
171
SOIL CALCIUM
024, 302
SOIL MAGNESIUM
024, 302
SINKS
234
SOIL CARBON
017, 022, 151, 187, 189, 214
SOIL MINERALOGY
189
SITE 565
033
SOIL CARBON STABILIZATION
204, 241, 285
SOIL MOISTURE VARIATION
191, 198, 278
SKELETAL EXTENSION RATES
288
SOIL CARBON STORAGE
032
SOIL NITRIFIERS
222, 235, 260
SLOVAKIA
072
SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
189
SOIL NITROGEN
024, 036, 302
SMALL ENTERPRISES
307
SOIL CHEMISTRY
031, 041, 042, 054, 164
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
016, 041, 285
SNOWLINE RECONSTRUCTIONS
248
SOIL CLEARING
046, 176
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
041, 203, 204, 241, 285
SOCIAL GROUPS
286
SOIL CO2 CONCENTRATION
278
SOIL PARAMETERS
160
SOCIAL IMPACT
179
SOIL CO2 STORAGE
203
SOIL PH
041
SIMAROUBACEAE
018
SIMULATION MODELS
066, 089, 095, 096, 097, 098,
099, 100, 105, 110, 127, 133,
200, 202, 306
SOIL PHOSPHORUS
AVAILABILITY
024, 302
SOIL PLOWING
076
SOIL POTASSIUM
024, 302
SOIL PROFILES
203
SOIL RESPIRATION
278
SOIL SOLUTION
250
SOIL TEMPERATURE
203, 278
SOIL TEXTURE
151, 187, 189
SOIL TYPES
034, 036, 038, 041, 042, 081,
189, 203
SOIL WATER CONTENT
049, 201, 203
SOIL-ATMOSPHERE
300
SOLANACEAE
211
SOLANUM UMBELLATUM
211
SOLAR RADIATION
001, 007, 013, 019, 205, 255,
294
SOLID WASTES
068, 090, 153
SOLIDARITY
173, 212
SOLITARY BEES
253
SORPTION
250
SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS
013, 022, 205, 294
SOYBEANS
204, 241, 285
SPAIN
276
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
061, 295
093, 118, 124, 128, 132, 139,
179, 189, 194, 219, 245
SPATIAL SCALE
191, 198
STORED CARBON
068, 090, 122
SPATIAL VARIABILITY
088, 200, 203
STRATEGIES
307
SPECIES COMPOSITION
172
STRATIFICATION
305
SPECIES DECLINE
092, 262, 274
STRATIGRAPHY
045, 059, 177, 242, 248, 263,
264
SPECIES DISAPPEARANCE
083, 103, 159, 216, 221
SPECIES RICHNESS
253, 305
SPECTROMETER
277
SPELEOTHEMS
227, 242, 263, 301
SPHINGIDAE
082
SQUAMATA
312
STABILITY
041
STABILIZATION
189
STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES
151, 187
STABLE ISOTOPE VALUES
227, 242, 263, 301
STRATOSPHERIC
DESTRUCTION
053
STURNIRA LUDOVICI
211
SULFIDES
035
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
035, 153
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
193
SURVEYS
072, 155
SUSTAINABILITY
058, 071, 112, 116, 123, 129,
132, 134, 168, 179, 183, 204,
209, 241, 257, 285
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
104, 136, 188, 251
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY
044, 139, 246
STABLE ISOTOPIC
COMPOSITION
297
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
193
STALAGMITES
227, 242, 263, 301
SYNERGISMS
159
STAPHYLINIDAE
082
TADPOLES
215, 261
STAUROSIRA CONSTRUENS
VAR. VENTER
243
TALLGRASS PRAIRIE
LANDSCAPE
088, 200
STEM DENSITY
191, 198
TARO
160
STERCULIACEAE
292, 312
TAX DIFFERENTIATION
220
STORAGE
TAXES
THEOBROMA CACAO
292, 312
071, 220
TEACHING FACILITIES
188
TECHNICAL COEFFICIENT
116
TECHNOLOGY
110, 133
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
263
THREATS
265, 276
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
155
TECTONA GRANDIS
170
TELEMETRY
186
THROUGHFALL
250, 297
TIMBER
112
TIMING OF BREEDING
108
TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS
137, 142
TEMPERATURE
014, 015, 020,
106, 125, 157,
201, 215, 230,
262, 268, 277,
THERMAL STRATIFICATION
030
021, 025, 092,
158, 185, 196,
251, 259, 261,
298
TIRIMBINA RAIN FOREST
CENTRE
123, 194, 219, 293
TLC
289
TEMPERATURE DECREASE
304
TOADS
092, 106, 159, 185, 251, 256,
259, 274
TEMPORAL SCALE
191, 198
TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS
006
TEMPORAL VARIATION
203
TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF
151, 187
TENURE
276
TOPOGRAPHY
191, 198
TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHY
178
TOURISM
226, 287
TERMINALIA AMAZONIA
245, 254, 272, 280
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
058
TERRABA
086
TOURISM IMPACT
193
TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE
MODEL
147
TOWER OBSERVATIONS
231
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
009, 022
TESTUDINATA
310
TEXAS
161
TEXTURE
160
TRACE GAS EMISSIONS
075, 077
TRADE
159, 282
251
TREE CANOPY
182, 229
TREE COVER
272
TREE DEMOGRAPHY
015, 027
TREE GROWTH
008, 009, 015, 022, 027
TREE GROWTH PERIODICITY
008, 015, 027, 180
TREE RING ANALYSIS
018
TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION
191, 198
TREES PROJECT
001, 018
TRENDS
092, 106, 185, 187, 189, 251,
259, 262, 274
TROGLODYTES AEDON
108
TROGLODYTIDAE
108
TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
137
TROPICAL BIOTIC EVOLUTION
060
TROPICAL CLOUD FORESTS
092, 111, 156, 186, 213, 218,
223, 228, 249, 262, 267, 274,
276, 279, 297, 299, 305
TROPICAL DRY FORESTS
087, 119, 146, 181, 191, 198,
211, 251
TROPICAL ECOLOGY
188
TROPICAL FOREST
PRESERVATION
131, 190
TRADE POLICY
110
TROPICAL FORESTS
022, 034, 036, 042,
079, 093, 124, 126,
194, 208, 209, 219,
238, 257, 269, 270,
283, 291, 292, 296
TRANSPIRATION
TROPICAL GLACIERS
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
110, 133
063,
128,
232,
271,
067,
149,
234,
281,
248
030
TROPICAL MONTANE CLOUD
FORESTS
111
TURNOVER
189
VANISHING SPECIES
092, 159, 221, 256, 262, 274,
276, 282, 299, 308, 312
TURRIALBA (CANTON)
029, 030, 101, 204, 241, 285
VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT
007, 013, 022, 205, 294
TWENTY YEAR PERIOD CHANGE
198
VAPOUR PRESSURE
013
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
EXPOSURE
152
VARIABILITY
001, 009, 015, 019, 022, 301
TROPICAL MONTANE FOREST
182, 229
TROPICAL MOUNTAIN
152
TROPICAL PACIFIC
157, 158
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
001, 005, 006, 007, 008, 009,
010, 011, 012, 013, 014, 015,
016, 018, 019, 020, 021, 022,
024, 025, 027, 028, 029, 030,
032, 036, 038, 042, 051, 054,
075, 077, 081, 087, 089, 091,
095, 096, 097, 098, 099, 100,
102, 105, 138, 142, 144, 145,
146, 151, 152, 154, 159, 160,
164, 171, 180, 181, 183, 186,
187, 189, 201, 203, 205, 214,
215, 222, 231, 235, 245, 250,
251, 255, 260, 261, 275, 278,
280, 293, 294, 300, 302, 312
TROPICAL SAVANNA
075, 076
TROPICAL SAVANNA SOILS
076
TROPICAL SCIENCE CENTER
272
TROPICAL SOILS
038, 041, 042, 081, 126, 164,
260
UNCERTAINTY
110, 133, 224
UNDISTURBED SITES
024, 201, 302
UNDISTURBED SOILS
201
UNITED KINGDOM
276
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
155
UPWELLING SYSTEMS
037
URTICALES
033, 082
USA
037, 061, 075, 152, 161, 197,
207, 266, 276, 295, 312
TROPICAL TREE PHENOLOGY
008, 015, 027, 180
USE IN DETECTION OF
POLLUTION AND WEATHER
CHANGE PATTERNS
221
TROPICAL WET FORESTS
146, 186
UV RADIATION
152, 159
TROPICS
047, 049, 074, 167
VALLE DE LA ESTRELLA
086
TROPOPAUSE REGION
277
VALLE DE LAS MORRENAS
264
TROPOSPHERE
023, 051, 277
VALUATION
093, 124, 128, 134, 166, 183,
190, 194, 219, 245, 280
TUMOR GROWTH
125, 298
TUNISIA
276
TURBULENCE
VEGETATION
001, 019, 038, 042, 045, 081,
147, 151, 164, 178, 187, 189,
264
VEGETATION DYNAMICS
066
VEGETATION HISTORY
275
VEGETATIONAL CHANGES
033
VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT
052
VEHICLE AGE
220
VELOCITY
101
VERBENACEAE
170, 233, 309
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
005
VIENNA CONVENTION
078
VIETNAM
071
VIRGIN FORESTS
123, 131, 190
VIRGINIA
266
VIROLA KOSCHNYI
245, 280
VOCHYSIA FERRUGINEA
245, 280, 302
VALUATION OF CARBON-SINK
SERVICES
093, 124, 128, 131, 194, 219
VOCHYSIA GUATEMALENSIS
245, 280
VAMPIRE BAT
211
VOCHYSIACEAE
245, 280, 302
VOLCAN ARENAL
178
VOLCAN BARVA
151, 187, 189
VOLCAN CHATO
178
VOLCAN CONGO
151, 187, 189
VOLCANISM
178
VULNERABILITY
224
VULNERABILITY OF PLANTS
225
WARMING EVENT
163, 165, 184
WASTE MANAGEMENT
090
WASTES
110, 133
WASTEWATER
153
WATER
038, 081, 112, 186, 206
WATER BALANCE
101
WATER CONSERVATION
166, 307
WATER CONSUMPTION
064
WATER FLOW
186
WATER MANAGEMENT
064
193
WATER POLLUTION
064
WIND
007, 013, 022, 030, 101, 205,
255, 294
WATER QUALITY
064
WATER RESOURCES
064, 104, 155, 206
WATER STRESS
052
WATER TEMPERATURE
037
WATER VAPOR
092, 262, 277
WOOD
183, 232, 300
WOOD INDUSTRY
174, 175
WOODLANDS
163, 165, 184
XANTHOSOMA SAGITTIFOLIUM
160
YOUNG REGROWTHS
032
WATER-FILLED PORE SPACE
(WFPS)
306, 311
YOUNGER DRYAS
057, 304
WATERSHED PROTECTION
150, 226, 287
ZAMBIA
303
WATERSHEDS
086, 150, 226, 287, 307
ZEA MAYS
034, 145, 160, 178, 204, 207,
241, 285
WEATHER
174, 175, 180, 185, 256, 259
WEATHER PATTERN
256
WET FORESTS
143, 144
WETLANDS
112, 193, 206
WILDLIFE PROTECTED AREAS
193
WILDLIFE PROTECTION
104, 298
WILDLIFE SPECIES
EXTRACTION
ZIMBABWE
072
ZINC
035
ZOANTHARIA
196
ZONA HUETAR NORTE
309
ZONA PROTECTORA LAS
TABLAS
083, 152, 216, 282
ZYGIA LONGIFOLIA
012
INDICE DE AUTORES
Abarca-Monge, S
109, 163, 165, 168, 184, 199
Abler, D.G
110, 133
Achard, F
316
039, 062
Bakarr, M.I
256
Baker, B
012
Ball, A
246
Aikin, K.C
277
Aldrich, M. (comp.)
299
Alfaro, M
237
Alfaro-Murillo, M
063
Allen, L.H., Jr
029, 030
Alpízar-Vaglio, E
206
Amador, M
329
Anchukaitis, K.J
322
Andelman, S.J
224, 256
Aniyar, S
150
Anonymous
121, 141, 323
Arford, M.R
178
Arrow, K
150
Asmerom, Y
177, 227, 301; 319
Atlas, E.L
319, 321
Aylward, B.A
226, 287
Baas, P
135
Babbar-Amighetti, L.I
Barbosa, P
266
Barone, J.A
266
Barrantes-Montero, G
172
Barrantes-Moreno, G
112
Barrows, T
273
Bawa, K.S
210
Beardsley, T
120
Bebout, G.E
258
Becker, A
016
Beecher, N.A
315
Beghin, J
071
Belwared, G
316
Benegas-Negri, L.A
307
Bennet, J
069
Bentz, J.A
231
Berish, C.W
031
Berk, M.M. (ed.)
066
Bermúdez-Oconitrillo, R
169
Bermúdez-Ramírez, F
166
Berry, P
225
Blair, J.B
005, 010
Bohannan, B.J.M
222
Boitani, L
256
Bolaños-Vives, F
159, 282
Bolstad, P
017
Borchert, R
052, 087, 119
Borglin, S.E
291
Boscolo, M
270, 283
Bouma, J
129
Bouman, B.A.M
098, 105, 116, 129
Braatz, B.V. (ed.)
072
Bravo-Chacón, J
206
Brenes, T
203
Brenes-Vargas, A
065
Bright, A
321
Brooks, T.M
256
Brown, B.J
031
Brown, S
011, 067, 149, 246
256
Bryan, B
143
Cavatassi, R
281, 296
Bubb, P. (comp.)
299
Cedeño, J.R
159
Budd, A.F.
059, 060, 177
Celarier, E.A
152
Bui, T.P
321
Chacón-Chaverri, D
310
Burlingame, L.J
188
Chaves-Cordero, G.A
159, 282
Burns, S.J
227, 301
Chazdon, R.L
010
Burrowes, P.A
244
Chow, V.Y
321
Curran, D.J
321
Curtis, P.S
017
Busch, C.B
195
Cervi-F., A.P
325
Daily, G.C
061, 150
Bustamante, M.R
262
Clark, D.A
001, 006, 008, 009, 011, 012,
014, 016, 017, 018, 019, 020,
021, 022, 023,
024, 028, 327
Dale, V.H
055
Clark, D.B
001, 005, 006, 007, 008, 010,
011, 013, 014, 019, 327
Davidson, E.A
017, 075, 102, 144, 146
Cajiao-Jiménez, M.V
310
Campbell, J
294
Campbell, J.H
106
Campos, M
085, 206
Candela, G
324
Carey, C
152, 276
Carlson, C.M
291
Carney, K.M
222, 235, 260
Carpio, C.E
219
Castro, F
282
Castro, J
329
Castro-Jiménez, E
112
Castro-Salazar, R
130, 131, 190, 238
Clark, K.L
003, 004, 026
Coates, A.G. (ed.)
059, 060
Coley, P.D
266
Coloma, L.A
159, 262
Connahs, H
266
Conrad, M.E
291
Consuegra, J.A
262
Córdoba-Muñoz, R
206
Cortés-Núñez, J
125, 157, 158
Cotton, M.A
059
Cowling, R.M
Craig, H
053
Crill, P.M
142, 145, 160, 164, 176
Cronin, T.M
060
Crump, M.L
103
Cubero-Moya, J.A
170
Dasgupta, P
150
Davis, B
281, 296
de Camargo, P.B
144
Delgado-Rodríguez, M
289
Denslow, J.S
214
Dessus, S
071
Díaz-Hernández, A
169
Dieperink, C
209
Diniz, I.R
266
Dixon, R.K
197
Donnelly, M.A
103
Dore, M.H.I
183
Dore, M.H.I. ed.)
194
Figueres-Olsen, J.M
058, 148
Gaston, K.J
256
Dowsett, H.F
059, 060
Finegan, B
123, 219
Geist, H
284
Drake, J.B
010
Fisher, M.J
167
Gentry, G.L
266
Dubayah, R.O
005, 010
Fishpool, L.D.C
256
George, R.K
086
Dudley, N
276
Fitzgerald, J.F
072
Gering, J.C
240
Dun, S
114
Fogden, M.P.L
092, 106, 262, 268
Geron, C
012, 023
Dunbar, R.B
037
Fogden, M.P.L. (phot.)
259
Gerow, K.G
088, 200, 202
Durand, C
212
Fogden, P. (phot.)
259
Getty, S.R
177
Dyer, L.A
266
Foley, J.A
147
Gholz, H.L
003, 004, 013, 026, 255
Echeverría-Bonilla, J
070, 220
Folke, C
150
Ghosh, T.K
231
Ehrlich, P.R
150
Fonseca, G.A.B
256
Glasbergen, P
209
Ellsworth, D.S
017
Foster, P.N
111, 218, 262
Gómez-Flores, M
093, 123, 124, 128
Enquist, C.A.F
181, 191, 198
Fournier-Origgi, L.A
035, 073
Gordon, A.M
241, 285
Erickson, H.E
074, 102, 146
Frankie, G.W
253
Gorman, G.C
092
Escribano-Montoya, J
169
Fresco, L.O
066
Gottlieb, E.W
321
Espinoza-Miranda, A
309
Frolking, S.E
160
Gradstein, S.R
252
Ewel, J.J
031
Gamboa, H, (il.)
310
Granich, F
050
Daube, B.C
321
Gámez-Hernández, L
130
Grassi, H.D
316
Fahey, D.W
319
Gao, R.S
319, 321
Grauel, B
145
Fay, J
246
García, G
034, 207
Greenberg, J
012
Federici, S.E
316
García-Pérez, J.E
282
Greeney, H.F
266
Fichtler, E
018
Garita-Cruz, D
166
Griswold, T.L
253
Guariguata-Urbano, M.R. (ed.)
186
Hidalgo, M
237
Jansson, A.M
150
Guenther, A
012, 023
Hoffman, M
256
Jansson, B.O
150
Guevara, R. (ed.)
194
Hofstede, R.G.M
265
Janzen, D.H
266
Guswa, A.J
297
Hofton, M.A
010
Jiménez, R
321
Guzmán, J
236
Holland, E.A
046
Jiménez-Centeno, C.E
125, 158, 196, 298
Guzmán, S.M
214
Hollinger, D.Y
294
Johnson, D
175
Guzmán-Espinal, H.M
157
Holmes, B
185, 259
Johnson, K.G
288
Haber, W.A
230
Holz, I
252
Johnstone, N
220
Haberyan, K.A
243
Hooghiemstra, H
304
Jordan, T.R
047
Hallwachs, W
266
Horn, S.P
033, 045, 243, 264, 275
Kaiser, J
015
Hannah, L
251
Hostettler, S. (comp.)
299
Kanninen, M
115, 117
Hanson, P.J
017
Hovde, S.J
277
Kappelle, M
135
Harmand, J.M
311
Hughes, R.F
138, 208
Karl, T
023
Harriss, R.C
164
Hunter, M.D
082
Karlaganis, G
078
Hartshorn, G.S
002
Ibáñez, R.D
159, 282
Karsenty, A
271
Helmer, E.H
067, 149
Ibrahim, M.A
115, 117, 165
Kass, D.C.L
285
Hendy, J
281, 296
Imbach-Barton, P.A
325
Kattan, G.H. (ed.)
186
Hengsdijk, H
129
Islebe, G.A
304
Kautsky, N
150
Hergoualc'h, K
311
Jackson, B.C. (ed.)
059, 060
Keeling, C.D
014
Herman, J.R
152
Jacobs, J.M
255
Herman, R.L
277
Jallow, B.P. (ed.)
072
Keller, M
038, 042,
077, 080,
102, 126,
142, 143,
160, 164,
Herrick, J.D
023
Jansen, H.G.P
129
Kelly, K.K
043,
081,
127,
144,
176,
046, 049, 074,
088, 091, 096,
145, 146, 154,
200, 202, 306
277
Kelly, M
050
Leiva, M
237
Lemon, E
029, 030
Lopes, E.C
300
López-Musalem, A
107, 113, 115, 117
Kerr, S
138, 208, 269, 270, 281, 283,
296
León-Campos, A
158
Kim, K.R
053
León-Soler, A
125
Kingerlee, W
075
Levin, S
150, 303
Klein, R.J.T
140
Leyden, B.W
057
Kleinn, C
115, 117
Li, C.S
097, 161
Knox, R.G
010
Li, L
258
Kok, M.T. (ed.)
066
Lill, J.L
266
Korbeck, R.G., Jr
215, 261
Lindegaard, K
179
La Marca, E
159, 262, 282
Linder, E
142, 160
Lachniet, M.S
227, 242, 248, 263, 301
Lipper, L
296
Lambin, E
284
Lipper. L
281
Lane, C.S
275
Lips, K.R
083, 159, 216, 244, 282
Laporte, S
086
Liu, S
127, 138, 202, 306
LaVal, R.K
211, 213
Liu, S.P
208
Laurance, W.F
328
Lizana, M
221
Law, B.E
017, 294
Locatelli, B
271
Lawrence, D.A
024
Loescher, H.W
007, 012, 013, 205, 231, 255,
294
Margolis, M
223
Loewenstein, M
319
Marín, G. (il.)
310
Long, J
256
Marquet, P.A
256
Longino, J.T
240
Márquez, R
221
Lawton, R.O
156, 228, 249
League, B.L
264
Lei, Y.D
295
Lötters, S
282
Lovejoy, T.E. [ed.]
002, 251
Loyalka, S.K
231
Lubchenco, J
150
Lugo, A.E
056
Luo, Y
017
Luvall, J.C
047
Maass, J.M
034, 207
Maciver, D.C
140
Mackensen, J
203
Mahoney, M.J
319
Mahrt, L
294
Mäler, K.G
150
Manso, P
290
Manzanilla-Puppo, J
282
Marcy, T.P
319
Marquis, R.J
266
Montenegro-Ballestero, J
109, 163, 165, 168, 184, 199
Martínez, I
273
Morais, H.C
266
Marty, C
282
Moreira, A.G
162
Masters, K.L
262, 268
Moreno-Díaz, M.L
257, 326
Matross, D.M
321
Morris, R.A
230
Matson, P.A
034, 036, 051, 207, 222, 260
Muir, D.C.G
295
Matteucci, H.J
316
Müller, L.E
029, 030
McRobert, S.P
215, 261
Muñoz, A
159
Meir, E
224
Murdiyarso, D. (ed.)
072
Mejías-Esquivel, R
220
Nadkarni, N.M
003, 004, 026, 182, 229, 240,
305
Mendelson, J.R., III
244
Méndez, A
237
Méndez, O.I
035
Merino-Viteri, A
262
Mery, G
197
Meyer, J.R
159
Middleton, E.M
152
Miranda-Quirós, M
209, 257, 326
Mitre, M.E
042
Mollicone, D
316
Molnar, S. (ed.)
072
Montagnini, F
280
Nair, U.S
156, 192, 228
Neff, J.C
046, 176
Newell, S.E
297
Nieuwenhuyse, A
116, 129
Niles, J.O
246
Nobre, A.D
054, 164
Núñez, M
091
O'Brien, J.J
008, 180, 203
Oberbauer, S.F
007, 008, 011, 013, 231, 255,
327
Oelbermann, M
204, 241, 285
Olivas, P.C
327
Oliver, R
311
Olson, N
130
Ortiz, R
219
Orvis, K.H
275
Palo, M. (ed.)
197
Park, S
319, 321
Parra-Olea, G
244
Parsons, W.F.J
038, 042
Patterson, W.P
227, 301
Pedroni, L
122
Perdomo, M. (ed.)
072
Pérez, C.J
325
Pérez, M.E
288
Pérez, T
144
Perkins, S
025, 279
Perron, B
173, 212
Peters, R. [ed.]
002
Pfaff, A.S.P
138, 208, 269, 270, 281, 283,
296
Pfister, L
321
Pielke, R.A
156
Pilgrim, J.D
256
Piper, S.C
014
064
Piperno, D
227
Raich, J.W
031, 032
Plant, R.A.J
089, 095, 096, 097, 098, 099,
100, 105, 116, 137
Raes, A
316
Polyak, V
301
Ramankutty, N
147
Polzot, C
272
Ramírez, O.A
093, 123, 124, 128, 194, 219
Polzot, C.L
254, 272
Ramírez-Obando, P
084, 090
Popp, P.J
319
Randolph, J.C
017
Porras, I.T
220, 257, 329
Ray, D.K
267
Possingham, H.P
224
Ray, E.A
277, 319
Potosnak, M
023
Read, J.M
214
Pounds, J.A
092, 106, 262, 268, 274, 282
Reaser, J.K
159
Powers, J.S
151, 187, 189, 214
Redondo-Brenes, A
245, 280, 320
Pratt, L
232, 233, 234, 238
Reifsnyder, D.A
114
Pregitzer, K.S
017
Reiners, W.A
042, 043, 049, 088, 127, 200,
202, 306
Pressey, R.L
256
Pretty, J
246
Price, N
031
Prince, S.D
010
Puschendorf, R
262, 282
Quesada, F
292
Quesada-Mateo, C.A
048
Quinn, T.M
177
Radulovich, R
Repetto, R
303
Retana-Barrantes, J.A
094, 317, 318
Rhodes, A.L
297
Richard, E.C
277, 319
Ricklefs, R.E
266
Rincón, D
273
Rivera, M.M
143
Rizzardi, M
253
Rodrigues, A.S.L
256
Rodrígues-Rubí, J.A
101
Rodríguez, A.G
110, 133
Rodríguez, J
232, 236
Rodríguez-Chacón, J.E
166
Rodríguez-Chacón, J.E.
(comp.)
104
Rodríguez-Rubí, L.E
293
Rodríguez-Sánchez, L
123
Rojas, A.V
236
Rojas, M
226, 287
Rojas-Araya, M
206
Rojas-Piedra, S.R
170
Roland-Hurst, D
071
Romo, D
159
Rompaey, R.A.V. (ed.)
066
Ron, S.R
159, 262
Ronchi, P
253
Rosenlof, K.H
277
Rosner, H
027
Rueda-Almonacid, J.V
282
Ruiz-Campos, E
125, 158
Rusin, R.J
152
282
316
Schulze, G
316
Still, C.J
111, 262
Schwartzman, S
162
Stireman, J.O
266
Schwendenmann, L.C
016, 201, 203, 250, 278
Stolton, S
276
Sechrest, W
256
Stork, N.E. (ed.)
082
Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A
048, 138, 195, 262, 269, 270,
281, 283, 296
Segura-Bonilla, O
132, 179
Stuart, S.N
256
Sancho-Villalobos, F
234
Seltzer, G.O
227, 263
Subak, S
136
Sanhueza, E
076
Seufert, F
316
Swartz, W.H
319
Sassa, K. (ed.)
093
Shen, L
295
Swisher, J.N
044
Sathaye, J.A
195
Shortle, J.S
110, 133
Tattenbach, F
122, 130
Savage, J.M
092
Shulte-Bisping, H
016
Teh, Y.A
291
Savage, K
017
Silver, W.L
143, 291
Teixeira, C
295
Sayres, D.S
314
Simpson, D
150
Thevathasan, N.V
285
Scatena, F.N
056
Singer, M.S
266
Thompson, T.L
277, 319
Schaefer, D
003
Skiba, U
311
Tilman, D
150
Schimel, D.S
127, 138, 202, 306
Smeets, E.M.W
134
Timmins, J
296
Schipper, J
256
Söderqvist, T
150
Tito, M.R
325
Schipper, R.A
129
Solano, R
182, 229, 305
Tompson, R.V
231
Schlesinger, W.H
187, 189
Solís, L
263
Toral-C., E
282
Schlönvoigt, A.M
115, 117, 285
Somarriba-Chávez, E
292
Torres, A
174
Schneider, S.H
111
Starrett, D
150
Tosi-Olin, J.A., Jr
070, 138
Schonberg, L.A
240
Stevenson, R.D
230
Trines, E.P
118
Schulte, R
Stibig, G
Troy, R.F
Russo-Andrade, R.O
324
Ryan, M.G
327
Saborío-Trejos, V.F
065
Salas, A.W
159
277
247
Trujillo, W
167
Verchot, L.V
146
Trumbore, S.E
144
Villalobos, M
292
Tuck, A.F
277
Villalobos-Flores, R
094, 317, 318
Twohy, C.H
321
Vinson, S.B
253
Tyler, S.C
144
Vitousek, P.M
034, 036, 051, 207
Umaña-Quesada, A
079
Volkmann, C
034, 207
Underhill, L.G
256
Voroney, R.P
241, 285
Uusivuori, J. (ed.)
197
Wake, D.B
312
Vaillancourt, J.G
212
Walker, B
150
Valerín, N
310
Walker, J
023
Vallejo, A
325
Waller, R.W
256
van de Wiel, H. (comp.)
299
Wania, F
295
van der Mensbrugghe, D
071
Watson-Céspedes, V
070, 138
van Vuuren, D.P
134
Watt, A.D. (ed.)
082
van Vuuren, M.M.I
135
Watts, M.E.J
256
Vázquez-Selem, L
248
Waylen, P.R
086
Vega-Araya, E.E
233
Weishampel, J.F
005, 010
Vega-García, H
286
Weitz, A.M
043, 046, 102, 142, 143, 145,
154, 160, 171, 176
Veldkamp, A
066
Veldkamp, E
011, 016, 041, 043, 046, 077,
080, 091, 097, 102, 145, 146,
154, 176, 203,
250, 278
Venegas-Gamboa, I
Welch, R
047
Welch, R.M
156, 228
Wilkinson, J.W
152
Weinstock, E.M
319
Williams, N
308
Williamson, P
040
Wofsy, S.C
294, 319, 321
Wood, T.E
024, 302
Worbes, M
018
Wurster, C
227
Xiao, H
295
Xie, Y
256
Yanoviak, S.P
240, 305
Yokoyama, Y
273
Yoon, C.K
217
Young, B.E
108, 159, 262, 282
Young, C.E.F
197
Zak, D.R
017, 039
Zepp, R.G. (ed.)
126
Zwerver, S. (ed.)
066
PUBLICACIONES
Publicación no.: 001 Climate-induced annual variation in canopy tree growth in a Costa Rican
tropical rain forest [El clima induce la variación anual en el crecimiento del dosel en un bosque tropical
lluvioso costarricense] / Clark, D.A.; Clark, D.B. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological
Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: The Journal of Ecology (ISSN 0022-0477), v. 82, no. 4, p. 865-872. 1994.
Data are presented and discussed on annual growth (diameter) over 8 yr (1984-92) for saplings and adults
of nonpioneer tree species in a lowland neotropical rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The
species included 5 emergents (Lecythis ampla, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Dipteryx panamensis,
Pithecellobium elegans, Hyeronima alchorneoides) and one canopy species (Minquartia guianensis).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2609. NBINA-2083. LS.
Publicación no.: 002 Possible effects of global warming on the biological diversity in tropical
forests [Posibles efectos del calentamiento global en la diversidad biológica en bosques tropicales] /
Hartshorn, G.S.; Peters, R. [ed.]; Lovejoy, T.E. [ed.]. (Duke University, Box 90630, Durham, NC 277080630, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global warming and biological diversity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. ISBN: 0-300-05930-2,
p. 137-146.
Introduction: Rampant deforestation, the inexorable advance of the agricultural frontier, species extinction,
and the conservation of biological diversity are some of the principal problems facing those who would
protect tropical forests. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may also affect the composition and
integrity of those few tropical forests that survive well into the next century. Tropical forests not only are the
most species-rich ecosystems known on this planet but also are exceedingly complex ecologically. This
chapter has three objectives: (1) to highlight briefly the ecological complexity and biological diversity of
tropical forests; (2) to review documented effects of historically recent climatic fluctuations on tropical forest
communities; and (3) to use these first two components for cautiously exploring possible effects of global
warming on the biological diversity in tropical forests. My primary theater of experience is the humid forests
of tropical America; hence, I will draw heavily on such well- known sites as the Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute's Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama's Lake Gatún (Leigh et al. 1982, 1990) and the
Organization for Tropical Studies' La Selva Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica (Clark
1990). I am focusing on mature or old-growth forests, with minimal or no direct human disturbance; thus
young secondary forests, deforestation, restoration of degraded forest lands, soil fertility, nutrient cycling,
and so on are beyond the purview of this chapter.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1214.
Publicación no.: 003 Cloud water and precipitation chemistry in a tropical montane forest,
Monteverde, Costa Rica [Agua de las nubes y química de la lluvia en un bosque montano tropical,
Monteverde, Costa Rica] / Clark, K.L.; Nadkarni, N.M.; Schaefer, D.; Gholz, H.L. (US Forest Service. Silas
Little Experiment Forest, No Global Change Program, 501 4 Mile Rd, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310), v. 32, no. 9, p. 1595-1603. 1998.
Cloud water, mist and precipitation samples were collected at two sites in a tropical montane forest (TMF),
Monteverde, Costa Rica. Cloud water, mist and wind-driven (u ‗ to 2 m s(-1)) precipitation samples were
collected with passive cloud water-type collectors, and precipitation at low windspeeds (u 2 m²) was
sampled with a bulk precipitation-type collector. Concentrations of H+, NO3-, and NH4+ in cloud water were
132 ± 150, 103 ± 82, and 149 ± 200 µmol l(-1) (mean ± 1 S.D), respectively. Concentrations of NO3-,
NH4+, Ca-2(+) and K+ in cloud water samples collected at the middle and end of the dry season, which
corresponded to biomass burning activities in the region, were significantly greater when compared to those
collected early in the dry season. The mean concentration of H+ in cloud water at Monteverde was lower, but
concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ were within the range of those collected at a number of montane sites in
North America (62-195 µmol NO3- l(-1) and 74-184 mµ mol NH4+ l(-1)). Ion concentrations in mist were 224 times greater than those in both categories of precipitation. Ion concentrations in both categories of
precipitation were generally within the range of those reported in bulk precipitation from other tropical
premontane and TMF sites.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6576.
Publicación no.: 004 Deposition and net canopy retention of inorganic nitrogen and hydrogen ions
in a neotropical montane cloud forest [Deposición y retención neta en el dosel del nitrógeno inorgánico y
iones de hidrógeno en un bosque nuboso montano neotropical] / Clark, K.L.; Nadkarni, N.M.; Gholz, H.L. (US
Forest Service. Silas Little Experiment Forest, No Global Change Program, 501 4 Mile Rd, New Lisbon, NJ
08064, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). The Association for
Tropical Biology & The Organization for Tropical Studies Annual Meeting. Abstracts, San Juan, PR, Jun 1-4,
1993. San Juan, PR: ATB/OTS, 1993. p. 56.
We monitored nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and hydrogen (H+) ions in cloud water (CW), bulk
precipitation (BP), bulk cloud water and precipitation (BCWP), and throughfall (TF) for one year in a
neotropical montane cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Highest concentrations of NO3-, NH4+, and H+ in
CW, BP, and BCWP coincided with the peak in agricultural and forest burning. NO3- + NH4+ totaled was 210
mol N ha(-1) yr(-1) in BP, and 420 mol N ha(-1) yr(-1) ub BCWP. Coupling a hydrologic model with the BP
and BCWP data, we estimated total deposition to the canopy to be 700 mol N ha(-1) and 800 mol H+ ha(-1)
yr(-1). NO3- + NH4+ in TF was 140±20 mol N ha(-1) yr(-1) and H+ was 50±12 mol H+ ha(-1) yr(-1).
Eighty percent of NO3- + NH4+ and 90% of the H+ deposition was retained by the canopy. Net retention of
N and H+ for adevective vs. convective events and for NO3- vs. NH4+ agreed closely with leaching
experiments using epiphytic bryophytes and dead organic matter (DOM), suggesting that these components
play a major role in N and H+ retention. Artificially acidified precipitation caused enhanced NH4+ loss from
the bryophytes and DOM, indicating potential control over in-canopy N cycling processes by H+.
Localización: Este es el resumen completo.
Publicación no.: 005 Volumetric lidar return patterns from an old-growth tropical rainforest
canopy / Weishampel, J.F.; Blair, J.B.; Dubayah, R.O.; Clark, D.B. (University of Central Florida.
Department of Biology, Orlando, FL 32816-2368, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161), v. 21, no. 2, p. 409-415. 2000.
Rainforests represent the epitome of structural complexity in terrestrial ecosystems. However, measures of
three-dimensional canopy structure are limited to a few areas typically 1 ha with construction crane or
walkway/platform access. An innovative laser profiling system, the Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS),
was used to map canopy structure (i.e. based on height and vertical distribution of laser returns) of a
tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. Within a about 1 km area of mature rainforest, canopy top height ranged
from 8.4 to 51.6 m based on the altimeter measures. The laser return density was most concentrated in the
horizontal layer located 20-30 m above the ground. Spatial patterns of the return were found to be isotropic
based on north-south versus east-west vertical return profiles and exhibited properties of self-similarity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5333. NBINA-3967.
Publicación no.: 006 Landscape-scale variation in forest structure and biomass in a tropical rain
forest / Clark, D.B.; Clark, D.A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676,
San
Pedro
de
Montes
de
Oca
2050,
CR
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 137, no. 1/3, p. 185-198. 2000.
A better understanding of the reasons for variation in tropical rain forest (TRF) structure is important for
quantifying global above-ground biomass (AGBM). We used three data sets to estimate stem number, basal
area, and AGBM over a 600-ha old-growth TRF landscape (La Selva Biological Station, N.E. Costa Rica). We
analyzed the effects of soil type, slope angle, topographic position, and different sample designs and
measurement techniques on these estimates. All three data sets were for woody stems greater than or equal
to 10 cm in diameter. Estimated AGBM was determined from stand-level measurements using Brown's
(Brown, 1997) allometric equation for Tropical Wet: Forest trees. One data set was from three subjectivelysited 4-ha plots (the 'OTS plots'), another was based on 1170 0.01 ha plots spaced on a regular grid (the
'Vegetation map plots'), and the third was from 18 0.5 ha plots (the 'Carbono plots') sited to provide
unbiased samples of three edaphic conditions: hat inceptisol old alluvial terraces; Rat ultisol hill-tops; and
steep ultisol slopes. Basal area, estimated AGBM and the contributions of major life forms were similar
among studies, in spite of the differences in sampling design and measurement techniques. Although the
Carbono plots on Rat inceptisols had significantly larger and fewer trees than those on ultisols, AGBM did not
vary over the relatively small edaphic gradient in upland areas at La Selva. On residual soils, the largest
trees were on the flattest topographic positions. Slope angle per se was not correlated with basal area or
AGBM within the residual soils. Errors introduced by palm and liana lift: forms, as well as hollow trees, did
not significantly affect AGBM estimates. In contrast, the methods used to measure buttressed trees had a
large impact. Plot sizes of 0.35-0.5 ha were sufficient to achieve coefficients of variation of 12% for basal
area with only six replicates in a given edaphic type. AGBM estimates ranged from 161 to 186 Mg/ha. These
low values appear to be mainly due to the Tropical Wet Forest allometry equation used. This in turn may be
indicative of a real and substantially lower ratio of biomass/basal area in Tropical Wet Forest than in Tropical
Moist, as previously noted by Brown (1996). Our results indicate that for upland TRF landscapes with levels
of environmental variation similar to La Selva, AGBM will be relatively insensitive to soil type and
topography. However, because topography and soil type had much stronger effects on stem size, stand
density, and spatial heterogeneity of sterns, stand dynamics may be more sensitive than AGBM to this range
of conditions. We recommend that future studies of landscape-scale forest structure employ stratified
sampling designs across major environmental gradients. Unbiased sampling with replication, combined with
consistent and well-documented measurement techniques, will lead to a greatly improved understanding of
the magnitude of and reasons for variation in forest structure and AGBM within TRF landscapes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6169. NBINA-2081.
Publicación no.: 007 Effects of climate factors on daytime carbon exchange from an old growth
forest in Costa Rica [Efectos de los factores climáticos sobre el intercambio de carbono durante el día en
un bosque de viejo crecimiento en Costa Rica] / Oberbauer, S.F.; Loescher, H.W.; Clark, D.B. (Florida
International University. Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Selbyana (ISSN 0361-185X), v. 21, no. 1/2, p. 66-73. 2000.
Eddy covariance measurements of CO2, H2O, and heat were conducted in tropical lowland wet forest at the
La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. The system was based on a closed-path infrared gas analyzer with
the sample inlets and sonic anemometer mounted on a 42-m tower. Prevailing winds were easterly from the
Caribbean with little anthropogenic influence. The tower footprint was primary upland forest. Concurrent
measurements included standard micrometeorological sensors for energy balance and six levels of
continuous canopy profile sampling for CO2, H2O, and air temperatures. Canopy roughness at the site is
very high and may contribute to mixing at low wind speeds. Data are presented for 39 days of daytime CO2
fluxes. Carbon dioxide fluxes at high irradiances ranged from -10 to -20 µmol m² S(-1). The response of
CO2 fluxes to solar radiation was curvilinear and did not saturate under ambient irradiance regimes. No
effects of vapor pressure deficit on ecosystem carbon exchange were detected during the study period.
Temperature, however, appeared to affect daytime carbon exchange slightly. The results suggest that solar
radiation input is the primary limiting climatic factor for carbon uptake.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7047.
Publicación no.: 008 Tropical rainforest tree growth periodicity [Periodicidad en el crecimiento de
árboles del bosque lluvioso tropical] / O'Brien, J.J.; Oberbauer, S.F.; Clark, D.A.; Clark, D.B. (Florida
International University. Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). Annual Meeting of The Ecological Society of America. 86th, abstracts, Monona
Terrace Convention Center and University of Wisconsin, US. August 5-10, 2001. , v. 86, p. 168-169.
Madison, WI: The Ecological Society of America, 2001.
We report three years of growth periodicity among tree species within and between years as part of a larger
study of climate effects on rainforest carbon dynamics. Monthly, we measured tree growth, leaf phenology,
and reproductive phenology in 10 tree species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. To measure growth
we installed band dendrometers on 10 individuals of each species. Trees chosen for measurement had wellilluminated crowns and stem diameters of 30-60 cm. Six species were evergreen, three were deciduous
during the brief dry season, and one was leafless multiple times throughout the year. Two species flowered
and fruited continuously, five reproduced yearly, and three reproduced supra-annually. The species grew an
average of 6.2-23.3 mm in diameter over the three years. Analysis of variance revealed significant
differences in growth among the species, and eight of the ten species showed some degree of growth
periodicity. Five grew during the wet season, May to November, and three had frequent periods of dormancy
throughout the year. Patterns of leaf exchange and reproductive phenology did not completely explain the
observed variation in timing of growth. A model couples these data with concurrent climate measurements
to predict how climate affects tree growth.
Localización: Este es el resumen completo.
Publicación no.: 009 Are tropical forests an important carbon sink? Reanalysis of the long-term
plot data [¿Son los bosques tropicales importantes almacenadores del carbono? Reanálisis de los datos a
largo plazo de parcelas] / Clark, D.A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo
676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761), v. 12, no. 1, p. 3-7. 2002.
In a recent (1998) publication of Science, data from a large number of forest inventory plots were used to
estimate biomass trends in old-growth tropical forests. Although no evidence was found of net biomass
change in mature Paleotropical forests, old growth of the humid Neotropics was inferred to have been a
substantial biomass carbon sink in recent decades. Methodological artifacts affected this analysis, however.
Many humid Neotropical plots were measured strictly at breast height, where tropical trees frequently have
buttresses and other protruberances. Because biomass allometric equations are based on above-buttress
tree diameters, and because bole irregularities show disproportionately rapid radial increments, estimates of
biomass and biomass increase must be based on above-buttress measurements. In addition, some plots
were on recent floodplains, where forests undergo biomass accretion during primary succession. The data
set includes 25 sites from the humid lowland Neotropics that were measured above buttresses with standard
techniques and that were not on recent floodplains. Mean estimated biomass change for these sites was 0.3
Mg(.)ha(-1.)-yr(-1), with a 95% confidence interval including 0.0 (-0.3 to +0.9 Mg(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1)). While
the Science study was a laudable attempt to address an important aspect of the global carbon budget, the
underlying data do not indicate a significant biomass carbon sink in old-growth forests of the humid
Neotropics.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7732. NBINA-3833.
Publicación no.: 010 Estimation of tropical forest structural characteristics using large-footprint
lidar / Drake, J.B.; Dubayah, R.O.; Clark, D.B.; Knox, R.G.; Blair, J.B.; Hofton, M.A.; Chazdon, R.L.;
Weishampel, J.F.; Prince, S.D. (University of Georgia. Warnell School of Forest Resources, Athens, GA
30602-2152, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257), v. 79, no. 2/3, p. 305-319. 2002.
Quantification of forest structure is important for developing a better understanding of how forest
ecosystems function. Additionally, estimation of forest structural attributes, such as aboveground biomass
(AGBM), is an important step in identifying the amount of carbon in terrestrial vegetation pools and is central
to global carbon cycle studies. Although current remote sensing techniques recover such tropical forest
structure poorly, new large- footprint lidar instruments show great promise. As part of a prelaunch validation
plan for the Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) mission, the Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS), a largefootprint airborne scanning lidar, was flown over the La Selva Biological Station, a tropical wet forest site in
Costa Rica. The primary objective of this study was to test the ability of large-footprint lidar instruments to
recover forest structural characteristics across a spectrum of land cover types from pasture to secondary and
primary tropical forests. LVIS metrics were able to predict field-derived quadratic mean stem diameter
(QMSD), basal area, and AGBM with R² values of up to .93, .72, and .93, respectively. These relationships
were significant and nonasymptotic through the entire range of conditions sampled at the La Selva. Our
results confirm the ability of large-footprint lidar instruments to estimate important structural attributes,
including biomass in dense tropical forests, and when taken along with similar results from studies in
temperate forests,, strongly validate the VCL mission framework.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7733. NBINA-4297.
Publicación no.: 011 Stocks and flows of coarse woody debris across a tropical rain forest nutrient
and topography gradient / Clark, D.B.; Clark, D.A.; Brown, S.; Oberbauer, S.F.; Veldkamp, E.
(Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 164, no. 1/3, p. 237-248. 2002.
Large pieces of standing or fallen dead wood, known as coarse woody debris (CWD), play important roles
intemperate forest carbon and nutrient cycles, and affect the abundance and distribution of many classes of
organisms. CWD biomass and inputs are poorly documented in tropical rain forests (TRF), and the causes for
their variation at landscape- scales in this biome have not been studied. We quantified standing and fallen
CWD stocks and inputs in upland (non-swamp) old-growth TRF at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica.
We used a network of 18 0.5 ha plots sited in three edaphic conditions to analyze soil nutrient effects on
CWD stocks and inputs controlling for topography, and to examine topographic effects controlling for soil
nutrients. The edaphic conditions were flat inceptisols, flat ultisols, and steep ultisols. Chemical analyses
confirmed the existence of an almost three-fold gradient in total P and K in the upper 1 m of soil. We also
annually censused all live woody stems 10 cm diameter above buttresses in each plot in September/October
from 1997 to 2000 to obtain data on stand structure and dynamics. Fallen CWD stocks averaged 46.3 Mg
ha-1 (22.3 Mg C ha-1), while standing CWD averaged 6.5 Mg ha-1 (3.1 Mg C ha-1). There were no
significant differences in volume or mass of standing or fallen CWD among edaphic conditions. Annual inputs
of CWD averaged 4.9 Mg ha-1 (2.4 Mg C ha-1). Turnover time of fallen CWD was ca. 9 year. Neither stocks
nor inputs were correlated with stand structure (number of trees per plot, plot basal area, or plot estimated
above-ground biomass). Potential differences in CWD stocks and inputs among sites with different edaphic
conditions may have been obscured by a 10-fold variation in tree mortality among plots and a two-fold
variation in mean CWD input among years. Analysis of sample variance showed that stocks of CWD were
adequately sampled with the 18 0.5 ha plot design, but that inputs were measured with low precision. At La
Selva fallen and standing CWD stocks together equaled ca. 33% of estimated above-ground live woody
biomass. Tropical rain forest CWD and its associated carbon are intermediate in pool size and turnover rate
between fine litter and live trees. Our results show that scaling up TRF CWD estimates to larger spatial
scales maybe more constrained by the quality of data obtained over single landscapes than by variation due
to zonal soil nutrient and topographic conditions. Both the magnitude and vagility of TRF CWD pools are
likely to change with global climate change, but the overall direction of change is uncertain.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5999.
Publicación no.: 012 Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet
forest in Costa Rica [Emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles biogénicos desde un bosque húmedo
tropical de tierras bajas en Costa Rica] / Geron, C.; Guenther, A.; Greenberg, J.; Loescher, H.W.; Clark,
D.A.; Baker, B. (US EPA. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle PK, NC 27711,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310), v. 36, no. 23, p. 3793-3802. 2002.
Twenty common plant species were screened for emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)
at a lowland tropical wet forest site in Costa Rica. Ten of the species examined emitted substantial quantities
of isoprene. These species accounted for 35-50% of the total basal area of old-growth forest on the major
edaphic site types, indicating that a high proportion of the canopy leaf area is a source of isoprene. A limited
number of canopy-level BVOC flux measurements were also collected by relaxed eddy accumulation (REA).
These measurements verify that the forest canopy in this region is indeed a significant source of isoprene. In
addition, REA fluxes of methanol and especially acetone were also significant, exceeding model estimates
and warranting future investigation at this site. Leaf monoterpene emissions were non-detectable or very
low from the species surveyed, and ambient concentrations and REA fluxes likewise were very low. Although
the isoprene emission rates reported here are largely consistent with phylogenetic relations found in other
studies (at the family, genus, and species levels), two species in the family Mimosaceae, a group previously
found to consist largely of non-isoprene emitters, emitted significant quantities of isoprene. One of these,
Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze, is by far the most abundant canopy tree species in the forests of
this area, composing 30-40% of the total basal area. The other, Zygia longifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Britton &
Rose is a common riparian species. Our results suggest that the source strength of BVOCs is important not
only to tropical atmospheric chemistry, but also may be important in determining net ecosystem carbon
exchange.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-686.
Publicación no.: 013 Environmental controls on net ecosystem-level carbon exchange and
productivity in a Central American tropical wet forest [Controles ambientales sobre el intercambio de
carbono y productividad a nivel de ecosistema en un bosque húmedo tropical centroamericano] / Loescher,
H.W.; Oberbauer, S.F.; Gholz, H.L.; Clark, D.B. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences,
321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 9, no. 3, p. 396-412. 2003.
Difficulty in balancing the global carbon budget has lead to increased attention on tropical forests, which
have been estimated to account for up to one third of global gross primary production. Whether tropical
forests are sources, sinks, or neutral with respect to their carbon balance with the atmosphere remains
unclear. To address this issue, estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) were made for 3 years
(1998-2000) using the eddy-covariance technique in a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Measurements were
made from a 42m tower centred in an old-growth forest. Under unstable conditions, the measurement height
was at least twice the estimated zeroplane height from the ground. The canopy at the site is extremely
rough; under unstable conditions the median aerodynamic roughness length ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 m. No
relationship between NEE and friction velocity was found using all of the 30-min averages. However, there
was a linear relationship between the nighttime NEE and averaged u* (R2 = 0.98). The diurnal pattern rn of
flux was similar to that found in other tropical forests, with mean daytime NEE ca. - 18 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1
and mean nighttime NEE 4.6 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. However, because - 80% of the nighttime data in this
forest were collected during laminar flow conditions ( 0.2 m-2 s-1), nighttime NEE was likely
underestimated. Using an alternative analysis, mean nighttime NEE increased to 7.05 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1.
There were interannual differences in NEE, but seasonal differences were not apparent. Irradiance accounted
for - 51% of the variation in the daytime fluxes, with temperature and vapour pressure deficit together
accounting for another - 20%. Light compensation points ranged from 100 to 207 µmol PPFD m-2 s-1. No
was relationship was found between 30-min nighttime NEE and tower-top air temperature. A weak
relationship was found between hourly nighttime NEE and canopy air temperature using data averaged
hourly over the entire sampling period (Q10
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8985. NBINA-4304.
Publicación no.: 014 Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to
interannual temperature variation during 1984-2000 [Crecimiento del bosque lluvioso tropical y
dinámica del carbono atmosférico ligados a la variación de la temperatura en diferentes años durante 19842000] / Clark, D.A.; Piper, S.C.; Keeling, C.D.; Clark, D.B. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva
Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 5852-5857), v.
100, no. 10, p. 5852-5857. 2003.
During 1984-2000, canopy tree growth in old-growth tropical rain forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, varied 2fold among years. The trees' annual diameter increments in this 16-yr period were negatively correlated with
annual means of daily minimum temperatures. The tree growth variations also negatively covaried with the
net carbon exchange of the terrestrial tropics as a whole, as inferred from nearly pole-to-pole measurements
of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) interpreted by an inverse tracer-transport model. Strong reductions in
tree growth and large inferred tropical releases of CO2 to the atmosphere occurred during the record-hot
1997-1998 El Nin~ o. These and other recent findings are consistent with decreased net primary production
in tropical forests in the warmer years of the last two decades. As has been projected by recent process
model studies, such a sensitivity of tropical forest productivity to on-going climate change would accelerate
the rate of atmospheric CO2 accumulation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8984. NBINA-4303.
Publicación no.: 015 An intimate knowledge of trees [Un conocimiento íntimo de los árboles] / Kaiser,
J.
In: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 300, p. 566-567. 2003.
A husband-wife ecologist team whose 20-year study of tropical rainforests has yielded a wealth of insights
now suggests that global warming could be worse than expected.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8986. NBINA-4305.
Publicación no.: 016 Substantial labile carbon stocks and microbial activity in deeply weathered
soils below a tropical wet forest / Veldkamp, E.; Becker, A.; Schwendenmann, L.C.; Clark, D.A.; ShulteBisping, H. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutrition; Busgenweg 2, D-37077
Göttingen,
DE
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 9, p. 1171-1184. 2003.
Contrary to large areas in Amazonia of tropical moist forests with a pronounced dry season, tropical wet
forests in Costa Rica do not depend on deep roots to maintain an evergreen forest canopy through the year.
At our Costa Rican tropical wet forestsites, we found a large carbon stock in the subsoil of deeply weathered
Oxisols, even though only 0.04-0.2% of the measured root biomass ( 2 mm diameter) to 3 m depth was
below 2 m. In addition, we demonstrate that 20% or more of this deep soil carbon (depending on soil type)
can be mobilized after forest clearing for pasture establishment. Microbial activity between 0.3 and 3 m
depth contributed about 50% to the microbial activity in these soils, confirming the importance of the subsoil
in C cycling. Depending on soil type, forest clearing for pasture establishment led from no change to a slight
addition of carbon in the topsoil (0-0.3 m depth). However, this effect was countered by a substantial loss of
C stocks in the subsoil (1-3 m depth). Our results show that large stocks of relatively labile carbon are not
limited to areas with a prolonged dry season, but can also be found in deeply weathered soils below tropical
wet forests. Forest clearing in such areas may produce unexpectedly high C lossesfrom the subsoil.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-922.
Publicación no.: 017 Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGAbased soil respiration measurements / Davidson, E.A.; Savage, K.; Bolstad, P.; Clark, D.A.; Curtis, P.S.;
Ellsworth, D.S.; Hanson, P.J.; Law, B.E.; Luo, Y.; Pregitzer, K.S.; Randolph, J.C.; Zak, D.R. (The Woods Hole
Research Center, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (ISSN 0168-1923), v. 113, p. 39-51. 2002.
Allocation of C to belowground plant structures is one of the most important, yet least well quantified fluxes
of C in terrestrial ecosystems. In a literature review of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer
(1989) suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference
between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of
soil respiration and litterfall, including data from the Ameriflux network. Our results generally agree with
Raich and Nadelhoffer's previous work. A regression analysis of data from mature forests produced the
following relationship: annual soil respiration = 287 + 2.80 × annual litterfall. This regression slope indicates
that, on average, soil respiration is roughly three times aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that
TBCA is roughly twice annual aboveground litterfall-C. These inferences are based on the uncertain
assumption of soil C stocks being at steady state. Nevertheless, changes in soil C would have to be very
large to modify the conclusion that TBCA is generally much larger than litterfall. Among only mature
temperate hardwood forests, however, the correlation between litterfall and soil respiration was poor, and
the correlation among years for a single site was also poor. Therefore, the regression cannot be relied upon
to provide accurate estimates of soil respiration or TBCA for individual sites. Moreover, interannual variation
in TBCA, short-term changes in C stocks, or different temporal scales controlling leaf litter production and
soil respiration may cause important deviations from the global average. The regression slope for data from
young forests is steeper, possibly indicating proportionally greater TBCA, but the steady-state assumption is
more problematic for young forests. This method Allocation of C to belowground plant structures is one of
the most important, yet least well quantified fluxes of C in terrestrial ecosystems. In a literaturereview of
mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer (1989) suggested that total belowground carbon allocation
(TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground
litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of soil respiration and litterfall, including data from the
Ameriflux network. Our results generally agree with Raich and Nadelhoffer's previous work. A regression
analysis of data from mature forests produced the following relationship: annualsoil respiration = 287 + 2.80
× annual litterfall. This regression slope indicates that, on average, soil respiration is roughly three times
aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is roughly twice annual aboveground litterfall-C.
Theseinferences are based on the uncertain assumption of soil C stocks being at steady state. Nevertheless,
changes in soil C would have to be very large to modify the conclusion that TBCA is generally much larger
than litterfall. Among only mature temperate hardwood forests, however, the correlation between litterfall
and soil respiration was poor, and the correlation among years for a single site was also poor. Therefore, the
regression cannot be relied upon to provide accurate estimates of soil respiration or TBCA for individual sites.
Moreover, interannual variation in TBCA, short-term changes in C stocks, or different temporal scales
controlling leaf litter production and soil respiration may cause important deviations from the global average.
The regression slope for data from young forests is steeper, possibly indicating proportionally greater TBCA,
but the steady-state assumption is more problematic for young forests. This method for estimating TBCA
may be most appropriate where interannual variation is averaged over several years of observations and
where a near-steady-state assumption of soil, litter, and root C stocks is least problematic.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-964.
Publicación no.: 018 Age and long-term growth of trees in an old-growth tropical rain forest,
based on analyses of tree rings and 14C [Edad y crecimiento y crecimiento a largo plazo de los árboles
en un bosque lluvioso tropical de viejo crecimiento, con base al análisis de los anillos de crecimiento y
radiocarbono (14C)] / Fichtler, E.; Clark, D.A.; Worbes, M. (Universtaet Goettingen. Institut für Forstbotank,
Buesgenweg 2, Goettingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 35, no. 3, p. 306-317. 2003.
In an old-growth tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, we combined radiocarbon (14C) dating and
tree-ring analysis to estimate the ages of large trees of canopy and emergent species spanning a broad
range of wood densities and growth rates. Wecollected samples from the trunks of 29 fallen, dead
individuals. We found that all eight sampled species formed visible growth rings, which varied considerably in
distinctiveness. For five of the six species for which we combined wood anatomical studieswith 14C-dates
(ring ages), the analyses demonstrated that growth rings were of annual formation. The oldest tree we
found by direct ring counting was a Hymenolobium mesoamericanum Lima (Papilionaceae) specimen, with
an age of ca. 530 years at the time of death. All other sampled individuals, including very large trees of
slow-growing species, had died at ages between 200 and 300 years. These results show that, even in an
everwet tropical rain forest, tree growth of many species can be rhythmic, with anannual periodicity. This
study thus raises the possibility of extending tree-ring analyses throughout the tropical forest types lacking a
strong dry season or annual flooding. Our findings and similar measurements from other tropical forests
indicate that the maximum ages of tropical emergent trees are unlikely to be much greater than 600 years,
and that these trees often die earlier from various natural causes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. NBINA-2073.
Publicación no.: 019 Annual variation in tree growth in a tropical wet forest: impact of climate
variability [Variación annual del crecimiento de árboles en un bosque húmedo tropical: impacto de la
variabilidad climática] / Clark, D.A.; Clark, D.B. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological
Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology held at the AIBS (American
Institute of Biological Sciences), San Antonio, TX, US, August 4-8, 1991. St. Louis, MO: Association for
Tropical Biology, 1991. no pagination. (No abstract).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 020 Sources or sinks? The responses of tropical forests to current and future
climate and atmospheric composition [¿Fuentes o sumideros? Las respuestas de los bosques tropicales
al clima actual y futuro y a la composición atmosférica] / Clark, D.A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La
Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences (ISSN 09628436), v. 359, p. 477-491. 2004.
How tropical rainforests are responding to the ongoing global changes in atmospheric composition and
climate is little studied and poorly understood. Although rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) could
enhance forest productivity, increased temperatures and drought are likely to diminish it. The limited field
data have produced conflicting views of the net impacts of these changes so far. One set of studies has
seemed to point to enhanced carbon uptake; however, questions have arisen about these findings, and
recent experiments with tropical forest trees indicate carbon saturation of canopy leaves and no biomass
increase under enhanced CO2. Other field observations indicate decreased forest productivity and increased
tree mortality in recent years of peak temperatures and drought (strong El Niño episodes). To determine
current climatic responses of forests around the world tropics will require careful annual monitoring of
ecosystem performance in representative forests. To develop the necessaryprocess-level understanding of
these responses will require intensified experimentation at the whole-tree and stand levels. Finally, a more
complete understanding of tropical rainforest carbon cycling is needed for determining whether these
ecosystems are carbon sinks or sources now, and how this status might change during the next century.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9595. NBINA-1251.
Publicación no.: 021 Responses of tropical forests to global warming and increased drought: the
evidence to date and critical research needs [Respuestas de los bosques tropicales al calentamiento
global e incremento de la sequía: la evidencia actual y necesidades críticas de investigación] / Clark, D.A.
(Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical
Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA; July 29-Aug. 3, 2002.
Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 20.
(Abstract only). Recent process model studies indicate that increasing temperatures and associated
decreases in rainfall in much of the tropics will decrease net carbon uptake of tropical forests through
impacts on both photosynthesis and respiration. A recent inversion model based on atmospheric data
indicates that large carbon emissions from the terrestrial tropics have already occurred in years of peak
temperatures and rainfall minima during 1978-1999. New evidence from ground-based studies supports
these trends. In old-growth rain forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, annual tree growth was strongly negatively
related to annual temperatures during 1984-2000, and forest-wide inventory plots showed a 39% reduction
in biomass increment in the record-hot1997/98 El Niño. Long-term monitoring studies around the tropics
indicated significantly increased tree mortality associated with that mega-Niño. Although the prevalence of
still-air nights in tropical forests makes eddy covariance measurements problematic for estimating wholeforest carbon balance, lines of evidence from such studies in the Amazon and in Costa Rica suggest that
carbon uptake by these forests is sensitive to even small temperature increases. Forest dry-down
experiments in Amazonia show pervasive ecosystem impacts from increased drought. There is a pressing
need to monitor annual forest performance in representative old-growth tropical forests worldwide, with
standardized methods and publicly-accessible data and metadata. Until such data are available, the effects
of climate change on tropical forests will remain poorly understood.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 022 Tropical forests and global warming: slowing it down or speeding it up?
[Bosques tropicales y el calentamiento global: ¿reduciéndolo o aumentándolo?] / Clark, D.A. (Organization
for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (ISSN 1540-9295), v. 2, no. 2, p. 73-80. 2004.
The world's tropical forests take up and emit large amounts of carbon (C) through photosynthesis and
respiration. Their response to global changes in the atmosphere and climate could therefore act as a
feedback. Only recently has research been focused on the possibility that tropical forests may not be in C
balance. There is currently a vigorous debate about whether these ecosystems might be accelerating or
slowing down the rate of atmospheric CO2 accumulation, and thus global warming. The evidence is thin in
either direction, and in some cases highly uncertain. Some findings raise the possibility that higher
temperatures could make tropical forests increasing C sources to the atmosphere - a positive feedback
effect. To project where our climate is headed, it is critical to resolve two questions: how tropical forests are
reacting to changing climate, atmosphere and land use and how they will continue to respond over the
coming decades.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1776.
Publicación no.: 023 Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain
forest: implications for modelling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation [Procesos de
intercambio de compuestos orgánicos volátiles arriba de un bosque lluvioso tropical: implicaciones para el
modelaje de la química troposférica por encima de una vegetación densa] / Karl, T.; Potosnak, M.;
Guenther, A.; Clark, D.A.; Walker, J.; Herrick, J.D.; Geron, C. (National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 109, no. D18306, p. 1-19. 2004.
[1] Disjunct eddy covariance in conjunction with continuous in-canopy, gradient measurements allowed for
the first time to quantify the fine-scale source and sink distribution of some of the most abundant biogenic
(isoprene, monoterpenes. methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone) and photooxidized (MVK--MAC, acetone,
acetaldehyde, acetic, and formic acid) VOCs in an old growth tropical rain forest. Our measurements
revealed substantial isoprene emissions (up to 2.50 mg m h-1) and light-dependent monoterpene emissions
(up to 0.33 mg m h-1) at the peak of the dry season (April and May 2003). Oxygenated species such as
methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde were typically emitted during daytime with net fluxes up to 0.50, 0.36,
and 0.20 mg m-, h-1, respectively. When generalized for tropical rain forests, these fluxes would add up to a
total emission of 36, 16, 19, 106, and 7.2 Tg/yr for methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, isoprene, and
monoterpenes, respectively. During nighttime we observed strong sinks for oxygenated and nitrogencontaining compounds such as methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, MVK+MAC, and acetonitrile with deposition
velocities close to the aerodynamic limit. This suggests that the canopy resistance (Re) is very small and not
the rate-limiting step for the nighttime deposition of many VOCs. Our measured mean dry deposition
velocities of methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, MVK+MAC, and acetonitrile were a factor 10-20 higher than
estimated from traditional deposition models. If our measurements are generalized, this could have
important implications for the redistribution of VOCs in atmospheric chemistry models. Our observations
indicate that the current understanding of reactive carbon exchange can only be seen as a first-order
approximation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10174.
Publicación no.: 024 Variation in leaf litter nutrients of a Costa Rican rain forest is related to
precipitation [La variación en los nutrimentos de la hojarasca del suelo de un bosque lluvioso costarricense
está relacionada con la precipitación] / Wood, T.E.; Lawrence, D.A.; Clark, D.A. (University of Virginia.
Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 400123, Charlottesville, VA 22904, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biogeochemistry (ISSN 0168-2563), v. 73, no. 2, p. 417-437. 2005.
By assessing current leaf litter nutrient dynamics, we may be able to predict responses of nutrient cycling in
tropical ecosystems to future environmental change. The goal of this study was to assess whether nutrient
cycling is related to seasonal variation in rainfall in a wet tropical forest. We examined leaf litter of an oldgrowth tropical rain forest in N.E. Costa Rica over a 4-year period to explore seasonal and inter-annual
changes in leaf litter nutrient concentrations, and to evaluate potential short- and long-term drivers of
variation in litter nutrient concentration, particularly that of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). We also
examined the temporal dynamics of calcium, potassium, and magnesium in the leaf litter. Leaf litter (P) and
%N changed significantly with time, both seasonally and inter-annually. Seasonal changes in leaf litter (P)
were strongly positively correlated with rainfall from the previous 2 weeks; cations, however, were inversely
related to this measure of current rainfall, while %N was not related to rainfall. We propose that the positive
relationship between current rainfall and leaf litter (P) is due to a response by the vegetation to an increase
in nutrient availability and uptake. In contrast, given the negative relationship between current rainfall and
cation concentrations, leaching from live leaf tissue is a more likely driver of short-term changes in cations.
