Centro Internacional de Ciencia

Transcripción

Centro de Ciencia Internacional – Proyecto de Información de Ciencia
Copyright 2011 - A public service of The American Millennium Foundation, Inc. 501(c)(3)
ISC - Centro Internacional de Ciencia
Home – Index – Space – Earth – Ocean – New Tech. – Eng’g. – Colleges – Health – Medicine – Enviro. – Gallery
Espera Nuestro Futuro
Puertas de Enlace
. Inicio – Bienvenido
. Declaración de
propósito
. Índice de Master
. Matriz de ciencia
espacial
. Matriz de Ciencias
de la tierra
. Matriz de ciencia del
Océano
. Nuevas noticias de
Tecnología
. Matriz de ingeniería
. Colegios y la
Universidad
. Sistemas de
atención de salud
. Matriz de ciencia M
Médica
. Ciencias
ambientales
. Galería de fotos –
Espacio
Tierra
Océano
. Galería de videos
..
..
. Subsistemas de
puerta de enlace
Categorías
ciencia
. Nuevas fotos de
ciencia
. Ciencia para niños
. Blog de ciencia
. Deutsch. English
. Mandarín. Ruso
Proyecto de Información de Cencia
1
© 2011 R.B. Editor de Morgan - Reservados todos los derechos.
Patrocinado por The American Millennium Foundation, Inc unos 501(c) (3
**
Puertas de Enlace
. Inicio - Bienvenido
. Declaración de
propósito
. Índice de Master
. Matriz de ciencia
espacial
. Matriz de Ciencias
de la tierra
Océano
tecnología
. Colegios y la
Universidad
. Sistemas de
atención de salud
. Matriz de ciencia
médica
. Ciencias
ambientales
Espacio
Tierra
Océano
Bienvenido
Un Recurso para obtener Información de Ciencia
El
Proyecto de información de ciencia ISC
es un proyecto conjunto de participar
Individuos y organizaciones
con el único propósito de permitir a
acceso rápido a
Conocimiento del mundo
En
Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería
. Subsistemas de
puerta de enlace
Categorías
. Nuevas noticias
de ciencia
. Nuevas fotos de
ciencia
. Blog de ciencia
. Deutsch. English
. Mandarín. Ruso
El proyecto proporciona enlaces directos para ver datos de ciencia de la NASA, NOAA,
DOE, EPA, DEP, DOI, NPS, USDA, ED, USGS, NIH, centros de investigación SI, et al., en el
sector gubernamental, de universidades, institutos y laboratorios, de sociedades técnicas
del mundo (AGI, AGU, GSA, NESTA, etc.) y de técnicas de ingeniería de ciencia
información disponible a través de nuestros socios internacionales y la investigación
independiente y organizaciones pruebas.
| English | Français | Deutsch | Español | Nihongo | russkiy yazyk | Mandarin |
Seleccione una puerta de enlace para la ciencia
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Puertas de Enlace
. Inicio - Bienvenido
. Declaración de
propósito
. Índice de Master
. Matriz de Cencia
Espacial
. Matriz de Ciencias de la
Tierra
Océano
Tecnología
. Colegios y la
Universidad
. Sistemas de atención de
salud
. Matriz de ciencia
imédica
. Ciencias ambientales
‘66espacio
. Galería de fotos – tierra
Océano
. Subsistemas de puerta
de enlace
Categorías
ciencia
. Nuevas fotos de ciencia
. Blog de Ciencia
. Deutsch. English
. Mandarín. Ruso,
. Spanish, Portuguese
Bienvenidos al
Mundo de Ciencia
Tabla de Continedo
‘Nota: Los horarios International Launch en la Pag. 66’
Cubra………………………………………………………... 1
Bienvenido..................................................................... 2
Tabla de Continedo.………………………...…………….. 3
Ciencia Espacial Matriz ………………………………..... 4
Tierra – Luna Regiones…………………………………… 5
Áreas de Ciencia Atmosféricas ………………………… 6
Región Atmosférica – Thermosphere ………….……... 7
Órbita de la Tierra Baja (LEO) Ciencia Áreas…………. 8
Órbita de la Tierra Media (MEO) Pg. 1………………... 9
Órbita de la Tierra Media (MEO) Pg. 2………………... 10
Ciencia (GEO) Geoestacionaria Areass....................... 11
Órbita de la Tierra Alta (HEO) Áreas de Ciencia………12
Órbita Lunar (LOI) Áreas de Ciencia……………………13
Solar Regiones – Solar Sistemos…............................. 14
Solar Region Áeas de Ciencia Solares…………………15
Áeas de Ciencia Solares ……………………………..… 16
Espacio Profundo Regiones –1& 2Cósmico Objetos 17
Cerca de Objetos de la Tierra (NEO ………………..… 18
Cuerpos Espaciales Asteroides …….................…... 19
Cuerpos Espaciales Cometas ………………………... 20
Orden de la Superioridad Matemática ……….....…. 21
Unidades astronómicas de medición ……………… 22
Principal sitios Web Astrofísico - 1 …………….....…. 23
Principal sitios Web Astrofísico - 2…………….....…. 24
Sitios Web Astrofísico ………………. …………........ 25-26
Agencias Espaciales Internacionales................................. 27-29
Centros de Educación de la NASA …......................... 30
Espacio de Noticias Ciencia ………………………....… 31
Nebulosa de Orión - Hubble ……………………....…… 32
Recommended Teaching Websites ……………....…. 33-36
Espacio Ciencia Vistas para el Futuro …...........…...... 37-38
Wonders of Space – Media Gallery…....................…... 39 - 46
NASA Goddard Space Terminology Dictionary ......... 47
NASA JPL Space Terminology Dictionary………....... 48 - 61
ISSI - Instituto Internacional de Ciencias del Espacio 62-63
INDIA - Organización de Investigación Espacial de la India 64
International Launch Schedules & History.......... 65-66
USGS Astrogeología Centro de Ciencias ................. 67
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S
Ciencia Espacial
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Tierra====
- Luna Regiones
====
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
. Atmosférica
. Órbita terrestre baja (LEO)
. Órbita terrestre media ((MEO)
. Órbita geoestacionaria (GEO)
. Alta órbita terrestre (LEO)
. Órbita lunar (LEO)
=================================================
Ciencia Espacial
Regiones Solares
Solar
Sistemas
. Sun
. Tierra
. Marte
. Mercurio
. Venus
. Júpiter
. Saturno
. Urano
. Neptuno
. Plutón
. Asteroides . Meteoros
. Cometas
. Planetas enanos
. Objetos astronómicos
=================================================
Ciencia Espacial
Espacio
profundo
Sistemas
Regiones solares
. Regiones - 1 objetos cósmicos
. Regiones - 2 objetos cósmicos
. Regiones de órganos de espacio
. Datos de la región: asteroides
. Datos de la región: cometas
. Agencias espaciales de internacional
. KSC y centros de la NASA
. Noticias de ciencia espacial
. Fotos del espacio profundo
. Recomienda sitios Web de enseñanza de ciencia espacial
.
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Ciencia Espacial
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
====
====
Tierra – Luna Regiones
. Atmosférico
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Atmospheric_sciences
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
. Órbita Terrestre Baja (LEO)
http://gcmd.nasa.gov/User/suppguide/platforms/orbit.html
. Órbita de la Tierra Media (MEO)
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Medium_Earth_Orbit
Tierra - Luna
Regiones
. Órbita Geostacionaria (GEO)
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/GEO_ORBIT/DI146.htm
. Órbita Terrestre Alta (HEO)
. Órbitas puntos de Lagrange (LPO)
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/Lagpoint.html
. Órbita Lunar (LOI)
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Lunar_orbit
http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/project/faq.htm#30
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Áreas
de Ciencia
Atmosféricas
====
====
. Límites de Región
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/layers_activity_print.html
. Troposfera (Tiempo)
http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Troposphere.htm
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
. Mesosfera
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/mesosphere.html
. Thermosphere (ISS)
Tierra - Luna
Regiones
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/thermosphere.html
. Exosphere
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Exosphere
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm
.
Atmosférico
Regiones
.
.
Vista de África y Arabia Saudí de Apolo 17.
Probablemente el cuadro más solicitado de la Tierra.
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
ISS Series de Panel Solares
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
Tierra - Luna
Regiones
..
Región Atmosférica - Thermosphere
Casa de la Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS)
.. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html
Un recurso en ISS por NASA. Incluye noticias operacionales, la amplia variedad de
material de fondo, archivos, galería de imagen y misiones planeadas.
www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station

www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station
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Órbita de la Tierra Baja (LEO) Ciencia Áreas
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
. Clases de Órbitas
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/page2.php
. Lugar geométrico (Nominal - 160 - 2,000 kilómetros (100 –
1250 millas) encima de la Tierra superficie.)
http://www.brighthub.com/science/space/articles/114687.aspx#ixzz1MgMVZEL5
Variedad: Atmósfera a debajo del cinturón de radiación de Van Allen interior
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970228a.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Van_Allen_radiation_belt
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
. LEO Subsets
http: // www.geo-orbit.org/sizepgs/geodef.html
. Órbita de la Tierra Muy Baja (VLEO)
. Órbitas de la Tierra Bajas ecuatoriales (ELEO)
. Órbita polar
. La Órbita de Molniya (ver también la entrada de Órbita de
la Tierra Media.)
Órbita de la
Tierra Baja
(LEO)
Ciencia Áreas
. Parámetros de ciencia de rastra atmosféricos
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/STP-H2-ANDE.html
.
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
Órbita de la
Tierra Media
(MEO) (1)
Regiones
Órbita de la Tierra Media (MEO) Áreas de Ciencia
La página 1
. Lugar geométrico
(Nominal - 2000 – 35,786 kilómetros (1250 – 22,236 millas) encima el
La superficie de la tierra.
Esto incluye la órbita semisincrónica y la órbita de Molniya.
La órbita semisincrónica es una órbita cerca circular (bajo
excentricidad) 26,560 kilómetros del centro de la Tierra
(aproximadamente 20,200 kilómetros encima de la superficie).
. Subconjuntos de MEO – la Página 1
. Órbita de Circular de Intermedio de aka (ICO)
http://www.argospress.com/Resources/satellite/intermcirculorbit.htm
. Órbita sincrónica de sol y Órbita Polar
. Región de satélite de GPS para todos los Sistemas GNSS.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
. GNSS – Sistemas de Satélite de Navegación Globales
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/g
nss/
FAA excelente - Cartas de GNSS y Videos - La página 2.
. EE.UU – NAVSTAR Rusia - GLONASS
. Unión Europea – Galileo. China – Beidou. India – IRNSS
.
Figure 3-2. ETS-8 satellite (courtesy of JAXA)
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http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ets8/index_e.html.
El KIKU-VIII
el apoyo
2011 medidas de desastre de temblor.
© 2011 R.B. Editor
de Morgancompleta
- Reservados
todospara
los derechos.
**
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Órbita de la Tierra Media (MEO) Áreas de Ciencia
La página 2
. Lugar geométrico
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
Órbita de la
Tierra Media
(MEO) (1)
Regiones
(Nominal - 2000 – 35,786 kilómetros (1250 – 22,236 millas) encima el
La superficie de la tierra.
Esto incluye la órbita semisincrónica y la órbita de Molniya.
La órbita semisincrónica es una órbita cerca circular (bajo
excentricidad) 26,560 kilómetros del centro de la Tierra
(aproximadamente 20,200 kilómetros encima de la superficie).
. Subconjuntos de MEO – la Página 2
. US – NAVSTAR
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpsinfo.html
. Rusia – GLONASS
http://www.glonass.it/eng/glonass-story.aspx
. EU – Galileo
http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html
. China – Beidou
http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/01/china-opens-2010-with-beidou-2-satellite-launch/
. India – IRNSS
http://isro.org/
http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/irnss-the-indian-navigation-satellite-system/
http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/satellites/20110107_indian_irnss_2.html
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Ciencia (GEO) Geoestacionaria Areass
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
. Órbita de Geosynchronous
Satélites que están en órbita 42,164 kilómetros del centro de el
La tierra (aproximadamente 36,000 kilómetros de la superficie de la
Tierra) entra una especie “de dulce se mancha” en que su órbita empareja
la Tierra rotación. Como el satélite está en órbita en la misma velocidad
esto la Tierra da vuelta, el satélite parece quedarse en el lugar
una longitud sola, aunque esto pueda ir a la deriva el norte al sur.
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
. Órbita geoestacionaria
Los satélites en una circular geosynchronous están en órbita directamente
el ecuador (excentricidad e inclinación en el cero) tendrá una órbita
geoestacionaria que no se mueve en absoluto con relación a la tierra.
Es siempre directamente sobre el mismo lugar en el La superficie de la
tierra. Una órbita geoestacionaria es muy valiosa para escucha
meteorológica.
See Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Geostationary_orbit
http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm
Geoestacionario
(GEO)
Regiones
..
.
GOES operated by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
Órbita de la
Tierra Alta
(HEO)
Regiones
Órbita de la Tierra Alta (HEO) Áreas de Ciencia
. Órbita de la Tierra Alta - una órbita geocéntrica cuyo apogeo
mentiras encima de aquella de una órbita de geosynchronous
(35,786 kilómetros (22,236 mi)). [1]
. Órbitas Muy Elípticas (HEO) son un subconjunto de Alto
Órbitas de la Tierra. Una órbita muy elíptica (HEO) es un
órbita elíptica con un perigeo de altitud baja y un altoaltitud (más de 35,786 kilómetros (19,323 nmi)) apogeo.
