Checklist of Anopheline distribution in Spain

Checklist of Anopheline distribution in Spain

A CHECKLIST OF ANOPHELINE DISTRIBUTION IN SPAIN.
DELACOUR-ESTRELLA, S.*¹, MELERO-ALCIBAR, R.², ESTRADA, R.¹, RUIZ-ARRONDO, I. ¹.³, PINAL,
R.¹, ALARCÓN-ELBAL, P.M.¹ & LUCIENTES, J.¹
1-Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Zaragoza. España. 2-Instituto de Salud Carlos III. 3-Quimera Biological Systems S.L.
*[email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Spain was for years a country with endemic malaria. Due to the work and effort of health services both as researchers and mosquito control systems, they finally succeeded with the
eradication of the disease in the middle of last century. However, a new case of malaria was diagnosed in 2010 and put the public health on alert. From the epidemiological point of view
regarding the transmission of the disease, is essential to know which mosquitoes (specifically Anopheles) develop their life cycles in the specified area. From this perspective, the first step is to
review the most up-to-date literature on all the cases of Anopheles mosquitoes referred in our country in order to have an idea of which would be the areas with a priori higher risk of
"epidemic" if new cases of infected people appear. This is the beginning of the subsequent field studies which permit to keep track of what is the real status of anopheline populations that
currently appear in Spanish soil.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This work aims to update previous studies showing
by maps species of genus Anopheles occurred on
Spanish soil, including islands too. Also to detail
those places which were mentioned by the authors
from the first field studies. For this purpose we used
the computer program Google Earth version 6.2 to
determine the whole geographical coordinates in
every location also the IDRISI Kilimanjaro version
14.02, Clarklabs. 1987-2004 program to create the
specific maps.
RESULTS
We present the distribution maps of all anopheline species, a total of 15, cited in the Spanish territory
ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS COMPLEX
Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel, 1927
Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni, 1926
REF2,5,9,10,11,13,14,15,17,18,19,29,30,33,34,43,45,50,51,52,5
3,5460,61,67,71,73,74,75
REF 9,14,18,19,20,43,45,60,61,73
The species distribution includes most of Europe.
It is considered an efficient malaria vector (66)
and was responsible for the last autochtonous case
of malaria occurred in Spain in 2010. (77)
Anopheles algeriensis
Theobald, 1903
Anopheles maculipennis s.s./s.l.
Meigen, 1818
REF 2,6,11,12,15,17,18,19,43,45,46,57,60,61,73
The species distribution includes
Europe, the middle-east and
north Africa. It’s common in the
Mediterranean region. The role
of An.algeriensis in parasitic
transmission is limited, due to its
low
abundance
it
was
insignificant for malaria (66)
however it can be infected with
P.falciparum in the laboratory
that’s why it is considered as a
secondary vector.(8)
It is extremely difficult to separate morphologically the members of the complex. Only larval chetotaxy and egg ornamentation allows an identification.(66) The first
evidence for the existence of a complex of sibling species was brought up by Falleroni (1926).(8) Nowadays it is made up of 5 Neartic species and 9 Paleartic species, 8
of the being found in Europe.
REF1,2,3,4,11,18,22,24,25,27,28,29,31,32,40,41,43,44,48,60,
61,62,63,69,73
The species distribution covers the whole of Europe,
the Middle East and the Caucasus. An.maculipennis s.s.
Has probably only played a very minor role in malaria
transmission, it was reported as a vector in the
Balkans.(66)The records in Spain of An.maculipennis
s.l. prior to the splitting of the complex have been
attributed to this species following Torres Cañamares,
Gil Collado and Romeo Viamonte. (37)
ANOPHELES CLAVIGER COMPLEX
REF 1,2,11,14,17,26,29,34,43,44,45,48,49,56,61,68,74
This palearctic species’ distribution spreads from
Scandinavian to North Africa, and from the
Atlantic coast to China and Central Siberian.(66)
Although its epidemiological importance is not
significant due to its small population An.claviger
s.s. has played and important role as a malaria
vector in the Near East and still does in central
Asia. (8)
REF 11,14,17,18,43,60,61,67,70,72,73
It is a southern Palearctic species .