Should global climate change include altered rainfall patterns in this biome, one class of ecosystem-level
responses could be significant changes in P and cation cycling.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2698.
Publicación no.: 025 Feel the heat: Rain forests may slow their growth in warmer world [Sienta el
calor: Los bosques lluviosos pueden retardar su crecimiento en un mundo más caluroso] / Perkins, S.
In: Science News (ISSN 0036-8423), v. 163, no. 17, p. 260. 2003.
During a long-term research project in a Central American rain forest, mature trees grew more slowly in
warm years than they did in cooler ones. This observation hints that tropical forests may become less
efficient at removing planet-warming carbon dioxide from the atmosphere if global temperatures continue to
rise. From 1984 to 2000, scientists studied the old-growth forest at La Selva, Costa Rica. Annually, the team
measured the diameter of all mature trees within a 2 km² area. They found that diameter growth varied
significantly from year to year and was related to average daily temperature. The annual tree growth from
1984 to 1986, the coolest interval during the period, averaged 81% greater than the growth tallied during
the record hot spell related to the El Niño that began late in 1997. The average daily temperature difference
between the two periods was about 1.4°C. Tree growth in the forest was also particularly slow during the El
Niño year of 1987, says Deborah A. Clark, a biologist at University of Missouri, St. Louis. Clark and her
colleagues report their results in an upcoming Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Looking at
global carbon dioxide measurements during the same period, the researchers noticed that quantitiesof the
gas attributable to land plants in tropical regions increased during warm years. That phenomenon could stem
from typical plant-growth characteristics, the researchers say. Plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight,
carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into carbohydrates. When the plants tap into their stores of
carbohydrates for chemical energy, however, they return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, just as animals
do, in the process called respiration. Although a plant's rate of photosynthesis begins to drop off above a
temperature that's characteristic of its species, its rate of respiration continues to rise with increasing
temperatures, says Clark. Most of the observed global spikes in carbon dioxide during warm years probably
stemmed from the increased respiration of tropical land plants, but some may have been produced by other
sources, such as forest fires or agricultural burning, says Stephen C. Piper, a biogeochemist at Scripps
Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., and acoauthor of the team's report. The growth rate of mature
trees can be a useful indicator of the climate's effect on the rest of an ecosystem, says David S. Schimel of
the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. The link that Clark's team discovered
between slow growth rates in Costa Rican trees and increases in the atmospheric carbon dioxide traceable to
tropical plants is "an innovative result that's hard to argue with," he says.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3283.
Publicación no.: 026 Retention of inorganic nitrogen by epiphytic bryophytes in a tropical
montane forest [Retención de nitrógeno inorgánico por parte de Briofitas epífitas en una bosque tropical
montano] / Clark, K.L.; Nadkarni, N.M.; Gholz, H.L. (US Forest Service. Silas Little Experiment Forest, No
Global Change Program, 501 4 Mile Rd, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 37, no. 3, p. 328-336. 2005.
We developed and evaluated a model of the canopy of a tropical montane forest at Monteverde, Costa Rica,
to estimate inorganic nitrogen (N) retention by epiphytes from atmospheric deposition. We first estimated
net retention of inorganic N by samples of epiphytic bryophytes, epiphyte assemblages, vascular epiphyte
foliage, and host tree foliage that we exposed to cloud water and precipitation solutions. Results were then
scaled up to the ecosystem level using a multilayered model of the canopy derived from measurements of
forest structure and epiphyte mass. The model was driven with hourly meteorological and event based
atmospheric deposition data, and model predictions were evaluated against measurements of throughfall
collected at the site. Model predictions were similar to field measurements for both event based and annual
hydrologic and inorganic N fluxes in throughfall. Simulation of individual events indicated that epiphytic
bryophytes and epiphyte assemblages retained 33-67 percent of the inorganic N deposited in cloud water
and precipitation. On an annual basis, the model predicted that epiphytic components retained 3.4 kg N
ha/yr, equivalent to 50 percent of the inorganic N in atmospheric deposition (6.8 kg N ha/yr). Our results
indicate that epiphytic bryophytes play a major role in N retention and cycling in this canopy by transforming
highly mobile inorganic N (ca. 50% of atmospheric deposition is NO3 ) to less mobile (exchangeable NH4+)
and recalcitrant forms in biomass and remaining litter and humus.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4096.
Publicación no.: 027 Rainforests: Carbon sink or carbon source? Could tropical forests soon
contribute to global warming? [Bosques lluviosos: ¿almacenadores de carbono o fuente de carbono?
¿Podrían pronto contribuir los bosques tropicales al calentamiento global?] / Rosner, H.
In: Seed [electronic magazine from seedmagazine.com], Apr./May, p. 59-67. 2006.
Everything you thought you knew about the rainforest may soon prove completely wrong In a remote
portion of Costa Rican jungle, a team of ecologists is measuring every known quantity about tropical forestsevery piece of gunk that falls to the ground, every wisp of carbon that rises to the sky, how much air goes
into the soil, what the bugs are eating. And they're finding that as the temperature rises from global
warming, the rainforest-long thought to be a repository of greenhouse gas-grows more slowly. This
discovery, and the data they've collected since making it, indicate that if the rainforest's temperature crosses
a certain as-yet unknown threshold, there's a very good chance the trees will begin to decay, emitting
carbon instead of storing it. And we all know what that means.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4090.
Publicación no.: 028 Detecting tropical forests' responses to global climatic and atmospheric
change: current challenges and a way forward [Detectando respuestas de los bosques tropicales al
cambio climático y atmosférico mundial: desafíos actuales y en camino] / Clark, D.A. (Organization for
Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 39, no. 1, p. 4-19. 2007.
Because of tropical forests disproportionate importance for world biodiversity and for the global carbon cycle,
we urgently need to understand any effects on these ecosystems from the ongoing changes in climate and
atmosphere. This review, intended to complement existing data reviews on this topic, focuses on three
major classes of challenges that we currently face when trying to detect and interpret directional changes in
tropical forests. One is the very limited existing information on the historical context of study sites. Lasting
effects from past climate, natural disturbances, and/or human activities could be significantly affecting
current-day processes in tropical forests and need to be investigated for all active field sites. Second,
whileprogress has been made in recent years on standardizing and refining research approaches, a number
of methods- and data-limitations continue to affect efforts both to detect within-forest changes and to relate
them to ongoing environmental change. Important outstanding needs are improved sampling designs, longer
time-series of observations, filling key data gaps, and data access. Finally, forest responses to ongoing
environmental change are complex. The effects of many simultaneously changing environmental factors are
integrated by the plants, and their responses can involve significant lags, carryovers, and non-linearities.
Specifying effects of individual environmental changes, however, is required for accurate ecosystem-process
models and thus for projecting future impacts on these forests. After discussing these several types of
challenges and ways to address them, I conclude with a priority agenda for this critical area of research.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5294.
Publicación no.: 029 Carbon dioxide exchange of a tropical rain forest. Part II [Intercambio de
dióxido de carbono de un bosque lluvioso tropical. Parte II] / Lemon, E.; Allen, L.H., Jr.; Müller, L.E. (Cornell
University. Agronomy Department, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, US).
In: BioScience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 20, no. 19, p. 1054-1059. 1970. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S492.
Publicación no.: 030 Environment of a Costa Rican forest [Ambiente de un bosque costarricense] /
Allen, L.H., Jr.; Lemon, E.; Müller, L.E. (USDA/ARS. Soil and Water Conservation Research Division,
Beltsville, MD 20705, US).
In: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 53, no. 1, p. 102-111. 1972.
Wind speed and turbulence were measured at five heights simultaneously in a Costa Rican forest with nonstalling, heated-thermocouple anemometers. A persistent daytime stable thermal stratification of the air
beneath the top canopy decreased small-scale turbulence, which may increase boundary-layer resistance of
leaf-to-air transport of water vapor and CO2. Three CO2 source layers (ground level, trunk space, and above
the top canopy) and two CO2 sink layers (top canopy and bottom canopy) were found in this forest. Low
nocturnal wind speed allowed CO2 from respiration to accumulate at night.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1658.
Publicación no.: 031 Slash and burn impacts on a Costa Rican wet forest site [Impactos de la corta y
quema sobre un sitio de bosque húmedo costarricense] / Ewel, J.J.; Berish, C.W.; Brown, B.J.; Price, N.;
Raich, J.W. (USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, HI 96813, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 62, no. 3, p. 816-829. 1981.
Three 33X33 m plots in 8- to 9-yr-old tropical evergreen forest at Turrialba, Costa Rica, interspersed with
70-yr-old patches were felled in Jan. 1979 and firewood removed from the site. Remaining vegetation was
left through the dry season (mulching) then burned in March 1979. Nutrient budgets, rates of CO2 evolution
from the soil, soil seed storage and plant growth were evaluated at each stage. Harvest of large trees
removed more than 10% of all elements (C, S, P, K, Ca, Mg) except N. During the 11-wk mulching and
drying period, 33% of K and 13% P disappeared, but losses of other elements were less than 6%. The burn
volatilized 31% of the initial amount of C, 22% of N, and 49% of S. Post-burn wind and water erosion of ash
and leaching removed 16% of N, 33% of K, 51% of P, 45% of Ca, 40% of Mg, and insignificant amounts of C
and S. Soil CO2 evolution was greater from beneath 11-wk-old slash (3.6 g/m² daily of C) than from
beneath the forest (2.5 g/m²), probably because slash conserved soil moisture better than actively
transpiring forest. After burning, both field and forest soil evolved CO2 at about 4.5 g/m² daily of C. Soil
seed storage fell from about 8000 seeds/m² (67 species) in the forest, to 6000 seeds/m² (51 species) after
mulching and drying, to 3000 seeds/m² (37 species) after burning.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2181. NBINA-5673.
Publicación no.: 032 Carbon budget of a tropical soil under mature wet forest and young
vegetation [Presupuesto de carbono de un suelo tropical bajo bosque húmedo maduro y vegetación joven]
/ Raich, J.W. (Iowa State University. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Ames, IA
50011, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 1980. 107 p. Thesis, M.Sc,
University of Florida, Department of Botany, Gainesville, FL (USA).
The effects of tropical forest removal on the carbon budget of a soil were studied by measuring major
storages (litter, roots, and organic matter) and flows (precipitation, litterfall, and CO2 evolution) of soil
carbon in two types of vegetation: mature wet forest and one-year-old succession in La Selva Biological
Station, a Costa Rican lowland. The mature-forest soil (litter plus roots and soil to a depth of 50 cm)
contained2.5 kg/m² more carbon than did the soil beneath the young successional vegetation. The greatest
reduction occurred in large dead wood; the forest contained1.8 kg/m² more carbon in.logs than did the
regrowth. There was 6-7% less carbon in soil organic matter, and about 45% less non-woody litter and nonwoody litterfall in the regrowth than in the forest. The greatest similarities between the two sites were in fine
roots (about 114 g C/m² in both sites) and soil organic matter, which may indicate that the functioning of
the soil community was not seriously impaired by forest removal. Litterfall, which averaged 2.8 g/m². day in
the forest and 1.6 g/m². day in the regrowth, was the major source of soil carbon measured in this study,
but carbon budgets indicate that root inputs to the soil were more than twice the carbon inputs in litterfall.
The proportions of rainfall reaching the soil surface in throughfall and stem flow, respectively, were: 52%
and 9% in the forest, and 68% and 4% in the regrowth. Average carbon concentrations in throughfall and
stem flow were 12 and 13 mg/l, respectively, in the forest, and 14 and 10 mg/l in the regrowth. Rain water
averaged 5 mg C/l. Precipitation inputs and leaching losses of soil carbon were 40 g/m².yr in both sites. The
rate of soil CO2 evolution was higher in the young regrowth than in mature forest (7.1 and 5.3 g C/m².day).
The regrowth was undergoing a net loss of stored soil carbon to the atmosphere.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 4.
Publicación no.: 033 Preliminary pollen analysis of Quaternary sediments from Deep Sea Drilling
Project Site 565, western Costa Rica [Análisis preliminar del polen de sedimentos del Cuaternario del
Sitio 565 el Proyecto de Barrenamiento Profundo del Mar, Costa Rica occidental] / Horn, S.P. (The University
of Tennessee. Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-09251420,
US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Initial Reports of the Sea Drilling Project, v. 84, p. 533-547. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1985.
Preliminary analyses of 32 samples from the upper 24 m of sediment recovered at Site 565 show changes in
pollen frequencies that appear to reflect vegetational and climatic changes in southern Central America
during the late Quaternary. Four pollen zones are recognized. In the lowest zone, Zone 4, the tropical pollen
types Urticales, Piper, and Alchornea are common. Temperate forest taxa, particularly Pinus, Quercus, and
Podocarpus, dominate Zones 3 and 2. Pollen spectra in Zone 1 are variable and show peaks in both
temperate and tropical taxa. The record is estimated to cover most of the last glacial cycle.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S313.
Publicación no.: 034 Nitrous oxide flux from dry tropical forests [Flujo de óxido nitroso de bosques
secos tropicales] / Vitousek, P.M.; Matson, P.A.; Volkmann, C.; Maass, J.M.; García, G. (Stanford University.
Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 3, no. 4, p. 375-382. 1989.
Fluxes of nitrous oxide were determined in several sites in drought-deciduous tropical forest, an extensive
but little-studied biome. N2O-N fluxes from eight sites within intact Mexican forest averaged 0.91 ng cm-2 h1 during the wet season; they were virtually absent in the dry season. Two subsistence maize fields yielded
increased soil N2O-N fluxes, while five pastures were more variable. Watering during the dry season caused
a substantial but short-lived pulse of N2O. Similar fluxes were observed in less-intensive sampling of dryforest sites in Hawaii and Costa Rica. Overall, N2O fluxes from soils of dry tropical forests appear to be
similar to those from moist tropical forests during the wet season and very low during the dry season.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 035 Los líquenes como indicadores de la contaminación atmosférica en el área
metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica [Lichens as atmospheric pollution indicators in the metropolitan
area of San José, Costa Rica] / Méndez, O.I.; Fournier-Origgi, L.A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de
Biología, San José, CR).
In: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 28, no. 1, p. 31-39. 1980.
Lichens were used as a pollution indicators in the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica. Trasplants
showed a positive correlation between the percentage of dead cells in the thallus and the ketone soluble
substances deposited on it. Those parts of the city where pollution is greatest (industrial areas and heavy
traffic) were also the ones where lichens suffered the most, and in some extreme cases the thallus died after
8 months of exposure. Besides this transplant experiment, the coverage of Parmelia lichens on the bark of
several tree species was determined in some areas of the city. The results of these observations suggest that
the city of San José has three different kinds of air environment in relation to lichen survival: normal,
transitional and desertic, as reported for other cities of the world. The most frequent air pollutants in San
José are: CO, CO2, C2H5OH, Cl2, HCl, H2S, H3PO4, H2CrO4, NO, NH3, NH4Cl, SO2 and Zn.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 036 Cross-system comparisons of soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide
flux in tropical forest ecosystems [Comparaciones de sistemas cruzados de transformaciones del
nitrógeno del suelo y flujo de óxido nitroso en ecosistemas de bosques tropicales] / Matson, P.A.; Vitousek,
P.M. (NASA-Ames Research Center. Ecosystem Scientific and Technica , Moffett Field, CA 94035, US).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 1, no. 2, p. 163-170. 1987.
Soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux across the soil-air interface were measured in a range of
tropical forest sites in Costa Rica, Brazil, and Hawaii. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification potentials were
high in the relatively fertile Costa Rica sites and the Amazonian oxisol/ultisols (1.5 ug-1 d-1 of N
mineralized), intermediate in Amazonian white sand soils (0.5-0.8 ug-1 d-1) and low in the Hawaiian
montane sites (0.5 ug g-1 d-1). Nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0 to 6.2 ng cm-2 h-1 of N; mean flux per
site was highly correlated with mean nitrogen mineralization across 26 sites. These correlated patterns of
nitrogen cycling and trace gas production could be useful in the development of regional- and global-scale
estimates of nitrous oxide fluxes from tropical forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2050. NBINA-7218.
Publicación no.: 037 Sedimentation and the history of upwelling and climate in high fertility areas
of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean [Sedimentación, la historia del afloramiento y el clima en áreas de
mucha fertilidad del Océano Pacífico nororiental] / Dunbar, R.B. San Diego, CA: University of California,
1981. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, CA (USA).
In this thesis, I address two problems: (1) how sedimentation occurs in highly productive coastal regions,
and (2) how sedimentary deposits and carbonate fossil remains accumulating in such areas can be used to
reconstruct the history of oceanic climate and fertility. During the deployment of a suitcase-type sediment
trap in the Santa Barbara Basin (California), fecal pellets comprised more than 60% of the total flux of 660 g
m² yr(-1). During a second deployment in the Panama Basin, recognizable fecal pellets accounted for less
than 2% of the total flux to the deep water column. A model is presented which relates pellet flux (and
organic carbon flux) to the degree of pellet "robustness" produced by clay mineral incorporation. Detailed
oxygen isotope profiles of branches of the rapidly-growing reef coral, Pocillopora damicornis, indicate that
seasonal changes in temperature and seawater isotopic composition are precisely recorded. Oxygen isotopic
analysis of fossil corals from the Gulf of Papagayo(Pacific coast of Costa Rica) indicate that widespread coral
mortality in this area was related to exposure to cold water about 200 years ago. Water temperatures
dropped due to an increase in trade-wind driven coastal upwelling during the height of the Little Ice Age.
This is the first evidence for a low latitude expression of the Little Ice Age and the results imply that even
minor climatic perturbations are accompanied by significant changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation.
('18)O/('16)O ratiosin the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides in box cores from the varved
sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin are positively correlated with the historical records of upwelling
(sealevel, water temperature, and air temperature) from Port HuenemeLos Angeles, and San Diego. Isotope
stratigraphies suggest that upwelling rates were greater during the Little Ice Age (about 50 to 400 years
ago, with cold peaks at approximately 1900, 1870, 1810, and 1770) than today. An expanded record of the
"11K" deglacial event is contained in the upper three meters of a radio-carbon dated piston core from San
Clemente Basin (California). As recorded by ('18)O/('16)O and ('13)C/('12)C ratios in the planktonic and
benthic foraminifera, the duration of the event is3000 years. The first event associated with deglaciation is a
rapid increase in benthic (delta)('13)C (which may reflect the introduction of relatively "young" deep water)
which preceeds by 500 to 1,000 years the planktonic (delta)('18)O change (recording rapid melting of the
continental glaciers). Mixing of the isotopically depleted melt water into the deep ocean proceeds for the
next 2000 to 2500 years.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 038 Controls on nitric oxide emissions from tropical pasture and rain forest soils
[Controles sobre las emisiones de óxido nítrico de potreros y suelos de bosques lluviosos tropicales] /
Parsons, W.F.J.; Keller, M. (Rutgers University. Institute of Marine and Costal Sciences, Piscataway, NJ
08855, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biology and Fertility of Soils (ISSN 0178-2762), v. 20 no. 3, p. 151-156. 1995.
In field studies, forest soils in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica emitted greater amounts of nitric oxide
(NO) than soils from pastures that had been actively grazed for over 20 years following their conversion
from forest. NO production from intact soil cores from these areas were measured. Laboratory tests using
ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), water, and acetylene (C2H2) additions demonstrated a
response consistent with field studies. Forest soils cores produced more NO than pasture cores regardless of
treatment. In forest soils the response to NH4+ solution was significantly greater than response to water or
an ambient moisture control. Addition of 10 kPa C2H2 caused a marked decrease in NO production in forest
soil cores. These responses suggest a nitrification-linked control over NO production. Large and rapid
responses to NO2- additions suggest that chemical decomposition of this ion may contribute to NO
production. Pasture soil cores did not show a significant response to any of the treatments including NO2-.
Low porosity in the pasture soils may restrict emission of NO produced therein.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5246.
Publicación no.: 039 Nitrogen loss from coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica: leaching and
denitrification in the presence and absence of shade trees [Pérdida de nitrógeno de agroecosistemas
de café en Costa Rica: percolación y desnitrificación en presencia y ausencia de árboles de sombra] /
Babbar-Amighetti, L.I.; Zak, D.R. (Organix S.A., calle 3, ave. 3 y 5, Edificio Ferencz 5to piso, San José, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Environmental Quality (ISSN 0047-2425), v. 24, no. 2, p. 227-233. 1995.
Nitrate leaching and the factors controlling denitrification in shaded and unshaded coffee (Coffea arabica)
plantations were investigated in the Central Valley of Costa Rica; both plantation types were fertilized with
300 kg N/ha annually. Nitrate leaching was quantified using porous ceramic cup lysimeters placed 60 cm
below the soil surface. Losses were estimated by multiplying the soil water NO3- concn by the monthly soil
water excess, determined as the difference between precipitation and actual evapotranspiration. In addition,
a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of NO3-, C, and O2 availability on N2O
production and total denitrification (N2O-N + N2-N). Annual leaching losses of NO3- were almost three times
greater in unshaded plantations (24 kg NO3-/ha) than in shaded plantations (9 kg/ha). In contrast, mean
total daily denitrification rates in control soil samples from shaded plantations were 60% higher (732 mug
N2O-N/kg) than in unshaded plantations (455 mug N2O-N/kg). Carbon additions produced the largest
increase in daily denitrification, generating a threefold increase (+C = 8396 mug N2O-N/kg; -C = 2985 mug
N2O-N/kg) in both plantation types. Anaerobic conditions also significantly increased denitrification (+O2 =
4331 mug N2O-N/kg per day; -O2 = 6656 mug N2O-N/kg per day). In both plantation types, the potential
for N loss via NO3- leaching was small compared with that for gaseous N loss.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7255.
Publicación no.: 040 Integrating earth systems science / Williamson, P. (University of East Anglia.
School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich, GB).
In: Ambio (ISSN 0044-7447), v. 23, no. 1, 103 pp. 1994.
This special issue contains eighteen papers presented at the 3rd International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme (IGBP) Scientific Advisory Council meeting in Mexico in 1993. The papers address the following
subjects: the carbon cycle; global change models; interactions and collaboration in global change across the
social and natural sciences; science and policy making; palaeo-perspectives; the response of a coupled
ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide; global atmospheric-biospheric
chemistry; biogeochemical interactions in the equatorial Pacific; landscape to regional-scale responses of
terrestrial ecosystems to global change; the impact of rising carbon dioxide concentrations on the terrestrial
biosphere; a vegetation classification logic based on remote sensing for use in global biogeochemical
models; large-scale experimental and modelling studies of hydrological processes; changes in general
circulation and its influence on precipitation trends in Central America (Costa Rica); global land-use/land
cover change; perspectives on policy; development of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change
Research; and the role of the European Union in global change research.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 041 Organic carbon turnover in three tropical soils under pasture after
deforestation [Funcionamiento del carbono orgánico en tres suelos tropicales bajo pastizales después de la
deforestación] / Veldkamp, E. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutritrion;
Busgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Soil Science Society of America Journal (ISSN 0361-5995), v. 58, no. 1, p. 175-180. 1994.
The changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage after deforestation in three soil types in the Atlantic Zone
of Costa Rica were studied using the delta13C method. Changes in bulk density, which normally accompany
land use changes, had a profound influence on the results of the calculations. Deforestation, followed by 25
yr of pasture, caused a net loss of 21.8 t/ha in SOC for an Eutric Hapludand and 1.5 t/ha for an Oxic
Humitropept. The SOC changes over time were studied on a deforestation sequence on an Andic
Humitropept. In the first years after forest clearing, decomposition of tree roots caused an extra input of
SOC, which influenced the delta13C signal. Decomposition of forest C and increase of pasture C were
mathematically described for several depths. A marked influence of depth on decomposition rates was found.
The strong stabilization of organic C by Al-organic matter complexes probably caused the relatively small net
C loss from SOC since forest clearing.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 372. S7222.
Publicación no.: 042 Nitrate limitation of N2O production and denitrification from tropical pasture
and rain forest soils [Limitación de nitratos por la producción de óxido nitroso y desnitrificación de suelos
de potreros tropicales y bosques lluviosos] / Parsons, W.F.J.; Mitre, M.E.; Keller, M.; Reiners, W.A.
(University of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071-3165, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biogeochemistry (ISSN 0168-2563), v. 22, no. 3, p. 179-193. 1993.
Nitrous oxide production was measured in intact cores taken from active pasture and old-growth forest
Inceptisols in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica. Aqueous KNO3 and/or glucose were added and the cores
were incubated in the laboratory to determine if N2O production rates were either nitrogen or carbon limited.
The differences in rates of denitrification among amended forest and pasture soils were determined by the
addition of 10% C2H2. The forest soils were relatively insensitive to all amendment additions, including the
acetylene block. Forest N2O production rates among the treatments did not differ from the controls and were
lower than those of the pasture soils. With the addition of glucose plus nitrate to the forest soils, production
of N2O was three times greater than the controls. This increase was not statistically significant. Pasture soils
were nitrogen-limited as N2O production rates were increased by all nitrate-containing amendments.
Denitrification was high in the pasture soils. The results are discussed with respect to the effects of
agricultural land use practices and the impacts of disturbances on N2O release.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2113. NBINA-7044.
Publicación no.: 043 Effect of pasture age on soil trace-gas emissions from a deforested area of
Costa Rica [Efecto de la edad del pasto sobre las emisiones de gases traza del suelo de áreas deforestadas
de Costa Rica] / Keller, M.; Veldkamp, E.; Weitz, A.M.; Reiners, W.A. (U.S. Department of Forest Service.
International
Institute
of
Tropical
Forestry,
Río
Piedras,
PR
00928-5000,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 365, no. 6443, p. 244-246. 1993.
Trace-gas fluxes were measured in pastures of varying ages since conversion from forest in Costa Rica.
Nitrogen oxide fluxes peaked during the first 10 yr after conversion, but declined thereafter to values that
were lower than the original forest fluxes. Previous estimates in the literature of increased nitrous oxide
input to the atmosphere from conversion of forest to pasture had assumed that elevated fluxes were
maintained.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2024. LS.
Publicación no.: 044 Cost and performance of CO2 storage in forestry projects [Costo y
comportamiento del almacenamiento de CO2 en proyectos forestales] / Swisher, J.N. (Lund University.
Environment and Energy Systems Studies, Gerdagatan 13, 22362 Lund, SE).
In: Biomass and Bioenergy (ISSN 0961-9534), v. 1, no. 6, p. 317-328. 1992.
In order to include forestry projects in a possible CO2 emission reduction regime, and to compare the costs
of individual projects or national programmes, it is necessary to determine the rate of equivalency between
carbon in fossil fuel emissions and carbon stored in different types of forestry projects. A comprehensive and
consistent methodology is presented to account for costs and carbon flows of different categories of forestry
projects. Application of the methodology to a set of projects in Central America is described. Several
estimates have been made to date of the overall potential for carbon storage through global reforestation
and the costs of such efforts, based on global macroeconomic estimates and extrapolations from current
forest-sector experience. However, there has yet to be a consistent analysis of the magnitude and cost of
carbon savings by a 'bottom-up' approach to sustainable forestry development. This methodology is applied
to a set of projects proposed in Costa Rica and other Central American countries under the Tropical Forest
Action Plan, to estimate a sample set of national CO2 reduction cost curves. Costs of carbon savings in
forestry projects studied in Central America mostly fall between $5 and $13/ton C, depending on type of
project, climate, and opportunity cost of land. These projects also promise socioeconomic benefits at the
local level, provided they are adequately endowed with funding, training and institutional support. The total
amount of CO2 storage potential is significant, about 100 million tons per country, but not enough to
suggest that forestry can offset more than a few percent of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5392.
Publicación no.: 045 Postglacial vegetation and fire history in the Chirripó paramo of Costa Rica
[Vegetación postglacial e historia de incendios en el páramo del Chirripó de Costa Rica] / Horn, S.P. (The
University of Tennessee. Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 3799609251420, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894), v. 40, no. 1, p. 107-116. 1993.
Pollen and charcoal analysis of a 5.6-m sediment core from Lago de las Morrenas (9 degree 29'N, 83 degree
29'W; 3480 m) provides evidence of postglacial vegetation and fire history in the highlands of the Cordillera
de Talamanca, Costa Rica. The site is presently surrounded by treeless paramo vegetation and apparently
has been so since deglaciation about 10,000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra suggest no pronounced changes in
vegetation since ice retreat. Fires set by people or lightning have burned the paramo repeatedly, with fire
activity probably highest during the late Holocene, but these fires have not carved paramo from forest.
Pollen percentages for Gramineae and other paramo taxa decline upward, whereas percentages for certain
subalpine, lower montane, and lowland forest taxa increase slightly; these changes may reflect the impact of
prehistoric human activity or slight upslope migrations of forest taxa owing to climatic warming. There is no
clear evidence of higher timberlines during the mid-Holocene.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4614.
Publicación no.: 046 Fluxes of nitric oxide from soils following the clearing and burning of a
secondary tropical rain forest [Flujos de óxico nítrico de suelos luego de la tala y quema de un bosque
lluvioso tropical secundario] / Neff, J.C.; Keller, M.; Holland, E.A.; Weitz, A.M.; Veldkamp, E. (National
Center for Atmospheric Research. Atmospheric Chemical Division, Boulder, CO, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v.100(D12), no. 25, p. 913-25, 922.
1995.
At sites in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica, clearing and burning of a secondary tropical rain forest
caused a significant increase in soil nitric oxide emissions. Soil-atmospheric NO fluxes averaged 0.5 ng
N/cm²-h prior to clearing and increased to 4.1 ng N/cm²-h following clearing and to greater than 12.0 ng
N/cm²-h following burning. Soil NO emissions were elevated for a period of 3-4 mo following clearing, and
fluxes peaked for 1-3 days following burning. We conducted a series of experiments with intact soil cores to
determinate the probable mechanism responsible for elevated NO emissions from soils. In one set of
experiments we added substrates for microbial nitrification (ammonium), denitrification (nitrate), and
chemical denitrification (nitrite) to autoclaved (killed) and nonautoclaved (live) soil cores. Water-only
additions were used as controls. Compared to water or nitrate additions, ammonium caused a significant
increase in NO emissions from live cores. Water, ammonium, and nitrate additions had no effect on
emissions from autoclaved cores. Nitrite soln. additions resulted in highly significant increases in NO
emissions from both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil cores. In a second set of experiments we treated
intact soil cores with acetylene (1 kPa C2H2) to selectively inhibit nitrification and oxygen to inhibit
denitrification. The oxygen treatment had no effect on NO production, while acetylene significantly reduced
NO emissions. The results from major pathway for NO production in these soils. In contrast, microbial
nitrification appears to be a critical process responsible for NO emissions throughout the clearing and burning
period. Field experiments with acetylene as an inhibitor show that immediately following burning, chemical
denitrification of nitrite deposited in ash supports a large peak in NO fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2562.
Publicación no.: 047 Geocoding and stereo display of tropical forest multisensor datasets / Welch,
R.; Jordan, T.R.; Luvall, J.C. (The University of Georgia. Center for Remote Sensing and Mapping Science,
Athens, GA 30602, US).
In: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112), v. 56, no. 10, p. 1389-1392.
1990.
Methodologies are described for the development of a multisensor geocoded dataset with stereo display to
facilitate the building of databases that may be used to assess deforestation, thermal response,
evapotranspiration and other parameters linked to climate change. Geocoding and registering are discussed
for multisensor data (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), Calibrated Airborne Multispectral
Scanner (CAMS), SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)) obtained for the
Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: P.
Publicación no.: 048 Deforestation, carbon dynamics, and sustainable mitigation measures in
Costa Rica - The Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí case study [Deforestación, dinámica del carbono y medidas
sostenibles de mitigación en Costa Rica - Estudio de caso de Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí] / Sánchez-Azofeifa,
G.A.; Quesada-Mateo, C.A. (University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,
Edmonton,
Alberta
T6G
2E3,
CA
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Interciencia (ISSN 0378-1844), v. 20, no. 6, p. 396-400. 1995.
The definition of mitigation policies and implementation projects in developing countries must be based on
solid scientific knowledge foundations. This knowledge basis must not only provide information on the
response of physical systems, but must consider, besides, the social forces that induce the response of
natural systems. In the present article, the role played by science and technology in the definition of
abatement policies is analyzed by means of a case-study in the Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí area, in Costa
Rica. Satellite information and geographical information systems are combined in order to understand the
forces generating a change in the use of land in this area, as well in the building of a data-base which may
permit the definition of long-term policies. It is concluded in this article that the success of any policy or
program will only be achieved if these are included within a referential framework which is related to a
strategy for a country's coherent and sustainable development.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: I.
Publicación no.: 049 Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under
secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica [Intercambio del
suelo a la atmósfera de óxido nitroso, óxido nítrico y metano bajo una sucesión secundaria de pastos a
bosque en las tierras bajas del Atlántico de Costa Rica] / Keller, M.; Reiners, W.A. (U.S. Department of
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 8, no. 4, p. 399-409. 1994.
We investigated changes in soil-atmosphere flux of CH4, N2O, and NO resulting from the succession of
pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. We studied a dozen sites intensively for over one
year in order to measure rates and to understand controlling mechanisms for gas exchange. CH4 flux was
controlled primarily by soil moisture content. Soil consumption of atmospheric CH4 was greatest when soil
were relatively dry. Forest soils consumed CH4 while pasture soils which had poor drainage generally
produced CH4. The seasonal pattern of N2O emissions correlated with soil exchangeable NO3concentrations. Soil-atmosphere NO flux was greatest when soils were relatively dry. We found the largest
NO emissions from abandoned pasture sites. Combining these data with those from another study in the
Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica that focused on deforestation, we present a 50-year chronosequence of trace
gas emissions that extends from natural conditions, through disturbance and natural recovery. The soilatmosphere fluxes of CH4 and N2O and of NO may be restored to predisturbance rates during secondary
succession. The changes in trace gas emissions following deforestation, through pasture use and secondary
succesion, may be explained conceptually through reference to two major controlling factors, nitrogen
availability and soil-atmosphere diffusive exchange of gases as it is influenced by soil moisture content and
soil compaction.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2519. LS. NBINA-6918.
Publicación no.: 050 A climate alliance for Central America [A debate with Max Campos Ortiz and
Patricia Ramírez Obando of the National Meteorological Institute of Costa Rica] / Kelly, M.; Granich, F.
In: Tiempo, v. 3, p. 1-3. 1991. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: TIE.
Publicación no.: 051 Tropical forests and trace gases: potential interactions between tropical
biology and the atmospheric sciences [Bosques tropicales y gases traza: interacciones potenciales entre
la biología tropical y las ciencias atmosféricas] / Vitousek, P.M.; Matson, P.A. (Stanford University.
Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 24, no. 2B, p. 233-239. 1992.
Tropical forests are major contributors to the composition of the atmosphere, and anthropogenic changes to
tropical ecosystems have driven changes in the atmosphere. Tropical biologists can make and have made
significant contributions to understanding these effects, but we can also learn a great deal from the
atmospheric sciences. In this paper, we show how knowledge about the functioning of tropical ecosystems
can contribute to building a global source budget for a greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide), and how
accumulating information from atmospheric measurements suggests that increased concentrations of a
reactive gas (tropospheric ozone) represent a significant perturbation to tropical ecosystems-even in remote
areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1219. NBINA-3539.
Publicación no.: 052 Computer simulation of tree growth periodicity and climatic hydroperiodicity
in tropical forests [Simulación mediante computadora de la periodicidad del crecimiento del árbol y la
hidroperiodicidad climática en bosques tropicales] / Borchert, R. (The University of Kansas. Division of
Biological Sciences, 1200 Haworth Hall, Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 24, no. 3, p. 385-395. 1992.
In most tropical trees, vegetative and reproductive development are distinctly periodic, but often poorly
correlated with seasonal climatic change. Growth periodicity of individual trees is proposed here to reflect
primarily an endogenous rhythm of vegetative growth resulting from periodic leaf replacement. This
endogenous periodicity determines the species-specific timing of flowering and can be entrained secondarily
to seasonal changes in water stress. These assumptions have been incorporated into a simple computer
model which illustrates the effects of various degrees of seasonal drought on tree growth periodicity. A range
of periodic growth patterns observed in individual trees and tree communities subject to increasing seasonal
drought can be simulated by the model suggesting that casual interactions similar to those operating in the
model are sufficient to determine growth periodicity in tropical trees and forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B.
Publicación no.: 053 Nitrogen-15 and Oxygen-18 characteristics of Nitrous Oxide: a global
perspective [Nitrógeno-15 y Oxígeno-18 características del óxido nitroso: una visión mundial] / Kim, K.R.;
Craig, H. (Seoul National University. Department of Oceanography, Seoul 151-742, KS).
In: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), no. 262, p. 1855-1857. 1993.
The global budget of N-2O shows a significant imbalance between the known rate of destruction in the
stratosphere and the estimated rates of natural and anthropogenic production in soils and the ocean.
Measurements of the 15N/14N and 18O/1-6O ratios in two major tropospheric sources of N-2O, tropical rain
forest soils and fertilized soils, show that soil N-2O from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and from sugarcane fields in Maui is strongly depleted in both 15N and 18O relative to mean tropospheric N-2O. A major
source of heavy N-2O, enriched in both 15N and 18O, must therefore be present to balance the light N-2O
from soils. One such source is the back-mixing flux of N-2O from the stratosphere, which is enriched in 15N
and 18O by photolysis and chemistry. However these return fluxes of 15N and 18O are so great that a large
oceanic flux of N-2O is required to balance the heavy isotope-enriched stratospheric flux. All these effects
will be reflected in climatically related isotopic variations in trapped N-2O in polar ice cores.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1601. LS.
Publicación no.: 054 Nitrous oxide emissions from tropical soils [Emisiones de óxido nitroso de suelos
tropicales] / Nobre, A.D. (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas, Avenida Andre Araujo, 2936, BR-69083000
Manaus, Amazonas, BR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire,
1994. 141 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (USA). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 191.
Publicación no.: 055 Emissions of greenhouse gases from tropical deforestion and subsequent
uses of the land [Emisiones de gases de invernadero por la deforestación tropical y usos posteriores de la
tierra] / Dale, V.H.
In: Sustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics Washington, D.C: National Academy
Press, 1993. p. 215-260. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.76150913 N277s.
Publicación no.: 056 Epiphytes and climate change research in the Caribbean: A proposal
[Investigaciones sobre epífitas y cambio climático en el caribe: Una propuesta] / Lugo, A.E.; Scatena, F.N.
(Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Call Box 25000,
Río Piedras 00928-2500, PR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Selbyana (ISSN 0361-185X), v. 13, p. 123-130. 1992.
The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the importance of epiphytes in understanding how global
atmospheric changes impact tropical forests. The Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), like other peaks in the
Caribbean, intercepts at least five major global weather systems: (1) trade winds originating in the Azores;
(2) tropical depressions and hurricanes originating in western Africa; (3) northern cold fronts originating in
the polar regions of North America; and systems originating (4) in the Pacific and (5) the Amazon basin.
Each of these "global airsheds" has a particular return frequency, associated temperature and climatic
conditions, and different chemical conditions in rain and cloud water. Epiphytes are the organisms with the
closest interactions with these systems because they absorb water and nutrients directly from the
atmosphere and their metabolism responds to prevailing conditions associated with each airshed. In order to
detect effects of global change on epiphyte communities, ir will be necessary to build a long-term
quantitative record of ecological information of these organisms. In this paper, we review the information
available for the LEF and outline our proposed program to measure ecosystems effects of global change via
elpiphytic communities. Our focus will be on biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, and hydrological fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3068. LC. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 581S.
Publicación no.: 057 Evidence of the Younger Dryas in Central America / Leyden, B.W. (University of
South Florida. Department of Geology, Tampa, FL 33620, US).
In: Quaternary Science Reviews (ISSN 0277-3791), v. 14, no.9, p.833-839. 1995.
Three sites provide records that address whether the Younger Dryas was manifest in Central America. Marine
records from Barbados and the Cariaco Basin an discussed, as well as possible climatic forcing mechanisms.
Sequences from montane La Chonta Bog, Costa Rica, and lowland Lake Quexil, Guatemala, record a
temperature decline of 1.5-2.5 degrees C dated between 11,070-10,400 C-14 years BP and ca. 12,00010,300 C-14 years BP, respectively. The record from Lake La Yeguada, Panama, does not include cooling,
although significant reorganization of local a communities occurred during the Younger Dryas chronozone.
Colder tropical SSTs throughout deglaciation contributed to sub- regional climatic variation, more intense
monsoonal activity, and cooler air temperatures. However, the temperature reversals are not associated with
the coldest tropical SSTs which occurred during meltwater pulses. The temperature reversals appear to be a
response to extra-tropical conditions, presumably in the North Atlantic, which suggests that Younger Dryas
cooling extended as far south as Costa Rica. In Panama, monsoonal conditions may have blocked cooler
temperatures. Precipitation continued to increase throughout deglaciation due to strong forcing by seasonal
solar insolation in Central America while desiccation events occurred to the north and south.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5746. NBINA-5191.
Publicación no.: 058 Sustainable development: A new challenge for Costa Rica [Desarrollo
sostenible: Un nuevo reto para Costa Rica] / Figueres-Olsen, J.M. (Fundación Costa Rica para el Desarrollo
Sostenible (Entebbe), Apartado Postal 557-2250, Tres Ríos de La Unión, CR <http://www.entebbe.com>).
In: SAIS Review (ISSN 0036-0775), v. 16, no. 1, p. 187-202. 1996.
The sustainable development policy being pursued by Costa Rica is outlined. It is based on strategic social
investment; macroeconomic balance; environmental protection and the participation of society in decision
making. Examples are presented to illustrate steps taken to establish a positive relationship between the
natural environment and growing economic needs. These include: the establishment and management of
designated conservation areas; greenhouse gas emission control programmes; biodiversity conservation and
utilization projects; the development of ecotourism in national parks; increasing environmental education;
macroeconomic restructuring to create an open and more competitive economic environment; the use of
renewable energy technologies; the adoption of more environmentally friendly farming practices; the
encouragement of more efficient resource use by industry; and participation by more of society in decision
making through discussion fora.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7799.
Publicación no.: 059 Graphic correlation of marine deposits from the Central American isthmus:
implications for late neogene paleoceanography [Correlación gráfica de los depósitos marinos del istmo
centroamericano: implicaciones para la paleoceoneografía del Neogeno tardío] / Dowsett, H.F.; Cotton, M.A.;
Jackson, B.C, (ed.).; Budd, A.F, (ed.).; Coates, A.G, (ed.). (University of Iowa. Department of Geoscience,
Iowa City, IA 52242, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Evolution and environment in tropical America Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. p. 5775. ISBN: 0-22-638944-8.
Introduction: The Late Neogene stratigraphy in Panama and Costa Rica preserves an extensive record of the
marine biologic and climatic changes associated with the rise and closure of the Central American Isthmus.
Creating a high-resolution temporal framework, within which stratigraphic sections found on the isthmus can
be interpreted, is fundamental to our understanding of the history and importance of these events.
Ironically, the planktonic zonations that have been the basis for refined temporal frameworks over the past
few decades are now the primary stumbling block for future paleoceanographic work in ocean margin
settings because of the implicit assumption of synchrony of fossil first and last occurrences. In this chapter
we point out the problems associated with these conventional methods of biochronology and discuss the
advantages associated with graphic correlation (GC). We first describe the graphic correlation technique and
summarize a GC model for the Late Neogene, and then apply it to specific sequences from the Caribbean
coast of Panama.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 560.45098 E93e.
Publicación no.: 060 Biotic and oceanographic response to the Pliocene closing of the Central
American isthmus [Respuesta biótica y oceanográfica para el cierre del istmo centroamericano en el
Plioceno] / Cronin, T.M.; Dowsett, H.F.; Jackson, B.C, (ed.).; Budd, A.F, (ed.).; Coates, A.G, (ed.).
(University of Iowa. Department of Geoscience, Iowa City, IA 52242, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Evolution and environment in tropical America Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. p. 76104. ISBN: 0-22-638944-8.
Introduction: The formation of the Central American Isthmus (CAI) during the Late Neogene closed an ocean
gateway that had been open since the Mesozoic and simultaneously joined two long-isolated land masses. It
was a key event for tropical biotic evolution, allowing the interchange of terrestrial species between North
and South America (Marshall 1988) and isolating Pacific and Atlantic/Caribbean marine organisms (Jones
and Hasson 1985; Stehli and Webb 1985). The oceanographic and climatic effects of the closure of the
isthmus have also been debated, in part because this event coincides with the initiation of major Northern
Hemisphere glaciation and the amplification of Milankovitch climatic cycles about 2.5 Ma (Shackleton et al.
1984; Raymo et al. 1989). Berggren (1972) and Berggren and Hollister (1974) postulated, on the basis of
early Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) results, that isthmus closure may have had a profound effect on
North Atlantic paleoceanography, and possibly on global climate, by diverting warm, saline water to high
latitudes, causing Late Pliocene Northern Hemisphere ice build-up. Keigwin (1978, 1982) also suggested that
as Pacific and Caribbean waters ceased to mix, significant changes in North Atlantic Ocean structure
occurred, such as increased surface salinities in the Caribbean and the intensification of the Gulf Stream.
Rind and Chandler (1991) argued, on the basis of a general circulation model, that relatively small changes
in ocean heat flux, due to ocean circulation changes caused by isthmus closure, can substantially alter global
climate. In this chapter we examine the role of the CAI during the Pliocene in affecting tropical and
extratropical oceanic and biotic events. We present evidence indicating there was near closure of the isthmus
to surface water around 3.0-2.8 Ma, and perhaps again at about 2.0 Ma, which had major effects on marine
paleobiogeography and altered North Atlantic Ocean circulation to cause periods of Northern Hemispheric
warmth. We will attempt to show, through the study of marine ostracodes and planktonic foraminifers from
the North Atlantic/Caribbean, that the formation of the CAT directly or indirectly (1) increased North Atlantic
oceanic heat flux from low to high latitudes at 3 Ma and possibly again at 2 Ma; (2) led to oceanic thermal
gradients less steep than those today, thereby decreasing provinciality of marine organisms; (3) increased
surface salinities but did not decrease sea surface temperatures in the Caribbean region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 560.45098 E93e.
Publicación no.: 061 Interactions between populations and resources [Interacciones entre
poblaciones y recursos] / Daily, G.C. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for
Conservation Biology, Stanford CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Stanford, CA: Stanford
University, 1992. 203 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (USA).
This dissertation consists several unrelated projects, each dealing with the interactions between animal
populations and their resources in evolutionary and community level contexts. Three of the projects focus on
the behavior of natural populations and communities of non-human species, while the other two explore
several dimensions of humanity's present population and resource predicament. The first chapter
investigates the factors that determine the spatial distribution of adults in an insect population and relates
these to the evolution of insect mating systems. Field experiments showed that population size, sex ratio,
and certain habitat features interact to produce predictable distributions of individuals in a Colorado butterfly
population. The second chapter describes subtle, indirect interactions in a keystone species complex
comprised of a woodpecker, certain willow species, aspen trees, and a heartwood fungus. In a subalpine,
Rocky Mountain ecosystem, the persistance of two swallow species depends upon and the abundances of
numerous other vertebrates and invertebrates is enhanced by the cooccurrence of each element of the
complex. The third chapter examines the influence of social dominance status upon foraging behavior in
large, heterospecific assemblages of birds at fruiting trees in Costa Rica. Individuals of subordinate species
were interrupted more, tended to have shorter feeding bouts (especially during periods of high activity), and
spent a smaller fraction of their foraging bouts actually feeding than did dominant species. Several possible
ramifications of social dominance hierarchies at the population and community levels are discussed. Chapter
four describes the results of a stochastic simulation model of the effects of rapid climatic change on
agriculture and the global human population. The model suggests that even favorable climatic changes may
not prevent a several-fold increase in deaths (over past levels) if population growth outpaces food
production by about 0.8 percent per annum or more. Finally, the fifth chapter outlines the current human
population-environment situation and developes a framework for analysing the carrying capacity of the
planet for Homo sapiens. Biophysical and social dimensions of sustainability and carrying capacity are
discussed.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 062 Nitrogen cycling in shaded and unshaded coffee plantations in the Central
Valley of Costa Rica [Reciclaje de nitrógeno en cafetales sombreados y sin sombra en el Valle Central de
Costa Rica] / Babbar-Amighetti, L.I. (Organix S.A., calle 3, ave. 3 y 5, Edificio Ferencz 5to piso, San José, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, 1993. 86 p. Dissertation, Ph.D,
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (USA).
Coffee (Coffee arabica L.) management in Costa Rica is changing from plantations associated with shade
trees to monocultures; both of which receive large additions of N through fertilization. Understanding
patterns and processes of N cycling within coffee agro-ecosystems could lead to the development of
management practices that maintain productivity while minimizing environmental damage. My study
investigated the N dynamics in paired shaded and unshaded coffee plantations in the Central Valley, all
fertilized with about 300 kg N ha(-1) y((-1). I quantified net N mineralization and nitrification, and microbial
biomass N. Mean daily mineralization rates did not significantly differ between treatments (shaded = 38.9
mg N m² d(-1); unshaded = 29.4 mg N m² d(-1). However, net mineralization was significantly higher in
shaded plantations (148 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) than in the unshaded (111 kg N ha(-1) y(-1). Small pools of
microbial biomass N (shaded = 0.48 g m²; unshaded = 0.46 g m² suggested that N retention primarily
occurs through plant uptake. I also investigated NO3- leaching and factors controlling denitrification, such as
NO3-, C, and O2 availability. Annual NO3- leaching losses were 3 times greater in unshaded plantations (238
kg NO3-N ha(-1) y(-1) than those in the shaded (87 kg ha(-1) y(-1). In contrast, mean denitrification rates
in shaded plantations were 60% higher (6774 µg N2O-N g(-1) d(-1) than those in unshaded plantations
(4340 µg N2O-N g(-1) d(-1). Carbon additions (C6H12O6) elicited nearly a three-fold increase (-C = 2985
ug N2O-N g(-1) d(-1) to +C = 8396 µg N2O-N g(-1) d(-1) in both agroecosystems. Anaerobic conditions
increased denitrification to a lesser extent (+O2 = 4331 µg N2O-N g(-1) d(-1); -O2 = 6656 µg N2O-N g(-1)
d(-1). In both plantation types, potential N loss via denitrification was small compared to NO3- leaching. My
results indicate that large N-fertilizer additions are unwarranted measures to sustain high coffee yields. In
light of the large N loss through leaching, the presence of shade trees is an important factor reducing N loss.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 063 Almacenamiento y fijación de carbono en ecosistemas forestales / AlfaroMurillo,
M.
(Cámara
Costarricense
Forestal,
Apdo.
1135-1002,
San
José,
CR
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 19, p. 9-12. 1997.
Hasta hace pocos años nadie se detenía a analizar el valor monetario de la provisión de agua, de la
protección de la biodiversidad, la recreación o la fijación de carbono, pues se creía que el bosque de por sí
tendría que brindar éstos y otros servicios. La alta deforestación de los bosques tropicales, ha puesto de
manifiesto y enfrentado al ser humano a reconocer la gran cantidad de bienes y servicios que están
desapareciendo, perjudicando no sólo a los pobladores que viven en los alrededores del bosque, sino a los
habitantes de las ciudades. Una de las mayores consecuencias de la tala indiscriminada de los bosques es el
efecto de invernadero, o sea, la concentración de gases en la atmósfera, que obstaculizan la salida de una
parte de la radiación que entra a ésta. La autora de este artículo comparte sus ideas y algunos elementos
que informan al lector sobre el efecto de invernadero y la opción que significa la fijación de carbono para
países desarrollados, y en vías de desarrollo, pues los primeros pagarán por un servicio que prestan los
bosques y los segundos recibirán incentivos económicos por protegerlos y conservarlos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. NBINA-7380.
Publicación no.: 064 Sostenibilidad en el uso del agua en América Latina / Radulovich, R.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Agrícola y AGROPLAN S.A., Apdo. 1567-1000, San José,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 18, p. 13-17. 1997.
El agua, otrora un problema mayor sólo en zonas áridas, se ha convertido rápidamente en una limitante
generalizada en sectores urbanos y rurales de las zonas húmedas de América Latina, por lo menos en lo que
respecta a calidad. A pesar de que la región latinoamericana es la mejor provista del mundo en cantidad de
agua per capita (Reiff 1990; FAO 1993), ésta se encuentra en peculiar distribución espacio-temporal y,
debido a su voluminosidad, movilidad y requerimientos de calidad, es costoso manejarla. El crecimiento de la
población, los fuertes incrementos en consumo per capita (riego, industria, estándares de vida), la
contaminación de fuentes y la alteración de los ciclos hidrológicos locales, incluyendo deforestación, mal
manejo de cuencas y disminución de los niveles freáticos, repercuten en que la disponibilidad de agua sea
menor, en donde más se ocupa. Lo anterior no considera situaciones climáticas a mayor escala que se están
dando de forma imprevisible, como por ejemplo: el efecto invernadero y el fenómeno del Niño. Este
escenario se agrava debido a que históricamente se ha utilizado el agua de más fácil acceso y las nuevas
fuentes u opciones generalmente traen consigo un costo mayor.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 065 Changes in the general circulation and its influence on precipitation trends in
Central America [Cambios en la circulación general y su influencia en las tendencias de la precipitación en
Centroamérica] / Brenes-Vargas, A.; Saborío-Trejos, V.F. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Departamento
de Información, San José, CR).
In: Ambio (ISSN 0044-7447), v. 23, no. 1, p. 87-90. 1994.
A trend analysis of 81 series of precipitation data from the last 30 years (1960-1990) is presented. These
series are from meteorological stations distributed throughout Costa Rica on the leeward and windward
sides, both of which are affected by the trade-wind regime. Analysis of these data shows that over 75% of
Costa Rica has experienced a precipitation decrease during this period. Most of the areas affected by this
tred are located along the country from northwest to southeast. However, on the windward side there has
been a positive trend in precipitation, suggesting a strengthened trade-wind regime. An analysis of data on
Atlantic hurricane trajectories since 1900 shows that the the total number of hurricanes has increased, but
there has been a reduction in the number crossing the Caribbean Basin. The passage of tropical cyclones in
the Caribbean Basin accounts for around 70% of total precipitation in the Pacific region of Central America.
These countries economies are highly dependent on agriculture, and on water resources for energy
generation; thus changes in hurricane patterns and associated rainfall could have important economic
consequences.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8043. LC.
Publicación no.: 066 Modelling land use dynamics by integrating biophysical and human
dimensions (CLUE) Costa Rica 1973-1984 [Modelaje de la dinámica del uso de la tierra mediante la
integración de las dimensiones biofísicas y humanas (CLUE) Costa Rica 1973-1984] / Veldkamp, A.; Fresco,
L.O.; Zwerver, S. (ed.); Rompaey, R.A.V. (ed.); Kok, M.T. (ed.); Berk, M.M, (ed.). (Wageningen Agricultural
University. Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Soil Science and Geology, P.O. Box 37,
6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Climate change research: evaluation and policy implications Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers,
1995. p. 1413-1416.
As a pilot study potential biophysical and human land use drivers in Costa Rica evaluated using multi-variate
statistical methods in a nested scale analysis. The reconstructed land use drivers and their quantified effects
on land use were applied within a dynamic framework CLUE (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects) to
model land use dynamics in Costa Rica from 1973 to 1984. Our pilot study demonstrates that its dynamics
can be satisfactorily modelled as functions of biophysical and human drivers.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6526.
Publicación no.: 067 Gradient analysis of biomass in Costa Rica and a first estimate of total
emissions of greenhouse gases from biomass burning / Helmer, E.H.; Brown, S. (USDA Forest Service.
International Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box 25000, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, PR <E-mail:
ehelmer/[email protected]>). , 1996. 25 p.
Past efforts to estimate greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from biomass burning generally have relied on
global or regional data bases. Although the Central American country of Costa Rica is small in area (50 060
km²), it has a much better database than most regions and thereby provides an excellent "microcosm" for
an analysis of GHG emissions by forest type. It has, for example, several forest formations for which data on
forest structure and areas deforested are available. Between 1950 and 1984, the rate of deforestation in
Costa Rica was one of the highest in the world at about 3.9% per year. Our objectives in this chapter are: 1)
estimate biomass of stands undisturbed by human activity (as far as we can tell) as a function of
environmental gradients in Costa Rica, and 2) estimate the release of GHGs to the atmosphere from knowing
the spatial variation in deforestation rates in forests developed under differing climatic conditions. We
estimate emissions simply by assuming 100% of aboveground biomass is burned eventually, an assumption
recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (IPCC/OECD) methodology for inventory of GHG.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical: C4.30.
Publicación no.: 068 National inventory of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Costa Rica
[Inventario nacional de fuentes y sumideros de gases de invernadero en Costa Rica] / Ministry of
Environment and Energy. National Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 7-3350, 1000 San José, CR. San José:
Ministry of Environment and Energy / National Meteorological Institute, 1996. 51 p.
Earth's atmosphere has been in constant change through time but nevertheless the faster pace of more
recent times has been alarming: the atmosphere's composition has changed with and acceleration unknown
in any other stage of human history. The sustained increase of greenhouse gases in the athmosphere,
caused by human activities, is the main cause of alarm since we know with certitude that the affected
radiative balance of the atmosphere will produce global climate changes. In June, 1992, in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, 155 countries signed a Framework Convention on Climate Change, which main objective was to attain
the stabilization of greenhouse effect gases concentrations in the atmosphere, at such a level to stop the
dangerous anthropogenic interferences in the climate system. The signatory countries at the Convention got
involved, among other objectives, in the perfomance of national inventories on the emissions of greenhouse
gases and in the implementation of national programs aiming to provide measures towards the mitigation of
climatic change. Costa Rica ratified the Convention on June 13, 1994 and as part of its compromise and as
part of the National Program on Climate Change, the first inventory of emissions of greenhouse gases in the
country was implemented. In order to make the results of the inventory able to be compared with those
from other countries, it was carried out by following the "Guidelines for the Elaboration of National
Inventories on Greenhouse Gases" as proposed by the IPCC/OECD (1994) and the reference year was 1990.
The National Inventory on Emissions of Greenhouse Gases for Costa Rica, was elaborated as part of a larger
project: "Country Studies, by Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases Emissions". (GF/4102-92-42),
implemented by the Climate Unit of the United Nations Program for the Environment (UNEP) and sponsored
by the Global Environmental Fund (GEP). The evaluation was charged to the National Meteorological
Institute, which in turn coordinated a team of professionals and technicians from various institutions. The
inventory included six gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane
(CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), in five economic
activity areas: Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Land Use Change and Forestry and Waste
Management. The total emissions for greenhouse gases in Costa Rica for the year 1990 were estimated to be
4404.4 Gg, which is equivalent to 4 404 400 tons. To this total, the energy sector contributed with 2665.6
Gg (2 665 600 tons), Industrial Processes with 367.9 Gg (367 900 tons), Agriculture with 139.81 Gg (139
810 tons), Land Use Change and Forestry 1210.55 Gg (1 210 550 tons) and Waste Management with 20.5
Gg (20 500 tons).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 113.
Publicación no.: 069 Clinton urges action on global warming [Clinton urge se tomen acciones en
contra del calentamiento global] / Bennet, J. In: The New York Times (ISSN 0362-4331), May 10, 1997, Sec.
A, p. 6, col. 41997.
Drenched by a misting rain, President Clinton stood before the soaring forest here today to issue a hedged
warning about global climate change and to declare that the world has much to learn from Costa Rica's
environmental stewardship. While calling for reduction of greenhouse gases, Mr. Clinton stopped short of an
explicit declaration that pollution was causing the global climate to change for the worse. "There is some
doubt about what increased greenhouse gas emissions are doing to the climate," Mr. Clinton said, "but no
one doubts that they'rechanging the climate, and no one doubts that the potential consequences can be very
profound and severe." In keeping with the relentless solicitude he has shown his hosts on his first trip to
Latin America, Mr. Clinton did not talk about the environment in smog-bound Mexico City earlier this week.
Instead, he waited until reaching Costa Rica, where one quarter of the land, he noted today, is protected by
the Government. Mr. Clinton flew on to Barbados later this afternoon, for a summit meeting of Caribbean
nations there on Saturday.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3290.
Publicación no.: 070 Potential impacts of climatic change on the productive capacity of Costa
Rican forests: a case study [Impactos potenciales del cambio climático en la capacidad productiva de los
bosques costarricenses: estudio de caso] / Tosi-Olin, J.A., Jr.; Watson-Céspedes, V.; Echeverría-Bonilla, J.
(Centro Científico Tropical, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Tropical Science Center, 1992. 79 p.
In the context of present-day scientific concern with predicted climatic changes resulting from the current
untoward generation and release of CO2 and other "greenhouse" gases, the Department of Sciences of the
University of Virginia (UV) is undertaking a study of the possible effects of global warming on the Earth's
forests. As an adjunct to the main UV study, larger-scale, regional and country level case studies have been
included for corroboration and to facilitate analysis of the economic, social, and policy consequences of
eventual global warming, should it occur. Costa Rica and Nicaragua have been selected for detailed analyses
in the Tropical, Central American-Caribbean region. The Tropical Science Center, a not-for-profit Costa Rican
research association was subcontracted by the University of Virginia to undertake detailed modelling and
preliminary analyses of the implications of two potential climatic change scenarios on the forests of Costa
Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical.
Publicación no.: 071 General equilibrium modelling of trade and the environment [Modelaje del
equilibrio general de comercio y el ambiente] / Beghin, J.; Dessus, S.; Roland-Hurst, D.; van der
Mensbrugghe, D. (<E-mail: [email protected]> ). Paris: OECD Development Centre, 1996. 66 p.
(Technical Papers OECD Development Centre; no. 116).
The complete technical specification of a computable general equilibrium model is presented for six country
case studies of the OECD Development Centre's programme on 'Sustainable Development: environment,
resource use, technology and trade'. The six countries are Mexico, Costa Rica and Chile in Latin America,
China, Indonesia and Vietnam in the Asia Pacific region. The model attempts to capture some of the key
features relating to environmental emissions. These features include: linking emissions to the consumption
of polluting inputs; including emissions generated by final demand consumption; integrating substitutability
between polluting and non-polluting inputs; capturing important dynamic effects such as capital
accumulation, population growth, productivity and technological improvements and vintage capital; and the
impact of emissions taxes to limit the level of pollution. The first section provides an overview of the model
and this is followed by a complete description of each block of the model. The third section provides a list of
the differences of the data and model specification across country implementation. The final section presents
concluding remarks.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 072 Greenhouse gas emission inventories: interim results from the U.S. Country
Studies Program [Inventarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero resultados provisionales del
Programa de Estudios de Países de los EE.UU] / Braatz, B.V, (ed.).; Jallow, B.P, (ed.).; Molnar, S, (ed.).;
Murdiyarso, D, (ed.).; Perdomo, M, (ed.).; Fitzgerald, J.F. (ICF Incorporated, Washington DC, US).
In: Environmental Science and Technology Library 9 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. 387 p.
ISBN: 0-7923-4142-2.
Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are required to conduct national
inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks using comparable methodologies. This
book presents the results of preliminary national inventories prepared by countries participating in the US
Country Studies Program which was set up to provide financial and technical assistance to 56 developing and
transition countries for conducting national inventories. The gases included in the inventories are carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and non-methane volatile organic
compounds. Preliminary national inventories are presented for the following countries: Ivory Coast, Gambia,
Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, China, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, Ukraine, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Venezuela.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 073 Fijación de carbono y diversidad biológica en el agroecosistema cafetero
[Carbon fixation and biological diversity in the coffee agroecosystem] / Fournier-Origgi, L.A. (Universidad de
Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR).
In: Boletín de Promecafé (ISSN 1010-1527), no. 71, p. 7-13. 1996.
Three coffee production systems are considered in terms of their contribution to maintaining biological
diversity: (a) an agroforestry system in which coffee is grown with various timber and fruit shade trees, (b)
a coffee plantation with shade trees (typically Inga and Erythrina spp.), and (c) a coffee plantation exposed
to the sun with intensive labour and fertilizer inputs. System (b) is considered to be the best option in
agroecological and economic terms; this system has the highest potential level of CO2 fixation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4896. Biblioteca del MAG: Hb.
Publicación no.: 074 Tropical land use change and soil emissions of nitrogen oxides [Cambio en el
uso del suelo tropical y las emisiones de óxidos nitrosos del suelo] / Erickson, H.E.; Keller, M. (Universidad
Metropolitana. Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología, P.O.B. 21150, San Juan, PR 00928, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Soil Use and Management (ISSN 0266-0032), v. 13, Suppl. no. 4, p. 278-287. 1997.
Increases in the emissions of globally important nitrogen (N) oxide gases have coincided with significant
changes in land use in the tropics, Clearing of tropical forests and savannas for agriculture currently
represents the most extensive alteration of land cover on the planet. Over the last several decades, N
fertilizer use has increased globally and in China and the developing world, use has recently surpassed that
in the developed world. The potential contribution of land-use change in the tropics to the increase in N
oxides is great, yet only a few studies have measured N oxide emissions after tropical land conversion. Our
summary of available research shows some conversions to pastures and a few management practices,
especially those using N fertilizers, increase emissions beyond those found in undisturbed ecosystems.
However, not all studies show unequivocal increases in emissions. Accordingly we call for a mechanistic
understanding of the processes controlling trace gas fluxes to adequately predict under what conditions
increased emissions may occur. More measurements are needed to build and test models that may improve
management of N fertilizer use in tropical agricultural systems, Given the expected expansion of agriculture
and increased use of N fertilizers in the tropics, increased emissions of N oxides from the tropics are likely.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3382.
Publicación no.: 075 A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils [Inventario global de
emisiones de óxido nítrico de suelos] / Davidson, E.A.; Kingerlee, W. (The Woods Hole Research Center, POB
296, Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 37-50. 1997.
Over 60 published papers reporting field measurements of emissions of nitric oxide (NO) from soil are
reviewed, and over 100 annual estimates of NO emissions were made for various types of ecosystems,
including agricultural fields. These data were stratified by biome and the mean of each stratum was
multiplied by an estimate of the biome area. A few strata were identified as clearly having low NO emissions:
montane forests, swamps and marshes, tundra, and temperate forests that are not heavily affected by N
deposition. The largest emissions were observed in tropical savanna/woodland, chaparral, and cultivated
agriculture, but variation in NO emissions within these strata was also large. Although the stratification
scheme fails to partition this within-stratum variation, it does clearly identify these biomes as globally
important sources of NO and as areas where more research is needed to investigate within-biome variation
in NO emissions. It is too early to tell whether differences in NO emissions between temperate and tropical
agriculture are significant, but it is clear that agriculture is an important source of NO and that management
practices affect NO emissions. The best current estimate of the global soil source of NO is 21 Tg N yr(-1).