. La órbita de Molniya es nombrada por el soviético Molniya
Los satélites de telecomunicaciones que los usaron.
. La órbita de tundra es un tipo de la órbita de geosynchronous muy
elíptica highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit con una inclination alta (por lo
general cerca de 63.4 °) y un orbital period de un sidereal day (casi 24 hours).
La pista de tierra ground track de un satélite en una órbita de tundra es una
"figura cerrada ocho" lemniscate. El único usuario corriente de órbitas de
tundra es la Radio de Satélite de Sirius, Sirius Satellite Radio, que hace
funcionar una constelación constellation de tres satélites.
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Órbita Lunar (LOI) Áreas de Ciencia
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
. Órbita de Selenocentric (aka Lunar)
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss/
http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/articles/space-geodesy-facility-locates-satellite-inlunar-orbit
. Orbitador de Reconocimiento Lunar (LRO) NASA
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html
. Programa de Exploración Lunar Robótico (RLEP) NASA
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/leag/documents/03LunarRoboticStatusGarvin.pdf
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2005/05_62AR.html
Órbita Lunar
(LOI)
Regiones
. NASA Instituto de Ciencia Lunar (NLSI)
http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/about
. Exploración Raman Lidar (SRL) - NASA
http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_ilrs/history/slr_history.html
http://ramanlidar.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/scanning%20raman%20lidar/index.htm
. Servicio de Variación de Láser internacional (ILRS)–
NASA http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/
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Imagen de nave espacial de Galileo de la Luna
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Solar
Sistemas
ISC
Proyecto de Información de Ciencia de Internet
ISC
Matriz de Ciena Espacial
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
Solar
Regiones
Solar
Sistemas
Espacio
Profundo
Sistemas
Solar Regiones
Solar Regiones
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Sol
. Tierra
Marte
. Mercurio
Venus
. Júpiter
Saturno
. Urano
Neptuno
. Plutón
Asteroides . Planetas enanos
Cometas
. Meteoritos
Objetos Astronómicos
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-astro.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html
Copyright 2011 Ronald B. Morgan Publisher. All rights reserved.
**
Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Solar Regiones Direcciones
Sol Mercurio Venus Tierra Marte Júpiter Saturno
Urano Neptuno Plutón Asteroides Planetas enanos
Cometas Metroritos Objeto Astronómicos
Web Addresses
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Solar
Sistemas
Solar
Regiones
Direcciones
Todos
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/
Sol
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun
Mercurio http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury
Venus
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus
Tierra
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth
Marte
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars
Júpiter
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter
Saturno http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn
Urano
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus
Neptuno http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune
Plutón
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto
Asteroides http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids
Planetas enanos http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf
Cometas http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets
Meteoritos http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Meteors
Objeto Astronómicos
. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-astro.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ . http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html
.
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Solar Regiones Direcciones
Sol Mercurio Venus Tierra Marte Júpiter Saturno
Urano Neptuno Plutón Asteroides Planetas enanos
Cometas Metroritos Objeto Astronómicos
Áeas de Ciencia Solares
(Todas las Regiones)
Solar
Sistemas
. Coordenadas Celestes
. Astronómico, Geocéntrico, Geodetic
http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/earth_rot.html
. Campos Magnéticos y gravitacionales
http://solarsystem.dlr.de/TP/gravmag_en.shtml
Áeas de
Ciencia
Solares
. Misa (Me)
http://www.physics247.com/physics-tutorial/mass-planet.shtml
. Planeta / Química Lunar
http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Mar10/PlanetConstruction.html
. Atmósfera, Gas / Hielo
http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/uc/solar_system/5/ucss5_3a.html
. Correlación Superficial
http://planetpixelemporium.com/earth.html
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
ISC
Matriz de Ciena Espacial
Tierra - Luna
Sistemas
Espacio
Profundo
Sistemas
Solar
Sistemas
Espacio
Profundo
Sistemas
Espacio Profundo Regiones - 1
Cósmico Objetos
Espacio
Profundo
Regiones - 1
. Galaxias Activas
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html
. Quásares Activos
Cósmico
Objetos
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html
. Agujeros Negros y Blanco Empequeñecen
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/black_holes.html
. Rayos cósmicos y Estrellas de Neutrón
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html
. Materia Oscura
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/dark_matter.html
. Fondo Difuso
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/diffuse_background.html
. Estallidos de Rayo gamma
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/bursts.html
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Cassiopeia A: Death Becomes Her - Hubble
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Ciencia
Espacial
Matriz
Espacio Profundo Sistemas
Espacio Profundo Regiones - 2
Cuerpos Espaciales
Espacio
Profundo
Sistemas
Asteroides, Cometas, Meteoritos,
Cerca de Objetos de la Tierra (NEO)
. Sitio principal
Espacio
Profundo
Regiones - 2
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/aster.htm
. Listado de Asteroide
Hay literalmente los millones de asteroides.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/asteroidfact.html
. Listado de Cometas
Desde el enero de 2011 hay unos 4,185 cometas conocidos relatados.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/cometfact.html
Cuerpos
Espaciales
. Planetas enanos
(IAU - http://iau.org/ - 1919)
El IAU actualmente reconoce cinco planetas enanos. - Ceres, Plutón,
Haumea, Makemake, y Eris como miembros de nuestro Sistema
Solar. Estimaciones de IAU 200 planetas Enanos en el Kuiper Zurran
on correa y 2000 fuera del cinturón.
. Nubes de Gas
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-161
. Listado de Meteorito (en cuanto a NASA Oficina de
MEO)
http://fireballs.ndc.nasa.gov/
. Cerca de Objetos de la Tierra (NEO-)
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/
http://www.tivas.org.uk/solsys/tas_solsys_comet.html
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. R.B. Editor de Morgan - Reservados todos los derechos.
© 2011
Comet Hale-Bopp (1997), possessing two distinct tails - a dust Tail (white) and as ion tail (blue)
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Ciencia
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Matriz
Espacio
Profundo
Regiones
Cuerpos
Espaciales
Asteroides
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Espacio Profundo Regiones
Cuerpos Espaciales
Asteroides
Asteroides
25 Asteroides Llamados Principales
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/asteroidfact.html
Hay literalmente los Millones de asteroides.
Asteroid
Diameter
~Mass
Rotation
Number and Name
(km)
1015 kg
Period
---------------------------------1 Ceres
960 x 932
870,000
9.075 hrs
2 Pallas
570 x 525 x 482 318,000
7.811 hrs
3 Juno
240
20,000
7.210 hrs
4 Vesta
530
300,000
5.342 hrs
45 Eugenia
226
6,100
5.699 hrs
140 Siwa
103
1,500 18.5
hrs
216 Kleopatra
217 x 94
5.385 hrs
243 Ida
253 Mathilde
66 x 48 x 46
103.3 417.7
hrs
433 Eros
33 x 13 x 13
6.69
5.270 hrs
951 Gaspra
19 x 12 x 11
10
7.042 hrs
1566 Icarus
1.4
0.001
2.273 hrs
1620 Geographos
2.0
0.004
5.222 hrs
1862 Apollo
1.6
0.002
3.063 hrs
2060 Chiron
180
4,000
5.9
hrs
2530 Shipka
2703 Rodari
3.25 yrs
3352 McAuliffe
2 - 5
2.57 yrs
3840 Mimistrobell
3.38 yrs
4179 Toutatis
4.6 x 2.4 x 1.9
0.05
130. hrs
4769 Castalia
1.8 x 0.8
0.0005
4979 Otawara
5.5
0.2
3.19 yrs
5535 AnneFrank
4.0
3.29 yrs
9969 Braille
Itokawa
1.52 yrs
© 201125143
R.B. Editor
de Morgan - Reservados todos los derechos.
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Ciencia
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Espacio Profundo Regiones
Cuerpos Espaciales
Cometas
Espacio
Profundo
Regiones
Cometas
Cuerpos
Espaciales
Cometas
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20 Cometas Llamados Principales
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/cometfact.html
Desde el enero de 2011 hay unos 4,185 cometas conocidos relatados.
Orbital
Perihelion
Number & Name
Period
Date
--------------------- ---------1P Halley
76.1 yrs. 1986-02-09
Hale-Bopp
4000. yrs. 1997-03-31
2P Encke
3.30 yrs. 2003-12-28
6P d'Arrest
6.51 yrs. 2008-08-01
9P Tempel 1
5.51 yrs. 2005-07-05
19P Borrelly
6.86 yrs. 2001-09-14
21P Giacobini-Zinner
6.52 yrs. 1998-11-21
26P Grigg-Skjellerup
5.09 yrs. 1992-07-22
27P Crommelin
27.89 yrs. 1984-09-01
45P Honda-Mrkos
-Pajdusakova
5.29 yrs. 1995-12-25
46P Wirtanen
5.46 yrs. 2013-10-21
55P Tempel-Tuttle
32.92 yrs. 1998-02-28
67P Churyumov
-Gerasimenko
6.57 yrs. 2002-08-18
73P Schwassmann
5.36 yrs. 2006-06-02
-Wachmann 3
75P Kohoutek
6.24 yrs. 1973-12-28
76P West-Kohoutek
-Ikemura
6.46 yrs. 2000-06-01
81P Wild 2
6.39 yrs. 2003-09-25
95P Chiron
50.7 yrs. 1996-02-14
107P Wilson-Harrington
4.29 yrs. 2001-03-26
Hyakutake
~40000.
1996-05-01
© 2011 R.B. Editor
de Morgan - Reservados
todos losyrs.
derechos.
~40000. Inc
yrs.
Patrocinado por TheHyakutake
American Millennium Foundation,
unos1996-05-01
501(c) (3
Perihelion
Distance
---------0.587 AU
0.914 AU
0.340 AU
1.346 AU
1.500 AU
1.358 AU
0.996 AU
0.989 AU
0.743 AU
0.528 AU
1.063 AU
0.982 AU
1.292 AU
0.937 AU
1.571 AU
1.596
1.583
8.46
1.000
0.230
AU
AU
AU
AU
AU
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Unidades Astronómicas de Medición
Orden de la Superioridad Matemática
Megaparsec - Mpc
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mpc
Mpc
Mpc
Mpc
Mpc
Mpc
=
=
=
=
=
=
1000000 Parsec (pc)
3261563.7769443 Light Years (Ly or ly)
2.062648062e+11 Astronomical Units (AU)
1.917341158e+19 miles (INT)
1.666132603e+19 nautical miles (INT)
3.085677581e+19 Kilometers (Km)
Parsec - pc
1 Parsec = .000001 Megaparsec (Mpc)
1 Parsec = 3.26156 Light Years (Ly or ly)
1 Parsec = 206264.80624538 Astronomical Units (AU)
1 Parsec = 3.085677581e+13 Kilometers (Km)
1 Parsec = 1.917351158e+13 Miles (INT)
Light Year - Ly or ly
1 Light Year = 0.000000307 Megaparsecs
1 Light Year = 0.306601394 Parsecs
1 Light Year = 63241.077088066 Astronomical Units
1 Light Year = 5.878625373e+12 Miles
1 Light Year = 9.460730473e+12 Km
AU - Astronomical Unit
1 AU = 4.848136811e-12 Megaparsecs
1 AU = 0.000004848142402969934 Parsecs
1 AU = 0.0000158125073358306 Light Years
1 AU = 92955807.267433 Miles
1 AU = 149597870.691 Km
M - Mile
1 Mile = 5.215534744823067e-14 Parsecs
1 Mile = 1.7010779502325107e-13 Light Years
1 Mile = 1.0757800228038006e-8 Astronomical Units
Km - Kilometer
1 Kilometer = 3.2407830425459485e-14 Parsecs
1 Kilometer = 1.0570008340246153e-13 Light Years
1 Kilometer = 6.684587153547039e-9 Astronomical Units
Conversion Caculators - Reference Sites
http://www.unitconversion.org/unit_converter/length.html
http://converters360.com/astronomy/
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Unidades Astronómicas de Medición
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
light
light
light
light
light
light
light
http://www.onlineconversion.com/astronomical.htm
second = 0.002 003 988 804 2 astronomical unit [1996]
minute = 0.120 239 328 25 astronomical unit [1996]
hour = 7.214 359 695 2 astronomical unit [1996]
day = 173.144 632 68 astronomical unit [1996]
year [Julian] = 63 241.077 089 astronomical unit [1996]
year [tropical] = 63 239.726 349 astronomical unit [1996]
year [traditional] = 63 197.790 93 astronomical unit [1996]
Descripción general de la ciencia espacial y videos
IAU - Defining Our Place in the Cosmos – the Universal Frame of Reference
y
www.iau.org/public/place_in_cosmos/
ICRS - International Celestial Reference System (ICRS)
Espacio
Ciencia
Vídeos
http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/astronomical-information-center/icrsnarrative?searchterm=ICRS
http://www.usno.navy.mil/astronomy
The Constellations
www.iau.org/public/constellations/
Our Solar System
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Display=Facts&Object=Moon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System
Beyond Our Solar System: Overview
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Beyond
Distances in Space **
Hollyfield Physics tv 6.29 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bmb0YE9VGM&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Cosmic Distances & Light Speed Comparison 7.33 min.
