Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ
Transcripción
Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ
Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India r Lección 1 Alphabet /Alfabeto Lección 2 Introduction to stresses/ Los acentos Lección 3 Phonetics basic definitions / Fonética definiciones básicas Lección 4 – Introduction to genders / Introducción a los géneros 1) Endings / las marcas del género 2) Articles / los artículos Lección 5 Grammar: the two verbs TO BE: el verbo ser Leccion 6 Syntax/Síntaxis : The four types of sentences : affirmative, negative, interrogative and exclamative/ Los cuatro típos de frases: afirmativa, negativa, interrogativa y exclamativa Leccion 7 Ajectives/ Los adjectivos Leccion 8 The Plural/ El plural Lección 9 Grammar: the two verbs TO BE : el verbo estar Lección 10 - Interrogative pronouns/ Pronombres Interrrogativos 1 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 1, lección 1 : Alfabeto Aa Bb Cc Ch ch Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Nn Ññ Oo Pp Q q Rr S s Tt Uu Vv Aa Bb Cc Ch ch D d Ee Ff Gg Hh Nn Ññ Oo Pp Rr S s Tt Uu Q q Ii Jj Kk Ll Ll ll Ww Xx Yy Zz Ii Jj Kk Ll Ll ll Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Mm Mm Alfabeto: observación Unlike in Tamil, there are capital letters in Spanish. They are used to start sentences and for names of places, of people… Until 2011 there are 29 letters. Now both -ch- and –ll- are no longer considered as one letter. So the Spanish alphabet now has 27 letters. However when learning Spanish it is easier to consider at lest –ll- as one letter, producing a sound similar to the one produced by letter – y- in the word “yoga” in English. Until 2011–ch- was and - ll- were considered as one letter: leche A Simplified Spelling Spanish has simplified most of the spellings coming from Greek : No ph for sound f, unlike in English/Fr, morfológico morphologic , photo > foto, pharmacy > farmácia No letter y for sound [i]: physics > física The letter H is a mute letter. It is never pronounced in Spanish. No useless double letters. Three letters can be doubled 1) C >acción, lección, 2) N > in-novación> innovación 3) R > perro, correo, cerrar Ll is not a double letter, it is one single letter. Please note that in spite of this, the capital letter is Ll not LL Letter Y is called a “semi-consonant”. Spanish can not have a combination of three vowels in a row such as VVV : this would happen in some conjugations with a vocalic stem including the letter –i-. In 2 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India this case, semi-consonnant –y- is used to replace letter -i-. leeiendo becomes leyendo; caió becomes cayó Specific letters Specific letters belonging only to this alphabet (Letras específicas): these are both soft consonants: ñ : España, extremeño, pequeño ll producing sound [j] just like –y- in “yoga”: llamar, llama, llanto, cabello, Phonetic Confusions When it comes to writing, one can get confused between the following “couples” for they are sometimes pronounced the same way: B/V : beber, eva, vaso, vino C/Z : cerveza, circulo, centro, ceniza, cerezo. G/J : gitano, gerundio, girasol, gigante, general, Jerónimo, Jerez ( city of Southern Spain, Andalucia) Ll/Y : llamar, llanto, caballo, yegua, yema Mini diálogo: presentarse Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: 3 ¡Hola! ¿Cómo te llamas ? Me llamo Omar. Mucho gusto. ¿Y tú? Yo soy Shanti. Encantado, Shanti. Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Hola: ¿Cómo te llamas?: Mucho gusto: Y: Hello What’s your name? Nice to meet you and Tú: Yo: Soy: encantado/a:adj you I 1st pers. vb to be Happy to meet you Watch out! If the word following –y- starts by –i-, then y becomes –e-. Otherwise it would be too difficult to pronounce Eg; Es maja y independiente > Es maja e independiente Saludar y despedirse Saludar: !Hola !: Buenos días: Buenas tardes : Buenas Noches : Saludos : To say hello Hello Good moring Good afternoon Good night Greetings Despedirse: Ciao: Hasta luego : Hasta mañana : Hasta la vista : Adiós : To say goodbye Bye See you later See you tomorrow Until next time Goodbye Vocabulario : Months and weekdays Los meses los días de la semana January: February: March: April: May: June: July: August: September: October: November: December: enero febrero marzo abril mayo junio julio agosto septiembre octubre noviembre diciembre Los Días Like in Tamil, the days of the week match the names of the planets (except for Sunday which comes from the romance word meaning home. In English, the word domestic has the same etymology. Unlike in English, they do not require to be written with an initial capital letter 4 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Luna (moon) > lunes Marte (Mars) > martes Mercurio (Mercury) > miércoles Jupiter > jueves Venus > viernes sábado domingo How do we ask what day it is? => ¿Qué día es? 5 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 2 Introduction to stresses/ Los acentos Definition : a stress in Spanish is an emphasis on a syllable. In some cases it can be written with a sign placed on a vowel é, í, ú, ó. In Spanish, there are two types of stresses: grammatical stresses: distinguishes the grammatical function of a word in a sentence. When two words have the same spelling, but have a different grammatical role to play, a stress is added to mark the difference. E.g. : Tú (pronoun “you”) and tu (possessive pronoun “your”) Mí (pronoun “me”) and mi (possesive pronoun “my”) Ésta (pronoun “this”) and está (verb “is”) Sí (“yes”) and si (adverb of condition “if”) emphatic or tonic stresses: this indicates what syllable to stress when pronouncing a word. There are general rules regarding this but there are also some exceptions, and for those exceptions, an actual “stress sign” is used to facilitate the reading of the word. GRAMMATICAL STRESSES: always written Interrogative pronouns in questions and in exclamative sentences TONIC STRESS: will or will not be written according to the following rules: Word ends with a vowel, or with an N, or with an S: then we orally stress the NEXT TO LAST syllable ¡Qué calor! ¡Qué suerte! ¡Cuántos hermanos tienes Hierarchy: in order to differatiate two grammatical functions =>profesOra, profesOras “Sí” (yes) and “si” (if) “Él” (pronoun “him”) and “el” (article “the”) “Ésta” (pronoun “this” - subject), and “esta” (demonstrative article “this”) “Mí” (pronoun “me”) and “mi” (possesive article “my”) “Cómo” (interrogative pronoun “how”) and “como” (“like”, “as”) Ascensor 6 Word ends with a Y or with a consonant – except N or S –: then we orally stress the LAST syllable In every other case, we WRITE a stress to indicate which syllable has to be stressed orally Árbol, acción, está, estás, están, jabalí Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Vocabulario : places - Los lugares la casa : the house el estadio: the stadium la la la el el el la el la the school the university the office the park the hospital the restaurant the cafeteria the bar the sportsroom la el el la el la el la la the train/bus station the airport the hotel the lecture hall the workshop the shop the market the police station the town hall escuela : universidad : oficina : parque : hospital : restaurante : cafetería : bar : sala de deportes : 7 estación de trenes/autobuses: aeropuerto : hotel : sala de conferencias : taller : tienda : mercado : policía : alcaldía : Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 3 , lección 3 – tres Phonetics: basic definitions / Fonética: definiciones básicas Vowel: one emission of air without any obstruction : a /e / i / o/ u Consonant: a consonant is produced when the air is obstructed (by the tongue, by the lips). Different consonants are obtained by using different areas (nose>nasals, teeth> dentals, lips >labials, throat > gutturals, etc…) With the vowels “e” and ” the pronounciation of certain consonants may vary: In front of E and I, the letter C is pronounced like a Z: círculo, centro In front of E and I, the letter G is pronounced like a J: gitano, general NB: This is also the case in English, where the G is also often pronounced like a J when in front of an E: e.g. Joy, Gender. In order to guess the Spanish spelling, checking the English spelling may often help. Reading activity: Giralda, Jerónimo, garaje, ceniza, corazón, cerveza, cesta, cerca, carpintero, Ceuta, gente, gato, gusta, garro, cartera, garganta, carretera, Cuba, guapo, coraje, serpiente, casa, carril, sensación, caja, girafa With the letter G, when placed in front of an E or an I, in order to keep the sound of a hard G, we add a U in between the two letters: Guerra, guitarra, guiño, guión. Here are some hard [χ] sounds written with the letter J: juego, juguete, junta, jeringuilla 8 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Los colores blanco naranja (orange) 9 …… ……. ……. ……. ……. ……. amarillo (yellow) verde (green) azul turquesa rosa (pink) azul ( blue) rojo (red) ……. ……. ……. …… …… ……. malva (purple) kaki (kaki) Gris (grey) negro (black) marrón (brown) Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ azul marino ( navy) Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 4 - Lección 4 – cuatro Introduction to genders and articles/ géneros y artículos Here is another specificity of the Spanish language when compared to either English or Tamil. In Castellan, there are two genders: masculine and feminine. The gender in a common noun is indicated