inglés técnico i - Instituto Superior Tecnológico San Ignacio de

Transcripción

Instituto de Educación Superior
“San Ignacio de Monterrico”
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Definition:
El tiempo presente simple describe lo que generalmente sucede pero no
necesariamente ahora .Es decir describe acciones que son permanentes o los hábitos de
las personas, ejemplo:
-“Los alumnos de enfermería vienen al SIDEM de lunes a viernes.”
-“The nursing students come to the SIDEM from Monday to Friday.”
Grammar structure: For affirmative statements:
Subject
The nursing students
Verb
come
Complement
To the SIDEM from Monday to Friday.
Subject: Usa “nouns” o “pronouns” al inicio de cada oracion de forma afirmativa.
Nouns
Pronouns
Nurse
I
(yo)
Doctor
You
(tu)
Patients
He
(el)
Chemist
She
(ella)
Obstetrician
It
(aquel/llo/lla)
Surgeon
We
(nosotros/as)
Physics
They (ellos/as)
Verb: Existen 2 casos para usar el verbo en una oracion afirmativa del tiempo presente.
I. Verbos que terminan en “s”: cuando en una oración de tiempo presente mencionan
como sujeto de la oración a una “tercera persona”(he,she,it)entonces el verbo de la misma
oración terminara en la letra “s”. Ejemplo:
“The English teacher works in the SIDEM every day.”
“My sister lives in an apartment.”
Spelling Rules: Reglas para agregar “s” al final de un verbo según su caso:
1. Agrega “s” al final de un verbo que culmine en la vocal “e” o cuando culmine en
una consonante. ejemplo.
Spanish
Present
Verb in 3rd person sing.
Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial1
Montar
Ride
Loves
Gustar
Like
Likes
Trabajar
Work
Works
Retornar
Return
Returns
2. Agrega “es” al final de un verbo que culmine en :ch,ss,sh,x,z. Ejemplo:
Spanish
Mirar
Present
Watch
Watches
Pasar
Pass
Passes
Apurarse
Rush
Rushes
Relajarse
Relax
Relaxes
Rumorar
Buzz
Buzzes
3. Cuando un verbo culmina en “y” y si se antepone una “consonante”, entonces
reemplazar la “y” por la “i” y agregar “es”. Ejemplo:
Spanish
Estudiar
Present
Study
Studies
Apresurarse
Hurry
Hurries
Secar
Dry
Dries
4. Cuando un verbo culmina en “y” y si se interpone una “vocal”, entonces ya no se
modifica y simplemente agregamos a continuación “es”. Ejemplo.
Spanish
Jugar
Present
Play
Plays
Disfrutar
Enjoy
Enjoys
5. usa la forma irregular de los siguientes verbos. Ejemplo.
Spanish
Hacer
Present
Do
Does
Ir
Go
Goes
Tener
Have
Has
II. Verbos que no terminan en “s”: Cuando en una oracion de tiempo presente menciona
como sujeto d ela oracion a los siguientes pronombres (I, you, we, they). Ejemplo.
Spanish
usar
Present
wear
pararse
stand
sentarse
sit
manipular
handle
hablar
talk
trabajar
work
cargar
carry
viajar
travel
comer
eat
beber
drink
amar
love
Complement: El complemento es importante porque otorga un sentido completo a una
oración. A veces es necesario incluir o mencionar el tiempo en k se realiza o lleva a cabo la
acción la acción.
Time Expressions for present tense:
Spanish
Los fines de semana
English
On weekends
Los lunes
On Mondays
Los martes
On Tuesday
Los miércoles
On Wednesday
Los jueves
On Thursdays
Los viernes
On fridays
Los sábados
On Saturdays
Los domingos
On Sundays
En vacaciones
On vacations
En el verano
In the summer
En el invierno
In the winter
Todos los días
Everyday
Todas las semanas
Everyweek
Todos los años
Every year
NEGATIVE FORM
Definition: Usa la forma negativa para negar situaciones o mencionar algo
que las personas no acostumbran hacer. Ejemplo:
-“Los alumnos de computación no practican inyectoterapia.”
-“The Computer students don’t practice inyectotherapy.” (Neg)
Grammar structure: For Negative statements:
Subjet
The English Teacher
Auxiliar (neg.)
Doesn´t
Verb. (S.F.)
practice
Complement
Inyectotherapy.
Subject: Utiliza “Nouns” or “Pronouns” antes Del auxiliary “Don´t” or “Doesn’t”.
Auxiliar: Utilizar el auxiliar Negativo (Don´t o Doesn’t) para oraciones negativas en
tiempo pasado:
Do + not
don’t (i, you, we,they)
Does +not == doesn’t (he, she, it)
Verb: En este caso el verbo que aparece a continuación del auxiliar(don’t-doesn’t)sera
usado en su forma base, ejemplo:
“My brother doesn’t take vitamins in the mornings.”(Correct form)
v.(base form)
“My brother doesn’t takes vitamins in the mornings.”(Incorrect form)
v.(-s ending)
Complement: Al igual que en las oraciones afirmativas el complemento de la
Oración no se modifica en la forma negativa, ya que siempre será tomado en cuenta porque
contiene a la expresión de tiempo presente, la cual nos da la idea de cuando se realiza
la acción.
YES / NO QUESTIONS
Definition: tipo de pregunta en la cual hacemos preguntas y esperamos respuestas cortas
de afirmativo o negativo. Ejemplo:
“Do the nursing students know how to vaccinate people?”
-Yes, they do.
“Does the English teacher know how to vaccinate people?
- No, he doesn’t.