Adsorption of NO, onto plant canopy surfaces may reduce emissions to the atmosphere to as low as 13 Tg N
yr(-1), although the absorption effect is probably smaller than this. An error term for the global estimate is
difficult to determine, but it is at least +/-4 and perhaps as large at +/-10 Tg N yr(-1). Hence, only modest
progress has been made in narrowing uncertainties in the estimate of the global soil source of NO, although
some published lower estimates appear unlikely. This inventory reconfirms that the soil source of NO is
similar in magnitude to fossil fuel emissions of NOx. Further narrowing of the uncertainty of the estimate of
global soil NO emissions will require more sophisticated and carefully chosen stratification schemes to
address variation within biomes based on soil fertility, soil texture, climate, and management and will
require linking this type of inventory and stratification with mechanistic models.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5911. NBINA-5185.
Publicación no.: 076 Impact of human activity on NO soil fluxes [Impacto de la actividad humana en
los flujos de óxido nítrico] / Sanhueza, E. (Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC).
Laboratorio de Química Atmosférica, Apartado Postal 21827, Caracas 1020-A, VE <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 48, no. 1/2, p. 61-68. 1997.
Changes in land use driven by the increasing demand of food are affecting the fluxes of trace gases to the
atmosphere. The more important human activities that affect NO soil fluxes are: deforestation,
intensification of agricultural practices, and biomass burning. In this review emphasis is given to identifying
the physicochemical and biological processes involved in the changes, and no attempt to quantify their
contribution to global or regional NO budgets is made. Conversion of tropical forest to pasture is occurring
very rapidly. An increase of the NO emission is observed immediately after deforestation (1-5 years)
followed by a significant decrease (below forest levels) in old pastures and secondary successional forests. It
seems that deforested tropical areas produce, in the long term, less NO than primary forests. The observed
changes are not completely understood, but are most likely driven by the availability of exchangeable
nitrogen and the bacteria' population. Soil plowing and fertilization are important factors that affect NO
fluxes in agricultural soils. Plowing increases soil porosity and aeration, as well increasing the surface area
that is exposed to the atmosphere. These physical changes increase the production of soil nitrate, and the
escape efficiency of NO from the soil, enhancing NO fluxes. The emission of NO from fertilized soils depends
on many variables: type of fertilizer (i.e. ammonium, nitrate), the structure of the soil microbial community
(e.g., populations of nitrifiers and denitrifiers), meteorogical conditions (e.g. soil moisture and temperature),
and soil management(e.g. plowing). A combination of these factors should explain the large range reported
for the fraction of N-fertilizer that is emitted as NO to the atmosphere. Measurements made in diverse
ecosystems show that vegetation burning enhances NO soil emissions. However, it seems that different
processes, which are not well understood, occur at the various sites; e.g., in the tropical savannah,
enhanced emissions, from dry soils, are observed immediately after burning, whereas in Californian
chaparral burned dry soils emit on average less than the unburned plots, and the fluxes only increase after
soil wetting. Changes in the physical conditions of the soil surface and N availability are the most likely
factors that explain the increased fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5720. NBINA-5186.
Publicación no.: 077 Fertilizer-induced nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils [Emisiones de
óxido nítrico inducidas por los fertilizantes de suelos agrícolas] / Veldkamp, E.; Keller, M. (Universität
Göttingen. Institute of Soil Science, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 69-77. 1997.
We summarize and evaluate 23 studies of the effect of fertilizer use on nitric oxide (NO) emission from
agricultural soils. To quantify this effect we selected only field-scale studies with duration of at least one
complete growing season and excluded studies with a legume as the principle crop. Only 6 studies met the
established criteria, resulting in a total of 12 observations of soil/crop/fertilizer combinations, all in
temperate areas. For these studies, the amount of NO emitted was linearly related to the amount of fertilizer
applied (R² = 0.64) and about 0.5% of applied nitrogen was emitted as NO during the crop growing season.
The available data are too limited to separate the effects of fertilizer type, soil type, or crop management.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5242.
Publicación no.: 078 Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer: the Ozone Meeting
in Costa Rica [Convención de Viena para la protección de la capa de ozono: La Reunión del Ozono en Costa
Rica] / Karlaganis, G. (Swiss Agency for the Environment. Forests, Snow & Landscape Substances, Soil &
Biotechnology Division, CH-3003 Bern, CH).
In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ISSN 0944-1344), v. 4, no. 2, p. A 7-A 8. 1997.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 079 Banks, debt, and development / Umaña-Quesada, A. (Instituto Centroamericano
de Administración de Empresas (INCAE), Barrio San José de Alajuela, CR).
In: International Environmental Affairs (ISSN 1041-4665), v. 2, no. 2, p. 140-149. 1990.
During the last few decades, humanity has become increasingly aware of our growing impact on the
biosphere. Economic growth, industrialization, scientific and technological change and rapid increases in
population have all contributed to environmental deterioration worldwide. The variety of threats to the
earth's metabolism and its life-support systems are now well known and will be considered in detail during
this conference. Perhaps the most serious of all these threats is the direct assault against life taking place in
the tropical forests, which are located almost exclusively in developing countries. Within these forests live
nearly two-thirds of all the plants and animals which share the planet with us. Nevertheless, each second
that passes, the equivalent of an entire football field of tropical forest disappears, and with it, all the
organisms that live in these ecosystems. We are extinguishing life on earth at a rate thousands of times
greater than in any previous period during the evolution of life. The fate of the tropical forests will not be
decided in the 21st century, but rather in the next decade, and with them may disappear a considerable
component of the planet's biodiversity. Economic pressures are forcing rural populations in tropical countries
onto a path of destructive short-term exploitation of precious timber species. Such exploitation is expanding
ecological destruction, increasing pressures for climatic change, and limiting the development options of
future generations. In most cases, however, there is still hope to redirect the development path toward a
sustainable course; and we presented with a unique opportunity to reverse the destructive trends of the
past. Appropriate economic incentives to tropical developing countries could significantly reduce
deforestation and support a massive biomas buildup on a global scale. In addition to its positive influence on
rural development and poverty in developing countries, such a program of re-greening the planet is
increasingly recognized as the most effective way to curtail the potential impact of global climatic change.
These economic incentives to tropical countries are critical to implement any strategy, and the analysis of
present economic criteria with respect to environmental resources is a necessary first step.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: I.
Publicación no.: 080 Nitrogen oxide emissions from a banana plantation in the humid tropics
[Emisiones de óxido de nitrógeno de una plantación bananera en los trópicos húmedos] / Veldkamp, E.;
Keller, M. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutritrion; Busgenweg 2, D-37077
Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 102, no. D13, p. 15889-15898.
1997.
Use of nitrogen fertilizer is thought to contribute significantly to the increase of atmospheric nitrous oxide
(N2O) and nitric oxide (NO). While the current increase of fertilizer use is concentrated in tropical areas,
nearly all studies of nitrogen oxide emissions have been conducted in agricultural systems in temperate
areas. We measured N2O and NO fluxed from a fertilized banana plantation in the humid tropics of Costa
Rica, where 360 kg Nha-1 yr-1 is applied. Using chamber techniques, we sampled an Andisol and an
Inceptisol on a monthly basis. Twice on each soil type, we sampled intensively in time following fertilizer
applications. There is a strong spatial and temporal dependence of nitrogen oxide emissions on place and
time of fertilizer application. We find greater mean N2O and NO emissions fron the Andisol (31.4 ng N2O-N
cm-2h-1 and 55.6 ng No-N cm-2h-1) than from the Inceptisol (9.3 ng N2O-N cm-2h-1 and 41.1 ng NO-N
cm-2h-1) under the plants where fertilizer is typically applied. The percentages of applied fertilizer -N that
are converted into nitrogen oxide ("yield") are between 1.26 and 2.91% for N2O and between 5.09 and
5.66% for NO depending on soil type. We consistently calculate higher nitrogen oxide yields based on
intensive sampling versus monthly sampling. Temporal variation in nitrogen oxide emissions probably causes
monthly sampling to underestimate mean annual fluxes. Our results suggest that in some tropical systems a
higher percentage of applied nitrogen may be lost in gaseous from than in temperate agriculture. Current
global estimates of N2O and NO sources from tropical agriculture are based on information from temperate
areas and may cause an understimate of the contribution of tropical agriculture to the budgets of these trace
gases.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3253.
Publicación no.: 081 Cambios del uso de la tierra e intercambios de gases atmosféricos en la
región tropical húmeda: un estado en la zona atlántica de Costa Rica / Keller, M. (U.S. Department of
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, s.f.
La deforestación en la región tropical húmeda es frecuentemente seguida por explotación de los terrenos
deforestados para cultivos o pastizales. Estos sistemas de manejo causan cambios profundos en las
propiedades químicas y físicas de los suelos. Como parte de la investigación de la OET en la Zona Atlántica
de Costa Rica, se ha estudiado el intercambio entre los suelos y la atmósfera de ciertos gases: óxido nitroso
(N2O), óxido nítrico (NO) y metano (CH4). El N2O) y el CH4, juegan un papel importante en el efecto de
invernadero, mientras que el NO participa en las reacciones atmosféricas que producen ozono (O3) en la
troposfera. Durante los últimos 3 años, se han analizado los intercambios suelo-atmósfera de N2O, NO y
CH4 en sitios bajo distintos sistemas de manejo. Los sitios investigados incluyeron bosques maduros y
jóvenes, potreros manejados y pastizales abandonados. Entre los sitios de potreros, se estudió varios con un
historial distinto. Todos estos potreros fueron sembrados después de las talas de bosques maduros, con
tiempos después de la tala de 2 hasta 25 años. Actualmente se inician investigaciones en terrenos de
cultivos. La explotación de terrenos deforestados como potreros causa una inversión en la dirección del
intercambio de CH4 entre los suelos y la atmósfera. Los suelos del bosques consumen 446 mg CH4/m²/año
mientras que suelos de potreros producen 236 mg CH4/m²/año. Después de la deforestación la densidad
aparente de los suelos aumenta rápidamente desde 0,65 hasta 0,80 g/cm3. Este aumento resulta de la
presión del pisoteo del ganado lo que causa problemas de drenaje y una restricción de la difusión de gases.
Ambos factores limitan el consumo aeróbico de CH4 y provocan la producción anaeróbica de CH4.
Anualmente, los suelos del bosque emiten aproximadamente 5-10 ng de N/cm²/h de N2O. Las emisiones de
N2O por los potreros jóvenes (2-10 años) exceden las emisiones de bosque por un factor 5 a 8 mientras que
las emisiones de potreros antiguos son significativamente menores (½ a 1/3). Estos resultados coinciden con
los de una investigación cerca de Manaus, Brasil en Oxisoles, donde se observa que el suelo de un potrero
joven de 3 años emitió 3 veces más N2O que el suelo de un bosque adyacente. La emisión de NO por los
suelos sigue un patrón similar al N2O. Así, las emisiones de potreros jóvenes excede las de los potreros
antiguos aunque no hay ninguna diferencia significativa entre las emisiones de los potreros jóvenes (12
años) y las del bosque. El promedio anual de las emisiones de NO de los suelos del bosque excede los
promedios de los potreros antiguos (12 años). Aunque la emisión de NO de los suelos del bosque fuese
parecida a la de los suelos de los potreros jóvenes, probablemente los potreros emitirían más NO a la
atmósfera porque tienen lugar reacciones que consumen NO en las copas más densas del bosque. Los
procesos microbiológicos de nitrificación y desnitrificaciónproducen N2O y NO en los suelos. Por lo tanto, la
rapidez del ciclo de N controla las emisiones de dichos gases. Se observó una correlación significativa entre
los promedios por cada sitio de las emisiones de N2O y NO (r²=0,73; P0001). En los suelos de los potreros
jóvenes, la descomposición rápida del material orgánico, originalmente del bosque, proporciona nutrimentos
a los microorganismos nitrificadores y denitrificadores. El abono de cultivos con fertilizantes nitrogenados
cambia drásticamente las emisiones de óxidos de N. Pocos días después de abonar con nitrato de amonio
(33 kg-N/ha) se observó emisiones mayores a 250 ng N/cm²/h), y estos niveles altos se mantienen por un
período que se extiende hasta 4 semanas después de la fertilización. La respuesta para NO fue menor
(magnitud y duración). Estos resultados preliminares indican que el rendimiento de N2O de fertilizantes
nitrogenados en suelos arcillosos en la zona tropical húmeda podría ser mucho mayor que en las condiciones
comunes en las zonas templadas. Estos resultados, sugieren que ambos, el manejo actual y la historia de
manejo de un terreno, afectan el intercambio de gases atmosféricos. Así pues, el historial de manejo de los
ecosistemas parece afectar críticamente y por largo plazo su estructura y funcionamiento, por lo que es
necesario tomar esto en cuenta en estudios posteriores. El caso específico de la región estudiada sugiere que
el balance global de N2O y otros gases podría ser drásticamente alterado si la rapidez de la deforestación
tropical fuera controlada.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 082 Forests and insects [Bosques e insectos] / Watt, A.D, (ed.).; Stork, N.E, (ed.).;
Hunter, M.D. (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Edinburgh Research Station GB). , 406 p London: Chapman &
Hall, 1997. ISBN: 0-412-79110-2.
Most of the 22 chapters, by various authors, in this book were presented as papers during the 18th
Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society in London, September 1995. They include: adaptations of
phytophagous insects to life on trees, with particular reference to aphids; host specificity in forest insects;
population dynamics of forest insects (are they governed by single or multiple factors?); the impact of
parasitoids and predators on forest insect populations; herbivore-induced responses in trees; internal vs.
external explanations; incorporating variation in plant chemistry into a spatially explicit ecology of
phytophagous insects; forest structure and the spatial pattern of parasitoid attack; termites [Isoptera] as
mediators of carbon fluxes in tropical forest (budgets for carbon dioxide and methane emissions); herbivory
in forests (from centimetres to megametres); comparative analysis of patterns of invasion and spread of
related lymantriids; threats to forestry by insect pests in Europe; forest pests in the tropics, current status
and future threats; the impacts of climate change and pollution on forest pests; patterns of use of
Saturniidae and Sphingidae by ichneumonid parasitoids in Costa Rican dry forest; impact of forest loss and
regeneration on insect abundance and diversity; Coleoptera abundance and diversity in a boreal mixed-wood
forest; overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation; impact of forest and woodland structure
on insect abundance and diversity; Ficus, a resource for arthropods in the tropics, with particular reference
to New Guinea; arthropods of coastal old-growth Picea sitchensis forests, conservation of biodiversity with
special reference to the Staphylinidae; conservation corridors and rain forest insects; and insect
conservation. An index is provided.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.9617 F718.
Publicación no.: 083 Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna [Una reducción en las
poblaciones de anfibios en una localidad tropical ubicada en las montañas] / Lips, K.R. (Southern Illinois
University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 12, no. 1, p. 106-117. 1998.
On the basis of surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996, I report a decline of the amphibian fauna at Las
Tablas, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. I propose that the reduction in the abundance of Atelopus
chiquiensis and Hyla calypsa, the presence of dead and dying individuals of six species of frogs and
salamanders, and changes in population sex ratios of A. chiriquiensis and H. calypsa are evidence for
"atypical" population fluctuations. Species with both aquatic eggs and aquatic larvae were most affected
(e.g., Rana vibicaria, Hyla rivularis), whereas species with direct development or those that lack tadpoles,
such as rainfrogs (Eleuthredactylus spp.) and some salamanders (e.g., Bolitoglossa minutula), do not seem
to have declined in numbers. In light of this evidence and in comparison with other declines in tropical
upland Australia, Brazil, and Costa Rica. I concluded that environmental contamination (biotic pathogens or
chemicals) or a combination of factors (environmental contamination plus climate change) may be
responsible for declines in the amphibian populations at this protected site.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3560.
Publicación no.: 084 Cambio climático en Centroamérica y agricultura / Ramírez-Obando, P. (MINAE.
Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático, POB Box 7-3350, 1000 San José,
CR). Congreso Nacional Agronómico y de Recursos Naturales, IX. La agricultura de hoy para la Costa Rica del
mañana, San José CR; 18-22 Oct 1993. San José: Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Costa Rica, 1993.
[8] p.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 630.97286 C749 1993.
Publicación no.: 085 El clima, su variabilidad y cambio y la deforestación en Costa Rica / Campos,
M. (Comité Regional de Recursos Hidráulicos. Proyecto Centroamericano sobre Cambio Climático, San José,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Simposio Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica. Memorias, Heredia
CR30-31 Oct. 1997. In: Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica San José: Academia Nacional de Ciencias,
1998. p. 169-181. ISBN: 9968-9845-1-5.
Conclusiones: Es evidente que el bosque presenta una influencia importante dentro del balance global del
planeta, y que procesos como la deforestación, conllevan a un acelerado deterioro ambiental; sin embargo,
en lo que respecta al clima, el impacto de la deforestación sobre éste, debe estudiarse considerando los
sistemas que constituyen el clima de la región en estudio. En el caso particular de Costa Rica, aunque aún se
necesitan estudios más detallados, el estado del conocimiento del clima del país, sustentado en los factores
y sistemas que lo componen, indican que la deforestación, en zonas como Guanacaste, no producirían un
efecto climático importante dado que la principal fuente de humedad y lluvia es el océano. Sin embargo, los
cambios en el albedo y la evapotranspiración debido a la deforestación sí tendrán un impacto directo en lo
que respecta a los microclimas de la región.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1987. 333.7516 C755c.
Publicación no.: 086 Interannual variability of annual streamflow and the Southern Oscillation in
Costa Rica / George, R.K.; Waylen, P.R.; Laporte, S. (US Embassy. US Defense Attache Office, Santiago, CL
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques (ISSN 0262-6667), v. 43, no. 3, p.
409-424. 1998.
This study illustrates the association between annual and seasonal streamflow characteristics on six Costa
Rican rivers and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Annual discharge from rivers within the Pacific
watershed are clearly positively associated with contemporary values of the SOI and experience significant
reductions in both mean and variance in El Niño years. The considerable practical implications of this finding
to a country in which over 60% of national electrical power comes from hydroelectric schemes is illustrated
using quantile estimates from various models. Rivers draining towards the Caribbean show less clear and
coherent patterns of associations. The observed associations with seasonal flows on some rivers appear to
be the opposite of those on the Pacific, and may even vary during the course of a year at a site. The exact
nature of the response seems to be closely related to the elevation of the gauge site. The larger the
proportion of the basin at elevations above about 500-1000 m the greater the similarity to the Pacific
pattern, suggesting that the marked topographic divide between the two coastal watersheds does not
correspond to the divide in associations between streamflow and the SOI.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4332.
Publicación no.: 087 Responses of tropical trees to rainfall seasonality and its long-term changes
[Respuestas de los árboles tropicales a la estacionalidad de las lluvias y sus cambios a largo plazo] /
Borchert, R. (The University of Kansas. Division of Biological Sciences, 1200 Haworth Hall, Sunnyside Ave,
Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 39, no. 2-3, p. 381-393. 1998.
Seasonality and physiognomy of tropical forests are mainly determined by the amount of annual rainfall and
its seasonal distribution. Climatic change scenarios predict that global warming will result in reduced annual
rainfall and longer dry seasons for some, but not all, tropical rainforests. Tropical trees can reduce the
impact of seasonal drought by adaptive mechanisms such as leaf shedding or stem succulence and by
utilization of soil water reserves, which enable the maintenance of an evergreen canopy during periods of
low rainfall. Correlations between climate and responses of tropical trees are therefore poor and the
responses of tropical rainforests to climatic changes are hard to predict. Predicted climate change is unlikely
to affect the physiognomy of rainforests with high annual rainfall and low seasonality. Seasonal evergreen
forests which depend on the use of soil water reserves will be replaced by more drought-tolerant
semideciduous forests, once rainfall becomes insufficient to replenish soil water reserves regularly. As the
limits of drought tolerance of tropical rainforests are not known, rate and extent of future changes cannot be
predicted.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3881.
Publicación no.: 088 Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and
pasture landscapes in Costa Rica [Estimando los flujos de óxido nitroso y metano de la estación lluviosa
a través del paisaje del bosque y potreros en Costa Rica] / Reiners, W.A.; Keller, M.; Gerow, K.G. (University
of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution (ISSN 0049-6979), v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 117-130. 1998.
The objectives of this research were to estimate exchanges of CH4 and N2O, both radiatively active gases,
between soil and atmosphere on hilltop, slope and swale hillslope positions of northeastern Costa Rica; and
to assess the importance of accounting for topography in making areal estimates across hilly terrain.
Emission rates from soils were measured during the rainy season on three hillslope positions of both actively
grazed pastures and primary forests. Emission rates from pasture and forest sites were significantly different
for both gases. Differences between slope positions, though notable, were not significantly different for CH4,
but were significantly different for N2O. The forest landscape was partitioned with GIS methods into hilltop,
slope and swale topographic positions. The calculated areas for each of these were multiplied by their
respective emission rates to calculate overall flux from the entire forested area of 618 ha. Nitrous oxide flux
ranged from 16,181 to 17,100 g N d(-1). Similarly, CH4 flux ranged from -6,201 to -6,658 g CH4 d(-1).
Errors associated with both estimating mean emission rates for each hillslope position and judgmental errors
in partitioning the landscape into hillslope positional classes are important to making landscape-scale
estimates of flux.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3870. NBINA-7135.
Publicación no.: 089 GIS-based extrapolation of land use-related nitrous oxide flux in the Atlantic
zone of Costa Rica [Extrapolación con base a sistemas de información geográfica del uso de la tierra en
relación con el flujo de óxido nitroso en la Zona Atlántica de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural
University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Water, Air and Soil Pollution (ISSN 0049-6979), v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 131-141. 1998.
I estimated the aereal nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from 281,347 ha of Costa Rican lowland covered with
primary and secondary forest, pastures and banana plantations by linking the DeNitrification-DeComposition
(DNDC) model with a Geographic Information System (GIS). Generalized soil, texture and land use maps
were overlaid to yield unique combinations of N2O flux control factors. Overlay patches were associated with
the nearest of seven available meteorological stations. Monte Carlo-based sensitivity analysis was used to
identify DNDC's key driving variables and required map attributes. Clay content, initial soil organic carbon
(SOC), bulk density, and pH were selected as key driving variables. For 217 patch classes, DNDC simulations
were carried out with climate data for seven different years. The estimated average areal flux was 6.8 kg
N2O-N ha(-1) yr(-1). Possible applications of the GIS-DNDC interface presented include estimation of longterm areal flux dynamics from a changing land use mosaic, and prediction of areal fluxes resulting from
alternative land use scenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3869.
Publicación no.: 090 National inventory of greenhouse gas emissions: the case of Costa Rica
[Inventario nacional de emisiones de gases de invernadero: el caso de Costa Rica] / Ramírez-Obando, P.
(MINAE. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático, POB Box 7-3350, 1000 San
José, CR).
In: Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Central de Venezuela , v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 218-225.
1995.
Costa Rica is assessing its first national emissions inventory by sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. The
evaluation includes emissions of carbon dioxide and monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, and
other non-methane volatile compds. in the energy, industry, agriculture activity, land use change, and waste
management sectors. For the evaluation, the IPCC/OECD methodology is being used and 1990 as the base
year, to make the results comparable with those presented by other countries. The results show a total
emission of 5479.3 Gg. The energy sector contributes 48.6% to this total, land use with 41.7%, industrial
processes with 6.7%, agriculture with 2.6%, and waste with 0.4%. Gas emissions are distributed as follows:
CO2, 89.8%; CO, 6.0%; methane, 3.0%; and other gases, 1.83%.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 091 Effects of pasture management on N2O and NO emissions from soils in the
humid tropics of Costa Rica [Efectos del manejo de los potreros en las emisiones de N2O y NO de suelos
en los trópicos húmedos de Costa Rica] / Veldkamp, E.; Keller, M.; Núñez, M. (Universität Göttingen.
Institute of Soil Science, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 12, no. 1, p. 71-79. 1998.
We made monthly measurements of N2O and NO emissions from pastures with three different management
systems on volcanic soils in northwestern Costa Rica: traditional (no N input from fertilizer or legumes),
pastures with a grass-legume combination, and pastures fertilized with 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Average annual
N2O emissions were 2.7 ng N cm² h-1 from the traditional pastures, 4.9 ng N cm² h-1 from the grasslegume pastures, and 25.8 ng N cm² h-1 from the fertilized pastures. Average annual NO emissions were
0.9, 1.3, and 5.3 ng N cm² h-1 from traditional, grass-legume and fertilized pastures, response. In a
separate experiment the effects of ammonium, nitrate, and urea-based fertilizer mixtures on nitrogen oxide
fluxes were compared. We measured nitrogen oxide fluxes following four different fertilization events.
Nitrogen oxide fluxes were among the highest ever measured. The difference in soil water content between
the fertilization events had a far greater effect on N2O and NO emissions than the effect of fertilizer
composition. We conclude that the concept of "emission factors" for calculating N2O and NO emissions from
different types of N fertilizer is flawed because environmental factors are more important than the type of N
fertilizer. To estimate fertilizer-induced N2O emission in tropical agriculture, stratification according to soil
moisture regime is more useful than stratification according to fertilizer composition.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5243. NBINA-6583.
Publicación no.: 092 Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain [Pruebas
de modelos nulos para disminuciones de anfibios en una montaña tropical] / Pounds, J.A.; Fogden, M.P.L.;
Savage, J.M.; Gorman, G.C. (Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center, Golden Toad
Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 11, no. 6, p. 1307-1322. 1997.
Many of the recent, widespread declines and disappearances of amphibian populations have taken place in
seemingly undisturbed, montane habitats. The question of whether the observed patterns differ from those
expected from natural population dynamics is the subject of an ongoing controversy with important
implications for conservation. We examined this issue for the Monteverde region of Costa Rica's Cordillera de
Tilarán, where a multi-species population crash in 1987 led to the disappearance of the endemic golden toad
(Bufo periglenes) and many other species. Focusing on long-term studies of other amphibian assemblages,
we developed probabilistic null models for the number of disappearances. Tests of these models at
Monteverde suggest that the patterns observed there are highly improbable in the context of normal
demographic variability. Twenty species of frogs and toads (40% of the anuran fauna) were missing
throughout our 1990-1994 surveys of a 30 km² area. Not all organisms in this area had declined
accordingly: the relative frequency of absences was much greater for anurans than for breeding birds.
Nevertheless, anuran habitats, most of which are protected within the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve,
seemed unchanged, and none of the breeding-bird species known to be sensitive to deforestation was
missing. Thus, only factors other than direct, obvious human impacts can explain the amphibian declines.
Consistent with our tests of null models, analyses of recent population trends do not support the hypothesis
that the 1987 crash was an extreme fluctuation from which populations are recovering. Surviving species for
which baseline data are available stream-breeding glass frogs (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and
Centrolenella prosoblepon) and a pond breeding tree frog (Hyla pseudopuma)-remained far less abundant
than they were before the crash and showed no increase during 1990-1994. We documented an increase
only for one terrestrial-breeding rain frog (Eleutherodactylus diastema).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C.
Publicación no.: 093 Economic value of the carbon sink services of Costa Rica's forestry
plantations [Valor económico de los servicios de almacenamiento de carbono de las plantaciones forestales
de Costa Rica] / Ramírez, O.A.; Gómez-Flores, M.; Sassa, K, (ed.). (Texas Tech University. Department of
Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environmental Forest Science, v. 54, p. 129-138. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. (Series:
Forestry Sciences). ISBN: 0-7923-5280-7.
It is estimated that the "average" hectare of plantation forestry in Costa Rica can sequester 7.7 metric tons
of Carbon, or 28.2 tons of CO2 per year. Based on this estimate, it is calculated that the 128,000 hectares of
forestry plantations reported have sequestered approximately 4.4 million metric tons of carbon to date
(Figure 1). The average net amount of carbon that has remained scored in this area during the last 20 years
is calculated at 750,000 metric tons, with a potential value of 7.5 to 15 million U.S. Dollars in government
issued Carbon Bonds. In addition, the potential value of the average storage that is likely to occur during the
next 20 years, of approximately 8.5 million tons, is estimated at between 84 and 168 million U.S. Dollars, as
the prices paid for the bonds may vary widely.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 094 Posibles efectos de un calentamiento global en el cultivo de arroz de secano
en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica [Possible effects of global warming on unirrigated rice in the North
Pacific region of Costa Rica] / Villalobos-Flores, R.; Retana-Barrantes, J.A. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional.
Departamento
de
Agrometeorología,
San
José,
CR
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Agronomía Costarricense (ISSN 0377-9424), v. 21, no. 2, p. 179-188. 1997.
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world, a first necessity for more than half of the human
population. However, it might have to be produced under uncertain conditions due to global warming. In
Costa Rica, the greater concentration of sowed area is in the North Pacific (47%); this region has 42% of the
labor force working in agricultural activities, therefore, a change in the climate of this zone, would increase
the possibility of serious socioeconomic problems. A group of international scientists has developed a
"Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer" (DSSAT). It is a microcomputer software that uses
databases of soils, crops and climate, with application programs to simulate growth and plant development.
The DSSAT allows carrying out climatic changes in order to simulate the crop response to several
environments. The objective of this work was to simulate the response of rice crop on unirrigated land in the
North Pacific of Costa Rica, using several climatic scenarios that represent global warming characteristics,
with the purpose of analyzing and quantifying the sensibility of the crop to different climatic elements. The
outputs permit to infer that a strong relationship exists between temperature and duration of the sowingflowering period of the rice crop cycle, and that changes in the climate of the region could modify the general
pattern of growth, which could reduce yields. Also, there is an apparently different response the crop to the
increase in temperature when maximal or minimal temperature are considered; for this reason, references to
mean temperature would not be adequate. If this is correct, the DSSAT would constitute a valuable system
of alert in agriculture and food production.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 095 Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics
of Costa Rica: Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales [Efectos del uso de la tierra sobre las
emisiones regionales de óxido nitroso en los trópicos húmedos de Costa Rica: Extrapolando los flujos de
escalas de campo a regionales] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil
Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. 129 p. ISBN: 90-5808-001-3. Dissertation, Ph.D,
Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
The research was carried out in three steps resulting in the three parts of this thesis. Since most chapters
are based on published and submitted papers, the reader may find some parts repetitive. Part I (Chapters 2
and 3) describes the results of model tests against field data. In Chapter 2, DNDC is tested against data
from a chronosequence of soils below forest and forest-derived pastures. In Chapter 3, short-term
measurements from fertilization experiments on a Costa Rican banana plantation comprise an additional
benchmark against which DNDC is tested. Part II (Chapter 4) links field-level and land unit-scale modeling.
In Chapter 4, effects of heterogeneous pasture management on N2O and NO emissions for one land unit are
discussed. In Part Ill (Chapters 5 and 6), 1 describe the estimation of areal fluxes for land units across the
Northern Atlantic Zone. In Chapter 5, a "classic" GIS-based extrapolation, whereby deterministic modeling is
employed and spatial heterogeneity within land units is ignored, is presented. In Chapter 6, stochastic
methods are used in concert with GIS-based extrapolation to fully account for spatial heterogeneity of both
soils and management within land units. Chapter 7 summarizes and discusses key conclusions ensuing from
this work.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 096 Modeling changes in soil nitrogen cycling induced by conversion of tropical
forest to pasture [Cambios de modelaje en el reciclaje del nitrógeno del suelo inducidos por la conversión
de bosques tropicales en potreros] / Plant, R.A.J.; Keller, M. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory
of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica: Extrapolating
fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. p. 25-38.
Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
We used the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to simulate the dynamics of soil carbon and
nitrogen in 25-year chronosequences of Inceptisols and Andisols below forest that had been replaced by
pasture. In order to simulate continuously grazed pasture, we modified DNDC by adding functions that
simulate i) grazing, and ii) the steady input of organic matter through root turnover and the return of urine
and feces to the pasture. We also added an explicit treatment for the immobilization of nitrogen. Results of
simulations were compared to field observations of soil organic carbon stocks, nitrogen mineralization rates,
nitrification rates, and evolution of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide. The DNDC formulation was found to be
consistent with respect to annual carbon and nitrogen dynamics and annual nitrogen-oxide emissions. In
contrast, simulated daily dynamics of nitrogen-oxide emission did not match field observations. Simulated
rates and pathways of nitrogen loss in the chronosequences of Inceptisol and Andisol were similar.
Considering that a rationale for DNDC is that an explicit description of short-term microbial processes is
required to correctly estimate annual gas emissions, we examine possible causes for the model failure. We
also consider better approaches for future tests of DNDC.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 097 Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from a Costa Rican banana plantation
[Modelaje de las emisiones de óxido nitroso de plantaciones bananeras costarricenses] / Plant, R.A.J.;
Veldkamp, E.; Li, C.S. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37,
NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica: Extrapolating
fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. p. 41-54.
Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The; Netherlands).
We applied the process-based DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to estimate field-level nitrous
oxide emissions from a nitrogen-fertilized banana plantation on a clayey Inceptisol and a loamy Andisol in
Costa Rica. Simulated daily nitrous oxide fluxes were compared with data from monthly and frequent field
sampling. Different parameterizations were used to represent fertilizer inputs below banana plants (10% of
the plantation area) and crop residue additions between plants (90% of the plantation area). For both the
Andisol and the Inceptisol, simulated below-plant fluxes matched better with frequently measured fluxes (Rsquare 0.53 - 0.60) than with monthly measured fluxes (R-square 0.00 - 0.42). Simulated between-plant
fluxes matched better with monthly measured fluxes (R-square 0.44 - 0.78) than with frequently measured
fluxes (R-square 0.00 - 0.16). Per soil type, annual N2O-N losses were calculated by integrating simulated
below-plant and between-plant losses over space, assuming that 40% of the plantation area is affected by
fertilization. Losses calculated for the Inceptisol and Andisol were 6 and 15 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1,
respectively. Field-measured losses were 6 and 13 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1. In addition, three fertilization
scenarios for Andisols were studied. When 360 kg N ha-1 yr-1 was applied in six rather than the typical
thirteen equal splits, the below-plant N2O-N loss declined by 27%. With twenty-six equal splits, annual
below-plant N2O-N losses increased most strongly with increasing amounts of fertilizer-N (100 - 800 kg ha-1
yr-1). Field-level simulation modeling plays a key role in regional analysis of land use-related N-oxide
emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 098 Modeling nitrogen oxide emissions from current and alternative pastures in
Costa Rica [Modelaje de las emisiones de óxido nitroso de potreros actuales y alternativos en Costa Rica] /
Plant, R.A.J.; Bouman, B.A.M. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology,
POB
37,
NL-6700
AA
Wageningen,
NL
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica: Extrapolating
fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. p. 55-72.
Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Emissions of nitrogen (N) oxide were simulated for one current pasture management system ("Natural") and
two alternative systems ("Grass-Legume" and "Fertilized improved") relevant to the Northern Atlantic Zone
of Costa Rica. Current forest-derived pastures deplete soil nitrogen stocks and therefore are unsustainable.
Alternative management systems aim at a nitrogen use that is optimally adapted to the environment, hence
they are sustainable. To produce frequency distributions of nitrogen oxide emissions, an expert system for
generating technical coefficients of pastures was linked with a process-based simulation model. The expert
model generated parameter sets representing different options for the three management systems. The
simulation model was rerun for each parameter set. Simulated nitrous oxide-N losses twenty-five years after
pasture establishment were 3-5 kg ha-1 yr-1 for natural pastures, 12-15 for grass-legume mixtures, and 728 for fertilized grasses. Losses of nitric oxide-N were 1-2 kg ha-1 yr-1 for natural pastures, 7-8 for grasslegume mixtures, and 3-16 for fertilized grasses. Stepwise multiple regression showed that nitrous oxide-N
losses were explained by annual carbon input to the sod (R-square 0.997), and nitric oxide-N losses by
attainable dry matter production (R-square 0.972). Carbon input and dry matter production were controlled
by stocking rate and fertilizer level. Soil-atmosphere N-oxide emissions from pastures may increase by a
factor 3-5 when natural pastures are converted to improved pastures. Such conversion may increase the
sustainability of the pasture by stopping the decline of soil N. However, the change is not necessarily
sustainable from a global perspective because it increases the emission of N-oxide greenhouse gases.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 099 GIS-based extrapolation of land use-related nitrous oxide flux in the Atlantic
Zone of Costa Rica [Extrapolación con base a sistemas de información geográfica del flujo de óxido nitroso
relacionado con el uso de la tierra en la Zona Atlántica de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural University
Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica: Extrapolating
fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. p. 73-84.
Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
I estimated the regional nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from 281,347 ha of Costa Rican lowland, covered with
primary and secondary forest, pastures, and banana plantations, by linking the DeNitrificationDeComposition (DNDC) model with a Geographic Information System (GIS). Generalized soil, texture, and
land use maps were overlaid to yield unique combinations of N2O flux control factors. Overlay patches were
associated with the nearest of seven available meteorological stations. Monte Carlo-based sensitivity analysis
was used to identify DNDC'S key driving variables and required map attributes. Clay content, initial soil
organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and pH were selected as key driving variables. For 217 patch classes,
DNDC simulations were carried out with climate data for seven different years. The estimated average
regional flux was 6.8 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1. Possible applications of the GIS-DNDC interface presented include
estimation of long-term regional flux dynamics from a changing land use mosaic, and prediction of regional
fluxes resulting from alternative land use scenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 100 Regional analysis of soil-atmosphere nitrous oxide emissions in the Northern
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica [Análisis regional de las emisiones de óxido nitroso del suelo a la atmósfera en
la Zona Atlántica Norte de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil
Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica: Extrapolating
fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. p. 85-106.
Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly important in answering questions
related to climate change. Regional analysis typically employs a Geographic Information System and a
mechanistic simulation model driven by deterministic inputs. For a region in Costa Rica (2817 km²), an
analysis of nitrous oxide emissions was performed using both deterministic and stochastic descriptions of key
driving variables. The stochastic representation accounted for soil and land use variability across nongeoreferenced fields within 2472 georeferenced land units in eleven relevant classes. Using Monte Carlo
integration, frequency distributions of field-scale fluxes simulated with a process-based model were obtained
per land use class. Regional fluxes were calculated by summing expected values weighted by area.
Stochastic incorporation of both soil and land use variability resulted in areal fluxes that were 14-22% lower
than those estimated with deterministic model runs. This suggests non-linearity in the relationship between
key model parameters and nitrous oxide fluxes. In addition, spatial flux patterns for land use in 1992 and
two alternative land use scenarios were evaluated using stochastic inputs. With contemporary banana
plantations and unfertilized natural grasses the regional nitrous oxide-N flux (standard deviation in
parenthesis) was 1.0 (0.4) Gg yr-1. Replacing natural grasses by sustainable grass-legume mixtures on
relevant soil types increased the regional flux to 1.6 (0.5) Gg yr-1. When all natural grasses were replaced
by fertilized improved species, the regional flux increased to 1.9 (1.2) Gg yr-1. Land use activities that are
sustainable in terms of economic profit and soil fertility may be unsustainable when including N2O emission
as an extra indicator. Due to formidable data requirements, the approach presented may not be widely
applicable. However, regional analysis based on mechanistic modeling may provide valuable insights in the
factors that affect emissions at scales relevant to policy making.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 101 Comportamiento de las variables meteorológicas (velocidad del viento y
temperatura del aire) en el sistema Coffea arabica - Erythrina poeppigiana [Behavior of the
meteorological variables (wind speed and air temperature) in an Erythrina poeppigiana - coffea arabica
system] / Rodrígues-Rubí, J.A. Turrialba: CATIE, 1992. 77 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Se condujo un experimento de junio a agosto de 1992, en una finca cafetalera de Turrialba, Costa Rica,
ubicada a 9° 55' latitud norte y 82° 39' longitud oeste, con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento de variables
meteorológicas en un sistema agroforestal de café-poró. Las variables consideradas fueron velocidad del
viento y temperatura del aire. Para la toma de datos se utilizaron termocuplas de tipo cobre constantan y
anemómetros de tres copas. Los datos fueron almacenados en una central computarizada marca Campbell.
Los sensores fueron colocados sobre una torre fija de 15 m de altura y un mástil móvil de 9 m de alto. El
mástil fue colocado en diferentes posiciones dentro de una malla elemental, delimitada por cuatro árboles de
poró, para cubrir las tres dimensiones del sistema. Se encontró además de las diferencias de temperatura
del aire medidas a diferentes alturas, diferencias de temperatura del aire a nivel horizontal, éstas fueron
provocadas por la influencia del follaje del poró, el cual determina las diferencias a nivel horizontal en el
sistema y a nivel vertical. Las bajas velocidades del viento, características de la zona y la poca sensibilidad
de los anemómetros a velocidades del viento inferiores a 0.5 m.s exponente -1, posiblemente no permitieron
que se pusieran en evidencia las variaciones horizontales de la velocidad del viento dentro del sistema
estudiado. De forma general se puede afirmar que las variaciones de temperatura en la parcela fueron
facilmente explicadas por las leyes de transferencia de calor, y que el viento que llega a la parcela se reparte
de manera relativamente homogénea dentro de la malla elemental en las condiciones del presente estudio.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis R696cp.
Publicación no.: 102 Soil nitrogen cycling and nitrogen oxide emissions along a pasture
chronosequence in the humid tropics of Costa Rica [Ciclo del nitrógeno y emisiones de óxido nitroso a
lo largo de una cronosecuencia de potreros en los trópicos húmedos de Costa Rica] / Veldkamp, E.;
Davidson, E.A.; Erickson, H.E.; Keller, M.; Weitz, A.M. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences &
Forest Nutritrion; Busgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry (ISSN 0038-0717), v. 31, no. 3, p. 387-394. 1999.
Our objectives were: (1) to measure how N2O and NO emissions from a chronosequence of forested land
converted to pastures in the humid tropics of Costa Rica had changed in 4 yr, and to relate these emissions
to indices of N availability. We observed lower mean N2O (11.9 ng N cm² h(-1)) and NO (3.5 ng N cm² h(1)) emissions from pastures in 1996 compared to 1992 (N2O, 39.9 ng N cm² h(-1); NO: 5.8 ng N cm² h(1)). Even so, N2O emissions in recently formed pastures (13.8 ng N cm² h(-1)) were still higher than
previously measured emissions from forests (7.0 ng N cm² h(-1)). Indices of N cycling, such as net N
mineralization, nitrification potential, and extractable soil nitrate, decreased with pasture age, which we
attributed to a decrease in substrate availability. Denitrification enzyme activity did not change significantly
with pasture age, indicating that denitrification occurs at least sporadically at all sites and the presence of
denitrifying enzymes is not as strongly linked to N availability as is the presence of nitrifying enzymes. There
were no significant correlations between N2O and NO emissions and indices of N cycling. While this may
indicate that the processes are not closely related, we believe that sampling of nitrogen oxide emissions in
1996 was inadvertently biased towards exceptionally dry soil conditions. This sampling bias limited the
probability of observing large nitrogen oxide emissions associated with episodic denitrification. Results from
chronosequence studies should be interpreted with caution especially for variables which depend on local
weather conditions at time of measurement.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5245.
Publicación no.: 103 Potential effects of climate change on two neotropical amphibian
assemblages [Efectos potenciales del cambio climático en dos gremios de anfibios tropicales] / Donnelly,
M.A.; Crump, M.L. (Florida International University. Department of Biological Sciences, 3000 NE 151st St, N
Miami, FL 33181, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 39, p. 541-561. 1998.
Although anuran amphibians are diverse and conspicuous in many vertebrate communities, worldwide
population declines have been observed. Climatic change is global factor that has been implicated in some of
these declines. In this paper, we speculate on how Neotropical anurans might respond to changes in climate
predicted by Hulme and Vine (1998). We focus on two distinct groups of Neotropical anurans: frogs that live
and oviposit in leaf litter and frogs that congregate at ponds to breed. Increased temperature, increased
length of dry season, decreased soil moisture, and increased inter-annual rainfall variability will affect
Neotropical frog strongly. We expect that these changes will directly affect frogs by changing reproductive
success and breeding periodicity, and indirectly by altering the invertebrates prey base. The individual
effects will likely translate into changes at the population and community levels. We also speculate on how
climatic change will affect Neotropical amphibians that are restricted ecologically and/or geographically. We
suggest directions for future research that will increase our ability to predict how amphibians in the New
World tropics will respond to climatic change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4613.
Publicación no.: 104 Estado del ambiente y los recursos naturales en Centroamérica 1998 /
Rodríguez-Chacón, J.E. (comp.). (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR). San
José: Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo, 1998. 179 p. ISBN: 9977-12-323-3. (No
abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.72 E79e. Biblioteca José Figueres F.: 333.72 E79e.
Publicación no.: 105 Modeling nitrogen oxide emissions from current and alternative pastures in
Costa Rica [Modelaje de las emisiones de óxido nitroso de potreros actuales y alternativos en Costa Rica] /
Plant, R.A.J.; Bouman, B.A.M. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory Soil Sciences & Geology, POB
37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Environmental Quality (ISSN 0047-2425), v. 28, no. 3, p. 866-872. 1999.
Emissions of nitrogen (N) oxide were simulated for one current, unsustainable pasture management system
(Natural) and two alternative, sustainable systems (Grass-Legume and Fertilized Improved) relevant to the
Northern Atlantic Zone (NAZ) of Costa Rica. To produce frequency distributions of N oxide emissions, an
expert system for generating technical coefficients of pastures nas linked with a process-based simulation
model. The expert model generated parameter sets representing different options for the three management
systems. The simulation model was rerun for each parameter set. Simulated nitrous oxide (N2O)-N losses 25
yr after pasture establishment were 3 to 5 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for natural pastures, 12 to 15 for grass-legume
mixtures, and 7 to 28 for fertilized grasses. Losses of nitric oxide (NO)-N were 1 to 2 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for
natural pastures, 7 to 8 for grass-legume mixtures, and 3 to 16 for fertilized grasses. Stepwise multiple
regression showed that N2O-N losses were explained by annual C input to the soil (R-2 = 0.997), and NO-N
losses by attainable dry matter production (R-2 = 0.972), Carbon input and dry matter production were
controlled by stocking rate and fertilizer level. Soil-atmosphere N oxide emissions from pastures may
increase by a factor 3 to 5 when natural pastures are converted to improved pastures, Such conversion may
increase the sustainability of the pasture by stopping the decline of soil N. However, the change is not
necessarily sustainable from a global perspective because it increases the emission of N oxide greenhouse
gases.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6317.
Publicación no.: 106 Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain [Respuesta
biológica al cambio climático en una montaña tropical] / Pounds, J.A.; Fogden, M.P.L.; Campbell, J.H.
(Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center, Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73,
Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 398, no. 6728, p. 611-615. 1999.
Recent warming has caused changes in species distribution and abundance (1-3), but the extent of the
effects is unclear. Here we investigate whether such changes in highland forests at Monteverde, Costa Rica,
are related to the increase in air temperatures that followed a step-like warming of tropical oceans in 1976
(refs 4, 5). Twenty of 50 species of anurans (frogs and toads) in a 30 km² study area, including the locally
endemic golden toad (Bufo periglenes), disappeared following synchronous population crashed in 1987 (refs
6-8). Our results indicate that these crashes probably belong to a constellation of demographic changes that
have altered communities of birds, reptiles and amphibians in the area and are linked to recent warming.
The changes are all associated with patterns of dry-season mist frequency, which is negatively correlated
with sea surface temperatures in the equatorial pacific and has declined dramatically since the mid-1970s.
The biological and climatic patterns suggest that atmospheric warming has raised the average altitude at the
base of the orographic cloud bank, as predicted by the lifting-cloud-base hypothesis (9,10).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4809.
Publicación no.: 107 Aporte de los sistemas silvopastoriles al secuestro de carbono en el suelo /
López-Musalem, A. Turrialba: CATIE, 1998. 47 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
La preocupación general por el aumento en la concentración de dióxido de carbono y su consecuente
impacto en el clima, nos obligan a buscar mecanismos para mitigar sus efectos. Además de disminuir el uso
de combustibles fósiles, que desde a mediados del siglo pasado es la principal fuente de CO2, es necesario
manejar la vegetación terrestre, no solo para que disminuya su aporte, sino también para que secuestre la
mayor cantidad posible de CO2, y fije el carbono en la biomasa y en el suelo. Los bosques, además de su
riqueza biológica, representan un invaluable depósito de carbono que se debe proteger. La creación de
nuevas áreas arboladas como los bosques secundarios, las plantaciones y la agroforestería, ayudarían a
liberar la presión hacia los bosques maduros, ofreciendo a la población recursos como alimento, material
para vivienda, medicinas, energía barata, etc. En este artículo se resalta ese potencial y se propone que los
sistemas silvopastoriles también se tomen en cuenta como sumideros de carbono, sobre todo por la
extensión que actualmente ocupan en los trópicos.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis L864ap.
Publicación no.: 108 Why do tropical house wrens breed when they do? [¿Por qué los soterrey
cucaracheros tropicales se reproducen cuando lo hacen?] / Young, B.E. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Blvd,
15th Floor, Arlington, VA, 22209, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). The Association for Tropical
Biology & The Organization for Tropical Studies Annual Meeting. Abstracts, San Juan PR; Jun 1-4, 1993. San
Juan, PR: ATB/OTS, 1993. p. 168-169.
I tested three hypotheses that could explain variation in the timing of breeding in populations of house
wrens (Troglodytes aedon) at four sites in Costa Rica. The sites were located at 200 to 1500 m elevation on
both sides and on top of the central mountain range, and had climates differing in temperature, the severity
of the dry season, and total rainfall. For the first hypothesis, that breeding is timed to coincide with peaks in
food availability, I monitored monthly arthropod abundance and wren clutch initiations at the four sites.
Cross-correlation analysis showed that at three sites, wrens initiated clutches several months prior to when
food levels were high. Indeed, breeding actually began when food levels were at their annual low. At the
fourth site, food levels varied little throughout the year and house wrens nested nearly year round. These
results indicate that sufficient food to produce eggs or feed nestlings may have been available throughout
the year. Breeding appeared to be timed so that juvenile dispersal and molt occurred when food was
predictably the most plentiful. The second hypothesis, that breeding is timed to avoid seasons when nest
predation is high, was not supported because the rate of nest predation did not vary temporally. The third
hypothesis, that breeding is timed to avoid climatic events that can increase the physiological costs of
reproduction, was not supported at the three lower elevation sites. Clutch initiation at the highest site,
however, did not commence until the early dry season wind and mist subsided. The termination of breeding
was not correlated with climatic changes at any of the sites. Thus, reproduction in tropical house wrens
seems generally to be timed to facilitate post-breeding activities, not activities associated with nesting itself.
Localización: Este es el resumen completo.
Publicación no.: 109 Estimation of methane (CH4) emission in the livestock from Costa Rica, 1990
and 1996 / Abarca-Monge, S.; Montenegro-Ballestero, J. (Estación Experimental Los Diamantes. Programa
de Investigación para la Agricultura Sostenible (REPOSA) MAG/UAW/CATIE, Guápiles, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Workshop on Measuring Methane Emission from Cattle Using SF6
Technique, Washington, DC US; 24-26 Feb. 1998. Turrialba: MAG, 1998. 12 p.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 363.7387 A118.
Publicación no.: 110 Política comercial y medio ambiente en Costa Rica: aplicación de un modelo
de equilibrio general computable / Rodríguez, A.G.; Abler, D.G.; Shortle, J.S. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Económicas, San José, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1995. 43 p. (Documento de Trabajo Universidad de Costa Rica. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias
Económicas; no. 182).
This study examines the environmental impacts of trade liberalization in Costa Rica. A CGE model is
constructed which includes eight environmental indicators covering deforestation, pesticides, overfishing,
hazardous wastes, inorganic wastes, organic wastes, greenhouse gases, and air pollution. Three trade
liberalization scenarios are examined. Two sets of analyses are examined. Two sets of analyses are
conducted for each scenario, one in which technologies do not change in response to trade liberalization and
the other in which total factor productivity in each sector changes in response to changes in imports of
machinery and equipment. To account for uncertainty regarding values of the model;s parameters, a Monte
Carlo experiment is conducted for each policy option. The impacts of trade liberalization on the
environmental indicators are generally negative in sign but small or moderate in magnitude, both when
technology is constant and when technology is allowed to vary.
Localización: Biblioteca Venezuela (IICA): E70 640.
Publicación no.: 111 Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests
[Simulación de los efectos del cambio climático en los bosques nubosos tropicales montanos] / Still, C.J.;
Foster, P.N.; Schneider, S.H. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 943055020, US).
In: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 398, p. 608-610. 1999.
Tropical montane cloud forests are unique among terrestrial ecosystems in that they are strongly linked to
regular cycles of cloud formation. We have explored changes in atmospheric parameters from global climate
model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum and for doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (2
X CO2) conditions which are associated with the height of this cloud formation, and hence the occurrence of
intact cloud forests. These parameters include vertical profiles of absolute and relative humidity surfaces, as
well as the warmth index, an empirical proxy of forest type. For the glacial simulations, the warmth index
and absolute humidity suggest a downslope shift of cloud forests that agrees with the available palaeodata.
For the 2 X CO2 escenario, the relative humidity surface is shifted upwards by hundreds of metres during the
winter dry season when these forests typically rely most on the moisture from cloud contact. At the same
time, an increase in the warmth index implies increased evapo-transpiration. This combination of reduced
cloud contact and increased evapo-transpiration could have serious conservation implications, given that
these ecosystems typically harbour a high proportion of endemic species and are often situated on mountain
tops or ridge lines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4810.
Publicación no.: 112 Aportes de la biodiversidad silvestre de las Áreas de Conservación a la
economía nacional / Barrantes-Moreno, G.; Castro-Jiménez, E. (Servicios de Economía Ecológica para el
Desarrollo, Apdo. 2028-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>). San José: SEED / INBIO, 1999. 55 p.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 250.
Publicación no.: 113 Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en el suelo de un sistema
silvopastoril en la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica [Quantification of carbon storage in the soil of
silvopastoral system in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica] / López-Musalem, A. (Av. Oaxaca No.31 1a. Sección,
Juchitán Oax. C.P. 700000, MX). Turrialba: CATIE, 1998. 50 p. Tesis, Mag.Sc, Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Silvopastoral systems are considered potential carbon (C) sinks which might help to mitigate the effects of
increasing global C emissions. In a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, a medium-low fertile Typic
Tropfluvent soil stored 233 Mg C ha(-1) in the upper 50 cm under a Green Panic (Panicum maximum)
pasture monoculture. In association with three different growth stages of natural regeneration of salmwood
(Cordia alliodora; 3, 3-7,7 years) the soil stored 180-200 Mg C ha(-1). Soil C concentrations decreased with
soil depth and distance from the tree. Variability of C distribution increased with soil depth and age of the
stand.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton.
Publicación no.: 114 Día de la Tierra 1998: secuestro de carbono bajo los mecanismos de
implementación conjunta y de fondo de desarrollo limpio / Reifsnyder, D.A.; Dun, S. / WORLDNET,
Washington, D.C, US. San José, 1998. 14 p.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: AV 363.7 no. 7.
Publicación no.: 115 Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en el suelo de un sistema
silvopastoril en la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica [Quantification of carbon storage in the soil of
silvopastoral system in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica] / López-Musalem, A.; Schlönvoigt, A.M.; Ibrahim,
M.a.; Kleinn, C.; Kanninen, M. (Av. Oaxaca No.31 1a. Sección, Juchitán Oax. C.P. 700000, MX <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Agroforestería en las Américas (ISSN 0304-2529), v. 6, no. 23, p. 51-53. 1999.
Silvopastoral systems are considered potential carbon (C) sinks which might help to mitigate the effects of
increasing global C emissions. In a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, a medium-low fertile Typic
Tropfluvent soil stored 233 Mg C ha(-1) in the upper 50 cm under a Green Panic (Panicum maximum)
pasture monoculture. In association with three different growth stages of natural regeneration of salmwood
(Cordia alliodora; 3, 3-7,7 years) the soil stored 180-200 Mg C ha(-1). Soil C concentrations decreased with
soil depth and distance from the tree. Variability of C distribution increased with soil depth and age of the
stand.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 116 Quantifying economic and biophysical sustainability trade-offs in tropical
pastures / Bouman, B.A.M.; Plant, R.A.J.; Nieuwenhuyse, A. (International Rice Research Institute. Soil &
Water Sciences Division, P.O. Box 3127, Makati City 1271, PH <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecological Modelling (ISSN 0304-3800), v. 120, no. 1, p. 31-46. 1999.
Sustainability of tropical pastures has various economic and biophysical dimensions and is affected by
species composition, age and management. The sustainability of pastures in cattle ranching systems was
analyzed in terms of economic viability, soil nitrogen stock change, CO2 loss/sequestration, N2O and NO
emissions, pollution by herbicides, and nitrogen leaching loss, for a case study in the Northern Atlantic Zone
of Costa Rica. Development scenarios were explored for the next 25 years based on degradation and yield
decline of current pastures, and on possible introduction of grass-legumes and fertilized improved grass
species. With degradation of current pastures, gross margin, soil nitrogen stock, nitrogen leaching and N2O
and NO emissions are simulated to decrease in time, whereas CO2 emission and herbicide use increase. With
the introduction of grass-legumes or fertilized grasses, the reverse takes place. The conversion of degraded
pasture to grass-legumes or fertilized grasses is calculated to lead to a sequestration of CO2 of up to 50 ton
C ha(-1), which might be a potential mechanism in mitigating the greenhouse effect. Quantitative,
exploratory studies point out the often conflicting nature of different dimensions of sustainability and show
possible pathways of sustainable development.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6405.
Publicación no.: 117 Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en un sistema silvopastoril en la zona
atlántica de Costa Rica / López-Musalem, A.; Schlönvoigt, A.M.; Ibrahim, M.A.; Kleinn, C.; Kanninen, M.
(Av. Oaxaca No. 31 1a. Sección, Juchitán, Oax., C.P. 700000, MX <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Conferencia: 4a. Semana Científica, Turrialba CR6-9 Abr. 1999.
In: Logros de la investigación para el nuevo milenio. Actas Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. p. 263-267. (Serie
Técnica. Reuniones Técnicas (CATIE); no. 5).
Silvopastoral systems are considered potential carbon (C) sinks which might help to mitigate the effects of
increasing global C emissions. In a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, a medium-low fertile Typic
Tropofluvent soil stored 233 t C ha-1 in the upper 50 cm under pure green Panic pasture (Panicum
maximum Jacq.). In association with three different growth stages of natural regeneration of salmwood
(Cordia alliodora Ruiz & Pav.) Oken; 3, 3-7, 7 years), the soil was less fertile and stored similar amounts of
between 180-200 t C ha-1. C concentrations decreased with soil depth and distance from the tree. Variability
of C distribution increased with soil depth and age of the stand.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT-5.
Publicación no.: 118 Assessing and monitoring carbon offset projects: the Costa Rican case
[Evaluación y proyectos de compensación de almacenamiento de carbono: el caso costarricense] / Trines,
E.P. (Societé Generale de Surveillance (SGS), Mill Street, Oxford OX2 0JX, GB).
In: Commonwealth Forestry Review (ISSN 0010-3381), v. 77, no. 3, p. 214-218, 242. 1998.
Projects wishing to generate Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) have to demonstrate carbon achievements by
providing information on the size of the project's carbon pools and the changes to these pools. This paper
outlines how the Protected Areas Project (PAP) in Costa Rica deals with this issue. The PAP covers 27 of the
national parks and biological reserves and aims to protect the area from land use and further degradation by
buying the land, transferring the ownership to the state, and actively protecting the entire area from
encroachment and fire. The carbon achievements of the project are quantified using various assumptions for
the required parameters. The scientific methodologies underlying these assumptions were assessed in the
certification process conducted by SGS (Societe Generale de Surveillance), and values of the main
parameters were verified. Specific emphasis was placed on the project's stratification using ecotypes,
biomass estimates, determination of land cover, and deforestation rates. The outcome of the assessment
overall was positive but some corrective action requests were raised to improve the availability and quality of
the data sets used. This was reported to four independent peer reviewers who scrutinised the assessors'
work and the report. After addressing the concerns articulated by the reviewers, SGS' professional
judgement was approved.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-636.
Publicación no.: 119 Climatic periodicity, phenology, and cambium activity in tropical dry forest
trees [Periodicidad climática, fenología y actividad del cambium en árboles del bosque seco tropical] /
Borchert, R. (The University of Kansas. Division of Biological Sciences, 1200 Haworth Hall, Sunnyside Ave,
Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: IAWA Journal (ISSN 0928-1541), v. 20, no. 3, p. 239-247. 1999.
The seasonal time course of vegetative phenology and cambium growth is compared for tree species from
Central America and Asia growing in tropical climates with a long, severe dry season. Although the inhibition
of plant growth by water stress is well established, responses to seasonal drought vary widely among such
trees, and their annual development is not well synchronized by climatic seasonality. In deciduous trees
growing at microsites with low soil moisture storage, phenology and cambium growth are well correlated
with each other and with seasonal rainfall, and most trees have distinct annual rings. Phenology and
cambium growth are progressively uncoupled from climatic seasonality in brevideciduous and evergreen
trees growing at microsites with large soil water reserves which buffer trees against seasonal drought and
thus may prevent the formation of distinct annual rings. There is some experimental evidence concerning the
control of growth initiation in apical meristems and the cambium, but little is known about the mechanisms
which arrest growth and determine qualitative changes in organ development and cambium cell
differentiation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6466.
Publicación no.: 120 In the heat of the night: warmer nights may be slowing tropical forest
growth and raising carbon dioxide levels [En el calor de la noche: las noches calientes pueden estar
disminuyendo el crecimiento del bosque y aumentando los niveles de dióxido de carbono] / Beardsley, T. In:
Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), v. 279, no. 4, p. 20. 1998.
Discusses unpublished research which asserts that increasing temperatures have slowed the growth of
tropical trees at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica during the 1990s. Tropical forests adding to
greenhouse gases; Exacerbation of global warming; Details of research methods; Increase in the region's
release of carbon dioxide; Causes of carbon excess; Rate of growth linked to average temperature; Impact
of clearing tropical forests. Researchers have found evidence that global warming has slowed the growth of
tropical trees, which may lead to ever higher carbon dioxide levels. Studies of forests in Costa Rica are
discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7828.
Publicación no.: 121 Your pollution, our forests [Su contaminación, nuestros bosques] / Anonymous.
In: Economist (ISSN 0013-0613), v. 347, no. 8074, p. 36-38. 1998.
The CTO or certified tradable offsets scheme of the Costa Rican government is being viewed skeptically
around the world and by local environmental groups. Costa Rica will leave carbon-absorbing trees standing
for a fee. CTO issued by the Costa Rican government to safeguard forests; Cost of CTO bonds; Amount of
CTOs sold; Criticism of CTOs.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7794.
Publicación no.: 122 Desarrollo limpio en Costa Rica y Centroamérica / Tattenbach, F.; Pedroni, L.
(Oficina Costarricense de Implementación Conjunta (OCIC), San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 6-9. 1999.
La inversión extranjera en actividades de implementación conjunta durante la fase piloto demuestra que a
través de este mecanismo los intereses económicos del norte pueden converger con las necesidades de
desarrollo del sur y proporcionar beneficios ambientales globales. La experiencia de Centroamérica abre
grandes expectativas hacia el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio: a partir del año 2000, cuando se otorgarán
créditos por las emisiones reducidas, la región podría beneficiarse de inversiones importantes por parte de
entidades públicas y privadas de los países industrializados.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 123 Implicaciones económicas del secuestro del CO2 en bosques naturales
[Economic implications of the sequestration of CO2 in natural forests] / Ramírez, O.A.; Rodríguez-Sánchez,
L.; Finegan, B.; Gómez-Flores, M. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 10-16. 1999.
The check and the upper canopy treatment behaved similarly. The liberation treatment presents much lower
carbon storage levels, even after 60 years, which imply an economic cost of approximately US$250/ha in
comparison with the check or the canopy treatment. The liberation treatment shows a financial advantage
due to a higher production of wood of high-value species during the first harvest. However, neither of the
silvicultural treatments is justified from the environmental economics standpoint, when the value of the
carbon storage service is considered. The liberation treatment is hindered by its strong negative impact on
long-term carbon storage levels and the upper canopy treatment by its little effect on the commercial value
of the harvested wood. The payment to farmers for the sustainable management of natural forests currently
mandated by the Costa Rican Government, of US$360/ha is too low, even when it is only compared to the
economic value of the environmental service of carbon storage provided. It does not appear to be sufficient
to motivate the sustainable management of natural forests in the long run.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 124 Estimación y valoración económica del almacenamiento de carbono [Economic
value of the carbon sink services of Costa Rica's forestry plantations] / Ramírez, O.A.; Gómez-Flores, M.
(Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 794092132, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 17-22. 1999.
It is estimated that the "average" hectare of plantation forestry in Costa Rica can sequester 7,7 metric tons
of carbon, or 28,2 tons of C02 per year. Based on this estimate, it is calculated that the 142 600 hectares of
forestry plantations reported until 1997 have sequestered approximately 6,3 million metric tons of carbon.
The average amount of carbon that has remained stored in this area during the last 20 years is calculated at
1,5 million metric tons, with a potential value of 15 to 30 million U.S. dollars in government issued Carbon
Bonds. In addition, the potential value of the average storage that is likely to occur during the next 20 years,
of approximately 9,8 million tons, is estimated at between 98 and 196 million U.S. dollars, as the prices paid
for the bonds may vary widely.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 125 Los arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa
Rica / Cortés-Núñez, J.; León-Soler, A.; Ruiz-Campos, E.; Jiménez-Centeno, C.E. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) y Escuela de Biología, San José, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Memoria. Jornadas de Investigación 1999 San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de
Investigación, 1999. p. 80.
Bahía Culebra se localiza en el Golfo de Papagayo en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Esta es una región expuesta
a afloramientos estacionales (diciembre a abril), resulta en la surgencia de aguas profundas, frías y ricas en
nutrientes. El Golfo de Papagayo es una de las tres zonas de afloramiento costero del continente americano
(las otras son: Estrecho de Tehuantepec y Golfo de Panamá). A primera vista estas condiciones
oceanográficas no son conducentes al desarrollo de arrecifes coralinos, sin embargo, se han encontrado
arrecifes coralinos verdaderos y comunidades coralinas creciendo sobre arena y sobre basaltos. Las tasas de
crecimiento de los corales son tan altas como en otras regiones del Océano Pacífico Oriental (el Pacífico de
América), o más altas. También se encuentran en la Bahía, algunos arrecifes de gran tamaño (vivos y
muertos), algunos con colonias de hasta 10 m de diámetro. Desde 1995 se han estado monitoreando
parámetros físicos (temperatura y salinidad del agua) y biológicos (dinámica de poblaciones de corales,
desarrollo de tumores en corales, crecimiento de corales). En 1998 se inició la medición de tasas de
sedimentación y en 1999 la determinación de concentraciones de nutrientes y de parámetros atmosféricos
(temperatura, vientos, lluvia, brillo solar). Además, se han establecido nuevos sitios de estudio y fototransectos permanentes, todo esto con la finalidad de elucidar la variabilidad ambiental y poder evaluar, a
largo plazo, cambios debido a fenómenos naturales (e.g. El Niño, cambio climático) e impactos
antropogénicos (e.g. sedimentación, eutroficación, extracción de organismos).
Localización: Este es el resumen completo.
Publicación no.: 126 Control on soil-atmosphere fluxes of nitrous oxide and methane: Effects of
tropical deforestation [Control sobre los flujos de óxido nitroso y metano del suelo a la atmósfera: Efectos
de la deforestación tropical] / Keller, M.; Zepp, R.G, (ed.). (U.S. Department of Forest Service. International
Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Climate Biosphere Interaction: Biogenic Emissions and Environmental Effects of Climate Change New
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994. p. 121-138. ISBN: 0-471-58943-3.