by an article. Names do not have articles but they still have a gender. The adjective is in accord with gender and quantity with the name (if the noun is feminine, the adjective that apllies to it will also be feminine. If it is singular, the adjective will also be singular, etc…). Masculine is indicated generally but not always by the letter O and feminine by the letter A. Some nouns, though, are spelled the same way whether they are masculine or feminine: “Estudiante” (=”student”) for example is feminine and masculine, and only the article and adjective can give evidence of the gender. Los artículos Either definite just like “the” in English : el / la. el is masculine, la is feminine Either indefinite just like “a” in English: un / una un is masculine, una is feminine Unfortunately, there are no rules to guess the gender of a noun and genders need to be learnt by heart. E.g.: el plato, la maleta, el papel, el año, la llave, la calle, la chica, el vino, nuevo, nueva. Soy nuevo (Raju). Soy nueva (Shanti). Application / aplicación (please note the simplified spelling of the word application). El plato nuevo. (nuevo/a = new) La maleta nueva. El papel nuevo. El año nuevo La calle nueva. La llave nueva. 10 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India El vino de Málaga. El chico de Bengal. La chica de Cuba. La chica de Andhra Pradesh Syntax: Observation > Where is the adjective placed in Castellan? Activity / Actividad: write the appropriate article ….. chico , …….. planta, …………….cuadro…………libro………… taza…………. año..............llave……. gato………….vaso, ……… papel………….. hora………. Activity / Actividad: What is the gender of the nouns in the reading activity? Vocabulario : nacionalidades Nacionalidad indio/a español/a noruego sueco/a chino/a autraliano/a afgano/a americano/a italiano/a nepalés País La India España Noruega Suecia China Australia Afganistan América Italia Nepal Nacionalidad Danés Islandés Neozelandés esrilankés/a inglés/a francés/a japonés/a Pakistaní Irakí Iraní País Dinamarca Islandia Nueva-Zelanda Esrilanka El Reino-Unido Francia Japón Pakistán Irak Iran Actividad: Write the feminine form. Poner al femenino 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 El día es hermoso > la noche es …………………………………………………… El vestido es blanco > est………….. falda es …………………………………. El actor es guapo >…………………………………………………………………………… Este poeta es superior>………………………………………………………………….. El papel es azul > est…. carta es …………………………………………………… El mapa es interesante > ………… conferencia es ………………………… El problema es difícil > …………….pregunta es ……………………………..... Este tema es genial > est…. asignatura es …………………………………… El estudiante es tranquilo > ……………………………………………………………. El cante es alegre > …………… canción es ………………………………………. Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Diálogo 1: presentación – « ¿Cómo te llamas? ¿De dónde eres? » Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Shanti: Omar: Lakshmi: Omar: Lakshmi: Omar: 12 Hola ¿Cómo te llamas? Me llamo Omar. Encantada. ¿Y tú? Me llamo Shanti. Encantado, Shanti. ¿De dónde eres? Soy india. ¡Qué bien! ¿Y tú? Soy español. iQué suerte! ¿Quién es? Es Lakshmi. Es mi amiga. Es estudiante. ¡Buenos días, Lakshmi! ¡Buenos días, Omar! ¡Mucho gusto! ¡Mucho gusto, Lakshmi! ¿Eres español? Sí, soy español. Soy estudiante en ecología, pero también soy hídrologo. Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 5 - Lección 5 - Cinco: Nouns / Nombres The names of countries, geographical areas or people are called nombres propios. The others are called nombres comúnes. The gender of the noun can be either feminine or masculine. The nouns ending with the letter o or or are masculine The nouns ending with the letter a, or ión are feminine Nouns with different endings can either be feminine or masculine, and therefore they have to be learnt by heart. So what about the feminine? How do we form the feminine with a given noun? If the masculine ends with an O > just switch the O into an A.. E.g.; el niño > la niña, ingeniero > ingeniera, médico > médica If the noun ends with OR > just add the letter A at the end. E.g.: el profesor > la profesora Nouns referring to an occupation ending with an E can be both masculine and feminine: E.g.: estudiante, cantante Exceptions: Masculines ending with the letter A : el día, el problema, el poeta, el idioma, el tema, el mapa, el planeta, el mapa Names of professions ending by ISTA can be both masculine and feminine : El dentista, el tenista, el futbolista, el artista Feminines ending with an O or with OR : la mano, la flor, la coliflor To assimilate the genders of nouns, it is easier to do it by learning whole sentences because articles and adjectives will help you: Rafael Nadal es un tenista estupendo. David Villa es un futbolista muy famoso. Federico García Lorca es un poeta conocido español. 