Nat Geo Program ****
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1N-4PxItA4&feature=related
Journey to the End of the Universe 6.31 min.
American Museum of Natural History ****
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufl_Nwbl8xs&feature=related
The Biggest Stars in the Universe 4.26 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LUQVzerseI&feature=related
The Speed of Light Problem 7.21 min.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx52Z9DrFeY&feature=related
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Principal sitios Web Astrofísico - 1
SAO - Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (Harvard-Smithsonian)
www.cfa.harvard.edu/sao/
HCO – Harvard College Observatory
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hco/
Principales
Astro
Organismos
CfA – Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sed/
HITRAN Data Base
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/
AFCRL – Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory
www.astronautix.com/mfrs/afcrl.htm
IAU – International Astronomical Union
http://www.iau.org/
ICSU – International Council for Sxcience
http://www.icsu.org/
ARC – Ames Research Center www.arc.nasa.gov/
ARC - NAI Ames- NASA Astrobiology Institute http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/about/
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Lambda Tools - Coordinate Conversions http:// lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/toolbox/
JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html
Near Earth Object Program - ASTRONOMICAL UNIT (AU)
LARC – Langley Research Center http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/science/index.html/
Earth Atmosphere - Solar Flares – Martian Atmosphere Plane
MSFC - Marshall Space Flight Center http://discoverynewfrontiers.nasa.gov/index.cfml
New Frontiers Program - Environmental Control and Life Support Systemsss
GRC - Glenn Research Center http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/index.html
Space Propulsion – Communications - Structures
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Principales
Astro
Sitios Web
Nuestro Sistema Solar
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/sss.html
Earth Geodesy (RG)
Atmospheric Measurements (AMP)
Comets (RG)
Cometary X-rays (AMP)
Planets & Comets (HEA)
Solar Physics (SSP)
Sun (HEA)
Solar Wind X-rays (HEA)
Solar System (SSP)
Outer Solar System (TA)
Planets (RG)
Planet Formation (SSP)
Estrellas Planetas y Orígenes
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/sap.html
Estrellas y Planetas: Formación
Star Formation (HEA)
Star Formation (OIR)
Molecular Clouds (RG)
Dense Cloud Cores (RG)
Embedded Clusters (RG)
Massive Star Formation (RG)
Brown Dwarfs (RG)
Disks & Outflows (RG)
Young Stellar Objects (RG)
Accretion Disks (SSP)
Star Formation (SSP)
Planet Formation (SSP)
Extrasolar Planets (TA)
Estrellas y Planetas: Estructura y Evolución
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Late-type Stars and Brown Dwarfs (AMP)
Stellar Corona (HEA)
Early-type Stars (HEA)
White Dwarfs and Novae (HEA)
Hypervelocity Stars (OIR)
Supernovae (OIR)
Asteroseismology (SSP)
Binary Stars (SSP)
Exoplanets (OIR)
© 2011 R.B. Editor de Morgan - Reservados
todos(SSP)
los derechos.
Exoplanets
Patrocinado por The American Millennium
Foundation,
Inc(SSP)
unos 501(c) (3
Stellar Atmospheres
Stellar Coronae & Winds (SSP)
Stellar Variability (SSP)
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Principales
Astro
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Cosmologia
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/cos.html
Fundamental Symmetries (AMP)
The Early Universe (AMP)
Extragalactic Surveys (HEA)
Intergalactic Medium (HEA)
Clusters & Cosmology (HEA)
The Accelerating Universe (OIR)
Extragalactic Surveys (OIR)
Clusters of Galaxies (OIR)
Large Scale Structure (OIR)
Gravitational Lensing (OIR)
Epoch of Reionization (RG)
Cosmic Microwave Background (RG)
Extragalactic Distance Scale (RG)
Early Universe (SSP)
Dark Energy & Dark Matter (TA)
Galaxy Formation & Evolution (TA)
Large-Scale Structure Formation (TA)
21cm Cosmology (TA)
Reionization & First Stars (TA)
Supernova de Single, Estrella Masiva
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html
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Principal sitios Web Astrofísico – 4
Galaxias
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/gal.html
La Vía Láctea
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/amp/mw/mc.html
Principales
Astro
Sitios Web
Molecular Clouds (AMP)
Globular Clusters (HEA)
Hot Interstellar Medium (HEA)
Supernova Remnants (HEA)
Interstellar Dust (HEA)
Milky Way Center (OIR)
Milky Way Halo (OIR)
Open Clusters (OIR)
Globular Clusters (OIR)
Galactic Structure (RG)
Astrochemistry (RG)
Galaxias Externas
Normal Galaxies (HEA)
Starburst Galaxies (HEA)
Interacting Galaxies & Mergers (HEA)
Hot Gas and Outbursts from SMBH's in Galaxies (HEA)
Nearby Galaxies (RG)
VLBI Proper Motions (RG)
Dark Matter in Galaxies (RG)
Active Galactic Nuclei (RG)
Early Universe (SSP)
Galaxia NGC:4214: Un Laboratorio de Formacion Eestelar
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http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/star-form-lab.html
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Agencias
La página 1 de 3
Agencias Espaciales Internacionales
(La página 1 de 3)
AEB
Brazil
Brazilian Space Agency
www.aeb.gov.br
AEB
Brazil
www.aeb.gov.br
AEXA
Mexico
Mexican Space Agency
http://agenciaespacialmexicana.org/
AEXA
Mexico
Agencia Espacial Mexicana http://agenciaespacialmexicana.org/
ANAS Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
http://www.science.az/en/index.phpl
ANGKASA Malaysia Malaysian National Space Agency www.angkasa.gov.my
ANGKASA Malaysia Agensi Angkasa Negara
www.angkasa.gov.my
ASA
Austria
Austrian Space Agency
www.ffg.at ( see also FFG)
ASI
Italy - ESA Italian Space Agency
www.asi.it
ASI
Italy - ESA Agenzia Spaziole Italiana
www.asi.it
BELSPO
Belgium Belgian Science Policy
www.belspo.be/belspo/home/port_en.stm
BIRA-IASB Belgium Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy – ESA www.aeronomie.be
BIRA-IASB Belgium Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte- Aeronomie
www.aeronomie.be
BNSC
United Kingdom British National Space Centre - ESA www.bnsc.gov.uk
BNSC
United Kingdom UK Space Agency - ESA
www.bnsc.gov.uk
CBK
Poland – ESAP Space Research Centre - ESA PECS www.cbk.waw.pl
CBK
Poland – ESAP Centrum Badan Kosmicznych
www.cbk.waw.pl
CCE
Colombia
Colombian Space Commission
www.cce.gov.co
CCE
Colombia
Comision Colombiana del Espacio
www.cce.gov.co
CCO
Colombia
Comision Colombiana del Oceano
www.cco.gov.co
CEP
Portugal – ESA Portugal Space agency GPE
www.cep.pt
CEP
Portugal
see http://alfa.fct.mctes.pt/index.phtml.en
CNES
France - ESA National Center of Space Research
www.cnes.fr
CNES
France
Centre National d'Études Spatiales
www.cnes.fr
CNSA
PRC
China National Space Administration
www.cnsa.gov.cn
CONAE Argentina
National Commission for Space Research
www.conae.gov.ar
CONAE Argentina
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales www.conae.gov.ar
CONIDA Peru
Peru Space Agency
www.condia.gob.pe
CONIDA Peru
Agencia Espacial del Peru
www.conida.gob.pe/index.php
COPUOS United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space www.unoosa.org
COSPAR International Committee on Space Research
http://cosparhq.cnes.fr/
CSA / ASC Canada
Canadian Space Agency
www.space.gc.ca
CSIRO
Australia Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
www.csiro.au
CSO
Czech Republic Czech Space Office - ESA
www.czechspace.cz
DLR
Germany - ESA German Aerospace Center
www.dlr.de
DLR
Germany
Deuschen Zentrums fur Luft-und Raumfahrt
www.dlr.de
DNSC
Denmark - ESA Danish National Space Center
www.spacecenter.dk
DRC
Denmark - ESA Danmarks Rumcenter
www.spacecenter.dk
DTU
Denmark
Danish National Space Institute
http://www.space.dtu.dk/
EI
Ireland – ESA Enterprise Ireland (for the OST of the DETE)
www.enterprise-ireland.com
ESA
18 Nations
European Space Agency – HQ. – Paris, France
www.esa.int
ESA – ASA
Austria
European Space Agency - ASA
www.esa.int
ESA – BIRA
Belgium European Space Agency - BIRA-IASB
www.esa.int
Copyright 2011 Ronald B. Editor de Morgan. Reservados todos los derechos.
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(La página 2 de 3)
ESA – PECS
Czech Republic
European Space Agency - CSO www.czechspace.cz
ESA – DNSC
Denmark European Space Agency - DNSC
www.esa.int
ESA – TEKES
Finland
European Space Agency - TEKES
www.esa.int
ESA - CNES
France
European Space Agency - CNES
www.esa.int
ESA - DLR
Germany European Space Agency - DLR
www.esa.int
ESA – ISARS
Greece
European Space Agency - ISARS
www.esa.int
ESA – EI
Ireland
European Space Agency - EI
www.esa.int
ESA - ASI
Italy
European Space Agency - ASI
www.esa.int
ESA – Luxi
Luxembourg
European Space Agency - Luxinnovation www.esa.int
ESA – NIVR
Netherlands
European Space Agency - NIVR
www.esa.int
ESA – NSC
Norway European Space Agency - NSC
www.esa.int
ESA – CEP
Portugal European Space Agency - CE
www.esa.int
ESA – INTA
Spain
European Space Agency - INTA
www.esa.int
ESA – SNSB
Sweden European Space Agency - SNSB
www.esa.int
ESA – SSO
Switzerland
European Space Agency - SNSB
www.esa.int
ESA – BNSC
United Kingdom European Space Agency - BNSC
www.esa.int
ESA – PECS 4 Nations
European Space Agency – HQ. – Paris, France www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Hungary
ESA's Plan for European States – CSO www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Poland
ESA's Plan for European States – CBK
www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Romania
ESA's Plan for European States – ROSA www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Slovenia
ESA's Plan for European States –
www.esa.int
ESTMP
ESA
European Space Technology Master Plan (ESTMP) www.esa.int
FFG
Austria – ESA
Austrian Space Agency
www.ffg.at
FFG
Austria Die Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft
http://www.ffg.at/content/ueber-die-ffg
GISTDA Thailand Geo-Informatics & Space Technology Development Agency
www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/
FMI (ref.) Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute and TEKES - ESA
HSB
Hungary Hungarian Space Board - ESA PECS
www.hso.hu
HSO
Hungary Hungarian Space Office - ESA PECS
www.hso.hu
IPE
Brazil
http://www.inpe.br/
INTA
Spain - ESA Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
www.inta.es
ISA
International
International Space Agency
www.isa-hq.com
ISA
Iran
Iranian Space Agency
www.isa.ir
ISARS
Greece – ESA
Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing
www.space.noa.gr
ISA
Israel
Israeli Space Agency
ISA
Isreal
http://www.most.gov.il/English/Units/Israel+Space+Agency/
ISRO
India
Indian Space Research Organization
www.isro.org
JAXA
Japan
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
www.jaxa.jp
KARI
South Korea
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
www.kari.kr
LAPAN
Indonesia National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
www.lapan.go.id
LuxInnovation
Luxembourg
National Agency for Innovation and Research
http://www.luxinnovation.lu/site/index.jsp
MUI
Hungary Magyar Urkutatási Iroda - MUI
www.hso.hu
N tbd
North Korea
North Korean Space Agency
tbd
NACA
United States
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1915-1959
NASA
United States
National Aeronautics & Space Admin. www.nasa.gov
NASRDA
Nigeria
National Space Research and Development Agency
http://www.cstd.nasrda.gov.ng/
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NIVR
Netherlands – ESA Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes www.nivr.nl
NSAU
Ukraine
National Space Agency of Ukraine
www.nkau.gov.ua
NSC
Norway – ESA Norweigan Space Centre - ESA
www.spacecentre.no
NSC
Norway – ESA Norsk Romsenter
www.spacecentre.no
NSPO
Republic of China National Space Organization
www.nspo.org.tw
NSPO
(Taiwan)
National Space Organization
www.nspo.org.tw
RI-BAS
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Aerospace Agency
www.space.bas.bg
RKA / RSA Russia
Russian Federal Space Agency
www.roscosmos.ru
ROSA
Romania - ESAP Romanian Space Agency - ESA PECS
www.rosa.ro
ROSA
Romania
Agencia Spatiala Romana
www.rosa.ro
SGCP
Bulgaria
Scientific Group of Space Physics - now merged www.space.bas.bg
SNSB
Sweden – ESA Swedish National Space Board
www.snsb.se
SPARRSO Bangladesh
Space Research Remote Sensing Organizationwww.sparrso.gov.bd/
SANSA
South Africa
South African Space Agency
www.sansa.org.za/
SRON
Netherlands – ESA Netherlands Institute for Space Research
www.sron.nl
SSO
Switzerland- ESA Swiss Space Office
www.sso.admin.ch
SUPARCO Pakistan
Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
www.suparco.gov.pk
TEKES
Finland – ESA National Technology Agency of Finland
www.tekes.fi
TUBITAK Turkey
Turkiye Bilismel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu www.tubitak.gov.tr
UNOOSA United Nations United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
www.unoosa.org
Espacio
Agencias
La página 3 de 3
..