Deforestation in the tropics is one of the most important changes to the Earth´s biology and surface
processes occurring today (Clark, 1989). It is likely that only a small portion of tropical forests will survive
beyond the early years of the next century. The replacement of tropical forests by agricultural and grazing
systems and secondary vegetation causes myriad biophysical and biogeochemical changes which influence
the fluxes of greenhouse gases. This chapter reviews measurements and models for fluxes of methane,
nitrous oxide, and ozone from intact tropical forests and disturbed systems.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5247.
Publicación no.: 127 Model simulation of changes in N2O and NO emissions with conversion of
tropical rain forests to pastures in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone [Modelo de simulación de los
cambios en las emisiones de N2O y NO con la conversión de bosques tropicales a potreros en la Zona
Atlántica costarricense] / Liu, S.; Reiners, W.A.; Keller, M.; Schimel, D.S. (Raytheon Systems Company.
EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, S.D, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0866-6236), v. 13, no. 2, p. 663-677. 1999.
Nitrous oxide (N20) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their importance
in global climate and atmospheric chemistry. Modeling techniques are needed for simulating the spatial and
temporal dynamics of N20 and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. In this study, we modified the
ecosystem model CENTURY to simulate changes in N20 and NO soil emissions through the process of
converting tropical moist forests to pastures in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica. Measurements of waterfilled pore space (WFPS) and fluxes of N20 and NO from a chronosequence of pastures were used for
calibration and testing of the model. It was found that the N20+ NO - WFPS and N20: NO WFPS relationships
as developed from primary forests could be generalized to the chronosequence of pastures and other land
use systems in the region. Modeled net increases (compared to primary forests) in total N20 and NO
production after conversion from forest to pasture were 514 kg N ha(-1) during thefirst 15 years under
normal field conditions. The nitrogen loss in the form of N20 and NO during the first 15 years could range
from 401 to 548 kg N ha(-1), depending on the amounts of forest residue remaining on pasture sites. N20-N
accounted for 90% ofthe gas fluxes, while NO-N accounted for 10%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the
impacts of forest-pasture conversion on N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere were complex,
depending on the initial conditions of the forest-derived pastures, management practices, soil physical and
chemical conditions and their changes over time, N availability, and climate. It is therefore important to
incorporate the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of those controlling factors in estimating regional and
global N20 and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5238. NBINA-6919.
Publicación no.: 128 Economic value of the carbon sink services of Costa Rica's forestry
plantations [Valor económico de los servicios de almacenamiento de carbono de las plantaciones forestales
de Costa Rica] / Ramírez, O.A.; Gómez-Flores, M. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and
Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). IUFRO Division 8 "Forest Environment" Conference Proceedings, Kyoto JP19-23
October 1998. Kyoto: IUFRO, 1998. p. 243-244. ISBN: 4990-06-182-9.
Forestry plantations have become an increasingly important part of Costa Rica´s rural economic
development since 1964. During the last six years (1990-95), more than 16,000 ha have been planted per
year, reaching a total of nearly 130,000 to date. This has required of an important investment from the
public and private sectors, which has been only partially accounted for. It is estimated that the forestry
plantations established up until 1995 a total investment value of nearly 188 million current (1996) U.S.
dollars. Their inmediate consumption value is assessed at 41 million U.S. dollar, a full 2% of the value added
from the agricultural sector and 0.35% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Costa Rica. The previous
figures are approximately three times larger than the official estimates.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5351.
Publicación no.: 129 A framework for integrated biophysical and economic land use analysis at
different scales [Un sistema para el análisis biofísico y económico integrado del uso de la tierra a
diferentes escalas] / Bouman, B.A.M.; Jansen, H.G.P.; Schipper, R.A.; Nieuwenhuyse, A.; Hengsdijk, H.;
Bouma, J. (International Rice Research Institute. Soil & Water Sciences Division, P.O. Box 3127, Makati City
1271,
PH
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 55-73. 1999.
There is a general need for quantitative tools that can be used to support policy makers in regional rural
development. Here, a framework for (sub-) regional land use analysis is presented that quantifies
biophysical and economic sustainability trade-offs. The framework, called sustainable options for land use
(SOLUS), was developed over a 10-year period of investigation in the Northern Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica
and encompasses scale levels that range from field to region. SOLUS consists of technical coefficient
generators to quantify inputs and outputs of production systems, a linear programming model that selects
production systems by optimizing regional economic surplus, and a geographic information system.
Biophysical and economic disciplines are integrated and various types of knowledge, ranging from empirical
expert judgement to deterministic process models are synthesized in a systems-analytical manner. Economic
sustainability indicators include economic surplus and labor employment, and biophysical ones include soil N,
P and K balances, biocide use and its environmental impact, greenhouse gas emission and nitrogen leaching
loss and volatilization. Land use scenarios can be implemented by varying properties of production inputs
(e.g., prices), imposing sustainability restrictions in the optimization, and incorporating alternative
production systems based on different technologies. Examples of application of SOLUS in the Northern
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica show that introduction of alternative technologies may result in situations that
satisfy both economic as well as biophysical sustainability. On the other hand, negative trade-offs were
found among different dimensions of biophysical sustainability themselves.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5587. NBINA-5401.
Publicación no.: 130 The Costa Rican experience with market instruments to mitigate climate
change and conserve biodiversity [La experiencia costarricense con los instrumentos de mercado para
mitigar el cambio climático y conservar la biodiversidad] / Castro-Salazar, R.; Tattenbach, F.; GámezHernández, L.; Olson, N. (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía. Barrio Francisco Peralta, Calle 25, Ave 8-10,
San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (ISSN 0167-6369), v. 61, no. 1, p. 75-92. 2000.
Two decades of developing relevant legal and institutional regimes for the sustainable and nondestructive
use of natural resources have framed Costa Rica's pioneer approach to mitigate climate change and conserve
its rich biological diversity. This policy framework provides an appropriate context for the actual and
proposed development of market instruments designed to attract capital investments for carbon
sequestration and biodiversity conservation, and allows the establishment of mechanisms to use those funds
to compensate owners for the environmental services provided by their land. As a developing economy,
Costa Rica is striving to internalize the benefits from the environmental services it offers, as a cornerstone of
its sustainable development strategy.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6547.
Publicación no.: 131 Valuing the environmental service of permanent forest stands to the global
climate: The case of Costa Rica [Valoración del servicio ambiental de los bosques permanentes al sistema
climático mundial: el caso de Costa Rica] / Castro-Salazar, R. (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía. Barrio
Francisco Peralta, Calle 25, Ave 8-10, San José, CR). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1999. 134 p.
Dissertation, D. Des, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, MA (USA).
Like many tropical countries, Costa Rica is losing its forests: private landowners, cut down forests to grow
crops and the government cannot afford to buy land for conservation. However, foreign countries can help,
preserving tropical forest is their most cost-effective option for reducing carbon emissions. This thesis
investigates this possibility using Costa Rica's state-owned Wildlife Conservation Areas (WCAs) as a case
study. Finding cost-effective ways to sequester carbon or reduce carbon emissions is important because
reducing global warming is both urgent and costly: possibly 2% of the world's GDP. Deforestation increases
carbon emissions into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming. Reducing deforestation and
growing trees can help to sequester carbon, and reduce emissions. Various studies suggest that forest
carbon sequestration may be a cost-effective way of reducing cost. According to the literature reducing
emissions in the energy sector in industrialized countries will exceed $100 per ton. By contrast, the cost of
sequestering carbon in US forests will cost from $10 to $100 per ton of carbon depending on the scale of the
forestry projects and on the increasing opportunity cost of the land. The cost of sequestering carbon in
permanent forests is even lower in Costa Rica than in the United States. The estimates developed in this
thesis suggest that 92% of the carbon sequestered in the proposed expansion of the WCAs will cost less than
$50 per ton. Moreover, some landowners in Costa Rica may be willing to preserve private natural forests or
switch from traditional crops or cattle-raising to forest plantations if the price of sequestered carbon were to
rise to as little, as $10 per ton. Therefore, using tropical forest as a carbon sink may have economic,
ecological, and social benefits. Economically, it may reduce mitigation costs and facilitate capital transfer
from industrialized to developing nations. Society benefits because forests are often located in the poorest
rural areas; the ecological benefits come from keeping forest cover, especially primary forest, which is
crucial to conserving tropical biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca del INCAE: COS 333.75.09.728.6 C355.
Publicación no.: 132 Implementación conjunta: un caso a nivel comunal en Costa Rica [Joint
implementation: a case study at the community level in Costa Rica] / Segura-Bonilla, O. (Universidad
Nacional. Centro Internacional de Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CINPE), Heredia, CR <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 36-40. 1999.
A case study is presented of joint forest management at the community level in the community of Junquillal
de Santa Cruz in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The project started in 1997. The article discusses the
advantages and disadvantages of joint management projects, describes the socioeconomic characteristics of
Junquillal de Santa Cruz, the forest characteristics, forest management and products and services, forest
protection certification and parallel benefits resulting from this, new management activities, problems and
limitations, and lessons learned from the project.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 133 Trade liberalization and the environment in Costa Rica [Liberalización del
comercio y el ambiente en Costa Rica] / Abler, D.G.; Rodríguez, A.G.; Shortle, J.S. (Pennsylvania State
University. Agricultural Economics, 207 Armsby Building, University Park, PA 16802-5600, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environment and Development Economics (ISSN 1355-770X), v. 4, no. 3, p. 357-373. 1999.
This study examines the environmental impacts of trade liberalization in Costa Rica. A CGE model is
constructed which includes eight environmental indicators covering deforestation, pesticides, overfishing,
hazardous wastes, inorganic wastes, organic wastes, greenhouse gases, and air pollution. Three trade
liberalization scenarios are examined. Two sets of analyses are conducted for each scenario, one in which
technologies do not change in response to trade liberalization and the other in which total factor productivity
in each sector changes in response to changes in imports of machinery and equipment. To account for
uncertainty regarding values of the model's parameters, a Monte Carlo experiment is conducted for each
policy option. The impacts of trade liberalization on the environmental indicators are generally negative in
sign but small or moderate in magnitude, both when technology is constant and when technology is allowed
to vary.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6248. NBINA-7802.
Publicación no.: 134 Ecological footprints of Benin, Bhutan, Costa Rica and the Netherlands / van
Vuuren, D.P.; Smeets, E.M.W. (National Institute of Public Health & Environment, POB 1, NL-3720 BA,
Bilthoven, NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecological Economics (ISSN 0921-8009), v. 34, no. 1, p. 115-130. 2000.
The ecological footprint (EF) has received much attention as a potential indicator for sustainable
development over the last years. In this article, the EF concept has been applied to Benin, Bhutan, Costa
Rica and the Netherlands in 1980, 1987 and 1994. The results of the assessment are discussed and used to
discuss the current potential and limitations of the EF as a sustainable development indicator. The originally
defined methodology has been slightly adapted by the authors, who focus on individual components of the
EF (land and carbon dioxide emissions) and use local yields instead of global averages. Although per capita
and total land use differs among the four countries: available data suggest increasing land use in all four
countries while per capita land use decreases. The EF for carbon dioxide emissions increases for all four
countries in both per capita and absolute terms. Differences in productivity, aggregation (of different
resources) and multi-functional land use have been shown to be important obstacles in EF application depending on the assessment objective. However, despite the obstacles, the study concludes that the EF has
been successful in providing an interesting basis for discussion on environmental effects of consumption
patterns, including those outside the national borders, and on equity concerning resource use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6904. NBINA-6876.
Publicación no.: 135 Effects of climate change on biodiversity: A review and identification of key
research issues [Efectos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversidad: Una revisión e identificación de los
problemas importantes por investigar] / Kappelle, M.; van Vuuren, M.M.I.; Baas, P. (Utrecht University.
Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Department of Science, Technology and
Society, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH Utrecht, NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biodiversity and Conservation (ISSN 0960-3115), v. 8, no. 10, p. 1383-1397. 1999.
Current knowledge of effects of climate change on biodiversity is briefly reviewed, and results are presented
of a survey of biological research groups in the Netherlands, aimed at identifying key research issues in this
field. In many areas of the world, biodiversity is being reduced by humankind through changes in land cover
and use, pollution, invasions of exotic species and possibly climate change. Assessing the impact of climate
change on biodiversity is difficult, because changes occur slowly and effects of climate change interact with
other stress factors already imposed on the environment. Research issues identified by Dutch scientists can
be grouped into: (i) spatial and temporal distributions of taxa; (ii) migration and dispersal potentials of taxa;
(iii) genetic diversity and viability of (meta) populations of species; (iv) physiological tolerance of species;
(v) disturbance of functional interactions between species; and (vi) ecosystem processes. Additional research
should be done on direct effects of greenhouse gases, and on interactions between effects of climate change
and habitat fragmentation. There are still many gaps in our knowledge of effects of climate change on
biodiversity. An interdisciplinary research programme could possibly focus only on one or few of the
identified research issues, and should generate input data for predictive models based on climate change
scenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6909. NBINA-6880.
Publicación no.: 136 Forest protection and reforestation in Costa Rica: evaluation of a clean
development mechanism prototype [Protección forestal y reforestación en Costa Rica: evaluación de un
prototipo de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio] / Subak, S. (Natural Resources Defense Council, 1200 New
York Ave NW, Washington, DC 20005, US).
In: Environmental Management (ISSN 0364-152X), v. 26, no. 3, p. 283-297. 2000.
Costa Rica has recently established a program that provides funds for reforestation and forest protection on
private lands, partly through the sale of carbon certificates to industrialized countries. Countries purchasing
these carbon offsets hope one day to receive credit against their own commitments to limit emissions of
greenhouse gases. Costa Rica has used the proceeds of the sale of carbon offsets to Norway to help finance
this forest incentive program. Called the Private Forestry Project, which pays thousands of participants to
reforest or protect forest on their lands. The Private Forestry Project is accompanied by a monitoring
program conducted by Costa Rican forest engineers that seeks to determine net carbon storage
accomplished on these lands each year. The Private Forestry Project, which is officially registered as an
Activity implemented jointly. Is a possible model for bundled projects funded by the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) established by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change. It also serves as an interesting example for the CDM because it was designed by a developing
country host--not by an industrialized country investor. Accordingly, it reflects the particular "sustainable
development" objectives of the host country or at least the host planners. Early experience in implementing
the Private Forestry Project is evaluated in light of the main objectives of the CDM and its precursorActivities Implemented Jointly it is concluded that the project appears to meet the criteria of global costeffectiveness and financing from non-ODA sources. The sustainable development implications of the project
are specific to the region and would not necessarily match the ideals of all investing and developing
countries. The project may be seen to achieve additional greenhouse gas abatement when compared against
some (although not all) baselines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6221. NBINA-7100.
Publicación no.: 137 Regional analysis of soil-atmosphere nitrous oxide emissions in the Northern
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica [Análisis regional de las emisiones de óxido nitroso del suelo a la atmósfera en
la Zona Atlántica norte de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Wageningen Agricultural University. Laboratory of Soil
Sciences & Geology, P.O. Box 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 6, no. 6, p. 639-653. 2000.
Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly important in answering questions
related to environmental change, and typically employs a Geographic Information System (GIS) linked with
a process-based simulation model. For the Northern Atlantic Zone (NAZ) in Costa Rica (281 649 ha), a
regional analysis of soil-atmosphere nitrous oxide fluxes from the dominant land-use types forest, cattle
pastures, and banana plantations was performed with both deterministic and stochastic variable
representations. The stochastic representation accounted for soil and land management variability across
nongeoreferenced fields within 1572 georeferenced land units in 13 relevant classes. Per class, frequency
distributions of held-scale fluxes were simulated with a process-based model and Monte Carlo methods.
Stochastic incorporation of both soil and land use variability resulted in areal (i.e. Land unit-scale) fluxes that
were 14-22% lower than estimates based on averaged inputs. Soil heterogeneity was dominant. In addition,
spatial flux patterns for current (1992) land use and two alternative land-use scenarios were evaluated using
stochastic inputs. With current management, the regional nitrous oxide-N flux (standard deviation in
parentheses) from agricultural land was 0.43 (0.13) Gg y(-1). Replacing natural grasses with mixtures of
grasses and N-fixing species on relevant soil types and introducing different forms of banana plantation
management (alternative I) increased the regional nux by 51% to 0.65 (0.22) Gg y(-1) When all natural
grasses were replaced by fertilized improved species and allowing different forms of banana plantation
management (alternative II), the regional flux increased by 126% to 0.97 (0.68) Gg y(-1). Using the revised
IPCC methodology, the 1992 nitrous oxide emission from agriculture in the NAZ was estimated to be 0.32
Gg y(-1). Due to formidable data requirements, regional analysis may not easily be used to produce countrylevel estimates. However, regional analysis does provide a valuable benchmark against which the more
straightforward IPCC methodology can be evaluated.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6525.
Publicación no.: 138 The Kyoto Protocol and payments for tropical forest: An interdisciplinary
method for estimating carbon-offset supply and increasing the feasibility of a carbon market
under the CDM [El Protocolo de Kyoto y los pagos por los servicios de los bosques tropicales: Un método
interdisciplinario para estimar la compensación por el suministro de carbono e incremento de la factibilidad
de un mercado del carbono bajo el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio] / Pfaff, A.S.P.; Kerr, S.; Hughes, R.F.;
Liu, S.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A.; Schimel, D.S.; Tosi-Olin, J.A., Jr.; Watson-Céspedes, V. (Columbia
University. School of International & Public Affairs, Room 1306, 420 W 118th St, New York, NY 10027, US
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> ).
In: Ecological Economics (ISSN 0921-8009), v. 35, no. 2, p. 203-221. 2000.
Protecting tropical forests under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could reduce the cost of
emissions limitations set in Kyoto. However, while society must soon decide whether or not to use tropical
forest-based offsets, evidence regarding tropical carbon sinks is sparse. This paper presents a general
method for constructing an integrated model (based on detailed historical, remote sensing and field data)
that can produce land-use and carbon baselines, predict carbon sequestration supply to a carbon-offsets
market and also help to evaluate optimal market rules. Creating such integrated models requires close
collaboration between social and natural scientists. Our project combines varied disciplinary expertise (in
economics, ecology and geography) with local knowledge in order to create high-quality, empirically
grounded, integrated models for Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6393. NBINA-4060.
Publicación no.: 139 Almacenamiento de carbono y conservación de biodiversidad por medio de
actividades forestales en el Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central, Costa Rica / CIFOR
/ CATIE. Turrialba, CR, Turrialba: CIFOR / CATIE, 2000. 71 p. (Serie Técnica (CATIE); no. 314).
El Pago de Servicios Ambientals (PSA) se puso en marcha en Costa Rica en 1996 con la aprobación de la Ley
Forestal No. 7575. Esta es una medida novedosa para valorar las actividades forestales por los servicios
ambientales que prestan a la sociedad. La principal fuente de financiamiento del PSA es una parte de los
impuestos a los combustibles, que llegó a recaudar US$38,4 millones en 1997, US$33,7 millones en 1998 y
US$33,6 millones en 1999, aunque apenas 20, 15y 25de lo recaudado respectivamente ha sido transferido al
Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO). Este mecanismo de financiamiento se debe asegurar
y mejorar por parte de la sociedad civil en general, y buscarse otros como el pago por servicio de agua,
debido a que constituye una de las decisiones más novedosas para que los propietarios de bosques y
plantaciones capturen los beneficios de la protección y manejo sostenible de estos ecosistemas. El objetivo
general de este estudio es analizar la capacidad y riesgos de las actividades forestales en la prestación de
servicios ambientales, mediante la sistematización e integración de información científico-técnica e
institucional existente para apoyar la toma de decisiones en el PSA por actividades forestales en fincas
privadas del Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central (ACCVC). El estudio analizó las actividades
forestales con PSA y los riesgos asociados a las mismas en conservación de biodiversidad y, fijación y
almacenamiento de carbono, así como el impacto social y económico que generan. Se analizaron las
actividades de protección de bosque, manejo de bosque, plantaciones forestales y pastos como actividad
alternativa. La elaboración de un sistema de criterios e indicadores (C&I) y el análisis por medio de la lógica
difusa, generó una base integrada y rápida para conocer la situación del PSA en las actividades forestales.
Estos C&I consideraron las dimensiones biofísica, económica y social. La valoración fue realizada mediante
consulta a 26 expertos y 37 propietarios de tierras que desarrollan actividades forestales en el ACCVC. En el
ACCVC existen áreas geográficas con distintas potencialidades para el desarrollo de actividades forestales
que pueden brindar servicios para la fijación y almacenamiento de carbono y la conservación de
biodiversidad. En el área del ACCVC atendida por la Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica
Central (FUNDECOR) se da prioridad para el uso de los recursos del PSA a la protección de bosques (22 000
ha), seguida muy de lejos por el manejo de bosques (2 200 ha) y finalmente las plantaciones forestales (1
000 ha). El manejo técnico de bosque (incluyendo el secundario) representa un importante potencial para
fijar y almacenar carbono, y contribuir a la conservación de la biodiversidad. La evaluación de los C&I puso
en evidencia aspectos que son vitales para el desarrollo de la actividad forestal con perspectiva a largo
plazo. Entre aquellos que requieren atención se encuentran: En la dimensión social: mejorar la participación
local en el proceso de toma de decisiones del PSAincrementar acciones educativas dirigidas a los niños y de
capacitación a los propietarios, en aspectos de protección y manejo de bosques. En las áreas de protección
de bosques (privadas), hacer esfuerzos para estudiar y poner en marcha algunas actividades productivas de
bajo impacto ambiental que generen empleo. En la dimensión económica, la actividad de manejo de bosques
presenta menor valoración por parte de los propietariosdebe por tanto prestarse atención para fortalecer la
actividad. Los indicadores que requieren atención son la asistencia técnica efectiva, los requisitos y trámites
para el manejo forestal, el conocimiento y acceso a mercados de la madera y otros productos del bosque, y
el incremento de los ingresos a los propietarios. En la dimensión biofísica, establecer prioridades para la
protección de bosques primarios o poco intervenidos que se encuentran en tierras privadas, áreas para el
manejo del bosque secundario, y áreas para la recuperación y manejo de bosques muy intervenidos. El PSA
podría convertirse en un mecanismo de política efectivo para potenciar la integración de la cadena
productiva forestal, asegurar la aplicación en el campo de estándares de sostenibilidad, mediante la
certificación forestal y la inserción de productos especializados en el mercado nacional e internacional. El
reconocimiento por parte de la sociedad nacional al buen uso y manejo de los bosques privados, generan un
nuevo escenario para el sector forestaleste es un acercamiento necesario entre dueños de bosques y la
sociedad. La evaluación periódica de los C&I mostrará los avances y las proyecciones de este innovador
mecanismo (PSA).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4970.
Publicación no.: 140 Adaptation to climate variability and change: methodological issues
[Adaptación a la variabilidad y cambio en el clima: aspectos metodológicos] / Klein, R.J.T.; Maciver, D.C.
(Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Postdam, DE).
In: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (ISSN 1381-2386), v. 4, no. 3/4, p. 189-198.
1999.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) convened a Workshop on Adaptation to Climate
Variability and Change in Costa Rica in 1998 that involved more than 200 expects and incorporated views
from many research communities. This paper summarizes the recommendations from the Workshop and
profiles the contributions to the advancement of methodologies for adaptation science.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6569.
Publicación no.: 141 Revised rules of procedure for the IPCC process: an editorial essay /
Anonymous.
In: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 46, p. 409-415. 2000.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) held its fifteenth Plenary session in San José, Costa
Rica in April, 1999. One major item on the agenda was the adoption of a revised set of rules of procedure for
the Panel's work with its Third Assessment Report (TAR). The IPCC process is already a time-consuming and
cumbersome process, and the new rules of procedure adopted at the fifteenth Plenary session adds further
complexity and bureaucracy to the process.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6572.
Publicación no.: 142 Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen oxide and methane fluxes from a
fertilized tree plantation in Costa Rica [Variabilidad espacial y temporal de flujos de óxido nitroso y
metano de una plantación forestal fertilizada en Costa Rica] / Weitz, A.M.; Keller, M.; Linder, E.; Crill, P.M.
(University of New Hampshire. Institute of Study of Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Systems Research
Center, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0747-7309), v. 104, no. D23, p. 30097-30107.
1999.
Nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) are naturally produced and consumed by soil
biogeochemical processes. Naturally high variation between trace gas fluxes may temporarily increase due to
agricultural management. We studied spatial and temporal variability of fluxes in the context of a 3-year
field experiment established to identify and quantify N2O fluxes and controlling factors using automated field
measurements. We measured trace gas fluxes, soil temperature, and moisture from fertilized and
unfertilized balsa (Ochroma lagopus) plantations. Combining spatial and temporal sampling we evaluate if
automatically measured time series of N2O emissions are representative of overall mean fluxes from
fertilized loam under balsa. Soil trace gas fluxes were measured manually at 36 randomly distributed
sampling locations per plot. Mean plot emissions were evaluated against fluxes measured by seven
chambers commonly used for routine bimonthly manual measurements and against N2O emissions
measured by two automated chambers at 4.6-hour sampling intervals. Trace gas fluxes were highly variable
over 40 x 40 m plots. Nitrogen oxide fluxes were mainly spatially independent. Fertilization increased
nitrogen oxide emissions but did not introduce spatial dependency of flux data. Within about 6 weeks fluxes
approached pre-fertilization level again. Given high spatial variation of nitrogen oxide fluxes we find that
automatically measured N2O fluxes represent the nature of the flux response well and are in the range of
fluxes indicated by spatial sampling. When soils were relatively dry fertilization inhibited CH4 uptake.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7773.
Publicación no.: 143 Soil-atmosphere nitrogen oxide fluxes: Effects of root disturbance [Flujos de
óxido de nitrógeno suelo-atmósfera: efectos de la perturbación de las raíces] / Keller, M.; Weitz, A.M.;
Bryan, B.; Rivera, M.M.; Silver, W.L. (University of New Hampshire. Institute of Study of Earth Oceans &
Space, Complex Systems Research Center, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0747-7309), v. 105, no. D14, p. 17693-17698.
2000.
Chambers are the most common method used to sample soil-atmosphere fluxes of trace gases. Working in
tree plantations in Costa Rica and in subtropical forest in Puerto Rico, we performed controlled experiments
in order to evaluate whether installation of the chamber bases into the soil affects the soil-atmosphere flux
of nitrogen oxides. Installation of chambers severed roots. We found a short-term disturbance effect related
to chamber installation. Fluxes of nitrogen oxides increased by as much as a factor of 4 during a period of
about 1 month following chamber installation in the soil. Within 6 weeks of chamber base installation, fluxes
fell to control levels. Given the timescale of disturbance and recovery, root mortality and decomposition is
the most likely cause of the observed effect.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7766.
Publicación no.: 144 Isotopic variability of N2O emissions from tropical forest soils [Variabilidad
isotópica de emisiones de N2O de suelos de bosques tropicales] / Pérez, T.; Trumbore, S.E.; Tyler, S.C.;
Davidson, E.A.; Keller, M.; de Camargo, P.B. (University of California. Department of Earth System Sciences,
Irvine, CA 92697, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 14, no. 2, p. 525-535. 2000.
We report measurements of the N-15 and O-18 signature of N2O emitted from tropical rain forest soils at
the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica and in the Fazenda Vitoria in the State of Para, Brazil. The
delta(15)N values ranged from -34 to 2 parts per thousand with respect to atmospheric N-2, while
delta(18)O values had a smaller range, from -4 to 18 parts per thousand with respect to atmospheric O-2.
We attribute these large variations to differences in microbial production, consumption, and transport of
N2O. In general the delta(15)N of N2O emissions from an Oxisol soil in Brazil were consistently enriched by
similar to 20 parts per thousand in N-15 compared to those from Ultisol and Inceptisol soils in Costa Rica.
Denitrification is the most likely source of N2O in both locations during the rainy season, and the N-15 of
nitrate was similar in both locations. We attribute the overall variability in emitted N-15 to differences in the
ratio of N2O:N-2 escaping from the soil to the atmosphere, with a larger fraction of the N2O reduced to N-2
at the Brazilian sites. We found light delta(15)N-N2O values associated with high N2O emissions in a
fertilized agricultural site in Costa Rica and in a "hot spot" of high emissions in the forest site in Brazil. This
result suggests that the increase of substrate availability might increase the fractionation associated with
N2O production. Overall, the Brazilian Oxisol soils had the most enriched delta(15)N-N2O emissions yet
measured from soils. if these are more representative of tropical soil emissions than the Costa Rica
emissions, then the globally averaged delta(15)N-N2O tropical rain forest soil source is more enriched than
previously estimated. The large variations in isotopic signature for N2O emissions demonstrate the potential
utility of stable isotopes as tools for understanding the processes of N2O production and consumption in
soils.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7988. NBINA-6920.
Publicación no.: 145 Intensive field measurements of nitrous oxide emissions from a tropical
agricultural soil [Mediciones intensivas de campo de emisiones de óxido nitroso de un suelo agrícola
tropical] / Crill, P.M.; Keller, M.; Weitz, A.M.; Grauel, B.; Veldkamp, E. (University of New Hampshire.
Institute of Study of Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Systems Research Center, Durham, NH 03824, US <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 14, no. 1, p. 85-95. 2000.
The amount of nitrous oxide (N2O) continues to increase in the atmosphere. Agricultural use of nitrogen
fertilizers in the tropics is thought to be an important source of atmospheric N2O. High frequency, highly
precise measurements of the N2O flux were made with an automated system deployed in N fertilized and
unfertilized agricultural plots of papaya and corn in Costa Rica for an entire corn crop growth to harvest
cycle. N2O fluxes were as high as 64 ng N-N2O cm² h(-1) from fertilized versus 12 ng N-N2O cm² h(-1)
from unfertilized corn and 28 ng N-N2O cm² h(-1) from fertilized versus 4.6 ng N-N2O cm² h(-1) from
unfertilized papaya. Fertilized corn released more N2O than fertilized papaya over the 125 days of the crop
cycle, 1.83 kg N ha(-1) versus 1.37 kg N ha(-1). This represents a loss as N2O of 1.1 and 0.9% of the total
N applied as ammonium nitrate to the corn and papaya, respectively. As has often been observed, N2O
fluxes were highly variable. The fastest rates of emission were associated with fertilization and high soil
moisture. A diurnal cycle in the fluxes was not evident probably due to the minimal day/night temperature
fluctuations. Each chamber was measured between 509 and 523 times over the course of the experiment.
This allows us to evaluate the effect on constructed mean fluxes of lowered sampling frequencies. Sampling
each collar about once a day throughout the crop cycle (25% of the data set) could result in a calculated
mean flux from any individual chamber that can vary by as much as 20% even though the calculated mean
would probably be within 10% of the mean of the complete data set. The uncertainty increases very rapidly
at lower sampling frequencies. For example, if only 10% of the data set were used which would be the
equivalent of sampling every other day, a very high sampling frequency in terms of manual measurements,
the calculated mean flux could vary by as much as 40% or more at any given site.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7109. NBINA-6921.
Publicación no.: 146 Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides
[Probando un modelo conceptual de emisiones de óxidos nitrosos y nítricos de los suelos] / Davidson, E.A.;
Keller, M.; Erickson, H.E.; Verchot, L.V.; Veldkamp, E. (Woods Hole Research Center, POB 296, Woods Hole,
MA
02543,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: BioScience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 50, no. 8, p. 667-680. 2000.
In this article, we briefly review the disciplinary research on soil emissions of N2O and NO. We describe a
mechanistically based conceptual model - the "hole-in-the-pipe" (HIP) model - that integrates the results of
these disciplinary studies and that relates emissions of both nitrogen oxides to common soil processes. We
then test the model predictions, using data from our recent studies in Costa Rica, Brazil, and Puerto Rico and
additional data from the literature for forest ecosystems throughout the world.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5998. S7221.
Publicación no.: 147 Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to
1992 / Ramankutty, N.; Foley, J.A. (University of Wisconsin. Institute of Environmental Studies, Climate,
People & Environment Program, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 13, no. 4, p. 997-1027. 1999.
Human activities over the last three centuries have significantly transformed the Earth's environment,
primarily through the conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture. This study presents a simple approach
to derive geographically explicit changes in global croplands from 1700 to 1992. By calibrating a remotely
sensed land cover classification data set against cropland inventory data, we derived a global representation
of permanent croplands in 1992, at 5 min spatial resolution [Ramankutty and Foley, 1998]. To reconstruct
historical croplands, we first compile an extensive database of historical cropland inventory data, at the
national and subnational level, from a variety of sources. Then we use our 1992 cropland data within a
simple land cover change model, along with the historical inventory data, to reconstruct global 5 min
resolution data on permanent cropland areas from 1992 back to 1700. The reconstructed changes in
historical croplands are consistent with the history of human settlement and patterns of economic
development. By overlaying our historical cropland data set over a newly derived potential vegetation data
set, we analyze our results in terms of the extent to which different natural vegetation types have been
converted for agriculture. We further examine the extent to which croplands have been abandoned in
different parts of the world. Our data sets could be used within global climate models and global ecosystem
models to understand the impacts of land cover change on climate and on the cycling of carbon and water.
Such an analysis is a crucial aid to sharpen our thinking about a sustainable future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6922.
Publicación no.: 148 A climate of change [Un clima de cambio] / Figueres-Olsen, J.M. (Fundación Costa
Rica para el Desarrollo Sostenible (Entebbe), Apartado Postal 557-2250, Tres Ríos de La Unión, CR
<http://www.entebbe.com>).
In: Our Planet: the Magazine of the United Nations Environment Program (ISSN 1013-7394), v. 11, no. 1, p.
5-6. 2000.
Global climate change has ceased to be strictly an environmental threat, lurking in the future. Its potential
impacts could well make it the greatest social and economic challenge that humanity will have to face in the
coming century. The first is competition. An energy revolution is now in the making, with advanced new
technologies such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, wind turbines and flywheels entering the market. The reason
why we moved beyond the horse and buggy a hundred years ago was not because we ran out of hay.
Similarly, there is no doubt that the planet still has impressive oil reserves. However, as was the case when
the oil era first emerged, those industries that successfully incorporate the new technologies will be well
positioned to succeed economically in the 21 st century.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 149 Gradient analysis of biomass in Costa Rica and a first estimate of
countrywide emissions of greenhouse gases from biomass burning [Análisis de gradiente de biomasa
en Costa Rica y primer estimado nacional de emisiones de gases de invernadero procedentes de la quema de
biomasa] / Helmer, E.H.; Brown, S. (USDA Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O.
Box 25000, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, PR <E-mail: ehelmer/[email protected]>).
In: Quantifying sustainable development: the future of tropical economies. Hall, C.A.S.; León-Pérez, C.;
Leclerc, G. (eds.) San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000. p. 503-526. ISBN: 0-12-318860-1.
Past efforts to estimate greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from biomass burning generally have relied on
global or regional data bases. Although the Central American country of Costa Rica is small in area (50 060
km²), it has a much better database than most regions and thereby provides an excellent "microcosma" for
an analysis of GHG emissions by forest type. It has, for example, several forest formations for which data on
forest structure and areas deforested are available. Between 1950 and 1984, the rate of deforestation in
Costa Rica was one of the highest in the world at about 3.9% per year. Our objectives in thischapter are: 1)
estimate biomass of stands undisturbed by human activity (as far as we can tell) as a function of
environmental gradients in Costa Rica, and 2)estimate the release of GHGs to the atmosphere from knowing
the spatial variation in deforestation rates in forests developed under differing climatic conditions. We
estimate emissions simply by assuming 100% of aboveground biomass is burned eventually, an assumption
recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (IPCC/OECD) methodology for inventory of GHG.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 338.92797286 Q1.
Publicación no.: 150 Ecology: The value of nature and the nature of value [Ecología: El valor de la
naturaleza y la naturaleza del valor] / Daily, G.C.; Söderqvist, T.; Aniyar, S.; Arrow, K.; Dasgupta, P.;
Ehrlich, P.R.; Folke, C.; Jansson, A.M.; Jansson, B.O.; Kautsky, N.; Levin, S.; Lubchenco, J.; Mäler, K.G.;
Simpson, D.; Starrett, D.; Tilman, D.; Walker, B. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences,
Stanford, CA 94305, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 289, no. 5478, p. 395-396. 2000. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7090.
Publicación no.: 151 Geographic variation in soil organic carbon dynamics following land-use
change in Costa Rica [Variación geográfica en la dinámica del carbono orgánico en el suelo luego del
cambio en el uso de la tierra] / Powers, J.S. (University of Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water & Climate,
St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Durham, NC: Duke University, 2001. 281 p. ISBN: 0493-43112-8. Dissertation, Ph.D., Duke University, Graduate School and Department of Biology, Durham,
NC (USA).
Recent studies have suggested that the direction and magnitude of changes in soil carbon (C) pools following
land-use change in the tropics depend upon initial site conditions, vegetation productivity, and management.
Despite observations that soil C pools both increase and decrease following deforestation, global
assessments of carbon dioxide fluxes due deforestation usually assume a single rate of loss. The goal of my
dissertation was to understand how the response of the soil C pool to land-use change varies geographically
for a 140,000-ha region in Costa Rica, and how to extrapolate site-specific changes in soil C pools to
estimate regional C02 fluxes. I collected an extensive data set for 110 managed and forested sites in
northeastern Costa Rica that included: soil C, indices of vegetation productivity, soil texture, mineralogy,
elevation, topographic relief, and landcover history. Managed sites were paired with reference forest sites on
similar soils and topography to estimate pre-conversion conditions. In this region, the direction and
magnitude of the changes in soil C pools following conversion of mature forests to pasture varied as a
function of non-crystalline clays in the low-elevation soils and %slope in the highelevation soils. The
conversion of old pastures to intensively managed cash crops reduced soil C storage to a greater extent than
the conversion of forest to pasture. Old pastures that had regenerated to secondary forests or tree
plantations did not show increased soil C storage. As a whole, soils in this region have been a small source of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere over the past 50 years as managed lands have replaced native forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 374. NBINA-7784.
Publicación no.: 152 Evaluating ultraviolet radiation exposure with satellite data at sites of
amphibian declines in Central and South America [Evaluación de la exposición a la radiaci6n
ultravioleta con datos de satélite en sitios de declinaciones de anfibios en Centro y Suramérica] / Middleton,
E.M.; Herman, J.R.; Celarier, E.A.; Wilkinson, J.W.; Carey, C.; Rusin, R.J. (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). Goddard Space Flight CenterLaboratory for Terrestrial Physics (Code 923),
Greenbelt, MD 207771, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 15, no. 4, p. 914-929. 2001.
Many amphibian species have experienced substantial Population declines or have disappeared altogether
during the last several decades at a number of amphibian survey sites in Central and South America. Our
study addresses the use of trends in solar UV-B radiation exposure (280-320 nm) at these sites over the last
two decades, derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer satellite data. It is intended to
demonstrate a role for satellite observations in determining whether UV-B radiation is a contributing factor in
amphibian declines. We used these data to calculate the daily erythemal (sunburning) UV-B, or UV-Bery
exposure at the latitude, longitude, and elevation of each of 20 survey sites. The annually averaged UV-Bery
close, as well as the maximum values, have been increasing in both Central and South America, with higher
levels reached at the Central American sites. The annually averaged UV-Bery exposure increased
significantly from 1979-1998 at all 11 Central American sites we examined (r²= 0.60-0.79); p ¾ 0.015),
with smaller but significant increases at five of the nine South American sites (r² = 0.24-0.42; p ¾ 0.05).
The number of days having the highest UV-B exposure (‗ 6.75 kJ/m²/day) increased in both regions from 40
days per year to approximately 58 days per year in 1998 (r²
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7272.
Publicación no.: 153 Inventario nacional de fuentes y sumideros de gases de efecto invernadero
en Costa Rica año 1996 / MINAE/IMN, San José, CR. San José: Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía /
Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, 1996. 53 p. (Proyecto COS/95/G31).
En junio de 1992, se llevó a cabo en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, la Convención Marco sobre Cambio Climático, en
la cual los países firmantes se comprometieron entre otras cosas a realizar inventarios nacionales de
emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, a implementar programas que contengan medidas orientadas a
mitigar el cambio climático y cooperar en los preparativos para la adaptación a los impactos del cambio
climático. La Convención entró en vigencia en marzo de 1994 y sus compromisos se hicieron obligatorios
para los firmantes. Costa Rica ratificó la Convención el 13 de junio de 1994 y en cumplimiento a los
compromisos adquiridos realizó el primer inventario de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por
fuentes y sumideros. La evaluación del primer inventario se realizó utilizando las guías para la elaboración de
inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero del IPCC-OECI) y tomando como referencia el año
1990, con el fin de hacerlo comparable con otros países. Con los resultados de este inventario se inició un
nuevo proyecto: Mejoramiento de la Capacidad Nacional para la Reducción de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto
Invernadero, el cual fue financiado por el Fondo Global del Ambiente (GEF). Dentro de este proyecto se llevó
a cabo la actualización del inventario de emisiones, para lo cual se utilizó la metodología revisada del IPCCOECI) (IPCC, 1997), tomando como referencia para la evaluación, el año 1996. La evaluación del inventario
estuvo a cargo del Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, que coordinó un grupo integrado por expertos de
diferentes instituciones en las áreas de Energía, Procesos Industriales, Agricultura, Uso de la tierra y Manejo
de Desechos. Se incluyeron en él los mismos seis gases evaluados en el inventario anterior: dióxido de
carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxido nitroso (N2O), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) y
otros hidrocarburos volátiles diferentes del metano (NMVOC). Además en algunos casos, se evaluó la
emisión de dióxido de azufre (SO2), partículas y halocarburos (HFC). De acuerdo a la metodología del IPCC,
el inventario se dividió en cinco áreas: Energía, Procesos Industriales, Agricultura, Uso de la tierra y
silvicultura y Manejo de Desechos. Las emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero en el año 1996
tuvieron un valor neto equivalente a 4.047,7 Gg (4.047.700 toneladas). A este total el sector energía aportó
4.287,5 Gg (4.287.500 toneladas), procesos industriales 431,0 Gg (431.000 ton), agricultura 152,4 Gg
(152.400 ton), cambio de uso de la tierra tiene una fijación neta de 864,6 Gg (-864.600 ton) y desechos
41,4Gg (41.400 ton). Valores detallados por sector y gas se pueden observar en el cuadro 1.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 389.
Publicación no.: 154 Management effects on methane fluxes in humid tropical pasture soils
[Efectos del manejo de los flujos de metano en suelos de pastos húmedos tropicales] / Veldkamp, E.; Weitz,
A.M.; Keller, M. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutritrion; Busgenweg 2, D-37077
Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry (ISSN 0038-0717), v. 33, no. 11, p. 1493-1499. 2001.
Tropical ecosystems play an important role in the production and uptake of atmospheric methane (CH4). Our
objective was to evaluate the long- and short-term effects of management on the CH4 fluxes in humid
tropical pastures in Costa Rica. Using closed chambers, we measured CH4 fluxes on four replicates of three
pastures with different management: fertilized, traditional and legume pastures. In experimental fertilizer
applications, we also compared the short-term effects of ammonium, nitrate and urea fertilizers. In the
course of one year, fertilized pastures showed net CH4 uptake (-0.34 mg CH4 m² day(-1)) while traditional
(+0.69mg CH4 m² day(-1)) and legume pastures (+0.92 mg CH4 m² day(-1)) displayed net CH4 emissions.
This difference was probably caused by the combined effect of lower soil water contents in the fertilized
pastures and high nitrate concentrations, which may have inhibited production of CH4 in the fertilized
pastures. CH4 uptake in the fertilized pasture was only about 25% of CH4 uptake in old-growth forest in the
same area. In the fertilizer experiment, CH4 uptake was more reduced by ammonium sulfate (-0.24 mg CH4
m² day(-1)) and urea (-0.26 mg CH4 m² day(-1)) than by calcium nitrate (-0.62 mg CH4 m² day(-1)). We
measured a short-term inhibition of CH4 uptake caused by NH4+ that lasted for less than 3 weeks. Addition
of KCI led to an additional inhibiting 'salt' effect, which may be more long term than the inhibiting effect of
NH4+.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-133.
Publicación no.: 155 Primera comunicación nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones
Unidas sobre Cambio Climático / Costa Rica. Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía. Instituto Meteorológico
Nacional, San José, CR. San José: MINAE / IMN, 2000. 101 p. (Proyecto COS/95/G31).
Costa Rica has taken part in climate change activities for over a decade. it ratified the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change on October 13, 1994, and accordingly, it has conducted different
initiatives. The First National Communication on Climate Change summarizes most of the activities carried
out in the country in conformity with this commintment.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 398. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 574.5222 P953.
Publicación no.: 156 Climatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane cloud
forests [Impacto climático de la deforestación de las tierras bajas tropicales en los bosques nubosos
montanos vecinos] / Lawton, R.O.; Nair, U.S.; Pielke, R.A.; Welch, R.M. (University of Alabama. Department
of Biological Sciences, Huntsville, AL 35899, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 294, p. 584-587. 2001.
Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in cloud.
Clearing upwind lowland forest alters surface energy budgets in ways that influence dry season cloud fields
and thus the TMCF environment. Landsat and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite imagery
show that deforested areas of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands remain relatively cloud-free when forested
regions have well-developed dry season cumulus cloud fields. Further, regional atmospheric simulations
show that cloud base heights are higher over pasture than over forest areas under reasonable dry season
conditions. These results suggest that land use in tropical lowlands has seriour impacts on ecosystems in
adjacent mountains.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7349. NBINA-6744.
Publicación no.: 157 Changes in reef community structure after fifteen years of natural
disturbances in the Eastern Pacific (Costa Rica) [Cambios en la estructura de la comunidad de un
arrecife después de quince años de perturbaciones naturales en el Pacífico oriental (Costa Rica)] / GuzmánEspinal, H.M.; Cortés-Núñez, J. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, PA <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Bulletin of Marine Science (ISSN 0007-4977), v. 69, no. 1, p. 133-149. 2001.
Eastern Pacific coral reefs have been severely disturbed by natural events during the past two decades. We
have monitored changes in reef structure and reef recovery after ENSO 1982-83 (starting in 1984), at
sixteen permanent plots in four different habitats at Caño Island, Costa Rica. Reefs were also severely
affected by dinoflagellate blooms in 1985, and by warming events in 1987, 1990-95 and 1997-98. The 198283 event caused approximately 100% coral mortality in shallow reef zones at Caño Island, particularly of
pocilloporid species. Coral recruitment may have coincided with putative larval pulses during the various
ENSO events or shortly after, as deduced by the presence of sexual recruits during 1987-88 and widespread
sexual recruitment in 1993-94. Mortality of juvenile and adult colonies during the 1997-98 ENSO warming
was low (5%), suggesting that populations of massive and branching corals may have been more tolerant of
elevated thermal stress than during previous events. Supporting this notion are the Reynolds SST
comparative plots for 1982-83 and 1997-98, which indicate similar warming trends and temperature maxima
at this locality. Reefs at Caño Island are recovering, with significant increases in the number of now sexual
recruits. Although 1984 levels of coral cover have not yet been attained island-wide, 70% cover occurs in
reef areas on the north side of the island. Other disturbances, such as phytoplankton blooms that affected
Pocillopora spp. In all habitats, may have retarded reef regeneration, complicating the course of recovery
after the 1982-83 ENSO warming disturbance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7580. NBINA-3973.
Publicación no.: 158 Coral bleaching and mortality associated with the 1997-98 El Niño in an
upwelling environment in the Eastern Pacific (Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica) [Decoloración de
corales y mortalidad asociada con El Niño 1997-98 en un ambiente nutritivamente rico en el Pacífico oriental
(Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica)] / Jiménez-Centeno, C.E.; Cortés-Núñez, J.; León-Campos, A.; RuizCampos, E. (Universität Bremen.
ZMT,
Fahrenheitstr 6,
D-28359 Bremen,
DE
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
jcortes
@biologia.ucr.ac.cr> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Bulletin of Marine Science (ISSN 0007-4977), v. 69, no. 1, p. 151-169. 2001.
Coincidental with the 1997-98 El Niño, overall coral bleaching (32.4% of all colonies) and mortality (5.7%)
were observed on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the seasonally cool waters of the Gulf of Papagayo and
in the more thermally stable waters of Golfo Dulce, At a Pavona clavus reef (Culebra Bay, Gulf of Papagayo),
mean seawater temperature at 7 m depth ranged from 0.2 °C to 3.9 °C warmer than in previous years for
nearly all months during 1997 and 1998. Water column temperature to 25-30 m depth was above 29 °C for
several days, which exceeded the long term average. Even though mortality was low for most coral species,
it was severe ( 90% decrease in live cover) in a small population of Leptoseris papyracea known only at
Culebra Bay. Pocillopora spp. Accounted for more than 60% and 80% of all bleached and dead colonies,
respectively. Other coral species regained their normal pigmentation by the beginning of 1998 with little
evidence of tissue mortality. The El Niño event of 1997-98 is considered the strongest on record by some
measures, but coral mortality on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica was much less than in previous events,
drawing attention to El Niño disturbance variability on local scales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7978. NBINA-3972.
Publicación no.: 159 Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin
America [Disminuciones de la población y prioridades para la conservación de anfibios en Latinoamérica] /
Young, B.E.; Lips, K.R.; Reaser, J.K.; Ibáñez, R.D.; Salas, A.W.; Cedeño, J.R.; Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.R.; La
Marca, E.; Meyer, J.R.; Muñoz, A.; Bolaños-Vives, F.; Chaves-Cordero, G.A.; Romo, D. (NatureServe, 1101
Wilson Blvd, 15th Floor, Arlington, VA, 22209, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 15, no. 5, p. 1213-1223. 2001.
Although dramatic amphibian population declines have been reported worldwide, our understanding of the
extent of the declines in Latin America, where amphibian diversity is high, is limited to a few welldocumented studies. To better understand the geographic extent of declines, their possible causes, and the
measures needed to improve Latin American scientists' ability to research the phenomenon and make
effective management recommendations, we convened three regional workshops with 88 Latin American
herpetologists and conservationists. Population declines are widespread in Latin America. At least 13
countries have experienced declines, and in 40 cases species are now thought to be extinct or extirpated in a
country where they once occurred. Declines or extinctions have affected 30 genera and nine families of
amphibians, Most declines have occurred in remote highlands, above 500 m in elevation in Central America
and above 1000 m in the Andes. Most documented declines occurred in the 1980s. Of the possible causes
studied to date, climate change appears to be important at one site and chytrid fungal disease has been
identified at sites in three countries. Although many monitoring studies are currently underway in a variety
of habitats, most studies are recent and of short duration. In a signed resolution, workshop participants
called for greater collaboration and communication among scientists working in Latin America to understand
the geographic extent of population declines and the distribution of possible causal factors. In situ
conservation is important to protect habitats, but captive-rearing programs for species subject to imminent
extinction are also needed. Better understanding of the taxonomy and natural history of amphibians and
more funding for research and monitoring are critical to developing a scientific basis for management action
to arrest and reverse population declines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7559. NBINA-4755.
Publicación no.: 160 N2O emissions from humid tropical agricultural soils: Effects of soil moisture,
texture and nitrogen availability [Emisiones de N2O de suelos agrícolas del trópico húmedo: Efectos
sobre la humedad del suelo, textura y disponibilidad de nitrógeno] / Weitz, A.M.; Linder, E.; Frolking, S.E.;
Crill, P.M.; Keller, M. (Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry (ISSN 0038-0717), v. 33, no. 7/8, p. 1077-1093. 2001.
We studied soil moisture dynamics and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from agricultural soils in the humid tropics
of Costa Rica. Using a split-plot design on two soils (clay, loam) we compared two crop types (annual,
perennial) each unfertilized and fertilized. Both soils are of andic origin. Their properties include relatively
low bulk density and high organic matter content, water retention capacity, and hydraulic conductivity. The
top 2-3 cm of the soils consists of distinct small aggregates (dia. 0.5 cm). We measured a strong gradient of
bulk density and moisture within the top 7 cm of the clay soil. Using automated sampling and analysis
systems we measured N2O emissions at 4.6 h intervals, meteorological variables, soil moisture, and
temperature at 0.5 h intervals. Mean daily soil moisture content at 5 cm depth ranged from 46% water filled
pore space (WFPS) on clay in April 1995 to near saturation on loam during a wet period in February 1996.
On both soils the aggregated surface layer always remained unsaturated. Soils emitted N2O throughout the
year. Mean N2O fluxes were 1.04+-0.72 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1 (mean ± standard deviation) from unfertilized
loam under annual crops compared to 3.54 ± 4.31 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1 from the fertilized plot (351 days
measurement). Fertilization dominated the temporal variation of N2O emissions. Generally fluxes peaked
shortly after fertilization and were increased for up to 6 weeks ('post fertilization flux'). Emissions continued
at a lower rate ('background flux') after fertilization effects faded. Mean post-fertilization fluxes were 6.3 ±
6.5 ng N2O-N cm-2 h-1 while the background flux rate was 2.2+-1.8 ng N2O-N cm² h-1. Soil moisture
dynamics affected N2O emissions. Post fertilization fluxes were highest from wet soils; fluxes from relatively
dry soils increased only after rain events. N2O emissions were weakly affected by soil moisture during
phases of low N availability. Statistical modeling confirmed N availability and soil moisture as the major
controls on N2O flux. Our data suggest that small-scale differences in soil structure and moisture content
cause very different biogeochemical environments within the top 7 cm of soils, which is important for net
N2O fluxes from soils.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7767. NBINA-135.
Publicación no.: 161 Modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems [Modelaje de
emisiones de gases traza de ecosistemas agrícolas] / Li, C.S. (University of New Hampshire. Institute for the
Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Durham, NH 03824, US).
In: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 58, no. 1/3, p. 259-276. 2000.
A computer simulation model was developed for predicting trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems.
The denitrification-decomposition model consists of two components. The first component, consisting of the
soil climate, crop growth, and decomposition submodels, predicts soil temperature, moisture, pH, Eh, and
substrate concentration profiles based on ecological drivers (e.g., climate, soil, vegetation, and
anthropogenic activity). The second component, consisting of the nitrification, denitrification, and
fermentation submodels, predicts NH3, NO, N2O, and CH4 fluxes based on the soil environmental variables.
Classical laws of physics, chemistry, or biology or empirical equations generated from laboratory
observations were used in the model to parameterize each specific reaction. The entire model links trace gas
emissions to basic ecological drivers. Through validation against data sets of NO, N2O, CH4, and NH3
emissions measured at four agricultural sites (Jiangsu, China; Costa Rica; Texas, USA; and Henan, China,
respectively), the model showed its ability to capture patterns and magnitudes of trace gas emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-131.
Publicación no.: 162 Global climatic change and Brazilian ecosystems [El cambio climático mundial y
los ecosistemas brasileños] / Moreira, A.G.; Schwartzman, S.; Moreira, A.G. (ed.); Schwartzman, S. In: As
mudancas climaticas globais e os ecossistemas brasileiros Brasilia: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da
Amazonia, 2000. 165 p. ISBN: 85-87413-02-3.
This book is based on the papers and discussions of a conference held on 22-23 October 1998 in Brazil.
Sections deal with Brazil within the international framework (including the Kyoto protocol, and greenhouse
gas emissions in Brazil), carbon in Brazilian ecosystems (including the importance of cerrado in capturing
carbon), experiences of carbon-fixing projects in Bolivia and Costa Rica, and society and climatic change
(including the participation of NGOs in current discussions).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 163 Emisión de gases con efecto invernadero y fijación de carbono en el sistema
de producción de café (Coffea arabica) en Costa Rica [Emission of gases with greenhouse and carbon
fixation effects in the coffee production system (Coffea arabica) in Costa Rica] / Montenegro-Ballestero, J.;
Abarca-Monge, S. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). XIX Simposio Latinoamericano de caficultura. Memoria, San José
CR2-6 Octubre, 2000.
In: Boletín de Promecafé (ISSN 1010-1527), no. 87/88, p. 59-68. 2000.
The emission of gases with greenhouse and carbon fixation effects was studied in coffee in Costa Rica.
Application of nitrogen fertilizer appeared to have a direct effect on the emission of nitrous oxide and carbon
dioxide The main fluctuations in the emission of nitrous oxide occurred on the first days after application of
nitrogen fertilizer. Emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were lower in coffee ecosystems than in
natural woodlands. The concentration of ammonium and nitrate in the soil was related to emission of nitrous
oxide.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton.
Publicación no.: 164 Short-term nitrous oxide profile dynamics and emissions response to water,
nitrogen and carbon additions in two tropical soils / Nobre, A.D.; Keller, M.; Crill, P.M.; Harriss, R.C.
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas, Avenida Andre Araujo, 2936, BR-69083000 Manaus, Amazonas, BR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biology and Fertility of Soils (ISSN 0178-2762), v. 34, no. 5, p. 363-373. 2001.
Tropical soils are potentially the highest and least studied nitrous oxide (N2O) production areas in the world.
The effect of water, nitrate and glucose additions on profile concentrations and episodic emissions of N2O for
two volcanic soils in Costa Rica was examined. Magnitudes of episodic N2O pulses, as well as overall N2O
emissions, varied considerably and consistently, depending on soil texture, soil water content, and kind and
availability of substrates. Emission pulses began within 30 min, peaking no later than 8 h after wetting.
Production in the soil occurred mainly in the layer between 5 and 20 cm deep, but depended directly on the
temporal dynamics of the water profile. Changes in soil NO3- were associated with soil N2O concentration
changes. Depending on the treatments, one episodic N2O production event driven by one moderate rain
could account for less than 15% to more than 90% of the total weekly production. Previous survey studies
may have underestimated the contribution of N2O emissions from tropical soils. In order to improve budgets
and models of N2O emissions. episodic emissions driven by rain events and amendments must be
considered.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-84.
Publicación no.: 165 Balance of emissions with greenhouse effect in silvopastoral systems in
three life zones of Costa Rica [Balance de emisiones con efecto invernadero en sistemas silvopastoriles en
tres zonas de vida de Costa Rica] / Montenegro-Ballestero, J.; Abarca-Monge, S.; Ibrahim, M.A, (comp.).
(Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). International Symposium on Silvopastoral Systems and II Congress on
Agroforestry and Livestock Production in Latin America, San José CR; 2-9 Abr. 2001.
In: Silvopastoral systems for restoration of degraded tropical pasture ecosystems Turrialba: CATIE / GTZ /
DANIDA / IUFRO / FAO, 2001. p. 107-111. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE 631.58063 I61s 2001.
Publicación no.: 166 El bosque como proceso fundamental de los servicios ambientales en Costa
Rica / Bermúdez-Ramírez, F.; Garita-Cruz, D.; Rodríguez-Chacón, J.E. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto de
Investigación y Servicios Forestales y Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2000. 113 p. Tesis, Lic. Ingeniería en Ciencias Forestales,
Universidad Nacional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar, Heredia (Costa Rica). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis B516.
Publicación no.: 167 Fijación de carbono por pastos tropicales en las sabanas de suelos ácidos
neotropicales / Fisher, M.J.; Trujillo, W. Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica:
Beneficios Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR; 24-26 May. 1999.
In: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C.; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 115-135. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 168 Fijación de carbono, emisión de metano y de óxido nitroso en sistemas de
producción bovina en Costa Rica / Montenegro-Ballestero, J.; Abarca-Monge, S. (Ministerio de Agricultura
y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica: Beneficios Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba
CR; 24-26 May. 1999.
In: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C.; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 151-174. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 169 Dióxido de carbono (CO2) como un proceso fundamental de los servicios
ambientales en Costa Rica / Bermúdez-Oconitrillo, R.; Díaz-Hernández, A.; Escribano-Montoya, J.
Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2000. 102 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional,
Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis B516d.
Publicación no.: 170 Fijación de carbono en plantaciones de melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), teca
(Tectona grandis L.f:) y pochote (Bombacopsis quinata Jacq.) en los cantones de Hojancha y
Nicoya, Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Cubero-Moya, J.A.; Rojas-Piedra, S.R. (Fondo Nacional de
Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), Apdo. 594-2120, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1999. 94 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional,
Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: T470. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis C962f.
Publicación no.: 171 Soil hydraulic controls over nitrogen oxide emissions and nitrogen cycling in
tropical agriculture [Controles hidráulicos del suelo sobre las emisiones de óxido de nitrógeno y el reciclaje
del nitrógeno en la agricultura tropical] / Weitz, A.M. (Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena,
DE <E-mail: [email protected]>). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, 2000. 136 p. ISBN: 0599-74011-6. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire, Graduate School, Durham, NH (USA).
Soils are the major natural source of nitrous oxide (N2O). Intensive land use increased atmospheric
concentrations of this greenhouse gas. Soil microbes produce and consume nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O)
during the processes of nitrification (aerobic) and denitrification (anaerobic). Micro-scale variability of
controlling factors cause nitrification and denitrification to occur simultaneously in soils, resulting in high
spatial variability of nitrogen oxide emissions. Fertilization increases nutrient availability and thus N2O
fluxes. Forest soils in the humid tropics account for 20-50% of all N2O sources. Expansion and intensification
of tropical agriculture is expected to increase atmospheric N2O concentrations. We measured N2O fluxes
from secondary humid tropical forest soils at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, followed fluxes during
forest conversion and studied emissions from unfertilized and fertilized agricultural soils. We related fluxes to
soil moisture dynamics and agricultural practice. Gases were measured using manual and automated
chamber techniques. Soil moisture content was measured using manual (auger) and automated (Time
Domain Reflectrometry; TDR) sampling techniques. A 3-phase-mixing model was found suitable to calibrate
TDR technique for the studied soils. The field experiment was based on a split-plot design, comparing clay
versus loam, each under fertilized and unfertilized annual and perennial crop. Soils feature relatively low
bulk density, high hydraulic conductivity and high organic matter content. Mean soil moisture content was
above 70% water-filled-pore-space (WFPS) in both soils and land uses. N2O was emitted throughout the
year. Fluxes from forest soils showed no seasonality. Forest conversion caused fluxes to increase
temporarily. Fertilization was the dominant source for temporal variability under agricultural use, differences
in flux dynamics were large between individual post-fertilization phases. N2O-loss as % of applied fertilizer-N
increased with soil moisture. Spatial variability was generally high, especially post-fertilization. Repeated
fertilization increased mean and variation of fluxes. Emissions simulated by regression models and by the
physically based Denitrification-Decomposition model matched field measured fluxes well. Both modeling
techniques confirmed that nutrient availability and soil moisture content were the dominant flux controls. In
aggregated soils differences in soil structure between the surface layer and soil at 0.05 m depth may affect
moisture content and consequently soil N2O fluxes.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 172 Ecology and evolution of Phainoptila melanoxantha (Bombycillidae, aves) in
the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama [Ecología y evolución de Phainoptila melanoxantha
(Bombycillidae, aves) en las tierras altas de Costa Rica y el occidente de Panamá] / Barrantes-Montero, G.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Museo de Zoología, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). St. Louis, MO: University of Missouri, 2001. 175 p. ISBN: 0-599-99078-3.
Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Missouri, International Center for Tropical Ecology, St. Louis, MO (USA).
Composition of species in a community is the result of historical and ecological events operating at different
temporal and spatial scales. Regional historical changes in geomorphology and climate generally promote
dispersal and speciation when new habitats are created and connectivity between similar habitats change at
regional and local scales. Biotic interactions, such as competition and predation are also important factors in
determining species membership in a given community. In this study I examined the role of historical and
ecological factors in determining species composition, and speciation of the highland avifauna of Costa Rica
and western Panamá. Then I analysed the ecology and evolution of Phainoptila melanoxantha, a highland
endemic species. In particular, I addressed aspects of diet, reproduction, population dynamics, and causes of
genetic and morphological divergence of this species. I studied how historical (i.e, geological and climatic
changes) and ecological (i.e., diet, altitudinal distribution) factors determined species composition and
distribution in the region. Results of this study indicate that composition of this highland avifauna is the
result of recurrent dispersal events from South and North America, and likely lowland species that adapted
to gradual changes in climatic conditions. I studied the general aspects of P. melanoxantha ecology and
population dynamics. The major goals were (1) - to describe habitat use, diet, and reproductive behavior of
this species; and (2) - to analyse the dynamics (extinction - colonization events) of local populations of P.
melanoxantha within the context of a metapopulation framework. Results indicated that P. melanoxantha
inhabits mainly subalpine, elfin, and upper montane forests where it feeds on a large variety of fruit species
with little overlap among mountain ran. The main goal in Chapter 3 was to assess the effect of gene flow and
altitudinal changes in highland forests on the geographic distribution of haplotypes of P. melanoxantha,
using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Finally, I found that major haplotype divergence in the intraspecific
phylogeny, as well as in the cladistic nested analysis were congruent with observed morphological
discontinuities. I studied the effect of wind on shaping wing and tail morphology in the two subspecies of P.
melanoxantha; P. m. melanoxantha and P. m. parkeri.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 173 Perception de l'environnement et des changements climatiques chez les
leaders de groupes verts du Quebec et du Costa Rica [Percepción del ambiente y de los cambios
climáticos de los líderes de grupos ambientalistas de Quebec y de Costa Rica] / Perron, B. (Université de
Montréal. Département de Sociologie, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre.ville, Montréal (Quebec) H3C 3J7, CA <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Montreal: Université de Montreal, 2000. 250 p. ISBN: 0-612-52117-6.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Université de Montreal, Graduate School, Montreal (Canada).
Cette thèse, de nature exploratoire, s'inscrit dans ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler l'étude des dimensions
humaines des changements environnementaux globaux. Elle vise d'abord à saisir les différents schémas
attitudinaux de pensée "environnementale" qui animent les leaders de groupes verts, pour ensuite en arriver
é une meilleure compréhension de la perception du phénoméne des changements climatiques chez ceux-ci.
Trois études ont été réalisées afin d'atteindre ces objectifs généraux. Bien que ces études adoptent chacune
un cadre théorique spécifique é leurs problématiques respectives, des approches générales s'en dégagent.
D'une part, pour expliquer les attitudes environnementales, une approche psychosociologique, qui tient
compte de déterminants l'structurels; sociodémographiques (âge, lieu, éducation, sexe, nationalité) et de
déterminants cognitifs (attitudes gérales ne ciblant pas nécessairement l'environnement), est privilégiée.