13 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India 1) Definite articles / Artículos determinados Masculine El Los SINGULAR PLURAL Feminine la las Exceptions/ Excepciones: El El agua limpia / las aguas limpias (the clean water(s)) ama de casa ocupada /las amas de casa ocupadas(the housewife) El águila blanca / las águilas blancas (the white eagle) El h ambre tremenda (the tremendous hunger) The adjective here is giving evidence of the gender: La alumna aplicada (the pupil), la amiga buena (the friend), la alta montaña (the high mountain) Just like in English, no article is used before the name of a country, a continent, a district or a province: España, Europa, Castilla, Francia. Exceptions / excepciones: la India, el Perú, el Japón, el País Vasco, el Reino-Unido, la Mancha, el Laos, el Vietnam, los Estados-Unidos de América However, the definite article brings more precision, therefore when the name is followed by a complement or an adjective, there has to be an article: La España del norte (Northern Spain) La América montañosa (Mountainous America) 14 In the cases below we do not use articles Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Voy a casa, voy a clase1 Just like in English, to convey the meaning of “some”, we omit the article. There is no such partitive article in Castellano: E.g.; Como carne - I eat (some) meat Bebo café - I drink (some) coffee Compro harina - I buy (some) flour Vocabulario : the Jobs -Las profesiones el el el el el el el el el el 1 maestro : médico : arquitecto : ingeniero : poeta* : artista : actor-la actriz : cantante : obrero : carpintero : the school teacher the doctor the architect the engineer the poet the artist the actor the singer the worker the carpenter el el el el el mecánico : camarero : secretario : policía* : bombero : el vendedor/dependiente : el el el el sastre-la modista : peluquero : barbero : jefe : the mechanic the waiter the secretary the policeman the fireman the salesman the tailor the hairdresser the barber the boss Just like in English: I go to the Chennai, I go to the class 15 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 6 - Lección 6 - seis Grammar : Pronouns/ Pronombres person st 1 person singular nd 2 person singular pronoun yo tú remarks rd él/ella with a grammatical stress because it can be confused with the article (“the” – “el coche, es de él”) st nosotros/as nd vosotros/as rd ellos/ellas When in a group there both men and women, masculine prevails. When in a group there both men and women, masculine prevails. When in a group there both men and women, masculine prevails. 3 person singular 1 person plural 2 person plural 3 person plural with a grammatical stress because it can be confused with the possessive adjective (“your”) NB: These pronouns are usually omitted with the use of a verb. Indeed, since the endings of the verbs all differ according to the subject, no confusion is possible. The same thing happens in Tamil, it is not necessary to say ningal or ni all the time. In Castellan, there is a second person singular and plural, just like in Tamil you distinguish ni and ninge. It is not the case in English. Honorific pronoun In Spanish, just like in Tamil ninge, there is an honorific pronoun. However, this pronoun is hardly used in today’s Spanish except for elderly people or for people with an important title such as directors, doctors, ministers, professors, members of the nobility, etc… nd Honorific 2 person Singular Honorific second person plural Usted + verb conjugated at the third person singular Ustedes + verb conjugated at the third person plural “¿Cómo está usted?” “Qué tal están ustedes?” NB: This pronoun is usually abbreviated in the written language as follows Ud. or Udes. Vos: vos is used as tú in the South American countries 16 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Vocabulario the musical instruments- los instrumentos musicales El piano : La guitarra : El violín : El tambor : La flauta : 17 the piano the guitar the violin the drum the flute La harmónica : El violonchelo : El órgano : La cítara : El arpa* : the harmonica the cello the organ the zither the harp Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India 18 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 7 - Lección 7 – siete: the verb TO BE To translate the verb to BE, there are two options in Spanish: Distinction Verbo Ser (the essence of a thing) / Estar (the state of a thing). Ser malo (to be a bad person) ≠ estar malo (to be temporarily sick) Ser guapo (to be born handsome) ≠ estar guapo (to be particularly pretty at some point) NB: This is the main