get the edge on exam success
Transcripción
get the edge on exam success
1 SPANISH GET THE EDGE ON EXAM SUCCESS TRINITY HIGH SCHOOL EXAM TECHNIQUES BASIC GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY THIS BOOKLET BELONGS TO:________________________________________ All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 2 “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.’” Nelson Mandela Why study and learn Spanish? It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 to 500 million people, in twenty-three different countries. Its spread throughout the world makes it enormously important. Indeed there are a number of U.S. States where the second language is Spanish. Spanish is so widely spoken that it is extremely useful in the field of international relations. It is the second most studied language and second language in international communication. It is one of the official languages of the United Nations If you have considered travelling abroad to places such as Spain or somewhere in Latin America, it is in your best interest to learn to speak the native language. If you choose to learn Spanish, you will be bilingual. Being bilingual will open more doors when you are choosing a career path. It will also make you more marketable when searching for a new job. Some research suggests that choosing to learn Spanish or another second language will reduce your chances of developing medical issues later in life that affect the brain. Those people who speak two languages are less likely to develop dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Many British firms have subsidiaries in or are closely linked to Latin America and Spain so trade relations are extremely important. Britain is currently Spain’s third most important trading partner in the EU. To ensure success in the Spanish market, British firms need to promote their products in Spanish. There are also a number of Spanish companies clearly established in Britain - Iberdrola (Scottish Power) Santander (banking), Telefónica (02 network) Porcelanosa (ceramics and tiling) Ferrovial (airports), Zara (retail chain), Mango(retail chain) No modern foreign language is considered easy to learn – it needs time and effort - but research has shown that Spanish does have some features which make it easier to learn than others. This is due to: Straightforward pronunciation. The simplicity of the basic grammar points in the early stages. The spelling system. Lots of cognates What about careers with Spanish? Accountants International Sales & Marketing Bank Employees Personal Assistants Engineers Pilots Executives Publishers Fashion Designers Sales People Ferry & Airline Cabin Crew Secretaries Shipping Agents Telecommunications Interpreters Tour Operators Journalists Translators Lawyers Travellers/Tourists Medical Staff Web Designers Teachers All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 3 CONTENTS PAGE Why Spanish 2 Contents 3 Introduction 4 Course Information 6 How do I learn – Learning Styles 7 How to remember it all 8 The Study Buddy 9 The Performance Element - Speaking 10 Choosing The Right Topic 11 Preparing the Presentation 12 Exemplars of Presentations 13 Preparing the Conversation 14 Practice Questions 15 Grade A? -Using the Subjunctive 24 The Reading Exam 25 Reading Techniques 27 Developing Your Reading Skills 28 Directed Writing 31 Summary/Checklist – Writing 40 The Listening Exam 44 Summary/ Listening Checklist 45 Tips for Learning Vocabulary 46 Dictionary Skills 47 GRAMMAR Grammar Summary – What You Should know 50 Course Content - The 4 Contexts 51 A Little Word Means A Lot – Negation 54 The Personal ‘A’ 55 Conjunctions 56 Comparatives and Superlatives 57 Idioms With Tener, Dar, Hacer & Echar. 58 Saber v Conocer & Pedir v Preguntar 59 False Friends. 60 Ser Or Estar 61 All About Verbs & Tenses 62 High Usage/ Common Verbs 73 Summary of Tenses 74 Numbers and Time. 75 VOCABULARY – Listed under the 4 Contexts Society 76 Learning 94 Employability 97 Culture 101 List of websites Timetable for Learning 109 All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 4 No rules for success will work – if you don’t. INTRODUCTION Anonymous Do the words ‘Revising for Spanish’ give you a knot in your stomach which makes you feel tense and anxious? Do you just moan, groan and complain about the fact you have to make an effort and prepare for an assessment or exam? Do you enjoy a challenge? And yet, if you are being honest with yourself, there should be no surprises nor complaints. The challenge is to accept what you have to do and get on with it. They are part and parcel of studying any foreign language. But don’t worry. If it is any consolation you are not alone. The key to success in any activity is to develop effective skills in whatever you do. Learning Spanish is no different. There is no magic formula nor quick fix. It requires commitment, hard work and effort on your part. Nobody likes the slog of revision but unfortunately it is vital if you want to be successful. Footballers develop footballing skills. Musicians develop musical skills. Managers develop managing skills. And learners like you, need to develop learning skills. This is what this guide is all about. It is designed to help you to develop effective study skills and exam techniques. A lot of the information and advice is not necessarily new and may seem obvious to some of you but nevertheless, it should provide you with a good reference point for developing good study habits, enabling you to gain a top grade at National 5 Level. The vocabulary section can be used as a topic reference. However, don’t expect to try and learn every word!! There is little difference in people……the little difference is attitude. The big difference is whether it is positive or negative. W. Clement Stone W. Clement Stone WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 5 INTRODUCTION continued BRIDGING THE GAP Firstly, do not be put off by the long lists of vocabulary. You should be familiar with the majority of these words. Whether you know them or not is a different matter. Now is definitely a good time to start learning and recognising them. For example, you only have to revise what you DON’T KNOW from the vocabulary sheets. However, it is important that you put into practice all the advice to improve your learning capacity. Whilst this booklet cannot cover all the vocabulary or grammar points required for your exam, it will provide you with an essential reference and learning tool. USE IT EVERYDAY!!!!! Questions, opinion, complaints, problems and typical replies have been included in some vocabulary sections to help you with your listening skills. You can’t just learn words in isolation. A little time spent now in getting to know these words will save you time during your exam. A healthy attitude is contagious but don't wait to catch it from others. Be a carrier!!!!!!!!! "The greatest amount of wasted time is the time not getting started." Dawson Trotman DO NOT GIVE UP! STICK WITH IT. Even the woodpecker owes his success to the fact that he uses his head and keeps pecking away until he finishes the job he starts. Coleman Cox All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 6 National 5 Spanish What’s involved? This Course is made up of two mandatory Units. The Course provides learners with the opportunity to develop their listening and talking, reading and writing skills in order to understand and use a modern language. The course covers a broad range of topics and contexts, focusing on Society, Learning, Employability and Culture. Modern Languages: Understanding Language (National 5) The purpose of this Unit is to provide learners with the opportunity to develop listening and reading skills, and to develop their knowledge of detailed language in familiar contexts. The Unit provides learners with the opportunity to develop the skills needed to understand a modern language in a range of contexts. Modern Languages: Expressing Language (National 5) The purpose of this Unit is to provide learners with the opportunity to develop talking and writing skills, and to develop their knowledge of detailed language in familiar contexts. The Unit provides learners with the opportunity to develop the skills needed to use a modern language in a range of contexts. How is your work assessed? To gain the award of the Course, the learner must pass all the UnitAssessments as well as the Course Assessment. The course assessment comprises of: Component 1 – Listening – 20 marks In Listening you will hear a recording of one monologue and a dialogue. You will hear each recording 3 times and write your answers in English. You are NOT allowed the use of a dictionary. Component 2 – Reading and Writing – 50 marks For Reading, you will analyse 3 texts of equal length worth 10 marks each based on the four contexts. There will be one question on the purpose of the text. (Inference Question). This will always be the last question. The other context will therefore be included in the Listening Paper to ensure all 4 contexts are included. You will be allowed to use a dictionary. It will make up 30% of your total grade. In the Writing paper, you are given information and 6 bullet points which must be covered as part of your answer. You will be allowed to use a dictionary. 4 of the bullet points you will become familiar with as you go through the course. This part of the exam is worth 20 marks or 20% of your overall grade. Component 3 – Talking and Listening – 30 marks The Speaking will be assessed and graded by your teacher and verified by the Scottish Qualifications Authority. You will deliver a presentation on a chosen topic of lasting at least 11/2 minutes. This will be followed by a discussion/conversation which should last at least 4 minutes. There will be additional marks given for spontaneity which will be part of the 30 marks. The presentation and conversation will be recorded and kept for evidence. It will be scheduled to take place in February. This part of the exam will account for 30% of your total grade. You don’t have to be genius to work out that if you if you prepare in advance for the speaking and writing elements you can gain 50 marks. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 7 HOW DO I LEARN? We all have ability. The difference is how we use it. Stevie Wonder Knowing how you learn best should enable you to choose and adopt study methods that suit your personal preference and style. As a result, learning and your power of recall becomes much faster and easier. Balance is the key There are a number of theories related to learning. What matters is what works for you. Everybody is different. One approach may suit you for some subjects whilst for others, you may adopt a different approach. You may prefer one over another. Here is a brief overview and some tips to help you. It is generally agreed that there are 3 main learning styles. Visual Visual learners learn through seeing and may prefer to copy out notes and write things down so that you can see them. Graphs, pictures, and diagrams help you to learn and memorise. Revising tends to be done in silence and you remember things by re-writing and re-drafting in your own words. Colour coding and highlighting keywords and phtases may help you to remember. Auditory Aural learners like to learn through listening. You like to discuss and hear what others have to say and their ideas. You could record yourself using a tape recorder or MP3 player and play it back. Sing the main points to a familiar piece of music or create a musical jingle. Read your notes aloud to aid memorisation. Kinaesthetic Kinaesthetic learners learn through being active, moving, doing, and touching. If you are an active learner, you will like to move about the room and revise whilst doing something else. Role playing or acting out what you are trying to do could also be beneficial. You may also enjoy participating and contributing to group discussions. Use coloured markers to make it fun for kids. Some people learn and remember best by writing something again and again. Remember, you may wish to experiment with all three to find out which style suits you. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 8 How Am I Going To Remember It All? It always amazes teachers when young people say ‘I’ll never remember that’. And yet the exact same people are able to remember how to operate all the functions on their mobile phones or MP3 players without referring to the instruction manual. The same can be said for being able to recite the words or lyrics to songs with no real conscious effort to learn them. Clever people! Do you get the picture? Without boring you to death with theory, almost everyone has a good memory. However, it is all down to how you use it and the techniques or methods you can employ to help you to develop your power of recall. Learning something ‘off by heart’ is a sure way to success but you may need to adopt different approaches to help you to learn and recall. PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT. Spend the time! The more time you spend revising Spanish, the faster you will learn. This means listening, reading, writing, speaking, and studying words and phrases. Listen whenever and wherever you can on your mobile phone or MP3 player. Read what you are listening to and say and repeat everything out loud. It acts as an echo to the brain and will shorten the learning time. You don’t learn a song by singing it in silence. THINK about it! Your teacher cannot teach you to become fluent but you can learn to become fluent. Break it down into manageable chunks. If it is a long answer, learn a sentence at a time instead of the whole chunk. Make up flashcards with questions on one side and answers on the other. Colour code them for different topic areas. Give yourself a clue on the question side as to what the answer is about by drawing a picture or symbol to remind you about the answer. Drawings and symbols are great for helping some pupils to remember. It helps to visualise the drawings with the answers – word association. Grouped in this way it makes it easier for you to remember and order your thoughts. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 9 ‘I get by with a little help from my friends’John Lennon (the Beatles) A Study Buddy John Lennon (The Beatles) This could be a friend or family member who is willing to test you and offer you support and advice. We all have friends who are really good at particular subjects. So you can all help one another. Is that not what friends are for? They can help when there is something you don’t understand or there are particular gaps in your notes or knowledge. You can share the learning experience and even how to prepare and revise for your Spanish exams. If you plan it in advance with your friends, it just might help you to revise and study more effectively. Additional Techniques The most common way of learning a foreign language is W rite, Look, Cover, Repeat (W LCR) Use post-its with set phrases on them. Invest in a set of fluorescent highlight pens and use them appropriately on your notes. Create mind maps for specific topic areas. Draw pictures or symbols which help you to remember or associate a word or phrase. Use a Mirror to Practice. It will highlight any nervous habits or quirks that you may have speaking. The mirror will make you feel as if somebody is actually watching you as you practise your speaking. MANAGE YOUR TIME If you start early enough and plan your time accordingly, you will be able to recall the answers and will be more confident for the performance test. Be realistic and try to learn at least 3 questions and answers per week. . There are three types of people in this world; those who make things happen; those who watch things happen; and those who wondered what happened. We all have a choice Mary Kay Nash Which one are you? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 10 The Performance Element - Talking. It must be your own work and a lot of the preparation will be done at home. You can choose from the course topics which you have been studying in class. You have a free choice in this area but it would b advisable to discuss it with your teacher first.There are two component parts to the overall speaking performance – presentation and conversation. The performance element will be recorded by your teacher and will be retained for evidence purposes. You should familiarise yourself with the requirements of the oral exam. Your teacher wants you to perform to the best of your ability and will try to put you at ease, Let’s look at these in more detail. Presentation — 10 marks Each pupil will make an oral presentation, using detailed language on a topic chosen from one of the contexts of society, learning, employability, or culture. The presentation of should last approximately 1 ½ minutes. You may refer up to five headings of no more than eight words each as prompts during the presentation, and/or use visual aids. These headings may be in Spanish or English. Conversation — 20 marks in total. Following your presentation, you will take part in a conversation and respond to some questions in Spanish. The conversation should last approximately four/five minutes which gives you the opportunity to demonstrate your confidence and ability by giving detailed answers. The conversation can cover other contexts. You will also be encouraged to ask questions where appropriate. There are 15 marks allocated to the conversation component but you can gain a further 5 marks for sounding like a native speaker, not a textbook! The presentation and conversation should last about 6 minutes. How will my speaking performance be marked? To achieve a top grade at National 5 you will need to work on your accuracy and fluency. You will also have to deal with unexpected questions, give explanations and communicate opinions, ideas and feelings. You will also be expected to use different verb tenses and have a wide range of vocabulary. Your teacher will explain the format. The only person who can tell you ‘you can’t’ is you. And you don’t have to listen. Nike Advert All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 11 Choosing a topic Have a look at the four contexts and decide the topic or topics which interest you. It is usually a good idea to choose a topic which you are comfortable with as this will make it easy for you to remember. Discuss this with your class teacher. Preparing the presentation. The first part of your preparation will involve writing a ‘draft’ of your work. Decide on a topic and prepare an ‘essay’ plan. Go through your jotter, notes, worksheets and class work and start to copy phrases and vocabulary which will help you. Introduce the topic by stating ‘voy a hablar sobre/de.......... Get your draft checked and corrected by your teacher and follow your teacher’s advice and feedback. Make sure that it has a structure and the paragraphs are linked in some way to give it a natural flow. Ensure there is a variety of vocabulary and verb tenses with more complex sentences. When giving an opinion always follow it up with a reason. Avoid giving lists and repetition. Break it down into manageable chunks for learning. Ensure you have checked the following: - VERBS – tenses / agreements / spelling changes/irregular verbs - ADJECTIVES – after and agree (check endings) - SPELLING – check spelling with a dictionary. Get your draft checked and corrected by your teacher and follow your teacher’s advice and feedback. Time your presentation. Your presentation should last no more than two minutes and the focus should always be on quality rather than quantity. In other words 11/2 minutes of quality rather than two minutes of very simple language that a good S1 or S2 pupil could do. Get your teacher to record it to your mobile phone or mp3 player so that the accent, accuracy and pronunciation are perfect Now learn it off by heart, so you end up saying it with no little or no hesitation. Use a highlight pen to mark where you are having difficulties. If you are struggling to learn a part, try and simplify it get rid of it or simplify it. Practise in front of a friend or mirror to simulate the exam process. The more you practise, then the better you will know it. The better you know it, the easier it will be to make it seem natural and spontaneous. Now look at the 6 exemplars. Consider them in terms of: Content. Length. The variety of tenses and vocabulary. All broken down into ‘manageable’ chunks for learning. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 12 Exemplar Oral Presentation 1 - LA VIDA SANA Me llamo …….. y voy a hablar de la vida sana. Vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia. En mi ciudad natal la gente come mucha comida rápida y comida basura. Por eso los habitantes tienen problemas de salud como infartos, apoplejías y claro obesidad. Trato de comer siempre la comida sana pero es difícil. Pero yo no soy tonta, sé que es peligroso no comer bien y no lo haría nunca. Mi único vicio es el chocolate y claro, eso engorda un montón. Además, personalmente, creo que es muy importante para la salud llevar una dieta equilibrada y hacer mucho ejercicio. A mi modo de ver la actividad física diaria nos proporciona estar bien físico y mental. La actividad física reduce el riesgo de padecer enfermedades Me gustaría ser más saludable en el futuro porque sé que es bueno para la salud y para tener mejor calidad de vida. Así, voy a reducir el riesgo de tener enfermedades porque quisiera vivir más años . Exemplar 2 - Oral Presentation - Las Vacaciones Voy a hablar de las vacaciones. Normalmente suelo veranear en una caravana en una zona turística de Escocia en las Altas Tierras pero el año pasado, fui de vacaciones con mi familia a una bonita isla de España que se llama Ibiza. Era un verdadero paraíso No olvidaré la experiencia. Ibamos a pasar quince días soleados en un sitio tan precioso y bonito con mucha movida. Viajamos en avión porque es más rápido y más cómodo que otras formas de transporte. Por desgracia, había un retraso de tres horas. ¡Qué rollo! Para colmo, al llegar a Ibiza, se perdieron las maletas. Un lío ¿no? Afortunadamente, llevé unas camisetas en el equipaje a mano. Nos alojamos en un hotel lujoso de cinco estrellas. Pensé que mis padres habían tocado el gordo. ¡Ojalá! Lo malo era que tuve que compartir una habitación con mi hermano menor. Creedme es un pesado. Había mucho que hacer para todo. Visitamos muchos sitios de interés y el hotel contaba con muchas instalaciones y diversiones. Hice muchas cosas. ¡No voy de vacaciones para descansarme! Además fui de excursiones en autocar y barco y aprendí a hacer el windsurf. Fue fenomenal. Me lo pasé tan bien que me gustaría volver. Me encanta Ibiza. Ojalá que fuera rico y tuviera el dinero para vivir allí Exemplar 3 Oral Presentation – Mi Pasión Voy a hablar sobre mi pasión - el fútbol. Lo primero de todo sería decir que el fútbol es un deporte mundial. Está considerado el deporte más popular en Escocia y claro en España. Es el que tiene más jugadores federados y el segundo más practicado a nivel popular y recreativo. El fútbol es un deporte que no solamente mueve a la gente a mucha emoción en cada partido, sino que además de esto es un deporte que deja a mucha gente en problemas. He visto como personas se suicidan o golpean a otros cuando su equipo no tiene los resultados esperado por ellos. Es un deporte donde la gente se divierte mucho y que tiene definitivamente la mayor cantidad de espectadores en el mundo entero. La gente le presta mucha atención a los deportes como el fútbol pero además de los intereses económicos. España ha participado en doce ocasiones en la Copa del Mundo, alcanzando su mejor resultado hace tres años donde llegó a la final, que tras jugar contra Holanda ganó uno a cero en la prórroga con un gol de Andrés Iniesta. Al mismo tiempo, estuve de vacaciones en Alicante y no olvidaré la experiencia ni las celebraciones. Fue fenomenal. 11 All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 13 Exemplar 4 Oral Presentation – Mis Prácticas Laborales Me llamo ……….y he elegido hablar sobre mi experiencia laboral. Realicé mi formación laboral en una guardería durante un periodo de cinco días. Fue organizado por mi instituto. Cada día me levantaba a las siete de la mañana y cogía el tren. Mi jefa me enseñó todo sobre el negocio incluyendo todo el papeleo y las políticas que estaban en vigor. Me sorprendió que hubiera un montón de burocracia. Me interesa mucho una carrera en este campo y por eso hice muchas preguntas. Me enteré de que la educación infantil es impartida por maestros con la especialidad correspondiente. La mayor parte del tiempo trabajé con los pequeños en la sala de juegos. .Me divertí mucho.. Los niños eran muy buenos pero lloraban de vez en cuando. A veces tenía que trabajar en la oficina con un ordenador y además hacía un montón de fotocopias y realizaba llamadas a personas de otras compañías o de padres. Menos mal que no tuve que cambiar los pañales. No fue duro, en realidad, fue muy fácil pero cada noche cuando volvía en casa estaba muy cansada, de hecho, agotada. En el futuro, cuando sea mayor, me gustaría trabajar con niños y tener un empleo como este. Exemplar 5 Planes Para El Futuro ¡Hola! Me llamo ……… voy a hablar de mis planes del futuro. Éste es un año muy importante para mí. Estoy en cuarto grado y estoy estudiando siete asignaturas en total y en mayo voy a tener mis exámenes; esto me pone muy nerviosa, pero tengo que estudiar bastante porque quiero aprobarlos con buenas notas. Si apruebo mis exámenes quiero volver al instituto el año que viene para continuar con mis estudios. Creo que ir a la universidad es lo mejor que pudiera hacer cuando termine el instituto, porque el ambiente es excelente y además conoces a mucha gente de lugares distintos y sobre todo es la mejor opción que tengo para conseguir un buen trabajo en el futuro. Mis padres van a apoyarme mucho. Tengo mucha suerte. Antes de empezar totalmente con mi carrera, quisiera viajar por el mundo y conocer todo tipo de personas y las culturas de los diferentes países. He visitado España muchas veces y me encanta. Y creo que me gustaría visitar algunos otros países de Europa, por ejemplo: Francia, Italia, Grecia y Alemania. Después de haber viajado por algún tiempo me gustaría conseguir un buen puesto y claro bien pagado en donde gane dinero suficiente para comprar una casa grande y moderna. Aunque lo más importante para mí es ser feliz y tener salud. Exemplar 6 Las Relaciones Familiares Voy a hablar de las relaciones familiares. Somos cinco. Mis padres, mi hermana mayor, mi hermano menor y yo. Me llevo mejor con mi hermana. Compartimos el mismo sentido de humor y tenemos nuestros propios chistes personales. Nos encanta hacer la tonta o tomarse el pelo pero a veces a mi madre le fastidia. Sin embargo, como en cualquier familia, tenemos nuestros desacuerdos y discusiones. Es normal. Hay ciertos problemas universales asociados con cualquier familia. En casa, es mi madre que administra todo y sin ella habría caos. Me echa broncas por no limpiar el dormitorio o por volver tarde. Sin embargo, es mi padre que es lo más estricto y severo. La mayoría del tiempo es una persona seria, trabajadora pero a veces le gusta bromear. En general, mis padres me confían mucho y me dan bastante libertad. Me dejan salir cuando me da la gana. Son muy comprensivos y quieren que haga lo mejor que sea capaz de hacer en el instituto. Me han educado muy bien. Y yo sé que estarán ahí cuando les necesite como han estado hasta ahora. . All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 14 PREPARING THE CONVERSATION Look through your jotter, notes, worksheets etc. and start to compile a list of questions and possible answers. One word answers are unacceptable. Short answers are acceptable. However, if you wish to score top marks then you need to develop your answer by giving additional information and detail. The more you say, the less questions you will be asked. Again it would be useful to try and include a variety of vocabulary and verb tenses. Show off your Spanish. A subjunctive phrase at this level cannot fail to impress your teacher. Likes, dislikes opinions and reasons are a MUST. Try to add tag words at the end of some statements to authenticate your Spanish.