Due
to
its
ecological
characteristics (zoophily and
exophily), this species does not
play any role in human parasitic
transmission. (66)
Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas, 1771)
REF 17,33,43,44,46,48,60,61,73
This palearctic species is found in the
Mediterranean, the Middle east and Mediterranean
Africa. In Europe it is found only in the southern
half. An.hyrcanus has never been regarded as a
significant vector of malaria in the Mediterranean
region, but several authors discussed about changes
in human behaviour may condition the potential of
the species to transmit malaria.(8)
Anopheles plumbeus
Stephens, 1828
Anopheles melanoon Hackett, 1934
REF 20,43,60,61,73
The species is not widespread it seems to be confined to
southwestern and southern Europe.(8)Female are essentially
zoophilic that is why the species apparently only played a
minor role in malaria transmission.(66) In spain sometimes
cited with the name An.melanoon ssp. subalpinus (37)
Anopheles messeae Falleroni, 1926
REF 45
This is the most widespread member of the complex, it covers
Europe and Asia up to China. The presence in Spain is
doubtful due to his bio-ecological requirements (8).Their role
in malaria transmission was low, evevnthough they have been
reported as vector in Eastern Europe. (66)
It is a species complex with at least two distinct members, distributed in the western Mediterranean subregion and differ distinctly in their larval and pupal morphology and
larval and adult behaviour. (8)
Anopheles claviger s.s.
(Meigen, 1804)
Anopheles marteri
Senevet & Prunelle, 1927
This species has a restricted distribution in
southern and southeastern Europe. (8) In spain,
surveys carried out in the last fifty years
indicated
that
An.labranchiae
had
disappeared.(37)The species has played and
important role in malaria transmission in the
Mediterranean region.(66)
Anopheles petragnani Del Vecchio, 1939
REF 10/11/34/73
This species is uniquely found in the Western
Mediterranean.
It apparently plays no role in malaria
transmission.(8)
Anopheles cinereus hispaniola
(Theobald, 1903)
REF5,6,7,11,14,16,17,18,20,21,31,38,39,41,43,44,45,46,49,58,59,
60,65,67,69,73
The status of
the name is still rather
undefined,sometimes discribed under the name
An.hispaniola and also An.cinereus.This species
distribution is limited to the Mediterranean. In Europe
it is only found in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and
Greece. Although his aggressiveness, this Anopheles has
only played a minor role in malaria epidemiology. (66)
REF1,2,3,11,14,17,34,43,45.46,47,56,60,61,65,67,73
This species is widely distributed
throughout Europe, northern
Caucasus, in the Middle East
south to Iran and Iraq and in
north Africa.(8) It has been
shown to transmit experimentally
Plasmodium (66) but it is
considered to be of minor
epidemiological importance at
the present time because of its
ecology. In the past it played a
major role as malaria vector.(8)
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of the insect fauna found in
each country is one of the best tools
available to make risk maps to assess the
certain spread disease vectors. It is
therefore most important to perform any
work that allows to obtain information
about the real situation of insects involved
in the transmission of emerging diseases in
order to implement control strategies to
limit diseases outbreaks.
Anopheles sergentii (Theobald, 1903)
Anopheles multicolor Cambouliou, 1902
REF 5,6,14,17,18,31,43,60,61,73
This species is typically found in arid and sub-desertic
regions of the whole of Mediterranean Africa, from Morocco
to Egypt. Outside these regions, its distribution extends up
to Pakistan. In Europe, it is only found in Spain. Their vector
role for malaria is still uncertain. (66)Several authors have
considered it to be an important vector on epidemiological
grounds, but not naturally infected females have been
found.(8) So the role for malaria transmission is real but not
important due to the biological characteristics of the species.
REF 5,6,17,43,60,61,73
This species has a wide distribution in the southern
Mediterranean region. Its range stretches from the Canaries to
India, in Europe it is only recognised in Sicily. Although natural
infections were rarely found, the species in considered as a
potential vector of malaria in all the arid and Saharan regions of
Mediterranean Africa. In Europe, it has only been involved in
rare cases in Sicily. (66)
Anopheles superpictus Grassi, 1899
REF 17,43,44,45,48,60,61,73
The species’ distribution includes the Mediterranean countries
and extends East up to the Indo-Pakistani Peninsula. Several
authors consider the ocurrence in Spain of the species highlu
doubtful. (37) Is reported as being an important malaria vector
in the Middle East and secondary vector in the other regions. 66
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