problem you’ll encounter as you learn Spanish, since this concept does not exist in most languages. Knowing that many philosophers since Socrates distinguish the temporary state from the permanent essence might encourage you! It is the beauty of Spanish to have such a concept within the language itself. SER: indicates the essence of something, regardless of its state. It is water > Es agua ESTAR: indicates the temporary state> Es agua, Está helada (the water is now frozen = the state) Verbo SER: conjugation and uses Verbs in Castilian are only in accord with the quantity, not with the gender, unlike what happens in Tamil. person (the pronoun is usually omitted) verb ser (yo) soy (tú) eres nationality st 1 pers. singular nd 2 pers. singular rd 3 pers. singular él/ella es st 1 pers. plural nosotros/as somos vosotros/as sois ellos/ellas son nature moral characteristic physical characteristic job una chica, alumna español/ a, Tamil, bengalí, majos, simpáticos, listos, buenos altos, delgados, nd 2 pers. plural rd 3 pers. plural NB: 19 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ ingenieros Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India In Tamil, the feminine and masculine have different endings in their conjugated verbs. It is not the case in Spanish, therefore only context can indicate whether we are speaking about men or women. Like in Tamil, in a group where there are both men and women, the masculine will always prevail. Used for: The nature of something, its essence: es una niña. The profession/job: es ingeniero, es médico, es profesora, es estudiante. Nationality, la nacionalidad: es española, es india, es bengalí, es tamil, es andra pradeshi. A constant physical characteristic with an adjective : es alta, eres guapa, soy lista. A trait of character, moral characteristic : eres generosa, ellos son buenos. In front of : an adverb of quantity : Sois muchos a pronoun : Somos nosotros, soy yo a number: Son cuatro, somos seis Other uses : SER + de Soy de Andra Pradesh, Somos de la India del Norte. Es de Madrid. 20 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 – Lesson 7, Lección 7- siete Sentences in Castilian: syntax/ Frases en Castellano : síntaxis Now that you have all the tools, you will now learn how to build a sentence in Castilian. The affirmative sentence : Subject + verb+ complement E.g.; El niño come pan. NB: quite often, the subject is given by the verb’s ending and it is therefore omitted. E.g.; (Ellas) compran un cuaderno. The negative sentence is formed by putting the negation mark no just before the verb Subject + no + verb+ complement E.g.; El niño no come pan, no compran un cuaderno. Here are some words expressing negation or restriction No: no Ningún(o), ninguna: Not one, none Ni… ni : Neither … nor Nunca: never The interrogative sentence can be constructed in two different ways: 1) Either by inverting the verb and the subject for questions which can be answered by yes/no: Eg; ¿Come pan el niño? 2) Either with the help of an interrogative pronoun E.g.; ¿Cómo come el niño? – Bién ¿Cuánto come el niño? – Poco ¿Quién es el niño? – Es Omar 21 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India ¿De dónde es el niño ?- Es de Madrid The exclamative sentence: there are three ways to build it. It is used to convey enthusiasm, astonishment or indignation, and it suits the Spanish rather extraverted temper! You will learn the structure of these sentences as the year goes on. For the time being, you already know the exclamation starting by “qué” and followed by an adjective: E.g.: ¡Qué bonito! , ¡Qué bien!, ¡ Qué caro! There are three types of exclamative sentences: 1. An adjective preceeded by “qué”. You have encountered this model many times: E.g.; ¡Qué majo! ¡qué bonito! 2. A noun and an adjective preceeded by “qué” . E.g.; ¡Qué día tan majo! 3. An adjective and a verb preceeded by “qué”: Eg: ¡Qué majos son! A specificity of Spanish: NB: Both the interrogative and the exclamative sentences require an inverted mark at the beginning of the sentence and a traditional question or exclamation mark at the end. Opened at the beginning ¡ - ¿ Closed at the end ? - ! 