Grammar structure: For Questions:
Auxiliary
Do
Subject
Then nursing students
Verb (B.F.)
know
Complement
How to vaccinate people?
Auxiliar: Utiliza el auxiliar en su “forma afirmativa” al inicio de una pregunta del tipo yes /
no. Q:
Affirmative
Do-does
Negative
Don’t-doesn’t
Subject: Utiliza Nouns or Pronouns después del auxiliar. “do -does”.
Verb: Utiliza el verbo en su forma base ya que se esta haciendo uso de un auxiliar, el cual
modifica la acción del verbo en la pregunta: Ejemplo:
“Does, Andrew take vitamins everyday?” (correct form).
Auxiliar
V. Base form
“Does, Andrew takes vitamins everyday?” (incorrect form).
Auxiliar
V. (-s ending)
Complement: Se mantiene el complemento, no cambia.
Grammar structure: Form short answers:
-
Affirmative Short Answer:
Yes,
Yes,
-
Subject
We
Auxiliary (AFF)
Do
Subject
We
Auxiliary (NEG)
Don´t
Negative short Answer:
No,
No,
Nota: Usa “yes” para respuesta afirmativa.
Usa “No” para respuesta Negativa.
Subject: Utiliza “Nouns” or Pronouns”
como sujeto, el sujeto de la respuesta va a
depender del mismo sujeto de la pregunta.
Auxiliar:
Utiliza “do-does” al final de una respuesta corta afirmativa.
Utiliza “don´t-doesn’” al final de una respuesta corta negativa.
WH – QUESTION IN SIMPLE PAST
Definition:
Se denomina asì porque son preguntas en la cual se debe declarar una
respuesta mencionando la actividad o información por la que se desea
saber. Ejm.
-“What do you study in the SIDEM institute?”
-“We study nursing in the SIDEM institute.”
“What does the English teacher teach in the institute?
-he teaches the English course in the institute.
Grammar Structure: For question
Wh –word
What
Auxiliary
do
Subject
you
Spanish
Complement
In the SIDEM institute?
English
Qué – cual
What
Cuando
When
Por qué
Donde
Auxiliar:
Verb(B.F.)
study
Why
Where
Quien/es
Who
Cómo
How
Utiliza el auxiliar afirmativo (do-does) antes del sujeto mencionado en una
pregunta
Subjetc:
Utiliza “nouns or pronouns” después del auxiliar “do-does”
Verbs: Usa el verbo en su forma base ya que se está haciendo uso del auxiliar “do-does”, el
cual modifica la acción del verbo en la pregunta. Ejm.
“where do you live in peru?”
What does he teach in the institute?
Complement :
En algunos casos no es empleado la expresión de tiempo pasado en
este tipo de preguntas.
Grammar Structure: For answers
Subjetc
We
Verb
study
Complement
Nursing in the SIDEM institute.
Note: Para respuestas de este tipo,por lo general presenta la misma estructura gramatical
que las oraciones de forma afirmativa.
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
Definition: existen artículos u objetos que son contables o incontables:
Countable: Aquellos que pueden ser contados y además mencionar tanto en plural
como en singular.Ejm:
Spanish
Píldora
Aspirina
Vitamina
Venda
Diente
Singular
Pill
Aspirin
Vitamin
Bandage
Tooth
Plural
Pills
Aspirins
Vitamins
Bandages
Teeth
Uncountable: aquellos que no son contables y se considera solo en singular.Ejm:
Spanish
Alcohol
Agua
Suero
Fiebre
Sangre
Cancer
Singular
Alcohol
Water
Serum
Fever
Blood
Cancer
ACTIVITY
-Write the uncountable or the countable nouns in the correct column:
Heads
Eyes
Hair
Forehead
Noses
Abdomen
Shoulders
Skin
Lungs
Intestines
Apples
bananas
Mangoes
Oranges
Oil
Blood
Nerve
Serum
Water
Milk
UNCOUNTABLE
COUNTABLE
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
SOME AND ANY
Some: Significa “algo” y se utiliza con contables e incontables, pero solo en
oraciones afirmativas.Ejm:
“We need some vitamins.”
“The patient needs some Serum.”
Notice: “Some”, siempre se va a ubicar antes del articulo u objeto contable o
incontable.
Any: Significa “algo” y se utiliza con contables e incontables, en oraciones
negativas y preguntas.Ejm:
“We don’t need any vitamins.”(Negative)
“The patient doesn’t need any serum.”(Negative)
“Do you want any alcohol?”(Question)
“Do you want any milk?”(Question)
Notice: “Any” siempre se va a ubicar antes del articulo u objeto contable o
incontable.
ACTIVITY
-Complete the conversation with some or any:
Doctor: let’s make an urgent operation!
Nurse: ok. So we need__________bandages and _________alcohol.
Doctor: Is there ________serum in the special room?
Nurse: No, we need to buy __________ .
Doctor: Ok.oh, we need ___________vitamins, too.
Nurse: I don’t have _________vitamins in the medical box.
Doctor: Then let’s buy __________pills.
Nurse: Good idea, and___________water, too.
Doctor: sure! There is __________water over there.
Adverbs Of Frecuency
Definition: los adverbios de frecuencia son aquellos que indican la frecuencia con
que se realiza una acción. Examples:
Adverbs
Pronunciation Meaning
100% Always
(olueis)
Siempre
Usually
(yushuali)
Usualmente
Often
(ofen)
A menudo
Sometimes (samtaims)
A veces
Seldom
(seldom)
Raramente
0% Never
(never)
Nunca
Grammar Structure: In affirmatives statements.
