washington dc national world war ii memorial

Transcripción

OSPMadrid 21
patriomonio construido de Espane
John Kunz
Week 9: 8 March
Week 9: 8 March
1
Agenda
• Comments on reading
– Norman: Emotional Design
– Diamond: Guns, Germs and Steel - “Why did Europeans
reach and conquer … Americans, instead of vice versa?”
– Zuitrun: La Construccion de Ciudades Vulnerables
• Course summary
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
2
Built environment
The world’s fixed p
physical
y
wealth
– Buildings, plants, infrastructure
– Physical
y
systems
y
•
•
•
•
3/8/2010
Water and sewage
Transportation
Energy production and transport
Telecommunications
Week 9: 8 March
3
Big Ideas
• Patriomonio construido: the inheritance from our
predecessors of our built environment
• Architecture
– Gives us memory and a sense of place
– Balances practicality and art
– Gives physical representation of a culture
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Week 9: 8 March
4
Big Ideas
• Patriomonio construido: the inheritance from
our predecessors of our built environment
• Architecture
– Gives us memory and a sense of place
– Balances practicality and art
– Gives physical representation of a culture
• The emotional side of design may be more
critical to a product’s success than its
practical elements - Norman
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Week 9: 8 March
5
Norman
• Aspects of process of design
– Visceral: appearances [Function  Form]
– Behavioral: p
pleasure and effectiveness of use
[Behavior]
– Reflective: rationalization and intellectualization
(explain how and why) [our analysis of design and
use]
• Design must and does integrate cognition/
intellectual activity with emotion
– New to Norman – a renowned cognitive psychologist
3/8/2010
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6
Norman
• Color in now routine in movies,, TV,, computer
p
monitors
– Black & White  Color
– Rationally, monochrome OK; emotionally, we love Color!
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Week 9: 8 March
7
Norman
• Cognitive
g
science now has evidence that aesthetically
y
pleasing objects and environments allow us to work better
– Products and systems that make us feel good provide
b tt results
better
lt
• “the emotional side of design may be more critical to a
product’s
product
s success than its practical elements.”
elements.
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
8
Big ideas (Diamond)
“whyy did Europeans
p
reach and conquer
q
the lands of Native
Americans, instead of vice versa?”
– “Why is it that you white people developed so much
cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black
people had little cargo of our own?”
Diamond’s answer for the Americas (apparent in 1492):
Guns germs and steel
Guns,
–
3/8/2010
Vastly superior food production capability
• Secondary advantages in germs, technology, organization
• Initial
I iti l ((~1492)
1492) effects
ff t remain
i very important
i
t t today
t d
Week 9: 8 March
9
Diamond: Why the (fixed physical) wealth of countries
in the Americas < that of Eurasia
Domesticated large animals in 1492:
• Eurasia (13)
• Americas (1)
Week 9: 8 March
10
Food quality today (% protein):
Eurasia
• Local grain - wheat,
rice: 10 – 15%
• Meat ((beef,,
chicken): 25 – 28%
Americas
• Local grain - Corn: 2
– 8%
Week 9: 8 March
11
Germs in 1492:
Eurasia
• Smallpox, measles,
flu, plague,
tuberculosis, typhus,
cholera, malaria
Americas
• Nonsyphilitic
treponemas
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12
Technology in 1492:
Eurasia
Americas
• Tool Metals: Copper,
pp ,
• Tool Metals: iron, bronze
• Military: clubs, axes,
• Military: swords,
bows and arrows,
daggers guns
daggers,
guns, iron
canoes
armor, horses, ships
• Power: human
• Power: large
g animals,,
• Wheel: only as a toy
water, wind, human
• Writing: limited
• Wheel: important
• Writing: Widely
important
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13
Empires in 1492 that could tax, raise an army (find, invade
and
d conquer))
Eurasia
• England, Spain,
Portugal, France,
Holland, Sweden,
Denmark
Americas
• Aztec, Inca
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14
Diamond: Effects of the European invasion of the
A
Americas
i
• Populous Native Americans eliminated from
most temperate areas suitable for European
food production and physiology
• Most massive demographic shift on any
continent except Australia
– All within past 500 years
– Roots lie in developments between 11,000 BCE and
AD 1
1.