..
NASA The Horsehead Nebula B33 Orion Nebula
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Centros de NASA que Trabajan Juntos
en Educación Espacial - Trabajos
Centro de Espacio de Kennedy
NASA
Educación
Centros
INSPIRAR
La Oficina central de NASA seleccionó Kennedy para poder varios por toda la
agencia proyectos, incluso el Programa de Ciencia Nacional Interdisciplinario
La Incorporación de Investigación y Experiencia de Educación, conocida como
INSPIRA.
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/descriptions/INSPIRE_Project.html
Explorar
Carreras de TALLO
en
Ciencia, Tecnología, Tramando y Matemáticas
www.ed.gov/stem
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/about/index.html
http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc/committees/costem
Apoyado por el
Programa de Escuela de Explorador de
NASA
y el
DLN
La Interagencia del KSC Aprendizaje Digital de
Red
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/dln/home/feedback.html
además de el
Investigación de Universidad de Minoría y Programa de Educación
(MUREP)
Kennedy maneja la Universidad de Minoría por toda la agencia
Investigación y el pequeño proyecto de programas del Programa de
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Educación. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/407272main_2009_HE_MSP.pdf
Copyright 2011 - un servicio público de The American Millennium Foundation, Inc 501 (c)(3)
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Ciencia
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Matriz
Nuevo
Ciencia
Noticias
ISC
Matriz de Ciencia Espacial
Nuevo Ciencia Noticias
Noticias de Ciencia Espaciales
..
..
El Ojo de Fantasma impulsado por hidrógeno de Boeing ha llegado al Centro de
Investigación de Vuelo Dryden de la NASA. El avión es diseñado para quedarse en
lo alto durante hasta cuatro días llevando una carga útil de 450 libras.
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/X-Press/phantom_eye_spotlight.html
.
El Hubble Descubre una Nueva Luna el Centro de Vuelo de Espacio de
Marshall de la NASA ha desarrollado un método de recuperar eficazmente el hidrógeno del
gas natural. Esta innovación puede ser incorporada en sistemas de hardware de vuelo en apoyo
de objetivos de exploración largos como una Estación Espacial retrofit, puesto avanzado
Lunar, tránsito de Marte, o base de Marte.
http: // www.greendesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/8484
. La NASA es el consumidor más grande de hidrógeno líquido en los Estados Unidos.
. La NASA usa aproximadamente 10 millones de libras de hidrógeno líquido por año en seis
posiciones en cinco estados.
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Hubble Descubre una Nueva Luna Alrededor de Plutón el 20 de julio de 2011
El 20 de julio de 2011: los Astrónomos que usan el Telescopio Espacial Hubble han
descubierto una cuarta luna que está en órbita el Plutón de planeta enano helado. El
satélite diminuto, nuevo – temp. designó P4 - apareció en una revisión de Hubble que
busca
anillos
planeta enano.
http:derechos.
// science.nasa.gov/science© 2011 R.B.
Editor
de alrededor
Morgan - del
Reservados
todos los
news/science-at-nasa/2011/20jul_p4/
Copyright 2011 Ronald B. Editor de Morgan. Reservados todos los derechos.
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Ciencia
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Matriz de Ciencia Espacial
Espacio
Profundo
Foto
Fotos de Ciencia Espaciales
Profundas
Orion Nebulae - Hubble
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http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/format/small_web/
Credit:
NASA,ESA,
Robberto todos
(Space
© 2011 R.B.
Editor
de MorganM.
- Reservados
losTelescope
derechos. Science Institute/ESA)
y el Telescopio de Espacio de Hubble Equipo de Proyecto de Tesorería de Orion
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Enseñanza Recomendada de Sitios Web
NASA 360◦
Enseñanza
Sitios Web
..
http://www.hulu.com/nasa-360
La NASA 360 examina como las tecnologías
desarrolladas por y para la NASA son usadas en
todo de la exploración espacial a productos de
consumo diarios.
La NASA 360 escaparates como la NASA cambia
nuestras vidas de modos positivos.
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Enseñanza
Sitios Web
NOVA
NOVA beta
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/
NOVA Ciencia Ahora
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/
NOVA PROFESORES
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/
NOVA
La Vida Secreta de Científicos e Ingenieros
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/secretlife/
dentro NOVA
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/insidenova/
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Enseñanza
Sitios Web
moonandback.com
http://moonandback.com/
Diariamente noticias de spaceflight
Secciones
Noticias
Órbita de suscripción
Órbita
Luna
Planetario
Ambiente
Vídeo
Comentario
Somos una generación de contenido de noticias y la cubierta de sitio
Web de agregación espacio, con énfasis en el personal y publicidad
spaceflight industria.
Nuestra misión es documentar para el gran público el alba de este
nueva época en la historia de la humanidad, y hacer a estudiantes
jóvenes conscientes de las oportunidades de carreras en campos
relacionados con el espacio.
Todo el Copyright © 2010 contento - 2011 Medios Moonandback LLC, excepto
donde por otra parte notado. Reservados todos los derechos. El uso de este sitio
constituye la aceptación de nuestro
Términos de Servicio, Pautas de Comunidad y Política de Intimidad..
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SpaceTEC
http://blog.spacetec.org/
http://blog.spacetec.org/2011/03/24/space-update-needs-your-ideals/
Enseñanza
Sitios Web
∆ Calipers
∆ Outside Calipers
∆ Multimeters
..
Credit Precision Graphics
∆ Inside Calipers
..
1920's pocket multimeter
Credit Wikipedia
(not currently available)
∆ The Micrometer
..
Credit Space Tec
∆ Hydraulic Systems
..
Credit Thesurfacegrinder.com
∆ Measuring Tools
..
Credit – ACS Hydraulic
..
Pascal's Law at work Credit Wikipedia
..
Credit Space Tec
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Vistas
para el
Futuro
ISC
Vistas de Ciencia Espaciales para el Futuro
Vistas de Ciencia Espaciales
Nuevos Campos de Descubrimiento e
Investigación
Aeronáutica – Astrofísica
Exploración Espacial - Vehículos Espaciales
Ciencias de Vida - Biomédico - Apoyo de Vida
Nanotechnology
Robótica - Robonauts
Aeronáutica - Comunicaciones
Radiación , Fuerzas Gravitacionales
e Investigación Magnética
Propulsión Espacial Profunda
Ión - Fusión - Plasma
Solar - Velas Solares
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Vistas de Ciencia Espaciales para el Futuro
Aeronáutica http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/
Apoyo de Vida http://www.nova.org/~sol/station/life-sup.htm
Astrofísica http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/
Biomédico http://www.nsbri.org/
Ciencias de Vida http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/slsd/about/organization.html
Comunicaciones http://deepspacecom.net/
Vistas
para el
Futuro
http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/aug/HQ_11-272_TDM_Selections.html
Exploración Espacial http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/index.html
Fuerzas Gravitacionales
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Europe_Takes_Step_Toward_Detecting_Gravitational_Waves_999.html
Investigación Magnética
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/AMS-02.html
Investigación de Radiación
http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/climate/
http://science.larc.nasa.gov/research-Radiation.html
Nanotechnology http://nano.gov/
Robonauts http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/default.asp
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/robo_sensors.html
Robótica
http://robotics.nasa.gov/ http://robotics.ucf.edu/home.php
http://www.robotics.org/content-detail.cfm/Industrial-Robotics-Feature-Articles/Robotics-in-thePharmaceutical-and-Life-Sciences-Industry/content_id/2867
Vehículos Espaciales http://www.spacefuture.com/power/power.shtml
Propulsión Espacial Profunda
. Ión http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/prop06apr99_2/
http://nmp.nasa.gov/ds1/tech/ionpropfaq.html
Select a Gateway
and Enjoy
. Fusión
http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/~jfs/neep533_lect32_99_fusionProp.html
http://www.sps.aero/Key_ComSpace_Articles/TSA-005_Fusion_Propulsion_White_Paper.pdf
.
.
.
.
Fusión de Espejo http://www.specktech.com/MFTF.html
Plasma http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/future_propulsion.html
Solar http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-054-DFRC.html
Velas Solares http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1108/22technology/
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/roboticexplorers/solar_sails.html
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Las maravillas del espacio
Medios Galería - Espacio - Pg. 1
Maravillas
del Espacio
para
Maravillas del Universo
View Power Point full screen – Click on ‘F’ key or four arrow key
Alert - when accessing ‘youtube.’ or nasa– click only on far right hand of URL address .
. Astronomía 101 - Tour increíble
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 1
Astronomy Online Class - Our Solar System - The 8 Planets
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBzmz1Adg2o&feature=player_detailpage
Cosmology 101 – Dark Matter http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttpkto9Cm5c
Astronomy Picture of the Day
. Los hermanos Wright
..
http://wright.nasa.gov/overview.htm
. Apolo 11 - misión a la Luna
..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyeq8tquq1I
[www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyeq8tquq1I ] Type URL address if req’d.)
. Juno lanzando a Júpiter Agosto 03 2011
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..
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=104732731
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Las maravillas del espacio
Ciencia
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Matriz
Maravillas
del Espacio
para
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 2
La Majestad y la Musica de la Luna
Beethoven_et_la_lune.ppsm
Increible Power Point
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/viviana7777-257272-la-lunemagnifique-moon-magic-travel-places-nature-ppt-powerpoint/
(Click on bottom line of full URL address above.)
At bottom of Power Point screen click on far right block next to MENU block.
Full screen will appear. Press Esc to exit full screen mode. 70 slides.
When PP complete, click on top right ‘X’ Close box to return to ISC page.
Gran video de música para niños & young at heart.
Select “Sun, Earth, Moon Mobile” on You Tube
3:15
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=earth%2fmoon+videos&mid=BA94C4105264EA41F485BA94
C4105264EA41F485&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1
Colonizar la Luna
10:00
http://www.neok12.com/Moon.htm
Click on “Colonizing The Moon” in Web left hand Selection column
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX646a657b636d0144400567&t=Moon
Fases de la Luna
3:16
Click on “The Phases of The Moon” in Web left hand Selection column
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5c60455063656c6c595c41&t=Moon
¿El verdadero origen de la Luna - la Tierra?
9:37
Click on “Origin of The Moon” in Web left hand Selection column
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5f0066004258764170407f&t=Moon
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¿Es un Ave o es un Robot?
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
*
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.htmlhttp://www.ted.com
/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
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Maravillas
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para
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 3
PORTAL DE PELÍCULAS DE ISC
Fireball Red de la NASA – MEO
Películas de Meteor
Espacio cine cine
http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/movies.html#Flag3
JSC
Lista de película de búsqueda rápida de espacio
cine cines
Select (.mov) or (.avi)
Haga clic en una película en la lista de búsqueda rápida para una
descripción narrativa de la película y el texto caliente que descarga
la película a su ordenador para jugar.
(Nota: La mayoría de las películas requieren QuickTime (mov) o
Vídeo para Windows (avi) jugadores mientras fluyen los tipos de
vídeo requieren Microsoft Media Player 7 o superior...)
JFK Rice Speech, First Step on Moon, First Flag on Moon, Moon Golf, Mooncar
Motoring, Rocket Off Moon, Mercury Seven Morph, Gemini Liftoff, Gemini EVA,
Shuttle Launch, Astro-Robot Morph, LEM-Starship Morph, Saturn Five Launch,
Payload Deploy, Apollo 13 Crew Morph, Astro-Santa Morph, Astro-Armour
Morph, Verne Columbiad Cannon Capsule to Apollo Capsule Morph, Astronaut
"Buzz" Aldrin Compares Verne's fiction with Apollo 11, Columbia to Santa Maria
Morph, Feather-drop Galileo Moon Movie, Moon Lander Design Morph, Barbeque
Spacecraft Cooling Morph, Astronaut Lifevest Morph, Moon Race Morph, LM
Eagle to Eagle Morph, Manned Space Vehicle Evolution Morph, Solar System
Planetary Morph, Apollo 13 NASA Rescue Movie [full length], Buzz Aldrin to
Buzz Lightyear Morph, Weightless Space Cartoon [1956], Woodpecker Attack on
Shuttle, Reagan Challenger Eulogy, Godspeed Again John Glenn Morph, NASA
APOLLO 11 Movie, Freedom Seven Mercury mission of Alan Shepard, Challenger
NASA Video [45 minutes], American Flag on Moon Patriotic Movie
Dryden
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Movie/index.html
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Las Maravillas del Espacio
Espacio
Matriz de
Ciencia
Maravillas
del Espacio
para
Maravillas del Universo
View Power Point full screen – Click on ‘F’ key or four arrow key
Astronomía 101 - Información Increíble
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 4
Astronomía Clase Online - Nuestro Sistema Solar - Los 8 planetas
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBzmz1Adg2o&feature=player_detailpage
Cosmología 101 - Materia Oscura http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttpkto9Cm5c
Imagen Astronómica del Día
Los hermanos Wright
.
http://wright.nasa.gov/overview.htm
Apollo 11 - Misión a la Luna
..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyeq8tquq1I
[www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyeq8tquq1I ] Type URL address if req’d.)