Subjec
t
I
Adverb
Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Verb
Complement
Visit
The Deontologist.
Notice: Utiliza el verbo en su forma base y después del adverbio.
Grammar Structure: In negative statements.
Subjec
t
I
Don’t/Doesn’
t
Don’t
Adverb
Verb
Complement
Always
Usually
Often
Drink Aromatic herbs.
Sometimes
Seldom
Ever
Notice: utiliza “ever” en lugar de “never” en oraciones negativas.
Grammar Structure: In questions.
Do/Does
Subject
Do
You
Adverb
Verb
Complement?
Always
Usually
Often
Visit The Deontologist?
Sometimes
Seldom
Ever
Notice: utiliza “ever” en lugar de “never” en oraciones interrogativas, para este tipo
de preguntas, responder con respuestas cortas en forma afirmativa o negativa.
Practice
• Add the adverbs to the sentences:
a)Do you take vitamins? (often) ________________________________________
b)People don’t visit the dentist. (usually) __________________________________
c) I practice in the laboratory. (sometimes) ________________________________
d)Do you drink alcoholic beverages? (seldom) ______________________________
e)I don’t work in the drugstore. (ever) _____________________________________
f) People eat junk food. (always) _________________________________________
g)Do you eat vegetables? (usually) _______________________________________
h)I don’t do exercises. (often) ___________________________________________
i) I eat healthy food. (sometimes) ________________________________________
j) Do you suffer of earache? (ever) _______________________________________
•
How often do you fall ill of these illnesses? Use the adverbs of frequency:
a) Backache
b) Headache
c) Toothache
d) Sore throat
e) The flu
f) Sty
g) Insect bite
h) Cold
i) Stomachache
j) Cramp
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Name three things you never do in the mornings:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
Name three things you never do in the afternoons:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
Name three things you never do in the evenings:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
Imperatives
Definition: El modo imperativo del verbo es utilizado muchas veces para aconsejar
y en algunos casos para dar instrucciones de algo. Examples:
-Take these pills.
-Stay in bed.
-Don’t drink coffee.
-Don’t lift heavy things.
Grammar Structure: for affirmatives statements.
Verb(s.f.)
Take
See
Stay
complement
These pills.
A dentist.
In bed.
Notice: El verbo principal se utiliza en su forma base y al inicio de cada expresión.
Grammar Structure: for negative statements.
Don’t
Don’t
Don’t
Don’t
Verb(s.f.)
Drink
Forget
Lift
complement
Coffee.
The doctor’s appointment.
Heavy things.
Notice: utiliza el auxiliar negativo (don’t) al inicio de una expresión negativa.
Practice
• Match the health problems with the correct advice:
Health Problems
Advice
1.
I have a headache. (
)
2.
I can’t sleep at night. (
)
3.
My job is very stressful. (
)
4.
I have a fever. (
)
5.
I can’t lose weight. (
)
6.
I have a stomachache.
(
)
7.
There’s no food in the
house. (
)
8.
I have a bad cold. (
)
9.
There’s no alcohol in the
medical box. (
)
10.
I have dry skin. (
)
a)Try this new lotion.
b)Don’t eat any food for a day.
c) Take two aspirins and drink a lot of
water.
d)Do to bed early.
e)Take a hot bath at night.
f) Buy some alcohol in the drugstore.
g)Don’t go to work.
h)Get some exercise every day.
i) Don’t drink coffee or tea in the evening.
j) Go out to as restaurant.
Modals
Definition: Los “Modals” son verbos auxiliares que usamos para expresar:
• Funciones sociales, como el dar consejos. Examples:
“You should visita an Odontologist.”
“You should take some vitamins.”
• Posibilidades logicas, como el hacer suposiciones. Examples:
“Your hurt could get infected.”
“You could have dry skin.”
Grammar Structure
For Requests:
Modal
Can/May
Can
Could
May
Subjec
t
I
I
I
I
Verb(base form)
Complement?
Help
Have
Have
Have
You?
A box of cough drops?
Something for a sore throat?
A bottle of aspirin?
Notice: Can-May-Could son usados en:
1.
forma interrogativa, para hacer alguna solicitud. Example:
-“May I help you?”
-“Can I help you?”
2.
forma afirmativa, para hacer suposiciones. Example:
-“You could get sick.”
-“Your hurt could get infected.”
For Suggestions:
Subjec
t
I
You
You
Modal
Verb(base form)
Complement
suggest
Should
Should
Put
Get
Try
Some ointment.
Some skin cream.
Some of this lotion.
Notice:
1.
por lo general el “Modal” se ubica en medio del sujeto y el verbo (solo en
oraciones afirmativas).
-“You should visit the dentist every six month.”
-“They should buy some medicines.”
2.
El verbo a utilizarse debe estar en su forma base. Example:
-“You should do exercises every morning.”
-“You should sleep early everyday.”
Practice
• Complete these conversations with the verbs; can , could , may , have ,
suggest , try , should.
Then compare and practice with a partner:
1. A: ________________ I help you?
B: Yes. ________________ I have something for tired eyes?
A: Sure. I ________________ a bottle of eye drops.
2. A: What do you ________________ for sore muscles?
B: You ________________ try a tube of this ointment. It’s excellent!
A: OK. I’ll take it.
3. A: ________________ I have a box of cold tablets, please?
B: Here you are.
A: And what do you ________________ for insomnia?
B: ________________ some of this sleeping pills.
A: OK. Thanks.
4. A: Hi. ________________ I help you?
B: Yes, please. ________________ I have something for the stomachache?
A: Well, I ________________ a bottle of this antacid tablets.