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
15
Big ideas (Diamond)
“whyy did Europeans
p
reach and conquer
q
the lands of Native
Americans, instead of vice versa?”
– “Why is it that you white people developed so much
cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black
people had little cargo of our own?”
Diamond’s answer for the Americas (apparent in 1492):
Vastly superior food production capability
– Secondary advantages in germs, technology,
organization
– Initial (~1492) effects remain very important today
3/8/2010
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16
Zeitun: La Construccion de Ciudades
V l
Vulnerables
bl
• Big
g idea: Con ello nuestra p
propuesta
p
consiste en
que la vulnerabilidad es humana, en tanto la
ciudad es fenomeno sociocultural, sin embargo,
en el ultimo siglo lo que se hizo fue construir y
acumular la vulnerabilidad urbano.
– Elsa Lilyy Caballero Zeitun
– UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE HONDURAS, 2001
3/8/2010
17
La Vulnerabilidad Urbana
• Los anos 70 … la ciudad vivia en todo su apogeo, el
proceso de
d expansion
i urbana
b
y la
l iimplementation
l
t ti d
dell
Plan de Desarrollo Urbano …
• Cambios politicos a nivel national, la crisis
economica, y los intereses particulares por encima
de los intereses colectivos … no ofrece los servicios
basicos necesarios a todos los ciudadanos y que
que, 30
anos despues, aun no concluye la construccion del
anillo inciniado en 1974.
3/8/2010
18
• Practica de vida … no siempre ha sido asi … los
registros
i t
hi t i
historicos
d lla ciudad
de
i d d se hace
h
mencion
i de
d
la buena convivencia entre vecinos, de la
hospitalidad
p
de los nativos, de las labores diarias de
limpieza de las amas de casa …
• En la memoria de las generaciones de la primera
mitad del siglo XX
XX, aun se recuerda la vida del barrio,
barrio
las amistades, el colegio, los groupos de danzas, de
musica …
3/8/2010
19
• Paradojicamente, la crisis urbana moderna de
Latinoamerica se inicio con los planes del desarrollo
Latinoamerica,
economico sustitutivo los planes de desarrollo urbano. En
el momento en que el hormigon, el cemento y muchos
materiales
t i l de
d construccion
t
i importantados
i
t t d se incorporaron
i
al paisaje urbano, en ese mismo momento, la crisis
urbana se agudizo …
• Desde el mismo momento en que se inciaron los
procesos de modernizacion urbana, comenzaron los
procesos de autoconstruccion de la ciudad informal,
p
desde los anos 50 se coloco en el debate de lo urbano el
tema de los barrios informales, clandestinos, tugurizados,
ilegales,
g
, marginados,
g
, … feminizacion de la p
pobreza … en
muy corto tiempo
3/8/2010
20
• El proyecto de ciudad moderna del siglo XX fracaso
por su origen,
i
ell crecimiento
i i t economico
i y ell progreso
basado en él no construyeron la formula magica para
la ciudad moderna, los cimientos de la ciudad
moderna se construyeron sobre la pobreza y la
exclusion social.
• La modernidad urbana se llevo a cabo bajo la
temeraria impudencia del consumo irracional … la
ciudad moderna del desecho, los electrodomesticos,
los automoviles, los edificios, las viviendas, todos
productos desechables, llevaron a la percepcion de
que las personas tambien son desechables.
3/8/2010
21
• La sobreviviencia en el ciudad elimino la cautela y la
prudencia de las acciones humanas frente al medio,
medio todo
en el ciudad es un riesgo, asi que pasar la noche y pasar
el dia ya es ganancia.
• La ciudad moderna se convierto en la antitesis de la
ciudad, el mayor invento humano para protegerse del
medio fisico adverso y protegerse ante al propia
vulnerabilidad. La ciudad es una de las expresiones mas
fehacientes del dominio del hombre sobre la naturaleza
para enfrentar su p
p
propia
p vulnerabilidad, la ciudad
moderna, es un ejemplo mas crudo de como el dominio
irracional del hombre sobre la naturaleza no solo afecta la
calidad del ambiente natural,, volviendo fragil,
g , sino q
que
atenta contra la misma humanidad.