D'autre part, la sociologie des mouvements sociaux sert d'arriêre-plan conceptuel pour situer les sujets de
recherche, c'est-à-dire les leaders de groupes verts. Au point de vue méthodologique, ces trois études
utilisent le même questionnaire standardisé. La premiêre étude est réalisée auprês de leaders de groupes
verts du Québec. Elle vise à en établir une typologie. Trois types de leaders émergent des analyses
effectuées. Les "écologistes', plus radicaux, sont méfiants à l'égard de la science et de la technologie
conventionnelle et acceptent que des sacrifices économiques soient faits pour améliorer la qualité de
l'environnement. Ils sont plus jeunes que les autres et militent majoritairement à Montréal. Quant aux
"environnementalistes nationalistes" et aux "environnementalistes de marché", ils se distinguent
principalement par des positions divergentes à l'égard d'Hydro-Québec. Les premiers percoivent
positivement cette société d'état, tandis que les seconds la voient d'un mauvais oeil et en favorisent la
privatisation. La deuxiême étude cherche à voir si le problême global des changements climatiques constitue
un dossier générateur d'une solidarité à l'intérieur du mouvement vert international. Elle est réalisée auprês
de leaders de groupes verts du Québec et du Costa Rica afin d'incorporer une dimension Nord-Sud aux
analyses. Les attitudes des répondants à l'égard d'aspects-clés des changements climatiques sont comparées
en fonction de deux facteurs potentiellement discriminants: leur appartenance à un type d'orientation
idéologique verte ("écologisme", "environnementalisme" ou "environnementalisme de marché") et leur
nationalité. Enfin, la dernière étude cherche à découvrir les déterminants de l'appui à sept (7) politiques de
protection du climat par les leaders de groupes verts du Québec et du Costa Rica.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 174 Save the clouds, too / Torres, A.
In: Environment (ISSN 0013-9157), v. 44, no. 3, p. 4. 2002.
Deforestation affects more than the forest and its inhabitants-it also changes weather patterns by reducing
the amount of water in the air for cloud formation. Researchers from the University of Alabama in Huntsville
(UAH) have found that logging in Costa Rica's lowland forests is changing the region's weather. UAH
scientists tracked the way clouds are formed in the lowlands and then swept into the mountains by strong
winds. Normally, trees distribute water into the air through transpiration. This also cools the air, which keeps
the cloud base low. The low-lying clouds are a vital source of water for the mountain forests during the
annual dry season, but when trees are cut down, the air warms and pushes the clouds too high to provide
enough water for the mountain forests. Ron Welch, chairman of UAH's atmospheric science department,
says, "We're seeing that if you deforest the lowlands it impacts the environment several hundreds of
kilometers away"-a discovery that may have serious implications for conservation efforts in Central America.
The researchers found that in the last 25 years, Costa Rica's cloud base has risen, the dry season has
become several weeks longer, and the amphibian population has diminished. In addition, UAH biologist
Robert Lawton points out, "Reduced cloud interaction with the mountains might mean a substantially
reduced supply of water".
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-202.
Publicación no.: 175 Tree cutting harms water supplies / Johnson, D.
In: The Futurist (ISSN 0016-3317), v. 36, no. 2, p. 6-7. 2002.
Heavy logging in the forests of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands is changing that country's weather patterns,
according to scientists studying cloud formations there. "We're seeing that if you deforest the lowlands it
impacts the environment several hundreds of kilometers away," reports Ron Welch, chairman of the
Atmospheric Science Department at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). Using satellite and onsite data sources, UAH researchers have created models that track the way clouds are formed in Costa Rica's
lowlands and then pushed into the mountains by strong trade winds. Low clouds are a vital source of water
for the country's mountain forests during the annual dry season. Costa Rican lowland forests put water vapor
into the air through transpiration, a process that is essential to the formation of dense, lowlying clouds.
Trees also cool the air in this region, keeping the cloud base low. Cutting down the forests reduces the
amount of water available for cloud formation and also warms the air. Warmer air drives the cloud layer to a
higher altitude and trade winds carry the clouds into the mountains, but not at the low levels required to
bring sufficient water to mountain forests. In the past 25 years Costa Rica's cloud base has risen, according
to UAH researchers. During the same period the country's dry season has grown longer by several weeks
and there has been a decline in the amphibian population. Altering the cloud forest may also bring
unwelcome economic and social changes to the lowlands. Low clouds in Costa Rica are an essential water
source for mountain forests during the dry season. In this valley near the Pacific coast, the clouds also
provide enough water to support a regional dairy industry. A model of simulated cloud cross sections in
Cordillera de Tilarán, Costa Rica. Above, the model shows smaller clouds at a higher altitude above a totally
deforested lowland region. Below, the model reveals large, low-level clouds over a completely forested
landscape. "There are some important potential hydrologic impacts. Dry season river flows might change.
Reduced cloud interaction with the mountains might mean a substantially reduced supply of water for urban
water systems, reduced water for irrigation, and reduced water for hydroelectric development," argues
Robert Lawton, a biologist at UAH. Deforestation in Costa Rica could have a significant impact on the
prospects of protecting Central America's biological "hot spots" fragmented regions that are especially rich in
plant and animal life--extending from Guatemala to Panama. Ongoing research may help determine the
range of climate effects related to Costa Rican deforestation. It could also guide conservation efforts and
land-management practices in the future. "We have a chance here to develop a set of tools to allow us to
look anywhere, from Cameroon to Fiji or Ecuador, and find out what might happen under various land-use
scenarios," concludes Welch.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7868. NBINA-201.
Publicación no.: 176 Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane fluxes from soils following clearing
and burning of tropical secondary forest [Flujos de óxido nitroso, óxido nítrico y metano de suelos luego
de la tala y quema de bosques secundarios tropicales] / Weitz, A.M.; Veldkamp, E.; Keller, M.; Neff, J.C.;
Crill, P.M. (University of New Hampshire. Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, Durham, US
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 103, no. D21, p. 28.047-28.058.
1998.
Conversion of humid tropical forest to agriculture significantly alters trace gas emissions from soils. We
report nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), and methane (CH4) fluxes from secondary forest soils prior to
and during deforestation, and throughout the first agricultural cropping. Annual average nitrogen oxide
emissions from forest soils were 1.5 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O and 0.9 ng N cm² h-1 for NO. Forest clearing
increased the level of extractable nitrate in soils and average nitrogen oxides fluxes (2.7 no N cm² h-1 for
N2O, and 8.1 ng N cm² h-1 for NO). Immediately after biomass burning, short-term peaks of N2O and NO
(123 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O, and 41 ng N cm² h-1 for NO) were superimposed on generally increased fluxes.
Peak emissions declined within 3 days after burning. Postburn fluxes stayed higher than measured on
adjacent forest sites for 3-4 months (averages for postbum fluxes were 17.5 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O, and
19.2 ng N cm² h-1 for NO). Increased N2O and NO emissions after clearing and until cropping were probably
due to a combination of increased rates of nitrogen cycling and higher gaseous diffusion in drying soils.
Compared to emissions from young pastures in the region, fluxes of nitrogen oxides from unfertilized
agricultural areas were low (3.9 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O and 3.4 ng cm² h-1 for NO), probably due to nitrogen
uptake by fast growing corn plants and losses by leaching with draining soil water in the wet season.
Variation in CH4 fluxes was high for all land use periods. Forest soils consumed an average of 1.0 mg CH4
cm² h-1, which slightly increased in drier soils after clearing (1.2 mg CH4 cm² d-1). Postburn CH4
consumption by soils was slightly reduced (0.8 mg CH4 cm² d-1) compared to forest soils. Unfertilized
agricultural soils consumed less CH4 than forest soils.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7768.
Publicación no.: 177 Accelerated Pleistocene coral extinctions in the Caribbean basin shown by
uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating [Extinciones aceleradas de corales durante el Pleistoceno en la cuenca del
Caribe demostrado mediante datación con uranio-plomo (U-Pb)] / Getty, S.R.; Asmerom, Y.; Quinn, T.M.;
Budd, A.F. (Colorado College. Department of Geology, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Geology (Boulder) (ISSN 0091-7613), v. 29, no. 7, p. 639-642. 2001.
Ages of corals and shallow-marine sequences define rates of marine invertebrate evolution, tectonic uplift,
and paleoclimate change, yet accurate ages are difficult to obtain prior to the Late Pleistocene. We report a
new approach for combining uranium-lead (U-Pb) and uranium-series dating for the Middle Pleistocene corals
from the Caribbean side of Costa Rica. Two corals have 230Th/238U in secular equil., small excesses in
d234U, and 206Pb*/238U ages of 1.02±0.07 and 1.288±0.034 Myr. The latter coral age dates a recognized
geomagnetic event to ~ 1.3 Myr, a time at which no polarity events had been identified. The new ages also
show that the major coral extinction in the Caribbean Basin occurred shortly after 1.0-0.9 Ma, much more
recently than previously thought. This coral extinction now coincides with the global change at 1.0-0.8 Ma to
the current pattern of glacial-interglacial cycles and amplified changes in sea level. These factors may have
provided a new, strong environmental mechanism for rapid habitat modification and coral extinction.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8590. NBINA-1200.
Publicación no.: 178 Late Holocene environment history and tephrostratigraphy in northwestern
Costa Rica: a 4000 year record from Lago Cote [Historia y tefrostratigrafía del ambiente en el Holoceno
Tardío en el noroeste de Costa Rica: un registro de 4000 años del Lago Cote] / Arford, M.R. (The University
of Tennessee. Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-09251420,
US). Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee, 2001. 139 p. Thesis, M.Sc., The University of Tennessee,
Graduate School, Knoxville, TN (USA).
Paleoecological studies in the neotropics are revealing changes in past climate regimes and human use of the
landscape that where previously unknown. Few paleoecology studies have been conducted in Costa Rica and,
in most of these studies, strong evidence of prehistoric human impacts overwhelmed evidence of climate
signals. Lago Cote, in the Cordillera de Tilarán, is the largest natural lake in Costa Rica (198 ha). Because of
its size, Cote sediments reflect a more regional record of pollen and charcoal accumulation. The sediments
also preserve tephra layers from past eruptions of nearby Arenal Volcano. In this thesis, I present an
environmental history and tephrostratigraphy based on pollen, charcoal, and tephra preserved in 3.6 m
sediment core from Lago Cote. High amounts of grass charcoal and grass pollen from the lower part of the
core indicate a drier climate regime with frequent landscape fires from ~ 3900 cal. yr BP. After 2600 cal. yr
BP, a dramatic decrease of grass pollen and charcoal reflects wetter conditions that limited landscape fires
and agriculture. This climate change occurred simultaneously with an archaeological phase change
documented in the nearby Arenal basin by the Proyecto Prehistórico Arenal. Small peaks in pollen of lower
montane pollen taxa at the base of this zone may indicate forest regeneration. Comparison of Cote tephra to
an earlier tephrochronology at the nearby El Tajo site was not straighforward. Cote tephras, analyzed by Xray fluorescence, show differences in mineral composition when compared to the more proximal El Tajo
tephras, and have lower levels of silicon dioxide than found at El Tajo. Because of major differences in
tephra chemistries, visual comparison was a more effective way to compare tephra layers between the sites.
Three tephra layers reported from El Tajo are not present in the Cote sediments, including the most recent
Arenal Eruption in 1968. Two tephra layers in the lower part of the Cote core are not part of the El Tajo
tephrochronology, and represent earlier eruptions from Arenal or the nearby and older Chato volcano. In the
Cote sediments, peaks in Cecropia pollen follow at least two tephra layers, most likely indicating vegetation
regeneration following eruptions of Arenal volcano.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 395.
Publicación no.: 179 Joint implementation in Costa Rica: a case study at the community level
[Realización conjunta en Costa Rica: un estudio de caso a nivel comunitario] / Segura-Bonilla, O.;
Lindegaard, K. (Universidad Nacional. Centro Internacional en Política Económica para el Desarrollo
Sostenible (CINPE), Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Sustainable Forestry (ISSN 1054-9811), v. 12, no. 1/2, p. 61-78. 2001.
The policy of joint implementation (JI) is emerging as a new strategy for implementing global environmental
aims, especially with regard to regulating the climate change process, where emission source and sink
countries agree to develop a joint programme on a mixed argument of partnership and cost effectiveness.
Pros and cons have emerged during the development of this system. Costa Rica is the first country, together
with Norway, to launch such a programme jointly, and Costa Rica is also the first country developing Carbon
Tradable Offset bonds to be sold on the world market as a new commodity. The JI projects should be viewed
from many angles and considered with respect to the issues of cost effectiveness, environmental effects,
equity, linkage dynamics and the learning effects of the specific projects. A project in the community of
Junquillal de Santa Cruz in northern Costa Rica is described to explore such questions and effects. Forestry
projects are considered an especially complicated issue, in that the forest provides a whole range of services
and products and, accordingly involves a wide range of actors and stakeholders. A JI programme in itself is
not going to solve the problems at the community level. However, if accompanied by public and private
initiatives, it definitely can generate an important change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9508. 333.750.97 C641.
Publicación no.: 180 The effects of climate on the growth and physiology of tropical rainforest
trees [Los efectos del clima en el crecimiento y fisiología de árboles del bosque lluvioso tropical] / O'Brien,
J.J. (Florida International University. Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Miami: Florida International University, 2001. 120 p. ISBN: 0-493-43978-1.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Florida International University, Graduate School, Miami, FL (USA).
Tropical rainforests account for more than a third of global net primary production and contain more than
half of the global forest carbon. Though these forests are a disproportionately important component of the
global carbon cycle, the relationship between rainforest productivity and climate remains poorly understood.
Understanding the link between current climate and rainforest tree stem diameter increment, a major
constituent of forest productivity, will. be crucial to efforts at modeling future climate and rainforest
response to climate change. This work reports the physiological and stem growth responses to
micrometeorological and phenological states of ten species of canopy trees in a Costa Rican wet tropical
forest at sub-annual time intervals. I measured tree growth using band dendrometers and estimated leaf
and reproductive phenological states monthly. Electronic data loggers recorded xylem sap flow (an indicator
of photosynthetic rate) and weather at half-hour intervals. An analysis of xylem sap flow showed that
physiological responses were independent of species, which allowed me to construct a general model of
weather driven sap flow rates. This model predicted more than eighty percent of climate driven sap flow
variation. Leaf phenology influenced growth in three of the ten species, with two of these species showing a
link between leaf phenology and weather. A combination of rainfall, air temperature, and irradiance likely
provided the cues that triggered leaf drop in Dipteryx panamensis and Lecythis ampla. Combining the results
of the sap flow model, growth, and the climate measures showed tree growth was correlated to climate,
though the majority of growth variation remained unexplained. Low variance in the environmental variables
and growth rates likely contributed to the large amount of unexplained variation. A simple model that
included previous growth increment and three meteorological variables explained from four to nearly fifty
percent of the growth variation. Significant growth carryover existed in six of the ten species, and rainfall
was positively correlated to growth in eight of the ten species. Minimum nighttime temperature was also
correlated to higher growth rates in five of tile species and irradiance in two species. These results indicate
that tropical rainforest tree trunks could act as carbon sinks if future climate becomes wetter and slightly
warmer.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 393.
Publicación no.: 181 Predicted regional impacts of climate change on the geographical
distribution and diversity of tropical forests in Costa Rica [Predicción de impactos regionales causados
por el cambio climático en la distribución geográfica y diversidad de los bosques tropicales en Costa Rica] /
Enquist, C.A.F. (University of New Mexico. Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, US <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 29, no. 4, p. 519-534. 2002.
Aim: Spatial models generated in a geographical information system (GIS) are utilized to predict shifts in the
distribution and diversity of tropical forests in Costa Rica in response to climate change. Location: Analyses
were conducted using the Holdridge life zone classification system for the Central American country of Costa
Rica. Methods: Mean annual precipitation and temperature ranges were varied to reflect different
magnitudes of climate change and then used to predict the distributions of nineteen forest types (life zones).
Holdridge et al.'s (1971) field survey data of species richness and endemism for ten Costa Rican life zones
were also analyzed and considered in view of the climate change scenarios. Results: The scenarios indicated
that shifts in the distribution of tropical forest life zones are likely to occur as a result of climatic changes.
High elevation life zones were shown to be more sensitive to changes in temperature, while lower elevation
life zones tended to be more sensitive to changes in precipitation. Regional life zone diversity was greatly
reduced in an extreme wet and warm climate scenario. Three elevation-associated life zones (lower montane
rain forest, montane rain forest, and premontane rain forest) ranked in the top four in percentage number of
endemic species. The lowland seasonally dry forest life zone ranked second in this group, suggesting that
this life zone has a unique species composition in comparison with other lowland Holdridge life zones. On the
nineteen life zones, these four life zones displayed particular sensitivity to the climate changes modelled
here. Main conclusions: Elevation-associated life zones may be particularly vulnerable to future climatic
changes. This is also true of lowland seasonally dry forest. Geographical regions in Costa Rica that contain
these life zones are likely to warrant special management and conservation attention in the event of
predicted climate change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6735.
Publicación no.: 182 Potential effects of climate change on canopy communities in a tropical cloud
forest: an experimental approach [Efectos potenciales del cambio climático en las comunidades del dosel
en un bosque nuboso tropical: un enfoque experimental] / Nadkarni, N.M.; Solano, R. (The Evergreen State
College, Olympia, WA 98505, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Oecologia (ISSN 0029-8549), v. 131, p. 580-586. 2002.
Global climate change models predict reduced cloud water in tropical montane forests. To test the effects of
reduced cloud water on epiphytes, plants that are tightly coupled to atmospheric inputs, we transplanted
epiphytes and their arboreal soil from upper cloud forest trees to trees at slightly lower elevations that are
naturally exposed to less cloud water. Control plants moved between trees within the upper site showed no
transplantation effects, but experimental plants at lower sites had significantly higher leaf mortality, lower
leaf production, and reduced longevity. After the epiphytes died, seedlings of terrestrial gap-colonizing tree
species grew from the seed banks within the residual mats of arboreal soil. Greenhouse experiments
confirmed that the death of epiphytes can result in radical compositional changes of canopy communities.
Thus, tropical montane epiphyte communities constitute both a potentially powerful tool for detecting climate
changes and a rich arena to study plant/soil/seed interactions under natural and manipulated conditions.
This study also provides experimental evidence that the potential effects of global climate change on canopy
and terrestrial communities can be significant for cloud forest biota. Results suggest there will be negative
effects on the productivity and longevity of particular epiphytes and a subsequent emergence of an emerging
terrestrial component into the canopy community from a previously suppressed seed bank.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9442. NBINA-309.
Publicación no.: 183 Climate change and forest management in the Western Hemisphere [Cambio
climático y manejo forestal en el hemisferio occidental] / Dore, M.H.I. (Brock University, St. Catherines,
Ontario, L2T 2M5, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Sustainable Forestry (ISSN 1054-9811), v. 12, no. 1/2, 191 p. 2001.
After an introduction by the editor (pages 1-5), this special issue presents a collection of 8 papers on various
aspects of forest policy in relation to climate change and to forest management in South, Central and North
America. The papers are arranged in 3 parts. Part I, Integrated forest management, has 3 papers covering
obstacles to comprehensive integration, forest management for timber production in relation to concern over
biodiversity in Argentina and Costa Rica, and the impact of the regulation of climate change through new
international initiatives such as policies designed to fulfil emission reduction targets by adopting bilateral
policies (as exemplified by joint implementation in Costa Rica). Part II, Amazonia forests, has 2 papers
addressing the role of the Brazilian rain forest in the global carbon cycle and the implications for the
sustainable use of the rain forests. Part III, North American forests, has 3 papers focusing on the carbon
cycle and the valuation of Canadian forests for carbon sequestration, the sustainable management of forests
in British Columbia, and deforestation and land use change in Mexico.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 184 Emisión de gases con efecto invernadero y fijación de carbono en el sistema
de producción de café (coffea arabica) en Costa Rica [Gas emission with the greenhouse effect and
nitrogen fixation in the system of coffee (Coffea arabica) production in Costa Rica] / Montenegro-Ballestero,
J.; Abarca-Monge, S. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Boletín de Promecafé (ISSN 1010-1527), no. 89, p. 9-17. 2001.
Investigations were conducted to determine the pattern of emission of N2O and CO2 in soils under coffee in
Costa Rica, to determine a possible relationship between emissions and soil types, to determine the quantity
of fixed nitrogen in soil under coffee. Data are presented on soil fertility under shaded coffee in Cartago and
coffee fully exposed to the sun in Heredia, Costa Rica, in 1999, as well as total N2O and CO2 emissions, and
N and C emissions in 1990, 1996 and 1997. Information is provided on materials and methods used in
relation to crop management in the shade and full sun position, sampling of gas emissions, temperature and
humidity of soil, N-NH4 and N-NO3 content in soil, soil density and soil fertility.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 185 Heads in the clouds [Cabezas en las nubes] / Holmes, B. (151 Wardour St, London,
W1F 8WE, GB <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: New Scientist (ISSN 0262-4079), v. 162, no. 2185, p. 32-36. 1999.
The effects of global warming on the cloud forest ecosystems of Costa Rica are discussed. The author
describes the depletion of the frog populations and the change in the bird and lizard fauna. One researcher,
Alan Pounds, a conservation biologist affiliated with the University of Miami, Florida, set out to study why the
frogs were disappearing from the Monteverde cloud forest. Twenty of the 50 frog species in his 30-squarekilometer study site vanished after a population collapse in 1987, and other population crashes followed in
1994 and 1998. The key to the mystery of what was causing these crashes was the steady increase from
1973 to 1998 in the number of dry days in each winter dry season, and the frequency of dry spells lasting
five or more days. The solution to the one puzzle brought on another. During this same time there was a
trend toward cooler days and warmer nights, making cloudier than usual conditions. This may support the
idea that a fungal infection has killed frogs from Central America to Australia and that the climate change
may be an underlying factor. Fungus is typically not infectious, but when an animal is stressed from some
other factor, it is more likely to become infected. The findings at Monteverde also fit with the growing belief
that the first effects of climate warming should be observed at high-elevation sites, particularly in the
tropics.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8317.
Publicación no.: 186 Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales [Ecology and conservation of
neotropical forests] / Guariguata-Urbano, M.R. (ed.); Kattan, G.H. (ed.). (Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad Manejo Bosques Naturales, Apdo. 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Cartago: Libro Universitario Regional
(EULAC-GTZ), 2002. 692 p. ISBN: 9968-801-11-9.
El presente volumen ofrece una visión general del conocimiento actual sobre la ecología de los bosques
húmedos y lluviosos del neotrópico. Nuestra intención ha sido la de seleccionar los temas más
representativos para ilustrar la compleja dinámica de estos bosques, pero necesariamente se han quedado
algunos temas importantes por fuera. Además, algunos capítulos presentan revisiones básicas, mientras que
otros ofrecen un análisis quizás más profundo de un tema en particular. El libro está organizado en seis
secciones. Las dos primeras secciones presentan una descripción básica del escenario sobre el cual se
desarrolla el bosque neotropical. En la Sección I se describe la evolución del bosque, comenzando con los
fenómenos geológicos y de cambio climático global que han dictado la distribución y estructura de este
ecosistema a gran escala espacial y temporal, terminando con los factores históricos que han operado a
escalas espacio-temporales menores. La Sección II discute algunos de los factores abióticos más importantes
en la biología del bosque, como son la luz, el agua y los nutrimentos, y su interacción con la vegetación. En
conjunto, estas dos secciones presentan una visión comprensiva de los factores que determinan los patrones
de distribución, estructura y diversidad de los bosques húmedos y lluviosos neotropicales a múltiples niveles
de organización biológica. La Sección III se enfoca principalmente a nivel de organismo y presenta algunos
procesos ecofisiológicos esenciales como son la adquisición de carbono atmosférico por parte de las plantas y
los patrones de flujo de agua a través de ellas, y examina en particular la ecofisiología de epífitas y
hemiepífitas, las cuales constituyen una parte importante del bosque, en términos de diversidad de especies
y en el control de ciertos procesos del ecosistema. En la Sección IV se enfatizan algunos aspectos de la
dinámica poblacional de organismos como árboles y mamíferos, y cómo esta dinámica se traduce en
patrones a nivel de comunidad. La Sección V se centra en las interacciones entre organismos que modulan
algunos de los principales procesos bióticos del bosque neotropical, como son las interacciones entre
microorganismos y plantas, la herbivoría y las defensas de las plantas, la polinización y la frugivoría. Estas
interacciones representan la quintaesencia de este ecosistema y han sido tema de intenso estudio por varias
décadas. Finalmente, el libro cierra con una sexta sección que explora ciertos aspectos de la interacción
contemporánea entre la población humana y la ecología del bosque. El primer capítulo de esta sección ilustra
las consecuencias de la fragmentación de los bosques sobre la diversidad biológica, mientras que el segundo
describe cómo se recuperan la estructura y la función del bosque por medio de la sucesión secundaria luego
de la deforestación. El último capítulo expone de manera resumida el desarrollo de una importante técnica
de estudio, la teledetección, la cual puede ser de gran ayuda para evaluar, a gran escala, los procesos de
deforestación y, a la vez, para intentar mitigar los efectos de esta deforestación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.52642 E19ec.
Publicación no.: 187 Geographic and vertical patterns of stable carbon isotopes in tropical rain
forest soils of Costa Rica [Patrones geográficos y verticales de los isótopos estables del carbón en suelos
de bosques lluviosos tropicales de Costa Rica] / Powers, J.S.; Schlesinger, W.H. (University of Minnesota.
Department of Soil, Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Geoderma (ISSN 0016-7061), v. 109, no. 1/2, p. 141-160. 2002.
Understanding the natural variability in the stable carbon isotope composition of vegetation and soils can aid
studies of soil carbon dynamics, and is a prerequisite for using C-13 as a natural tracer when vegetation
communities change from one photosynthetic pathway to another (e.g. C4 pasture grasses replacing C3
forests). To examine the geographic and vertical patterns of delta(13)C under mature rain forest vegetation,
we measured the isotopic composition of leaf litter, roots, and mineral soil profiles in 35 plots located in a
140,000-ha study region in northeastern Costa Rica. We hypothesized that soil carbon isotopic composition
would be closely coupled to the signature of detrital inputs (the average delta(13)C of forest floor and fineroot biomass) and that the increase in delta(13)C with depth would be related to abiotic variables that
influence soil carbon turnover rates. The correlations between surface soil isotopic composition (0-10 cm)
and biophysical factors varied across the landscape. In multiple regression analyses, combinations of soil
particle-size distribution and soil C/N ratio explained between 60% and 82% of the variation in surface soil
isotopic composition for different regions in the landscape, but the isotopic composition of litter and roots did
not explain any additional variation. The isotopic composition of litter, roots, and surface soils (0-20 cm) was
fairly similar over large, regional gradients of elevation and edaphic properties (the range of variation was
2.6parts per thousand), but diverged considerably at depths below 20 cm (up to 5.8parts per thousand
differences). These large regional differences in the isotopic composition of soil C at depth are attributed to
variation in soil carbon turnover rates across the landscape.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-495.
Publicación no.: 188 Evolution of the Organization for Tropical Studies [Evolución de la Organización
para Estudios Tropicales] / Burlingame, L.J. (Franklin and Marshall College. Science, Technology, and Society
Program; P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 50, no. 2, p. 439-472. 2002.
The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) has evolved in
many ways since its founding in 1963 as a non-profit consortium offering graduate courses and facilitating
research in tropical ecology in Costa Rica. By 2002, its international membership included about 65
institutions, including four from Costa Rica. It had developed three Costa Rican field stations (La Selva, Las
Cruces, and Palo Verde) with excellent facilities for teaching and research, and itwas constructing a new
Costa Rican office at the University of Costa Rica. Combinations of internal and external pressures influenced
OTS to develop in new directions in the 1980s and 1990s. It became more diversified and more concerned
with applied science in its traditional areas of graduate education and research facilitation. The Organization
also evolved into new niches: more applied biology, professional education, environmental education and
policy, conservation efforts, and an expanded geographic distribution to other Latin American countries. OTS
was composed of changing combinations of people (Boards, members, staff) with evolving and competing
priorities for limited financial resources. External environmental changes also shaped OTS's evolution. New
problems of increased tropical deforestation, the emergence of the biodiversity "crisis" and conservation
biology, global climate change, and calls for sustainable development affected OTS constituents and funding
priorities of governments and foundations. Both internal and external pressures have in some cases
demanded for OTS to improve its relationship with: Costa Rican biologists and their institutions, the Costa
Rican government, and Costa Ricans living around the three OTS field stations.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8485. NBINA-2263.
Publicación no.: 189 Relationships among soil carbon distributions and biophysical factors at
nested spatial scales in rain forests of northeastern Costa Rica [Relaciones entre la distribución del
carbono del suelo y los factores biofísicos en escalas espaciales anidadas en bosques lluviosos del noreste de
Costa Rica] / Powers, J.S.; Schlesinger, W.H. (University of Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water & Climate,
St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Geoderma (ISSN 0016-7061), v. 109, no. 3-4, p. 165-190. 2002.
Forested soils in the tropics contain a large carbon pool that may respond to global environmental changes
such as climate warming and land-use change. A better understanding of the distribution of tropical soil
carbon (C) pools is necessary in orderto manage soil C as well as to predict its potential responses to global
change. The goals of this study were to quantify the relationships among soil C and environmental variables
for 35 forest plots in a 140,000-ha landscape in northeastern Costa Rica,and to identify variables that can
predict soil C storage at unsampled sites. The biophysical variables included indices of net primary
productivity (forest floor mass, root biomass, and an index of productivity derived from satellite imagery),
soil particle-size distribution and mineralogy, elevation, and slope. Soil carbon storage in these volcanic soils
was relatively high, ranging from 51.1 to 138.6 Mg C ha(-1) in the top 30 cm of mineral soil. The
relationships among forest soil C and biotic and abiotic variables were different for low-elevation (120 m)
and high-elevation (120-800 m) sites, and elevation explained much of the variability in soil C
concentrations. Soil particle-size distribution and mineralogical variables are correlated in this landscape and
co-vary in predictable ways along the elevation gradient. Thus, elevation represents a weathering gradient
with younger, allophanic soils at higher elevations and older soils with gibbsite, goethite, and kaolinite as
dominant clay minerals in the lowlands. We propose two mechanisms of C stabilization: soil C concentrations
and contents are positively correlated to the amount of noncrystalline clays (e.g. Allophane, imogolite, and
ferrihydrite) in the high elevation soils, and positively correlated to aluminum in organo-metal complexes in
the low elevation sites. The strong correlations among soil C concentrations, contents, and elevation
(mediated through effects on soil mineralogy) indicate that it is possible to predict soil C in this landscape
using variables that are easily mapped in a geographic information system.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-626.
Publicación no.: 190 Los servicios ambientales de los bosques: el caso de cambio climático [The
forests environmental services: The case of the climatic change] / Castro-Salazar, R. (Ministerio del
Ambiente y Energía. Barrio Francisco Peralta, Calle 25, Ave 8-10, San José, CR). Cambridge, MS: PNUD,
2000. 142 p.
Like many tropical countries, Costa Rica is losing its forests: private landowners, cut down forests to grow
crops and the government cannot afford to buy land for conservation. However, foreign countries can help,
preserving tropical forest is theirmost cost-effective option for reducing carbon emissions. This thesis
investigates this possibility using Costa Rica's state-owned Wildlife Conservation Areas (WCAs) as a case
study. Finding cost-effective ways to sequester carbon or reduce carbon emissions is important because
reducing global warming is both urgent and costly: possibly 2% of the world's GDP. Deforestation increases
carbon emissions into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming. Reducing deforestation and
growing trees can help to sequester carbon, and reduce emissions. Various studies suggest that forest
carbon sequestration may be a cost-effective way of reducing cost. According to the literature reducing
emissions in the energy sector in industrialized countries will exceed $100 per ton. By contrast, the cost of
sequestering carbon in US forests will cost from $10 to $100 per ton of carbon depending on the scale of the
forestry projects and on the increasing opportunity cost of the land. The cost of sequestering carbon in
permanent forests is even lower in Costa Rica than in the United States. The estimates developed in this
thesis suggest that 92% of the carbon sequestered in the proposed expansion of the WCAs will cost less than
$50 per ton. Moreover, some landowners inCosta Rica may be willing to preserve private natural forests or
switch from traditional crops or cattle-raising to forest plantations if the price of sequestered carbon were to
rise to as little, as $10 per ton. Therefore, using tropical forest as a carbon sink may have economic,
ecological, and social benefits. Economically, it may reduce mitigation costs and facilitate capital transfer
from industrialized to developing nations. Society benefits because forests are often located in the poorest
rural areas; the ecological benefits come from keeping forest cover, especially primary forest, which is
crucial to conserving tropical biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 363.738.74 C355s. Biblioteca del INCAE: COS 333.75.09.728.6
C355E.
Publicación no.: 191 Spatial and temporal dynamics of a Costa Rican tropical dry forest [Dinámica
espacial y temporal de un bosque seco tropical costarricense] / Enquist, C.A.F. (University of New Mexico.
Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Las Cruces, NM:
The University of New Mexico, 2002. 55 p. ISBN: 0-493-55249-9. Dissertation, Ph.D., The University of New
Mexico, Las Cruces, NM (USA).
Long-term data from tropical dry forest communities are needed to understand the factors that influence
tree species composition and forest dynamics, information critical to the conservation and management of
this biome. The San Emilio tropical dry forest study area in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG),
Sector Santa Rosa in northwestern Costa Rica offered the opportunity to investigate these unique tropical
forests. Chapter two is a study that describes the tree species abundance, composition and biomass of the
San Emilio tropical dry forest based on over 30,000 individual trees that were mapped and measured in
1976 and 1996. During the 20 years, total stem density per ha deceased by 27%, yielding a forest-wide
annual mortality rate of 3.52%. However, forest-wide annual recruitment was lower (3.05%), signaling that
the forest was not in a steady state but was in a transitional phase. Above-ground forest biomass decreased
by 3.5%, most likely caused by a long-term decrease in rainfall. Chapter three investigates the effect of
physical heterogeneity on the community dynamics of the San Emilio tropical dry forest. Analyses of
vegetation surveys conducted in 1976 and 1996 showed that rates of change in stem density and biomass
across the forest were related to variation in seasonal soil moisture and topography. The more xeric and
highly variable areas showed the greatest change in stem density. The study suggests that the non-random
heterogeneity found within the physical landscape of the San Emilio tropical dry forest contributed to local
forest dynamics. Furthermore, on both spatial and temporal scales, these findings support previous work
suggesting that neotropical dry forest dynamics are responsive to seasonal climates and the resulting
microtopographic availability of soil moisture. Chapter four explores the effects of heterogeneity on tree
species and plant functional groups found in the San Emilio forest. While responding to this physical
heterogeneity, the spatial and temporal variability in species abundance patterns reflect a forest on a
successional trajectory that maybe affected by shifts in regional climate.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5619.
Publicación no.: 192 Climatic impact of lowland deforestation on tropical montane cloud forests in
Costa Rica [Impacto climático de la deforestación de las tierras bajas en los bosques nubosos montanos
tropicales en Costa Rica] / Nair, U.S. Boulder, CO: Colorado State University, 2002. 129 p. ISBN: 0-49368602-9. Dissertation, Ph.D., Colorado State University at Boulder (USA).
Tropical montane cloud forests depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in clouds. Recent
studies have shown that there has been a reduction in dry season moisture input from direct interception of
cloud water and wind blown mist at the lee edge of the Monteverde cloud forest, Costa Rica, since the mid
1970s. This reduction of moisture could be responsible for the population crashes of anurans observed in the
region. It has been hypothesized that this behavior is a result of increases in cloud base height, linked to
increased sea surface temperatures. This study presents a complementary hypothesis, that deforestation
upstream of the Monteverde cloud forest preserve is responsible for the observed changes in cloud base
height. An automated cumulus cloud classification scheme is used to extract monthly spatial maps of the
frequency of occurrence of cumulus cloudiness over Costa Rica from GOES-8 visible channel satellite
imagery. It is found that cumulus cloud formations in the morning hours over deforested regions are
suppressed compared to forested areas. The degree of suppression appears to be associated with the extent
of deforestation. This difference in cloud formation between forested and deforested areas is a clear signal of
land-use change influencing the regional climate. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)
simulations are used to explore the differences in cloud field characteristics over the lowland pasture and
forest surfaces. Statistically significant differences in cloud base height and cloud thickness are found
between the forest and pasture simulations, clouds having higher base heights and being thinner over
pasture surfaces compared to forest surfaces. There are enhanced sensible heat fluxes over pasture surfaces
compared to forest surfaces, while forest surfaces have higher latent heat fluxes. RAMS is also used to
examine the impact of lowland deforestation on orographic cloud formation. Numerical modeling simulations
of orographic cloud formation is examined for three types of deforestation scenarios where the most recent
estimate of forest cover for the Costa Rican region is used. Numerical modeling suggests that deforestation
shrinks the areal extent of the orographic cloud banks and elevates its base to higher altitudes. The increase
in cloud base height is on the order of 200 m for complete deforestation and 100 m for partial deforestation.
Increases in cloud base height of this magnitude may significantly impact the hydrology of the cloud forest
regions. Deforestation results in a decrease of the orographic cloud cover, with the decrease being
proportional to the amount of deforestation. The results from this study suggest that land use in tropical
lowlands has serious impacts on ecosystemsin adjacent mountains. Deforestation in the Costa Rican
lowlands may have a detrimental effect of increased frequency of mist free days upstream at Monteverde
Cloud Forest Preserve.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 193 Geo Costa Rica: una perspectiva sobre el medio ambiente / MINAE / PNUMA,
Apartado Postal 10104-1000, San José, CR E-mail: prensas.minae.go.cr. San José: Universidad de Costa
Rica / Observatorio del Desarrollo, 2002. 162 p. ISBN: 9977-50-043-6.
Introducción: La publicación de este primer informe GEO Costa Rica: una perspectiva ambiental por parte del
Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) de la República de Costa Rica, responde a dos objetivos
principales. En primer lugar, se busca establecer un mecanismo de rendición de cuentas ante la sociedad
costarricense, en el campo de las políticas ambientales. En segundo lugar, responde a una recomendación
del Foro de Ministros de Ambiente de América Latina y el Caribe para elaborar evaluaciones ambientales
integradas de orden nacional y regional como instrumento en el proceso de diseño e implementación de
políticas en este campo. Ante la decisión ministerial de elaborar el informe, el Programa de las Naciones
Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe (ORPALC), en su
calidad de organismo de coordinación técnica del Foro de Ministros, solicitó al Observatorio del Desarrollo de
la Universidad de Costa Rica (OdD-UCR) colaborar con el MINAE brindando asesoramiento técnico y
facilitando el proceso de elaboración del informe. El OdD es centro colaborador para Mesoamérica del PNUMA
en el proyecto GEO (Global Environment Outlook), ocupado desde 1995 de la elaboración de evaluaciones
ambientales integradas de ámbito global, regional y nacional. Las evaluaciones ambientales integradas
propuestas por el PNUMA en su proyecto GEO suponen un análisis consultado sobre el estado del ambiente y
las políticas de respuesta a este estado, incluyendo una consideraciónde las presiones que determinan el
estado ambiental, y los impactos que resultan de ellas, tanto en el orden social como natural. El análisis se
centra en los diferentes recursos que constituyen el acervo natural de un país o región: la tierra, los
bosques, la biodiversidad, las aguas, las zonas costeras y marinas, así como la atmósfera. Se incluye
igualmente una consideración específica de la situación ambiental en las áreas urbanas, así como el tema de
los desastres (en lo relativo a sus causas e impactos relacionados con el ambiente natural) y, finalmente, el
análisis especial de los impactos del estado del ambiente en la salud humana. También es fundamental en el
enfoque GEO la elaboración de un conjunto de escenarios sobre tendencias previsibles odeseables en la
evolución futura de la situación ambiental, que permita orientar la toma de decisiones en este campo. En
este primer ejercicio para Costa Rica, la disponibilidad de recursos técnicos y financieros permitió una
aproximación razonable en laaplicación del enfoque GEO. Partiendo de la finalidad de apoyar las funciones de
rectoría del MINAE en el campo de la información y asistencia en la toma de decisiones, los objetivos
específicos se centraron en establecer una "línea base" -es decir, un punto de referencia para evaluaciones
posteriores- que contribuyera al establecimiento de un sistema nacional de información ambiental y un
conjunto básico inicial de series estadísticas en este campo. Para acercarnos a estos objetivos, el proceso de
elaboración del informe empezó por el establecimiento de un grupo de puntos focales temáticos dentro del
MINAE, con el cometido de promover y facilitar las acciones necesarias -entre ellas, identificar las variables e
indicadores fundamentales para la evaluación ambiental integrada, así como los expertos relevantes en la
elaboración del análisis y, finalmente, acometiendo en buena medida la redacción inicial de informes
temáticos que constituyen la base de esta publicación. El grupo de puntos focales logró desarrollar de
manera muy satisfactoria las acciones encomendadas, convirtiéndose en el principal acervo humano para
esfuerzos posteriores en este campo por parte del MINAE, y avanzando la finalidad de construcción de
capacidades institucionales que anima al PNUMA con su proyecto GEO. La lista de punto focales del MINAE se
encuentra en el apéndice de Reconocimientos. Un segundo paso importante en la elaboración del informe fue
la convocatoria del grupo de expertos identificado por los puntos focales delMINAE, quienes contribuyeron a
perfilar mejor los problemas existentes en el campo ambiental en el país, así como las variables más
importantes para su análisis. El resultado de su trabajo se ha presentado en un primer informe técnico de
avance, editado en octubre de 2001; la lista completa de personas que colaboraron en esta fase también se
encuentra en el apéndice de Reconocimientos. Por su parte, al Observatorio del Desarrollo de la Universidad
de Costa Rica le correspondió aportar insumos conceptuales y metodológicos, recopilar los datos necesarios
y construir las series históricas correspondientes, así como coordinar la elaboración y edición de los
informes. La revisión atenta de los borradores del informe por parte del equipo de ORPALC-PNUMA en
México, así como por parte de la Ministra de Ambiente y Energía, Licda. Elizabeth Odio Benito, resultaron
invaluables en esta fase final del proceso. El resultado de estos esfuerzos está a la vista. En el capítulo 1,
sobre el estado del ambiente, se pasa revista a la situación actual de los principales recursos naturales en el
país: tierra, bosques, biodiversidad, agua, costas y mares, así como atmósfera. Las secciones inicialmente
previstas sobre áreas urbanas y desastres no pudieron completarse y quedan pendientes para próximos
esfuerzos. En el capítulo 2 se realiza un recuento de las principales acciones de política emprendidas en los
últimos años en el país, con énfasis en los cuatro años correspondientes a la Administración Rodríguez
Echeverría. Noobstante la amplitud del análisis presentado en este capítulo, las limitaciones de este primer
ejercicio impidieron avanzar suficientemente en la valoración crítica de las políticas impulsadas, así como de
la organización general de la gestión ambiental en el país (tanto pública como privada); queda ello pendiente
también para el futuro. Finalmente, el ejercicio de elaboración de escenarios, contemplado inicialmente, no
pudo intentarse, y pasa a formar parte de la agenda futura.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6723.
Publicación no.: 194 The carbon cycle and the value of forests as a carbon sink: a tropical case
study [El ciclo del carbono y el valor de los bosques como almacenadores de carbono: estudio de caso
tropical] / Ramírez, O.A.; Dore, M.H.I. ed.).; Guevara, R, (ed.). (Texas Tech University. Department of
Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Sustainable forest management and global climate change: selected case studies from the Americas
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2000. p. 107-147. ISBN: 1-84064-161-4.
This paper reviews the different types of carbon sink services provided by forests and addresses the issue of
placing economic values on them. The concept of joint implementation is discussed in more detail and an
example of its application is presented. Various methods to estimate the magnitude and economic value of
the carbon sink services rendered by each of the three main types of tropical forests in Costa Rica: natural
primary, naturally regenerating secondary, and artificial plantations are also presented and illustrated.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 195 Estimating the greenhouse gas benefits of forestry projects: a Costa Rican
case study [Estimando los beneficios de los proyectos forestales de gases invernadero: estudio de caso
costarricense] / Busch, C.B.; Sathaye, J.A.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (Lawrence Energy Technologies Division.
Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Energy Analysis Department, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Berkeley, CA: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2000.
119 p. (LBNL; no. 42289).
If the Clean Development Mechanism proposed under the Kyoto Protocol is to serve as an effective means
for combating global climate change, it will depend upon reliable estimates of greenhouse gas benefits. This
paper sketches the theoretical basis for estimating the greenhouse gas benefits of forestry projects and
suggests lessons learned based on a case study of Costa Rica's Protected Areas Project, which is a 500,000
hectare effort to reduce deforestation and enhance reforestation. The Protected Areas Project in many
senses advances the state of the art for Clean Development Mechanism-type forestry projects, as does the
third-party verification work of SGS International Certification Services on the project. Nonetheless,
sensitivity analysis shows that carbon benefit estimates for the project vary widely based on the imputed
deforestation rate in the baseline scenario, e.g. the deforestation rate expected if the project were not
implemented. This, along with a newly available national dataset that confirms other research showing a
slower rate of deforestation in Costa Rica, suggests that the use of the 1979-1992 forest cover data
originally as the basis for estimating carbon savings should be reconsidered. When the newly available data
is substituted, carbon savings amount to 8.9 Mt (million tones) of carbon, down from the original estimate of
15.7 Mt. The primary general conclusion is that project developers should give more attention to the
forecasting land use and land cover change scenarios underlying estimates of greenhouse gas benefits.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6588.
Publicación no.: 196 Arrecifes y ambientes de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica: aspectos
biológicos, económico-recreativos y de manejo [Coral reefs and environments of Culebra Bay, Pacific
coast of Costa Rica: biology, economic and recreational considerations, management] / Jiménez-Centeno,
C.E. (Universidad de Costa Rica. CIMAR y Escuela de Biología, San , CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 49, Suppl. 2, p. 215-231. 2001.
The coral reefs (AC) and coral communities on basalts (CCB) or sand (CCA) of Bahia Culebra (Golfo de
Papagayo, northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica), were compared with descriptors such as cover percentage,
diversity, substrate topographical heterogeneity (I-H), associated organisms and frequency of recreationalcommercial diving activities on them. Sea urchin abundance and IH were similar among the three reefal
environments. The AC had higher coral cover (ca. 40%) and total live cover (50%). The CCB had higher
macro and calcareous algae (5%) and sponges (2%). Associated organisms (2%) and general diversity (0.6)
were higher in the CCA. Branching coral species (Pocillopora spp.) accounted for 40% of total coral cover in
the reefs, followed by massive species (ca. 30%). In the CCB, branching species contributed ca. 80% and
massive ca. 19%, whilst in the CCA ca. 68% and ca. 29% respectively. This differences could be related with
the substrate consolidation and ample depth range of coral communities. Most of the recreational dives were
conducted at the CCB; only occationally the CCA and AC are visited. Interviewed divers had a principal
interest on fish and it is precisely at the CCB where highest fish diversity and biomass are observed.
Comercial divers tend to prefer the CCB because of their abundance and distribution in the bay. At the outer
littoral of Bahia Culebra, diversity of all taxa and live coral cover zonal distribution are generally higher. In
addition to these descriptors, indexes that indicate the regional value of a particular reef or coral community
is recommended. Coastal infrastructure is mainly concentrated at three areas of the bay; one of them
harbors a rare Leptoseris papyracea reef (the only reported so far in the eastern Pacific) and the solely Costa
Rican living population of the free living coral Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata. A resort marina will be built over
this reef. A protection plan for this and other reefal environments of Bahia Culebra is urgent and must
include the monitoring of environmental variables and coral health.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 570R.
Publicación no.: 197 The United States Initiative on Joint Implementation: forest sector projects
[La Iniciativa de los Estados Unidos sobre la Implementación Conjunta: proyectos del sector forestal] /
Dixon, R.K.; Young, C.E.F.; Palo, M, (ed.).; Uusivuori, J, (ed.).; Mery, G. (U.S. Department of Energy. Office
of Power Technologies, Deputy Assistant Secretary, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585,
US).
In: World forests, markets and policies. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. p. 121-134. ISBN: 07923-7171-2.
Flexible economic instruments, such as joint implementation (JI), the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
and emissions trading, offer a concomitant means to facilitate economic, energy, and environmental
security. The United States Initiative on JointImplementation (USIJI) was established as a pilot programme
to facilitate voluntary project investments by US entities to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
worldwide. In addition to sharing the worldwide environmental and societal benefits of GHG emission
reduction, the USA will gain improved market access, achieve lower cost of green technologies, and
strengthen international credibility for its efforts in addressing a global threat. USIJI, working under
guidelines established by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), has developed a set of
operational criteria for evaluating project proposals. To date, USIJI has received more than 150 project
proposals, of which 36 have been accepted into the pilot programme. The 36 USIJI projects span four
principal sectors: forestry, energy, waste and agriculture. This project portfolio includes a diverse set of
forest sector conservation and carbon (C) sequestration practices and activities in 8 countries (Belize,
Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Indonesia, Mexico and Russia). Preliminary estimates suggest that
cumulative C sequestration potential of this project portfolio may exceed 75 Tg C. Methodological and
technical issues concerning forest sector project baselines, boundaries and monitoring will need to be
improved in the future. While the forest sector C offset industry is growing worldwide, human and
institutional capacity building is required to realize meaningful, long-term environmental protection and
economic security. In addition to the main paper by Dixon (pp. 121-132), their is a discussion of the subject
by Young (pp. 133-134).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 198 Twenty years of change and development in a tropical dry forest,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica [Veinte años de cambio y desarrollo en un bosque seco tropical, Guanacaste,
Costa Rica] / Enquist, C.A.F. (University of New Mexico. Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 871311091, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. 86th, Madison,
WI USAugust 05-10, 2001.
In: Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts, v. 86, p. 86. 2001. (Abstract only).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 199 Los sistemas silvopastoriles y el calentamiento global: un balance de
emisiones [Silvopastoral systems and global warming: a gas emission balance] / Montenegro-Ballestero, J.;
Abarca-Monge, S. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Agronomía Costarricense (ISSN 0377-9424), v. 26, no. 1, p. 17-24. 2002.
A gas emission balance was carried out in SPS located in the Montano Low Forest (MLF), Wet Premontain
Forest (WPF), and Tropical Wet Forest (TWF) of Costa Rica. The methane emission from cattle, N20 and CO2
emission from soil, temperature, humidity, carbon, ammonium and nitrate contents, and soil compaction
were determined in SPS as well as in natural forest ecosystems. In the SPS located at the MLF and TWF
emissions were higher than in natural ecosystems. In both, the N-NH4 soil concentration positively
influenced the nitrous oxide gas emission. In the WPF ecosystem, the net emission showed a favorable N20
balance (-1.58 kg of N ha-1 year-1) for the SPS but the natural forest emitted less C (3.51 kg of C ha-1
year-1). The methane emission factor determined was 654 kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 in the WPF, 183 kg CH4 ha-1
year-1 in the TWF and 360 kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 in the MLF. The emission efficiency expressed as g of CH4
kg-1 of produced milk was MLF: 19, WPF: 22 and TWF: 31. The carbon in the soil was higher in the SPS than
in the natural forest ecosystems. The annual amount of C per land unit in the arboreal component was
higher in the SPS of the WPF and TWF than in the MLF. The lowest balance value (418 kg of C ha-1 year-1)
was estimated for the SPS inthe TWF and the highest (3911 kg of C ha-1 year-1) for the SPS in the WPF; an
intermediate range was estimated for the SPS located in the MLF (2418 kg of C ha-1 year-1). The total
emission of N20 was higher in the bovine production systems than in the natural ecosystem, with the
exception of the SPS located in the WPF. The emission of carbon dioxide was always higher in the SPS. The
total carbon amount stored in the soil profile was higher in the SPS. The balance indicated that all farms
eva-luated act as originators of greenhouse gases, methane being the main gas affecting the final balance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 200 Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and
pasture landscapes in Costa Rica [Estimando los flujos de óxido nitroso y metano de la estación lluviosa
a través del paisaje del bosque y potreros en Costa Rica] / Reiners, W.A.; Keller, M.; Gerow, K.G. (University
of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior.
Third, Villanova, PE, US; June 21-25, 1997.
In: Biogeochemical investigations at watershed, landscape, and regional scales. Wieder, R.K; Novak, M;
Cerny, J, (eds.) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. p. 117-130. ISBN: 0792351673.
The objectives of this research were to estimate exchanges of CH4 and N2O, both radiatively active gases,
between soil and atmosphere on hilltop, slope and swale hillslope positions of northeastern Costa Rica; and
to assess the importance of accounting for topography in making areal estimates across hilly terrain.
Emission rates from soils were measured during the rainy season on three hillslope positions of both actively
grazed pastures and primary forests. Emission rates from pasture and forest sites were significantly different
for both gases. Differences between slope positions, though notable, were not significantly different for CH4,
but were significantly different for N2O. The forest landscape was partitioned with GIS methods into hilltop,
slope and swale topographic positions. The calculated areas for each of these were multiplied by their
respective emission rates to calculate overall flux from the entire forested area ofH4 flux ranged from -6,201
to -6,658 g CH4 d(-1). Errors associatedwith both estimating mean emission rates for each hillslope position
and judgmental errors in partitioning the landscape into hillslope positional classes are important tomaking
landscape-scale estimates of flux.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 201 Below-ground carbon dynamics as a function of climate variability in
undisturbed soils of a neotropical rain forest [Dinámica del carbono en el suelo como una función de la
variabilidad del clima en suelos no perturbados del bosque lluvioso neotropical] / Schwendenmann, L.C.
(Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture, Department of Tropical Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D-37077
Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]>). (ISSN 0939-1347) Göttingen: Universität Göttingen /
Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, 2002. 132 p. Dissertation, Dr., Universität Göttingen,
Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, Göttingen (Germany).
A través de un estudio llevado a cabo durante varios años se investigó el efecto de la temperatura y del
contenido de agua en el suelo sobre la dinámica del carbono en un bosque húmedo tropical. La región de
estudio, Estación Biológica La Selva, se ubica en la vertiente atlántica de Costa Rica. El clima está
caracterizado por altas precipitaciones. Los suelos de la región son de origen volcánico. El experimento se
llevó a cabo sobre viejas terrazas aluviales ('old alluvium') así como también sobre suelos residuales
fuertemente meteorizados ('residual'). Los objetivos de la investigación fueron: (i) Cuantificación de la
respiración del suelo en dos diferentes tipos de suelo, (ii) Cálculo de las tasas de producción de CO2 en
diferentes profundidades de suelo, (iii) Investigación de la influencia de la temperatura y del contenido de
agua en el suelo sobre la producción de CO2 y la respiración del suelo, (iv) Descripción de los procesos que
influyen en la distribución vertical de la concentración de CO2 y (v) Cuantificación de la porción disuelta del
carbono y del nitrógeno orgánico, así como la caracterización biológica y química en relación con la
profundidad del suelo. Para esto fueron llevadas a cabo desde abril de 1998, en un total de 6
parcelasexperimentales, con intervalos de dos semanas, las siguientes mediciones. Para la caracterización de
la respiración del suelo fueron instaladas en cada parcela experimental un total de 8 'cámaras de la
respiración'. Se utilizó un aparato de gas infravermelho LiCor portátil para las mediciones de la respiración
en el campo. Paralelamente se llevaron a cabo las mediciones de la temperatura y de la humedad del suelo.
En cada parcela experimental se estableció una calicata de 3 hasta 4 m de profundidad. En diferentes
profundidades se instalaron sondas para la toma de pruebas de gases, sensores de temperatura,
instrumentos para medir humedad y lisímetros para sacar muestras de agua. Los coeficientes de difusión
que dependen de la profundidad del suelo fueron estimados a través de fórmulas empíricas y comparados
contra un perfil de Radon (222Rn). El cálculo de las tasas de producción de CO2 se llevó a cabo tomando
como base los coeficientes de difusión estimados y los perfiles de CO2 medidos. Los resultadosmás
importantes son: 1. La respiración del suelo (11 Mg ha-1 a-1) en los sitios experimentales sobre las viejas
terrazas aluviales fue 20 % menor con respecto a los sitios ubicados sobre suelos residuales (14 Mg ha-1 a1). La variabilidad espacial pudo ser aclarada a través del contenido de carbono en el suelo, la biomasa de
raíces finas y la concentración de fosfato. La dinámica anual mostró dependencia del contenido de agua en el
suelo. Bajas emisiones de CO2 fueron medidas tanto para bajas como para altas concentraciones de agua en
el suelo. Las tasas más altas de respiración fueron determinadas para contenidos de agua entre 0.35 y 0.50
cm-3. La influencia de la temperatura del suelo sobre la respiración ha sido atribuida probablemente a la
dependencia entre el contenido de agua en el suelo y la temperatura del suelo. 2. Las concentraciones de
CO2 en las capas más cercanas a la superficie del suelo mostraron una fuerte variación temporal. Para
valores muy altos del contenido de agua subió el contenido de CO2 en el aire del suelo hasta en un 3 %. En
las capas de suelo más profundas, el porcentaje de CO2 en el aire del suelo fue 10 %. Por debajo de 1 m de
profundidad se disolvió el 90 % del contenido total de dióxido de carbono en el agua del suelo. 3. La
producción de CO2 se concentra en los primeros 0.5 m del perfil del suelo (85 - 90 %) y estuvo influenciado
por el contenido de agua en el suelo. La producción en capas de suelo más profundas estuvo correlacionada
con el contenido de agua en el suelo y la radiación solar. En los sitios sobre las viejas terrazas aluviales (`old
alluvium') se comprobó una fuerte dependencia de la temperatura del suelo en profundidades entre 2 - 3 m.
4. El registro del carbono orgánico disuelto es bajo ( 10 %) encomparación con las cantidades de carbono
que se producen en forma de caída de hojarasca. A través de la alta capacidad de absorción de los suelos
arcillosos se retiene en el suelo 80 % del DOC producido.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 413.
Publicación no.: 202 Historical and future land use effects on N2O and NO emissions using an
ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica´s Caribbean lowlands as an example [Efectos del uso
histórico y futuro en las emisiones de N2O y NO utilizando un enfoque de modelaje conjunto: Las tierras
bajas caribeñas de Costa Rica como ejemplo] / Reiners, W.A.; Liu, S.; Gerow, K.G.; Keller, M.; Schimel, D.S.
(University of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071-3165, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 16, no. 4, p. 1068-1085. 2002.
The humid tropical zone is a major source area for N2O and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Local emission
rates vary widely with local conditions, particularly land use practices which swiftly change with expanding
settlement and changing market conditions. The combination of wide variation in emission rates and rapidly
changing land use make regional estimation and future prediction of biogenic trace gas emission particularly
difficult. This study estimates contemporary, historical, and future N2O and NO emissions from 0.5 million ha
of northeastern Costa Rica, a well-documented region in the wet tropics undergoing rapid agricultural
development. Estimates were derived by linking spatially distributed environmental data with an ecosystem
simulation model in an ensemble estimation approach that incorporates the variance and covariance of
spatially distributed driving variables. Results include measures of variance for regional emissions. The
formation and aging of pastures from forest provided most of the past temporal change in N2O and NO flux
in this region; future changes will be controlled by the degree of nitrogen fertilizer application and extent of
intensively managed croplands.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9005. NBINA-6095.
Publicación no.: 203 Spatial and temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux in an old-growth neotropical
rain forest, La Selva, Costa Rica [Variación espacial y temporal en el flujo de CO2 en un bosque lluvioso
neotropical de viejo crecimiento, La Selva, Costa Rica] / Schwendenmann, L.C.; Veldkamp, E.; Brenes, T.;
O'Brien, J.J.; Mackensen, J. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture, Department of Tropical
Silviculture;
Busgenweg
1,
D-37077
Göttingen,
DE
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biogeochemistry (ISSN 0168-2563), v. 64, p. 111-128. 2003.
Our objectives were to quantify and compare soil CO2 efflux of two dominant soil types in an old-growth
neotropical rain forest in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica, and to evaluate the control of environmental factors
on CO2 release. We measured soil CO2 efflux from eight permanent soil chambers on six Oxisol sites. Three
sites were developed on old river terraces ('old alluvium') and the other three were developed on old lava
flows ('residual'). At the same time we measured soil CO2 concentrations, soil water content and soil
temperature at various depths in 6 soil shafts (3 m deep). Between 'old alluvium' sites, the two-year
average CO, flux rates ranged from 117.3 to 128.9 mg C m(-2) h(-1). Significantly higher soil CO2 flux
occurred on the `residual' sites (141.1 to 184.2 mg C m(-2) h(-1). Spatial differences in CO2 efflux were
related to fine root biomass, soil carbon and phosphorus concentration but also to soil water content. Spatial
variability in CO2 storage was high and the amount of CO2 stored in the upper and lower soil profile was
different between `old alluvial' and `residual' sites. The major factor identified for explaining temporal
variations in soil CO2 efflux was soil water content. During periods of high soil water content CO2 emission
decreased, probably due to lower diffusion and CO2 production rates. During the 2-year study period interannual variation in soil CO2 efflux was not detected.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-921.
Publicación no.: 204 Linking carbon inputs to sustainable agriculture in Canadian and Costa Rican
agroforestry systems [Relación entre el aporte de carbono y la agricultura sustentable en sistemas
agroforestales en Canadá y Costa Rica] / Oelbermann, M. (University of Waterloo. Department of
Environment & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Guelph, ON: University of Guelph, 2002. 208 p. ISBN: 0-612-71747-X. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of
Guelph, Ontario (Canada).
Alternative land management practices, including agroforestry, can rejuvenate marginal soils and increase
soil C sequestration to help mitigate atmospheric CO2 emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify
C inputs in temperate and tropical alley cropping systems. In Costa Rica 18, 9 and 3-year old Erythrina
poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook and G. sepium (Jacq.) Walp. were combined with maize and beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and in Canada 12-year old hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN 177) was
alley cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [(Glycine max L. (Merr.)]. The 18 and 9-year old
tropical system, with either tree species, had an input of 2365 and 3960 kg C ha(-1) from maize and bean
residues, where maize roots contributed approximately 14% of total residue C input and bean roots
contributed 12%. Comparatively crop C input in Canada was 2118 kg C ha(-1) for maize and 826 kg C ha(1) for soybeans, where roots contributed 10 to 14% of the total C inputs. A higher C inputfrom crop residues
in the tropical biome results from two cropping seasons per year compared to a single crop in the temperate
system. Carbon input from 18-year old tree prunings was 4003 kg C ha(-1), and 1038 and 1038 kg C ha(-1)
for 9 and 3-year old trees. Annual C input from hybrid poplar prunings was 1407 kg C ha(-1) with an
additional contribution of 816 kg C ha(-1) from autumnal litterfall within 3.5 m of the tree row. Soil organic
C (SOC) ranged from 139, 101 to 96 Mg C ha(-1) for 18, 9 and 3-year old tropical systems, whereas the
temperate system SOC pool was 125 Mg C ha(-1). The proportion of C derived from C4 plants to a 20 cm
depth in tropical alley crops was 35% (18-yr) and 24% (9-yr), with similar values (23%) in the temperate
system. These results suggest that the rate of SOC turnover in tropical soils (14 yrs) is greater than that of
temperate soils (45 years).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis O28.
Publicación no.: 205 Ecosystem-level responses of carbon and energy from a tropical wet forest in
Costa Rica [Respuestas a nivel de ecosistema del carbono y energía de un bosque húmedo tropical en Costa
Rica] / Loescher, H.W. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall,
Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida,
2002. 93 p. ISBN: 0-493-85051-1. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (USA).
Whether tropical forests are sources, sinks, or neutral with respect to their carbon balance with the
atmosphere remains unclear. To address this issue, estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon and
energy (NEE) were made for 3 years (1998 - 2000) using the eddy-covariance technique in a tropical wet
forest in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Mean daytime NEE was ca. ± 18 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and
mean nighttime NEE 4.6 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (efflux). However, because - 80% of the nighttime data in this
forest were collected during laminar flow conditions ( 0.2 m-2 s-1), nighttime NEE was likely
underestimated. Using an alternative analysis, mean nighttime NEE increased to 6.9 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1.
Incident radiation accounted for - 51% of the variation in the daytime fluxes, with temperature and vapor
pressure deficit together accounting for another - 20%. This forest was a slight negative carbon sink in 1998
(- 0.08 to - 1.42 t C ha-1 yr-1), a moderate sink in 1999 (-1.65 to - 3.21 t C ha(-1)), and a strong sink in
2000 (- 6.1 to - 8.1 t C ha(-1) ). This trend is interpreted as relating to the dissipation of warm-phase El
Niño effects over the course of this study. The effects of net radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and
surface conductances on energy balance and evapotranspiration (ET) were also determined for this forest.
Sensible (H) and latent heat (lambda E) fluxes were estimated as the sum of above canopy eddy-covariance
fluxes and changes in below-canopy heat profiles. Albedowas about 12% of incident radiation and did not
differ seasonally. Rn was significantly different among years, explaining about 79% of the variation in each
of the H and lambda E fluxes. The effects of VPD did not explain any additional variation in heatfluxes.
Lambda E was always greater than H (when Rn exceeded 40 W m-2). The dimensionless decoupling
coefficient, Omega; was always 0.5 and peaked at 0.7, suggesting that ET for this the forest was generally
decoupled from physiological controls. Therewas better precision in estimating lambda E flux using the
Priestly-Taylor model rather than using the more physiologically-based Penman-Monteith model. Annual ET
was 54 - 66% of bulk precipitation and utilized 88 - 97% of available energy (R n).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5634.
Publicación no.: 206 El cambio climático y los humedales en Centroamérica: Implicaciones de la
variación climática para los ecosistemas acuáticos y su manejo en la región / Rojas-Araya, M.;
Campos, M.; Alpízar-Vaglio, E.; Bravo-Chacón, J.; Córdoba-Muñoz, R. (Unión Mundial para la Naturaleza
(UICN). Oficina Regional para Mesoamérica, Apdo. Postal 146-2150 Moravia CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José:
UICN, 2003. 40 p. ISBN: 9968-743-78-X.
Introducción: Centroamérica está formada por un angosto istmo ubicado en el cinturón tropical, donde la
interacción entre el predominante viento alisio y la compleja topografia hacen que se presenten contrastes
climáticos importantes entre las vertientes Caribe y Pacífico. La región del Gran Caribe donde se localiza
Centroamérica es una zona de interacciones climáticas entre los hemisferios norte y sur. En esta región la
zona de convergencia intertropical, el movimiento de los ciclones tropicales, las ondas del este y el
desplazmiento de los frentes fríos, son algunas manifestaciones climáticas que hacen que la zona sea
climáticamente compleja. Otros factores de escalas inter-anuales como los eventos de El Niño y la Niña,
hacen que los fenómenos climáticos puedan alcanzar niveles extremos, produciendo desastres y afectando
las actividades productivas, los asentamientos humanos y los recursos naturales. El cambio en el clima que
enfrenta hoy día el planeta, producto del aumento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, hace
que los escenarios futuros y las proyecciones para el Istmo no sean muy favorables. Estudios regionales y
nacionales referenciados en las comunicaciones nacionales ante el Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas
sobre Cambio Climático (UN-FCCC) evidencian variaciones importantes en elementos del clima regional como
la temperatura, la precipitación, la nubosidad y la escorrentía. Los estudios hechos en Centroamérica
demuestran la sensibilidad de los sistemas productivos y la fragilidad de los recursos naturales ante
variaciones en el clima actual (PCCC, 1995; MARENA, 2000; MINAE-IMN, 2000). Las proyecciones globales
indican que uno de los sistemas más afectados por la variabilidad climática y los eventos extremos son los
ecosistemas de humedales. A pesar que no existen estudios específicos en Centroamérica que relacionen el
cambio climático con los humedales, es de esperarse que bajo las condiciones descritas en los escenarios de
cambio climático presentados en las comunicaciones nacionales, estos ecosistemas sufrirán alteraciones
significativas, con sus consecuencias directas e indirectas en las poblaciones humanas que de ellos dependen
para subsistir. Esto lo confirman estudios específicos hechos en Estados Unidos (LeRoy et. al., 2002), que
permiten realizar comparaciones sobre los impactos en los ecosistemas de Centroamérica. En la mayoría de
las regiones del planeta el cambio climático produce un aumento en la temperatura atmosférica, que a su
vez causa un aumento en la temperatura del agua que tiende a alterar los procesos ecológicos y la
distribución geográfica de las especies acuáticas. Para la región del Pacífico Centroamericano es de esperarse
que la temperatura promedio anual sea aproximadamente 3 °C mayor que la actual. (MARENA, 2000;
MINAE-IMN, 2000). A pesar de que algunas especies podrían adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones, las
barreras que hoy día antepone el ser humano, limitan los correcdores de migración de las especies y
aumenta la probabilidad de extinción y la pérdida neta de biodiversidad. Además de un incremento en la
temperatura, se prevé que el cambio climático en la región también tendrá incidencia en el aumento del
nivel medio del mar debido al calentamiento del océano, tanto por expansióntérmica o aumento de volumen
por fusión de los hielos. El presente documento pretende hacer una breve descripción de la importancia de
los humedales y documentar la experiencia regional sobre los riesgos del cambio climático en el agua y en el
manejo de los humedales. De este modo, brinda recomendaciones que conduzcan a establecer un proceso
de diálogo regional y de información a los actores, que permitan definir políticas para aumentar el nivel de
preparación y adaptación al cambio climático, en función de los recursos hídricos y el manejo de los
humedales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 505.