A : And you ________________ have this magnesium milk.
B: Thank you very much!
5. A: What do you ________________ for dry skin?
B: ________________ some of this new lotion. It’s very good.
A: OK. Thanks a lot.
6. A: ________________ I have bottle of aspirin, please?
B: Here you are.
A: And what do you ________________ for an insect bite?
B: ________________ some of this anti-itch cream.
A: OK. Thanks.
7. A: ________________ I help you?
B: Yes. ________________ I have something for burns?
A: Sure. I ________________ a can of sunburn spray.
INFINITIVES
Definition: Se llama infinitivo a la preposición “to” + verbo en forma base (to +
verb) Ejem.:
Spanish
Infinitive (to + verb)
Abrir
To open
Dar
To give
Intentar
To try
Detener
To stop
Llevar
To bring
Notice: Casos para usar el infinitivo:
1. Infinitive as object: Cuando un verbo siempre va seguido directamente por
el infinitivo.
"John hopes to enter to the university”
Verb
infinitive
“Rossy has learned to use the thermometer correctly”
Verb.
Infinitive
“I like to teach English language”
Verb
infinitive
2. Infinitive after Adjective: Utiliza el infinitivo después de un adjetivo: Ejm.:
“It’s important to get a lot of rest.”
Adjective
infinit.
“It’s a good idea to take some vitamin C”
Adject. Infinit.
“It’s useful to get some cold medicine”
Adject. Infinitive
• Common adjectives that can be followed by the infinitive.
• Afraid
• Fortunate
• Alarmed
• Glad
• Amazed
• Happy
• Angry
• Likely
• Anxious
• Lucky
• Curious
• Pleased
• Depressed
• Proud
• Determined
• Ready
• Disappointed
• Relieved
• Disturbed
• Reluctant
• Eager
• Sad
• Easy
• Shocked
• Embarrassed
• Sorry
• Encouraged
• Surprised
• Excited
• Surprised
• Touched
• Upset
ACTIVITY
• Complete these sentences with “gerunds”:
1. Maria usually works alone all day, but she enjoys _____________ on a
computer, too.
Work
2. Antonella works for a large drugstore, but she’s not very good at _________ in
English.
Talk
3. John has to use Spanish and English at work, but he’s not very good at _______
in English.
Talk
4. I don’t mind ______________ the phone.
Answer
5. ______________ a fever could be dangerous.
Get
6. Jenny can’t ____________ deadlines.
Meet
7. I like _____________ with a team.
Work
8. ________________ with my studies is very necessary.
Follow
9. My brother is not good at _________ decisions quickly.
Make
10. _________________ Television to late is bad for you.
Watch
• Complete these sentences with “infinitives”:
1. It’s helpful _______________ up some garlic and cook it.
Chop
2. We have ______________ for the final exam.
Study
3. It’s important _____________ the dentist every 6 months.
See
4. My friends want ________________ Cajamarca e Iquitos
Visit
5. Militza plans __________________ with my teacher.
Married
6. It’s necessary ___________________ more hours in a day.
Rest
7. It’s excited ________________ to different countries.
Travel
8. Tongo decided ______________ songs in English.
Sing
9. Rossy wants ______________ new clothes in Ripley department store.
Buy
10. It’s a good idea ________________ lot of liquids.
Drink
FUTURE WITH “WILL”
Definition: El futuro con “will” es utilizado para hablar acerca de actividades o cosas que
sucederán en el futuro o también para hacer predicciones. Usualmente se usa “will”
cuando decidimos algo en el momento de hablar. Ejemplo:
- “Some students will approve the English course this semester”.
-“I think that the English teacher will come tomorrow”.
Grammar structure: For affirmative statements:
Subject
Some students
will
Verb (base
will
form)
approve
Complement
The English course this
semester.
Subject + auxiliar (will): Podemos utilizar “Nouns” or “Pronouns” como sujeto de la
oración:
Nouns + aux.
Pronouns + aux.
I
will
Contraction Form
I’ll
Nancy
will
Tony
will
You
will
You’ll
Nancy and Tony
will
He
will
He’ll
The students
will
She
will
She’ll
The baby
will
It
will
It’ll
The dog
will
We
will
We’ll
My parents and I
will
They
will
They’ll
Remember.el auxiliar will se utiliza con todos los nouns and pronouns .
Notice: solo utilizar verbos que presenten su forma base. Ejm:
“The Doctor will operate a patient this week”. (Correct form).
“The Doctor will Operated a patient this week”. (Incorrect form).
Complement: a veces no muestra el tiempo especifico en el cual se llevara a cabo la
acción. Examples:
-“I will buy a new car this month”.
-“I will repair the computer this week”.
NEGATIVE FORM
Definition: Usa la forma negativa para negar eventos relacionados al tiempo futuro o
mencionar algo que no se ha realizado o sucedido. Ejemplo:
“Some students won’t approve the English course this semester”.
“I think that the English teacher won’t come tomorrow”.
Grammar structure: For negative statements:
Subject
Won’t
Some students
Won’t
Verb (base
form)
approve
Complement
The English course this
semester
Subject + won’t:
Nouns + aux.
Pronouns + aux.
Won’t
Nancy
won’t
I
Tony
won’t
You
Won’t
Nancy and Tony
won’t
He
Won’t
The students
won’t
She
Won’t
The baby
won’t
It
Won’t
The dog
won’t
We
Won’t
My parents and I
won’t
They
Won’t
Notice: “won’t” is the negative form of “will”:
WILL + NOT 
WON’T
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Definition: Tipo de pregunta en la cual hacemos preguntas y esperamos
Respuestas cortas en forma afirmativa ó negativa. Ejm.