3/8/2010
22
• La vulnerabilidad urbana, aunque es un hecho social
generalizado no se percibe en la cotidianeidad,
generalizado,
cotidianeidad no se
visualiza en el diario vivir de la personas, se vuelve visible
solo en el momento en que se ve el dano (la muerte, las
enfermedades,
f
d d
l heridas,
las
h id
l desastres).
los
d
t ) Hasta
H t que ell
dano se hace visible, es cuando se toma conciencia de la
vulnerabilidad.
• Con ello nuestra propuesta consiste en que la
vulnerabilidad es humana, en tanto la ciudad es
fenomeno sociocultural, sin embargo, en el ultimo siglo lo
que se hizo fue construir y acumular la vulnerabilidad
urbano
urbano.
3/8/2010
23
Big Idea
We will (Course objectives are)
• See the "built environment" of this place
where we now are privileged to live,
live Spain
• Interpret what we see in light of
architecture theory, plus the history,
geography, and self-perceptions of the
people, plus our feelings about what we
see
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
24
Photo: Puerta de Europa
• These two leaning towers form a modern triumphal arch in
Northern Madrid, open to the city, and symbolically
reference such buildings in Paris and Pisa.
Pisa
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25
Sketch
• Window within window within window in the Museo
de Picasso, a view into an intimate space within and
an invitation
i it ti tto go within.
ithi
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26
Formal symbolic model:
from
o so
some
e pe
perspective,
spect e, e
e.g.,
g , occupa
occupantt
Function (design
intent):
Form (designed and
built physical
elements)
Behaviors (predicted
or observed
performance)
Show ancient and
new forms of the
museum
Ancient columns &
walls modern windows
walls,
View opens to 3 viewed
and a hidden space
Beauty
(Classic) multiple
arches and columns
Contrast of old and new;
accessible human scale
Classical forms
Arches, columns,
rectangles, spaces
Grand in concept,
accessible in scale
Sight line
Sight line
Striking because we
normally cannot see
through building
Invite
In
ite further
f rther
exploration
Vie s of internal spaces Compelling
Views
Week 9: 8 March
27
Patterns
19. Web of shopping*
21 Four story limit **
21.
26. Life cycle*
30 .Activity nodes**
31. Promenade**
40. Old people everywhere**
54 R
54.
Road
d crossing
i
55. Raised walk*
56. Bike paths and racks*
57. Children in the city
58. Carnival
59. Quiet backs*
60. Accessible green**
61. Small public squares**
62. High places*
66 Holy Ground*
66.
67. Common land**
69. Public outdoor room**
77. house for couple*
88. Street café**
92. Bus stop*
90. Ceiling height variety **
94 Sleeping in public
94.
95. Building complex
96. Number of stories*
111. Half hidden g
garden*
117. Sheltering roof **
119. Arcades**
125. Stair seats*
129 Common areas at the heart**
129.
heart
141. Room of one’s own**
159. Light on two sides of every room**
179. Alcoves**
180. Window place**
163. Outdoor room**
191. The (rectangular) shape of indoor space**
205 Structure follows social specifications **
205.
207. Good materials**
Warm colors**
Week 9:250.
8 March
28
Method to use patterns
1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.
6
6.
7.
8.
Start with list of all patterns
Find one pattern that best describes your project
Note related smaller patterns
S l t nextt mostt descriptive
Select
d
i ti from
f
allll noted
t d patterns
tt
Exclude a pattern when in doubt
Iterate 4-5 until you have all patterns you want
Add own patterns
Change
g p
patterns if yyou want
As in poetry, the most interesting spaces have many
(harmonious) patterns
3/8/2010
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29
Personal vignette
• We visited the Gaudi Sagrada Familia. Standing
at the front of the building,
building students looked
captivated by the sight -- a personal example of
the power of architecture to inspire
Week 9: 8 March
3/8/2010
30
Architectural values:
Concepts ancient; vocabulary changes
Vitruvius
(Roman, c. 80–70
BCE - c. 15 BCE):
)
Firmitas –
firmness;
structural stability
Ruskin
(19th
century
y
UK):
Hearn;
Downing:
This class
 design
theory:
y
preservation! economic and
Function –
geographic
design intent
appropriateness
Utilitas –
Sacrifice
commodity;
appropriate spatial
accommodation
commodity of
room
arrangement;
Form –
design
choices
Venustas delight; attractive
appearance
efficiency of
materials and
methods
Behavior –
measured
and
predicted
di t d
obedience
Week 9: 8 March
31
Big Idea
Buildings and their surroundings
surroundings, which
constitute the built environment, live in
time: they evolve – more or less easily –
with the changing desires and needs of
their owners and users
users.