Juno a Júpiter Lanzamiento 03 de agosto 2011
42
..
© 2011 R.B. Editor
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=104732731
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El Majestad y de la Música de la Luna
Beethoven_et_la_lune.ppsm
Incredible Poder Pointl
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 5
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/viviana7777-257272-la-lunemagnifique-moon-magic-travel-places-nature-ppt-powerpoint/
(Click on bottom line of full URL address above.)
At bottom of Power Point screen click on far right block next to MENU block.
Full screen will appear. Press Esc to exit full screen mode. 70 slides.
When PP complete, click on top right ‘X’ Close box to return to ISC page.
Gran Videoclip para los niños y los jóvenes de corazón.
Seleccione "Sol, la Tierra, la Luna Mobile" en You Tube 3:15
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=earth%2fmoon+videos&mid=BA94C4105264EA41F485BA94C4
105264EA41F485&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1
Colonizar la Luna
10:00
Haga clic en "colonizar la Luna" en la columna de selección de la mano izquier
a Web http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX646a657b636d0144400567&t=Moon
Fases de la Luna 3:16
Haga clic en "Las fases de la luna" en la columna de selección de la mano izquierda Web
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5c60455063656c6c595c41&t=Moon
El verdadero origen de la Luna - La Tierra?
9:37
Haga clic en "origen de la Luna" en la columna de selección de la mano izquierda Web.
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5f0066004258764170407f&t=Moon
¿Es un pájaro o ¿Es un robot?
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flie
s_like_a_bird.html
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Astronomía 101 - Información Increíble
Maravillas
del Espacio
para
Thinking outside the box and putting things in perspective might help
Here’s a little astronomy to help
you put this into perspective
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 6
..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBzmz1Adg2o
Cosmología 101 - Materia Oscura
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttpkto9Cm5c
Imagen Astronómica del Día - Belleza Pura
ISS Showcase - Todos los sistemas operativos – PDF
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/iss_360.swf
Haga clic aquí para descargar la barra de selección de archivos
PDF en el borde izquierdo de la pantalla
Principal Lista PDF mostrará - Todos los links en la lista PDF son en vivo
. Cómo se Put Together . ¿Cómo está construido
. Cómo se lleva a cabo y apoyadas.
Cómo vive la tripulación
. ¿Cómo funciona?
. Lo que hace
ISS flyaround Animación
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/iss_360.swf
ISC Matrix y Puzzles Ciencia
Ver 'ISC Ciencia Puzzles 12.18.11', para mapas del
Universo y Gráficos SDSS observar las estrellas
http://www.universetoday.com/8181/biggest-3-d-map-of-the-universe/
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http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/t
alks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
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NASA Películas
Red Fireball de la NASA – MEO Meteor Películas
Maravillas
del Espacio
para
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 7
NASA
Películas
Portal
Películas Space Cine
http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/movies.html#Flag3
JSC
Búsqueda Rápida Lista de películas de Cine Espacio Cines
Select (.mov) or (.avi)
Haga clic en una película en la lista de búsqueda rápida para una
descripción narrativa de la película y un texto caliente que descarga la
película a su ordenador para jugar.
(Nota: La mayoría de las películas requieren QuickTime (mov) o Vídeo para
Windows (avi) jugadores durante la transmisión de los tipos de vídeo
requiere Microsoft Media Player 7 o superior.)
JFK Rice Speech, First Step on Moon, First Flag on Moon, Moon Golf, Mooncar
Motoring, Rocket Off Moon, Mercury Seven Morph, Gemini Liftoff, Gemini EVA,
Shuttle Launch, Astro-Robot Morph, LEM-Starship Morph, Saturn Five Launch, Payload
Deploy, Apollo 13 Crew Morph, Astro-Santa Morph, Astro-Armour Morph, Verne
Columbiad Cannon Capsule to Apollo Capsule Morph, Astronaut "Buzz" Aldrin
Compares Verne's fiction with Apollo 11, Columbia to Santa Maria Morph, Feather-drop
Galileo Moon Movie, Moon Lander Design Morph, Barbeque Spacecraft Cooling Morph,
Astronaut Lifevest Morph, Moon Race Morph, LM Eagle to Eagle Morph, Manned Space
Vehicle Evolution Morph, Solar System Planetary Morph, Apollo 13 NASA Rescue
Movie [full length], Buzz Aldrin to Buzz Lightyear Morph, Weightless Space Cartoon
[1956], Woodpecker Attack on Shuttle, Reagan Challenger Eulogy, Godspeed Again John
Glenn Morph, NASA APOLLO 11 Movie, Freedom Seven Mercury mission of Alan
Shepard, Challenger NASA Video [45 minutes], American Flag on Moon Patriotic Movie
Dryden
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Movie/index.html
Las más grandes estrellas en el Universo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bcz4vGvoxQA
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Odiseas del Espacio
En busca de la Luz - Las llamaradas solares
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/ 2.21 min.
NASA Espacio Sonidos de los Planetas – Increíble
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MmWeZHsQzs&feature=related 7:01 m.
Galería de
Medios
Pg. 8
A Space Journey (HD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un5SEJ8MyPc&feature=related 8.59 min.
La galaxia más grande en el Universo: IC 1101
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UE8yHySiJ4A 5.40 min
Un recorrido por el planeta Tierra desde el espacio - esa-ISS
Space
Odysseys
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5_GlAOCHyE&feature=related 20.34 min.
Tierra desde el espacio
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxs970FMYIo&feature=related 2.54 min.
Interactive Space Shuttle Tour – Discovery (OV-103)
http://360vr.com/2012/02/16/discovery-flight-deck_2193
Estación Espacial Internacional – Espectacular
https://plus.google.com/108818810955465968635/posts/QxGW7G8bZoq#108818810955465968635/pos
ts/QxGW7G8bZoq 3.20 min.
Sinfonías de los Planetas 2 - NASA Voyager Grabaciones
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAPNfKADA7Y&feature=related 10.01min.
Viaje al fin del Universo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufl_Nwbl8xs&feature=related 6.31 min.
NASA Espacio Sonidos de los Planetas - Increíble 7:01 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MmWeZHsQzs&feature=related
NASA | Realice un recorrido "Swift" de la Galaxia de Andrómeda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWxBTHVhc3I 3.06 min.
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Space Science Dictionary compliments of NASA Goddard
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/dictionary.html
Goddard Space Flight Center
Please allow the whole page to load from http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/dictionary.html
before you start searching for an entry. Otherwise, errors will occur.
[A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ]
(Note - Greek letters are written out by name - alpha, beta etc.)
Sample page entries
A
absorption
The process in which light or other electromagnetic radiation gives up its energy to an atom or molecule.
absorption line spectrum
A spectrum showing dark lines at some narrow color regions (wavelengths). The lines are formed by atoms absorbing
light, which lifts their electrons to higher orbits.
accretion
Accumulation of dust and gas onto larger bodies such as stars, planets and moons.
accretion disk
A relatively flat sheet of gas and dust surrounding a newborn star, a black hole, or any massive object growing in size by
attracting material.
active galactic nuclei (AGN)
A class of galaxies which spew massive amounts of energy from their centers, far more than ordinary galaxies. Many
astronomers believe supermassive black holes may lie at the center of these galaxies and power their explosive energy
output.
Tell me about AGN!
Tell me more about AGN!
angstrom
A unit of length equal to 0.00000001 centimeters. This may also be written as 1 x 10-8 cm (see scientific notation).
47
*
Space Science Dictionary compliments of NASA JPL
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/glossary.php
*
*
The following Space Terminology listed below provides a direct link to the NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology Space Flight Dictionary at
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/glossary.php
A good English dictionary on hand is also recommended.
Additional resources are the "SEARCH BSF" function at the bottom of each page, and the Units of Measure section. You
might also wish to consult the SEDS Basic Astronomical Terms page, or the NASA Aerospace Dictionary.
Some additional glossaries that may be useful are linked here.
Sample Display - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a, A -- Acceleration. a = Δ velocity / Δ time. Acceleration = Force / Mass
A -- Ampere, the SI base unit of electric current.
Å -- Angstrom (0.0001 micrometer, 0.1 nm).
A Ring -- The outermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
AAAS -- American Association for the Advancement of Science.
AACS -- Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
AAS -- American Astronomical Society.
AC -- Alternating current.
Acceleration -- Change in velocity. Note that since velocity comprises both direction and magnitude (speed), a change in
either direction or speed constitutes acceleration.
ALT -- Altitude.
ALT -- Altimetry data.
AM -- Ante meridiem (Latin: before midday), morning.
am -- Attometer (10-18 m).
AMMOS -- Advanced Multimission Operations System.
Amor -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
AO -- Announcement of Opportunity.
AOS -- Acquisition Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
Aphelion -- Apoapsis in solar orbit.
Apoapsis -- The farthest point in an orbit from the body being orbited.
Apogee -- Apoapsis in Earth orbit.
Apochron -- Apoapsis in Saturn orbit.
Apojove -- Apoapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Apollo -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
a, A -- Acceleration. a = Δ velocity / Δ time. Acceleration = Force / Mass
A -- Ampere, the SI base unit of electric current.
Å -- Angstrom (0.0001 micrometer, 0.1 nm).
A Ring -- The outermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
AAAS -- American Association for the Advancement of Science.
AACS -- Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
AAS -- American Astronomical Society.
AC -- Alternating current.
Acceleration -- Change in velocity. Note that since velocity comprises both direction and magnitude (speed), a change
in either direction or speed constitutes acceleration.
ALT -- Altitude.
ALT -- Altimetry data.
AM -- Ante meridiem (Latin: before midday), morning.
am -- Attometer (10-18 m).
AMMOS -- Advanced Multimission Operations System.
Amor -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
AO -- Announcement of Opportunity.
AOS -- Acquisition Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
Aphelion -- Apoapsis in solar orbit.
Apoapsis -- The farthest point in an orbit from the body being orbited.
Apogee -- Apoapsis in Earth orbit.
Apochron -- Apoapsis in Saturn orbit.
Apojove -- Apoapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Apollo -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
Apolune -- Apoapsis in lunar orbit.
Apselene -- Apoapsis in lunar orbit.
Argument -- Angular distance.
Argument of periapsis -- The argument (angular distance) of periapsis from the ascending node.
Ascending node -- The point at which an orbit crosses a reference plane (such as a planet's equatorial plane or the
ecliptic plane) going north.
Asteroids -- Small bodies composed of rock and metal in orbit about the sun.
Aten -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
Attometer -- 10-18 meter.
Astronomical Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical
Applications website.
AU -- Astronomical Unit, based on the mean Earth-to-sun distance, 149,597,870 km. Refer to "Units of Measure"
section for complete information.
AZ -- Azimuth.
B -- Bel, a unit of ratio equal to ten decibels. Named in honor of telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.
B Ring -- The middle of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.Barycenter -- The common
center of mass about which two or more bodies revolve.
Beacon -- Downlink from a spacecraft that immediately indicates the state of the spacecraft as being one of several
possible states by virtue of the presence and/or frequency of the subcarrier. See Chapter 10.
Bel -- Unit of ratio equal to ten decibels. Named in honor of telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.
Billion -- In the U.S., 109. In other countries using SI, 1012.
Bi-phase -- A modulation scheme in which data symbols are represented by a shift from one phase to another. See
Chapter 10.
BOT -- Beginning Of Track, used in DSN operations.
49
BPS -- Bits Per Second, same as Baud rate.
BSF -- Basics of Space Flight (this document).
BVR -- DSN Block Five (V) Receiver.
BWG -- Beam waveguide 34-m DSS, the DSN's newest DSS design.
c -- The speed of light, 299,792 km per second.
C-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 4 to 8 GHz.
C Ring -- The innermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
Caltech -- The California Institute of Technology.
Carrier -- The main frequency of a radio signal generated by a transmitter prior to application of any modulation.
Cassegrain -- Reflecting scheme in antennas and telescopes having a primary and a secondary reflecting surface to
"fold" the EMF back to a focus near the primary reflector.
CCD -- Charge Coupled Device, a solid-state imaging detector.
C&DH -- Command and Data Handling subsystem on board a spacecraft, similar to CDS.
CCS -- Computer Command subsystem on board a spacecraft, similar to CDS.
CCSDS -- Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, developer of standards for spacecraft uplink and downlink,
including packets.
CDR -- GCF central data recorder.
CDS -- Command and Data Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
CDSCC -- DSN's Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex in Australia.
CDU -- Command Detector Unit onboard a spacecraft.
Centrifugal force -- The outward-tending apparent force of a body revolving around another body.
Centimeter -- 10-2 meter.
Centripetal acceleration -- The inward acceleration of a body revolving around another body.
CGPM -- General Conference of Weights and Measures, Sevres France. The abbreviation is from the French. CGPM is
the source for the multiplier names (kilo, mega, giga, etc.) listed in this document.
Chandler wobble -- A small motion in the Earth's rotation axis relative to the surface, discovered by American
astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. Its amplitude is about 0.7 arcseconds (about 15 meters on the surface) with a
period of 433 days. It combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so the total polar motion varies with a
period of about 7 years. The Chandler wobble is an example of free nutation for a spinning non-spherical object.
Channel -- In telemetry, one particular measurement to which changing values may be assigned. See Chapter 10.