- Will the students approve the English course this semester?
-
Yes, They will.
-Will the English teacher come tomorrow?
-
No, He won’t.
Grammar structure: For yes / no questions:
will
Will
Subject
The students
Verb (base form
approved
Complement?
The English course this semester?
Notice:
1. Utiliza el auxiliar del futuro en su forma afirmativa y al inicio de una pregunta de este
tipo.
Utiliza “Nouns” or “pronouns” después de el auxiliar del futuro “will”.
Utiliza el verbo en su forma base para hacer preguntas.
Be Care Ful: No usar otra forma del verbo que no sea en forma base Ejm:
-Will you go to the computer room to practice?
- Will you went to the computer room to practice?
Complement: Se mantiene el complemento, no se modifica.
Grammar structure: For short answers:
-
Affirmative short answer:
Yes,
Yes,
Subject
we
will
will
- Negative, short answer:
No,
No,
Subject
we
Won’t
Won’t
Notice:
1. Utiliza “yes” para la respuesta afirmativas.
2. utiliza “no” para respuestas negativas.
PRACTICE
I.
Unscramble the sentences:
a) Miguel Angel / tomorrow / soccer / play / will
________________________________________________________
b) Come / the / students / to the SIDEM / will / this weekday / computer
________________________________________________________
c) In a Hospital / will / sister / work / my / on weekend
________________________________________________________
d) Will / this semester / teach / I / course / the / English
________________________________________________________
e) Miriam / this month / present / her project / will
________________________________________________________
II.
Write “won’t”or “will”:
a) Probably, Fernando __________ study engineer system on the next year.(will /
won’t)
b) I think Maricruz and Narda ____________ expose their project this month. (will/
won’t)
c) Probably, the students ______________ buy laptops tomorrow. (will / won’t)
d) I think, Olga ___________ come back to SIDEM next year. (will / won’t)
e) Probably, Walter ___________ travel to Cuzco next month. (will / won’t)
III.
Complete the yes / no questions:
a) Will you present your project this month?
Yes, ______ ______
b) Will Shirley study in the SIDEM next semester?
Yes, ______ ______
c) Will Giancarlo get a job at jockey plaza tomorrow?
No, ______ ______
d) Will Shakira come to Peru this month?
No, ______ ______
e) Will Wisin y Yandel visit Lima next month?
No, ______ ______
V.
Discover the grammar; choose the wrong part of the sentence:
a) My father work will in cementos Lima next year.
a
b
c
d
e
b) Javier and his friends won’t come to SIDEM on Saturday.
a
b
c
d
e
c) Will Miryam learn Chinese language yesterday?
a
b
c
d
e
d) Where will the students go after the class?
a
b
c
e) Frank study won’t
a
b
c
d
e
pharmacy on July?
d
e
Computer hardware
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including its digital circuitry,
as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The
hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and
hardware data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified
or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever,
needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only
memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than
just "soft").
Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in
automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players,
and other devices. Personal computers, the computer hardware familiar to most
people, form only a small minority of computers (about 0.2% of all new computers
produced in 2003). See Market statistics.
Motherboard
•
Motherboard - It is the "body" or mainframe of the computer, through
which all other components interface.
•
Central processing unit (CPU) - Performs most of the calculations which
enable a computer to function, sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the
computer.
•
Random Access Memory (RAM) - Fast-access memory that is cleared when
the computer is powered-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard,
and is used to store programs that are currently running. * Firmware is
loaded from the Read only memory ROM run from the Basic Input-Output
System (BIOS) or in newer systems Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)
compliant
•
Removable media devices
CD (compact disc )
o
CD-ROM Drive
o
CD Writer
•
DVD (digital versatile disc)
•
Blu-ray - a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital
information, including high-definition video.
HD DVD - a high-density optical disc format and successor to the standard
•
DVD.
•
Floppy disk
•
Zip drive
•
USB flash drive
•
Tape drive - Internal storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent
even when the computer has no power.
•
•
•
Hard disk
Solid-state drive
Disk array controller
Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from
a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the
motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an
upgrade.
Networking
Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.
•
•
•
Modem
Network card
Direct Cable Connection
Other peripherals
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer
system. The following are either standard or very common.
Input
• Text
Output
input devices
•
Keyboard
o
• Pointing
devices
Image, Video output devices
o
Printer
o
Monitor
o
Mouse
o
Trackball
o
Speakers
o
Xbox 360
o
Headset
•
Audio output devices
Controller
• Gaming
devices
o
Joystick
o
Gamepad
o
Game controller
• Image,
Video input devices
o
Image scanner
o
Webcam
• Audio
input devices
o
Microphone
Computer science
Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the science of the
theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and
application in computer systems.[1][2][3] Computer science has many sub-fields; some
emphasize the computation of specific results (such as computer graphics), while
others relate to properties of computational problems (such as computational
complexity theory). Still others focus on the challenges in implementing
computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to
describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming
languages to solve specific computational problems. A further subfield, humancomputer interaction, focuses on the challenges in making computers and
computations
useful, usable
and
universally accessible
to
people.
Major
achievements
German military used the Enigma machine during World War II for communication
they thought to be secret. The large-scale decryption of Enigma traffic at Bletchley
Park was an important factor that contributed to Allied victory in WWII.
Despite its relatively short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science
has made a number of fundamental contributions to science and society. These
include:
Applications within computer science
•
A formal definition of computation and computability, and proof that there are
computationally unsolvable and intractable problems.