22 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India roto: enfermo: barato: limpio: largo: pequeño ancho: fuerte: cansado: broken participio pasado verbo romper ill, sick cheap clean long smal broad strong tired participio pasado del verbo cansar. impecable: sano: caro: sucio: corto: grande: estrecho: flojo: reposado: expensive dirty short big narrow weak relaxed participio pasado del verbo, reposar to rest Reminder : Interrogative pronouns all have a stress indicating their grammatical function: qué, quién, cómo, por qué, cuándo, cuánto etc… Actividad: 1) make an affirmative sentence with the words you know Actividad: 2) turn into a yes/no question Actividad: 3) answer by yes or no. (Sí,no) Vocabulary: jobs and adjectives Actividad 1: take 5-10 minutes to memorise the vocabulary. Here is some more vocabulary: arquitecto/a, alumno/a, secretario/a, enfermero/a, peluquero/a, ingeniero/a, hombre de negocios, escritor/a, el jefe/ la jefa (THE boss) Exceptions : actor, actriz, cantante (both masculine and feminine) , artista ( both masculine and feminine. More vocabulary for nationalities: alemán, francés, inglés, australiano, americano, butanés, nepalí, ruso, afgano, tibetano, chino, italiano. More adjectives: guapo/a (handsome/pretty) , encantador/a (charming) atento/a (aware, attentive), concentrada/o (focused), rico/a (rich or delicious if speaking of a meal, cute if speaking of a child), caro/a (expensive), barato/a (cheap) 23 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Revisión: alto/a, bajo/a, viejo/a, nuevo/a, antiguo/a, Actividad 2: create sentences using this new vocabulary Bárbara > Bárbara es estudiante Shanti >…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Carlos > ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Shanti >………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Raju>………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Antonio >………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Yo >………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. El >………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Actividad 3: make sentences using the new vocabulary and the plural of the verb SER Grammática: El verbo ESTAR Used for location in space: Estás en Madrid, estoy en el colegio A temporary state: Estoy sentada, está contenta Before a complement of time, and adverb, or a preposition: Estás en Barcelona, Estamos a lunes, El libro está encima de la mesa A past participle to express the result of an action: La puerta está cerrada. 24 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India With the gerund of some verbs to convey the significance of “to be doing something” Estoy hablando, estamos comiendo, estamos aprendiendo castellano Pronombre Verbo Yo tú él/ella nosotros vosotros Ellos/ellas estoy estás está estamos estáis están 25 Participio adjetival sentado/ sentada adverbio adjetivo complemento de pie guapo/ bronceada casados a lunes en Madrid contentos/contentas Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India To tell the date, it is required to use estar: Estamos a lunes 5 de septiembre del 2012. To talk about the day you can use ser: ¿Qué día es? Hoy es martes. Mini-Diálogo SER / ESTAR Omar Shanti Omar Lakshmi - ¿Estás contenta ? Pareces feliz. Sí estoy muy contenta. ¿Y tú ? ¿ Cómo estás? Yo estoy cansado. ¿Eres india tú también, Lakshmi? No yo soy esrilanquesa. Sri Lanka es una isla. La India es una península, como España. > Observation: observe and analyse the difference between cómo and como, and ser and estar Ejercicio : follow the model and learn the vocabulary : Eg : La Escuela Francesa de Pondicherry > ¿Dónde está la escuela Francesa de Pondicherry ? La piscina de Pondi > …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. La casa de Deepak >………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. La estación de autobuses >………………………………………………………………………………………………. La sala de deportes >………………………………………………………………………………………………………… El hospital >…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. La playa > ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 9, Lección 9 - nueve Qualifying adjectives/ los adjetivos cualificativos Adjectives qualify a noun. Adjectives can be either masculine or feminine, singular or plural, and they are in accord with the noun. To form the feminine of a masculine adjective terminated by letter O we change the O into an A: E.g.: nuevo > nueva, antiguo > antigua, corto> corta, largo > larga, alto > alta, bueno> buena, malo > mala, bonito > bonita, caro > cara The feminine of masculine nationality adjectives ending with a consonant is formed by adding the letter A at the end of the adjective: E.g.: alemán > alemana, español > española, esrilanqués > esrilanquesa Other adjectives that do not end with the letter O are invariable: whether they end by OR, L, or E E.g.: imposible, fácil, marrón, azul, verde, bengalí, mejor, superior E.g.: el vestido azul, la bolsa azul The adjectives are in accord with the nouns they qualify: both in terms of gender and quantity E.g.: el niño bueno> los niños buenos; la niña buena > las niñas buenas Ejercicios SER y ESTAR: Seguir el modelo del ejemplo : Ejemplo: ventana: ancha/cerrada. 1) La ventana es ancha. 2) La ventana está cerrada. 