3/8/2010
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32
Brand framework:
How Buildings Learn
• Building parts evolve at different rates
– Surroundings: [years]
– Site: [many decades]
– Structure: what holds up the building [many
decades]
– Services: water, electricity, phone, network [many
years]
ears]
– Skin: paint, windows, details [many years]
– Space
p
p
plan: use and configuration
g
of spaces
p
and
rooms [years]
– Stuff: [daily]
3/8/2010
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33
Fil Hearn:
G
Generative
ti Planning
Pl
i as th
the b
basis
i off d
design
i
• Concern ((> 1800):
) g
generate p
plans
• Focus: dwellings; private people
• Viollet-le-Duc: plan must begin with the parlor: a space,
…
– Change focus from built things (e.g., walls) to (emergent) spaces
– Flow of spaces: public  private  most private
3/8/2010
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34
Fil Hearn:
G
Generative
ti Planning
Pl
i as th
the b
basis
i off d
design
i
• Concern: “economyy of means”
– Civil Engineering creates the world’s fixed physical
wealth, economically
– Roman arch as a way to create opening
– Gothic arch as a way to reach up
– Baumann (20th c - Chicago) Steel frame; non-loadnon load
bearing curtain walls
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
35
Spaces, e.g., Roman temple
1. Podium (or base).
2 Engaged column
2.
column.
3. Freestanding column.
4. Entrance steps.
p
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
36
Modern view of spaces
• Luis Kahn: working ≠ service
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
37
Modern view of spaces > 1960
• Richard Rogers Bajaras T4: grand
3/8/2010
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38
Grounded theory
• Method: create, read (and re-read)
re read) “field
field
notes” and "discover" or label variables
((categories)
g
) and their interrelationships.
p
– Ability to perceive variables and relationships
is "theoretical sensitivity"
– Open coding: identify, name, categorize,
describe phenomena found in notes.
• Essentially
Essentially, read each line
line, sentence
sentence, paragraph
etc. to answer repeated questions "what is this
about? What is being referenced here?"
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
39
Grounded theory methods
•
Create field notes, which include
1. Transcript of your interview (or thoughts)
2. Coding: patterns you find in notes
3. Memos: comments (to yourself) on what you did,
how you did itit, how it seems to work
•
Observe and create first set of notes
– Create next set using vocabulary you previously
coded
d d
•
Identify Core category: (one) code that you
find in all yyour notes
– Future observations and notes: code only for
core category, other related categories, and
properties of both.
3/8/2010
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40
Grounded theory: Memos
• Comments to y
yourself about conjectures
j
you have about
– Categories
g
or p
properties
p
– Relationships between categories
– Use literature (readings) to inform and refine
your memos
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
41
Q5: GT
• Transcript:
p host mom regarding
g
g my
yg
grandfather’s
apartment building. She said that it “a prime location”
and “close to all the major sites.” … loved the greenery
and all the parks and trees that she played in
in. “an
an
intellectual and cultural center” … very classical features
of the building … fits perfectly in to area.
• Coding: views, greener, trees, center, culture, location,
sites, classical
• Memos: It would have been nice to visit the apartment
building with my host mom and walk around the
neighborhood just to hear her perspective on it although
I didn’t even have to show her a picture of the building
she knew exactly whichWeek
one
I was talking about.
9: 8 March
42
3/8/2010
Steele - Roots of sustainability
• Ancient history – preserve; develop slowly:
– American Indian culture for millennia; Spain?