•
The concept of a programming language, a tool for the precise expression of
methodological information at various levels of abstraction.
Applications outside of computing
•
Sparked the Digital Revolution which led to the current Information Age and
the Internet.[12]
•
In cryptography, breaking the Enigma machine was an important factor
contributing to the Allied victory in World War II.[9]
•
Scientific computing enabled advanced study of the mind and mapping the
human genome was possible with Human Genome Project. Distributed
computing projects like Folding@home explore protein folding.
•
Algorithmic trading has increased the efficiency and liquidity of financial
markets by using artificial intelligence, machine learning and other statistical
and numerical techniques on a large scale.
Relationship with other fields
Despite its name, a significant amount of computer science does not involve the
study of computers themselves. Because of this, several alternative names have
been proposed. Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term datalogy, to reflect
the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while
not necessarily involving computers.
The first scientific institution to use the term was the Department of Datalogy at the
University of Copenhagen, founded in 1969, with Peter Naur being the first professor
in datalogy. The term is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries. Also, in the early
days of computing, a number of terms for the and practitioners of the field of
computing were suggested in the Communications are of the ACM—turingineer,
turologist,
flow-charts-man,
applied
meta-mathematician,
and
applied
epistemologist. Three months later in the same journal, comptologist was suggested,
followed next year by hypologist. Recently the term computics has been suggested.
Informatik was a term used in Europe with more frequency.
Fields of computer science
Computer science searches for concepts and formal proofs to explain and describe
computational systems of interest. As with all sciences, these theories can then be
utilised to synthesize practical engineering applications, which in turn may suggest
new systems to be studied and analysed. While the ACM Computing Classification
System can be used to split computer science up into different topics of fields, a
more descriptive breakdown follows:
Human-Computer Interaction
Scientific computing
Didactics of computer science/informatics
The subfield didactics of computer science focuses on cognitive approaches of
developing competencies of computer science and specific strategies for analysis,
design, implementation and evaluation of excellent lessons in computer science.
Computer science education
Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and
algorithmic reasoning. These programs often feature the theory of computation,
analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer
graphics and systems analysis, among others. They typically also teach computer
programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer
science rather than a central focus of high-level study.
Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational
programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced
computer programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their
computer science curricula. Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are
important to workers entering the software industry. The practical aspects of
computer programming are often referred to as software engineering. However,
there is a lot of disagreement over what the term "software engineering" actually
means, and whether it is the same thing as programming.
E-mail
Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, simply mail, or the original
eMail, is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving
messages over electronic communication systems. The term "e-mail" (as a noun or
verb) applies to the Internet e-mail system based on the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol, to network systems based on other protocols and to various mainframe,
minicomputer, or intranet systems allowing users within one organization to send
messages to each other in support of workgroup collaboration. Intranet systems may
be based on proprietary protocols supported by a particular systems vendor, or on
the same protocols used on public networks. E-mail is often used to deliver bulk
unsolicited messages, or "spam", but filter programs exist which can automatically
block, quarantine or delete some or most of these, depending on the situation.
Spelling
The spellings e-mail and email are both common. Several prominent journalistic and
technical style guides recommend e-mail, and the spelling email is also recognized
in many dictionaries. In the original RFC definitions for the Internet's electronic mail
system, neither spelling is used; the service is referred to as mail, and a single piece
of electronic mail is called a message. Newer RFCs and IETF working groups also
use email. ARPAnet/DARPAnet users and early developers from Unix, CMS,
AppleLink, eWorld, AOL, GEnie, and HotMail used eMail with the letter M
capitalized. The authors of some of the original RFCs used eMail when giving their
own addresses.
Origin
E-mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating
the Internet. MIT first demonstrated the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in
1961.[15] It allowed multiple users to log into the IBM 7094 from remote dial-up
terminals, and to store files online on disk. This new ability encouraged users to
share information in new ways. E-mail started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of
a time-sharing mainframe computer to communicate. Although the exact history is
murky, among the first systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and MIT's
CTSS.
E-mail was quickly extended to become network e-mail, allowing users to pass
messages between different computers by at least 1966 (it is possible the SAGE
system had something similar some time before).
Workings
Example
The diagram above shows a typical sequence of events that takes place when Alice
composes a message using her mail user agent (MUA). She types in, or selects
from an address book, the e-mail address of her correspondent. She hits the "send"
button.
This sequence of events applies to the majority of e-mail users. However, there are
many alternative possibilities and complications to the e-mail system:
Header
The message header consists of fields, usually including at least the following:
•
From: The e-mail address, and optionally the name of the sender
•
To: The e-mail address[es], and optionally name[s] of the message's
recipient[s]
•
Subject: A brief summary of the contents of the message
•
Date: The local time and date when the message was written
Each header field has a name and a value. RFC 2822 specifies the precise syntax.
Informally, the field name starts in the first character of a line, followed by a ":",
followed by the value which is continued on non-null subsequent lines that have a
space or tab as their first character.
Field names and values are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Non-ASCII values
may be represented using MIME encoded words.
Note that the "To" field in the header is not necessarily related to the addresses to
which the message is delivered. The actual delivery list is supplied in the SMTP
protocol, not extracted from the header content. The "To" field is similar to the
greeting at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the
address on the outer envelope. Also note that the "From" field does not have to be
the real sender of the e-mail message. It is very easy to fake the "From" field and let
a message seem to be from any mail address.