Publicación no.: 207 Nitrous oxide flux from dry tropical forests [Flujo de óxido nitroso de bosques
seco tropicales] / Matson, P.A.; Vitousek, P.M.; Volkmann, C.; Maass, J.M.; García, G. (NASA. Ames
Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, US). Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America on
Perspectives in Ecology: Past, Present, and Future. 75th, Snowbird, UT USJuly 29-August 2, 1990.
In: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America (ISSN 0012-9623), v. 71, no. 2 (Suppl.), p. 241-242. 1990.
[Abstract only]. Fluxes of nitrous oxide were determined in several sites in drought-deciduous tropical forest,
an extensive but little-studied biome. N2O-N fluxes from eight sites within intact Mexican forest averaged
0.91 ng cm-2 h-1 during the wet season; they were virtually absent in the dry season. Two subsistence
maize fields yielded increasec soil N2O-N fluxes, while five pastures were more variable. Watering during the
dry season caused a substantial but short-lived pulse of N2O. Similar fluxes were observed in less-intensive
sampling of dry-forest sites in Hawaii and Costa Rica. Overall, N2O fluxes from soils of dry tropical forests
appear to be similar to those from moist tropical forests during the wet season and very low during the dry
season.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B.
Publicación no.: 208 Carbon dynamics and land-use choices: Building a regional-scale
multidisciplinary model [Dinámica del carbono y elecciones del uso de la tierra: construyendo un modelo
multidisciplinario de escala regional] / Kerr, S.; Liu, S.P.; Pfaff, A.S.P.; Hughes, R.F. (Motu Economic and
Public Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Environmental Management (ISSN 0301-4797), v. 69, no. 1, p. 25-37. 2003.
Policy enabling tropical forests to approach their potential contribution to global-climate-change mitigation
requires forecasts of land use and carbon storage on a large scale over long periods. In this paper, we
present an integrated modeling methodology that addresses these needs. We model the dynamics of the
human land-use system and of C pools contained in each ecosystem, as well as their interactions. The model
is national scale, and is currently applied in a preliminary way to Costa Rica using data spanning a period of
over 50 years. It combines an ecological process model, parameterized using field and other data, with an
economic model, estimated using historical data to ensure a close link to actual behavior. These two models
are linked so that ecological conditions affect land-use choices and vice versa. The integrated model predicts
land use and its consequences for C storage for policy scenarios. These predictions can be used to create
baselines, reward sequestration, and estimate thevalue in both environmental and economic terms of
including C sequestration in tropical forests as part of the efforts to mitigate global climate change. The
model can also be used to assess the benefits from costly activities to increase accuracy and thus reduce
errors and their societal costs.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1112.
Publicación no.: 209 The social meaning of carbon dioxide emission trading: Institutional capacity
building for a green market in Costa Rica [El significado social de la comercialización de la emisión de
dióxido de carbono: Construyendo la capacidad institucional para un mercado verde en Costa Rica] /
Miranda-Quirós, M.; Dieperink, C.; Glasbergen, P. (Universidad Nacional. Centro Internacional en Política
Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible, P.O. Box 555-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environment, Development and Sustainability (ISSN 1387-585X), v. 4, no. 1, p. 69-86. 2002.
Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified by
the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of this
paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too simplistic
one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing countries. From
their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It must be seen as a
social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more encompassing
improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as a carbon market
might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement between Costa Rica and
Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP)
represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we study the development, characteristics and
benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons can be learned from this first practical
experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that have made this type of agreement successful.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6506.
Publicación no.: 210 Impact of global changes on the reproductive biology of trees in tropical dry
forests [Impacto de los cambios globales en la biología reproductiva de árboles en los bosques secos
tropicales] / Bawa, K.S. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston,
MA 02125-3393, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest. Frankie, G.W.;
Mata-Jiménez, A.; Vinson, S.B., (eds.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. p. 38-47. ISBN: 0520-24103-7. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516097286 b615.
Publicación no.: 211 An ultrasonically silent night: the tropical dry forest without bats [Una noche
ultrasónicamente silenciosa: el bosque tropical seco sin murciélagos] / LaVal, R.K. (Santa Elena de
Monteverde, Apdo. 24-5655 Monteverde CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest. Frankie, G.W.;
Mata-Jiménez, A.; Vinson, S.B., (eds.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. p. 160-176. ISBN:
0-520-24103-7. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516097286 b615.
Publicación no.: 212 A global problem for a global movement? An exploratory study of climate
change perception by green groups' leaders from Quebec (Canada) and Costa Rica [¿Un problema
global para un movimiento global? Estudio exploratorio de la percepción del cambio climático por parte de
líderes de grupos ecologistas de Quebec (Canada) y Costa Rica] / Perron, B.; Vaillancourt, J.G.; Durand, C.
(Université de Montréal. Départment of Sociologie, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal,Quebec H3C 3J7,
CA <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Society and Natural Resources (ISSN 0894-1920), v. 14, p. 837-855. 2001.
This article examines the possible unifying effect of climate change on leaders of green groups. The main
goal is to identify ideological or North/South differences in attitudes on key aspects of climate change among
them. Attitudinal data obtained with a standardized questionnaire administered to leaders from Quebec and
Costa Rica are used to generate a typology. Three types of green orientations emerge: "ecologists,"
"mainstream environmentalism," anti "market environmentalism." General perceptions toward climate
change and specific opinions about policy options related to global warming are compared on the basis of
these orientations and of national origin. Results show that green leaders are divided on all measured
attitudes concerning climate change. Most differences are explained hip diversity in ideological orientation,
mainly by divergent viewpoints held by ecologists. The differences based on national origin are mainly
explained by contrasted contextual features between Quebec and Costa Rica. The results do not provide
convincing evidence of cognitive solidarity in the green movement concerning climate change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4077.
Publicación no.: 213 Impact of global warming and locally changing climate on tropical cloud
forest bats [Impacto del calentamiento global y los cambios climáticos locales sobre los murciélagos del
bosque nuboso tropical] / Laval, R.K. (Santa Elena de Monteverde, Apdo. 24-5655 Monteverde CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Journal of Mammalogy (ISSN 0022-2372), v. 85, no. 2, p. 237-244. 2004.
Significant changes in local climate and correlated changes in non mammalian vertebrate populations have
been documented in the Monteverde cloud forest in the Tilarán Mountains of northern Costa Rica, leading to
the prediction that corroborative changes should occur in bat populations. Habitat changes resulting from
development for ecotourism, including a 19% increase in forest, might also be expected to impact bat
populations. Analysis of data collected between 1973 and 1999 in Monteverde supports the hypothesis,
although changes are less dramatic than those shown for birds, reptiles, and amphibians in earlier studies.
Capture rates did not change significantly during the 27 year sample period, but relative species abundance
increased, and at least 24 new species (of mostly lowland distribution) were recorded in the study area
during the 1980s, 1990s, and through early 2002. These changes are likely a consequence of climatic
change following global warming, forest clearing, and an increase in amount of secondary forest. This latter
factor is a result of changes in land use due to development for tourism.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1310.
Publicación no.: 214 Estimating soil carbon fluxes following land-cover change: a test of some
critical assumptions for a region in Costa Rica / Powers, J.S.; Read, J.M.; Denslow, J.S.; Guzmán, S.M.
(University of Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 10, no. 2, p. 170-181. 2004.
Changes in soil carbon storage that accompany land-cover change may have significant effects on the global
carbon cycle. The objective of this work was to examine how assumptions about preconversion soil C storage
and the effects of land-cover change influence estimates of regional soil C storage. We applied three models
of land-cover change effects to two maps of preconversion soil C in a 140 000 ha area of northeastern Costa
Rica. One preconversion soil C map was generated using values assigned to tropical wet forest from the
literature, the second used values obtained from extensive field sampling. The first model of land-cover
change effects used values that are typically applied in global assessments, the second and third models
used field databut differed in how the data were aggregated (one was based on land-cover transitions and
one was based on terrain attributes). Changes in regional soil C storage were estimated for each
combination of model and preconversion soil C for three time periods defined by geo-referenced land-cover
maps. The estimated regional soil C under forest vegetation (to 0.3 m) was higher in the map based on field
data (10.03 Tg C) than in the map based on literature data (8.90 Tg C), although the range of values
derived from propagating estimation errors was large (7.67-12.40 Tg C). Regional soil C storage declined
through time due to forest clearing for pasture and crops. Estimated CO2 fluxes depended more on the
model of land-cover change effects than on preconversion soil C. Cumulative soil C losses (1950-1996)
under the literature model of land-cover effects exceeded estimates based on field data by factors of 3.88.0. In order to better constrain regional and global-scale assessments of carbon fluxes from soils in the
tropics, future research should focus on methods for extrapolating regional-scale constraints on soil C
dynamics to larger spatial and temporal scales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9649. NBINA-1400.
Publicación no.: 215 Temperature effects on metamorphic rates in the tropical poison frog,
Dendrobates auratus: Implications for global warming [Efectos de la temperatura sobre las tasas
metamórficas en la rana tropical venenosa Dendrobates auratus: Implicaciones para el calentamiento global]
/ McRobert, S.P.; Korbeck, R.G., Jr. (Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, US). National Meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and Science Innovation Exposition. 166th,
Washington, D.C., US; Feb. 17-22, 2000. p. A75.
We examined the effects of temperature on developmental rate and survival in tadpoles of the poison frog
Dendrobates auratus. Tadpoles reared at 26.2 and 29.4°C reached metamorphosis significantly faster, and
had significantly higher rates of survival, than tadpoles raised at 22.3 and 30.9°C. Field studies showed that
the mean temperature of bodies of water utilized by D. auratus tadpoles in La Suerte, Costa Rica was
26.2°C. Information such as this may aid efforts to maintain and breed tropical frog species in captivity.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 216 Decline of a tropical amphibian fauna [Disminución de la fauna tropical de
anfibios] / Lips, K.R. (Southern Illinois University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, US
<E-mail: [email protected]>). National Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS) and Science Innovation Exposition. 166th, Washington, D.C., US; Feb. 17-22, 2000, p. A34.
(No abstract).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 217 Something missing in fragile cloud forest: the clouds [Algo perdido en el frágil
bosque nuboso: las nubes] / Yoon, C.K. In: The New York Times (ISSN 0362-4331), Nov. 20, 2001, Sec. F,
p. 4. 2001.
An article by R.O. Lawton and colleagues in a recent issue of Science 294:584-587. 2001, reports that the
Monteverde cloud forest in the mountains of Costa Rica is under threat. Cloud forests, which are found
throughout the Tropics, are usually rich in biodiversity and often provide a final refuge of biodiversity in
places where the lowlands have been cleared and developed. Lawton and colleagues found that, in spite of
Monteverde's tens of thousands of protected acres, the forest may be at risk because the clouds that bathe
the mountains appear to be disappearing. Deforestation in the lowlands is raising the mountains' curtain of
life-enriching fog and mist over the forest, leaving increasing areas of the forest without cloud cover.
Researchers believe that the disappearance of the cloud, together with the effects of global warming, may
explain some recent ecological changes observed in Monteverde.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3305.
Publicación no.: 218 The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane
cloud forests [Impactos negativos potenciales del cambio climático global sobre los bosques nubosos
montanos] / Foster, P.N. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305-5020,
US).
In: Earth-Science Reviews (ISSN 0012-8252), v. 55, no. 1/2, p. 73-106. 2001.
Nearly every aspect of the cloud forest is affected by regular cloud immersion, from the hydrological cycle to
the species of plants and animals within the forest. Since the altitude band of cloud formation on tropical
mountains is limited, the tropical montane cloud forest occurs in fragmented strips and has been likened to
island archipelagoes. This isolation and uniqueness promotes explosive speciation, exceptionally high
endemism, and a great sensitivity to climate. Global climate change threatens all ecosystems through
temperature and rainfall changes, with a typical estimate for altitude shifts in the climatic optimum for
mountain ecotones of hundreds of meters by the time of CO2 doubling. This alone suggests complete
replacement of many of the narrow altitude range cloud forests by lower altitude ecosystems, as well as the
expulsion of peak residing cloud forests into extinction. However, the cloud forest will also be affected by
other climate changes, in particular changes in cloud formation. A number of global climate models suggest
a reduction in low level cloudiness with the coming climate changes, and one site in particular, Monteverde,
Costa Rica, appears to already be experiencing a reduction in cloud immersion. The coming climate changes
appear very likely to upset the current dynamic equilibrium of the cloud forest. Results will include
biodiversity loss, altitude shifts in species' ranges and subsequent community reshuffling, and possibly forest
death. Difficulties for cloud forest species to survive in climate-induced migrations include no remaining
location with a suitable climate, no pristine location to colonize, migration rates or establishment rates that
cannot keep up with climate change rates and new species interactions. We review previous cloud forest
species redistributions in the paleo-record in light of the coming changes. The characteristic epiphytes of the
cloud forest play an important role in the light, hydrological and nutrient cycles of the cloud forest and are
especially sensitive to atmospheric climate change, especially humidity, as the epiphytes can occupy
incredibly small eco-niches from the canopy to crooks to trunks. Even slight shifts in climate can cause
wilting or death to the epiphyte community. Similarly, recent cloud forest animal redistributions, notably frog
and lizard disappearances, may be driven by climate changes. Death of animals or epiphytes may have
cascading effects on the cloud forest web of life. Aside from changes in temperature, precipitation, and
cloudiness, other climate changes may include increasing dry seasons, droughts, hurricanes and intense rain
storms, all of which might increase damage to the cloud forest. Because cloud forest species occupy such
small areas and tight ecological niches, they are not likely to colonize damaged regions. Fire, drought and
plant invasions (especially non-native plants) are likely to increase the effects of any climate change damage
in the cloud forest. As has frequently been suggested in the literature, all of the above factors combine to
make the cloud forest a likely site for observing climate change effects in the near future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1499.
Publicación no.: 219 Economic value of the carbon sink services of tropical secondary forests and
its management implications [Valor económico de los servicios de almacenamiento de carbono de los
bosques tropicales secundarios e implicaciones en su manejo] / Ramírez, O.A.; Carpio, C.E.; Ortiz, R.;
Finegan, B. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock,
TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environmental and Resource Economics (ISSN 0924-6460), v. 21, no. 1, p. 23-46. 2002.
This paper explores the economic feasibility of secondary forest regeneration and conservation as an
alternative in the campaign addressing the problem of global warming. Detailed measurements of tropical
secondary forests over time, in different ecological zones of Costa Rica, are used to evaluate carbon storage
models. The paper addresses key issues in the international discussion about cross- and within-country
compensation for carbon storage services and illustrates a method to compute/predict their economic value
over time under a variety of scenarios. The procedure is applicable to other developing countries where
secondary forest growth is increasingly important.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1484.
Publicación no.: 220 The environmental consequences of tax differentiation by vehicle age in
Costa Rica [Consecuencias ambientales de la diferenciación de impuestos a los vehículos por su edad en
Costa Rica] / Johnstone, N.; Echeverría-Bonilla, J.; Porras, I.T.; Mejías-Esquivel, R. (<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management (ISSN 0964-0568), v. 44, no. 6, p. 803-814. 2001.
This paper provides an overview of the potential environmental benefits in Costa Rica of increasing the
relative tax rate on imported used cars. Analysis of this policy instrument has been chosen because Costa
Rican fiscal policy has traditionally favoured the import of used cars. Moreover, a tax which differentiates
between new and used cars can be a good proxy for taxes based directly upon emission levels. The results of
the simulation reveal considerable environmental benefits in terms of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1478.
Publicación no.: 221 Poblaciones de anfibios en declive ¿Un fenómeno global? / Márquez, R.; Lizana,
M. In: Quercus (Revista de Observación, Estudio y Defensa de la Naturaleza) (ISSN 0212-0054), Cuaderno
94, p. 6-10. 1993. (No abstract).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 222 Diversity and composition of tropical soil nitrifiers across a plant diversity
gradient and among land-use types [Diversidad y composición de los nitrificadores del suelo tropical a
través de un gradiente de diversidad de plantas y entre diferentes tipos de uso del suelo] / Carney, K.M.;
Matson, P.A.; Bohannan, B.J.M. (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, POB 28, Edgewater, MD
21037, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecology Letters (ISSN 1461-023X), v. 7, no. 8, p. 684-694. 2004.
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) perform the rate-limiting step of nitrification, a key ecosystem process
that in part determines the fate of nitrogen in ecosystems. However, little is known about the factors that
determine soil AOB diversity or composition, especially in tropical systems. Using a set of study systems in
Costa Rica, we examined whether plant diversity or land-use influenced AOB diversity or composition and
whether AOB diversity or composition were associated with nitrification rates. We characterized the
molecular diversity and composition of AOB via polymerase chain reaction amplification, cloning, and
sequencing of 16S rDNA. We found that AOB diversity or composition did not change significantly across
plant diversity treatments. In contrast, AOB differed among land-use types in some measures of diversity
and in composition, and differences in AOB composition among land-use types were correlated with potential
rates of nitrification. Our results suggest that anthropogenic changes of ecosystems can alter microbial
communities in ways that may affect the processes they mediate.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1546.
Publicación no.: 223 The Forest in the Clouds: Nobody knew that tree cutting 30 miles away
would jeopardize Costa Rica's delicate jewel [El bosque en las nubes: Nadie sabía que cortar árboles a
30 millas de distancia puede poner en peligro una delicada joya de Costa Rica] / Margolis, M. In: Newsweek
(New York) (ISSN 0028-9604), Oct. 29, p. 58. 2001.
When he first visited the wind-swept Monteverde cloud forest in the 1970s, University of Alabama biologist
Robert O. Lawton "fell in love." No wonder. It is a luxuriant patch of tropical forest tucked away in the
Tilarán mountain range, a great greenwall rising dramatically to 1,800 meters above the coastal lowlands of
Costa Rica. Pilots recognize it by the permanent veil of cumulus clouds. Every year 70,000 tourists walk
among the dripping forests, where relative humidity routinely reaches 100 percent, and marvel at the wealth
of wildlife, from the ruby red-eyed tree frog to the sonorous blue-crowned motmot. Tourists for the most
part tread lightly on the delicate cloud- forest habitat. But the nature they seek in the highlands is facing a
threat from afar. Developers, ranchers and small farmers have for decades been steadily slashing and
burning their way deep into the lowlands of Costa Rica, near the coasts. Today only 1,200 square kilometers,
or 18 percent of the original lowland forest, remains untouched. Nobody ever suspected that cutting forests
at sea level would influence weather patterns on Tilarán, 30 miles downwind, but it does. As Lawton and
colleagues wrote in last week's Science magazine, the results could prove disastrous for this aerie in the
clouds and the rich nature it supports. Scientists collected satellite images and field observations and then
ran their data through a climate-change model from Colorado State University. Their initial findings are
disturbing. As the trade winds pass over the now barren coastal forests, they pick up less moisture than they
did when the forests were lush. When the hotter, drier air reaches the Tilarán mountains, it must climb
higher before it yields enough moisture for clouds to form. Although the mountainside is still green, its lifegiving mantle of clouds has been steadily shrinking. Just what this means for the ecology of the Monteverde
preserve is still an open question. A lot is at stake. The dense, dripping cloud forest regulates temperatures
and contributes to rainfall in the surrounding tropics. Its leafy canopy is home to an empire of animals and
microorganisms, and more epiphytes--plants that live off other plants--than anywhere else on earth.
Scientists are especially concerned over the fate of many cloud-forest birds, such as the resplendent quetzal,
with its streaming tail feather, and the three- wattled bellbird, so named for its patented clanging call.
Botanists have also cataloged 475 species of orchids. Environmental scientists first suspected something
amiss in the late 1970s, when they observed a change in the habits of Monteverde wildlife. As clouds
receded, birds and bats were forced to fly ever higher up the slopes. Scientists suspect that some reptiles
have fled their old habitats altogether, leading to a general collapse of the reptile population. The splendid
golden toad (Bufo periglenes), named after the male's bright gilded hue, has been declared extinct; it was
unique to Monteverde. "Lose a cloud forest and you lose a whole family of species, some of which may be
unique," says Lawton. It's not too late, he says, to restore the clouds. Slowing deforestation along the coasts
and replanting cleared areas with fruit trees could help restore moisture to the air. It will take years of work
before scientists know just how severe the damage will be to Monteverde. But by then, many more species
may have gone by the wayside.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 224 Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain world?
[¿Importa la planificación de la conservación en un mundo dinámico e incierto?] / Meir, E.; Andelman, S.;
Possingham, H.P. (University of California at Santa Barbara. National Center of Ecology Analysis & Synth,
Santa Barbara, CA 93101, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecology Letters (ISSN 1461-023X), v. 7, no. 8, p. 615-622. 2004.
Loss of biodiversity is one of the world's overriding environmental challenges. Reducing those losses by
creating reserve networks is a cornerstone of global conservation and resource management. Historically,
assembly of reserve networks has been adhoc, but recently the focus has shifted to identifying optimal
reserve networks. We show that while comprehensive reserve network design is best when the entire
network can be implemented immediately, when conservation investments must be staged over years, such
solutions actually may be sub-optimal in the context of biodiversity loss and uncertainty. Simple decision
rules, such as protecting the available site with the highest irreplaceability or with the highest species
richness, may be more effectivewhen implementation occurs over many years.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2027.
Publicación no.: 225 Plant vulnerability to climate change [Vulnerabilidad de las plantas al cambio
climático] / Berry, P. , 2004. 4 pp. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1554.
Publicación no.: 226 What are we learning from experiences with markets for environmental
services in Costa Rica?: a review and critique of the literature [¿Qué hemos aprendido de
experiencias con mercados para servicios ambientales en Costa Rica?: revisión y crítica de la literatura] /
Rojas, M.; Aylward, B.A. (Eco-Asesores Integrados, Apartado 72-4400 Ciudad Quesada, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>, ). London: International Institute for Environment and
Development, Environmental Economics Programme, 2003. 102 p. (Series: Markets for environmental
services; no. 2). ISBN: 1843694557.
Introduction: The use of markets and payments for environmental services is a topic gaining increasing
attention amongst policy-makers and environment and development practitioners around the globe. Simply
put, the term 'environmental services' can be taken to refer to the overall concept of natural systems
providing a continuous flow of valuable goods and services to society. This is in contrast to similar services
provided by man-made physical infrastructure and technological capital (i.e. water treatment, artificial
fertilization, genetic modification) for which these environmental services are a substitute. The use of market
mechanisms as a means of incorporating the economic value of these environmental services into the
financial decision-making of producers and consumers is an additional tool that can be employed to resolve
longstanding market failures that lead to less than desirable economic outcomes - i.e. having fewer
environmental services and paying more for their man-made substitutes. In the developing world, Costa Rica
has led efforts to experiment with the application of these mechanisms, many of which were simply ideas on
paper just a few years ago. A survey of markets for environmental services by IIED highlights the formative
role Costa Rica has played and provides a rich characterization of the economics of these initiatives in a
global context (Landell-Mills and Porras 2002). As a complementary effort, this paper digs deeper into the
literature regarding the Costa Rica experience in an effort to see what we are learning from the experience:
how has technical, scientific and economic information on environmental services fed into these initiatives?
To what extent are these initial experiences being monitored and evaluated? Is there a feedback loop that
connects these experiences with learning about environment and development issues, particularly in the
local context of policy-making within the country? The principal objective of the literature review is to
identify and review documents and other material that address the following: 1. the local origins of the
concept of payments and markets for environmental services and how they have developed over time,
particularly in relation to the broader international development of the concept and local necessities/realities
(historical and trend analysis); 2. the types of existing initiatives related to markets for environmental
services, and who is participating in such initiatives (descriptive work); 3. the knowledge base that
underpins market development, i.e. the extent to which markets are based on specific scientific and
technical knowledge regarding the biophysical, economic and social relationships involved as opposed to
general views on the subject (critical assessment); 4. the initiatives undertaken and underway to date with
respect to the monitoring and evaluation of the experience with payments and markets for environmental
services and to what extent (and with what results) the literature assesses these initiatives in terms of
economic efficiency, environmental effectiveness, and social equity and/or poverty reduction. Where written
material is not available or does not provide comprehensive coverage, interviews with those involved in
these initiatives were used to supplement the documentary evidence. Given that IIED has undertaken a
thorough review of the global literature on this topic and identified the examples emerging from Costa Rica,
objectives 1 and 2 draw heavily on the existing IIED work by attempting to cross-check, confirm and, where
possible, expand the coverage (in number and depth) of existing cases of markets and payments. The added
value of the literature review will be in the deepening of the knowledge base and analysis of its content with
respect to objectives 3 and 4. This in turn provides a basis for charting a way forward. The paper is
organized to cover the objectives one by one. In the first chapter the local origins of the concept of markets
and payments for environmental services in Costa Rica is explored. The paper then turns to the experiences
(or market cases) gained so far in the country, providing in each of the succeeding chapters a description
and review of each of the cases, an assessment of the role of knowledge in the development and formulation
of the initiatives and a report on monitoring and evaluation underway to date. The paper concludes by
drawing out some of the lessons learned and making recommendations regarding practical steps that other
countries, researchers and financing organizations might take to improve the process of launching such
initiatives in the future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4513.
Publicación no.: 227 Paleoclimate records from Central American cave calcite (Speleothem)
deposits: results and progress [Registros paleoclimáticos de los depósitos de calcita de cuevas
centroamericanas: resultados y progreso] / Lachniet, M.S.; Asmerom, Y.; Burns, S.J.; Patterson, W.P.;
Seltzer, G.O.; Wurster, C.; Piperno, D. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Apartado 202,
Balboa, PA <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association
for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA; July 29-Aug.
3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 60.
(Abstract only). We present paleoclimate proxy records from Central American speleothems that 1) constrain
climate changes on millennial time scales, and 2) provide evidence for climate variability over decadal to
centennial time scales. Stable isotope values in tropical precipitation reflect both the temperature of
condensation and precipitation amount of an air mass, such that increased precipitation amount and
decreased temperature result in lower delta ?18O values. Speleothems contain oxygen derived from
precipitation, and if formed in isotopic equilibrium, provide a direct paleoprecipitation proxy record. Our
speleothems from Costa Rica and Panamá, dated by precise U/Th methods, provide the first terrestrial stable
isotopic records from the region. Stalagmite V1 from Costa Rica began growth before 10,140 yr BP and
ceased about 5,200 yr BP. The oldest calcite has delta ?18O values 1), higher than the early and mid
Holocene periods, suggesting some combination of cooler and/or drier conditions.During the early and mid
Holocene, delta ?18O values vary by ?0.75?sigma, on decadal to centennial time scales, suggesting
variations in dripwater delta ?18O values, which are related to precipitation amount associated with the
Intertropical Convergence Zone. Additional records are being generated for Panamanian stalagmites, and
hold promise for providing longer, more continuous paleoclimate records for the region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 228 The geography of cloud formation and the biogeography of cloud forests:
development of a quantitative approach [Geografía de la formación de nubes y la biogeografía de los
bosques nubosos: desarrollo de un enfoque cuantitativo] / Lawton, R.O.; Nair, U.S.; Welch, R.M. (University
of Alabama. Department of Biological Sciences, Huntsville, AL 35899, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA; July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for
Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 64.
(Abstract only). Cloud forests, distinctive elements of montane vegetation throughout the tropics, are
dependent upon predictable, frequent and prolonged immersion in cloud. Cloud forests are of interest in
conservation and regional hydrological planning. However, we know little about how cloudy cloud forests are,
or about the extent to which orographic cloud formation is influenced by natural climatic fluctuations, global
warming, or regional land use. We present the initial steps, using ground observation, satellite imagery and
atmospheric modeling, toward describing a quantitative geography of cloud forest cloudiness. Compiled data
from GOES satellite imagery provides quantitative data on the proportion of time sites are covered by cloud.
This approach reveals diurnal, seasonal, and between year variation in orographic cloud coverage at
individual Central American cloud forest sites, and considerable between site variation as well. Such
quantitative assessments of cloud cover and immersion should enhance between site comparisons in
biogeographic and ecological analyses. Regional atmospheric modeling of the Cordillera de Tilarán and the
associated lowlands of northern Costa Rica (with CSU RAMS) suggests that deforestation of lowland forests
upwind of cloud forest sites can influence convective and orographic cloud formation, reducing cloud cover
and raising the base of orographic cloud decks. Regional land use can thus interact with the natural
geographic variation in cloud formation and exacerbate conservation problems in tropical mountains.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 229 Potential effects of climate change on canopy communities in a tropical cloud
forest: an experimental approach [Efectos potenciales del cambio climático en las comunidades del dosel
en un bosque nuboso tropical: un enfoque experimental] / Nadkarni, N.M.; Solano, R. (The Evergreen State
College, Olympia, WA 98505, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present,
Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,
Panama City, PA; July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 79.
(Abstract only). Global climate change models predict reduced cloud water in tropical montane forests. To
test the effects of reduced cloud water on epiphytes, plants that are tightly coupled to atmospheric inputs,
we transplanted epiphytes and their arboreal soil from upper cloud forest trees to trees at slightly lower
elevations that are naturally exposed to less cloud water. Control plants moved between trees within the
upper site showed no transplantation effects, but experimental plants at lower sites had significantly higher
leaf mortality, lower leaf production, and reduced longevity. After the epiphytes died, seedlings of terrestrial
gap-colonizing tree species grew from the seed banks within the residual mats of arboreal soil. Greenhouse
experiments confirmed that the death of epiphytes can result in radical compositional changes of canopy
communities. Thus, tropical montane epiphyte communities constitute both a potentially powerful tool for
detecting climate changes and a rich arena to study plant/soil/seed interactions under natural and
manipulated conditions. This study also provides experimental evidence that the potential effects of global
climate change on canopy and terrestrial communities can be significant for cloud forest biota. Results
suggest there will be negative effects on the productivity and longevity of particular epiphytes and a
subsequent emergence of an emerging terrestrial component into the canopy community from a previously
suppressed seed bank.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 230 Biodiversity informatics, monitoring technologies and community science:
challenges in the tropics [Informática sobre biodiversidad, tecnologías de monitoreo y ciencia
comunitaria: retos en los trópicos] / Stevenson, R.D.; Haber, W.A.; Morris, R.A. (University of Massachusetts
at Boston. Department of Biology, MA 02125, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual
Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA; July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The
Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 112.
(Abstract only). Two of the most important environmental problems facing humanity are global warming and
loss of biodiversity. For the tropics, where biodiversity is high but changes in climate variables are expected
to be relatively small, montane sites are likely to be the best locations for detecting change because change
occurs over relatively short distances, facilitating field data collection. Climate variables to monitor include
incident radiation, temperature, cloud cover patterns, precipitation, and extreme weather events. Biological
variables to monitor include phenological data (migration events, flowering and fruiting times) and species
distributions. New advances in microelectronics should greatly increase the spatial resolution of the climate
measurements. We outline a general scheme for monitoring that includes a planning process, metadata
standards, web based information systems to report and share data, a quality assurance plan, and an
adaptive management plan. Special attention is paid to the limitations of statistical designs that can be used
to detect change and to a citizen science component in which local communities can gather data and
influence policy. A process is proposed to have the monitoring scheme certified by independent scientific
organizations. This general scheme is applied to the Monteverde region with the goal of quantifying the
relationship between the statistical power needed to detect change, the costs of monitoring, and the
probability that a 20 year program can detect change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 231 Characterization and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols in a wet
tropical forest canopy [Caracterización y deposición de partículas secas de aerosoles carbonáceos en el
dosel de un bosque tropical húmedo] / Loescher, H.W.; Bentz, J.A.; Oberbauer, S.F.; Ghosh, T.K.; Tompson,
R.V.; Loyalka, S.K. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis,
OR 97331, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 109, no. D02309,
doi:10.1029/2002jd003353. 2004.
Carbon aerosol concentration was measured using an impactor on a 42 m tower over a wet tropical forest in
La Selva Biological Station, northeast Costa Rica. Samples were collected at three different heights, 42, 21,
and 2 m, for 2 months during the wet season in 1998. Winds originated from two directions, southeast from
the Caribbean Sea and west from the continental isthmus. Concentrations were normalized by the fraction of
dry sampling time during the collection. The distribution was negatively skewed for the range of
aerodynamic diameter aerosols measured. The main size constituent was in the class 4.7-3.3 microm,
accounting for ~0.70 microg C mol super(-1). No significant difference was found in the distribution of
aerosol carbon with height, suggesting a well-mixed column of air, minimal resuspension, and that the
source was from surrounding land use types. Functional relationships were developed to describe the loading
of aerosols to the atmosphere and the removal by precipitation. Deposition was estimated using these
relationships, combined with three different estimates of velocity deposition derived from (1) aerodynamic
and canopy conductance, (2) aerodynamic and momentum conductance, and (3) traditional estimates of
gravitational settling diffusion, impaction, and interception. Annual deposition estimates were 2.9, 5.0, and
9.6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Concentrations of carbon aerosols reported here are as much as two
orders of magnitude higher than those reported elsewhere. Annual dry deposition estimates, however, were
within the range of other estimates but were likely underestimated. Potential effects on deposition caused by
seasonal burns and El Niño-Southern Oscillation are discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1653.
Publicación no.: 232 Potencial de carbono y fijación de dióxido de carbono de la biomasa en pie
por encima del suelo en los bosques de Costa Rica / Rodríguez, J.; Pratt, L. [Alajuela]: INCAE / CLADS,
1998. 69 p. (CEN; no. 762).
En setiembre de 1996, la Universidad de Harvard y el Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de
Empresas (INCAE) emprendieron un proyecto de tres años para proveer asesoría a las naciones de
Centroamérica en la formulación de una estrategia competitiva que integre sus vastos recursos biológicos y
su capital humano altamente emprendedor de manera innovadora, dentro del marco de la Alianza
Centroamericana para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ALIDES). En el área ambiental se le solicitaba asistir a los
gobiernos centroamericanos en el análisis de las oportunidades y las restricciones para el desarrollo
económico y, a partir de esto, diseñar e instrumentar nuevas estrategias que permitieran identificar y
desarrollar oportunidades aprovechando su situación geográfica estratégica y su diversidad biológica, para
así atraer mayor intercambio comercial e inversión, protegiendo al mismo tiempo el medio ambiente y su
rica base de recursos naturales. Los esfuerzos de investigación dentro del desarrollo de mercados de
mitigación de CO2, se deberían enfocar a: Desarrollar el concepto de Compensaciones Comerciales
Certificadas de Gases con efecto de Invernadero (CCC), por medio de un mayor análisis de su mercado
mundial, así como el uso de la tecnología para incrementar la aceptación del público de este mecanismo y
demostrar su aplicación. Identificar cuellos de botella y eliminar obstáculos que inhiban la penetración al
mercado de tecnologías para la reducción de emisiones y la expansión de la capacidad de captura de dióxido
de carbono. Fortalecer los instrumentos financieros que regulan los CCC. Como parte de este estudio el
Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas (INCAE) en conjunto con el Centro
Latinoamericano para la Competitividad y el Desarrollo Sostenible, la Comisión Centroamericana de
Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD) y el Harvard Institute for International Development tienen el placer de
presentar los avances logrados en la investigación realizada para cuantificar la oferta potencial de
compensaciones de carbono derivadas del recurso bosque centroamericano y, en este caso concreto, el
potencial de carbono y fijación de dióxido de carbono en la República de Costa Rica, tomando como base los
datos de uso del suelo estimados para 1996 y utilizando los años 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020 como
escenarios basados en las metas formuladas en el Documento "Perspectivas para el Desarrollo del Sector
Forestal de Costa Rica hacia el 2020" presentado en el III Congreso Forestal Centroamericano, celebrado en
San José de Costa Rica, en setiembre de 1997.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1638.
Publicación no.: 233 Participación de la empresa privada en la conservación de la energía ante la
apertura de un mercado global ambiental (el caso de INCSA) / Vega-Araya, E.E.; Pratt, L. [Alajuela]:
INCAE / CLADS, 1999. 53 pp. (CEN; no. 717).
Introducción: Ante los problemas relacionados con el cambio climático y el efecto invernadero, a partir de la
Cumbre del Ambiente de Río de Janeiro en 1992, los países hablan de estabilizar y/o reducir las emisiones
de gases de efecto invernadero. En Costa Rica se crea una Oficina de Cambio Climático adscrita al Instituto
Meteorológico Nacional. Dicha oficina emite una directriz (solicitud) a todas las empresas con procesos
productivos altamente contaminantes y consumidoras de energía de instalar aparatos de mediciones de
emisiones y de estabilizar estas emisiones estables en el nivel de 1992. Por ser voluntaria, esta directriz no
necesariamente se cumple en todas las empresas del país, y es necesario generar mecanismos de mercado
para lograr este tipo de metas. En este trabajo se analizará la posibilidad que presenta uno de estos
mecanismos de mercado para la solución del problema, desde la perspectiva de una empresa particular. El
objetivo fundamental del caso es hacer el análisis de entorno con opciones de plantaciones forestales y/o
bosques naturales, opciones de ahorro energético y ubicar esto desde la perspectiva de un gerente
diseñando el futuro de una empresa altamente contaminadora, o altamente consumidora de energía. Se ha
identificado una industria con un proceso productivo caracterizado por ser gran consumidor de energía y a su
vez altamente contaminante, la Industria Cementera. En Costa Rica hay solamente dos empresas
productoras de cemento que se reparten el mercado equitativamente.Se ha realizado este trabajo con una
de ellas, la Industria Nacional de Cemento S.A. (INCSA), quienes amablemente han colaborado con este
consultor suministrando información. Se han analizado las opciones que tiene la empresa ante la eventual
apertura del Mercado Global Ambiental definido en el Protocolo de Kioto en diciembre de 1997, que en su
artículo 12 define el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio. Las opciones analizadas viables según el estado actual
de la tecnología comercial para disminución del CO2 en la atmósfera son la de conservación energética
(sustitución de combustibles fósiles por combustible no contaminante y/o reducción del uso de energía por
unidad de cemento producida) y la de compensación de emisiones a través de fijación de CO2 con bosques y
plantaciones forestales. También se podría aplicar proyectos como el uso de sistemas de absorción de gases
de efecto invernadero (GEI) en procesos productivos (filtros), además de los citados en el párrafo anterior,
pero dado el actual estado de la tecnología, aún no pueden competir comercialmente con las otras dos
opciones, según estudios realizados en países desarrollados. Este tipo de proyectos no son analizados en el
presente caso. Antes del análisis sugerido, se presenta información general sobre el entorno legal y
económico relacionado con las posibilidades que ofrecería el Mercado Global Ambiental a la empresa privada.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1631.
Publicación no.: 234 Estimación del costo marginal de los servicios fijación de carbono en Costa Rica /
Sancho-Villalobos, F.; Pratt, L. [Alajuela]: INCAE / CLADS, 1999. 34 pp. (CEN; no. 704).
Introducción: El estudio del tema del cambio climático implica una revisión de la influencia que ha tenido el
hombre sobre uno de los sistemas que interactúan en el complejo funcionamiento de nuestro planeta.
Lamentablemente, los niveles de este efecto ha alcanzado límites amenazantes, tanto para la vida del hombre
como para la existencia de muchas otras especies. La humanidad enfrenta el dilema de actuar decididamente en
el presente ante una amenaza que se proyecta dentro de varias décadas en el futuro, y que hoy en día sólo ha
mostrado un ligero perfil de su peligro, cobrando un importante precio ambiental, social y económico. Sin
embargo, el precio hasta hoy cobrado y las proyecciones que se han dibujado, demuestran que los grandes
costos que implican las acciones para enfrentar el cambio climático, son de por sí, menores a los que enfrentará
el planeta en el futuro si no se ejercen esas acciones. Este panorama es lo que ha generado la discusión en
cuanto a la creación de un mercado de servicios de fijación y reducción de carbono. Se ha partido del concepto
que este mercado no sólo significa una gran oportunidad para el mundo en desarrollo de proteger sus riquezas
forestales y para permitirle un desarrollo realmente sostenible en lo ambiental y en uso de tecnologías limpias,
sino que además se reconoce el potencial del mercado de carbono en favorecer el desarrollo social y económico,
ya que implicará el flujo de recursos desde los países industriales, que más emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero producen, hacia los países en desarrollo, cuya competitividad en los servicios del bosque se considera
como punto de partida. Este trabajo pretende identificar si Costa Rica realmente tiene una competitividad en los
servicios del bosque que le permita aprovechar con éxito las oportunidades que abre el mercado de carbono. Este
objetivo se trata de alcanzar con el uso de una metodología de apego científico suficiente, para que los resultados
señalen si el país obtiene provecho máximo al estimular el uso de la tierra hacia la conservación, cubriendo el
costo económico para los propietarios, sean privados o estatales. Si el comercio de Costa Rica lo hace con ese
tipo de resultados estará en vía de que el mercado del carbono contribuya no sólo en loambiental, sino que
también en lo económico y social, ya que crearía fuentes de trabajo alternativas a las que desplaza la
conservación, pero igualmente remuneradas. Se evitará así la peligrosa tendencia de ofrecer los recursos
naturales a precios bajos sin criterio económico, que reproduzca ese concepto erróneo de que son recursos
gratuitos para la sociedad. El trabajo se dividió en dos partes, la primera ofrece el bagaje requerido para
reconocer los factores que propician la aparición del mercado ambiental y que son lo suficientemente fuertes
como para que los países en desarrollo apunten a aprovechar ese nuevo nicho. La segunda parte analiza el caso
de Costa Rica, basándose en un proyecto de áreas protegidas vigentes. Se le aplican los criterios económicos con
la información revelada en el proyecto base para identificar el costo del servicio ambiental para Costa Rica y el
potencial de comercio internacional que se desprende.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1630.
Publicación no.: 235 The influence of plant diversity and land use on the composition and function of
soil microbial communities [Influencia de la diversidad de plantas y el uso de la tierra en la composición y
función de las comunidades microbianas del suelo] / Carney, K.M. (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center,
POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Stanford, CA: Stanford University,
2003. 105 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D., Stanford University, Stanford, CA (USA).
Soil microbial communities mediate many critical ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, about the major
factors that determine microbial community composition, and whether differences in microbial communities
influence ecosystem process rates. Using an experimental system at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, and a
set of land use sites, I examined whether plant diversity, plant community composition, season, and land use
influenced soil microbial communities and their functioning. This dissertation consisted of three main studies. In
the first, I determined whether plant community composition, plant diversity, or season (i.e. wet versus dry)
affected overall soil microbial community composition, as measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. I found
that plant diversity significantly affected soil microbial community composition and that within a given plant
diversity level, plant community composition affected microbial community composition. I found no strong
seasonal trend in microbial community differences, although there were differences in composition across
sampling dates. In the second study, I examined the effect of differences in overall microbial community
composition on soil carbon cycling rates. I found that soil microbes that were compositionally distinct also differed
in their abilities to decompose a suite of 24 labile carbon substrates (an assay termed "catabolic potential"). To
determine whether differences in catabolic potential were indicative of a more real-world process (i.e. leaf litter
decomposition), I conducted a factorial litter decomposition transplant experiment in the laboratory. My results
suggest that microbial community composition has a significant influence over this process rate. In the third
study, I used the same sites described above as well as two new land use types (i.e., forest and pasture) to
explore patterns of diversity and function of a specific taxonomic and functional group: ammonia-oxidizing
bacteria (AOB). I found no significant effect of plant diversity on either AOB diversity or composition, and no
strong effect of land use on AOB diversity. However, I did find that land use affected AOB composition.
Differences in composition were driven by the relative abundance of two genera: Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas.
Preliminary evidence suggests that these differences in composition may influence soil nitrification rates.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5417.
Publicación no.: 236 Centroamérica frente al cambio climático / Rojas, A.V.; Rodríguez, J.; Guzmán, J. San
Salvador: FAO / Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo, San Salvador, 2003. 68 p. (Serie
Centroamericana de Bosques y Cambio Climático). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca Venezuela (IICA): P01 206.
Publicación no.: 237 Costa Rica frente al cambio climático / Leiva, M.; Alfaro, M.; Hidalgo, M.; Méndez, A.
San Salvador: FAO / Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo, San Salvador, 2003. 60 p. (Serie
Centroamericana de Bosques y Cambio Climático). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4181. Biblioteca Venezuela (IICA): P01 207.
Publicación no.: 238 Mercados ambientales globales: estudios de caso / Castro-Salazar, R.; Pratt, L. San
José: INCAE / PNUD, 1999. 100 pp. Hacia el petróleo verde en las Américas. El nuevo mercado mundial del
carbono: el dilema de Costa Rica. Los bosques de Costa Rica y el mercado de créditos de reducción de carbono.
Estudio de caso: puente en el Río Tempisque.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 239 Country case study on sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Costa Rica. Final
report / Costa Rica. Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, San
José, CR. Nairobi: UNEP, 1995. 100 pp. (No abstract).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 240 Arboreal ant species richness in primary forest, secondary forest, and pasture
habitats of a tropical montane landscape [Riqueza de especies de hormigas arbóreas en hábitats de bosque
primario, bosque secundario y potreros de un paisaje tropical montano] / Schonberg, L.A.; Longino, J.T.;
Nadkarni, N.M.; Yanoviak, S.P.; Gering, J.C. (413 Rogers St NW, Olympia, WA 98502, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 36, no. 3, p. 402-409. 2004.
Canopy invertebrates may reflect changes in tree structure and microhabitat that are brought about by human
activities. We used the canopy fogging method to collect ants from tree crowns in primary forest, secondary
forest, and pasture in a Neotropical cloud forest landscape. The total number of species collected was similar in
primary forest (21) and pasture (20) habitats, but lower in secondary forest (9). Lower diversity in secondary
forest was caused by lower species density (no. of species per sample). Rarefaction curves based on number of
species occurrences suggest similar community species richness among the three habitats. This study has
implications for conservation of tropical montane habitats in two ways. First, arboreal ant species density is
reduced if secondary forest replaces primary forest, which increases the chance of extinction among rare species.
Second, pasture trees may serve as repositories of primary forest ant communities due to similar tree structure.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. NBINA-1777.
Publicación no.: 241 Carbon sequestration in tropical and temperate agroforestry systems: a review
with examples from Costa Rica and southern Canada [Captura del carbono en sistemas de agrosilvicultura
tropicales y templados: una revisión con ejemplos de Costa Rica y el sur de Canadá] / Oelbermann, M.; Voroney,
R.P.; Gordon, A.M. (University of Waterloo. Department of Environment & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L
3G1,
CA
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 104, no. 3, p. 359-377. 2004.
Deforestation in the tropics, and fossil fuel burning in temperate regions contribute to the largest flux of CO2 to
the atmosphere. Therefore, land-use systems that increase the soil organic matter (SOM) pool and stabilize soil
organic carbon (SOC) need to be implemented. Agroforestry systems have the potential to sequester atmospheric
carbon (C) in trees and soil while maintaining sustainable productivity. The potential to sequester C in
agroforestry systems in tropical and temperate regions is promising, but little information is available to date. The
objective of this paper is to give an overview of the history of agroforestry and to outline differences in
management practices between tropical and temperate systems. This review focuses on C inputs, SOC pools and
SOC stabilization with highlights from Costa Rican and Canadian systems, and their role in C sequestration and
trading. The potential to sequester C in aboveground components in agroforestry systems is estimated to be 2.1
x 10(-9) Mg Cyear-1 in tropical and 1.9 x 10(-9) Mg C year-1 in temperate biomes. However, the type of
agroforestry systems and their capacity to sequester C vary globally. For example, alley cropping is an
agroforestry practice where trees are integrated with crops, therefore storing C in the woody components of the
trees and in the soil, with a continual addition of organic material from tree prunings and crop residues. Studies
from Costa Rica have shown that a 10-year-old system with E. poeppigiana sequestered C at a rate of 0.4 Mg C
ha-1 year-1 in coarse roots and 0.3 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in tree trunks. Tree branches and leaves are added to the
soil as mulch, contributing 1.4 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in addition to 3.0 Mg ha-1 year-1 from crop residues. This
resulted in an annual increase of the SOC pool by 0.6 Mg ha-1 year-1. Despite the two crop rotations in tropical
agroforests, C input from crop residues is similar between the two biomes. The total organic matter input,
however, is still greater in tropical systems due to the larger addition from tree prunings. This greater input does
not necessarily increase the SOC pool significantly when compared to a temperate system of similar age as a
result of faster turnover rates of the SOM pool.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1765.
Publicación no.: 242 Quaternary geology and paleoclimate of Costa Rica: Evidence from glaciation,
stable isotopes of surface waters, and a speleothem / Lachniet, M.S. (University of Nevada. Department of
Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Syracuse, N.Y., 2001. 140 pp.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Syracuse University Graduate School, Syracuse, N.Y. (USA).
Quaternary climates of the Caribbean Region are poorly known. This study investigates the terrestrial evidence of
Costa Rican Quaternary paleoclimates via analysis of the Quaternary glaciation of the Costa Rican highlands to
estimate temperature reductions associated with the last local glacial maximum, an analysis of the spatial and
temporal variability in stable isotope values of Costa Rican surface waters and precipitation, and analysis of the
stable isotope values of speleothems to estimate past variations in precipitation amount. The highest peaks of
Costa Rica were glaciated during the late Quaternary, attesting to a significantly different climate in the Central
American isthmus. New evidence of glacial extent comes from striated, grooved, and channeled bedrock in
previously undocumented sites. During the last local glacial maximum, estimated as 12,000 14C yr BP, an ice cap
35 km² in extent covered the highest peaks of the Cordillera de Talamanca around Cerro Chirripó, 2 km² of ice
existed around Cerro Kamuk, and 5 km² existed on Cerro de la Muerte. In Chirripó Park, the paleo equilibrium
line altitude (ELA) was 3500 m. Cirque floor elevations around Cerro Kamuk of 3260 m suggest a lower paleo ELA
there. The modern °C isotherm of 5000 m suggest a late Pleistocene ELA depression of 1500 m, associated with a
temperature depression of 8 to 9°C. Analysis of a calcite speleothem from the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica
provides direct evidence of past variations in precipitation amount on decadal time scales. delta18O calcite values
prior to 10,140 yr BP are &sim;1&permil; higher than early Holocene values. These lower values may be
explained by a temperature reduction of 5°C, decreased rainfall and relative humidity, or some combination of
thetwo. To interpret the delta; 18O record preserved in this speleothem, a calibration study was undertaken to
determine the spatial and temporal variation in stable isotopes in surface waters and precipitation delta18Owater
values are most strongly correlated with precipitation amount and follow distinct regional trends. Deuterium
excess values suggests that moisture recycling contributes to the moisture flux along the Nicaragua Trough.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 243 Diatom paleoecology of Laguna Zoncho, Costa Rica [Paleoecología de las diatómeas
de la Laguna Zoncho, Costa Rica] / Haberyan, K.A.; Horn, S.P. (NW Missouri State University. Department of
Biology, Maryville, MO 64468-2002, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Paleolimnology (ISSN 0921-2728), v. 33, no. 3, p. 361-369. 2005.
We analyzed diatoms in a sediment profile from Laguna Zoncho in southern Pacific Costa Rica (lake elevation
1190 masl, depth 2.6 m, area 0.75 ha) spanning some 3240 cal yr. Diatoms are common in the profile, which we
subdivide into three zones. Zone C (similar to 3240 - 1020 cal yr B. P.) is dominated by Staurosira construens
var. venter and Aulacoseira spp.; during this time, the lake was dilute and circumneutral. Benthic and
acidophilous taxa increase gradually in the upper section of this zone. Zone B (similar to 1020 - 460 cal yr B. P.)
almost totally lacks Aulacoseira, and instead is dominated by combinations of Eunotia minor, Encyonema
lunatum, Gomphonema gracile, and Pinnularia braunii. Previous pollen and charcoal analysis indicates that this
zone falls within the peak of prehistoric agricultural activity at the lake, but diatoms may also reflect climate
change. During this period, the lake was likely shallower and more acidic, but not eutrophic. Finally, Zone A
(similar to 460 cal yr B. P. to AD 1997) begins near a 1.5-cm tephra layer from nearby Volcán Barú; diatom
assemblages are dominated by Aulacoseira spp., and suggest deepening of the lake and return to conditions
similar to Zone C. This was a time of indigenous population decline and forest recovery in the Zoncho region,
probably reflecting the impact of European diseases on the native population, although climate change and
impacts of the tephra deposition cannot be wholly discounted.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10367. NBINA-2128.
Publicación no.: 244 Amphibian population declines in Latin America: A synthesis [Disminución de las
poblaciones de anfibios en Latinoamérica: una síntesis] / Lips, K.R.; Burrowes, P.A.; Mendelson, J.R., III.; ParraOlea, G. (Southern Illinois University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 37, no. 2, p. 222-226. 2005.
The loss of global amphibian biodiversity has been well documented in recent years. The greatest information
from Latin America came from countries such as Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Puerto Rico. The five papers
in this special section illustrate the critical status of Latin American amphibians and further demonstrate certain
commonalities of amphibian population declines within the region. These studies provide a framework by which
future research and management could proceed in all tropical regions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2614.
Publicación no.: 245 Payment for environmental services in Costa Rica: Carbon sequestration
estimations of native tree plantations [Pago por servicios ambientales en Costa Rica: Estimaciones de
captura de carbono de plantaciones forestales de árboles nativos] / Redondo-Brenes, A. (Yale University, New
Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Tropical Resources Bulletin, v. 24, p. 20-29. 2005. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10594. NBINA-2473.
Publicación no.: 246 Potential carbon mitigation and income in developing countries from changes in
use and management of agricultural and forest lands [Atenuación potencial del carbono e ingresos de
paises en desarrollo a causa de los cambios en el uso y manejo de tierras agrícolas y forestales] / Niles, J.O.;
Brown, S.; Pretty, J.; Ball, A.; Fay, J. (University of California. Energy and Resources Group, Berkeley, CA 94720,
US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Essex: University of California / Winrock International / University of Essex,
2001. 26 pp. (Centre for Environment and Society; Occassional Paper no. 2001-04).
The many opportunities for mitigating atmospheric carbon emissions in developing countries include
implementing sustainable agricultural practices on existing lands, slowing tropical deforestation, and reforesting
degraded lands. This new analysis shows that over the next ten years, forty-eight major tropical and subtropical
developing countries have the potential to reduce the atmospheric carbon burden by about 2.2 billion tonnes of
carbon. Given a central price of $10 tonne of carbon and a discount rate of 3%, this mitigation would generate a
net present value of about $16.1 billion collectively for these countries. Achieving these potentials would require a
significant global effort, covering more than fifty million hectares of land, to implement carbon-friendly practices
in agriculture, forest, and previously forested lands. These estimates of host-country income potentials do not
consider that outside financial investment may or may not be available. Our calculations also take no account of
the additional benefits of carbon sequestration in forest soils undergoing reforestation, increased use of biomass,
and reduced use of fossil fuel inputs and reduced agricultural emissions. In all events, realizing these incomes
would necessitate substantially greater policy support and investment in sustainable land uses than is currently
the case.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2249.
Publicación no.: 247 Modelación y proyección de tres usos del suelo forestales y agroforestales en
Costa Rica: aplicación al Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio [Models and forecasting of three forest and
agroforest land uses in Costa Rica: an application to the Clean Development Mechanism] / Venegas-Gamboa, I.
Turrialba: CATIE, 2004. 99 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza
(CATIE), Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The Kyoto Protocol commits industrialized countries and economies in transition to cut their greenhouse gas
emissions (GHG) to 5% below their 1990 levels by 2012 The Kyoto Protocol established the CDM (Clean
Development Mechanism), which enables developed countries and economies in transition of the UNFCCC (United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to meet their GHG reduction targets at lower cost through
projects in developing countries. The Marrakesh conference established that the only eligible forest activities in
the CDM are aforestation and reforestation. According to the CDM, forestry projects must demonstrate
additionality in the reduction of carbon emissions Additionality is the difference between the carbon sequestration
withthe project and without the project. The "without-project" scenario will be used as the baseline. Meanwhile,
the baseline is a requisite for estimating the project additionality. The objective of this work is to model and to
forecast the national baseline of three land uses and analyze their implication for Clean Development Mechanism
projects in Costa Rica. In order to determine which types of land uses will be analyzed, criteria related to the
Kyoto Protocol and the agreements of Marrakesh were taken into account as well as economic and environmental
relevant criteria for agricultural activities. Forest plantations, coffee and secondary forest were selected. Data
gathering was based on secondary information about land uses, land use changes and explicative variables of the
three land uses A database was constructed with information for the period of 1970-2000. In order to complete
the time series interpolation and extrapolation were used. In order to construct the models of land use change,
two approaches were tested: the first was based in the tendency of the land use and the second one was based
on the explicative variables of the land use. Finally, these approaches were compared. In the first approach, data
was forecasted until the year 2012 (the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol) using two
forecast methods STEPAR and EXPO Five curves were obtained for each use Outlier curves and those with the
same shape were eliminated. With the resulting curves three new curves were obtained with the maximum,
average and minimum values. In the second approach a linear regression model was constructed in order to
explain the changes in each land use area. A regression analysis used the F test in order to obtain the significant
explicative variables for each land use The explicative variables were extrapolated with the same methods as in
the first approach Finally the model was applied with extrapolated variables in order to calculate future land uses
areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2401.
Publicación no.: 248 Last glacial maximum equilibrium line altitudes in the circum-Caribbean (Mexico,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela) / Lachniet, M.S.; Vázquez-Selem, L. (University of
Nevada. Department of Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Quaternary International (ISSN 1040-6182), v. 138, p. 129-144. 2005.
Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) estimates for Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) paleoglaciers in Mexico, Guatemala,
Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela were determined using the accumulation area balance ratio (AABR),
accumulation area ratio (AAR), toe-to-headwall altitude ratio (THAR), and the maximum altitude of lateral
moraine (MALM) methods. LGM glacial expansions are chronologically constrained in Mexico, the Merida Andes of
Venezuela, the mountains around Bogota, Colombia, and the Ruiz-Tolima massif, Colombia. Undated glacial sites
are tentatively correlated to dated sites on the basis of similar moraine morphology and weathering
characteristics. LGM ELAs are 3400-3950 m in central Mexico, 3544 m for Guatemala, 3477 ± 13 m for Costa
Rica, 4104 ± 197 m for the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 3480 m for the Ruiz-Tolima region of
Colombia, 3345 ± 130 m for the mountains around Bogota, Colombia, 4151 ± 181 m for the Sierra Nevada de
Cocuy, Colombia, and 3576 ± 163 m for the Merida Andes of Venezuela. As the modern ELA and/or °C isotherm
is found at 4900 ± 200 m, LGM ELA depression in the circum-Caribbean region was between 500 and 1625 m.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2655.
Publicación no.: 249 Deforestation and cloud forests in Costa Rica [Deforestación y los bosques nubosos
en Costa Rica] / Lawton, R.O. (University of Alabama in Huntsville. Department of Biological Sciences, Huntsville,
AL 35899, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environmental Review (ISSN 1080-644X), v. 9, no. 2, p. 1-8. 2002.
Introduction: The Monteverde Forest Reserve in Costa Rica is a cloud forest ecosystem. Cloud forests receive a
dependable and prolonged bath in clouds as trade winds push warm, moist air inland. Cloud forests in Central
America are biological hotspots; that is, they support an unusual amount of biological diversity. However,
deforestation not in Monteverde Reserve itself, but in lowland forests upwind has changed the conditions for cloud
formation. Conversion of the lowland forests to pasture has resulted in drier, warmer air flowing into the cloud
forests. This is our first indication that land use in tropical lowlands can have adverse effects on adjacent
ecosystems. We spoke with Bob Lawton about his work in the cloud forests of Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2248.
Publicación no.: 250 The role of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved
inorganic nitrogen in a tropical wet forest ecosystem [El papel del carbón orgánico disuelto, el nitrógeno
orgánico disuelto y el nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto en un ecosistema de bosque húmedo tropical] /
Schwendenmann, L.C.; Veldkamp, E. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture, Department of Tropical
Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecosystems (ISSN 1432-9840), v. 8, no. 4, p. 339-351. 2005.
Although tropical wet forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, little is
known about the origin, composition, and fate of dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON) in these ecosystems.
We quantified and characterized fluxes of DOC, DON, and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) in throughfall, litter
leachate, and soil solution of an old-growth tropical wet forest to assess their contribution to C stabilization (DOC)
and to N export (DON and DIN) from this ecosystem. We found that the forest canopy was a major source of DOC
(232 kg C ha-¹ y-¹. Dissolved organic C fluxes decreased with soil depth from 277 kg C ha-¹ y-¹ below the litter
layer to around 50 kg C kg C ha-¹ y-¹ between 0.75 and 3.5m depth. Laboratory experimentsto quantify
biodegradable DOC and DON and to estimate the DOC sorption capacity of the soil, combined with chemical
analyses of DOC, revealed that sorption was the dominant process controlling the observed DOC profiles in the
soil. This sorption of DOC by the soil matrix has probably led to large soil organic C stores, especially below the
rooting zone. Dissolved N fluxes in all strata were dominated by mineral N (mainly NO3(3)(-)). The dominance of
NO3- relative to the total amount nitrate of N leaching from the soil shows that NO3- is dominant not only in
forest ecosystems receiving large anthropogenic nitrogen inputs but also in this old-growth forest ecosystem,
which is not N-limited.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2703.
Publicación no.: 251 Climate change and biodiversity: synercistic impacts [Cambio climático y
biodiversidad: impactos sinergísticos] / Hannah, L.; Lovejoy, T.E, (eds.). In: Advances in Applied Biodiversity
Science; no. 4 Washington, DC: Conservation International, 2003. 123 pp. ISBN: 1-881173-74-7.
The chapters of this volume that follow focus on the synergistic and cascading impacts of climate change on
biodiversity that occur when multiple factors interact. Researchers are working to understand these compound
impacts using numeric computer models, field experimentation, and conceptual models framed by experts in
multi-disciplinary assessment. The two chapters of this introductory section explore models and experimental
methods that have been applied in research on the impacts of climate change on biotic interactions. Chapter 1
describes synergies and the models that may be used to simulate them. Because the models needed to directly
simulate synergies are very complex, however, relatively few synergies have been successfully simulated.
Instead, many synergies have been examined in conceptual models, through experimental manipulation, or by
combining single-factor models. Chapter 2 explores these more fundamental approaches, which have been used
to build understanding of synergies piece by piece. Chapters 1 and 2 lay the groundwork for Chapters 3-12, which
draw on the methods described here and add others, such as conceptual models of fire or physiological effects of
CO2, to paint a provocative, if partial, portrait of the synergistic effects of climate change on biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2715.
Publicación no.: 252 Phytogeography of the bryophyte floras of oak forests and paramo of the
Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica [Fitogeografía de las floras de Briofitas de robledales y el páramo de la
Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica] / Holz, I.; Gradstein, S.R. (Universität Greifswald. Institute of Botany,
Grimmer Str 88, D-17487 Greifswald, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 32, no. 9, p. 1591-1609. 2005.
Aim: Central America is a biogeographically interesting area because of its location between the rich and very
different biota of North and South America. We aim to assess phytogeographical patterns in the bryophyte floras
of oak forests and paramo ofthe Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Location: Tropical America, in particular the
montane area of Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Methods: The analysis is based on a new critical inventory
of the montane bryophyte flora of Cordillera de Talamanca. All species were assigned to phytogeographical
elements on the basis of their currently known distribution. Absolute and percentage similarities were employed
to evaluate floristic affinities. Results: A total of 401 species [191 hepatics (liverworts), one hornwort, 209
mosses] are recorded; of these, 251 species (128 hepatics, one hornwort, 122 mosses) occur in oak forests.
Ninety-three per cent of all oak forest species are tropical in distribution, the remaining 7% are temperate (4%)
and cosmopolitan (3%) species. The neotropical element includes almost 74% of the species, the wide tropical
element (pantropical, amphi-atlantic, amphi-pacific) only 19%. A significant part of the neotropical species from
oak forests are species with tropical Andean-centred ranges (27%). As compared with bryophyte species,
vascular plant genera in the study region are represented by fewer neotropical, more temperate and more amphipacific taxa. Bryophyte floras of different microhabitats within the oak forest and epiphytic bryophyte floras on
Quercus copeyensis in primary, early secondary and late secondary oak forest show a similar phytogeographical
make-up to the total oak forest bryophyte flora. Comparison of oak forest and paramo reveals a greater affinity of
the paramo bryophyte flora to temperate regions and the great importance of the paramo element in paramo.
Surprisingly, oak forests have more Central American endemics than paramo. Main conclusions: (1) Providing
first insights into the phytogeographical patterns of the bryophyte flora of oak forests and paramo, we are able to
confirm general phytogeographical trends recorded from vascular plant genera of the study area although the
latter were more rich in temperate taxa. (2) Andean-centred species are a conspicuous element in the bryophyte
flora of Cordillera de Talamanca, reflecting the close historical connection between the montane bryophyte floras
of Costa Rica and South America. (3) High percentages of Central American endemics in the bryophyte flora of
the oak forests suggest the importance of climatic changes associated with Pleistocene glaciations for allopatric
speciation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2786.
Publicación no.: 253 Changing bee composition and frequency on a flowering legume, Andira inermis
(Wright) Kunth ex DC. during El Niño and La Niña years (1997-1999) in Northwestern Costa Rica
[Composición y frecuencia cambiante de abejas en una leguminosa florecida, Andira inermis (Wright) Kunth ex
DC. durante los años de El Niño y La Niña (1997-1999) en el noroeste de Costa Rica] / Frankie, G.W.; Rizzardi,
M.; Vinson, S.B.; Griswold, T.L.; Ronchi, P. (University of California. Department of Entomological Sciences,
Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (ISSN 0022-8567), v. 78, no. 2, p. 100-117. 2005.