CIT -- California Institute of Technology, Caltech.
Civil Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical
Clarke orbit -- Geostationary orbit.
CMC -- Complex Monitor and Control, a subsystem at DSCCs.
CMD -- DSN Command System. Also, Command data.
CNES -- Centre National d'Études Spatiales, France.
Conjunction -- A configuration in which two celestial bodies have their least apparent separation.
Coherent -- Two-way communications mode wherein the spacecraft generates its downlink frequency based upon the
frequency of the uplink it receives.
Coma -- The cloud of diffuse material surrounding the nucleus of a comet.
Comets -- Small bodies composed of ice and rock in various orbits about the sun.
CRAF -- Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby mission, cancelled.
CRS -- Cosmic Ray Subsystem, high-energy particle instrument on Voyager.
CRT -- Cathode ray tube video display device.
dB -- Decibel, an expression of ratio (usually that of power levels) in the form of log base 10. A reference may be
specified, for example, dBm is referenced to milliwatts, dBW is referenced to Watts, etc. Example: 20 dBm = 1020/10
= 102 = 100 milliwatts.
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DC -- Direct current.
DC -- The DSN Downlink Channel, several of which are in each DSN Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem,
DTT.
DCC -- The DSN Downlink Channel Controller, one of which is in each DSN Downlink Channel, DC.
DCPC -- The DSN Downlink Channel Processor Cabinet, one of which contains a DSN Downlink Channel, DC.
DEC -- Declination.
Decibel -- dB, an expression of ratio (see dB, above). One tenth of a Bel. See NIST website for further definition.
Declination -- The measure of a celestial body's apparent height above or below the celestial equator.
Density -- Mass per unit volume. For example, the density of water can be stated as 1 gram/cm3.
Descending node -- The point at which an orbit crosses a reference plane (such as a planet's equatorial plane or the
ecliptic plane) going south.
DKF -- DSN keyword file, also known as KWF.
Doppler effect -- The effect on frequency imposed by relative motion between transmitter and receiver. See Chapter 6.
Downlink -- Signal received from a spacecraft.
DSOT -- Data System Operations Team, part of the DSMS staff.
DSCC -- Deep Space Communications Complex, one of three DSN tracking sites at Goldstone, California; Madrid,
Spain; and Canberra, Australia; spaced about equally around the Earth for continuous tracking of deep-space vehicles.
DSMS -- Deep Space Mission System, the system of computers, software, networks, and procedures that processes
data from the DSN at JPL.
DSN -- Deep Space Network, NASA's worldwide spacecraft tracking facility managed and operated by JPL.
DSS -- Deep Space Station, the antenna and front-end equipment at DSCCs.
DT -- Dynamical Time. Replaces Ephemeris Time, ET, as the independent argument in dynamical theories and
ephemerides. Its unit of duration is based on the orbital motions of the Earth, Moon, and planets. DT has two
expressions, Terrestrial Time, TT, (or Terrestrial Dynamical Time, TDT), and Barycentric Dynamical Time, TDB.
More information on these, and still more timekeeping expressions, may be found at the U.S. Naval Observatory
website.
DTT -- The DSN Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem.
Dyne -- A unit of force equal to the force required to accelerate a 1-g mass 1 cm per second per second. Compare with
Newton.
E -- East.
E -- Exa, a multiplier, x1018 from the Greek "hex" (six, the "h" is dropped). The reference to six is because this is the
sixth multiplier in the series k, M, G, T, P, E. See the entry for CGPM.
Earth -- Third planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Eccentricity -- The distance between the foci of an ellipse divided by the major axis.
Ecliptic -- The plane in which Earth orbits the sun and in which solar and lunar eclipses occur.
EDL -- (Atmospheric) Entry, Descent, and Landing.
EDR -- Experiment Data Record.
EHz -- ExaHertz (1018 Hz)
EL -- Elevation.
Ellipse -- A closed plane curve generated in such a way that the sums of its distances from the two fixed points (the
foci) is constant.
ELV -- Expendable launch vehicle.
EM -- Electromagnetic.
EMF -- Electromagnetic force (radiation).
EMR -- Electromagnetic radiation.
EOT -- End Of Track, used in DSN operations.
Equator -- An imaginary circle around a body which is everywhere equidistant from the poles, defining the boundary
between the northern and southern hemispheres.
Equinox -- The equinoxes are times at which the center of the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator. The day and
night would be of equal length at that time, if the Sun were a point and not a disc, and if there were no atmospheric
refraction. Given the apparent disc of the Sun, and the Earth's atmospheric refraction, day and night actually become
51
equal at a point within a few days of each equinox. The vernal equinox marks the beginning of spring in the northern
hemisphere, and the autumnal equinox marks the beginning of autumn in the northern hemisphere.
ERC -- NASA's Educator Resource Centers.
ERT -- Earth-received time, UTC of an event at DSN receive-time, equal to SCET plus OWLT.
ESA -- European Space Agency.
ESP -- Extra-Solar Planet, a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun. See also Exoplanet.
ET -- Ephemeris time, a measurement of time defined by orbital motions. Equates to Mean Solar Time corrected for
irregularities in Earth's motions. Obsolete, replaced by TT, Terrestrial Time.
eV -- Electron volt, a measure of the energy of subatomic particles.
Exoplanet -- Extrasolar planet. A planet orbiting a star other than the sun.
Extrasolar planet -- A planet orbiting a star other than the sun. Exoplanet.
f, F -- Force. Two commonly used units of force are the Newton and the dyne. Force = Mass X
Acceleration.
FDS -- Flight Data Subsystem.
FE -- Far Encounter phase of mission operations.
Femtometer -- 10-15 meter.
Fluorescence -- The phenomenon of emitting light upon absorbing radiation of an invisible wavelength.
fm -- Femtometer (10-15 m)
FM -- Frequency modulation.
FTS -- DSN Frequency and Timing System. Also, frequency and timing data.
FY -- Fiscal year.
G -- Universal Constant of Gravitation. Its tiny value (G = 6.6726 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) is unchanging throughout the
universe.
G -- Giga, a multiplier, x109, from the Latin "gigas" (giant). See the entry for CGPM.
g -- Acceleration due to a body's gravity. Constant at any given place, the value of g varies from object to object (e.g.
planets), and also with the distance from the center of the object. The relationship between the two constants is: g =
GM/r2 where r is the radius of separation between the masses' centers, and M is the mass of the primary body (e.g. a
planet). At Earth's surface, the value of g = 9.8 meters per second per second (9.8m/s2). See also weight.
g -- Gram, a thousandth of the metric standard unit of mass (see kg). The gram was originally based upon the weight of
a cubic centimeter of water, which still approximates the current value.
Gal -- Unit of gravity field measurement corresponding to a gravitational acceleration of 1 cm/sec2.
Galaxy -- One of billions of systems, each composed of numerous stars, nebulae, and dust.
Galilean satellites -- The four large satellites of Jupiter so named because Galileo discovered them when he turned his
telescope toward Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Gamma rays -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 femtometers wavelength.
GCF -- Ground Communications Facilities, provides data and voice communications between JPL and the three
DSCCs.
GDS -- Ground Data System, encompasses DSN, GCF, DSMS, and project data processing systems.
GDSCC -- DSN's Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California.
GEO -- Geosynchronous Earth Orbit.
Geostationary -- A geosynchronous equatorial circular orbit. Also called Clarke orbit.
Geosynchronous -- A direct, circular, low inclination orbit about the Earth having a period of 23 hours 56 minutes 4
seconds.
GHz -- Gigahertz (109 Hz).
GLL -- The Galileo spacecraft.
GMT -- Greenwich Mean Time. Obsolete. UT, Universal Time is preferred.
Gravitation -- The mutual attraction of all masses in the universe. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation holds that
every two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and
52
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This relation is given by the formula at right, where
F is the force of attraction between the two objects, given G the Universal Constant of Gravitation, masses m1 and m2,
and d distance. Also stated as Fg = GMm/r2 where Fg is the force of gravitational attraction, M the larger of the two
masses, m the smaller mass, and r the radius of separation of the centers of the masses. See also weight.
Gravitational waves -- Einsteinian distortions of the space-time medium predicted by general relativity theory (not yet
directly detected as of March 2010). (Not to be confused with gravity waves, see below.)
Gravity assist -- Technique whereby a spacecraft takes angular momentum from a planet's solar orbit (or a satellite's
orbit) to accelerate the spacecraft, or the reverse. See Chapter 4.
Gravity waves -- Certain dynamical features in a planet's atmosphere (not to be confused with gravitational waves, see
above).
Great circle -- An imaginary circle on the surface of a sphere whose center is at the center of the sphere.
GSSR -- Goldstone Solar System Radar, a technique which uses very high-power X and S-band transmitters at DSS 14
to illuminate solar system objects for imaging.
GTL -- Geotail spacecraft.
GTO -- Geostationary (or geosynchronous) Transfer Orbit.
HA -- Hour Angle.
Halo orbit -- A spacecraft's pattern of controlled drift about an unstable Lagrange point (L1 or L2 for example) while in
orbit about the primary body (e.g. the Sun).
HEF -- DSN's high-efficiency 34-m DSS, replaces STD DSSs.
Heliocentric -- Sun-centered.
Heliopause -- The boundary theorized to be roughly circular or teardrop-shaped, marking the edge of the sun's
influence, perhaps 100 AU from the sun.
Heliosphere -- The space within the boundary of the heliopause, containing the sun and solar system.
HEMT -- High-electron-mobility transistor, a low-noise amplifier used in DSN.
HGA -- High-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
Hohmann Transfer Orbit -- Interplanetary trajectory using the least amount of propulsive energy. See Chapter 4.
Horizon -- The line marking the apparent junction of Earth and sky. For the technical definition, please follow this link
to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Astronomical Applications.
h -- Hour, 60 minutes of time.
Hour Angle -- The angular distance of a celestial object measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith
crossing. In effect, HA represents the RA for a particular location and time of day.
ICE -- International Cometary Explorer spacecraft.
ICRF -- International Celestial Reference Frame. The realization of the ICRS provided by the adopted positions of
extragalactic objects. Link.
ICRS -- International Celestial Reference System. Conceptual basis for celestial positions, aligned with respect to
extremely distant objects and utilizing the theory of general relativity. Link.
IERS -- International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Link.
IF -- Intermediate Frequency. In a radio system, a selected processing frequency between RF (Radio Frequency) and
the end product (e.g. audio frequency).
Inclination -- The angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator, stated in degrees.
IND -- JPL's Interplanetary Network Directorate, formerly IPN-ISD.
Inferior planet -- Planet which orbits closer to the Sun than the Earth's orbit.
Inferior conjunction -- Alignment of Earth, sun, and an inferior planet on the same side of the sun.
Ion -- A charged particle consisting of an atom stripped of one or more of its electrons.
IPAC -- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech campus on Wilson Avenue in Pasadena.
IPC -- Information Processing Center, JPL's computing center on Woodbury Avenue in Pasadena.
IPN-ISD -- (Obsolete. See IND) JPL's Interplanetary Network and Information Systems Directorate, formerly TMOD.
IR -- Infrared, meaning "below red" radiation. Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 micrometers
53
wavelength.
IRAS -- Infrared Astronomical Satellite.
ISM -- Interstellas medium.
ISO -- International Standards Organization.
ISOE -- Integrated Sequence of Events.
Isotropic -- Having uniform properties in all directions.
IUS -- Inertial Upper Stage.
JGR -- Journal Of Geophysical Research.
Jovian -- Jupiter-like planets, the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
JPL -- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, operating division of the California Institute of Technology.
Jupiter -- Fifth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
k -- Kilo, a multiplier, x103 from the Greek "khilioi" (thousand). See the entry for CGPM.
K -- Kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature.
K-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 12 to 40 GHz.
kg -- Kilogram. See below.
Keyhole -- An area in the sky where an antenna cannot track a spacecraft because the required angular rates would be
too high. Mechanical limitations may also contribute to keyhole size. Discussed in depth under Chapter 2.
kHz -- kilohertz.
Kilogram (kg) -- the SI base unit of mass, based on the mass of a metal cylinder kept in France. See also g (gram).
Kilometer -- 103 meter.
Klystron -- A microwave travelling wave tube power amplifier used in transmitters.
km -- Kilometers.
KSC -- Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida.
KWF -- Keyword file of events listing DSN station activity. Also known as DKF, DSN keyword file.
Kuiper belt -- A disk-shaped region about 30 to 100 AU from the sun considered to be the source of the short-period
comets.
Lagrange points -- Five points with respect to an orbit which a body can stably occupy. Designated L1 through L5. See
Chapter 5.
LAN -- Local area network for inter-computer communications.
Large Magellanic Cloud -- LMC, the larger of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are
visible from the southern hemisphere.
Laser -- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Compare with Maser.
Latitude -- Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining north-south measurements, also called parallels.
L-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 1 to 2 GHz.
LCP -- Left-hand circular polarization.
Leap Second -- A second which may be added or subtracted to adjust UTC at either, both, or neither, of two specific
opportunities each year.
Leap Year -- Every fourth year, in which a 366th day is added since the Earth's revolution takes 365 days 5 hr 49 min.
LECP -- Low-Energy Charged-Particular Detector onboard a spacecraft.
LEO -- Low Equatorial Orbit.