Body
Content encoding
E-mail was originally designed for 7-bit ASCII. Much e-mail software is 8-bit clean
but must assume it will be communicating with 8-bit servers and mail readers. The
MIME standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer
encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data: quoted printable for mostly 7
bit content with a few characters outside that range and base64 for arbitrary binary
data. The 8BITMIME extension was introduced to allow transmission of mail without
the need for these encodings but many mail transport agents still don't support it
fully. In some countries, several encoding schemes coexist; as the result, by default,
the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the
only exception is coincidence, when the sender and receiver use the same encoding
scheme). Therefore, for international character sets, Unicode is growing in
popularity.
Plain text and HTML
Both plain text and HTML are used to convey e-mail. While text is certain to be read
by all users without problems, there is a perception that HTML-based e-mail has a
higher aesthetic value. Advantages of HTML include the ability to include inline links
and images, set apart previous messages in block quotes, wrap naturally on any
display, use emphasis such as underlines and italics, and change font styles. HTML
e-mail messages often include an automatically-generated plain text copy as well,
for compatibility reasons. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email,
privacy concerns about web bugs and that HTML email can be a vector for phishing
attacks and the spread of malicious software.[21]
Servers and client applications
Messages are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
with software programs called mail transport agents. Users can download their
messages from servers with standard protocols such as the POP or IMAP protocols,
or, as is more likely in a large corporate environment, with a proprietary protocol
specific to Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange Servers.
Mail can be stored either on the client, on the server side, or in both places.
Standard formats for mailboxes include Maildir and mbox. Several prominent e-mail
clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer
e-mail between them.
When a message cannot be delivered, the recipient MTA must send a bounce
message back to the sender, indicating the problem.
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a proprietary spreadsheet
application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS
X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and, except for Excel 2008 for
Mac OS X, a macro programming language called VBA (Visual Basic for
Applications). It is overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available
for these platforms and has been so since version 5 in 1993, and is bundled as part
of Microsoft Office. Excel is one of the most popular microcomputer applications to
date.
History
Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982, which
was very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to
Lotus 1-2-3. The first version of Excel was released for the Mac in 1985 and the first
Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line-up with the Mac and bundled with a runtime Windows environment) was released in November 1987. Lotus was slow to
bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped
Microsoft
achieve
the
position
of
leading
PC
software
developer.
This
accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a
valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed
its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so. The current version
for the Windows platform is Excel 12, also called Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The
current version for the Mac OS X platform is Microsoft Excel 2008.
Microsoft Excel 2.1 included a runtime version of Windows 2.1
Early in its life Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company
already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the
result of the dispute Microsoft was required to refer to the program as "Microsoft
Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time
this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently
when they purchased the trademark of the other program.
Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the program;
while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows still consists of a
stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the default Excel
format is .xls. Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic
spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original
spreadsheet, VisiCalc: the cells are organized in rows and columns, and contain
data or formulas with relative or absolute references to other cells.
Binary
The binary format specification has been available from Microsoft on request but
since February 2008 the .XLS format specification can be freely downloaded and
implemented under the Open Specification Promise patent licensing.
Office Open XML
Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007
suite, introduces a host of new file formats. These are part of the Office Open XML
(OOXML) specification.
The new Excel 2007 formats are:
Export and migration of spreadsheets
APIs are also provided to open excel spreadsheets in a variety of other applications
and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening excel
documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash
Player.
The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing
excel spreadsheet files. Attempts have also been made to be able to copy excel
spreadsheets to web applications using comma-separated values.
Programming
A valuable aspect of Excel is the ability to write code using the programming
language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). This code is written using an editor
viewed separately from the spreadsheet. Manipulation of the spreadsheet entries is
controlled using objects.
With this code any function or subroutine that can be set up in a Basic- or Fortranlike language can be run using input taken from the spreadsheet proper, and the
results of the code are instantaneously written to the spreadsheet or displayed on
charts (graphs). The spreadsheet becomes an interface or window to the code,
enabling easy interaction with the code and what it calculates.
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is Microsoft's flagship word processing software. It was first
released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[1][2][3] Versions
were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983),
the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a
component of the Microsoft Office system; however, it is also sold as a standalone
product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the
branding was revised to emphasize Word's identity as a component within the Office
suite; Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft
Word. The latest releases are Word 2007 for Windows and Word 2008 for Mac OS
X.
File Extension
Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file
extension. Although the ".doc" extension has been used in many different versions of
Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats:
1. Word for DOS
2. Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for Mac
3. Word 6 and Word 95; Word 6 for Mac
4. Word 97, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2007; Word 98, 2001, X, and 2004 for Mac
The newer ".docx" extension signifies Office Open XML and is used by Word 2007
for Windows and Word 2008 for the Macintosh.Microsoft does not guarantee the
correct display of the document on different workstations, even if the two
workstations use the same version of Microsoft Word. This means it is possible the
document the recipient sees might not be exactly the same as the document the
sender sees.
Binary Formats (Word 97-2003)
As Word became the dominant word processor in the late 1990s and early 2000s ,
Word document formats (.DOC) became a de facto standard of document file
formats due to their popularity. Though usually just referred to as "Word Document
Format", this term refers primarily to the range of formats used by default in Word
version 97–2003. Word document files using the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format
implement OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) structured storage to manage the
structure of its file format. OLE behaves rather like a conventional hard drive file
system, and is made up of several key components. Each word document is
composed of so-called "big blocks" which are almost always (but do not have to be)
512-byte chunks; hence a Word document's file size will always be a multiple of 512.
"Storages" are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point to other storages
or "streams" which are similar to files on a disk. The text in a Word document is
always contained in the "Word Document" stream. The first big block in a Word
document, known as the "header" block, provides important information as to the
location of the major data structures in the document. "Property storages" provide
metadata about the storages and streams in a .doc file, such as where it begins and
its name and so forth. The "File information block" contains information about where
the text in a word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the
document, and other attributes.