In 1999, bees were sampled from several flowering individuals of the leguminous tree, Andira inermis
(Papilionoideae), at two sites in northwestern Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica. One site, city outskirts of
Liberia, was experiencing steady encroachment of human development, whereas the other was a moderately
impacted cattle ranch/wildland area near the small town of Bagaces. A standardized method was employed to
sample the bees, which had been used previously in 1996 in the same tree populationsat the same two sites
(Frankie et al., 1997). Results of the 1999 samples were compared with those taken in 1996 to examine possible
changes in bee diversity and abundance. During this three-year period, El Niño and La Niña climatic events had
occurred back-to-back, and this combination of weather patterns provided an opportunity to evaluate possible
short-term changes in the bee taxa that use A. inermis as one of their preferred host plants. Other bee host
plants at both sites were also surveyed for seasonal flowering, the results of which formed a broader context for
assessing the A. inermis bee samples. The comparison revealed the following. (1) The composition of bees had
changed with reductions in large bees from 1996 to 1999; most noticeably someanthophorids and especially
Centris and Epicharis. Africanized honey bees and smaller bee taxa remained about the same in composition and
overall abundance. (2) During El Niño and La Niña years from mid 1997 through early 1999, the flowering of key
resources for large bees, especially Byrsonima crassifolia, was substantially delayed (and sometimes reduced) to
the point where building and provisioning of bee nests was likely reduced, which apparently led to declines in
large bee taxa. Other possible causes of decline, including increasing agricultural development in the region, are
also discussed. (3) Intertree variation in attraction of bees to A. inermis was documented in both 1999 and 1996,
but persistence of this variable attraction on the same individual trees could be only partially evaluated in 1999.
The flowering pattern(s) of individual A. inermis trees has proved to be highly variable within and between the
two study sites.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3315.
Publicación no.: 254 Carbon storage in coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica: potential
applications for the clean development mechanism [Captura de carbono en agroecosistemas de café en el
sur de Costa Rica: aplicaciones potenciales para el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio] / Polzot, C.L. Toronto: York
University, 2004. 162 pp. Thesis, M.Sc. in Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario (Canada).
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental and economic threats facing the world today. Human
activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have increased the level of greenhouse
gases - the primary contributors to global warming - in the atmosphere. This accumulation is changing the Earth's
weather patterns, resulting in higher global temperatures, rising sea levels and a potential shift in the distribution
of the world's ecosystems. There is a growing need to develop strategies that will reduce current levels of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and curtail future emissions. The Kyoto Protocol represents an international
strategy: it establishes emission reduction targets for industrialized countries and incorporates a Clean
Development Mechanism for trading carbon credits generated by projects implemented in developing countries.
Tree-based land-use systems, such as the shade-grown coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica, sequester
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass. Simultaneously, these agroecosystems provide
additional products and services to local residents and reduce pressure on existing forests. Therefore, increasing
tree cover in coffee production is a viable option for mitigating climate change that also provides social, economic
and ecological benefits. The objective of this study is to generate aboveground carbon-stock inventory data for
five coffee production systems in southern Costa Rica, which employ various degrees of structural complexity in
their shade layer. The sites include coffee grown with poró (Erythrina poeppigiana), guaba (Inga sp.), banana
(Musa spp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta) and diversified shade (primarily Terminalia amazonia and Cedrela
odorata). An advanced secondary-forest site at the Los Cusingos Neotropical Bird Sanctuary is used as a control.
The carbon-stock of shade trees, coffee bushes and leaf litter is calculated for each site, and the income that
could be generated from a one-time payment for the environmental service provided by shade trees (carbon
storage) is estimated. Results indicate the coffee production system that stores the most amount of carbon per
hectare in its aboveground biomass is Diversified Shade (31.6 t C ha-¹), employing a variety of shade-tree
species in three distinct layers. Conversely, the Inga sp. system - a shaded monoculture with low structural
complexity in its shade layer - stores the least carbon (11.0 t C ha-¹). The carbon-stock of the other systems
examined falls within this range and varies according to structural complexity, species composition and
management practices. This study recommends that the shade layer in coffee agroecosystems be made more
complex for increased carbon storage and maintenance of biodiversity, as previous papers suggest. In the case of
southern Costa Rica, a carbon sequestration project implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism could
provide farmers with an incentive to select management practicesthat favour higher carbon-stocks and
biodiversity. Such an endeavour would have social, economic and environmental benefits and would provide an
example that could be replicated in other small watersheds of Central America.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2772.
Publicación no.: 255 Energy dynamics and modeled evapotranspiration from a wet tropical forest in
Costa Rica [Dinámica de la energía y modelo de evapotranspiración de un bosque húmedo tropical en Costa
Rica] / Loescher, H.W.; Gholz, H.L.; Jacobs, J.M.; Oberbauer, S.F. (Oregon State University. Department of
Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Hydrology (ISSN 0022-1694), v. 315, no. 1/4, p. 274-294. 2005.
The effects of albedo, net radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and surface conductances on energy fluxes
and evapotranspiration (ET) were determined for a wet tropical forest in NE Costa Rica from 1997 to 2000.
Sensible heat fluxes (H) were estimated by the combination of eddy-covariance and the change in below-canopy
heat profiles. Above-canopy latent heat fluxes (lambda E) were estimated by the residuals from Rn and H, and
below canopy ?E fluxes. Surface reflectance (albedo) was about 12% of incident solar radiation and did not differ
seasonally. Rn was significantly different among years and explained about 79% of the variation in H and lambda
E fluxes. The effects of VPD did not explain any additional variation in heat fluxes lambda E fluxes were always
greater than H fluxes when Rn 40 W m-². Understory heat fluxes were small and contributed little towards daily
energy exchange, but may be significant when Rn is small. A dimensionless coefficient (Q) was used to determine
the relative importance of aerodynamic conductance (ga) and bulk canopy conductance (gb) on lambda E flux.
During the day, Q was 0.6 and peaked at 0.85 suggesting that the forest was decoupled from physiological
controls, lambda E fluxes are more dependent on Rn than water availability, and ga exerts more control on AE
fluxes than gb. Because of these results, both the Priestly-Taylor and the Penman-Monteith models performed
well using only Rn. Because the canopy is wet about 32% of the time, there was better precision in estimating
lambda E fluxes using the Priestly-Taylor model (with an empirically estimated alfa=1.24), when the canopy was
wet. Annual ET were 1892, 2292 and 2230 mm for 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively. Annual ET ranged from 54
to 66% of bulk precipitation. Using a Rutter-type model, interception losses were 17-18% of bulk precipitation.
The overall amount of energy needed for annual ET accounted for about 88 to 97% of total Rn.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2758. S10773.
Publicación no.: 256 Global gap analysis: towards a representative network of protected areas [Análisis
global de omisiones de conservación: hacia una red de áreas protegidas representativa] / Rodrigues, A.S.L.;
Andelman, S.J.; Bakarr, M.I.; Boitani, L.; Brooks, T.M.; Cowling, R.M.; Fishpool, L.D.C.; Fonseca, G.A.B.; Gaston,
K.J.; Hoffman, M.; Long, J.; Marquet, P.A.; Pilgrim, J.D.; Pressey, R.L.; Schipper, J.; Sechrest, W.; Stuart, S.N.;
Underhill, L.G.; Waller, R.W.; Watts, M.E.J.; Xie, Y. Washington DC: Conservation International, 2003. 98 pp.
(Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science; no. 5).
The problem: Increasing human pressure on natural resources is transforming our planet's ecosystems and
leading to irreversible biodiversity loss. The opportunity: Governments worldwide acknowledge the value of
protected areas as conservation tools, and so set land aside for this purpose. An assessment of the completeness
of the current global network of protected areas is a critical tool needed to strategically expand and strengthen
the coverage of protected areas. The data: Four remarkable datasets have just become available that allow a first
attempt at this assessment. The World Database on Protected Areas holds more than 100,000 spatial records of
protected areas. Distribution maps produced through the IUCN Red List partnership now cover 11,171 species:
1,183 globally threatened birds, 4,734 mammals (978 threatened), and 5,254 amphibians (1,467 threatened).
The analysis: This project overlaid species distribution maps onto protected area maps using Geographic
Information Systems to assess howwell each species is represented in protected areas. Assessment of the highest
priority areas for consolidating and expanding the protected area network requires information on irreplaceability
and threat. Irreplaceability measures how options for achieving species representation targets are reduced if a
site is not conserved. Threat can be calculated as the number of threatened species present at a site, weighting
those with higher extinction risk. Sites of exceptional irreplaceability and threat were identified as the most
urgent conservation priorities. These include currently protected sites - priorities for strengthening the existing
global network of protected areas - and unprotected sites - priorities for the expansion of the global network.
Theresults: At least 1,310 species (831 at risk of extinction) are not protected in any part of their ranges.
Amphibians, overall, are less well covered than birds or mammals. Areas identified as urgent (both for
strengthening and for the expansion of the global network) are mainly concentrated in tropical forests, especially
in areas of topographic complexity, and on islands. Proportionally, Asia is a higher priority for the expansion of
the global network of protected areas, while the need for strengthening the existing network is mainly
emphasized in Africa and South America. The percentage of area already protected in a given country does not
inform how much more protection is needed - the level of endemism is a much better predictor. The implications:
The current global network of protected areas is far from achieving a complete coverage of vertebrate species.
The expansion of the global protected area network cannot be based on area targets (10 percent or otherwise): it
must instead be based on biodiversity information. Many unprotected regions are highly irreplaceable and
threatened - it is essential to ensure that they are adequately protected as soon as possible. Likewise, many
existing protected areas urgently require increased investment. This analysis does not cover aquatic biodiversity,
nor address issues of the persistence (only of the representation) of biodiversity. Nevertheless, expanding the
global network of protected areas into the regions highlighted as urgent priorities in this global gap analysis would
go a long way towards the conservation of bird, mammal, and amphibian species, and provide a first step
towards a truly representative protected area system.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2721.
Publicación no.: 257 El impacto social de los mercados de carbono en Costa Rica: Estudio de campo de
la Región Huetar Norte / Miranda-Quirós, M.; Porras, I.T.; Moreno-Díaz, M.L. (Universidad Nacional. Centro
Internacional en Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible, P.O. Box 555-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional / CINPE / IIED, 2004. 58
pp.
In this study the authors assess the impacts of the Payments for Environmental Services scheme in relation to
reforestation activities as a source of carbon sinks. One of the aims is to test a methodology based on the five
assets approach of the Sustainable Livelihoods framework. The study finds that the PES scheme has had
important impacts on financial assets, not so much from the payments themselves, but from the expected income
from timber sales. The payments have acted as a catalysing factor for reforestation activities, covering some of
the upfront costs. Nevertheless high transaction costs for entering the scheme are noted as an obstacle. There
have been important effects on human assets mainly in the form of transfer of knowledge on reforestation
through technical assistance as well as learning through trial and error. The PES programme has had important
impacts on social organisation encouraging alliances between NGOs and serving as a means to consolidate
objectives, capacity and financial resources of some organisations working with groups of small landowners.
Natural assets have benefited as the PES programme has contributed to the recovery of forest landscapes in the
area. A side benefit of this has been promotion of the local tourist industry. The area of negative impact is for
physical assets as the PES has contributed to greater use of existing infrastructure, roads, particularly and has
not generated improvements.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2734.
Publicación no.: 258 Carbon and nitrogen geochemistry of sediments in the Central American
convergent margin: Insights regarding subduction input fluxes, diagenesis, and paleoproductivity / Li,
L.; Bebout, G.E. (Lehigh University. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 31 Williams Dr, Bethlehem,
PA 18015, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 110, no. B11, Article B11202,
doi:10.1029/2004JB003276. 2005.
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations and isotopic compositions were determined for sediments from Ocean
Drilling Program legs 170 and 205 offshore of Costa Rica, in an attempt to characterize C-N flux into the Central
America (CA) convergent margin and identify signatures of diagenesis and changing productivity in this sediment
section. Samples from sites 1039 and 1253 (outboard of the trench) contain 62 to 2382 ppm total nitrogen (TN)
with delta(15)N(Air) values of +2.4 to +8.5 parts per thousand, 0.04-2.65 wt% total organic carbon (TOC) with
delta(13)C(VPDB) values of -25.4 to -20.8 parts per thousand, and 1.1-87.3 wt% carbonate with delta(13)C
values of +0.1 to +3.2 parts per thousand and delta(18)O(VSMOW) values of +21.3 to +34.2 parts per thousand.
Total organic C and TN concentrations strongly depend on lithology, with carbonate-rich samples containing
smaller amounts of both. Total organic C and TN concentrations and isotopic compositions also vary
systematically within single units, perhaps reflecting small degrees of diagenetic alteration but mostly significant
increase in productivity since the early Pliocene. Sediment subduction feeds 1.3 x 10(10) g yr(-1) N (mean
delta(15)N = +5.7 parts per thousand), 1.4 x 10(11) g yr(-1) TOC (mean delta(13)C = -22.0 parts per thousand)
and 1.5 x 10(12) g yr(-1) oxidized C (mean delta(13)C = +1.9 parts per thousand) into the 1100 km CA
convergent margin. Incorporating possible inputs in altered oceanic crust (AOC) and by tectonic erosion, the C-N
inputs appear to be far larger than the arc outputs. A small part of this excess C and N is probably returning
toward the surface by devolatilization, along structural heterogeneities in the forearc, and the remaining
inventory is likely recycling into the deeper mantle.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3197.
Publicación no.: 259 Case of the dwindling cloud forest [El caso del bosque nuboso en disminución] /
Holmes, B.; Fogden, M.P.L, (phot.).; Fogden, P, (phot.). (151 Wardour St, London, W1F 8WE, GB <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: International Wildlife (ISSN 0020-9112), v. 30, no. 4, p. 20-27. 2000.
Something is amiss in Costa Rica's famous foggedin hilltops, and global climate change may be the cause.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3256.
Publicación no.: 260 Plant communities, soil microorganisms, and soil carbon cycling: Does altering
the world belowground matter to ecosystem functioning? [Comunidades de plantas, microorganismos del
suelo y ciclo del carbono del suelo: ¿Altera la materia mundial bajo tierra el funcionamiento del ecosistema?] /
Carney, K.M.; Matson, P.A. (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, US <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Ecosystems (ISSN 1432 9840), v. 8, no. 8, p. 928-940. 2005.
Soil microorganisms mediate many critical ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, about the factors that
determine soil microbial community composition, and whether microbial community composition influences
process rates. Here, we investigated whether aboveground plant diversity affects soil microbial community
composition, and whether differences in microbial communities in turn affect ecosystem process rates. Using an
experimental system at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, we found that plant diversity (plots contained 1,
3, 5, or 25 plant species) had a significant effect on microbial community composition (as determined by
phospholipid fatty acid analysis). The different microbial communities had significantly different respiration
responses to 24 labile carbon compounds. We then tested whether these differences in microbial composition and
catabolic capabilities were indicative of the ability of distinct microbial communities to decompose different types
of litter in a fully factorial laboratory litter transplant experiment. Both microbial biomass and microbial
community composition appeared to play a role in litter decomposition rates. Our work suggests, however, that
the more important mechanism through which changes in plant diversity affect soil microbial communities and
their carbon cycling activities may be through alterations in their abundance rather than their community
composition.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3367.
Publicación no.: 261 The effects of temperature on development and survival in tadpoles of the
tropical poison frog Dendrobates auratus [Efectos de la temperatura sobre el desarrollo y sobrevivencia en
renacuajos de la rana tropical venenosa Dendrobates auratus] / Korbeck, R.G., Jr.; McRobert, S.P. (Saint
Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, US).
In: Russian Journal of Herpetology (ISSN 1026-2296), v. 12, no. 1, p. 13-16. 2005.
We examined the effects of temperature on developmental rate and survival in tadpoles of the poison frog
Dendrobates auratus. Tadpoles reared at 26.2 and 29.4°C reached metamorphosis significantly faster, and had
significantly higher rates of survival, than tadpoles raised at 22.3 and 30.9°C. Field studies showed that the mean
temperature of bodies of water utilized by D. auratus tadpoles in La Suerte, Costa Rica was 26.2°C. Information
such as this may aid efforts to maintain and breed tropical frog species in captivity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3365.
Publicación no.: 262 Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global
warming [Amplias extinciones de anfibios por enfermedad epidémica inducida por el calentamiento global] /
Pounds, J.A.; Bustamante, M.R.; Coloma, L.A.; Consuegra, J.A.; Fogden, M.P.L.; Foster, P.N.; La Marca, E.;
Masters, K.L.; Merino-Viteri, A.; Puschendorf, R.; Ron, S.R.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A.; Still, C.J.; Young, B.E.
(Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center, Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73,
Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 439, no. 7073, p. 161-167. 2006.
As the Earth warms, many species are likely to disappear, often because of changing disease dynamics. Here we
show that a recent mass extinction associated with pathogen outbreaks is tied to global warming. Seventeen
years ago, in the mountains of Costa Rica, the Monteverde harlequin frog ( Atelopus sp.) vanished along with the
golden toad ( Bufo periglenes). An estimated 67% of the 110 or so species of Atelopus, which are endemic to the
American tropics, have met the same fate, and a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) is
implicated. Analysing the timing of losses in relation to changes in sea surface and air temperatures, we conclude
with 'very high confidence' (99%, following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) that largescale warming is a key factor in the disappearances. We propose that temperatures at many highland localities
are shifting towards the growth optimum of Batrachochytrium, thus encouraging outbreaks. With climate change
promoting infectious disease and eroding biodiversity, the urgency of reducing greenhouse-gas concentrations is
now undeniable.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3411.
Publicación no.: 263 Geología, geomorfología y depósitos glaciares en los páramos de Costa Rica /
Lachniet, M.S.; Seltzer, G.O.; Solís, L. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Apartado 202, Balboa, PA
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Páramos de Costa Rica. Kappelle, M.; Horn, S.P. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio, 2005. p.
129-146. ISBN: 9968-927-09-0.
This article presents a brief summary of the glacial geology and superficial deposits in the Costa Rican páramos,
primarily in the Chirripó National Park. As a result of their high elevation, the páramos have experienced strong
climate changes duringthe Pleistocene, when mountain glaciers and ice covered the highest peaks around Cerros
Chirripó, de la Muerte, and Kámuk. There are various glacial deposits such as subglacial and ablation tills, fluvioglacial outwash and terraces, kame terraces, and moraines within the ice limit. Outside the ice limit, periglacial
deposits like solifluction fans overlay outwash. Freeze-thaw processes have produced blockfields on some peaks
and resulted in the fracturing of cobbles and boulders. In addition to these depositional forms, numerous erosive
forms typical of mountain glaciation are present.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.753.097286 P222.
Publicación no.: 264 Registros de sedimentos lacustres de la vegetación del Holoceno e historia del
fuego en el páramo de Costa Rica / Horn, S.P.; League, B.L. (The University of Tennessee. Department of
Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-09251420, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Páramos de Costa Rica. Kappelle, M.; Horn, S.P. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio, 2005. p.
253-273. ISBN: 9968-927-09-0.
We examined pollen, pteridophyte (ferns and fern-allies) spores, and charcoal in a 5.6 m long sediment core from
Lago de las Morrenas 1, and charcoal in a 1.1 m long sediment core from Lago Chirripó, to reconstruct postglacial
vegetation and fire history in the Chirripó páramo. Lago de las Morrenas 1, the largest lake in the Valle de las
Morrenas of Chirripó National Park, is presently surrounded by treeless páramo vegetation and has apparently
been so since deglaciation approximately 10,000 radiocarbon years ago. Pollen spectra suggest no pronounced
changes in vegetation since ice retreat. Pollen percentages for Poaceae and other páramo taxa decline upward,
whereas percentages for certain subalpine, lower montane, and lowland forest taxa increase slightly; these
changes may reflect the impact of prehistoric human activity as well as slight upslope migration of forest taxa
owing to postglacial climatic warming. Cores from both lakes contain abundant microscopic charcoal (examined
on microscope slide as well as macroscopic charcoal (quantified by sieving), indicating that fires set by people are
lightning have repeatedly burned the Chirripó páramo. The microscopic charcoal record from Lago Chirripó spans
the last 4,000 radiocarbon years and shows peaks in fire activity that generally match peaks in the corresponding
section of the Lago de las Morrenas 1 microscopic charcoal record. The uppermost sections of both sediment
cores show lower charcoal influx rates than some deeper sections, suggestingthat recent fire recurrence intervals
in the Chirripó páramo are not unprecedented. A high-resolution analysis of macroscopic charcoal in contiguous
1-cm intervals of the Lago de las Morrenas 1 core confirms that fires burned within the lake watershed
throughout the Holocene, and reveals variations in charcoal influx that mad signal Holocene climate variability.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.753.097286 P222.
Publicación no.: 265 Distribución, impacto humano y conservación de los páramos neotropicales /
Hofstede, R.G.M. (University of Amsterdam. Hugo de Vries Laboratory, Department of Systematics, Evolution and
Paleobiology, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Páramos de Costa Rica. Kappelle, M.; Horn, S.P. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio, 2005. p.
701-724. ISBN: 9968-927-09-0.
An outline of the geographic distribution of the paramos in the Neotropics, the impacts and threats which
endanger their future, as well as initiatives aiming at the conservation of this ecosystem are presented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.753.097286 P222.
Publicación no.: 266 Climatic unpredictability and parasitism of caterpillars: Implications of global
warming [El impredecible climático y el parasitismo de larvas de lepidópteros: consecuencias del calentamiento
global] / Stireman, J.O.; Dyer, L.A.; Janzen, D.H.; Singer, M.S.; Lill, J.L.; Marquis, R.J.; Ricklefs, R.E.; Gentry,
G.L.; Hallwachs, W.; Coley, P.D.; Barone, J.A.; Greeney, H.F.; Connahs, H.; Barbosa, P.; Morais, H.C.; Diniz, I.R.
(Wright State University. Department of Biological Sciences, Dayton, OH 45435, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424), v. 102,
no. 48, p. 17384-17387. 2005.
Insect outbreaks are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with projected changes in global climate
through direct effects of climate change on insect populations and through disruption of community interactions.
Although there is much concern about mean changes in global climate, the impact of climatic variability itself on
species interactions has been little explored. Here, we compare caterpillar-parasitoid interactions across a broad
gradient of climatic variability and find that the combined data in 15 geographically dispersed databases show a
decrease in levels of parasitism as climatic variability increases. The dominant contribution to this pattern by
relatively specialized parasitoid wasps suggests that climatic variability impairs the ability of parasitoids to track
host populations. Given the important role of parasitoids in regulating insect herbivore populations in natural and
managed systems, we predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of herbivore outbreaks through a
disruption of enemy-herbivore dynamics as climates become more variable.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3916.
Publicación no.: 267 Climatic impact of land use change on the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
[Impacto climático del cambio de uso de la tierra en el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano] / Ray, D.K. Huntsville,
AL: The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 2005. 124 pp. ISBN: 0-542-16468-X. Dissertation, Ph.D., The
University of Alabama in Huntsville (USA).
The proposed Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) is an ambitious effort to stem and turn back the erosion of
biodiversity in one of the world's biologically richest regions. Two broad categories of forests, based on their
hydrometeorological dependence, are identified in Mesoamerica: (1) those requiring sufficient dry season rainfall;
and (2) those requiring frequent immersion in clouds in the dry season (e.g., cloud forests). In the absence of a
high-resolution rainfall data set, a statistical method is used to estimate rainfall from climatological cloud cover
and rain gauge rainfall in northern Mesoamerica. Rainfall estimated from this method show deficits 25mm in the
peak dry season month of March at several locations when compared to the climatologically occurring rainfall over
forests. Numerical modeling analysis shows that future deforestation would lead to spatially widespread decreases
in rainfall up to 100 mm at certain locations like those in the Peten region of Guatemala. Even forested corridor
regions would suffer rainfall decreases. The data suggests that deforestation is locally intensifying the dry season,
so that forest regeneration in some parts of the MBC, particularly in the central Peten of Guatemala, may not
result in second-growth forest that is characteristic, but rather in forests more typical of drier conditions. New
techniques for cloud forest mapping are developed and tested in Costa Rica that could be potentially useful for
cloud forest biogeographers. Numerical modeling studies conducted for the Monteverde cloud forests of Costa
Rica show that if the lowland and premontane regions were completely forested, the orographic cloud banks
would have intersected the mountains at the lowest elevations, covered the largest land surface area, and
remained longest on the ground in the montane regions. Deforestation has decreased the area immersed in
orographic clouds in the montane regions by around 5-13% and raised the bases of the orographic cloud deck by
about 25-75m in the afternoon. Results show that further deforestation in the lowland and premontane regions
would lead to around 15% decrease in the cloud forest area immersed in orographic clouds and also raise the
bases of the orographic cloud deck by up to 125 m in the afternoon.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5411.
Publicación no.: 268 Responses of natural communities to climate change in a highland tropical forest
[Respuestas de comunidades naturales al cambio climático en un bosque tropical de altura] / Pounds, J.A.;
Fogden, M.P.L.; Masters, K.L. (Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center, Golden Toad
Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Climate change and biodiversity. Lovejoy, T.E.; Hannah, L. [eds.] New Haven & London: Yale University Press,
2005. p. 70-74. ISBN: 0300104251. (No abstract).
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 269 The dynamics of deforestation and the supply of carbon sequestration:
illustrative results from Costa Rica [La dinámica de la deforestación y el suministro de la captura de carbono:
resultados ilustrativos de Costa Rica] / Kerr, S.; Pfaff, A.S.P.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (Motu Economic and Public
Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environment for growth in Central America: environmental management for sustainability and
competitiveness. Panayotou, T. (ed.) Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Press, 2001. 20 pp. (Harvard Studies in International Development Series). ISBN: 0674003594.
Introduction: This chapter aims to contribute to the effective design of the rules that could allow lowcost carbon
sequestration efforts in any number of tropical locations to replace high-cost emissions-reduction efforts in
developed northern countries.2 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol could potentially
create such a market. This market could provide benefits for the tropical countries both directly, through profits
from the sale of certified emissions credits (CERs), and indirectly, through side-benefits from forest protection,
including biodiversity protection, watershed protection, and increased tourism potential. Creating the rules for
such a market, however, involves considerable fixed costs. Participating in the market involves large costs on the
part of the countries producing CERs. Can the market generate sufficient supply of CERs to justify the costs of its
creation? What will the effect be of including tropical carbon sequestration on the global carbon price?The
integrated analysis in this paper provides an illustration of a methodology that can be used to estimate the
potential value of CERs from the protection of existing forest, and form a dynamic supply function. The model can
also indicate which local characteristics are likely to contribute to high values from participation in the land-use
component of the CDM. We use data from Costa Rica to estimate the model and simulate results.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4075.
Publicación no.: 270 How can carbon sequestration in tropical forests be rewarded? Evidence from
Costa Rica [¿Cómo puede premiarse la captura del carbono en bosques tropicales? Testimonio de Costa Rica] /
Kerr, S.; Pfaff, A.S.P.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A.; Boscolo, M. (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 19 Milne
Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Environment for growth in Central America: environmental management for sustainability and
competitiveness. Panayotou, T. (ed.) Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Press, 2001. 40 pp. (Harvard Studies in International Development Series). ISBN: 0674003594.
Introduction: As empirical evidence that human activities are affecting the global climate increases, so do efforts
to identify and evaluate climate mitigation and adaptation options. Forest managers and policy makers around
the world are increasingly participating in and following such efforts, since forestry activities (e.g., reforestation,
slowing deforestation, or improved forest management) could in principle play an important role within the set of
climate-change mitigation strategies. According to the last IPCC assessment (Watson et al. 1996), initiatives to
slow deforestation, promote natural forest regeneration and create a global forestation program (plantations and
agroforestry) have the potential to offset 12-15 percent of global fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1995 and
2050. More than two-thirds of such opportunities exist in the tropics. While the magnitude of these numbers
indicates a potential role for land- and forestry-based projects as carbon sinks, questions have been raised over
the feasibility of such projects as mitigation strategies, especially in developing countries. These questions stem
from concerns about environmental integrity reflected in the requirements of Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol,
which clarifies the potential role of developing countries in climate-change mitigation. Their key role comes within
the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).2 Developing countries can contribute carbon offsets through the CDM
only if these offsets are "additional" to what would have happened in the absence of the initiative, are real and
long-term, and can be accurately measured, monitored, and verified.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4076.
Publicación no.: 271 Tropical forest dynamics and climate change [Dinámica del bosque tropical y cambio
del clima] / Locatelli, B.; Karsenty, A. (CIRAD-Foret-CATIE, Global Change Group, Apdo 2, 7170 Turrialba, CR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Beyond tropical deforestation: from tropical deforestation to forest cover dynamics and forest development.
Babin, D. (ed.) Paris: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2004. p. 97-120.
ISBN: 9231039415.
This paper discusses the inclusion of tropical carbon sinks in the fight against climatic change. The possible
impact of the Kyoto Protocol on tropical forest dynamics is also presented.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 272 Carbon storage in shade-grown coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica:
potential applications for the Clean Development Mechanism [Captura de carbono en agroecosistemas de
cafetales bajo sombra en el sur de Costa Rica: aplicaciones potenciales para el Mecanismo de Desarrollo en
Limpio] / Polzot, C.L (York University. Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto, ON MWJ 1P3, CA). Toronto:
York University, 2004. 162 pp. Thesis, M.E.S., York University, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto, ON
(Canada).
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental and economic threats facing the world today. Human
activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have increased the level of greenhouse
gases - the primary contributors to global warming - in the atmosphere. This accumulation is changing the Earth's
weather patterns, resulting in higher global temperatures, rising sea levels and a potential shift in the distribution
of the world's ecosystems. There is a growing need to develop strategies that will reduce current levels of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and curtail future emissions. The Kyoto Protocol represents an international
strategy: it establishes emission reduction targets for industrialized countries and incorporates a Clean
Development Mechanism for trading carbon credits generated by projects implemented in developing countries.
Tree-based land-use systems, such as the shade-grown coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica, sequester
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass. Simultaneously, these agroecosystems provide
additional products and services to local residents and reduce pressure on existing forests. Therefore, increasing
tree cover in coffee production is a viable option for mitigating climate change that also provides social, economic
and ecological benefits. The objective of this study is to generate aboveground carbon-stock inventory data for
five coffee production systems in southern Costa Rica, which employ various degrees of structural complexity in
their shade layer. The sites include coffee grown with poró (Erythrina poeppigiana), guaba (Inga sp.), banana
(Musa spp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta) and diversified shade (primarily Terminalia amazonia and Cedrela
odorata). An advanced secondary-forest site at the Los Cusingos Neotropical Bird Sanctuary is used as a control.
The carbon-stock of shade trees, coffee bushes and leaf litter is calculated for each site, and the income that
could be generated from a one-time payment for the environmental service provided by shade trees (carbon
storage) is estimated. Results indicate the coffee production system that stores the most amount of carbon per
hectare in its aboveground biomass is Diversified Shade (31.6 t C ha-¹), employing a variety of shade-tree
species in three distinct layers. Conversely, the Inga sp. system - a shaded monoculture with low structural
complexity in its shade layer - stores the least carbon (11.0 t C ha-¹). The carbon-stock of the other systems
examined falls within this range and varies according to structural complexity, species composition and
management practices. This study recommends that the shade layer in coffee agroecosystems be made more
complex for increased carbon storage and maintenance of biodiversity, as previous papers suggest. In the case of
southern Costa Rica, a carbon sequestration project implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism could
provide farmers with an incentive to select management practicesthat favour higher carbon-stocks and
biodiversity. Such an endeavour would have social, economic and environmental benefits and would provide an
example that could be replicated in other small watersheds of Central America.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 273 Foraminifera and coccolithophorid assemblage changes in the Panama Basin
during the last deglaciation: Response to sea-surface productivity induced by a transient climate
change / Martínez, I.; Rincón, D.; Yokoyama, Y.; Barrows, T. (Universidad Eafit. Departamento de Geología,
Area de Ciencias del Mar, Medellín 3300, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (ISSN 0031-0182), v. 234, no. 1, p. 114-126. 2006.
The responses of community assemblages of planktonic and benthonic foraminifera and coccolithophorids to
transient climate change are explored for the uppermost 2 m of cores ODP677B (1.2° N; 83.74° W, 3461 m) and
TR163-38 (1.34° S; 81.58° W, 2200 m),for the last similar to 40 ka. Results suggest that the deglaciation
interval was a time of increased productivity and a major reorganization of planktonic trophic webs. The
succession in dominance between the planktonic foraminifera species Globorotaliainflata, Globigerina bulloides,
and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma denote four periods of oceanographic change: (1) advection (24-20 ka), (2)
strong upwelling (20-15 ka), (3) weak upwelling (14-8 ka) and (4) oligotrophy (8 ka to present). Strong
upwelling for the deglaciation interval is supported by the low Florisphaera profunda/other coccolithophorids ratio
and the high percentage abundance of Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Benthonic foraminifera assemblage changes are
different in both cores and suggest significant regional variations in surface productivity and/or oxygen content at
the seafloor, and a decoupling between surface productivity and export production to the seafloor. This
decoupling is evidenced by the inverse relationship between the percentage abundance of infaunal benthonic
foraminifera and the percentage abundance of N. pachydermia. The terrigenous input of the Colombian Pacific
rivers, particularly the San Juan River, is suggested as a possible mechanism. Finally, the Globorotalia cultratal
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ratio is used to reconstruct the past influence of the Costa Rica Dome-Panama Bight
and cold tongue upwelling systems in the Panama Basin. A northern influence is suggested for the late Holocene
(after 5 ka) and the last glacial (before 20 ka), whereas a southern influence is suggested for the 20-5 ka
interval. There is a correspondence between our reconstructed northern and southern influences and previously
proposed positions of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4668.
Publicación no.: 274 Golden toads, null models, and climate change / Pounds, J.A. (Monteverde Cloud
Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center, Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655
Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Froglog [Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force] (ISSN 1026-0269), no. 23,
August, 2 pp. 1997.
A decade after the 1987 population collapse that led to the disappearance of the endemic golden toad (Bufo
periglenes), amphibians in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica's Cordillera de Tilaran show little sign of recovery.
Twenty species of frogs and toads (40% of the anuran fauna) have been missing from a 30 km2 study area
throughout the 1990s (Pounds et al., in press). In the debate over the significance of amphibian declines in
undisturbed highland areas, arguments have hinged on standards of scientific proof and the absence of long-term
demographic data for most species. Long-term data are essential to judge whether a particular population is in
decline. Diverse tropical faunas, however, afford an approach that does not rely on these data. My co-workers
and I asked whether the observed number of disappearances exceeds that expected for naturally fluctuating
populations (Pounds et al., in press). To formulate null models that estimate the expected number of
disappearances, we examined long-term studies of other amphibian assemblages. We chose studies that were
conducted on spatial scales appropriate for comparison with Monteverde and that illustrated how unstable
populations can be. From these studies, we estimated the probability that a single species would disappear in
response to a natural disturbance such as a drought. Substituting this value in a binomial distribution, we
calculated the likelihood that a particular number of species would disappear simultaneously. In light of the
resultant probability distributions, the declines at Monteverde appear to go well beyond natural fluctuations. Even
when we doubled our initial probability estimate, our conclusions were the same. We believe that the results
confirm the naturalist's intuition; it is indeed extraordinary that so many populations would crash and disappear.
A comparison with breeding birds in the same area puts the loss of anuran diversity in perspective (Pounds et al.,
in press). The relative frequency of absences for frogs and toads was much greater than that for breeding birds in
general. It was similar to that for invasive open-country birds whose habitats had largely reverted from farmland
to forest after being annexed to the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Amphibian habitats, however, seemed
unchanged. Climate may have been a key factor in the declines (Pounds, in press). Although there is growing
evidence that epidemic disease has been an important proximate cause of mortality, different pathogens have
been implicated in declines on different continents. The patterns suggest the existence of a common
denominator, and global warming could fill this role through various mechanisms. At Monteverde, there is a
strong 24-year trend toward more severe dry seasons. Previousanalyses suggested that climate had played a role
in the 1987 crash (Pounds and Crump 1994). They did not reveal major trends, however, because they focused
on monthly and annual data rather than day-to-day patterns. Variability of daily precipitation has increased,
leading to drier extremes, without affecting monthly or yearly averages. Days with no measurable precipitation
have become more frequent and have increasingly coalesced into dry periods. The patterns suggest a change in
the advective processes that account for most precipitation during the dry season. As moisture-laden trade winds
meet the windward (Caribbean) slope of the cordillera and flow upward, they cool adiabatically, producing a large
orographic cloud bank. I hypothesize that atmospheric warming has raised the mean height at which
condensation begins and thereby has increased the average altitude at the base of this cloud bank. Because
higher clouds may pass over the cordillera with reduced turbulence and drag, they may be less likely to produce
low-intensity precipitation (mist) before dissipating on the leeward (Pacific) side. Local temperature trends,
viewed in relation to the modulating effects of clouds, are consistent with global warming and this condensationheight model. Biological patterns also follow the model's predictions. Many premontane breeding bird species
have invaded lower-montane habitats, whereas some lower-montane species have retreated up the mountain
slopes. In multiple regression analyses, patterns of daily precipitation during the dry season account for most of
the year-to-year variation in the rate of invasion by premontane bird species. The same patterns are strongly
correlated with abundance in highland populations of anoline lizards that have declined and disappeared. For both
climate and biological responses, fluctuations in sea-surface temperature (i.e. the signal of El Nino) account for
much of the variation superimposed on the long-term trends. The most extreme patterns of daily precipitation
were associated with the 1986-87 warm episode, which immediately preceded the collapse of amphibian
populations. The condensation-height model and evidence for it are summarized in an overview of the biology of
Monteverde's amphibians and reptiles in relation to the declines (Pounds, in press). Supporting data and analyses
are in a forthcoming paper (A. Pounds, M. Fogden, and J. Campbell, unpubl.), which will be presented in the
BirdLife International/WWF workshop "Impacts of Climate Change on Flora and Fauna" in September at the
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. Global warming is an important threat to
highland biological communities. The Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve announces the formation of the
Monteverde Climate Panel, an interdisciplinary group that will focus on this problem. We also announce
completion of the Golden Toad Laboratory for Conservation (GTLC), devoted to research, applied conservation,
and education. Details will be given in a future issue of Froglog.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10786. NBINA-4494.
Publicación no.: 275 Laboratory production of vouchered reference charcoal from small wood samples
and non-woody plant tissues / Orvis, K.H.; Lane, C.S.; Horn, S.P. (The University of Tennessee. Department
of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-09251420, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Palynology (ISSN 0191-6122), v. 29, p. 1-11. 2005.
Taxonomic identification of small fragments of burned plant tissue in lake sediment profiles can enhance
reconstructions of past vegetation, fire regimes, and climate. Vouchered reference collections of charcoal
prepared from both soft and woody plant tissues, analogous to modem pollen reference collections, will be
required for making rigorous identifications and for knowing the level of certainty achieved. Published methods of
laboratory production of charcoal may only poorly mimic pyrolysis as itoccurs in wildfires, and tend to require
large volumes of plant material. We present a method for preparing reference charcoal from dried plant
specimens that is simple, provides a high degree of control, yet requires only small tissue samples. Based on
results of a series of experiments, we recommend placing dried samples in 25 cm(3) perforated-base porcelain
Gooch filtering crucibles, surrounded by 250-500 mu m sand; saturating the sand with water and draining; and
placing for eight to nine minutes ina furnace heated to 550 degrees C. The wet sand delays heating so that
temperature rise is steep. Pyrolysis is brief and occurs under hypoxic conditions due to temporary oxygen flushing
by water vapor. Using our method we achieved excellent results on both woody and soft tissues from a variety of
plant taxa.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4686.
Publicación no.: 276 Squandering paradise? The importance and vulnerability of the world's protected
areas [¿Despilfarro del paraíso? La importancia y vulnerabilidad de las áreas protegidas del mundo] / Carey, C.;
Dudley, N.; Stolton, S. Gland: WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature, 2000. 233 pp.
Protected areas are a vital component of any conservation strategy and also serve a host of other social, cultural
and economic needs. Yet the quality of many protected areas is currently declining as a result of an onslaught of
threats and pressures. Many more remain insecure and their long-term future in uncertain. This report explains
why protected areas are important, looks at the trends and nature of the threats facing them and makes some
predictions about the likelihood of losses. It is illustrated with a range of specially prepared case studies and
examples. It ends with some proposals and a call for action in the lead-up to the World Parks Congress in 2002.
Protected areas are the cornerstones of all national and regional conservation strategies. They act as refuges for
those species that cannot survive in managed landscapes and as areas where natural ecological processes can
continue unhampered by human interference. They are a vital resource for continuation of natural evolution and,
in many parts of the world, for future ecological restoration. Human beings benefit directly from the genetic
potential contained in the world's plants and animal species, a significant proportion of which are currently at risk.
Most people also believe that we have an ethical obligation to prevent extinctions caused as a result of our own
actions. Protected areas also play a number of key social and economic roles. Many indigenous and local peoples
are given vital protection by protected areas, where theycan continue traditional lifestyles that are now often
impossible elsewhere. A disproportionate amount of the world's drinking water comes from areas where natural
forest has been preserved and protected areas also help to maintain healthy rivers systemsand smooth out the
impacts of floods and soil erosion. Marine protected areas maintain coastal fisheries and in consequence are often
supported by neighbouring communities. National parks and nature reserves are important 'green lungs',
providing space for people to relax, practice sports and experience nature and wilderness. They help to protect
traditional cultural and spiritual values. In many countries, key national parks are regarded as part of the nation's
'ecological heritage areas' as important as, say, Chartres cathedral or the Taj Mahal. There is an assumption that
once a protected area has been identified and declared, its values will be preserved. Sadly, this is not necessarily
the case. The quality of protected areas and associated biological diversity can suffer in many ways, ranging from
the removal of key species (such as poaching of elephants or great apes) through various types of more general
ecological damage to, in extreme cases, almost total destruction. Even if protected areas themselves remain
relatively intact, they can be badly affected as a result of isolation and fragmentation if land use in surrounding
areas changes dramatically. The report identifies a wide range of threats, from the impacts of human settlement
and illegal hunting and fishing through to more complex impacts such as air pollution and climate change. Three
general trends can be identified. First, problems seldom come singly. If a protected area is under threat it is likely
to be facing a whole range of different threats; it is quite unusual for a protected area to be perfectly secure
except for one overwhelming problem. (There are rare exceptions, such as when a previously well-managed
national park is subjected to mining or oil drilling). Secondly, protected areas only work in the long-term if they
have the support of the people who live inside them or around them. The notion of a protected area as a pristine,
empty wilderness is a myth in most places. Protected areas contain human populations - many belonging to
communities resident for hundreds or even thousands of years. These communities need to agree with and
participate in the management of the protected area. Third, many problems are beyond the control of individual
protected area managers and their staff: a few poorly funded conservation personnel cannot address threats from
pollution, drainage, highly organised poaching operations or war. Indeed, the underlying causes of the threats ?
including such pervasive issues as poverty, over-consumption by a minority and the breakdown of the rule of law
- are often far more significant than the concrete actions that actually do the damage within a national park or
wilderness area.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4506.
Publicación no.: 277 High-resolution airborne profiles of CH4, O3, and water vapor near tropical
Central America in late January to early February 2004 / Richard, E.C.; Tuck, A.F.; Aikin, K.C.; Kelly, K.K.;
Herman, R.L.; Troy, R.F.; Hovde, S.J.; Rosenlof, K.H.; Thompson, T.L.; Ray, E.A. (University of Colorado.
Atmospheric & Space Physics Laboratory, 1234 Innovat Dr, Boulder, CO 80303, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0747-7309), v. 111, no. D13, AR D13304. 2006.
[1] High-resolution (1 Hz at true airspeeds near 200 m s(-1)) observations of methane, ozone, water vapor, and
temperature taken between the surface and 18 km from the WB57F aircraft near San José, Costa Rica (10 °N, 84
°W), are used to examine processes influencing the maintenance of these profiles. There was a clearly defined
thermal tropopause on each of the eight profiles, accompanied by structure on methane-ozone scatterplots on the
five profiles having methane observations. There was a well-defined decrease in methane mixing ratio between
approximately 12 and 15 km in each of these five profiles, 2 - 5 km beneath the thermal tropopause, correlated
with sharp changes in water vapor and equivalent potential temperature. The methane observations are
interpreted as meaning that air is recirculated between the lower stratosphere and the upper tropical
troposphere. At the point on each vertical profile where the water vapor had its minimum value, the air was never
saturated or apparently supersaturated, although apparent supersaturation with respect to ice was observed in
vertically extensive, near-adiabatic layers with tops some 200 - 300 m below the water vapor minimum on all
profiles. One of the profiles also exhibited apparent supersaturation above its water vapor minimum, near 18 km.
We examine the decrease in water vapor to minimal values as a four-stage process in which its mixing ratio was
lowered from similar to 10 to similar to 3 ppmv, consider the role of solar and thermal evaporation of the smaller
ice particles in the final stage of the dehydration process, and correlate features separating near-adiabatic layers
above 150 hPa pressure altitude with local sea surface temperatures.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4687
Publicación no.: 278 Long-term CO2 production from deeply weathered soils of a tropical rain forest:
evidence for a potential positive feedback to climate warming [Producción a largo plazo de CO2 de suelos
profundamente mineralizados de una selva lluviosa tropical: evidencia para una regeneración positiva potencial al
calentamiento climático] / Schwendenmann, L.C.; Veldkamp, E. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture,
Department of Tropical Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 12, no. 10, p. 1878-1893. 2006.
Currently, it is unknown what role tropical forest soils will play in the future global carbon cycle under higher
temperatures. Many tropical forests grow on deeply weathered soils and although it is generally accepted that soil
carbon decomposition increases with higher temperatures, it is not known whether subsurface carbon pools are
particularly responsive to increasing soil temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusing out of soils is an important
flux in the global carbon. Although soil CO2 efflux has been the subject of many studies in recent years, it
remains difficult to deduct controls of this flux because of the different sources that produce CO2 and because
potential environmental controls like soil temperature and soil moisture often covary. Here, we report results of a
5-year study in which we measured soil CO2 production on two deeply weathered soil types at different depths in
an old-growth tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Three sites were developed on old river terraces (old alluvium)
and the other three were developed on old lava flows (residual). Annual soil CO2 efflux varied between 2.8?3.6
lmolCO2-Cm_2 s_1 (old alluvium) and 3.4?3.9 lmolCO2-Cm_2 s_1 (residual). More than 75% of the CO2 was
produced in the upper 0.5m (including litter layer) and less than 7% originated from the soil below 1m depth.
This low contribution was explained by the lack of water stress in this tropical wet forest which has resulted in
very low root biomass below 2m depth. In the top 0.5m CO2 production was positively correlated with both
temperature and soil moisture; between 0.6 and 2m depth CO2 production correlated negatively with soil
moisture in one soil and positively with photosynthetically active radiation in the other soil type. Below 2m soil
CO2 production strongly increased with increasing temperature. In combination with reduced tree growth that has
been shown for this ecosystem, this would be a strong positive feedback to ecosystem warming.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4640.
Publicación no.: 279 Lowland tree loss threatens cloud forests - Science News of the week deforestation in Costa Rica affecting the environment [La pérdida de árboles de las tierras bajas amenaza a
los bosques nubosos - Noticias de ciencia de la semana - la deforestación en Costa Rica que afecta el ambiente] /
Perkins, S.
In: Science News (ISSN 0036-8423), v. 160, no. 16, p. 245. 2001.
Changes in regional climate brought about by large-scale deforestation in the eastern lowlands of Central America
are affecting weather downwind in the mountains, imperiling ecosystems there. Satellite photos of the lowlands in
the dry season show that clouds are absent or sparse over deforested areas but are thicker over the forests of
neighboring Nicaragua.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4589.
Publicación no.: 280 Growth, productivity, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration of pure
and mixed native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica [Crecimiento, productividad,
biomasa aérea y captura de carbono de plantaciones forestales puras y en mezcla de árboles nativos en las
tierras bajas del Caribe de Costa Rica] / Redondo-Brenes, A.; Montagnini, F. (Yale University, New Haven, CT
06511, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 232, no. 1/3, p. 168-178. 2006.
In Costa Rica, reforestation programs with indigenous tree species area recent activity. Information is still scarce
on long-term species performance and silvicultural management to ensure the success of tree plantings,
especially for mixed stands. This study aims to estimate growth, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration
of nine native tree species growing in mixed and pure plantings. The study was carried out at La Selva Biological
Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. More than a half of the tree species studied (e.g. Calophyllum
brasiliense, Jacaranda copaia, Terminalia amazonia, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Vochysia ferruginea, Balizia
elegans) are distributed from Mexico-Guatemala to South America and a few have more limited distribution in
Central America (e.g. Vochysia guatemalensis, Virola koschnyi, Dipteryx panamensis). The nine tree species are
divided into three sets. The 3 members of each set were grown separately in pure plantations, and together in
mixed plantation, giving 12 monocultures and 4 mixtures. Plantation 1 (13 years old) is composed of V.
guatemalensis, C. brasiliense, and J. copaia. Plantation 2 (13 years old) is comprised of D. panamensis, T.
amazonia and V. koschnyi. Plantation 3 (12 years old) is composed of H. alchorneoides, B. elegans, and V.
ferruginea. Overall, all the species had good growth and productivity either in pure or mixed stands in comparison
to other native and exotic species growing in similar ecological conditions. The exception was C. brasiliense in
mixed stands, where it was suppressed by the fast-growing species V. guatemalensis and J. copaia. At the stand
level, the mixed stands performed well for volume, basal area, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration,
in comparison to other pure or mixed plantations of tropical timber species. Pure plantations of V. guatemalensis,
V. ferruginea, V. koschnyi, J. copaia, and T. amazonia also presented good productivity. At the tree level, V.
guatemalensis, J. copaia, T. amazonia, H. alchorneoides, and D. panamensis performed better in mixtures than in
pure stands for diameter, height, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration estimations. Values for the
former three species were significantly higher in mixed than in pure stands. C. brasiliense was the only species
with significantly better growth in pure stands than in mixed stands, for the three-species combination examined.
The results show that mixed plantings had similar or higher productivities for several of the variables examined,
but conclusions, on relative productivities depend on the species and growth features, interactions among
species, and the variables quantified. In addition, there is a need to continue monitoring over longer time-frames,
and for further studies of the species interactions and site factors involved, in order to develop reforestation
guidelines for a range of objectives and environmental settings.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4751.
Publicación no.: 281 Will buying tropical forest carbon benefit the poor? evidence from Costa Rica?
[¿Beneficiará a los pobres la compra de carbono del bosque tropical? ¿evidencia de Costa Rica?] / Kerr, S.;
Lipper. L.; Pfaff, A.S.P.; Cavatassi, R.; Davis, B.; Hendy, J.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (Motu Economic and Public
Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Wellington: Motu Economic and Public Policy
Research, 2004. 39 pp.
We review claims about the potential for carbon markets that link both payments for carbon services and poverty
levels to ongoing rates of tropical deforestation. We then examine these effects empirically for Costa Rica during
the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities in deforestation. We find
significant effects of the relative returns to forest on deforestation rates. Thus, carbon payments would induce
conservation and also carbon sequestration, and if land users were poor could conserve forest while addressing
rural poverty. We also give a weak result that the poorest areas would respond more to payment, i.e. if anything
the impact is higher there, though there may well be no difference. If there is no difference, transaction costs and
other practical issues could lead carbon payments policies not to be focused upon the many small poor land
users. Nonetheless the poorest areas have much more forest per capita and could benefit.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4720.
Publicación no.: 282 Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in neotropical harlequin frogs
(Bufonidae: Atelopus) [Catastrófica disminución y extinciones de la población en ranas arlequín (Bufonidae:
Atelopus)] / La Marca, E.; Lips, K.R.; Lötters, S.; Puschendorf, R.; Ibáñez, R.D.; Rueda-Almonacid, J.V.; Schulte,
R.; Marty, C.; Castro, F.; Manzanilla-Puppo, J.; García-Pérez, J.E.; Bolaños-Vives, F.; Chaves-Cordero, G.A.;
Pounds, J.A.; Toral-C., E.; Young, B.E. (Universidad de Los Andes. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales,
Laboratorio de Biogeografía, Apartado Postal 116, Mérida 5101-A, VE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 1744-7429), v. 37, no. 2, p. 190-201. 2005.
We surveyed the population status of the Neotropical toad genus Atelopus, and document recent catastrophic
declines that are more severe than previously reported for any amphibian genus. Of 113 species that have been
described or are candidates for description, data indicate that in 42 species, population sizes have been reduced
by at least half and only ten species have stable populations. The status of the remaining taxa is unknown. At
least 30 species have been missing from all known localities for at least 8 yr and are feared extinct. Most of these
species were last seen between 1984 and 1996. All species restricted to elevations of above 1000 m have
declined and 75 percent have disappeared, while 58 percent of lowland species have declined and38 percent have
disappeared. Habitat loss was not related to declines once we controlled for the effects of elevation. In fact, 22
species that occur in protected areas have disappeared. The fungal disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has
been documented from nine species that have declined, and may explain declines in higher elevation species that
occur in undisturbed habitats. Climate change may also play a role, but other potential factors such as
environmental contamination, trade, and introduced species are unlikely to have affected more than a handful of
species.Widespread declines and extinctions in Atelopus may reflect population changes in other Neotropical
amphibians that are more difficult to survey, and the loss of this trophic group may have cascading effects on
other species in tropical ecosystems.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4759.
Publicación no.: 283 What role for tropical forests in climate change mitigation? The case of Costa Rica
[¿Qué papel para los bosques tropicales en la mitigación del cambio climático? El caso de Costa Rica] / Boscolo,
M.; Kerr, S.; Pfaff, A.S.P.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A. (Harvard University. Harvard Institute for International
Development,
Cambridge,
MA
02138-2902,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for
International Development, 1999. 43 pp. (Development Discussion Paper; no. 675).
Land and forestry-based activities could in principle play important roles as climate change mitigation strategies.
In practice, however, several questions have been raised about their feasibility. Therefore, understanding the
processes and determinants of land use changes is critical. This paper aims to contribute to such understanding in
the larger part of a larger project on sustainable development and economic growth. It begins with a dynamic
model of land use. The model generates deforestation equations that are estimated from data in Costa Rica on
land use, environment, and geography, and, in the case of geo-referenced information, from secondary data.
Results suggest that susceptibility to deforestation depends on environmental, geographic and socioeconomic
characteristics. Such results may be of use in establishing baselines. The next stage of this work will add
variables such as land value in order to permit the analysis of the effects of payments for carbon sequestration.
Even in its current state, the model?s results can be linked to carbon storage and accumulation functions in order
to quantify the supply of carbon offsets by Costa Rica resulting from changes in land use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4772.
Publicación no.: 284 What drives tropical deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying
causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence [¿Qué dirige la deforestación
tropical? Un meta-análisis de las causas próximas y subyacentes de la deforestación con base a un estudio de
caso subnacional] / Geist, H.; Lambin, E. (University of Louvain. Department of Geography, LUCC International
Project Office, Place Louis Pasteur 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, BE [email protected]). (ISSN 1138-7424)
Louvain-la-Neuve: University of Louvain, 2001. 136 pp. (LUCC Report Series; no. 4).
To conclude this overview on proximate, underlying and other causes associated with tropical deforestation, we
developed a preliminary scheme which depicts the relations between proximate and underlying causes as
translated from the meta-analysis of subnational cases in a descriptive manner. Compared to another, most
recent descriptive (but not quantified) scheme, striking similarities (e.g., grouping of natural causes at the
proximate or direct level) and minor differences (e.g., formatting of cultural and technological factors) are
obvious ? cf Figures 2 and 3. Considering our meta-anlysis to be the first study which relates underlying to
proximate causes in a systematised manner, a summarisation of the quantified scheme of Figure 3 is provided in
Figure 9 (inlay). To conclude the discussion of strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used (which
certainly has implications for the conclusions drawn from the statistical results), we are aware of own
interpretation bias (variable grouping, coding, data exploration), while original author bias is minimal and
selection bias (case study areas, not so agents) is limited. As compared to the methodological foundations of
other case study comparisons ? see subchapters 1 and 2.1 ?, we feel that our standard criteria, i.e., to choose
only ISI covered journal articles and to try a middle way between fine-scale local studies and crossnational data
explorations, is unique and timely. This meta-analysis is the first study which, in a systematised manner, relates
underlying to proximate causes for a very large number of case studies ? and, first time, quantifies the causative
linkages (cf Figure 9).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4786.
Publicación no.: 285 Soil carbon dynamics and residue stabilization in a Costa Rican and southern
Canadian Alley cropping system [Dinámica del carbono del suelo y estabilización del residuo en un sistema de
cultivo por callejones costarricense y en el sur canadiense] / Oelbermann, M.; Voroney, R.P.; Thevathasan, N.V.;
Gordon, A.M.; Kass, D.C.L.; Schlönvoigt, A.M. (University of Waterloo. Department of Environment & Resource
Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: andrea_schloenvoigt@y).
In: Agroforestry Systems (ISSN 0167-4366), v. 68, no. 1, p. 27-36. 2006.
Agroforestry systems can play a major role in the sequestration of carbon (C) because of their higher input of
organic material to the soil compared to sole crop agroecosystems. This study quantified C input in a 19-year old
tropical alley cropping system with E. poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F Cook in Costa Rica and in a 13-year old hybrid
poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN-177) alley cropping system in southern Canada. Changes in the level of the
soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, residue decomposition rate, residue stabilization efficiency, and the annual rate of
accumulation of SOC were also quantified in both systems. Carbon input from tree prunings in Costa Rica was
401 g C m² y-¹ compared to 117 g C m² y-¹ from litterfall at the Canadian site. In southern Canada, crop residue
input from maize (Zea mays L.) was 212 g C m² y-¹, 83 g C m² y-¹ from soybeans (Glycine max L.) and 125 g C
m² y-¹ for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and was not significantly different (p 0.05) from the sole crop. The
averageyearly C input from crop residues in Costa Rica was significantly greater (p 0.05) in the alley crop for
maize (134 g C m² y-¹) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean crops (35 g C m² y-¹) compared to the sole crop. The
SOC pool was significantly greater (p 0.05) in the Costa Rican alley crop (9536 g m²) compared to its respective
sole crop (6143 g m²) to a 20 cm depth, but no such difference was found for the southern Canadian system.
Residue stabilization, defined as the efficiency of the stabilization ofadded residue (crop residues, tree prunings,
litterfall) that is added to the soil C pool, is more efficient in southern Canada (31%) compared to the alley
cropping system in Costa Rica (40%). This coincides with a lower organic matter decomposition rate(0.03 y-¹) to
a 20 cm depth in Canada compared to the Costa Rican system (0.06 y-¹). However, the average annual
accumulation rate of SOC is greater in Costa Rica (179 g m² y-¹) and is likely related to the greater input of
organic material derived from tree prunings, compared to that in southern Canada (30 g m² y-¹) to a 20 cm
depth.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4857.
Publicación no.: 286 Migración ambiental inducida por variabilidad climática: El caso del Corredor
Centroamericano de la Sequía [Environmental migration induced by climatic variability: The case of the
Central American Corridor of the Drought] / Vega-García, H. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Relaciones
Internacionales, Centro de Ambiente y Desarrollo, Apdo 86-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: heidyv2002
@yahoo.com>). San José: Universidad Nacional / Centro Mesoamericano de Desarrollo Sostenible del Trópico
Seco (CEMEDE), 2005. 66 pp. ISBN: 9968-9527-4-5. La migración es un fenómeno dinámico. Cada día en el
mundo miles de personas se trasladan de un lugar a otro, en búsqueda de las mejores condiciones que les
posibilite una calidad de vida satisfactoria. En algunas regiones, más que en otras, la migración se convierte en
un mecanismo necesario y muchas veces inevitable. De forma tradicional, se ha estudiado que la migración
obedece principalmente a razones socioeconómicas y políticas. Sin embargo, como se establece en la presente
investigación, el análisis de un fenómeno tan importante no debe ser limitado por tal enfoque. En este sentido, a
la luz de las corrientes académicas internacionales más novedosas, se plantea una nueva perspectiva para
articular un entendimiento más integral de las causas de los flujos migratorios: la propuesta teórico-conceptual
sobre la migración ambiental. Dicha propuesta adquiere relevancia al considerarse el caso particular del contexto
centroamericano. Recientemente, gran parte de las zonas rurales de este espacio geográfico han sido afectadas
por una serie de eventos ambientales, especialmente las sequías, que han generado la pérdida de las cosechas de
productos de consumo básico. Tal situación se vio incrementada por el creciente desempleo debido a la crisis de
los precios internacionales del café. Estas pérdidas agrícolas, así como el cierre de fincas cafetaleras, incidieron
en el aumento de la inseguridad alimentaria, desencadenando hambrunas en casos extremos (caso de
Matagalpa). En dicha coyuntura, se identificó que estos episodios de crisis alimentaria motivaron el
desplazamiento de grupos humanos, dentro y entre los Estados centroamericanos. Por lo tanto, desde hace pocos
años es innegable considerar que la migración en la región también es influenciada por factores ambientales. Sin
embargo, el carácter reciente de este análisis pone en evidencia que aún existe gran desconocimiento de este
fenómeno en los círculos académicos locales y en las esferas políticas de toma de decisiones. En suma, la
migración ambiental centroamericana debe ser una preocupación fundamental, dado que la región presenta
elementos de gran vulnerabilidad socioambiental, especialmente relacionados con eventos de variabilidad
climática. A pesar de que incluso se ha logrado avanzar en el tema de la vulnerabilidad y se ha identificado un
Corredor Centroamericano de la Sequía, aún no ha sido posible aproximarse al potencial que las condiciones
ambientales y el contexto socioeconómico en este espacio geográfico presentan para la migración ambiental. En
este sentido, tampoco se han identificado escenarios presentes y futuros de migración ambiental regional; no se
ha determinado un modelo de análisis y no se han generado propuestas de políticas públicas. Estos aspectos son
los principales productos que pretende aportar esta investigación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4922.
Publicación no.: 287 ¿Qué estamos aprendiendo de la experiencia con los mercados de servicios
ambientales en Costa Rica? Revisión y crítica de la literatura / Rojas, M.; Aylward, B.A. (Eco-Asesores
Integrados,
Apartado
72-4400
Ciudad
Quesada,
CR
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). London: International Institute for Environment and Development, Environmental Economics
Programme, 2003. 112 pp. (Series: Markets for environmental services; no. 2). ISBN: 1843694557.
El uso de mercados y el pago de servicios ambientales es un tema que ha venido ganando terreno entre los
hacedores de políticas, ambientalistas y desarrolladores alrededor del mundo. Visto desde una perspectiva simple
el termino "servicios ambientales", se refiere al concepto de sistemas naturales que proveen un flujo continuo de
bienes y servicios a la sociedad. Lo anterior contrasta con servicios similares brindados por infraestructura física
hecha por el hombre y capital tecnológico (tratamiento de agua, fertilización artificial, ingeniería genética) para
los que los servicios ambientales son un substituto. El uso de mecanismos de mercado como herramienta para
incorporar el valor económico de los servicios ambientales a la toma de decisiones financieras de productores y
consumidores es una herramienta adicional que podría ser utilizada para resolver las eternas fallas de mercado
que conllevan a un bajo rendimiento económico- tener menos servicios ambientales y pagar más por sus
sustitutos hechos por el hombre. En el mundo en vías de desarrollo, Costa Rica ha liderado esfuerzos para
experimentar con la aplicación de esos mecanismos, muchos de los cuales eran simplemente ideas sobre papel
años atrás. Una encuesta sobre mercados de servicios ambientales realizada por IIED evidencia el rol formativo
que ha tenido Costa Rica y provee una rica caracterización de la economía de estas iniciativas en un contexto
global (Landell-Mills and Porras 2002). Como una inciativa complementaria este documento profundiza en la
literatura sobre la experiencia costarricense con el fin de visualizar lo que estamos aprendiendo de esa
experiencia: ¿cómo ha calzado dentro de estas iniciativas la información técnica, científica y económica sobre
servicios ambientales? ¿Qué alcance tienen el monitoreo y la evaluación de estas experiencias iniciales? Existe un
retrocontrol que conecte estas experiencias con el aprendizaje ambiental y temas de desarrollo, particularmente
en el contexto local de elaboración de políticas dentro del país. El principal objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica
es identificar y analizar documentos y otros materiales que estén dentro de la siguiente temática: 1. los orígenes
locales del concepto de pago y mercado de servicios ambientales y como estos han evolucionado a través del
tiempo, particularmente en relación con el amplio desarrollo internacional del concepto y con las necesidades /
realidades locales; 2. el tipo de iniciativas existentes relacionadas con los mercados de servicios ambientales, y
quien esta participando en estas actividades (trabajo descriptivo); 3. el conocimiento base que soporta el
desarrollo de mercados, ej. el punto en el que se basan los mercados, un conocimiento técnico y científico que
toma en cuenta la relación biofísica, económica y social que surge de los diferentes puntos de vista sobre el
tema; 4. las iniciativas tomadas con respecto al monitoreo y evaluación de la experiencia con pagos y mercados
de servicios ambientales y hasta donde y con que resultados la literatura toma estas iniciativas en términos de
eficiencia económica, eficiencia ambiental, equidad social y/o reducción de la pobreza. En los casos en los que el
material escrito no esta disponible o no brindaba una buena cobertura se realizaron entrevistas con las personas
involucradas en estas iniciativas con el fin de completar la información requerida. Dado que el IIED ha realizado
una revisión de la literatura global en este tema y que ha identificado ejemplos en Costa Rica, los objetivos uno y
dos se cumplen con información existente del IIED. Además, se realiza un control cruzado confirmatorio y una
expansión de la cobertura de los casos existentes de pago de servicios ambientales. El valor agregado de la
revisión bibliografía esta en la profundización del conocimiento base y análisis de sus contenidos con respecto a
los objetivos tres y cuatro. El documento esta organizado con el fin de cumplir con los objetivos uno a uno. En el
primer capítulo se explora el concepto de mercado y pago de servicios ambientales en Costa Rica.
Posteriormente, este escrito evalúa la experiencia ganada hasta el momento por el país, y brinda en los
subsiguientes capítulos una descripción y un análisis de los casos, además de evidenciar el papel que tiene el
conocimiento dentro del desarrollo y formulación de cada una de las iniciativas hasta la fecha. Finalmente se
concluye con la presentación de las lecciones aprendidas y las recomendaciones prácticas sobre los pasos que
otros países, investigadores y organizaciones financieras deberían tomar para mejorar el proceso de
implementación de este tipo de actividades en el futuro.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4513.
Publicación no.: 288 Skeletal extension rates of Cenozoic Caribbean reef corals / Johnson, K.G.; Pérez,
M.E. (Natural History Museum. Department of Palaeontology, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, GB <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Palaios (ISSN 0883-1351), v. 21, p. 262-271. 2006.