– My grandparents: very thrifty farmers
• > Industrial
I d t i l revolution
l ti – develop
d
l quickly
i kl & d
deplete
l t
Wiping
Wi
i smog ttears, L
Los
Angeles, 1953.
http://www.aqmd.gov/news1/Archives/History/50
th_photos.htm
3/8/2010
“black
black dragons”
dragons from the Lasengmiao
Power Plant , China, 2005,
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/11/14/unbelievable-pollution-in-
Week 9: 8 March
china-yet-the-us-is-the-baddie-at-copenhagen/
43
Steele: roots of sustainability
• 1970s  “Zero growth”
– Population Bomb, Ehrlich – 1968
– First Earth day – 1970
– Limits
Li it tto G
Growth
th - 1972
• 1980s  Sustainability
– Brandt commission North – South – 1980
– Bruntland report Our Common Future promise of
environment and economic development - 1987
• Discussion of values, standard of living
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44
Sustainability
• Sustainability now links economic development
with ecological (and now cultural) preservation

– both economic development and ecology must and
have started to redefine their values more broadly
– To
T develop
d
l either
ith iindefinitely
d fi it l over titime requires
i
th
the
other
• Fundamentally an ethical question: how do we
want to care for those who are yet unborn?
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45
Flessig - Smart Growth objectives: long-term health of existing
communities --economically, environmentally, socially
• minimize impacts
p
of new development
p
(public
(p
infrastructure costs, congestion, air pollution, loss of
agriculture land, etc.);
• provide greater accessibility and choices in how we move
about from home, work, shopping and leisure activities;
• stabilize and improve the long-term financial performance
for commercial and home o
owners;
ners
• maximize the return from public investments in existing
and new roads, schools, utilities, transit systems, bridges,
waterways, etc;
• protect natural habitat and watersheds for the future; and
• foster a greater sense of connection,
connection responsibility and
continuity for citizens with their communities.
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46
Critical components 
bi
biggest
t “S
“Smart-Bang-for-the-Buck”
tB
f th B k”
1 . PROXIMITY TO EXISTING/FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND
INFRASTRUCTURE;
2 . MIX AND BALANCE OF USES;
3 . SITE OPTIMIZATION AND COMPACTNESS;;
4 . ACCESSIBILITY AND MOBILITY CHOICES;
5 . COMMUNITY CONTEXT AND SITE DESIGN;
6 . FINED
FINED-GRAINED
GRAINED BLOCK
BLOCK, PEDESTRIAN AND PARK NETWORK;
7 . ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY;
8 . DIVERSITY;
9 . RE-USE AND REDEVELOPMENT OPTIONS;
10. PROCESS COLLABORATION AND PREDICTABILITY OF
DECISIONS
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47
Down at the Mall: Goldberger
• The new World War II Memorial on the Mall in
Washington seems to want to be majestic, but
it’s really an opulent, overbuilt civic plaza.
3/8/2010
http://www.majestytoursllc.com/images/national-world-war-ii-memorial.jpg
http://www.fcnl.org/intern_blog/uploaded_images/natww2memorial706854.jpg
48
Week 9: 8 March
Down at the Mall: Goldberger
• Few war memorials evoke deep,
p, g
gut-wrenching
g emotion.
Maya Lin’s astonishingly simple Vietnam Veterans
Memorial in Washington does.
• The
Th pooll is
i th
the ffocall point,
i t nott only
l because
b
it iis h
huge
and occupies the center of the plaza but because its
newly restored fountains give the memorial much of its
visual energy—what there is of it. The fountains and the
curving granite ramps and the sculpted granite benches
beneath them overwhelm the most sober aspect of the
memorial,
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49
Rybczynski, City Life: Urban Expectations
i a New
in
N
W
World
ld
Why
y aren’t our cities like that?
• European cities seem like beautiful architectural
museums…
– Symmetry, vista, grand gesture, order
• Our cities seem like unfinished building sites
where each generation tries its hand
– Ring suburbs, defined downtown of high rises
– American cities the stage
g for ordinary
yp
people
p
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50
Rybczynski - City
Town types (Lynch)
1 Cosmic
1.