LGA -- Low-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
Light -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 1 nanometer wavelength.
Light speed -- 299,792 km per second, the constant c.
Light time -- The amount of time it takes light or radio signals to travel a certain distance at light speed.
Light year -- A measure of distance, the distance light travels in one year, about 63,197 AU.
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LMC -- Large Magellanic Cloud, the larger of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are
LMC -- Link Monitor and Control subsystem at the SPCs within the DSN DSCCs.
LNA -- Low-noise amplifier in DSN, either a maser or a HEMT.
Local time -- Time adjusted for location around the Earth or other planets in time zones.
Longitude -- Great circles that pass through both the north and south poles, also called meridians.
LOS -- Loss Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
LOX -- Liquid oxygen.
m -- Meter (U.S. spelling; elsewhere metre), the international standard of linear measurement.
m -- milli- multiplier of one one-thousandth, e.g. 1 mW = 1/1000 of a Watt, mm = 1/1000 meter.
m, M -- Mass. The kilogram is the standard unit of mass. Mass = Acceleration / Force.
M -- Mega, a multiplier, x106 (million) from the Greek "megas" (great). See the entry for CGPM.
M100 -- Messier Catalog entry number 100 is a spiral galaxy in the Virgo cluster seen face-on from our solar system.
Major axis -- The maximum diameter of an ellipse.
Mars -- Fourth planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Maser -- A microwave travelling wave tube amplifier named for its process of Microwave Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation. Compare with Laser. In the Deep Space Network, masers are used as low-noise amplifiers of
downlink signals, and also as frequency standards.
Mass -- A fundamental property of an object comprising a numerical measure of its inertia; the amount of matter in the
object. While an object's mass is constant (ignoring Relativity for this purpose), its weight will vary depending on its
location. Mass can only be measured in conjunction with force and acceleration.
MC-cubed -- Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL (outdated).
MCCC -- Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL (outdated).
MCD -- DSN's maximum-likelyhood convolutional decoder, the Viterbi decoder.
MCT -- Mission Control Team, JPL Section 368 mission execution real-time operations.
MDSCC -- DSN's Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex in Spain.
Mean solar time -- Time based on an average of the variations caused by Earth's non-circular orbit. The 24-hour day is
based on mean solar time.
Mercury -- First planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Meridians -- Great circles that pass through both the north and south poles, also called lines of longitude.
MESUR -- The Mars Environmental Survey project at JPL, the engineering prototype of which was originally called
MESUR Pathfinder, later Mars Pathfinder.
Meteor -- A meteoroid which is in the process of entering Earth's atmosphere. It is called a meteorite after landing.
Meteorite -- Rocky or metallic material which has fallen to Earth or to another planet.
Meteoroid -- Small bodies in orbit about the sun which are candidates for falling to Earth or to another planet.
MGA -- Medium-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
MGN -- The Magellan spacecraft.
MGSO -- (Obsolete. See TMOD) JPL's Multimission Ground Systems Office.
MHz -- Megahertz (106 Hz).
Micrometer -- µm, 10-6 meter.
Micron -- Obsolete terms for micrometer, µm (10-6 m).
Milky Way -- The galaxy which includes the sun and Earth.
Millimeter -- 10-3 meter.
MIT -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MLI -- Multi-layer insulation (spacecraft blanketing). See Chapter 11.
mm -- millimeter (10-3 m).
MO -- The Mars Observer spacecraft.
Modulation -- The process of modifying a radio frequency by shifting its phase, frequency, or amplitude to carry
information.
MON -- DSN Monitor System. Also, monitor data.
Moon -- A small natural body which orbits a larger one. A natural satellite. Capitalized, the Earth's natural satellite.
55
Moonrise -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Moonset -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
MOSO -- Multimission Operations Systems Office at JPL.
MR -- Mars relay.
µm -- Micrometer (10-6 m).
Multiplexing -- A scheme for delivering many different measurements in one data stream. See Chapter 10.
N -- Newton, the SI unit of force equal to that required to accelerate a 1-kg mass 1 m per second per second (1m/sec2).
Compare with dyne.
N -- North.
Nadir -- The direction from a spacecraft directly down toward the center of a planet. Opposite the zenith.
NASA -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nautical Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical
NE -- Near Encounter phase in flyby mission operations.
Neptune -- Eighth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
NiCad -- Nickel-cadmium rechargable battery.
NIMS -- Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer onboard the Galileo spacecraft.
NIST -- National Institute of Standards.
nm -- Nanometer (10-9 m).
nm -- Nautical Mile, equal to the distance spanned by one minute of arc in latitude, 1.852 km.
NMC -- Network Monitor and Control subsystem in DSN.
NOCC -- DSN Network Operations Control Center at JPL.
Nodes -- Points where an orbit crosses a reference plane.
Non-coherent -- Communications mode wherein a spacecraft generates its downlink frequency independent of any
uplink frequency.
Nucleus -- The central body of a comet.
Nutation -- A small nodding motion in a rotating body. Earth's nutation has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of
9.2 arc seconds.
NRZ -- Non-return to zero. Modulation scheme in which a phase deviation is held for a period of time in order to
represent a data symbol. See Chapter 10.
NSP -- DSN Network Simplification Project. A project that re-engineered the DSN to consolidate seven data systems
into two data systems that handle the same data types.
OB -- Observatory phase in flyby mission operations encounter period.
One-way -- Communications mode consisting only of downlink received from a spacecraft.
Oort cloud -- A large number of comets theorized to orbit the sun in the neighborhood of 50,000 AU.
OPCT -- Operations Planning and Control Team at JPL, "OPSCON." Obsolete, replaced by DSOT, Data Systems
Operations Team.
Opposition -- Configuration in which one celestial body is opposite another in the sky. A planet is in opposition when it
is 180 degrees away from the sun as viewed from another planet (such as Earth). For example, Saturn is at opposition
when it is directly overhead at midnight on Earth.
OPNAV -- Optical Navigation (images).
OSI -- ISO's Open Systems Interconnection protocol suite.
OSR -- Optical Solar Reflector, thermal control component onboard a spacecraft.
OSS -- Office Of Space Science, NASA. Obsolete, replaced by Science Mission Directorate (SMD).
OSSA -- Office Of Space Science and Applications, NASA (Obsolete, see OSS).
OTM -- Orbit Trim Maneuver, spacecraft propulsive maneuver.
56
OWLT -- One-Way Light Time, elapsed time between Earth and spacecraft or solar system body.
P -- Peta, a multiplier, x1015, from the Greek "pente" (five, the "n" is dropped). The reference to five is because this is
the fifth multiplier in the series k, M, G, T, P. See the entry for CGPM.
Packet -- A quantity of data used as the basis for multiplexing, for example in accordance with CCSDS.
PAM -- Payload Assist Module upper stage.
Parallels -- Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining north-south measurements, also called lines of
latitude.
Pathfinder -- The Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) engineering prototype later named Mars Pathfinder.
PDS -- Planetary Data System.
PDT -- Pacific Daylight Time.
PE -- Post Encounter phase in flyby mission operations.
Periapsis -- The point in an orbit closest to the body being orbited.
Perigee -- Periapsis in Earth orbit.
Perichron -- Periapsis in Saturn orbit.
Perihelion -- Periapsis in solar orbit.
Perijove -- Periapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Perilune -- Periapsis in lunar orbit.
Periselene -- Periapsis in lunar orbit.
Phase -- The angular distance between peaks or troughs of two waveforms of similar frequency.
Phase -- The particular appearance of a body's state of illumination, such as the full or crescent phases of the Moon.
Phase -- Any one of several predefined periods in a mission or other activity.
Photovoltaic -- Materials that convert light into electric current.
PHz -- Petahertz (1015 Hz).
PI -- Principal Investigator, scientist in charge of an experiment.
Picometer -- 10-12 meter.
PIO -- JPL's Public Information Office.
Plasma -- Electrically conductive fourth state of matter (other than solid, liquid, or gas), consisting of ions and
electrons.
PLL -- Phase-lock-loop circuitry in telecommunications technology.
Plunge -- In describing the tracking motion of an AZ-EL or ALT-AZ mounted radio telescope, to "plunge" means to
exceed 90° in elevation and then to continue tracking as elevation decreases on the other side without swiveling around
in azimuth. This is not a capability of DSN antennas.
Pluto -- Ninth planet from the sun, sometimes classified as a small terrestrial planet.
pm -- Picometer (10-12 m).
PM -- Post meridiem (Latin: after midday), afternoon.
PN10 -- Pioneer 10 spacecraft.
PN11 -- Pioneer 11 spacecraft.
Prograde -- Orbit in which the spacecraft moves in the same direction as the planet rotates. See retrograde.
PST -- Pacific Standard Time.
PSU -- Pyrotechnic Switching Unit onboard a spacecraft.
Quasar -- Quasi-stellar object observed mainly in radio waves. Quasars are extragalactic objects believed to be the very
distant centers of active galaxies.
RA -- Right Ascension.
Radian -- Unit of angular measurement equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to
the radius. Equals about 57.296 degrees.
RAM -- Random Access Memory.
RCP -- Right-hand circular polarization.
Red dwarf -- A small star, on the order of 100 times the mass of Jupiter.
57
Reflection -- The deflection or bouncing of electromagnetic waves when they encounter a surface.
Refraction -- The deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves when they pass from one kind of transparent medium
into another.
REM -- Receiver Equipment Monitor within the Downlink Channel (DC) of the Downlink Tracking & Telemetry
subsystem (DTT).
Retrograde -- Orbit in which the spacecraft moves in the opposite direction from the planet's rotatation. See prograde.
RF -- Radio Frequency.
RFI -- Radio Frequency Interference.
Right Ascension -- The angular distance of a celestial object measured in hours, minutes, and seconds along the
celestial equator eastward from the vernal equinox.
Rise -- As in ascending above the horizon, for the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval
Observatory's Astronomical Applications.
RNS -- GCF reliable network service.
ROM -- Read Only Memory.
RPIF -- Regional Planetary Imaging Data Facilities.
RRP -- DSN Receiver & Ranging Processor within the Downlink Channel (DC) of the Downlink Tracking &
Telemetry subsystem (DTT).
RS -- DSN Radio Science System. Also, radio science data.
RTG -- Radioisotope Thermo-Electric Generator onboard a spacecraft.
RTLT -- Round-Trip Light Time, elapsed time roughly equal to 2 x OWLT.
S -- South.
s -- Second, the SI base unit of time (see this extensive definition).
SA -- Solar Array, photovoltaic panels onboard a spacecraft.
SAF -- Spacecraft Assembly Facility, JPL Building 179.
SAR -- Synthetic Aperture Radar
Satellite -- A small body which orbits a larger one. A natural or an artificial moon. Earth-orbiting spacecraft are called
satellites. While deep-space vehicles are technically satellites of the sun or of another planet, or of the galactic center,
they are generally called spacecraft instead of satellites.
Saturn -- Sixth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
S-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 2 to 4 GHz.
SC -- Steering Committee.
SCET -- Spacecraft Event Time, equal to ERT minus OWLT.
SCLK -- Spacecraft Clock Time, a counter onboard a spacecraft.
Sec -- Abbreviation for Second.
Second -- the SI base unit of time. See this extensive definition.
SEDR -- Supplementary Experiment Data Record.
SEF -- Spacecraft event file.
SEGS -- Sequence of Events Generation Subsystem.
Semi-major axis -- Half the distance of an ellipse's maximum diameter, the distance from the center of the ellipse to
one end.
Set -- As in going below the horizon, for the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval
Observatory's Astronomical Applications.
SFOF -- Space Flight Operations Facility, Buildings 230 and 264 at JPL.
SFOS -- Space Flight Operations Schedule, product of SEGS.
Shepherd moons -- Moons which gravitationally confine ring particles.
SI -- The International System of Units (metric system). See also Units of Measure.
SI base unit -- One of seven SI units of measure from which all the other SI units are derived. See SI derived unit. See
also Units of Measure.
SI derived unit -- One of many SI units of measure expressed as relationships of the SI base units. For example, the
watt, W, is the SI derived unit of power. It is equal to joules per second. W = m2 ⋅ kg ⋅ s–3 (Note: the joule, J, is the
SI derived unit for energy, work, or quantity of heat.) See also Units of Measure.
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Sidereal time -- Time relative to the stars other than the sun.
SIRTF -- Space Infrared Telescope Facility.
SMC -- Small Magellanic Cloud, the smaller of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are
SMD -- Science Mission Directorate, NASA (previously Office Of Space Science, OSS).
SOE -- Sequence of Events.
Solar wind -- Flow of lightweight ions and electrons (which together comprise plasma) thrown from the sun.
SNR -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
SPC -- Signal Processing Center at each DSCC.
Specific Impulse -- A measurement of a rocket's relative performance. Expressed in seconds, the number of which a
rocket can produce one pound of thrust from one pound of fuel. The higher the specific impulse, the less fuel required
to produce a given amount of thrust.
Spectrum -- A range of frequencies or wavelengths.
SSA -- Solid State Amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage of amplification for
downlink.
SSI -- Solid State Imaging Subsystem, the CCD-based cameras on Galileo.
SSI -- Space Services, Inc., Houston, manufacturers of the Conestoga launch vehicle.
STD -- Standard 34-m DSS, retired from DSN service.
STS -- Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle).