1. Enfermera: simpático / cansado 2. Bar: agradable / abierto (opened) 3. Estudiante: alto / enfermo 4. mesa: largo/ bajo/ limpio/ blanco 5. médico: bueno/ amable 6. libro: barato/ roto 7. jardin: grande/ abierto 8. puerta: pequeño/ rojo 9. arquitecto: nervioso/listo 10. peluquero: malo/amable 11. cantante: guapo/ elegante 12. actriz: enfermo/ atractivo 27 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Ejercicio 2: convertir las frases de la actividad previa a la forma negativa. 28 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 10, Lección 10- diez Gramática: el plural Nouns can be either singular or plural. Just like in English, in Castilian, the plural is formed with the letter S. By virtue of the law of least effort which prevails in all languages, the pronounciation of this S must be as easy as possible. Therefore there are some adjustments in order to make things easier.All the endings obey the law of least effort. Nouns ending by a vowel Un libro / el libro Una casa / la casa Nouns ending by a consonant Un papel / el papel S Unos libros / los libros Unas casas/las casas ES Unos papeles/los papeles Nouns ending by a stressed í ES Un jabalí / el jabalí Unos jabaliés/los jabalíes Nouns ending by ión Drop their stress and follow rule for nouns ending by a consonant > ES una lección/ la leccion Unas lecciones/ las lecciones Nouns Ending by S or X No change. The plural is indicated by the article and the context. El martes Un fénix, el fénix Los martes, Unos fénix dorados, los fénix dorados Exception : el autobús > la estación de autobuses Nouns ending by Z Un pez, el pez Drop the Z , replace it with a C, and follow the rule for names ending by a consonant: ES Unos peces, los peces Exception : El autobús, los autobuses > la estación de autobuses 29 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India Vocabulario The numbers, los números: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 uno dos tres cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve diez once doce 30 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India UNIDAD 1 Lesson 11, Lección 11 – once Asking questions: Interrogative pronouns The syntax is as follows: Interrogative pronoun + verb + complement (+ only if necessary the subject of the verb) Interrogative pronoun ¿Adónde? (where to) ¿Adónde vamos? ¿Cómo ? (how ) ¿Cómo te llamas ? ¿Cúal ? (which) ¿Cúal quieres? ¿Cuándo ? (when) ¿Cuándo vienes ? ¿Cuánto? (how many) ¿Cuántos años tienes? ¿Dónde? (where) ¿Dónde está tu casa? ¿Por qué ? (why) ¿Por qué estás tan contenta? ¿Qué? (what) ¿Qué dices? ¿Quién? (who) ¿Quién es esa chica? Actividad: practica Los datos : presentarse ¿Cómo te llamas? Me llamo María ¿Quién son tus amigos? Mis amigos son Shanti y Lakshmi ¿De dónde eres? Soy de Barcelona ¿Cuál es tu color preferido? Mi color preferido es el azul ¿Dónde vives? Vivo en Pondy ¿Qué te gusta? Me gusta el mar, la música ¿Cuántos años tienes? Tengo treinta años ¿Cuándo terminas tus estudios? Termino este año. 31 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India ¿Por qué estudias en Pondicherry? Porque me gusta estar aquí. If the interrogative pronoun has no stress it becomes a relative pronoun. Eg: Ésta es la casa donde vivo > this is the house where I live. Vocabulary: numbers 1 uno 11 once 21 veintiuno 30 treinta 2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidós 31 treinta y uno 3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitrés 32 treinta y dos 4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro 33 treinta y tres 5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco 6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis 7 siete 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete 8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho 9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve 10 diez 20 veinte 40 cuarenta 100 cien 2.000 dos mil 41 cuarenta y uno 101 ciento uno 2.222 dos mil doscientos 110 ciento diez veintidós 50 cincuenta 200 doscientos 10.000 diez mil 52 cincuenta y dos 300 trescientos 1.000.000 millón 400 cuatrocientos 60 sesenta 500 quinientos 63 sesenta y tres 600 seiscientos 700 setecientos 70 setenta 800 ochocientos 74 setenta y cuatro 900 novecientos 999 novecientos noventa y 80 ochenta nueve 85 ochenta y cinco 1.000 mil 90 noventa 96 noventa y seis Please note these minor differences: Instead of 1,000 in Spanish we must write 1.000 Also, instead of 1.5 in Spanish we must write 1,5 32 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India 33 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ Spanish Here and Now, Course by Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ, 2010-2011 Pondicherry University, India 34 Spanish Here and Now, Complete course A1-A2 Eva GUERDA RODRIGUEZ