C
i or symbolic:
b li W
Washington,
hi t
DC
2. Practical (Spanish Laws of the Indies): orthogonal
g
grid
3. Organic (London, Boston)
4. Automobile (Los Angeles)
Citi off th
Cities
the Americas
A
i
– Practical
– Trees as elements of urban scene
– Domesticity: early 19th century idea that interiors
support public and private realms of “home and
family”  space of moral purity protected by
family
women from harsh world outside.
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51
Rybczynski - City
Cosmic or symbolic:
• Religious, e.g., city as mandala in India
• Symbolic – e.g., American value of
separation of powers
powers, Washington
Washington, DC
–
3/8/2010
Executive (White House), legislative (capital)
separated
p
but connected
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52
Rybczynski - City
Practical
• Orthogonal
O th
l grid:
id M
Mesopotamia
t i  1573 S
Spanish
i h
Laws of the Indies (Americas)
–
–
–
–
•
3/8/2010
Grid. Most interesting when intersects nature, e.g., SF
Orientation, typically East-West
Zoning: residences separate from slaughterhouses
Central plaza with colonizing institution as focus, e.g.,
royal building, church, town hall
Devoted to and celebrating commerce
Week 9: 8 March
53
Rybczynski - City
Organic (London, Boston)
• Layout
L
t natural,
t l nott man-made
d
• Streets vary in width, wander
• Post 1666 fire separates residential, business 
American commercial downtown
3/8/2010
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54
Rybczynski - City
Auto (Houston, Phoenix)
• Pragmatic, like organic, to enable
mobility by car
• Vast spread
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55
Rybczynski - City
• Cities in the Americas
– Liberal use of space (we are stingy w/time, liberal
w/space)
– Large plots
– Broad streets
– Dependence
p
on landscaping,
p g, especially
p
y trees
– Main street mixture of private, commercial
– Urban sufficiency
– Secular
S
l & di
diverse
– Domesticity: importance of home
– Subject to abandonment
abandonment, decay
3/8/2010
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56
Rybczynski - City
City as art
• City Beautiful movement ~1900
• Frederick Law Olmstead
• Large scale urban intervention
• Modern multi
multi-office
office practice: organization &
process
• Campus a focus
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57
Rybczynski - City
•
•
•
•
•
•
Paris
Clear, continuing aesthetic
vision, based on
• Symmetry,
y
y, vistas,, urban
axis, grand gestures
National leadership -- over time
No suburban rings
Center is symbolic, not
business
Relative uniformity of building
heights
Stable, committed population
over time
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Americas
Socially fragmented
Recklessly entrepreneurial
Lack defined centers
Based on automobile culture
Stage for ordinary people:
family small business
family,
Uncommitted populations
move frequently
(S
(Surprising)
i i ) optimism
ti i
Week 9: 8 March
58
Big Idea
Design psychology can help us understand what we
see and
d experience
i
– Our sense of self and sense of environment are
intimatelyy and p
profoundly
y related
– Seeds of this connection come from early childhood
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
59
Israel, Some Place Like Home
Intuitions
• Our sense of self and sense of environment are intimately and
profoundly related
• Seeds of this connection come from early childhood
• Sense of self-place connection
– evolves over our lives
– shaped b
by physical
ph sical reality
realit and emotional meaning
– We can become conscious of its personal emotional meaning
• Consciousness can help us create fulfilling places
• Designers have responsibility to us
– Self-aware designers are better
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
60
on travel
t
l
…we feel a thrill when we travel and encounter a
place that is new, different, unexplained.
… as in childhood, we again perceive the world
around
d us as an entirety,
i
as a sensory
experience of unlabeled, unfamiliar sights,
sounds and smells
sounds,
smells, which we can absorb in an
unedited way – not just as signs or symbols.
3/8/2010
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61
Four forms of childhood p
place attachment
• Affection – family, love, affection
• Transcendence – unforgettable
• Ambivalence
A bi l
– tenderness
d
ffor home
h
mixed
i d with
ih
vulnerability
• Realization – place invested with elaborate
national, religious, racial values
Adults’
Ad
l ’ favorite
f
i locales
l
l are environments
i
controlled, manipulated or recreated by them as
children
3/8/2010
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62
A vocabularyy (coded?)