¿No? - Isn’t it? / Isn’t that right? ¿Verdad? – Right? / True? Listen carefully to the question and use it to form your answer. Make sure you use the same tense. Always take a few seconds to think over your reply. Use hesitators or fillers to ‘buy’ yourself time to think. They will make the discussion sound more spontaneous and authentic. Hesitators/fillers Bueno…..... Pues…....... A ver………. Vale - Ok Déjeme que piense un momento Resulta difícil decir. No tengo una opinión definida sobre esto. Tendré que estrujarme el cerebro para ello Es algo en lo que no me he parado a pensar. However, if you don’t understand a question, or if you did’t hear it correctly say so: No entiendo - I don’t understand or “¿Puede repetir la pregunta por favor?' Can you repeat the question please? If you still don't understand, say 'Todavía no comprendo' and your teacher will move on. You should not use any English at ANYTIME. Don't panic if your teacher asks you a question you have not prepared. If the worse happens and you cannot answer the question say “ No sé” - I don’t know or ~”Ni idea” – No idea. Remember it is better to say something in Spanish than say nothing at all ! Consider the postage stamp; its usefulness consists in the ability to stick to one thing ‘til it gets there. – Josh Billings All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 15 THE PRACTICE QUESTIONS. This is NOT a set list of questions. However, it will act as a guide and help you to practise and formulate your answers. In order to cater for all learners there are a wide range of questions to cover all possibilities and interests. They are listed under the 4 contexts. YOU DON’T NEED TO DO THEM ALL!!! A lot of your answers will be generated through your coursework. Look out for some model ‘knock-out ‘answers. Work out why these are likely to help you get a top grade. When creating or preparing answers, always refer to the your jotter, notes, worksheets etc. Context : Society - Family & Friends ¿Cómo es tu familia? La familia juega un papel importante en tu vida.¿No? ¿Qué es lo más importante en una familia? Lo más importante en una familia es que haya amor y comunicación. Es importante que los adolescentes puedan hablar con sus padres de los problemas y que sepan que sus padres siempre están allí para apoyarlos. ¿Cómo describirías la relación con tus padres? ¿Te llevas bien con tus padres? ¿Ayudas mucho en casa? ¿Pasas mucho tiempo con tu familia en casa? ¿Crees que tus padres te dan suficiente libertad? ¿En tu opinión por qué existe la llamada brecha generacional? Porque para mí, mis padres a veces no me comprenden y no piensan da la misma manera. Siempre hablan de la vida en el pasado y soy joven y no me interesa. Quisiera que me den el respecto que es lo más importante. ¿Cómo definirías a un amigo? Un amigo es alguien en quien puedes confiar, alguien que se preocupa por ti, alguien que siempre está ahí para ti en los momentos buenos y en los malos, alguien que no te oculta nada. Se dice que los amigos de verdad se pueden contar con los dedos de la mano y es cierto porque hay gente que sólo es tu amigo por algún interés. ¿De qué charlas con tus amigas? Charlamos mucho de la música, la ropa y el maquillaje sin hablar de los chicos. Tenemos mucho en común y me hacen reír. Es muy importante. ¿Qué son las cualidades que admiras en tus amigos por ejemplo? Son mucho pero entre mis amigos lo más importante es la confianza. Sin ella, no existen buenas relaciones íntimas. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 16 SOCIETY - Lifestyles ¿Crees que es importante mantenerte en forma? ¿Qué beneficios tiene practicar deportes? Creo que practicar deportes tiene muchos beneficios puesto que nos ayuda a relajarnos cuando estamos estresados, nos ayuda a mantener un peso equilibrado y a quemar las grasas que no necesitamos y a menos que practiquemos deporte, nuestro corazón no va a estar sano. ¿Te gusta mantenerte en forma? Sí me gusta mantenerme en forma. Practico muchos deportes. Yo soy bastante deportivo. En mis ratos libres me gusta practicar el baloncesto, y la natación. Los fines de semana voy al polideportivo con mis amigos y jugamos al fútbol. ¿Piensas que el ejercicio es bueno para la salud? Sí, claro. Es muy importante. A mi modo de ver la actividad física diaria nos proporciona bienestar físico y mental. Hay que practicar mucho. ¿ El ejercicio y deportes juegan un papel importante en tu vida. ¿Qué haces para llevar una vida sana? Además de hacer ejercicio y deportes, como perfectamente, tomo siempre la comida sana y como de todo. Eso sí, con los dulces nunca me paso porque hay que cuidar la línea. Mi madre a veces se preocupa porque dice que las chicas hoy en día estamos obsesionadas con la apariencia física, y no le gusta nada cuide tanto lo que como. Pero yo no soy tonta, sé que es peligroso no comer bien y no lo haría nunca. Mi único vicio es el chocolate y claro, eso engorda un montón. ¿Piensas que llevas una vida sana? Claro que sí. Además de hacer ejercicio y deportes, como perfectamente, tomo siempre la comida sana y como de todo. Eso si, con los dulces nunca me paso porque hay que cuidar la linea. Mi único vicio es el chocolate y claro, eso engorda un montón. Según los expertos Glasgow tiene una mala fama de ser ‘el enfermo’ de Europa ¿Qué opinas tú? Para mí la gente come mucha comida rápida y mucha comida basura. Por eso, los habitantes de mi ciudad natal tienen muchos problemas de salud: obesidad, ataques al corazón apoplejías. Es un problema serio y muy gordo. ¡Qué lástima! ¿En qué consiste una dieta sana? En mi opinión una dieta sana consiste en un equilibrio de alimentos, una dieta variada que contiene los nutrientes que el cuerpo necesita. Por ejemplo, una variedad de verduras, frutas, productos lácteos, carnes y pescados. Esto no significa que de vez en cuando no podamos comer algo dulce y con mucha grasa, pero eso sólo es bueno esporádicamente. ¿Qué piensas de la comida basura? ¿Qué opinas del creciente número de jóvenes obesos? ¿Es buena idea ser vegetariano? Remember to make the conversation sound natural and spontaneous, it is important that you ask your teacher a few questions. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 17 SOCIETY – Media – La televisión ¿Qué tipos de programas te gustan? ¿Qué opinas de los programas de tele realidad? ¿Crees que la televisión fomenta la violencia? ¿Crees que hoy en día pasamos demasiado tiempo delante del televisor? Sí, parece ser que la mayoría de personas encienden el televisor cuando están aburridos. Antes la gente hablaba, se socializaba o cogía un libro, pero hoy en día la televisión parece ser la solución para todo. Quizá la gente debería pasar más tiempo hablando con los familiares o amigos. La televisión, se ha transformado en la nueva canguro de los niños. ¿no? Se dice que la televisión puede ser una herramienta educativa, ¿estás de acuerdo con esta afirmación? ¿Cuál es tu programa favorito? Bueno el mío era Friends pero ahora me encanta Big Bang Theory. Diría que prefiero las telenovelas o culebrones como Eastenders. En mi opinión, la mayoría tiene guiones muy buenos que reflejan la vida. ¿Crees que ves demasiado la tele? Creo que no. No soy comodón ni teleadicto. De todas maneras no tengo mucho tiempo libre. Además hay muchos programas que no valen la pena. No me interesan en los programas de tele realidad y diría que a veces los anuncios son mejores que los programas. MEDIA - La Tecnología ¿A ti te parece que Internet es una herramienta útil? ¿Te gusta surfear el internet? ¿Qué son las ventajas y desventajas del internet? ¿Qué peligros tiene el internet? ¿Juegas mucho con el ordenador? Lo cierto es que no paso mucho tiempo delante del ordenador. No es que no me guste pero después de haber pasado todo el día en la escuela enjaulado, lo que menos me apetece es quedarme en casa encerrado mirando a una pantalla, prefiero ir al gimnasio o ir a tomar algo con mis amigos. Tengo amigos que adoran el ordenador, después de llegar a casa enciende el ordenador y se pasan horas jugando a los videojuegos. ¿Consideras tu móvil como tu mejor amigo? ¿Qué harías sin tu móvil? ¿Utilizamos demasiado los teléfonos móviles? ¿Te puedes imaginar tu vida sin un teléfono móvil? ¿Cómo sería? ¿Crees que los niños necesitan un móvil? ¿Dónde debería estar prohibido usar el móvil? You could choose one or two of these questions to ask your teacher. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 18 SOCIETY - GLOBAL LANGUAGES ¿Por qué son los idiomas tan importantes para ti? En primer lugar no soy poliglot ni empollón pero me encanta estudiar otros idiomas Una lengua extranjera facilita la comunicación con el entorno social. Abre el campo laboral en determinadas áreas comerciales. Es una asignatura útil y relevante. ¿Cómo vas a tratar de hablar con fluidez y mejorar tu español ? Primero, hay que practicar. ¡No hay atajo sin trabajo! Me gusta escuchar la música española y cuando tengo tiempo trato de ver una película para mejorar no solo mi vocabulario sino también mis habilidades aurales. Lo más importante es que tengo que vivir en España, rodeado con hispanohablantes. ¿Por qué es difícil estudiar el español? El español es bastante difícil porque tengo que aprender mucho vocabulario nuevo. Pero la profesora explica muy bien y es muy simpática. Ojalá que tuviera el don de la palabra en español. ¿Es difícil estudiar español? Sí. Me cuesta mucho trabajo porque soy principiante y esto es un curso intensivo para mí. Ojalá que tuviera el don de la palabra en español. Dime. ¿Es difícil estudiar español? Sí, es muy difícil estudiar español. Especialmente cuando se ha tenido poca experiencia con el lenguaje. Sin embargo, llevo estudiando español casi cuatro años y todavía me resulta muy difícil. Creo que es tan difícil porque no puedo practicarlo mucho porque vivo en un país donde nadie habla español. Aun aquí en la escuela a menos que tenga una evaluación oral. Creo que podría mejorar mi español en la clase, si los profes pudieran hablar en español casi todo el tiempo. ¿Los idiomas son importantes para ti? Claro que sí. Es importante hablar y entender otras lenguas porque se puede viajar sin problemas y hacer amigos extranjeros. También en el mundo de trabajo, se puede trabajar en el extranjero o en el Reino Unido porque hay muchos empleos que necesitan idiomas. ¿Por qué es importante estudiar otros idiomas? Hay muchas razones para aprender otros idiomas, como comprender otras culturas, viajar o mejorar sus oportunidades laborales. Si aprendo otra lengua extranjera, puedo leer libros originales de un autor y ver películas en versión original. Además te enriqueces como persona al conocer otras maneras de pensar. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 19 SOCIETY - CITIZENSHIP - LOCAL AREA ¿Dónde vives exactamente? Vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia en un barrio que se llama ……. ¿Cómo es ciudad? ¿Cómo es tu barrio? Diría que mi barrio es muy tranquilo. Hay un parque grande, muchos árboles y muchos bares. Me gusta vivir allí porque es muy moderno y hay algunas tiendas buenas de todo tipo. También, no es demasiado grande pero no hay mucho que hacer para los jóvenes. ¿Qué es lo bueno y lo malo de vivir en la ciudad o en el campo? ¿Prefieres vivir en un pueblo o en el campo? ¿Por qué? Prefiero vivir en un pueblo porque es más excitante que el campo y creo que el campo es aburrido, mientras que hay siempre cosas para hacer en un pueblo. ¿Es mejor vivir en el campo o en la ciudad? Creo que para los jóvenes es mejor vivir en la ciudad que en el campo. A mí me gusta vivir en la ciudad porque siempre hay algo que hacer, si te aburres puedes ir al cine o a dar un paseo por las tiendas o bien puedes quedar con unos amigos e ir a tomar algo. Pero el campo también tiene sus ventajas. Antes solía vivir en el campo y los jóvenes también se divierten, quizá hay menos cosas que hacer pero tienes más libertad, no hay tantos peligros como en la ciudad, Si pudieras elegir, ¿dónde vivirías? ¿Qué suelen hacer los turistas en tu región? Generalmente los turistas van a los museos y compran recuerdos en las tiendas. También los turistas visitan el lago Lomond. Es muy tranquila, bonita y natural. ¿Qué ofrece Glasgow para los turistas? Aunque Edimburgo es la capital, los habitantes de Glasgow son más amables y siempre hay un ambiente acogedor para los extranjeros. Glasgow es una ciudad pujante y cuenta con muchas atracciones y diversiones para cualquier tipo de persona. Dispone de un montón de centros comerciales con tiendas de moda de las marcas más famosas del mundo. Prefiero el mercado famoso de Glasgow, los ‘Barras’ donde hay un montón de puestos de todo tipo y se puede encontrar muchas gangas. SOCIETY - CITIZENSHIP – EL MEDIO AMBIENTE – THE ENVIRONMENT ¿Qué se puede hacer para proteger el medio ambiente? Tenemos que reciclar las botellas y los periódicos, no usar los aerosoles, conservar la electricidad y agua y usar el transporte público - el autobús. ¿Qué se puede hacer para crear un mundo más verde? ¿Qué tipo de productos se pueden reciclar? ¿Crees que las autoridades locales tienen una actitud favorable hacia el reciclaje? ¿Existen iniciativas por parte del gobierno nacional para proteger el medio ambiente? Any questions here you could ask your teacher? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 20 Learning - Education ¿Cómo es el uniforme de tu colegio? Odio el uniforme escolar. Es muy aburrido y deprimente. Preferiría que el uniforme no sea obligatorio. Es injusto. ¿Es buena idea llevar un uniforme? ¿Qué vas a hacer después de los exámenes en mayo? ¿Quieres ir a la universidad? ¿Por qué / no? ¿Cómo vas a celebrar el fin de tus exámenes? ¿Dónde se encuentra exactamente tu instituto? ¿Cómo era tu escuela primaria? Mi colegio era moderno bastante pequeño. Todos los maestros eran simpáticos. ¿Te interesa lo que aprendes en la escuela? ¿Qué piensas de tu instituto? Pienso que nuestro instituto es muy moderno y nuevo. El antiguo era cutre y ruinoso. ¿Qué opinas de los profes? En mi opinión, la mayoría de mis profes es simpática pero estricta. ¿Crees que el orden y la disciplina en la escuela son importantes? ¿Es la verdad que los buenos profesores tienen metas altas para todos sus estudiantes? ¿Qué reformas propondrías para mejorar el sistema educativo escocés? ¿Qué pueden hacer los padres en casa para ayudar a sus hijos a triunfar en la escuela? ¿En comparación con los años anteriores, cómo ha cambiada el sistema escolar? Si eres director ¿qué cambiarías en tu escuela? ¿Cómo será la escuela del futuro? 99% of the failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses George Washington Carver All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 21 EMPLOYABILITY – JOBS – LOS TRABAJOS ¿Dónde hiciste las prácticas laborales? ¿Qué tuviste que hacer allí? ¿Te gustó? ¿Tienes un trabajo a tiempo parcial? ¿Quieres seguir estudiando? ¿En tu opinión es mejor buscar un aprendizaje o ir a la universidad? Antes de ir a la universidad ¿vas a tomar un año de descanso? ¿Cuál sería tu trabajo ideal? ¿Qué piensas en hacer el año que viene? En tu opinión, ¿es realmente necesario cursar estudios superiores para conseguir un buen trabajo? ¿Cómo sueñas con verte dentro de cinco años? Me resulta difícil. Espero ir a la universidad para estudiar la pedagogía. Quisiera ser maestro. Pero antes de empezar una carrera quisiera viajar por el mundo porque lo más importante para mí es ser feliz y tener salud. Y claro me gustaría continuar practicar el español. ¿Cuáles son tus planes para el futuro? ¿Te gustaría trabajar en España? Si pudieras hacer cualquier trabajo ¿qué harías? Asking the teacher question ¿Te gusta tu trabajo? ¿ Trabajaste alguna vez en España? ¿Cuáles son tus planes para el futuro? ¿Te gustaría trabajar en España? ¿Te gustaría..? – Would you like to……….? ¿Te interesa ...? – Does.........interest you? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 22 CULTURE – Planning a trip - Las Vacaciones ¿Qué tipos de vacaciones prefieres? ¿Cuál es el sitio más interesante o bonito que has visitado? ¿Adónde fuiste de vacaciones el año pasado? ¿Qué hiciste? Describe las mejores/las peores vacaciones de tu vida ¿Prefieres quedarte en un hotel o en un camping? ¿Qué te gusta hacer durante las vacaciones? ¿Preferirías ir de vacaciones con tu familia o con tus amigos? ¿Adónde irás de vacaciones este verano? ¿Cómo serían tus vacaciones ideales? Si pudiera ir a cualquier país del mundo me gustaría ir a Suiza porque yo nunca he estado allí, y me gustaría esquiar allí. Además tiene un paisaje sin rival y la herencia de los deportes en la nieve. Allí esquiaré o haré el esquí de fondo. Sería fantástico. ¿Piensas que las vacaciones son necesarias? Para mí, diría que son esenciales. Todo el mundo necesita recargar las pilas ¿no? Llevamos una vida más y más estresante y es bueno poder escaparse del jaleo de la ciudad. ¿Conoces algunas fiestas españolas? ¿Qué es lo bueno de viajar al extranjero? Viajar y visitar otros países tiene muchas ventajas. En primer lugar, creo que es la única manera de aprender un idioma. Las ventajas no solo se reducen a lo lingüístico, sino que nos da una visión más amplia de las diferentes culturas y los distintos modos de vida. ¿Piensas que las vacaciones son necesarias? Son esenciales. Todo el mundo necesita recargar las pilas ¿no? Llevamos una vida más y más estresante y es bueno poder escaparse del jaleo de la ciudad. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 23 CULTURE - Film, Literature & Music ¿Qué tipo de películas te gustan? Las películas que más me gustan son las películas de terror y las comedias. Las películas de terror son muy emocionantes y siempre mantienen el suspense a lo largo de toda la película. Háblame de una película que hayas visto recientemente. Acabo de ver la Resaca. En mi opinión esta película es una verdadera montaña rusa de emociones con mucha dinámica y gran diversión que nunca decae.! ¿Quién es tu actor preferido? ¿Por qué? ¿Has visto una película española ya? Sí , El Orfanato.Es una película que no decepciona. Presenta una historia bien hilvanada, con personajes bien interpretados Además de sacar muchas carcajadas, tiene mucho de todo, En ningún momento se aburre. Te deja pegado al asiento desde el primer momento. ¿De qué se trata la película? Dime un poco de los protagonistas y sus papeles en la película. ¿Era bien hilvanada? ¿Cómo eran el guión y y el argumento? ¿Qué eran los temas principales de la película? ¿La recomendaría? Los Libros ¿ Has leído un libro o revista en español? ¿Qué tipo de libros te interesan? Me encantan los libros. Todos tipos. Ofrecen un escape de lo aburrimiento y el estrés de la vida cotidiana. Uno puede perderse en los mundos de ficción y entretenerse durante horas por los giros de las parcelas, las relaciones explosivas entre los personajes y estar inmerso en la batalla sin fin entre el bien y mal. ¿Prefieres un libro auténtico o un artilugio electrónico como el Kindle? La música ¿Qué tipo de música te gusta? ¿Conoces a cantantes o grupos españoles? ¿Qué piensas de la música española? Hay una fiesta de música en Benicassim. ¿Conoces otros festivales? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 24 GOING FOR AN ‘A’ PASS? Useful phrases for including in the Performance Element The Subjunctive If you really want to try and impress then include at least one subjunctive phrase in your presentation/conversation. This is a difficult mood/tense in Spanish. Que yo sepa as far as I know Según mis padres tengo mucha suerte pero no es una opinion que comparta yo According to my parents I am very lucky but that’s not an opinion that I share. Según mis padres las vacaciones escolares son demasiadas largas pero no es una opinión que comparta yo. According to my parents, school holidays are too long but that’s not an opinion that I share. Es importante que comamos bien. It’s important that we eat well. Es importante que estudie para los examenes. It’s important that I study for the exams. Creo que es normal que se me haya pasado por la cabeza vivir y trabajar durante una temporada en un país en el que haya buen tiempo. I think that it’s normal that I have thought about living and working for a season in a country which has good weather. Ojalá que fuera el caso. If only that were the case. Ojalá que pudiera tener más dinero. If only I could have more money. Ojalá que pudiera tocar el gordo/ganar la lotería. If only I could win the lottery. Ojalá que supiera más para ayudarme sacar notables en los examenes. If only I knew more to help me get top marks in the exams. Cuando sea (un poco ) mayor………+ future or conditional. When I’m (a bit ) older Cuando termine/abandone mis estudios…………+ future or conditional. When I finish my studies… Si tuviera que trabajar en una oficina no estaría muy contento. If I had to work in an office I wouldn’t be very happy. Si tuviera que comer esa comida asquerosa otra vez tendría que vomitar/vomitaría. If I had to eat that disgusting food again I would have to throw up/I would throw up. Cuando tenga una profesión quiero… When I have a career I want to… Si yo fuese rico/a, compraría la casa de mis sueños. If I were rich I would buy my dream house. Más que nada quiero que mis padres estén orgullosos de mí. More than anything else I want my parents to be proud of me. Cuando tenga dinero, llevaré a mis padres a………… When I have money, I will take my parents to……………. Espero que mis padres puedan darme más libertad la próxima vez. I hope my parent give me more freedom next time Si tuviera el dinero ………..+ Conditional tense If I had the money Me alegro de que mis padres me den el dinero I am happy that my parents are giving me the money Mis padres quieren que sea abogado My parents want me to be a lawyer Mis padres quieren que vaya a la universidad. My parents want me to go to university. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 25 THE READING PAPER Before the exam Reading is actually easier than listening and speaking. Think about it!!!! It is easier because when you read the passage and you can go back and re –read it and at your own pace. Conversations don't work that way. Between now and the exam you need a clear idea of how to practise and improve. Here are some suggestions. Build up your personal vocabulary by learning a small number of new words every day. Try to find opportunities to read Spanish for pleasure without the pressure of questions and time limits, for instance magazines, comics, Spanish- language CDs, lyrics of songs and of course the wealth of material on the internet. This will help you build up your vocabulary. Make sure you know how to use your dictionary to look up words any you don't know, and make a note of them so you can revise them before the exam. Get plenty of regular practice. Use practice papers. A good starting point are the past papers at Higher Intermediate II level and the GCSE Higher Level. Download the specimen papers from the SQA or school’s website. Also see websites. You will become familiar with the vocabulary and and the level of grammar which you are expected to know. Revise your grammar notes particularly for verbs, tenses etc. Irregular verbs should be learned as a matter of routine. Test one another. In other words use your friends/ family to help you and vice versa. (Study Buddy) Reading Skills Work out meaning of the TITLE – it lets you know what the text is about. If there are any pictures provided, what are their significance? Go straight to the questions and look for KEY WORDS and underline them. This should lead to the correct part of the reading passage. Underlining words saves you time later if you have to go back to that question. Use your dictionary wisely. You don’t have time to look up every word. This is not a TRANSLATION EXERCISE. Remember verbs are listed in the INFINITIVE and therefore you have to convert the ending back to its infinitive form (ar/er/ir endings)e.g. cantan has to be changed to cantar in order to find the correct meaning in the dictionary See Dictionary Skills. (Page 48) All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 26 If you cannot find them – check if its a root/radical changing verb which CHANGES in the middle. Eg. Empiezan has to change back to empezar. Similarly, you should already know all the irregular verbs. Verbs in Spanish follow a pattern even the irregular verbs. So detener/retener/contener all operate like tener. Check your grammar notes for similar verbs. The way to recognise nouns is that they usually come in front of the verb and may have el/la/los/las or un/una in front of them. Or sometimes after the verb e.g. El hombre dio el libro a la dependienta. The man gave the book to the shop assistant. Check the marks for each question. Each mark is normally equates to one piece of information. You should therefore, know how much to write and how long to spend on it. Do not spend too much time on the one question. Watch out for FALSE FRIENDS – words that look like words in English but have a different meaning. Your answer has to MAKE SENSE to the examiner. So when you read back over it, make sure that it sounds perfectly good English and is a sensible answer. Make sure you include ALL RELEVANT DETAILS in your answer. Manage your time carefully. Do not spend too much time on one question. There are 3 texts. So make sure you allocate enough time to each question. Do not leave any question UNANSWERED. An intelligent guess could get you extra marks. “Success comes in cans, failure in cants” Anonymous All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 27 READING TECHNIQUES Get into the habit of following these techniques! USE The Checklist THEM !!!! The reading exam is based on a range of written texts of equal length and difficulty. You must have a sound basic knowledge of vocabulary and how the Spanish verb system works. 1. Skim read the passage first to get the gist of the text. 2. Do not panic if there are words you do not know or recognise. 3. Then look at the questions to develop your understanding of the text. 4. Underline/ mark/highlight the key words in the question. 5. Remember you are NOT asked to translate the passage but to find specific information relating to the question. 6. Check how many marks the question is worth. 7. At National 5 Level examiners will tend to use ‘synonyms’ or related words in the questions. 8. If you have to use the dictionary, then make sure you write the meaning of any word you look up on your exam paper. This will save you time later if you have to go back to it. 9. Remember for verbs you have to look them up in the ‘infinitive’. In other words, you need to take off the verb ending and convert it back to its dictionary form. All Spanish verbs end in –ar, -er or –ir. 10. Similarly, nouns and adjectives must be looked up in their singular form. 11. In most reading passages, the questions and answers are in sequence. In other words, the answer to the first question is usually found at the beginning of the passage. There are exceptions so be careful. 12. Giving detail is important, particularly at National 5 Level. One word answers will NOT do. You must provide much more information at this level even for one mark. Look out for words such as ‘además’ and ‘y’. These tell you that there is additional information. 13. Use your dictionary sparingly. Too much time will be wasted if you refer constantly to your dictionary. Learn core vocabulary. 14. Do NOT look up words with capital letters unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. These are either people’s names, places or countries. 15. Manage your time. Do not spend too long on the one question. 