There has been significant biological and environmental change in Caribbean coral reefs during the past 30 million
years, including two periods of accelerated turnover of species in the zooxanthellate coral biota that may have
been correlated with changes in regional sea-surface productivity during the Early Miocene and the Early
Pleistocene. Skeletal extension rates measured on x-radiographs of 11 massive genera of fossil corals collected
from Late Oligocene to Pleistocene units from across the Caribbean were analyzed to determine whether average
coral growth responded to these regional environmental changes. The observed patterns were evaluated by
comparisons with records of Recent coral growth rates taken from published literature. These analyses suggest
that there is significant variation in average growth rate among corals living in the Recent Indowest Pacific,
eastern Pacific, and Caribbean, even when broad ranges of taxa and habitats are intermingled. When applied to
fossils, a similar analysis suggests that rates of growth do not change overall through time. One exception is
during the Late Miocene, when rates of growth were significantly lower than from other fossil units or for Recent
colonies from the Caribbean. However, the Late Miocene colonies sampled for this study lived in relatively deep,
turbid habitats, so the observed reduced growth rates may have resulted from local low availability of light.
Similar facies were not sampled in other stratigraphic intervals, so there is no strong evidence for reduced
regional average growth rates for Caribbean corals during the past 30 million years.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4825.
Publicación no.: 289 "Desarrollo" depredador globalizado / Delgado-Rodríguez, M. In: AMBIEN-TICO (ISSN
1409-214X), no. 147, p. 8-9. 2005. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4832.
Publicación no.: 290 Racha de huracanes revive debate sobre cambio climático / Manso, P. (MINAE.
Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, POB Box 7-3350, 1000 San José, CR).
In: AMBIEN-TICO (ISSN 1409-214X), no. 148, p. 7-8. 2006.
Costa Rica fue el único país en Centroamérica que durante el siglo XX no fue afectado en forma directa por un
ciclón tropical. Sin embargo, debido a la orografía del país, los efectos indirectos de los ciclones tropicales sobre
la precipitación son tanto o más importantes que los efectos directos en periodos mayores de un día. Asimismo,
por su frecuencia, trayectoria e intensidad, los ciclones tropicales del mar Caribe son los que en realidad más
afectan a Costa Rica y en particular nuestra vertiente del Pacífico. La severidad del comportamiento climático
durante la pasada temporada de ciclones tropicales tuvo grandes efectos en el país. Las pérdidas directas
acumuladas superaron los 100.000 millones de colones solo en infraestructura pública y cultivos. Debido a los
efectos indirectos de los ciclones tropicales en el Caribe y el golfo de México, entre septiembre y octubre se
registró uno de los períodos atemporalados más extensos y severos en la historia climática de nuestra vertiente
pacífica. Y se pronostica que la temporada de ciclones tropicales de este año estará por encima de lo normal.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4837.
Publicación no.: 291 Carbon isotope fractionation by methane-oxidizing bacteria in tropical rain forest
soils [Fraccionamiento de isótopos del carbono mediante bacterias oxidantes del metano en suelos de bosques
lluviosos tropicales] / Teh, Y.A.; Silver, W.L.; Conrad, M.E.; Borglin, S.E.; Carlson, C.M. (University of California
at Berkeley. Department of Geography, 507 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 111, no. G2, AR G02001. 2006.
[1] Humid tropical forests have the potential to be significant sources or sinks of atmospheric methane (CH4), a
radiatively important trace gas. Methane oxidation can consume a large fraction of the CH4 produced in tropical
soils, although controls on this process are poorly understood. Using soil incubation experiments, we investigated
the effects of CH4 and oxygen (O-2) concentrations on C isotope fractionation and CH4 oxidation in tropical rain
forest soils. We also explored the effects of these environmental variables on the isotope fractionation factor for
CH4 oxidation (a), which is widely used to evaluate the relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation to
the atmospheric CH4 pool. Methane oxidation was sensitive to CH4 at lower CH4 concentrations ( 850 ppmv) and
insensitive to O-2 concentrations between 3 and 21%. Maximum rates of CH4 oxidation were between 8.2 ± 1.2
and 11.3 ±1.5 nmol CH4 hour-¹ g dry soil-¹. Measured values for a were sensitive to both CH4 oxidation rate and
CH4 concentration. Alpha was inversely proportional to CH4 oxidation rate ( r²
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6449.
Publicación no.: 292 La captura de carbono: un servicio ambiental en fincas cacaoteras indígenas /
Somarriba-Chávez, E.; Quesada, F.; Villalobos, M. (CATIE. Area de Cuencas y Sistemas Agroforestales, Turrialba,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 28 pp. (Serie técnica. Manual técnico / CATIE; no.
64). ISBN: 9977-57-425-1.
Este manual se elaboró con el objetivo de servir como material de apoyo en procesos de educación e información
sobre los servicios ambientales en pueblos indígenas y campesinos. Fue financiado por el Proyecto Captura de
Carbono y Desarrollo de Mercados Ambientales en Cacaotales y otros Sistemas Agroforestales Indígenas en
Talamanca, Grant TF052118, Banco Mundial. El proyecto Captura de Carbono fue financiado por el Banco Mundial
al Gobierno de Costa Rica (MINAE), diseñado y ejecutado participativamente entre el CATIE, ACOMUITA,
ADITIBRI, ADITICA, ACICAFOC y MINAE.
La Asociación Comisión de Mujeres Indígenas Bribrí de Talamanca
(ACOMUITA) es la organización escogida por los gobiernos indígenas de la región de Talamanca para representar
a los productores y administrar el Proyecto de Carbono.
La Asociación Coordinadora Indígena Campesina de
Agroforestería Comunitaria de Centroamérica (ACICAFOC). Este organismo funciona como enlace entre las
organizaciones indígenas de Centroamérica, que podrían interesarse en proyectos similares en sus respectivas
regiones.
La Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de los Territorios Indígenas Bribrí (ADITIBRI), es el gobierno del
pueblo Bribrí.
La Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de los Territorios Indígenas Cabécar (ADITICA), es el
gobierno del pueblo Cabécar.
El Banco Mundial es el organismo que financió el Proyecto con fondos del
gobierno de Japón (fideicomiso japonés). Grant TF052118.
El Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) y el
Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) fomentan la preservación de los bosques pagando por
servicios ambientales y se financian con el dinero recaudado mediante un impuesto a los combustibles y aportes
de la cooperación internacional.
El Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), es una
asociación civil sin fines de lucro integrada por 13 países miembros de la región tropical de América Latina.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4962.
Publicación no.: 293 Implicaciones económicas del almacenamiento del CO2 en un bosque húmedo
tropical en Costa Rica, bajo diferentes estrategias de intervención [Economic implications of CO2 storage
on a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica, under different intervention strategies] / Rodríguez-Rubí, L.E. Turrialba:
CATIE, 1997. 72 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc. en Ciencias Agrícolas y Recursos Naturales, Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza, Escuela de Posgrado, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The present study consisted on estimating carbon storage in a very humid tropical forest, under different
interventions and management strategies and their economic implications through time. This study was carried
out in a forest near a village called La Tirimbina, located in northern Costa Rica. The area is under silvicultural
experimentation, on a random block design with three treatments. The experimental area consisted of 9 blocks
measuring 1 hectare each, where three silvicultural models were placed. The first model or treatment one
consisted of forest plots with utilization and a treatment two in the protection canopy treatment three was forest
with utilization and a mixture of liberation and partial refinement. The estimation of stored carbon was done using
real data from trees with a diameter equal to or more than 10 cm, according to diameter measurements made
during six years from data based on the Natural Forest Management Department at CATIE, and on simulated data
from 3 posterior utilizations from the seventh year. The analysis was done for a period of 60 year. For this,
mathematical equations to predict biomass were used. The method used for the financial analyses with and
without carbon valuation was the benefit-cost ratio, which permits to determine the financial rentability from each
treatment. Three indicators were used: Net present value (NPV), Rate Internal Return (RIR) and the benefit cost
analysis. Necessary information to develop the analysis was provided by the Natural Forest Management
Department at CATIE, using market prices and unitary cost from year 1997. The amount of stored carbon through
time didn't show considerable differences for treatments one and two, treatment three presented the smallest
amount of stored carbon. The results of the financial analyses without carbon valuation indicated that treatment
is the most profitable because it presented the highest NPV. However, results of the financial analyses with the
carbon valuation as a environmental service indicate that the witness treatment is the one that presents the
highest financial indicators (NPV, B/C) so, it is the most profitable.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4971.
Publicación no.: 294 Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimates using the eddy
covariance technique / Loescher, H.W.; Law, B.E.; Mahrt, L.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Campbell, J.; Wofsy, S.C.
(Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 111, no. D21S90,
doi:10.1029/2005JD0069322006.
[1] Whole ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange estimated with the eddy covariance (EC) technique has
been central to studies on the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to disturbance and intra-annual and
interannual variations in climate, but challenges exist in understanding and reducing the uncertainty in estimates
of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. We review the potential uncertainties associated with the eddy
covariance technique, including systematic errors from insensitivity to high-frequency turbulence, random errors
from inadequate sample size associated with averaging period, vertical and horizontal advection issues, and
selection criteria for removing periods of inadequate mixing from further analyses. We also discuss benefits
andcaveats of using independent measurements to evaluate EC-derived NEE, such as comparisons of EC-derived
annual NEE and allometric net ecosystem production estimates (NEP) and interpretation of nighttime NEE with
scaled chamber-based estimates of ecosystem respiration.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4935.
Publicación no.: 295 Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North
American atmosphere [Bifenilos policlorinados y difeniléteres polibromados en la atmósfera norteamericana] /
Shen, L.; Wania, F.; Lei, Y.D.; Teixeira, C.; Muir, D.C.G.; Xiao, H. (University of Torono at Scarborough.
Department of Chemistry and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto,
ON M1C 1A4, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environmental Pollution (ISSN 0269-7491), v. 144, no. 2, p. 434-444. 2006.
To assess the spatial concentration variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere on a large continental scale, their annually integrated air concentrations were
determined in 2000/2001 using XAD-based passive air samplers (PAS). The network included 40 stations in
Canada, the United States, Mexico, Belize and Costa Rica, and covered 72 degrees of latitude and longitude. Total
concentrations of PCB and PBDE congeners ranged from below the detection limit to 130 ng PAS(-¹) and 24 ng
PAS(-¹), respectively. PCBs displayed a large variation between urban, rural and remote sites, whereas PBDEs did
not follow such a pattern. Open burning of "Penta"-containing waste may have contributed to thePBDEs detected
in the air samples from rural and remote areas. Air from the Canadian Arctic had a relatively higher percentage of
lighter PCB congeners than air sampled in the tropical region, which is interpreted as evidence for global
fractionation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4959.
Publicación no.: 296 Effects of poverty on deforestation: distinguishing behavior from location [Efectos
de la pobreza en la deforestación: comportamiento notable según la localidad] / Kerr, S.; Lipper, L.; Pfaff, A.S.P.;
Cavatassi, R.; Timmins, J.; Hendy, J.; Sánchez-Azofeifa, G.A.; Davis, B. (Motu Economic and Public Policy
Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Rome: FAO / Agricultural and Development
Economics Division, 2004. 27 pp. (ESA Working Paper (FAO); no. 04-19).
We summarize existing theoretical claims linking poverty to rates of deforestation and then examine this linkage
empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the
irreversibilities in deforestation. Our data facilitate an empirical analysis of the implications for deforestation of
where the poor live. Without controlling for this, impacts of poverty per se are confounded by richer areas being
different from the areas inhabited by the poor, who we expect to find on more marginal lands, for instance less
profitable lands. Controlling for locations? characteristics, we find that poorer areas are cleared more rapidly. This
result suggests that poverty reduction aids forest conservation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5049.
Publicación no.: 297 Seasonal variation in the stable isotopic composition of precipitation in the
tropical montane forests of Monteverde, Costa Rica [Variación estacional en la composición de isótopos
estables de la lluvia en el bosque montano tropical de Monteverde, Costa Rica] / Rhodes, A.L.; Guswa, A.J.;
Newell, S.E. (Smith College. Department of Geology, Northampton, MA 01063, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Water Resources Research (ISSN 0043-1397), v. 42, no. 11, AR W11402. 2006.
Climate and land use change may diminish orographic clouds over tropical montane forests, stressing biota and
water resources during dry seasons. From 2003 to 2005 we measured the stable isotopic composition of
precipitation and throughfall in Monteverde, Costa Rica, to distinguish convective, wet season rainfall associated
with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) from dry season, orographic rain produced by northeasterly trade
winds. While event-to-event fluctuations of delta O-18 and delta H-2 are high, monthly samples reveal a seasonal
signal that may be used to trace water through the hydrologic cycle. Deuterium excess indicates that water
evaporated from land is an important flux to the region during the transitional and dry seasons whenwinds from
the Caribbean slope dominate. Following the shift to convective rainfall at the start of the wet season, when the
western equatorial winds influence the Pacific slope of Costa Rica, d excess values become depressed. Yet as the
wet season progresses, d excess begins to climb. These data suggest that several months of rain are needed
following an acute dry season on the northern Pacific slope before a terrestrial evaporative signal is detected in
wet season precipitation. The evaporative flux may result from a wet season expansion of surface water bodies
and flooding of seasonal wetlands.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5194.
Publicación no.: 298 Arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica
/ Jiménez-Centeno, C.E. (Universität Bremen. ZMT, Fahrenheitstr 6, D-28359 Bremen, DE <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José, 1998. 218 pp. Tesis,
M.Sc., Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca (Costa Rica). (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 477. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: TFG 17884.
Publicación no.: 299 Tropical montane cloud forests: time for action / Bosques nublados tropicales
montanos: tiempo para la acción / Forêts tropicales montagnardes de nuages: il est temps d'agir / Aldrich, M,
(comp.).; Bubb, P, (comp.).; Hostettler, S, (comp.).; van de Wiel, H, (comp.). (WWF International Forests for
Life, Avenue du Mont Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, CH <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Gland: WWF International/IUCN The World Conservation Union,
2000. 32 pp. ISBN: 2-88085-245-5.
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCFs) are beautiful evergreen forests, frequently enveloped in clouds and mist.
Every tree trunk, branch and rock surface is covered in moss, ferns, orchids and other epiphytic plants. Although
few cloud forests have been systematically explored, it is recognised that they are storehouses of biodiversity.
And little by little their vital role as sources and providers of freshwater for millions of people is being unravelled
and recognised. It is not surprising that with these almost magical properties, TMCFs possess strong spiritual and
cultural values in many parts of the world. Yet cloud forests are seriously at risk. The majority of the TMCFs which
remain are only fragments of their original extent. Rural poverty, insecurity of land tenure and policy failures
underlie many of the threats to the world's cloud forests. Growing populations, unsustainable land uses and
official development policies that ignore forest values all drive deforestation. Whilst some forest conservation
projects exist in all regions with TMCF, many areas are not valued or protected at all. Sometimes only after the
cloud forest has gone do local people and governments appreciate its unique functions. We have to act now,
before it is too late. This informative and timely report has been produced in response to a perce ived lack of
public and political awareness of the status and value of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCFs). Whilst a science
based publication, it has been written in terms that will also inform and stimulate concern among a non-scientific
audience.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5121.
Publicación no.: 300 Wood and soil-atmosphere carbon dioxide fluxes from a tropical forest ecosystem
[Flujos de dióxido de carbono de la madera y del suelo-atmósfera de un ecosistema de bosque tropical] / Lopes,
E.C. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, 2005. 124 pp. ISBN: 0542312697. Dissertation, Ph.D.,
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (USA).
Carbon cycling in tropical rainforests is an important component of the global carbon budget. A better
understanding of controlling mechanisms and magnitude of CO 2 sources from tropical forests will improve our
ability to predict future impacts of climate changes. The research presented in this dissertation has focused on
determining the magnitude and characteristics of the CO2 flux from tropical wood and soil surfaces. Stem CO2
fluxes were measured in a tropical moist forest at Tapajós National Forest (TNF) in Brazil and in a tropical wet
forest at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica (LS) using infrared gas analysis methods. Annual Stem CO2
fluxes for TNF and LS averaged 1.7 µmol m-2 s-1 and 4.5 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. At TNF wood surface area
was calculated (4161 m 2 ha-1 ) and wood CO2 flux extrapolated to ground area resulted in an annual flux of 259
g C m-2 yr-1 . Soil-atmosphere CO2 fluxes were measured at TNF using infrared gas analysis methods. Line
sampling of soil CO2 fluxesmade on randomly placed 30 meters transects averaged 4.7 ± 0.2 µmol m-2 s-1 with
higher rates during the wet season (4.9 ± 0.3 µmol m-2 s-1) than during the dry season (4.4 ± 0.2 µmol m-2 s1). Fluxes were weakly correlated with precipitation and not correlated with soil moisture or temperature.
Geostatistical analysis of grid sampling of soil CO2 fluxes indicated that they were not spatially dependent. Fluxes
measured during wet season and dry season on grid sampling averaged 5.6 ± 0.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and 4.5 ± 0.1
µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The estimated annual average of soil surface CO2 flux for the TNF was 1780 g C m-2
yr-1. Assuming that root and heterotrophic respiration each contribute about 50% of soil CO 2 efflux, then
approximately 890g C m-2 yr-1 derive from each source. The estimated gross primary photosynthesis for the TNF
is 3000 g C m-2 yr-1 (Miller et al., 2004). Therefore, estimated contribution of wood and root CO2 flux to the GPP
are respectively 8.7% and 15%.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5429.
Publicación no.: 301 Caribbean and Pacific moisture sources on the Isthmus of Panama revealed from
stalagmite and surface water delta O-18 gradients - art. no. L01708 / Lachniet, M.S.; Patterson, W.P.;
Burns, S.J.; Asmerom, Y.; Polyak, V. (University of Nevada. Department of Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154,
US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), v. 34, no. 1, p. 1708-1708. 2007.
We test the hypothesis that the Pacific Ocean contributes moisture to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
over southern Central America, by spatial analysis of surface water delta O-18 values from Panama and Costa
Rica. The delta O-18 values decrease with distance from the Caribbean Sea to the isthmian divide then gradually
increase from the divide toward the Pacific slope, which suggests a contribution of both Caribbean and Pacific
sourced moisture to the isthmus. We estimated the Pacific moisture contribution for Pacific slope regions of 22%
to 64%. The delta O-18 values from stalagmites from five cave systems demonstrate decreasing delta O-18
values with distance from the Caribbean, implicating the Atlantic Basin as a dominant moisture source.
Constraining modern moisture sources is important for the interpretation of stable isotopic proxy records of past
rainfall, because of the combined influence of Pacific and Atlantic ocean-atmosphere phenomena on ITCZ rainfall
over the Isthmus of Panama.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5455.
Publicación no.: 302 Seasonality and foliar nutrient dynamics of a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica
[Estacionalidad y dinámica de los nutrimentos foliares de un bosque lluvioso tropical en Costa Rica] / Wood, T.E.
(University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 400123, Charlottesville, VA 22904, US
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia, 2006. 145 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D.,
University of Virginia, Graduate Faculty, Charlottesville, VA (USA).
Through the examination of seasonal patterns of leaf litter nutrient cycling we may be better able to predict the
response of tropical ecosystems to future environmental change. This work examines how seasonal variability in
litter nutrient dynamics affects ecosystem function of a wet tropical forest in Costa Rica. I investigated the
importance of litter nutrient dynamics through two experiments manipulating forest floor litter, and observations
of nutrient resorption. The response to litter application was explained by the phosphorus (P) concentration of
added litter. The response was not related to total P inputs, or to the concentration or inputs of nitrogen (N). The
quality of leaf litter inputs is determined at the time of abscission via nutrient resorption (withdrawal of nutrients
during senescence). Examination of foliar nutrient concentrations in nine common canopy tree species showed a
mean resorption efficiency of 49% for P and 46% for N. Therefore, as much as 2.5 kg/ha/yr of P and 50 kg/ha/yr
of N are recycled internally by the vegetation. Among these nine species, senesced leaf nutrient concentrations
correlated positively with those of the green leaves. Therefore, variability in the quality of leaf litter inputs is likely
a reflection of green leaff nutrient concentrations. Modeled shifts in the relative importance of these species at the
stand-level indicate that a change in species dominance could have a major impact on stand-level nutrient
economy by significantly altering annualinputs of leaf N and P to the forest floor. This effect was greatest when
Vochysia ferruginea was dominant, resulting in significantly lower leaf N and P inputs to the forest floor. Green
and senesced leaff nutrient concentrations as well as nutrient resorption efficiency for the nine species were
significantly higher in the wet versus the dry season. Low nutrient resorption during the dry season could reflect
either incomplete resorption due to water stress or lower plant demand during this period. A more detailed
evaluation of foliar N and P for two species (Pentaclethra macroloba and Laetia procera) showed that both green
and senesced leaf nutrient concentrations as well as resorption efficiency changed significantly over the shortterm (bi-weekly).This variability in foliar nutrients and resorption efficiency was not related to climate over the
four-month study period (rainfall, light, temperature). It is possible that variability in nutrient resorption is driven
by species-specific changes in phenological demands. This idea is supported by the different temporal patterns of
foliar nutrients of P macroloba and L. procera. Results from this study demonstrate the dynamic nature of wet
tropical forests. From the soil pool to the leaves of canopy trees, nutrients varied significantly both over the
short-term (bi-weekly) and seasonally (wet and dry season). Species differed in their resorption efficiency, foliar
nutrient concentrations, as well as their response to temporal variability in climate. Therefore, should land-use
and climate change be accompanied by a shift in species dominance, both the pattern and magnitude of nutrients
cycled in litterfall would likely change. With it, the functioning of tropical forests would be altered, as well as
feedbacks on atmospheric carbon, water and energy balance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5389.
Publicación no.: 303 Economic aid and the environment [Ayuda económica y el ambiente] / Repetto, R.
In: EPA journal (ISSN 0145-1189), v. 16, no. 4, p. 20-22. 1990.
Approximately 1/3 of the signatories of the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion were developing countries
lacking the resources to pay for its implementation. Germany announced at 25% reduction of carbon dioxide
emissions by 2005, the Netherlands, the UK, and Japan promised similar steps. The southern hemisphere has to
reduce emissions with improved technology from the northern hemisphere, as 45% of greenhouse gases are
generated there. There is need to finance such initiatives: $20-50 billion a year is required by 2000 to help these
countries. The world Resources Institute proposed a green investment fund for the environment or Ecovest. It
was first proposed in Eastern Europe by the Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation (NEFCO) in 1990 with an
initial capital of $47 million. The US Overseas Private Investment Corporation set up a $100 million for-profit
Environmental Investment Fund for eastern Europe and the developing world for sustainable agriculture, forest
management, eco-tourism, renewable energy, and pollution prevention. Debt-for-nature swaps between
nongovernmental agencies and governments to purchase debt at discount have been paid in bonds for nature
conservation in Bolivia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, the Philippines, Zambia, and Madagascar. $69 million of Costa Rica's
debt was converted in 2 years to save parks, protected areas, and finance reforestation. The debts of some
African countries have been written off by donor countries. The Bush Administration proposed to write off parts
ofLatin America's $7 billion debt. The Global Environment Fund of the World Bank proposed to lend $300-400
million a year for environmental projects in developing countries and in eastern Europe. The main goals are to
protect the ozone layer, prevent deforestation and desertification, and clean up pollution. Some companies
finance reforestation in Guatemala to offset their own emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7028.
Publicación no.: 304 Effects of the Younger Dryas cooling event on late quaternary montane oak forest
in Costa Rica / Islebe, G.A.; Hooghiemstra, H. (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apartado 424, CP
77000, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, MX <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests. Kappelle, M. (ed.) Berlin-Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, 2006. p. 29-38. (Ecological Studies Series; v. 185). ISBN: 978-3-540-28909-8.
Climate change is expected to profoundly impact global vegetation types. Those changes can be best evaluated if
we understand past climate change and its impact on vegetation types. From research by Martin (1964), we know
that glacial times had impact on Costa Rican vegetation.Later paleoecological and palynological studies from the
Cordillera de Talamanca include Hooghiemstra et al. (1992), Horn and Sanford (1992), Horn (1993), Islebe et al.
(1996), Islebe and Hooghiemstra (1997), and Rodgers and Horn (1996). The Younger Dryas cooling event
(11,000-10,000 14C years BP), the last stage of the Pleistocene, is of great interest as there is still an exciting
discussion questioning if this event was global, or rather restricted to some regions of the northern hemisphere.
To date, the effects of the Younger Dryas cooling have been observed in ice cores (Dansgaard et al. 1989),
marine sediments (Kennett 1990), and terrestrial cores from different parts of the world (Peteet 1993, 1995). For
Central America and northern South America, a Younger Dryas cooling event has been suggested for Guatemala
(Leyden 1995), Costa Rica (Islebe et al. 1995), Colombia (van Geel and van der Hammen 1973; van der
Hammen 1978; Kuhry et al. 1993; Hooghiemstra and van der Hammen 1995), Ecuador (Clapperton et al. 1997),
and Peru (Thompson et al. 1995).However, the lack of bracketing radiocarbon dates (i.e., dates that delimit
events by an upper and lower age boundary) is a problem in many paleorecords (Heine 1993; Van't Veer et al.
2000). In this chapter, we present data from the La Chonta bog area, located in the Cordillera de Talamanca.
Hastenrath (1973) reported several glacier advances, and that at 10,000 years BP the deglaciation process had
ended. Our study site is located at 2,310 m altitude and is today surrounded by montane oak forest.We consider
this altitude as strategic to understand past vegetation changes. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the
impact of the Late Glacial-Holocene transitional climatic conditions on montane oak forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5514.
Publicación no.: 305 Arthropod assemblages in epiphyte mats of Costa Rican cloud forests
[Comunidades de artrópodos en la maraña de epífitas de bosques nubosos costarricenses] / Yanoviak, S.P.;
Nadkarni, N.M.; Solano, R. (Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, US
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 39, no. 2, p. 202-210. 2007.
Tropical cloud forests are functionally important ecosystems, but are severely threatened due to deforestation
and fragmentation. Epiphyte mats, accumulations of live vegetation and dead organic matter on tree trunks and
branches, are a conspicuous component of cloud forests and harbor diverse assemblages of meso- and
microarthropods. We compared the morphospecies richness, composition, and abundance of arthropods in
epiphyte mats between primary and secondary forests of Monteverde, Costa Rica, and at two nearby replicate
sites. Epiphyte mats were thinner and less structurally diverse in secondary forest. We collected ca 36,000 microand mesoarthropods from epiphyte mats in the 2-yr study. Whereas arthropod morphospecies richness did not
differ among forest types, arthropod abundance was significantly higher in secondary forest due to larger
numbers of ants, especially Solenopsis spp. Arthropod assemblages showed a high degree of taxonomic overlap
both within and between primary and secondary forests (Jaccard abundance-based similarity = 0.93-0.96).
Although characteristics of the arthropod fauna proved to be similar among sites and between forest types, there
was a significant temporal effect: arthropod morphospecies richness in epiphyte mats generally was lower in the
dry season (February-May), when many taxa probably became dormant or sought shelter against desiccation in
deeper portions of mats.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5719.
Publicación no.: 306 Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary
forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone [Simulación de las emisiones de óxido nitroso y óxido nítrico de
bosques primarios en la Zona Atlántica costarricense] / Liu, S.; Reiners, W.A.; Keller, M.; Schimel, D.S.
(Raytheon Systems Company. EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Environmental Modeling and Assessment (ISSN 1364-8152), v. 15, p. 727-743. 2000.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are important atmospheric trace gases participating in the regulation of
global climate and environment. Predictive models on the emissions of N2O and NO emissions from soil into the
atmosphere are required. We modified the CENTURY model (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51 (1987) 1173) to simulate
the emissions of N2O and NO from tropical primary forests in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica at a monthly time
step. Combined fluxes of N2O and NO were simulated as a function of gross N mineralization and water-filled pore
space (WFPS). The coefficients for partitioning N2O from NO were derived from field measurements (Global
Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). The modified CENTURY was calibrated against observations of carbon stocks
in various pools of forest ecosystems of the region, and measured WFPS and emission rates of N2O and NO from
soil to the atmosphere. WFPS is an important factor regulating nutrient cycling and emissions of N2O and NO
from soils making the accuracy of the WFPS prediction central to the modeling process. To do this, we modified
the hydrologic submodel and developed a new method for the prediction of WFPS at the monthly scale from daily
rainfall information. The new method is based on: (1) the relationship between monthly rainfall and the number
of rainfall events, and (2) the relative cumulative frequency distribution of ranked daily rainfall events. The
method is generic and should be applicable to other areas. Simulated monthly average WFPS was 0.68-0.02 identical with the field measurement average of 0.68-0.02 from the annual cycle observed by Keller and Reiners
(Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). Simulated fluxes of N2O and NO were 52.0-9.4 mg-N m-² month-¹
and 6.5-0.7 mg-N m-² month-¹, respectively, compared with measured averages of 48.2-11.0 mg-N m-² month¹ and 7.1-1.1 mg-N m-² month-¹. The simulated N2O/NO ratio was 11.2-1.9 compared with the measured value
of 10.9-4.7. WFPS is the dominant determinant of the fraction of gross N mineralization that is emitted from the
soil as N2O and NO. If WFPS were not limiting during part of the year, this fraction would be 4.2%. With some
periods of lower WFPS, the realized fraction is 2.2%. Because of the strong relationships between N2O and NO
emission rates and rainfall and its derivative, WFPS, these moisture variables can be used to scale up nitrogen
trace gas fluxes from sites to larger spatial scales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5649.
Publicación no.: 307 Propuesta metodológica para evaluar la adaptación de los productores a la
variabilidad climática, principalmente la sequía, en cuencas hidrográficas en América Central
[Methodological proposal to evaluate the farmer's adaptation to climate variability, specifically drought in Central
America's watershed] / Benegas-Negri, L.A. Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 145 pp. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo Integrado
de Cuencas Hidrográficas, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba (Costa
Rica).
Central America have drought continues zones exposed to natural disasters and food periodical scarcity but it has
a responsal to this climate variability with people adaptation, aspect that was looking for evaluation. Therefore,
was elaborated a standard to evaluate the farmer's adaptation to the climate varialibility, specifically drought in
Central America's watershed, obtained through contributions of professionals of this region. It was obtained five
principles, ten criteria, twenty six indicators and fifty one verifiers. This standard was applied in the watershed of
the Aguas Calientes' river in Nicaragua, previous multicriteria evaluation of the acceptance level of the standard,
which was mean. The general qualification indicates a low adaptation level to this condition. The analysis of
drought adaptation strategies and technologies existing and the perception of climate variability were based in
surveys, interviews, workshops and field visits. It was prioritize the most vulnerable areas and the solution
alternatives in a participative way. It was analyzed the financial feasibility of two crops (henequen and pitahaya)
existing like adaptation to drought options. It was confirmed the vulnerability of this watershed, which most
vulnerable areas are located in the middle and low stratums; and, in spite of that, in the middle zone there are
not application of water harvest and storage strategies and plantation of fruit trees; and in the low zone there is
exclusively the irrigation strategy, being insignificant the green manures and alive and died barriers, revealing the
weaknesses of the most vulnerable zones. The henequen crop under the actual production system is untenable,
but with the fiber transformation in thread, it's profitable. The pitahaya produced in patio present positive
financial indicators with low capitalization of investments; however, this crop would be a good adaptation
alternative if it has increased the density of plants maintaining the patio areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5771.
Publicación no.: 308 Protection fails to stem amphibian decline [La protección no puede prevenir la
disminución de anfibios] / Williams, N. In: Current Biology (ISSN 0960-9822), v. 17, no. 10, p. 339-340. 2007.
A long-term analysis of amphibian and reptiles in a Costa Rican nature reserves designated to protectect them
reveals an alarming fall in numbers.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6183.
Publicación no.: 309 Análisis del sistema de pago por Servicios Ambientales en la rentabilidad de una
plantación de Gmelina arborea, en la zona Huetar Norte, Costa Rica / Espinoza-Miranda, A. (Ministerio de
Ambiente y Energía. Coordinadora de Educación Ambiental, San José, CR).
In: Strucplan on Line, http://www.estrucplan.com.ar/Articulos/verarticuloss.asp?IDArticulo=1133, 14 p. 2007.
Desde hace dos décadas Costa Rica se ha ocupado del campo ambiental, al igual que lo han hecho otros países y
Organismos Internacionales, en busca de soluciones para incorporar un moderno concepto de compensación a los
empresarios por los servicios ambientales que brinda el bosque y las plantaciones forestales a la sociedad. La
problemática mayor del sector forestal está centrada en la tecnología y financiamiento de la sostenibilidad de los
proyectos de reforestación, considerando que el retorno de la inversión se produce en el mediano y largo plazo,
principalmente para garantizar un buen manejo silvicultural de las plantaciones. Por tal razón el Estado creó el
Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) con la finalidad de buscar alternativas de solución a la
falta de financiamiento para el desarrollo de proyectos sostenibles que mejoren la calidad de vida de la sociedad
costarricense. Es necesario por tanto evaluar hoy día el Sistema de pago por Servicios Ambientales, como
principal fuente de financiamiento para asegurar el éxito en función de rentabilidad financiera de los proyectos de
reforestación con especies maderables. En esta investigación se presenta la importancia del problema, se indica
el problema principal, los objetivos: general y específicos, así como la conceptualización de las variables. Se
desarrolla el marco teórico que abarca conceptos básicos utilizados en este estudio, los cuales de una u otra
forma, han permitido conocer y permitirán aplicar los indicadores de laestructura de costos, la rentabilidad
financiera de esta actividad. Los aspectos técnicos, involucran los términos en cuanto a la descripción de los sitios
o fincas, especificaciones de las plantaciones, características de la especie, requisitos técnicosy legales para optar
por el financiamiento, entre otros. Se hace referencia a la metodología empleada, las fuentes de información, la
descripción de los instrumentos, su validez, alcances y limitaciones. Se analizan e interpretan los datos obtenidos
con cada uno de los instrumentos aplicados en la investigación, incorporando el análisis estadístico y gráfico para
su mayor comprensión. Finalmente, se presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones por objetivo, además de una
recomendación global que incluye todos los lineamientos expuestos y propone una solución financiera integrada
del problema.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6384.
Publicación no.: 310 Manual para mejores prácticas de conservación de las tortugas marinas en
Centroamérica / Chacón-Chaverri, D.; Valerín, N.; Cajiao-Jiménez, M.V.; Gamboa, H. (il.); Marín, G. (il.).
(Asociación
ANAI,
Apdo
170-2070,
San
José,
CR
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). s.l.: PROARCA/CAPAS, 2000. 155 p. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1645.
Publicación no.: 311 Processes responsible for the nitrous oxide emission from a Costa Rican Andosol
under a coffee agroforestry plantation [Procesos responsables para la emisión de óxido nitroso de un Andosol
costarricense bajo una plantación agroforestal de café] / Hergoualc'h, K.; Skiba, U.; Harmand, J.M.; Oliver, R.
(CATIE. Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Biology and Fertility of Soils (ISSN 0178-2762), v. 43, p. 787-795. 2007.
We used the inhibitor acetylene (C2H2) at partial pressures of 10 Pa and 10 kPa to inhibit autotrophic nitrification
and the reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) to N2, respectively. Soils (Andosol) from a Coffea arabica plantation
shaded by Inga densiflora in Costa Rica were adjusted to 39, 58, 76 and 87% water-filled pore space (WFPS) and
incubated for 6 days in the absence or presence of C2H2. Soil respiration, nitrification rates and N2O emissions by
both processes were measured in relation to soil moisture conditions. At all WFPS studied, rates of N2O and N2
productions were small (4.8; 14.7; 23 and 239.6 ng N-N2O g-¹ d.w. d-¹ at 39, 58, 76 and 87% WFPS,
respectively), and despite a low soil pH (4.7), N2O was mainly produced by nitrification, which was responsible
for 85, 91, 84 and 87% of the total N2O emissions at 39, 58, 76 and 87% WFPS, respectively. At the three
smaller values of WFPS, a linear relationship was established between WFPS, soil respiration, nitrification and
N2O released by nitrification; no N2 was produced by denitrification. At more anaerobic conditions achieved by a
WFPS of 87%, a large rate of N2O production was measured during nitrification, and N2 production accounted for
84% of the gaseous N fluxes caused by denitrification.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7073.
Publicación no.: 312 Climate change implicated in amphibian and lizard declines [Cambio climático
implicado en la disminución de anfibios y lagartijas] / Wake, D.B. (University of California. Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology
and
Department
of
Integrative
Biology,
Berkeley,
CA
94720-3160,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424), v. 104,
no. 20, p. 8201-8202. 2007.
The Tink Frog (Eleutherodactylus diastema), once a commonly encountered species with dense populations, is
one of 17 species of amphibians and lizards that have experienced steep declines, on the order of 75%, over the
past 35 years at the La Selva Biological Station in lowland northeastern Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7204.
Publicación no.: 313 Running hot and cold: Are rainforest sinks or taps for carbon? / Levy, S. (<E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Bioscience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 57, no. 7, p. 552-557. 2007.
Conventional wisdom has long held that tropical rainforests act as a sink for carbon dioxide, cleansing the
atmosphere of a major greenhouse gas. However, biologists studying the forests of Costa Rica are finding that
rising temperatures are causing trees to grow less and to pump out more casrbon dioxide, adding to an
accelerating pattern of global warming. On a cloudy day, the rainforest seen from the top of the La Selva canopy
research tower seems to go on forever. In fact, La Selva is the small tip of a peninsula of remnant habitat in a
landscape heavily altered by human activities. Some researchers helieve this may make data from La Selva less
relevant to conditions in Amazonia and other areas with large swaths of tropical forest.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7306.
Publicación no.: 314 New techniques for accurate measurement of water and water isotopes: Insights
into the mechanisms that control the humidity of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
[Nuevas técnicas para la medida exacta del agua y de los isótopos del agua: Entendimiento de los mecanismos
que controlan la humedad de la troposfera superior y la estratosfera baja] / Sayres, D.S. Cambridge: Harvard
University, 2006. 136 p. Dissertation, Ph.D., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (USA).
Elucidating the mechanisms that control stratospheric humidity is essential if global climate models are to
accurately predict how changes in the boundary layer will effect ozone loss in the stratosphere. One method of
testing which dehydration mechanisms are prominent in the tropical upper troposphere is using the isotopic ratio
of water vapor, as the ratio records the dehydration history of the air parcel. Measurements of the isotopic ratio
of water vapor in the overworld stratosphere, over the continental United States and Gulf of Mexico, show air that
is enriched in HDO compared with previous remote measurements of tropical stratospheric air. It is concluded
that the cause of this enrichment is evaporation of lofted ice as a result of deep convection that penetrates as
high as 430 K. Based on a simple mixing model, it is shown that as much as 40% of water vapor in the
midlatitude overworld is the result of convective ice lofting. During the recent CR-AVE mission, tropical profiles of
HDO and H2O show that the tropical stratosphere over Costa Rica in wintertime is also enriched in HDO.
However, measurements in the lower part of the TTL are consistent with convective air following a Rayleigh
profile and detraining at 350 K and then rising without further depletion. It is proposed that the stratospheric air
over Costa Rica is heavily influenced by middleworld air from the midlatitudes and is not the result of slow ascent
in the tropics. The measurements used in this thesis were obtained using anew instrument that leverages
advances in electronic design and laser development with the sensitivity obtained from cavity enhanced
absorption spectroscopy to make accurate measurements of water isotopes. The Harvard Integrated Cavity
Output Spectroscopy (ICOS) instrument uses a high-finesse optical cavity to produce kilometer pathlengths in a
meter sized cell. The theory and application of ICOS as a tracer instrument are laid out in the context of making
accurate measurements traceable to laboratory standards. Laboratory calibrations with two different water
addition systems as well as cross-calibration with other water and water isotope instruments yield an accurate
determination of molecular line strengths and line widths and a robust method for testing the ICOS fitting
algorithm. Comparisons with other water and water isotope instruments were made during the AVE-WIIF
campaign. ICOS shows good agreement in both H2O and HDO when compared to other instruments. However, a
small bias is detected at low mixing ratios and pressures below 100 mbar. The cause of this bias is described as
well as possible solutions. Accurate remote sensing measurements are also important for understanding the role
of convection and other dehydration mechanisms. Comparisons made during the CRYSTAL-FACE mission use in
situ ice water content (IWC) from the Harvard Total Water and Water Vapor instruments with remote
measurements of radar reflectivities from the Cloud Radar System (CRS). A cloud model is used to assess the
sampling error caused by comparing measurements that sample air parcels that are not spatially nor temporally
collocated. The conclusion from the model, which is confirmed by the CRYSTAL-FACE data, is that measurements
must be made within 2 kilometers of each other. Limiting the comparisons to times when in situ and remote
measurements were within 2 kilometers of each other, IWC derived from CRS measurements is within 15% of the
IWC measured in situ.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7459.
Publicación no.: 315 Frog declines: Exploring connections among climate change, immunity and
disease [Disminución de ranas: Explorando las conexiones entre el cambio climático, inmunidad y enfermedad] /
Beecher, N.A. Bloomington: Indiana University, 2006. 112 p. Dissertation, Ph.D., Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN (USA).
Frog and toad populations have been declining drastically all over the world. For the past 20 years, marked
declines have been recorded for 40% of the frog and toad species in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve
(MCFP), Costa Rica, where climate change and disease have been implicated. Our study explored possible
connections between climate change, immunity and disease susceptibility, examining in particular how climateinduced changes in pond water levels may influence amphibian immune systems. Weexamined immune
development and function (thymus growth, antibody production and skin graft rejection) in Meadow treefrogs
(Hyla pseudopuma), a declining species in the MCFP, when tadpoles developed under various water regimes.
During the wet seasons of 2001-2004, laboratory experiments were conducted in the MCFP by subjecting
tadpoles to constant or declining water levels. Field studies also took place in man-made and natural forest ponds
that experienced different rainfall and pond water retention patterns. Our studies suggested that development
under shallow or highly variable water levels led to weaker immunity. Under these conditions, both tadpoles and
young froglets were less able to reject foreign tissue, an important immune response involved ininitially fighting
off infection. These data support the hypothesis that climate-induced changes in pond water can influence
amphibian immune development as well as function. Collectively, these results may have important implications
concerning climate change effects on amphibian populations, as well as the possible role of immunosuppression
and increased disease susceptibility in species declines.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 316 An incentive mechanism for reducing emissions from conversion of intact and
non-intact forests [Un mecanismo para incentivar la reducción de emisiones para la conversión de bosques
intactos y no intactos] / Mollicone, D.; Achard, F.; Federici, S.E.; Grassi, H.D.; Belwared, G.; Raes, A.; Seufert,
F.; Stibig, G.; Matteucci, H.J.; Schulze, G. (Commission of European Communities. Joint Research Centre,
Institute of Environmal Sustainability, CCR, TP 440, I-21020 Ispra, IT <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
In: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 83, no. 4, p. 477-493. 2007.
This paper presents a new accounting mechanism in the context of the UNFCCC issue on reducing emissions from
deforestation in developing countries, including technical options for determining baselines of forest conversions.
This proposal builds on the recent scientific achievements related to the estimation of tropical deforestation rates
and to the assessment of 'Cyintact' forest areas. The distinction between 'Cyintact' and 'Cynon intact' forests used
here arises from experience with satellite-based deforestation measurements and allows accounting for carbon
losses from forest degradation. The proposed accounting system would use forest area conversion rates as input
data. An optimal technical solution to set baselines would be to use historical average figures during the time
period from 1990 to 2005. The system introduces two different schemes to account for preserved carbon: one for
countries with high forest conversion rates where the desired outcome would be a reduction in their rates, and
another for countries with low rates. A 'Cyglobal' baseline rate would be used to discriminate between these two
country categories (high and low rates). For the hypothetical accounting period 2013-2017 and considering 72%
of the total tropical forest domain for which data are available, the scenario of a 10% reduction of the high rates
and of the preservation of low rates would result in approximately 1.6 billion tCO(2) of avoided emissions. The
resulting benefits of this reduction would be shared between those high-rate countries which reduced
deforestation and those low-rate countries which did not increase their deforestation over an agreed threshold
(e.g., half of "global" baseline rate).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7344.
Publicación no.: 317 Efecto del cambio climático en la agricultura. Experiencias en Costa Rica /
Villalobos-Flores, R.; Retana-Barrantes, J.A. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Departamento de
Agrometeorología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). [San José]: Roberto
Villalobos & José. A. Retana, s.f. 2 p.
La alteración de los patrones climáticos afectará indudablemente la producción y la productividad agrícola de
diferentes maneras, dependiendo de los tipos de prácticas agrícolas, sistemas y período de producción, cultivos,
variedades y zonas de impacto. Se estima que los principales efectos directos derivados de las variaciones en la
temperatura y precipitación principalmente, serían la duración de los ciclos de cultivo, alteraciones fisiológicas por
exposición a temperaturas fuera del umbral permitido, deficiencias hídricas y respuesta a nuevas concentraciones
de CO2 atmosférico. Algunos efectos indirectos de los cambios esperados se producirían en las poblaciones de
parásitos, plagas y enfermedades (migración, concentración, flujos poblacionales, incidencias, etc.) disponibilidad
de nutrimentos en el suelo y planificación agrícola (fechas de siembra, laboreo, mercadeo, etc.). Una de las
formas más utilizadas actualmente para estudiar el impacto de un cambio climático sobre los sistemas agrícolas
ypecuarios, es evaluando escenarios futuristas de cambio en modelos computacionales de simulación de
crecimiento de cultivos. Estos permiten analizar el comportamiento productivo durante todo el ciclo del cultivo
bajo diferentes marcos climáticos, obteniendo resultados sobre los efectos de variaciones en la temperatura, la
precipitación y la radiación solar, principalmente. La mayoría de estos estudios aplican variaciones en la
temperatura máxima, mínima o en la media y en la precipitación. Los rangos devariación de los elementos
meteorológicos, son generados por Modelos de Circulación General (MCG). Si bien es cierto que existen
desacuerdos entre los investigadores sobre la magnitud de cambio en estos elementos, la tendencia en las
investigaciones agrícolas que utilizan escenarios climáticos derivados de los MCG es que sean del orden de 1 a
4°C en la temperatura, con un aumento o disminución en la lluvia diaria entre un 5 y un 15%. Con estos rangos
de variación, las posibilidades de construcción de escenarios es grande, máxime que algunos modelos de
simulación de crecimiento permiten manejar combinaciones de factores y factores aislados como tratamientos de
estudio. Además de la temperatura y la precipitación, el otro elemento de cambio importante a evaluar es el
contenido de CO2. Los MCG trabajan sobre el estimado de alcanzar el equilibrio climático ante una concentración
de CO2 duplicada de la actual (323 ppm). Experimentos con altos contenidos de CO2 indican que el
comportamiento estomático producido, podría generar una economía del agua consumida por las plantas, así
como un efecto fertilizante en el caso de las leguminosas. Además, un incremento en la concentración del CO2,
aumentaría directamente la taza de fotosíntesis y la producción de biomasa de las plantas C3, con cambios poco
significativos en las plantas C4, como el maíz, sorgo y caña de azúcar.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7188.
Publicación no.: 318 Programa de asistencia holandés para estudios de cambio climático: Proyecto de
evaluación del impacto del cambio climático sobre la producción agrícola de Costa Rica / VillalobosFlores, R.; Retana-Barrantes, J.A. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Departamento de Agrometeorología, San
José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). [San José]: Roberto Villalobos & José. A.
Retana, s.f. 3 p.
El objetivo general del proyecto fue estudiar el impacto de un cambio climático sobre los cultivos agrícolas de
frijol, papa y café en las principales regiones de producción en Costa Rica. Específicamente se analizó el efecto de
variaciones en la temperatura del aire y la precipitación sobre la fisiología general y los rendimientos del cultivo
de frijol en la Región Huetar Norte y de los cultivos de café y papa en la Región Central de Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7186.
Publicación no.: 319 Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer / Marcy, T.P.; Popp,
P.J.; Gao, R.S.; Fahey, D.W.; Ray, E.A.; Richard, E.C.; Thompson, T.L.; Atlas, E.L.; Loewenstein, M.; Wofsy,
S.C.; Park, S.; Weinstock, E.M.; Swartz, W.H.; Mahoney, M.J. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA). Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
In: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310), v. 41, no. 34, p. 7253-7261. 2007.
A unique dataset of airborne in situ observations of HCl, O3, HNO3, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH3Cl has been made in
and near the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). A total of 16 profiles across the tropopause were obtained at
latitudes between 10°N and 3°S from the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft flying from Costa Rica. Few in situ
measurements of these gases, particularly HCl and HNO3, have been reported for the TTL. The general features
of the trace gas vertical profiles are consistent with the concept of the TTL as distinct from the lower troposphere
and lower stratosphere. A combination of the tracer profiles and correlations with O3 is used to show that a
measurable amount of stratospheric air is mixed into this region. The HCl measurements offer an important
constraint on stratospheric mixing into the TTL because once the contribution from halocarbon decomposition is
quantified, the remaining HCl (60% in this study) must have a stratospheric source. Stratospheric HCl in (60% in
this study) must have a stratospheric source. Stratospheric HCl in the TTL brings with it a proportional amount of
stratospheric O3. Quantifying the sources of O3 in the TTL is important because O3 is particularly effective as a
greenhouse gas in the tropopause region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7405.
Publicación no.: 320 Growth, carbon sequestration, and management of native tree plantations in
humid regions of Costa Rica [Crecimiento, captura de carbono y manejo de plantaciones de árboles nativos en
regiones húmedas de Costa Rica] / Redondo-Brenes, A. (Yale University. School of Forestry & Environmental
Studies, 210 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: New Forests (ISSN 0169-4286), v. 34, no. 3, p. 253-268. 2007.
The Costa Rican government has provided incentives for reforestation programs since 1986 and initiated a
Payment for Environmental Services program in 1996. These incentives yielded native species reforestation
programs throughout the country. This research aims to provide information about growth, carbon sequestration,
and management of seven native tree species (Vochysia guatemalensis, Vochysia ferruginea, Hyeronima
alchorneoides, Calophyllum brasiliense, Terminalia amazonia, Virola koschnyi, and Dipteryx panamensis) growing
in small and medium- sized plantations in the Caribbean and Northern lowlands of Costa Rica. A total of 179 plots
were evaluated in 32 farms. Overall, I found that V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, H. alchorneoides, and T.
amazonia were the species with the fastest diameter, total height, and volume growth; and T. amazonia and D.
panamensis sequestered more carbon. Moreover, I found that the plantations that had been thinned before this
assessment had the best growth. The results of the present research enhance the criteria elaborated in previous
research findings to improve species choices for reforestation and silvicultural management in Costa Rica and in
other regions with similar ecological features. Furthermore, they support the concept that tropical plantations can
serve diverse economic, social, and ecological functions that may ultimately help reduce atmospheric CO2
accumulation. The Costa Rican government has provided incentives for reforestation programs since 1986 and
initiated a Payment for Environmental Services program in 1996. These incentives yielded native species
reforestation programs throughout the country. This research aims to provide information about growth, carbon
sequestration, and management of seven native tree species (Vochysia guatemalensis, Vochysia ferruginea,
Hyeronima alchorneoides, Calophyllum brasiliense, Terminalia amazonia, Virola koschnyi, and Dipteryx
panamensis) growing in small and medium-sized plantations in the Caribbean and Northern lowlands of Costa
Rica. A total of 179 plots were evaluated in 32 farms. Overall, I found that V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, H.
alchorneoides, and T. amazonia were the species with the fastest diameter, total height, and volume growth; and
T. amazonia and D. panamensis sequestered more carbon. Moreover, I found that the plantations that had been
thinned before this assessment had the best growth. The results of the present research enhance the criteria
elaborated in previous research findings to improve species choices for reforestation and silvicultural
management in Costa Rica and in other regions with similar ecological features. Furthermore, they support the
concept that tropical plantations can serve diverse economic, social, and ecological functions that may ultimately
help reduce atmospheric CO2 accumulation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7404.
Publicación no.: 321 The CO2 tracer clock for the tropical tropopause layer / Park, S.; Jiménez, R.;
Daube, B.C.; Pfister, L.; Conway, T.J.; Gottlieb, E.W.; Chow, V.Y.; Curran, D.J.; Matross, D.M.; Bright, A.; Atlas,
E.L.; Bui, T.P.; Gao, R.S.; Twohy, C.H.; Wofsy, S.C. (Harvard University. Department of Earth & Planetary
Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ISSN 1680-7316), v. 7, no. 14, p. 3989-4000. 2007.
Observations of CO2 were made in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the deep tropics in order to
determine the patterns of large-scale vertical transport and age of air in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL).
Flights aboard the NASA WB-57F aircraft over Central America and adjacent ocean areas took place in January
and February, 2004 (Pre-AURA Validation Experiment, Pre-AVE) and 2006 (Costa Rica-AVE, CR-AVE), and for the
same flight dates of 2006, aboard the Proteus aircraft from the surface to 15 km over Darwin, Australia (Tropical
Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment, TWP-ICE). The data demonstrate that the TTL is composed of two
layers with distinctive features: (1) the lower TTL, 350-360 K (potential temperature(theta); approximately 12-14
km), is subject to inputs of convective outflows, as indicated by layers of variable CO2 concentrations, with air
parcels of zero age distributed throughout the layer; (2) the upper TTL, from theta=similar to 360 K to similar to
390 K (14-18 km), ascends slowly and ages uniformly, as shown by a linear decline in CO2 mixing ratio tightly
correlated with altitude, associated with increasing age. This division is confirmed by ensemble trajectory
analysis. The CO2 concentration at the level of 360 K was 380.0(±0.2) ppmv, indistinguishable from surface site
values in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) for the flight dates. Values declined with altitude to
379.2(±0.2) ppmv at 390 K, implying that air in the upper TTL monotonically ages while ascending. In
combination with the winter slope of the CO2 seasonal cycle (+10.8±0.4 ppmv/yr), the vertical gradient of 0.78±0.09) ppmv gives a mean age of 26(±3) days for the air at 390 K and a mean ascent rate of 1.5(±0.3) mm
s-¹. The TTL near 360 K in the Southern Hemisphere over Australia is very close in CO2 composition to the TTL in
the Northern Hemisphere over Costa Rica, with strong contrasts emerging at lower altitudes (360 K). Both PreAVE and CR-AVE CO2 observed unexpected input from deep convection over Amazonia deep into the TTL. The
CO2 data confirm the operation of a highly accurate tracer clock in the TTL that provides a direct measure of the
ascent rate of the TTL and of the age of air entering the stratosphere.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7496.
Publicación no.: 322 A stable isotope approach to neotropical cloud forest paleoclimatology [Un
enfoque de isótopos estables para la paleoclimatología del bosque nuboso neotropical] / Anchukaitis, K.J. (The
University of Arizona. Department of Geosciences and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, 105 Stadium, Tucson,
AZ 85721, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona, 2007. 165 p.
Dissertation, Ph.D., The University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson (USA).
Many tropical trees do not form reliable annual growth rings, making it a challenge to develop tree-ring width
chronologies for application to paleoclimatology in these regions. Here, I seek to establish high-resolution proxy
climate records from trees without rings from the Monteverde Cloud Forest in Costa Rica using stable isotope
dendroclimatology. Neotropical cloud forest ecosystems are associated with a relatively narrow range of
geographic and hydroclimatic conditions, and are potentially sensitive to climate variability and change at time
scales from annual to centennial and longer. My approach takes advantage of seasonal changes in the delta18O
of water sources used by trees over a year, a signature that is imparted to the radial growth and provides the
necessary chronological control. A rapid wood extraction technique is evaluated and found to produce cellulose
with delta18O values indistinguishable from conventional approaches, although its application to radiocarbon
requires a statistical correction. Analyses of plantation-grown Ocotea tenera reveal coherent annual delta18O
cycles up to 9h. The width of these cycles corresponds to observed basal growth increments. Interannual
variability in delta18O at this site is correlated with wet season precipitation anomalies. At higher elevations
within the orographic cloud bank, year-to-year changes in the amplitude of oxygen isotope cycles show a
relationship with dry season climate. Longer delta18O chronologies from mature Pouteria (Sapotacae) reveal that
dry season hydroclimatology is controlled at interannual time scales by variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific
(ENSO) and the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP), which are correlated with trade wind strength and local
air temperature. A change in the late 1960s toward enhanced annual delta18O amplitude may reflect low
frequency changes in the Atlantic and Pacific ocean-atmosphere system. This study establishes the basis for cloud
forest isotope dendroclimatology and demonstrates that the local climate of neotropical cloud forests is sensitive
to interannual, and perhaps, multidecadal changes in important large-scale modes of climate variability.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7386.
Publicación no.: 323 Efecto de ENOS sobre la agricultura del arroz en la Región Chorotega y la
agricultura del frijol en la Zona Norte de Costa Rica / Anónimo.
San José: Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, s.f. 5 p.
(No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7486.
Publicación no.: 324 Payment of environmental services in Costa Rica: Evaluating impact and
possibilities [Pago por servicios ambientales en Costa Rica: Evaluando el impacto y posibilidades] / RussoAndrade, R.O.; Candela, G. (Escuela de Agricultura de la Región Tropical Húmeda (EARTH), Apdo. Postal 44421000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Tierra Tropical (ISSN 1659-2751), v. 2, no. 1, p. 1-13. 2006.
Conclusions: Seen from the perspective of poor rural communities, the Costa Rican experience, offers several
lessons, as pointed out by Rosa et al. (2004): First, it shows the importance of broad participation in the early
stages of PES schemes to ensure their long-term legitimacy and sustainability. An accelerated institutionalization
of PES schemes, without adequately including the interests of small producers and indigenous communities,
generates restrictions that are difficult to overcome later.Second, without strong and representative organizations
of small producers and indigenous communities, it is difficult to ensure participation that will result in truly
inclusive schemes. Third, the global orientation, eligibility criteria, and operational rules largely determine the
capacity for inclusion in the PES schemes. In some settings, greater inclusion requires seeing beyond the forest to
link up with other productive activities that are central to livelihoods. Fourth, a broad focus on a wide range of
practices for the provision of environmental services can be important for improving, diversifying, and
strengthening the livelihood strategies of rural communities. The impact of PES schemes can be enhanced when
they promote environmentally improved productive activities such as agro-forestry, agro-ecotourism, non-timber
products, and sustainable agriculture. Fifth, the incorporation of local-level perspectives, priorities, and visions
can empower local communities and promote participatory management. Finally, there are some issues on the
program that would need some attention. One is the good will of the government expecting that PSE would help
to alleviate poverty in small rural communities versus the facts of what actually happens. As mentioned, the
recent surveys by Zbinden and Lee (2005) observed that the large farmers (not necessarily poor) are the real
beneficiaries of the program. Moreover, an unpublished study by Hope et al. (2005) has investigated how the PES
program may contribute to poverty reduction for small-scale land owners in the upper water catchment?s area of
the northern Tilarán region of Costa Rica. Participation in the PES program is limited due to weak dissemination,
disputed land claims, and inelastic commitment to compensation payment levels. Additionally, program design
and impacts may be improved by clarification of resource claims and environmental service provision rights, and
simplifying program goals to defensible biophysical and/or socio-economic criteria. The authors studied three
livelihood groups representing the main activities in the area, two productive (coffee and livestock) and one in the
service sector (ecotourism) and no group viewed PES as a significant factor. Even in the case that the region is
only a part of the entire program, these issues should be taken into consideration in a reviewing process.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7699.
Publicación no.: 325 Zonas edafoclimáticas aptas para especies forestales bajo escenarios de cambio
climático: un estudio de caso en Costa Rica / Cervi-F., A.P.; Imbach-Bartol, P.A.; Vallejo, A.; Tito, M.R.;
Pérez, C.J. (Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luis de Queiroz", Piracicaba, Sao Paulo,
BR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Turrialba: CATIE, s.f.
Climate variability and climate change may cause shifts in optimal sites for competitive production of different
forest tree species. This study explored the variation of current optimal soil and climatic conditions for five forest
species of commercial value in Costa Rica: Tectona grandis L. f., Gmelina arborea (L.) Roxb., Cordia alliodora
(Ruiz & Pav.) Oken, Hyeronimia alchorneoides Allemao, and Vochysia guatemalensis (Donn. Sm.). The study
consisted of developing a tool that could be used for planning and adequate site selection considering climatic
variables, actual and future under climate change scenario for year 2100. A review of bioecological requirements
of the above species was conducted; digital maps of soil type's distribution, climate parameters, etc., were
collected from national institutions. Climate scenarios were derived from the I National Communication to the
UNFCCC. Interviews were conducted to obtain actual locations of current plantations of the above species. The
study showsthat current optimal areas for commercial plantations suffer geographical shifts under the climate
change scenario used. Optimal areas for T. grandis, C. alliodora and H. alchorneoides, decrease by 19.5%, 13.7%
and 30.8%, respectively. For G. arborea andV. guatemalensis, optima areas increase 4.5% and 21.1%,
respectively. The study concludes that selection of appropriate plantation sites will require the consideration of
climate change scenarios otherwise the competitiveness of timber production may be at stakes. Further efforts
are needed to allocate digital positioning coordinates for forest plantation sites and trees used as seed sources.
This will enable a better evaluation of the potential of current plantations and future site selection.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7710.
Publicación no.: 326 The social impacts of carbon markets in Costa Rica: A case study of the Huetar
Norte region [Los impactos sociales de los mercados del carbono en Costa Rica: Estudio de caso de la región
Huetar Norte] / Miranda-Quirós, M.; Porras, I.T.; Moreno-Díaz, M.L. (Universidad Nacional. Centro Internacional
en Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible, P.O. Box 555-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: mmoreno una.ac.cr>). London: International
Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2004. 47 p.
This study assesses the impacts of the payments for environmental services (PES) programme in Costa Rica in
relation to reforestation activities for the establishment of carbon sinks. The methodology used is the Sustainable
Livelihoods Approach (SLA)which is based on five assets: financial, human, social, physical and natural. The study
shows that the PES programme has had a significant impact on financial assets, not so much through the
payments themselves but from the income expected from timber sales. The payments have acted as a catalyst
for reforestation programmes, covering some of the initial outlay. However, the high transaction costs and
obstacles to joining the scheme can preclude access to the PES for some of the most vulnerable groups who are
dependent on other government programmes for their survival (e.g., peasants in receipt of housing support).
There have been important benefits in terms of human assets through the provision of technical assistance and
through ?learning by doing?,particularly in relation to reforestation. The PES programme has had a considerable
impact on social organisation, encouraging alliances between NGOs and providing the financial and human capital
to consolidate objectives in organisations working with small producers. There has been a positive impact on the
recovery of forest landscapes in the area, contributing to improvements in natural assets, which in turn has
brought benefits for tourism. There have also been negative effects, particularly in relation to physical assets,
including the deterioration of existing infrastructure such as roads and bridges, through increased use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7712.
Publicación no.: 327 First direct landscape-scale measurement of tropical rain forest Leaf Area Index,
a key driver of global primary productivity / Clark, D.B.; Olivas, P.C.; Oberbauer, S.F.; Clark, D.A.; Ryan,
M.G. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In: Ecology Letters (ISSN 1461-023X), v. 11, p. 163-172. 2008.
Leaf Area Index (leaf area per unit ground area, LAI) is a key driver of forest productivity but has never
previously been measured directly at the landscape scale in tropical rain forest (TRF). We used a modular tower
and stratified random sampling to harvest all foliage from forest floor to canopy top in 55 vertical transects (4.6
m2) across 500 ha of old growth in Costa Rica. Landscape LAI was 6.00 ± 0.32 SEM. Trees, palms and lianas
accounted for 89% of the total, and trees and lianas were 95% of the upper canopy. All vertical transects were
organized into quantitatively defined strata, partially resolving the long-standing controversy over canopy
stratification in TRF. Total LAI was strongly correlated with forest height up to 21 m, while the number of canopy
strata increased with forest height across the full height range. These data are a benchmark for understanding
the structure and functional composition of TRF canopies at landscape scales, and also provide insights for
improving ecosystem models and remote sensing validation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7839.
Publicación no.: 328 A new initiative to use carbon trading for tropical forest conservation [Una nueva
iniciativa para utilizar el comercio del carbono para la conservación del bosque tropical] / Laurance, W.F.
(Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, PA).
In: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 39, no. 1, p. 20-24. 2007.
An alliance of 15 Developing Countries known as the Coalition for Rainforest Nations, led by Papua-New Guinea
and Costa Rica, has attempted to revive efforts to use carbon credits to slow deforestation. This paper discusses
the main features of this initiative, reasons of its rapidly gaining political support, as well as the technical and
political challenges that may lie ahead.
Localización: Non available.
Publicación no.: 329 Emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y agricultura orgánica / Castro, J.; Amador,
M. (Corporación Educativa para el Desarrollo Costarricense (CEDECO), Apdo. 209-1009, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: CEDECO, 2006. 62 p.
La problemática de gases invernadero, calentamiento global y cambio climático han ganado terreno en varios
ámbitos de discusión. En academias científicas, centros de investigación, alianzas políticas globales y sociedad
civil se presta mayor atenciónal comportamiento del hombre en su entorno y como esto influencia las condiciones
climáticas globales. El contexto mundial recalca la necesidad de generar alternativas de índole global para
distribuir responsabilidades y compromisos de solución a la problemática. Surgen nuevas dinámicas de
cooperación que dan cabida al reconocimiento de servicios ambientales globales. La Corporación Educativa para
el Desarrollo Costarricense (CEDECO) en una ONG vinculada históricamente al acompañamiento de procesos
deapoyo a la gestión de la agricultura orgánica. Con el apoyo y coordinación del Instituto Humanista de
Cooperación con Países en Desarrollo de los Países Bajos (HIVOS) y la Federación Mundial de Movimientos de
Agricultura Orgánica (IFOAM), asume en el año2003 una investigación novedosa sobre el papel que juegan las
fincas orgánicas alrededor de la emisión de gases con efecto invernadero. El proyecto pretende, mediante la
investigación científica, generar metodologías que permitan validar la Agricultura Orgánica en su capacidad para
mitigar del cambio climático mediante la reducción de emisiones de gases de invernadero y el secuestro de
carbono. Procura introducir elementos para la retribución de servicios ambientales, balances energéticos y el
reconocimiento de la producción de alimentos sanos desde la finca orgánica para la sociedad. Se investigan 15
fincas de pequeños y medianos productores orgánicos en diferentes regiones de Costa Rica. Incluye diferentes
cultivos y estados de avance en la producción orgánica (convencionales, transición, certificados). Se da un alto
valor a la participación y aporte de los productores orgánicos en la solución de un problema de pertinencia global.
Las metodologías desarrolladas abarcan principalmente en papel de las fincas en la mitigación de emisiones de
óxidos nitrosos desde suelos, el secuestro y conservación de carbono en suelos, la eficiencia energética de la
producción orgánica y la ganadería orgánica como opción de mitigación de gases de invernadero. Paralelamente
se ejecutan mediciones socioeconómicas valorando factores que influencian los productores en la toma de
decisiones para el manejo de sus fincas. Finalmente, se genera un modelo matemático de interpretación. Este
modelo está compuesto de variables socioeconómicas y biológicas en fincas. El modelo es una herramienta para
orientar la toma de decisiones en una estrategia integral del abordaje de la mitigación del cambio climático
mediante la Agricultura Orgánica en regiones específicas. El presente documento presenta el enfoque
metodológico generado por CEDECO para explicar las variables que influencian el manejo en una finca orgánica y
como éste da cabida a la menor emisión de gases, la fijación de carbono y la producción de alimentos orgánicosa
la sociedad.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8128