Subcarrier -- Modulation applied to a carrier which is itself modulated with information-carrying variations.
Sunrise -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Sunset -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Sun synchronous orbit -- A spacecraft orbit that precesses, wherein the location of periapsis changes with respect to the
planet's surface so as to keep the periapsis location near the same local time on the planet each orbit. See walking orbit.
Superior planet -- Planet which orbits farther from the sun than Earth's orbit.
Superior conjunction -- Alignment between Earth and a planet on the far side of the sun.
SWG -- Science Working Group.
TAU -- Thousand AU Mission.
TCM -- Trajectory Correction Maneuver, spacecraft propulsive maneuver.
TDM -- Time-division multiplexing.
Termination shock -- Shock at which the solar wind is thought to slow to subsonic speed, well inside the heleopause.
T -- Tera, a multiplier x1012, from the Greek teras (monster). See the entry for CGPM.
Terrestrial planet -- One of the four inner Earth-like planets.
Three-way -- Coherent communications mode wherein a DSS receives a downlink whose frequency is based upon the
frequency of an uplink provided by another DSS.
TMOD -- (Obsolete. See IPN-ISD) JPL's Telecommunications and Mission Operations Directorate. Formerly MGSO.
THz -- Terahertz (1012 Hz).
TLM -- DSN Telemetry data.
TLP -- DSN Telemetry Processor within the DTT Downlink Channel.
TOS -- Transfer Orbit Stage, upper stage.
Transducer -- Device for changing one kind of energy into another, typically from heat, position, or pressure into a
varying electrical voltage or vice-versa, such as a microphone or speaker.
Transit -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Transponder -- Electronic device which combines a transmitter and a receiver.
TRC -- NASA's Teacher Resource Centers. Obsolete, now called Educator Resource Centers, ERC.
TRK -- DSN Tracking System. Also, Tracking data.
TRM -- Transmission Time, UTC Earth time of uplink.
True anomaly -- The angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis, measured in degrees.
59
Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
TWNC -- Two-Way Non-Coherent mode, in which a spacecraft's downlink is not based upon a received uplink from
DSN.
Two-way -- Communications mode consisting of downlink received from a spacecraft while uplink is being received at
the spacecraft. See also coherent.
TWT -- Traveling Wave Tube, downlink power amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage
of amplification for downlink (same unit as TWTA).
TWTA -- Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier, downlink power amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem,
the final stage of amplification for downlink (same unit as TWT).
TXR -- DSN's DSCC Transmitter assembly.
UHF -- Ultra-high frequency (around 300MHz).
µm -- Micrometer (10-6 m).
ULS -- Ulysses spacecraft.
Uplink -- Signal sent to a spacecraft.
UPL -- The DSN Uplink Tracking & Command subsystem.
Uranus -- Seventh planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
USO -- Ultra Stable Oscillator, in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem.
UT -- Universal Time, also called Zulu (Z) time, previously Greenwich Mean Time. UT is based on the imaginary
"mean sun," which averages out the effects on the length of the solar day caused by Earth's slightly non-circular orbit
about the sun. UT is not updated with leap seconds as is UTC.
UTC -- Coordinated Universal Time, the world-wide scientific standard of timekeeping. It is based upon carefully
maintained atomic clocks and is highly stable. Its rate does not change by more than about 100 picoseconds per day.
The addition or subtraction of leap seconds, as necessary, at two opportunities every year adjusts UTC for irregularities
in Earth's rotation. The U.S. Naval Observatory website provides information in depth on the derivation of UTC.
UV -- Ultraviolet (meaning "above violet") radiation. Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 nanometers
wavelength.
UWV -- DSN Microwave subsystem in DSSs which includes waveguides, waveguide switches, LNAs, polarization
filters, etc.
Velocity -- A vector quantity whose magnitude is a body's speed and whose direction is the body's direction of motion.
Venus -- Second planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
VGR1 -- Voyager 1 spacecraft.
VGR2 -- Voyager 2 spacecraft.
VLBI -- DSN Very Long Baseline Interferometry System. Also, VLBI data. Link.
W -- Watt, a measure of electrical power equal to potential in volts times current in amps.
W -- West.
Walking orbit -- A spacecraft orbit that precesses, wherein the location of periapsis changes with respect to the planet's
surface in a useful way. See sun-synchronous.
Wavelength -- The distance that a wave from a single oscillation of electromagnetic radiation will propagate during the
time required for one oscillation.
Weight -- The gravitational force exerted on an object of a certain mass. The weight of mass m is mg Newtons, where g
is the local acceleration due to a body's gravity.
WWW -- World-Wide Web.
X-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 8 to 12 GHz.
60
X-ray -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 picometer wavelength.
Y -- Yotta, a multiplier, x1024 from the second-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet. See the entry for CGPM.
Z -- Zetta, a multiplier, x1021 from the last letter of the Latin alphabet. See the entry for CGPM.
Z -- Zulu in phonetic alphabet, stands for UT, Universal Time.
Zenith -- The point on the celestial sphere directly above the observer. Opposite the nadir.
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Ciencia Espacial
.
Espacio
Matriz de
Ciencia
Instituto Internacional de Ciencias del Espacio
ISSI
..
Instituto
Internaci
onal de
Ciencias
del
Espacio
Misión ISSI
El Instituto Internacional de Ciencias del Espacio (ISSI) es miembro
del Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, donde los científicos de todo
el mundo se reúnen en un entorno multi e interdisciplinario para
llegar a nuevos horizontes científicos.
La función principal es contribuir al logro de una comprensión más
profunda de los resultados de diferentes misiones espaciales,
observaciones basadas en tierra y experimentos de laboratorio, y
la adición de valor de los resultados a través de la investigación
multidisciplinaria en el marco de equipos internacionales, talleres,
grupos de trabajo, foros o científicos visitantes como individuales.
El programa de ISSI cubre un espectro amplio de disciplinas como
la física del sistema solar y las ciencias planetarias a la astrofísica
y la cosmología, la biología y de la Tierra Ciencias de la
astrobiología.
www.issibern.ch
General Presentation of the International Space Science Institute (pdf file)
62
http://www.issibern.ch/aboutissi/ISSI_Falanga.pdf
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Instituto Internacional de Ciencias del Espacio
ISSI
ISSI Forums
ISSI Historia
Instituto
Internaci
onal de
Ciencias
del
Espacio
El Instituto Internacional de Ciencias del Espacio (ISSI) es una
organización sin fines de lucro creada en Berna, Suiza, en 1995.
ISSI es una fundación de derecho suizo con una dotación inicial de
la principal compañía espacial suiza Contraves Espacio AG, después
Oerlikon Espacio AG y ahora una parte de RUAG.
La Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), la Confederación Suiza, la
Fundación Nacional de Ciencia de Suiza (SNF) y la Universidad de
Berna proporcionan los recursos financieros para la operación de
ISSI. Desde 2010 la Academia de Ciencias de Rusia también está
apoyando ISSI con una contribución financiera anual.
A finales de 1980 la idea del Instituto Internacional de Ciencias del
Espacio fue fuertemente apoyada por la ESA en la estela de la
exitosa cooperación entre los cuatro principales organismos
mundiales de los EE.UU. (NASA), Japón (ISAS), Rusia (IKI) y Europa
(ESA) en la exploración del cometa Halley y después en el estudio de
la física solar terrestre.
La investigación espacial para entonces había alcanzado una etapa
en los esfuerzos coordinados mediante muchos experimentos en
muchas naves espaciales, así como las observaciones terrestres y
modelado teórico, generalmente se requieren para avanzar en la
ciencia y nuestra comprensión del Universo que nos rodea.
63
Agencias Espaciales, autoridades políticas suizas, la comunidad, la
industria de Ciencia Espacial y la Asociación Pro ISSI promovido
activamente la creación del Instituto de Ciencia Espacial
Internacional, que finalmente fue establecido 1995 en Berna, Suiza.
www.issibern.ch
© 2011 R.B. Editor de Morgan - Reservados
todos los derechos.
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ICIS
Internacional Cooperación en Espacio
The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III
..
Internacional
Cooperación
en
Espacio
Countries Dedicated to Space Cooperation
INDIA - ISRO
Organización de Investigación Espacial de la
http://www.isro.org/scripts/internationalcooperations.aspx
INDIA
ISRO
La cooperación internacional es un área estratégica para un
programa espacial porque las relaciones con otros países están
influenciados por factores de personalidad políticos, económicos,
culturales y humanos, así como los factores científicos y
tecnológicos.
La India siempre ha reconocido que el espacio tiene
dimensión más allá de consideraciones nacionales, que sólo
pueden ser abordadas junto con socios internacionales.
Con los años, como la ISRO ha madurado en la experiencia y
las capacidades tecnológicas, el alcance de la cooperación
se ha convertido en múltiples facetas.
Mientras que las misiones exploratorias allá de la tierra son
los candidatos naturales para tales esfuerzos de
cooperación, hay muchos otros temas como el cambio
climático en la tierra que son de interés para la cooperación
internacional, debido a su impacto global..
Sitios de lanzamiento y 9 Centros ISRO
http://www.isro.org/isrocentres/isrocenters.aspx
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*
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Internacional
Lanzamiento
Horarios
Internacional Lanzamiento Horarios
Actualizado listados de misiones previstas de
Spaceports en todo el mundo
Internacional Lanzamiento Horarios
.
ICIS
Internacional
Cooperación
en
Espacio
.
VUELO ESPACIAL AHORA
http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/
SATÉLITE EN LA RED
http://www.satelliteonthenet.co.uk/index.php/2013
Lanzamiento Calendario consolidado de la
http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html
http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule101.html
DESPEGUE para LIFTOFF
Kennedy Space Center & Cape Canaveral Launch Schedule
http://spacecoastlaunches.com/
Lanzamiento Espacial Informe
http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/
Ariane - Soyuz - China CZ-2D, 3B, 4B - Proton 5 - Atlas 5 - Vega
Antares - Delta 4 - Falcon 9 - Rokot/Briz KM - Strela - Zenit
Ariannespace
http://www.arianespace.com/news/mission-status.asp
Foro SpaceFlight.com NASA - ISRO India Misiones
http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=1173.msg840834#msg840834
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Lanzamiento Internacional de Historia
Lanzamiento Internacional de Historia general de Spaceports de todo el globo
ISC
Internacional
Lanzamiento
Horarios
International lanza - Actualizado 20 de diciembre 2013
.
Spaceports
NASA Misión MAVEN a Marte - Lanzado 18 de noviembre 2013
http://spacecoastlaunches.com/
Alrededor
El Mundo
Arianespace
Organización de Investigación Espacial de la India
http://www.arianespace.com/news/mission-status.asp
Soyuz Flight VS06
Dec. 20, 2013
. .
ISRO http://www.isro.org/index.aspx
Mars Orbiter Mission Dec.1, 2013
.
.
Espacio de Rusia
Exploración Aeroespacial del Japón Agencia Espacial
JAXA http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html
.
http://www.russianspaceweb.com/
Updated Nov. 29, 2013
.
Updated Nov. 26, 2013
.
.
.
Beyond the Sky and into Space - JAXA 2012-2013 ..
Lista Agencia Espacial – Mundial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_agency
Agencia Espacial Brasileña (AEB)
http://www.iafastro.com/index.php/organisations/brazilian-space-agency-aeb
.
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..
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (INPE)
© 2011 R.B. Editor
de Launch
MorganCenter
- Reservados
los derechos.
Alcântara
(CLA), andtodos
the Barreira
do Inferno Launch Center.
Patrocinado por The American Millennium
Foundation,
Inc unos 501(c) (3
www.inpe.br/ingles/
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Sistema Solar - Planetas y Lunas
Espacio
Matriz
de
Ciencia
USGS
Solar
Sistema
http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/
Diccionario Geográfico de Nomenclatura Planetaria
El diccionario geográfico de nomenclatura planetaria es mantenido por
el Grupo de Geomática del Planetario USGS Astrogeology Science
Center. Este trabajo es apoyado por el.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Planetas
Lunas
y
Más
Planetario
Nombres
Nomenclatura planetaria, como nomenclatura terrestre, se utiliza para
identificar de forma exclusiva un reportaje sobre la superficie de un
planeta o satélite para que la función puede ser fácilmente localizado,
descrito y discutido.
El sitio se desarrolló en cooperación con el International
Astronomical Union (IAU) Grupo de Trabajo de Nomenclatura del
Sistema Planetario (WGPSN).
Contact Us | IAU | USGS Astrogeology Science Center | NASA
Historia de la Nomenclatura Planetaria
IAU - USGS - NASA
El International Astronomical Union (IAU)
http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/History
IAU
USGS
IAU - División Sistemas Planetarios F y Bioastronomía
http://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/F/ IAU
Nuevos Nombres para su Uso en los Planetas
(Actualizado diario o por horas según sea necesario.)
http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/authors/5-Jennifer-Blue/
Noticias: : Ten New Crater Personas Aprobadas en Mercurio
Mon, 16 Dec 2013 11:19:16 -0700
Nuevo Nombre Aprobado para su Uso en Marte - Simois Colles
Tue, 03 Dec 2013 11:36:08 -0700
Cinco Nuevos Nombres Aprobados para su Uso en Titán
Tue, 03 Dec 2013 10:03:05 -0700
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Centro Internacional de Ciencia

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