16. All questions should be answered in English only. 17. If you are unsure do NOT give alternative or additional answers. The examiner will ignore your answer. Be precise!!!!! 18. Reviewing your answers will help you to decide the overall purpose of the text which will be the last question - the inference question. 19. If you have any doubts over any answer or you just cannot find the answer, ensure that you highlight that question so you can go back to it towards the end of the exam. 20. There should be NO BLANKS in your answers. Always answer every question by making an ‘educated’ guess. Developing and applying reading skills and techniques All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 28 Step by step guide to better reading comprehension. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Always answer in English. There should be no Spanish words in your answer. Use the reading techniques sheet to help you. It is a good checklist and develops good study habits. Skim read the passage to get the gist of what it is about. Are there any pictures to help you? Read the questions and highlight/underline the key words. This should also give you a better understanding of the text. Wherever, possible, try and translate the title. This usually provides an insight as to what the article is about. Check how many have been allocated to the question. 2 marks = two points. Bear in mind that credit papers require to be answered in detail. Where “además” appears usually means that there is an additional point that needs to be included. Use your dictionary sparingly. Write down the meanings of any words you have to look up. This will save time later. El toreo: una tradición controversial El toreo es uno de los aspectos más conocidos de la cultura hispánica en el mundo. Despierta pasiones, inspira artistas, y en los últimos tiempos, atrae controversia. Esto no sorprende, pues, al fin y al cabo se trata de un deporte que implica la muerte lenta de su protagonista, el toro. Las corridas de toros tienen antecedentes en la Edad Media. En su forma actual, vienen realizándose en España desde el siglo dieciocho. La mayoría de los grandes maestros de esta disciplina son españoles, también hay algunos destacados latinoamericanos, como el colombiano Cesar Rincón. Los matadores más famosos son ídolos nacionales y comparables a estrellas de cine. También los toros que se utilizan para este espectáculo son en su mayoría españoles, criados con cuidados especiales para participar en la fiesta taurina. Las plazas de toros más famosas son probablemente Las Ventas, en la capital española de Madrid, así como la de Sevilla. En América Latina, las plazas de toros de Ciudad de México y Lima son especialmente prestigiosas. Si bien el toreo es todavía enormemente popular en España, en años recientes ha sido objeto de críticas por las asociaciones de defensa de los derechos de los animales. Estos grupos no entienden el toreo como un arte, sino como un deporte de especial crueldad hacia los animales. El ayuntamiento de Barcelona, declara" oficialmente la ciudad como anti-taurina. Aunque el deporte no ha sido prohibido, al menos una parte de la sociedad española lo considera como reliquia del pasado, que no tiene cabida en el mundo moderno. El Parlamento de Cataluña aprobará la prohibición del espectáculo taurino. Firstly translate the title. 1. Why is bullfighting renowned throughout the world? 2. When did bullfighting begin? 3. Who is Cesar Rincon? 4. How are bullfighters treated in Spain? 5. What has been happening in Spain recently with regard to bullfighting? 6. What is the situation in Barcelona? 7. What does a section of Spanish society in general think? 8. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 What kind of text is it? Now compare your answers on the next page. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 29 ANSWER SHEET El toreo: una tradición controversial Now let’s look at where the answers can be found for each question. The answers are in bold print and underlined. El toreo es uno de los aspectos más conocidos de la cultura hispánica en el mundo. Despierta pasiones, inspira artistas, y en los últimos tiempos, atrae controversia. Esto no sorprende, pues, al fin y al cabo se trata de un deporte que implica la muerte lenta de su protagonista, el toro. Las corridas de toros tienen antecedentes en la Edad Media. En su forma actual, vienen realizándose en España desde el siglo dieciocho. La mayoría de los grandes maestros de esta disciplina son españoles, también hay algunos destacados latinoamericanos, como el colombiano Cesar Rincón. Los matadores más famosos son ídolos nacionales y comparables a estrellas de cine. También los toros que se utilizan para este espectáculo son en su mayoría españoles, criados con cuidados especiales para participar en la fiesta taurina. Las plazas de toros más famosas son probablemente Las Ventas, en la capital española de Madrid, así como la de Sevilla. En América Latina, las plazas de toros de Ciudad de México y Lima son especialmente prestigiosas. Si bien el toreo es todavía enormemente popular en España, en años recientes ha sido objeto de críticas por las asociaciones de defensa de los derechos de los animales. Estos grupos no entienden el toreo como un arte, sino como un deporte de especial crueldad hacia los animales. El ayuntamiento de Barcelona, declara oficialmente la ciudad como anti-taurina. Aunque el deporte no ha sido prohibido, al menos una parte de la sociedad española lo considera como reliquia del pasado, que no tiene cabida en el mundo moderno. El Parlamento de Cataluña aprobará la prohibición del espectáculo taurino Here are the answers to the questions. 1. Why is bullfighting renowned throughout the world? Despierta pasiones, inspira artistas, y en los últimos tiempos, atrae controversia. This is an answer that requires detail. You need to give the three related points to get full marks. Why? The answer is relatively easy to find and the verbs are in the present tense with nouns which are similar to English. pasiones = passions ; artistas = artists; contoversia = controversy. 2. When did bullfighting begin? ..en la Edad Media. En su forma actual, vienen realizándose en España desde el siglo dieciocho. Note again the detail required for one mark. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 30 El Toreo - Continued 3. Who is Cesar Rincon? los grandes maestros de esta disciplina son españoles, también hay algunos destacados latinoamericanos, como el colombiano Cesar Rincón. Los matadores. This is a bit trickier. Cesar Rincón is fairly easy to find – it has capital letters and is a person’s name, However, you need to read the sentence before and after ‘Cesar Rincón’ to get a full answer. 4. How are bullfighters treated in Spain? son ídolos nacionales y comparables a estrellas de cine. The ‘y’ is a valuable clue here. It links the two sentences and therefore, it has to form part of the answer. 5. What has been happening in Spain recently with regard to bullfighting? En España……… ha sido objeto de críticas por las asociaciones de defensa de los derechos de los animales. 6. What is the situation in Barcelona? Declara oficialmente la ciudad como anti-taurina. Fairly straightforward answer. Note ‘anti’. What does it mean? 7. What does a section of society think? parte de la sociedad española lo considera como reliquia del pasado, que no tiene cabida en el mundo moderno. This is worth two marks because it is more difficult to translate and requires a fully detailed answer. Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety nine per cent perspiration. Thomas A. Edison All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 31 National 5 Directed Writing Important Points to Remember Section 2 (Writing). Firstly, you need to learn to manage YOUR time. This section forms part of the Reading paper so you need to manage your time accordingly to ensure you finish the paper. The writing section is awarded 20 marks. Your Task: to reply to a job advert via an e-mail application. You must provide all the information requested in six bullet points. The first four bullet points will be the same each year and the last two will change to suit the scenario. You must answer the ‘unpredictable bullet points’ – the last two - in some detail to in order to the gain full marks. The assessment of writing is a new assessment approach, based on Intermediate 2 assessments. PREPARE IN ADVANCE! See the attached Intermediate II example. Learn set phrases and ‘useful’ verbs to help you. You will have had plenty of practice beforehand but the key element for success is learning! You don’t need to make up phrases on the day; you have everything you need in this booklet. The job advert and application letter follows the same format each year, you just have to make sure that you can substitute certain words and phrases. The exam paper will tell you how to start and finish the letter. Remember to use the ‘usted’ form. Give yourself enough time to write the essay! (all 120-150 words) Double space it (no time to redraft, impresses examiner and allows you to slot in any forgotten words/phrases!) Structure your letter in paragraphs. This will make it much clearer and easier for you and the examiner to follow. You must make sure you answer all of the bullet points. If you do not you will be penalised. Tick them off on the paper as you do them. This is why it is called ‘DIRECTED’ writing. Look at the example on the next page from the 2009 SQA Examination. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 32 Higher Intermediate II Past Paper 2009 All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 33 Here are a few questions you need to ask yourself about the job advert. What job is being advertised? - receptionist = recepcionista Where is the job? In a hotel in Fuengirola = en un hotel de Fuengirola. What are the requirements for the job? You need to speak English & Spanish = Se necesita hablar español e inglés. SAMPLE Answer based on 2009 PAST PAPER FULL MARKS Muy estimados señores: Con este email, yo quisiera solicitar el puesto de recepcionista. Me llamo _______________ y vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia. Tengo dieciséis años y pasé una semana trabajando en un hotel como parte de mi experiencia laboral. Además trabajo a tiempo parcial en un restaurante como camarero/a. De momento hablo inglés y español y también ya estoy estudiando el francés. Me interesa mucho este tipo de trabajo porque me gusta trabajar con el público. Además,tengo buena presencia. En mis ratos libres, me gusta jugar a todo tipo de deportes y también estoy en el equipo de fútbol ( femenino) del colegio. En cuanto a la salud, no estoy nunca enfermo/a así que es excelente. Tengo perfecto dominio del idioma inglés, sólidos conocimientos de francés y amplia experiencia aunque sea joven. (Excellent additional information) De momento estoy estudiando cinco asignaturas: el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el español y el francés. El año pasado tuve que estudiar ocho asignaturas; el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el español, el francés, la biología, la historia y la educación física. Cada año voy de vacaciones con mis padres a España. He visitado muchos sitios y me encantan la cultura y el estilo de vida. Por eso, pienso que soy la persona adecuada para este tipo de trabajo. Además con este trabajo de recepcionista, podré practicar y mejorar mis idiomas. Soy una persona alegre y me llevo bien con todo tipo de personas. (Excellent additional information) Sin duda de gran utilidad para un puesto como el que solicito. ¿Me podría dar detalles sobre el horario, el sueldo y el alojamiento? Estaré disponible desde el veinte de junio hasta finales de setiembre. Este puesto me daría la oportunidad de mejorar mi español y a la vez conocer mucho más del mundo laboral y por supuesto España. En espera de sus noticias, les saluda atentamente The detail and additional information gives this letter full marks. It meets the job requirements, answers all the bullet points and provides all the additional information requested. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 34 BREAKING DOWN THE ANSWER 2009 Past paper Look at the Bullet points on the directed writing. How has all the relevant information been given? Check and see how it all comes together, giving all the relevant information as requested. The Bold Print refers to where the information is included in the letter. Name = Me llamo… Age = Tengo dieciséis años Where you live = vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia. Leisure interests = En mis ratos libres, me gusta jugar a todo tipo de deportes y también estoy en el equipo de fútbol( femenino) del colegio. school/college career—subjects studied previously/being studied now = De momento estoy estudiando cinco asignaturas: el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el español y el francés. El año pasado tuve que estudiar ocho asignaturas; el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el español, el francés, la biología, la historia y la educación física. I did my work experience where I worked as a receptionist where I worked as a receptionist reasons for application = Me interesa mucho este tipo de trabajo porque me gusta trabajar con el público. Por eso, pienso que soy la persona adecuada para este tipo de trabajo. Además con este trabajo de recepcionista, podré practicar y mejorar mis idiomas. Soy una persona alegre y me llevo bien con todo tipo de personas. Sin duda de gran utilidad para un puesto como el que solicito. request for information about the job = ¿Me podría mandarme detalles sobre el horario, el sueldo y el alojamiento? You could also include the following information: any previous links with Spain or a Spanish-speaking country = Cada año voy de vacaciones con mis padres a España. He visitado muchos sitios y me encantan la cultura y el estilo de vida. work experience, if any = pasé una semana trabajando en un hotel como parte de mi experiencia laboral. Además trabajo a tiempo parcial en un restaurante como camarero/a. Notice how the email is started and finished!!!! It is very formal. Exam tips Read the advert and highlight the key words. Use the vocabulary in your answers. Use the Spanish that YOU KNOW. Plan your work so that you give all the information you need to. For example, there are four headings here so that means you need to write about 25 words on each. Remember to use the ‘usted’ form in a formal (business) situation. Try to use link words to join simple sentences. Only include relevant material. For example, think which personal details would be most useful in a job application. Check your writing. Did you start and end the letter in the correct way? Are the verbs in the correct tense? Are the verbs in the correct person? Have you answered all the bullet points? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 35 SIMPLE Practice Example Muy estimados señores: Por este email, yo quisiera solicitar el puesto de recepcionista durante el verano. Me llamo Joe Bloggs. Soy escocés y vivo en las afueras de Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia en un barrio que se llama Rutherglen. En mis ratos libres, me gusta jugar al fútbol y practico la natación. También me gusta escuchar música. Sin embargo, prefiero sobre todo la lectura. Estoy en el cuarto curso en un instituto de Glasgow. Estudio siete asignaturas en total, incluyendo las obligatorias. Es decir: el inglés, el español, las matemáticas, el dibujo, la música, la informática y la historia. Tengo muy poca experiencia pero hice mis prácticas en un hotel donde trabajé como recepcionista. Hablo español con fluidez y me defiendo bien en francés. Quiero un trabajo en el que pueda hablar idiomas. Me gusta aprovechar el verano trabajando y ganando dinero. Me gustaría trabajar para ustedes porque creo que tengo las cualidades necesarias. Si fuera posible, me gustaría saber un poco más sobre el trabajo. Hablo español con fluidez. Les saluda atentamente, Joe Bloggs. Why are some parts ‘underlined’? This is a basic reply with little added information in comparison to the 2009 past paper. Nevertheless, it provides you with the basic template to practise. And with your teacher’s help, you can develop and improve on it. Re- write the letter and change all the underlined phrases. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 36 Vocabulary - Understanding The Job Advert Buscamos Necesitamos Se precisan Para A tiempo completo/parcial La temporada de verano/turística Se ofrece.. Buena remuneración Sueldo/salario fijo/ a convenir Los días laborables Las horas de trabajo El turno Buen ambiente de trabajo Se necesita/necesitas/se requiere Conocimiento de.. Descripción del trabajo Ganar Las ganancias Escriba/ dirigirse a .. .. we are looking for we need wanted in order to full/part-time the summer/tourist season we offer a good salary agreed/ negotiable salary work-days hours of work shift a good working environment is needed/required a knowledge of.. job description to earn/win earnings write to/direct applications to Writing your Letter of Application – Remember to answer the bullet points!! Formal beginning – Muy estimados señores – Muy estimado señor Dear Sirs Dear Sir En relación con su anuncio …….. with regard to your advert Con este email, quisiera solicitar el puesto de…… With this email I would like to apply for the position of……… Personal Information – name, age, where you live Me llamo ............. y tengo quince años. My name is .............. and I am 15 years old Tengo muy buena presencia I am of very smart appearance Vivo en las afueras de Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia en un barrio que se llama .............. I live in the outskirts of Glasgow in the west of Scotland in an area called............... Leisure interests – What you do in your free time Soy deportista y en mis ratos libres, me gusta........ I am a sporty person and in my free time I like to........... jugar al fútbol/tenis/bádminton/baloncesto to play football/tennis/badminton/basketball montar en bicicleta to go cycling montar a caballo to go horse-riding Soy miembro de un club de……. desde hace..años I have been a member of a ..club for … years Por eso, estoy en forma y gozo de perfecta salud y nunca estoy enfermo For that reason, I am fit and I enjoy perfect health and I am never ill. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 37 Educational Background = school/college career—subjects studied previously/being studied now Desde 2003 hasta 2010 asistí a la escuela primaria y ya hago los estudios secundarios en el instituto de Trinity High – From 2003 until 2010 I atended primary school and now I am at secondary school, Trinity High. Estoy cursando grado 4 I am in 4th year Estoy en el quinto/sexto curso I am in fifth/sixth year El año pasado estudié ocho asignaturas: son....... Last year I studied eight subjects:they are Este año estoy estudiando seis asignaturas.................. This year I am studying six subjects;....... Aparte de las asignaturas obligatorias, estoy estudiando …… apart from the compulsory subjects I am studying Cuando termine mis estudios quisiera ir a la Universidad para estudiar los idiomas When I leave school, I would like to go to university to study languages. Las cualidades - Qualities Soy honesto, muy trabajador con buen sentido de humor. I am honest, very hard working with a good sense of humour Me llevo bien con la gente I get on well with people Me gusta trabajar en equipo I like working in a team Aprendo rápidamente I learn quickly Soy una persona madura, entusiasta y ambiciosa I am a mature, enthusiastic, and ambitious person. Soy una persona versátil y polivalente I am a versatile and multiskilled person Me atrae menos el dinero que el trabajo the job attracts me more than the money Estoy acostumbrado/a a trabajar a tope I am used to working flat out Creo que tengo las cualidades necesarias I think that I have the necessary qualities Como una persona activa ambiciosa quiero aprender a cada instante y mejorar lo que ya existe. As a go-getter I want to learn at every opportunity and to improve on what I have. Estoy dispuesto siempre a aprender y a cumplir mis objetivos en la parte personal y laboral I am always willing to learn and achieve my personal and work goals Estoy acostumbrado a trabajar bajo presión – I am used to working under pressure. Manejo mis horas muy bien – I am vety good at making the best use of my time Work Experience Trabajé como........ en ........ Hice mi experiencia laboral en...... I worked as .............. in............... I did my work experience in.......... Desafortunadamente no tengo experiencia laboral pero veraneo en España Unfortunately, I don’t have any work experience but I spend my summer holidays in Spain. Competencias Laborales – Job Skills Las destrezas/habilidades skills Buenos conocimientos de informática – Good IT skills Capacidades infórmaticas – IT skills Tengo un buen nivel de competencia en la informática – I have a good level of IT skills All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 38 Language Requirements Hablo inglés y español I speak English and Spanish Hablo español con fluidez I speak fluent Spanish Tengo un buen conocimiento de......... I have a good knowledge of…………… De momento hablo inglés y español y también ya estoy estudiando el francés. At the moment, I speak English and Spanish and I am now studying French Tengo perfecto dominio del idioma inglés, sólidos conocimientos de francés y español y amplia experiencia aunque sea joven. My English is perfect and I have a very strong knowledge of French and Spanish together with wide experience despite my young age. Certificado en el dominio del espanol en nivel avanzado tanto hablado como escrito High level of spoken and written Spanish. Me defiendo bien en alemán y en francés – I can get by okay in German and French Reasons for application De estudiante me gusta aprovechar el verano trabajando y ganando dinero As a student I like to make the most of the summer by working and earning money. Quiero un trabajo en el que pueda hablar idiomas I want a want a job in which I can speak languages. Quiero/espero mejorar mi nivel de español - I want/ hope to improve my level of Spanish Me interesa mucho este tipo de trabajo porque me gusta trabajar con el público. I am really interested in this kind of work because I like working with the public. Me gustaría trabajar para ustedes para ganar más experiencia en este campo. I would like to work for you to gain more experience in this field. Creo que tengo las cualidades necesarias I think that I have the necessary qualities En el futuro tendré más posibilidades de conseguir un trabajo/ Tengo más posibilidades en el mundo laboral In the future it will increase my chances of getting a job. Por eso este puesto sería una gran oportunidad para mí – For that reason, this job would be a great opportunity for me. Este puesto me ofrecería una oportunidad para explorar y desaarrollar mis talentos y potencialidades This job would offer me the opportunity to explore and develop my talents and potential Sería ideal y a la vez me ofrecería la oportunidad de tener más experiencia en este campo It would be ideal and at the same time it would offer me the opportunity to gain more experience in this field. Cuando termine mis estudios quisiera ir a la Universidad para estudiar los idiomas When I leave school, I would like to go to university to study languages. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 39 Information about the job Información sobre el puesto Si fuera posible me gustaría saber un poco más sobre el trabajo If it were possible, I would like to know a little more about the job ¿Me podría mandarme detalles sobre el horario, el sueldo y el alojamiento? Could you send me details about the hours of work, salary and accommodation? ¿Tengo que llevar uniforme? Do I have to wear a uniform? Le agradecería si me envase más información sobre el trabajo sobre el sueldo y las horas laborales I would be grateful if you could send me more information about the job in regard to pay and working hours. ¿Cuándo empezaré/comenzaré ? When do I start? ¿A qué hora empezaré/comenzaré? What time do I start? Me gustaría saber más de la localización - I ‘d like to know more about the location ¿Cuáles otros gastos suplemetarios tengo que pagar? What other additional expenses do I have to pay? ¿Cuántas horas trabajaré? How many hours will I work? ¿Cuántas horas tengo que trabajar? How many hours do I have to work ADDITIONAL Information Estaré libre para empezar a trabajar desde el primero de julio hasta el treinta de agosto. I will be available to start work from 1st June until 30 August. Ajunto mi C.V. y referencias escritas por mi director – I attach my CV and references from my Head Teacher Ending the email En espera de sus noticias, le saluda atentamente (one person) les saluda atentamente Looking forward to your reply, yours sincerely REMEMBER YOU DON’T HAVE TO TELL THE TRUTH! Do not try and include everything. Choose what suits you - to provide additional detail. If you have revised and practised, you will be able to answer ALL the bullet Points, including the last two which will change each year. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 40 SUMMARY/CHECKLIST 1) Familarise yourself with the format and construction of the letter. 2) Practise your writing skills beforehand. Review all your practice papers and learn from your mistakes. 3) Use double line spacing. This makes it easier to slot in any forgotten words/phrases. 4) Verb endings are crucial. Check them in your dictionary. 5) Remember to use joining words (e.g. however, also, in addition = sin embargo,también, además) 6) Prepare, plan and learn set phrases so you don’t have to make anything up on the day of the exam. 7) Underline the key words in the advert, particularly the job and any other requirements. The additional information will ensure you get top marks. 8) Tick off the bullet points as you do them. In this way, you will make sure that you have not omitted or forgotten any of them. 9) Check your verbs a ‘million times’ (they make the most difference between getting Very Good/Good/Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory) Use the Verb Tables in the Dictionary! 