Microsoft Office Open XML (Word 2007 and above)
Word 2007 uses Microsoft Office Open XML as its default format, but retains the
older binary format for compatibility reasons. It also supports (for output only) PDF
and XPS format. Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2007 Binary
File Format and the Office Open XML format. Microsoft has moved towards an XMLbased file format for their office applications with Office 2007: Microsoft Office Open
XML. This format does not conform fully to standard XML. It is, however, publicly
documented as Ecma standard 376. Public documentation of the default file format
is a first for Word, and makes it considerably easier, though not trivial, for
competitors to interoperate. It's been approved as an international standard by ISO
(ISO/IEC 29500), but the approval is under review following objections by ISO
members South Africa, Brazil, India and Venezuela. Another XML-based, public file
format supported by Word 2003 is Word-processing.
Attempts at cross-version compatibility
Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it
was created can cause incorrect display of the document. The document formats of
the various versions change in subtle and not so subtle ways; formatting created in
newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the
program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous
version. Rich Text Format (RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging
formatted text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains most
formatting and all content of the original document. Later, after HTML appeared,
Word supported an HTML derivative as an additional full-fidelity roundtrip format
similar to RTF, with the additional capability that the file could be viewed in a web
browser.
Alternative Editors
People who do not use Microsoft Office sometimes find it difficult to use a Word
document.[citation
needed]
Because the formats are de facto standards, many word
processors such as AbiWord or OpenOffice.org Writer include file import and export
filters for the Word Binary File Format to compete. Furthermore, there is Apache
POI, which is an open-source Java library that aims to read and write such
documents. Macintosh users had file translator filters such as MacLink Plus with the
ability to interconvert Word, Works, WordPerfect, NisysWriter and many other
formats. Most of this interoperability has been achieved through reverse engineering
since, with the exception of RTF, documentation of the Word file formats was not
publicly available until February 2008.
Macros
Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and
even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to
Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97.
This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in
documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB
key and floppy makes this an especially attractive vector.
A prominent example is the Melissa worm, but countless others have existed in the
wild. Some anti-virus software can detect and clean common macro viruses, and
firewalls may prevent worms from transmitting themselves to other systems.
Layout issues
As of Word 2007 for Windows (and Word 2004 for Macintosh), the program has
been unable to handle ligatures defined in TrueType fonts: those ligature glyphs with
Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for
what they are, breaking spellchecking, while custom ligatures present in the font are
not accessible at all.
Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin
spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed.[20] Similarly,
combining diacritics are handled poorly:
Word 2003 has "improved support", but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a
precomposed glyph is present in the font. Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does
automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a document that does not
exist in the font specified.
It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very difficult to spot when a glyph used is
missing from the font in use.
IRREGULAR VERBS
SPANISH
PRESENT
(Be) am/is, are
Become
Begin
Bite
Bleed
Blow
Break
Bring
Build
Burn
Buy
Catch
Choose
Come
Cost
Cut
Do
Draw
Dream
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Feel
Fight
Find
Fly
Forget
Forgive
Freeze
Get
Give
Go
Grow
Hang
Have
Hear
Hide
Hit
Hold
Hurt
Keep
Know
Lay
Learn
PAST
Was, were
Became
Began
Bit
Bled
Blew
Broke
brought
Built
Burned
Bought
Caught
Chose
Came
Cost
Cut
Did
Drew
Dreamt
Drank
Drove
Ate
Fell
Felt
Fought
Found
Flew
Forgot
Forgave
Froze
Got
Gave
Went
Grew
Hung
Had
Heard
Hid
Hit
Held
Hurt
Kept
Knew
Laid
Learnt
PARTICIPLE
Been
Become
Begun
Bitten
Bled
Blown
Broken
Brought
Built
Burned
Bought
Caught
Chosen
Cost
Given
Cut
Done
Drawn
Dreamt
Drunk
Driven
Eaten
Fallen
Felt
Fought
Found
Flown
Forgotten
Forgiven
Frozen
Gotten
Given
Gone
Grown
Hung
Had
Heard
Hidden
Hit
Held
Hurt
Kept
Known
Laid
Learnt
SPANISH
PRESENT
Leave
Lend
Let
Light
Lose
Make
Meet
Pay
Put
Quit
Read
Ride
Run
Say
See
Sell
Send
Set
Shake
Shine
Shoot
Show
Sing
Sit
Sleep
Smell
Speak
Spend
Stand
Steal
Stick
Sweep
Swim
Take
Teach
Tear
Tell
Think
Throw
Understand
Wake
Wear
Wet
Win
Write
PAST
Left
Lent
Let
Lit
Lost
Made
Met
Paid
Put
Quit
Read
Rode
Ran
Said
Saw
Sold
Sent
Set
Shook
Shone
Shot
Showed
Sang
Sat
Slept
Smelt
Spoke
Spent
Stood
Stole
Stuck
Swept
Swam
Took
Taught
Tore
Told
Thought
Threw
Understood
Woke
Wore
Wet
Won
Wrote
PARTICIPLE
Left
Lent
Let
Lit
Lost
Made
Met
Paid
Put
Quit
Read
Ridden
Run
Said
Seen
Sold
Sent
Set
Shaken
Shone
Shot
Shown
Sung
Sat
Slept
Smelt
Spoken
Spent
Stood
Stolen
Stuck
Swept
Swum
Taken
Taught
Torn
Told
Thought
Thrown
Understood
Woken
Worn
Wet
Won
Written

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