(
) to help
p describe a mental map,
p from
Image of the city – Lynch
• Paths [11/52] – pedestrian or car
• Edges [15] – boundaries
• Landmarks [24/61] – simply defined objects that tell
people where they are
• Nodes [16/99] – transitions, e.g., terminals
• Districts [12] – large areas
• [Related pattern(s) of Alexander]
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63
Rybczynski Home:
15thh C room: St. Jerome, per Durer
•
•
•
•
•
Houses full of people: parents,
children, servants, apprentices,
relatives
Privacy, sanitation unknown
Room served multiple functions: eat,
work, sleep, prepare food, talk, …
Services p
primitive: candles,, fireplace
p
only in main room
Amenities simple
– Little furniture
furniture, e
e.g.,
g table
table, benches
used for multiple functions
– No book case or trash can…never
throw away paper
3/8/2010
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore
/highlights/highlight_objects/pd/a/albr
echt_d%C3%BCrer,_st_jerome_in_h.
aspx
Medieval homes (pre-18th C):
S
Sense
off meaning
i  austerity
t it off medieval
di
lh
homes
• Primitive + refined:
– Rich tapestries, poor heat
– Luxurious clothing, plain benches
• Medieval concept of “function”
– (Inseparable) support of cultural mores and utility
– Attributes have symbolic meaning, e.g., colors, shape
leave unchanged the features of a seat, e.g., shape
and comfort: lacks meaning (reality)
(reality), or when it does
does,
to preserve cultural traditions
• Meaning comes from relationship to external (divinely
ordered) world, not personal
No room of one one’s own; comfort not needed
65
3/8/2010
Medieval homes:
S
Sense
off meaning
i  austerity
t it off medieval
di
lh
homes
• 16th C: Domestic arrangements
g
start to change
g
– Parents share bed w/infants
– Older children
• stay home, go to school (do not go away to
apprentice)
• have separate room in family house
– Emergence of privacy, intimacy
• 18th C:
– fixed function furniture emerges, e.g., table, side
chair, bed
– Household technologies: water supply, (stove) heat
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66
First modern homes
• Holland, post 1609 separation from Spain
– Wealthy (relatively)
– Townspeople: merchants, factory, shipping business
– Freedom from traditional culture
•  modern home, with its
– Physical house
– Surroundings: garden, street, community
– Neighbors
– Satisfaction and contentment from all together
– Separated public and private (bedroom) spaces
•  Domesticity: set of emotions, from family, intimacy,
devotion to home, sense that home embodies emotions
– Feminine achievement (Lukacs)
3/8/2010
67
American contribution to modern homes
• Comfort in both leisure and work – to the people who
worked
k d th
there … women
– Catherine Beecher Treatise on Domestic Economy
– React to male concept of house as preserve (for men)
to relax
– Build on idea of home as a dynamic place where
people work and live
• Focus of home drawing room  kitchen
• Fixed
Fi d furniture
f it
w/purpose:
/
shelves,
h l
cabinets,
bi t b
book
k
case, sideboard, windows, drain board, sink,
g
refrigerator
• First “bathroom” with toilet + tub, American, 1850
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68
Patriomonio construido broader context
• Sustainability:
th capacity
the
it to
t
endure and
remain diverse
and productive
over time.
• Patrimony: the
inheritance
from our
predecessors
of our
environment(s)
http://www.mav.cl/patrimonio/contenidos/tipos.htm
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For you and your generation ….
Vulnerability
Generations of growth
• Patrimony of growth
• Theory and practice
• Wealth and idealism
• Physics and entropy
• Social neglect
• Natural and social limits
Week 9: 8 March
70
Big Idea
We will (Course objectives are)
• See the "built environment" of this place
where we now are privileged to live,
live Spain
• Interpret what we see in light of
architecture theory, plus the history,
geography, and self-perceptions of the
people, plus our feelings about what we
see
3/8/2010
Week 9: 8 March
71
+
•
Δ
•
Week 9: 8 March
72

washington dc national world war ii memorial

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