10) Check that you have started and ended the email appropriately. The bad news is…. time flies. The good news is… you're the pilot. --Michael Althsuler All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 41 EXAM TECHNIQUE AND ADVICE FOR LISTENING EXAMS How you approach this part of the exam, is critical to your ultimate success. Be positive at all times. See it as an opportunity to show what you know. Revise effectively – little and often is the key to success. Learners will listen to one monologue and one short conversation in Spanish. All answers will be in English. Try to listen to as much Spanish as you can. Wherever possible, try to get hold of listening transcripts. In the listening exam, you are NOT allowed the use of a dictionary. READ the introduction to the paper and try to imagine yourself in that setting e.g. railway station, airport etc. This sets the scene and lets you think about what you are likely to hear. USE IT, particularly for making an ‘educated’ guess. It should help you focus on the language that may be required. It sets the context and immediately gives you a clue as to what to expect. Use your knowledge of Spain!!!!!! If you recognise the area or city/town, that will be a bonus .For example, if it is located in Madrid which is in the middle of Spain, then, you are not likely to be asked anything about the beach. There are two parts to the listening exam. The first section is a monologue followed by a dialogue/conversation. Before the CD starts, you will be given one minute to study the questions and begin to think what the possible answers might be. Use this time to predict and anticipate the answers - Ask yourself - what vocabulary should I be listening for? Remember you will hear it three times with a one minute interval between each playing. Then two minutes to write your answers. So don’t panic if you do not hear all the required information on the first hearing. Don’t expect to understand everything! A lot of what is said is redundant information. You don’t need it! Focus on the key words in the question, All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 42 TYPES OF QUESTIONS Questions are always in English as are the answers. Do NOT write any answers in Spanish. Any answers written in Spanish are not marked. Therefore, they count for nothing. Always, always, always answer In English!!!!!! It is surprising the number of pupils who fail to read the question properly and miss vital information or misunderstand what is being asked. Although you may be nervous, you need to concentrate on the key words and in the question and try and anticipate or predict the likely answer. Imagine you are on ‘Who Wants To Be A Millionaire’ and playing for thousands of pounds. It is important that you take a close look at the question and ask yourself what exactly am I being asked to do here. The question words are important. They tell you what you should be listening for. Where = a specific place e.g Where does he come from? Where does she live? Where are they going to meet? Etc. Who = a person but not necessarily the name of a person. How = usually indicates in what manner. How does she go to school? Why =here you should be looking for a reason. You should be listening for the word ‘porque’ and anything that follows that. E.g. Why does she like living there? Why do they not like school? When = indicates a time, a day, a date and involves numbers. e.g.When is his birthday? When are they going to meet? How much = cuánto in Spanish, always indicates the price or quantity of something. e.g. How much time is he going to spend there? How much does it cost? How many does she buy? You are again listening for numbers. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 43 READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY Some pupils find it helpful to underline or highlight the key words in each question. Any illustrations or pictures associated with the question can also provide important clues. Don't just listen to the words. The tone of someone's voice may also be helpful in showing their mood. The intonation of someone's voice may tell you if they are asking a question or are angry etc. Additional help is provided by the amount of marks awarded for each question. If a question is worth two marks then the examiner is usually looking for you to provide two pieces of information. Use the question to help you work out what you have to listen for. Ask your teacher to explain the ‘extraneous’ rule. In multiple choice questions where you either tick the correct boxes or write true or false you can reach the correct answer by dismissing or eliminating answers. Again, sometimes it is just as important to focus on what you did not hear. YOU are not expected to know every word. During the first playing of the question, concentrate on listening without writing anything. It really is incredibly difficult to listen and write at the same time. Use the gaps in between each playing to make notes or to confirm answers .As mentioned before, if it is about time, age, dates etc. then you should be focusing on listening for specific numbers. You need to know your numbers!!!!!! If you still have gaps in your answer after the third time, then read the question again. What does it specifically ask? What have you understood so far? What can you definitely disregard or eliminate? If you are still unsure make a mark at that question and makes sure you go back to it at the end. Use your common sense and the context to help you formulate an answer. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 44 Listening Advice Continued For example, a conversation about food and a healthy lifestyle and the question is: ‘What does Juan usually have for breakfast?’ The answer is not going to be an a ‘big fry up’, etc. Nor is it likely to be something which you may typically have in Scotland. E.g. a roll and sausage. It is about Spain and what THE SPANIARDS eat. Think Spanish!!! It has to be something more straightforward and simple- bread, cake, roll. If you can’ figure out a word, then write down how it sounds using the Spanish pronunciation rules. In most cases once you see it, you can work out what it is. Think in Spanish by using your knowledge of the Spanish alphabet to write down words which seem unfamiliar. It is amazing how many words you will recognize when you do this. For example, you may hear this word being spoken ‘con-thee-air-toe’. But remember you have to think in Spanish. So you pronounce con the same way as in English, but the c before an ‘i’ or ‘e’ is pronounced ‘th’ and the ‘i’ is like our double ‘ee’ sound in English. Therefore, it is written ‘concierto’- concert. If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out neatly and write in the new answer alongside. This sounds obvious, but every year candidates lose marks because the examiner can't read the answer clearly, or can't tell which part is supposed to be the correct answer. You will have five minutes at the end to check your answers. USE IT WISELY. Careless mistakes or blank spaces cost you marks. So read over your answers again and if you are stuck………………….. MAKE A GUESS!!!!!!!! There should be no blank spaces. Y que la fuerza esté contigo. ¡Buena suerte! All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 45 LISTENING TECHNIQUES You must start to learn to apply these techniques to be successful. Get practising!!! Checklist 1. Don’t panic. Listening exams are related to the topics you have covered in class. See the four contexts. 2. Practice beforehand, particularly on the day. Studies in the USA demonstrated that on average, pupils who had been actively listening to Spanish, immediately prior to the exam did 15% better in their overall grade. Learning vocabulary is essential. Get your head ‘tuned into’ Spanish, don’t go into the exam hall ‘cold’. 3. As soon as you are told to do so, open the paper and read the opening scenario and questions. This should help put yourself into context. Imagine yourself there. Whilst reading start predicting answers in your head and make notes. 4. Remember the first part is a ‘monologue’ . It is usually in the first person. 5. Listen out for negatives – no; nunca; nadie; nada; tampoco etc. 6. When listening and reading the questions, UNDERLINE the key words. 7. Remember the extraneous rule!!!!!!!!!! 8. You will hear the information 3 times. Listen carefully the first time and make notes. On the second hearing, write down your answer. On the final listening, check and confirm your answer. 9. If you are unsure of an answer, mark the question in some way so that you can go back to it. E.g. circle the question number; mark an asterisk next to it*. 10. The elimination process. If you are struggling to come up with an answer, try and work out what you know it is not. 11. Remember to try and write down the words that you think you hear USING the Spanish pronunciation rules. It is amazing how many pupils recognise a word after they have written it. 12. If you need to make any notes, put them at the side and make sure you cross them out later so as not to confuse the examiner. 13. Check how much each question is worth. 3 marks usually equals points. 14. You will have 5 minutes at the end to read over your paper. Use this time WISELY. There should be NO QUESTIONS UNANSWERED. Make an ‘educated’ guess. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 46 Tips for Learning Vocabulary When learning vocabulary, it’s always better to try and do it around topic areas. This should make it easier for you to recall under exam conditions. Furthermore, you should learn vocabulary by saying the words or phrases aloud. This should speed up the learning process. Some people find it easier to learn by putting the words to music, rhythm or rap. Try it, it may work for you. General Tips Make up topic based revision cards. Spanish on one side and English on the other. Fold them in half and see how many you can remember. Record yourself saying them on the computer/Mp3 or mobile phone so you can listen to them again. Use Post-It notes to place any vocabulary that you don’t know where you can see it regularly. Exaggerate the size of the word that is proving to be a major stumbling block in capital letters. Let’s take as an example the word for the town hall ‘el ayuntamiento’ . If youhave trouble remembering this word write it like this EL AYUNTAMIENTO So that the word stands out on the page.. You may wish to highlight it as well with a highlighter pen. Attach a little drawing or picture to help o remember the word. Link words to images that will stand out in your mind. Images could be humorous, ridiculous, moving, coloured or exaggerated. Make up a story of all the objects in a list. Learn lists from the bottom to the top. Use mind maps Work with a friend and test one another. You shouldn’t have to look up EVERY word. Look for words which have similar roots in Spanish. Look for patterns in Spanish. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 47 Vocabulary Tips continued For instance Comer = to eat; la comida == food/meal; el comedor = dining room. Las verduras. What colour do you know that starts with verde =green. So verduras = ‘greens’ = vegetables Likewise, gordo = fat , engordar to fatten/ to put on weight etc. etc. Words that begin with ‘s’ in English sometimes have an ‘e’ in front of them in Spanish Eg. esnob = snob; escandalizar = to scandalize; horario escolar = school timetable; escénico = scenic esnórkel = snorkel; espina; spine/splinter; estación = station NOTE THAT -ción ending is equivalent to our –tion. For example educación = education Auto’ apart from being short for automóvil = car, usually means self as in autoempleo = self employment; autoadhesivo= self-adhesive etc. Now let’s look at how a word can change its meaning with the addition of a prefix – something which is added to the beginning of a word. For instance, agradable = pleasant. Place the prefix ‘des’ in front of it and it becomes desagradable = unpleasant. ‘Contra’ and ‘anti’ as a prefix both have the same effect as the ‘des’. E.g. antirrobo= anti-theft device; antipático = not nice Contradecir = to contradict; a contra reloj = against the clock; contrapeso = counterweight This is also true of ‘im/in’ possible = possible impossible = impossible; satisfecho = satisfied insatisfacho = unsatisfied/dissatisfied The Department has subscribed to: www.espanol-extra.co.uk This website has lots of games and vocabulary practice as well as all resources to help you with your course work. Username; trinity3 Password: trinidad3 Remember, learning a few words every day will pay dividends in the future. START NOW!!!!!!!!! All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 48 READING EXAM - USING YOUR DICTIONARY DICTIONARY SKILLS Whilst you cannot be expected to know every word in the exam, nevertheless, you should use your dictionary SPARINGLY. It takes time to look up words so try to avoid using the dictionary unnecessarily. You should be able to see patterns in the language. Do NOT be tempted to take the easy way out by using a programme like Google Translator. You can’t use this in the exam. You need to practise your dictionary skills. Make sure you read the through the text first to get the gist or flavour of what it is all about. If possible use the link below to ensure you understand how a foreign language dictionary works. www.collinslanguage.com/media/resources/easy-learning/spanish/dictionary-skills.pdf Working your way through these worksheets will pay off in the future. THINK ABOUT IT Try and get yourself a DECENT dictionary which has verb tables. It’s a bit like having a calculator for Maths. An essential piece of kit! You are allowed to use your own dictionary in the exam. Ask your teacher for advice on what is the best dictionary available. A few things to consider are: When looking up a word it may have several meanings. Do not assume it is the first one!!!!!! Read the entire definition and work it out for yourself according to the text or passage. Does it make sense? Choose carefully. VERBS Ensure that you are looking up the verb in the INFINITIVE. Remember all verbs end in –ar,-er or –ir e.g. bailo = I dance but you need to take off the ending –o which leaves you with ‘bail’ and add one of the above endings to find it in the dictionary. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 49 DICTIONARY SKILLS - CONTINUED Similarly you have to recognise whether it is a relexive verb e.g. levantarse. So for’ me levanto’ =I get up, you have to change it back to levantarse to find the correct meaning in the dictionary. Take care when the verb is also a NOUN. E.g. ver es creer = seeing is believing. The verb is usually indicated by ‘vi’ or ‘vt’ after the word. Some verbs in English change their meaning, depending on the word that follows them.e.g. to look – at / after / for In Spanish look up the main verb first then go down the list. e.g. to look at = mirar ; to look after = cuidar to look for = buscar to pay for = to pay for to ask for = pedir NOUNS In Spanish,nouns are always listed in the masculine form and only usually are inthe singular form. So for ‘ los hombres’ = men you have to look up the word ‘ hombre’. Watch out for nouns which have more than one meaning. e.g. fan – the context is always given in brackets fan (machine) Not football fan Watch out for spelling changes with plural words ending in - ces What do you have to look up for this word? Las luces - luz Similarly “eficaces = eficaz ; peces = pez; raíces = raíz; lápices = lápiz”. ADJECTIVES Always listed in the masculine singular form (rojo / grande). Therefore you have to convert plurals and feminine singular back into the masculine singular form. There are three types of people in this world; those who make things happen; those who watch things happen; and those who wondered what happened. We all have a choice. Mary Kay Nash All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 50 Grammar Summary What You Should Know For National 5 Nouns and their gender/ formation of plurals. Adjectives and their agreement in number and gender with nouns. Position of adjectives. Comparatives and superlative adjectives, including - ísimo Possessive and demonstrative adjectives. Adverbs and their function in a sentence. Pronouns – subject/reflexive/possessive/relative/indirect and direct objects. Prepositions and conjunctions- little words The Personal ‘a’ Time and numbers. Verbs The infinitive and its uses including al +, sin + ,después + etc. Tenses – present, present continuous, past, conditional and future. Stem/root changing verbs. Common irregular verbs. The differences between ser and estar. Past participles. Idioms with tener,dar, hacer and echar Gustar and similar verbs. The use of llevar. The passive voice The present subjunctive Command forms Hard work spotlights the character of people: some turn Negation up their sleeves, some turn up their noses, and some don't turn up at all. Sam Ewing All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 51 COURSE CONTENT – THE 4 CONTEXTS & RELATED TOPICS All of these contexts will be covered in your examination. CONTEXT 1 - SOCIETY – Family & Friends How you get on with family members and their influence in your lives Arguments and family disputes. Ideal parents Different types of friends – friendships. Peer Pressure -Lifestyles Lifestyle related illnesses. Advantages and disadvantages of a healthy/unhealthy lifestyle. -Media Television in general and the impact of TV reality shows. Advantages and disadvantages of new technology e.g. internet, mobile phones etc. - Global Languages Description of local area/town – what is available for tourists there Comparison of town and country life - advantages and disadvantages Awareness of your impact on the environment. How to become more environmentally friendly. CONTEXT 2 - LEARNING -Learning in context Techniques and strategies to improve your language skills /Likes and dislikes in school subjects/Preparing for Exams -Education Comparing education systems. What improvements could be made to improve our system. The responsibilities and duties which you have as a pupil or learner. CONTEXT 3 - EMPLOYABILITY -Jobs Part –time jobs and studying. How you earn money. What you spend your money on. Qualities required for present/future jobs/ careers and any future plans -Work and CVs Planning, reporting back on work experience. Reviewing your achievements and goals and ambitions. CONTEXT 4 – CULTURE -Planning a Trip Importance of travel and learning a foreign language. Describing your best holiday and you personal opinions and attitudes to travel. -Other Countries Cultural aspects of other countries – including educational, social, historical and political aspects. -Celebrating A Special Event Comparing special occasions/traditions/celebrations and events. The importance of customs and traditions -Literature of Another Country Literary fiction eg short stories – using and analysing texts -Film & Television Studying and reviewing Spanish films and television programmes and their influence All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 52 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES These words express ‘ownership’ and always come in front of the noun. As in all adjectives they agree in number and gender. For example; mi libro = my book mis libros = my books mi regla = my ruler mis reglas = my rulers. nuestro piso = our flat nuestra casa = our house Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Plural (Masculine and Feminine) MY YOUR HIS / HER OUR mi tu su nuestro mi tu su nuestra YOUR (P) vuestro vuestra su su mis tus sus nuestros nuestras vuestros vuestras sus THEIR POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS These replace the noun. For example – It is my book - Es mi libro = Es el míó – It’s mine. Masculine Singular Feminine Singular MINE el mío la mía YOURS el tuyo la tuya HIS / HERS el suyo la suya OURS el nuestro la nuestra YOUR (P) el vuestro la vuestra el suyo la suya THEIRS Plural (Masculine and Feminine) los míos las mías los tuyos las tuyas los suyos las suyas los nuestros las nuestras los vuestros las vuestras los suyos las suyas These words always REPLACE a noun. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 53 RELATIVE PRONOUNS The most common relative pronoun is ‘que’ because it can mean that, which or who in English. Notice that the relative pronoun ‘que’ does not have an accent like the interrogative ‘qué’. In English we often drop the word “that”, but it must always be included in Spanish. For example, in English you can say: I bought the presents she asked for. In Spanish you must include the word ‘that’ in this case ‘que’ Compré los regales que pedía. ‘Que’ is also be used with prepositions such as a, con, de or en which, in turn form phrases like at which, in which,to which etc. Other Relative Pronouns singular quien el cual la cual que cuyo cuya plural quienes los cuales las cuales cuyos cuyas (who, whom) (who, whom or which) (that) (whose, or of which (denoting possession) All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 54 How to form negatives A LITTLE WORD CAN MEAN A LOT Little words can prove to be a major stumbling block when trying to ascertain the meaning of a phrase or sentence. A lot of time is wasted looking up these words in the dictionary. LEARN THEM! Negation this more or less implies the opposite. For example Tengo lápiz = I have a pencil. No tengo lápiz = I don’t have a pencil The simplest type of negation in Spanish is as in the above example. “No” is placed immediately before the appropriate verb. Other negatives which may be similarly placed are Nunca /jamás never Tampoco neither Ni neither, nor Ni siquiera not even Nadie no-one Nada nothing Ninguno none/no Nunca tiene dinero - He never has any money. Tampoco va mi hermano - My brother isn’t going either. Ni estudia ni trabaja - He neither studies nor worksNi siquiera da los buenos días - He doesn’t even say good morning Nadie va a estudiar - Nobody is going to study. No hay ningún libro en la mesa - There is no book on the table. Ya no voy al instituto - I am no longer going to school. The same words may be placed after the verb but then “no” should preceed it. No come nada He/she doesn’t eat anything. Yo no voy tampoco I am not going either Additional ‘little’ words you should know A* Aun Aún meaning) Además that Ahora Alrededor de Contra Dentro de En vez de Hacia Hasta Junto a También Sin Porque Bastante Demasiado Poco Si to/at even still (note the accent changes the besides, furthermore, as well as now around against/opposite inside/within instead of towards (note no accent) until next to (juntos= together) also without En vez de Con Después Antes Entre Encima de Debajo de Más (que/de) Menos Siempre Todavía Salvo Según Tras Ya Ya no Algunos/as instead of with after/later before between above/on top of under more (than) less always still/yet except according to after already/now no longer some because enough/sufficient too little/few if / whether All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © c 55 THE PERSONAL ‘A’ *The Personal ‘a’ – is a construction which does not exist in English. It is peculiar to Spanish. How does it work? Firslly we need to look at a ‘direct object’. The direct object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. For example: Juan hits the ball. What does he hit ? – the ball!! In Spanish, when the direct object is a person, it is preceded by the preposition "a." This word has no English translation. Juan vio a tu padre ayer – Juan saw your father yesterday. Whom did he see? - your father – the ‘ personalised’ direct object. The personal "a" may also be used if the direct object is a pet. La mujer acaricia a su perro. (acariciar - The woman strokes her dog. The personal "a" is not used after the verb tener, or the verb form hay. This is true even if the direct object is a person. Tengo tres hermanos. (tener) - I have three brothers. Hay cinco personas mayores - There are five adults. If the person is unspecified, then the personal "a" is not used. This construction is used when advertising jobs. Busco un fontanero - I am looking for a plumber ( any plumber) Necesito jardinero - I need a gardener. (any gardener) You will find similar job adverts which use this construction in the practice writing booklet. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © 56 CONJUNCTIONS – They act as a link to join sentences. a condición de que – provided that a fin de que - in order that a medida que - to the extent that a menos que - unless además - moreover, furthermore antes (de) que - before aun cuando - even when aun si - even if aunque - even if, although aunque - while, although, though cada vez que - whenever como - as como si - as though, as if con tal de que - provided con tal de que - as long as con todo - notwithstanding cuando - when de acuerdo a - according to de modo que - in such a way as de otra manera - otherwise debido a - because of desde que - since después (de) que - after en caso (de) - in case (of) en vista de que - seeing that excepto - except hasta que - till, until mientras - while, as mientras que - while, whereas ni... ni - neither... nor no obstante - nevertheless, still, yet no sólo... sino - not only ... but o bien - or else o, (u) - or para - in order to, so as to para no - so as not to para que - so that, in order that para que no - lest pero, sino - but por consiguiente - in consequence por eso - therefore por lo tanto - therefore por otra parte - moreover por qué - why por supuesto - of course porque - because pues - as, for puesto que - seeing that puesto que - since salvo - except según - according to si - whether, if si bien - although si no - otherwise si... o - whether... or siempre que - whenever siempre que - as long as, as often as sin embargo - however, nevertheless, still, yet sino - but sino - or else tan ... como - as...as tan pronto como - as soon as tan... como, tanto... como - as well as tanto...como - both...and visto que - whereas y, (e) - and ya que - since, for All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © 57 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES The comparative is used to compare or contrast two things eg. an object or person as having more, less or the same amount of a characteristic as another. This is known as the comparison of superiority, inferiority and equality. The adjective agrees with the noun it describes. In other words, masculine noun = masculine adjective ending. Feminine noun = femimnine ending. How are comparatives formed in Spanish? – use más más + adjective + que….. = more … than (superiority) This relates usually to an –er ending in English eg. taller; bigger etc. eg. Juan es más alto que Pedro – Juan is taller tan Pedro menos + adjective + que … = less… than (inferiority) eg Glasgow es menos turistico que Edimburgo – Glasgow is less touristy tan Edinburgh. tan + adjective + como = as ………. as (equality) eg. Maria es tan inteligente como su hermano – María is as intelligent as her brother SOME ADJECTIVES HAVE IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE FORMS AND DO NOT USE MÁS OR MENOS IN EXPRESSING COMPARISONS: Bueno/a good mejor better Malo/a bad peor worse Joven young menor younger Viejo/a old mayor older SUPERLATIVES In English the superlative is expressed with ‘most’ or the suffix –est. Eg. the most beautiful ; the tallest, the fittest etc. When we want to say that someone is the most intelligent, or the most fun, or the least generous or the least pretty, the definite article is used with the noun that the adjective modifies. (eg we add EL or LA to MÁS or MENOS with Adjectives.) Look at the EXAMPLES: Mi hermano es el más alto de la familia. - My brother is the tallest in the family. Mi tía es la menos generosa My aunt is the least generous. El profesor de francés The French teacher is the least fun. Using -ísimo to add emphasis.(Sometimes known as the absolute superlative) You can add -ísimo to the end of an adjective to intensify it or make it stronger. Again the adjective has to agree in gender with the noun. This construction replaces ‘muy’ (very) El billete es carísimo. La película es malísima. La comida es riquísima hard c sound) The ticket is really/very expensive. The film is really/very bad. The meal is really/very tasty ( Notice spelling change in ‘rico’ to protect the All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © 58 Common Idioms with tener, dar, hacer and echar. This list is not exhaustive but it does cover the majority of idioms with these verbs at this level. Tener = to have but in certain phrases the meaning changes. Tener ………… años old Tener hambre Tener sed Tener frío Tener calor Tener razón Tener suerte Tener sueño to be ……….. years to be hungry to be thirsty to be cold to be warm to be right to be lucky to be sleepy Idioms are with dar = to give Dar un paseo Dar una vuelta Dar de comer Dar las gracias Dar los buenos días Darse prisa Dares cuenta de Dar a Dar a luz Dar a hecho Dar por sentado Dar con Dar gritos to go for a walk to go for a drive/spin/go round to feed to thank to say good morning to be in a hurry to realise to look on to to give birth to take for granted to take for granted to meet by chance to shout Hacer = to do/make It is used in time constructions to mean “ago” Hace dos años Hace diez minutos ago 2 years ago 10 minutes It is also used for weather Hace frío Hace calor Hace viento Hace buen tiempo Hace mal tiempo it is cold it is warm it is windy the weather is good the weather is bad Hacer las paces Hacer su agosto Hacer cola hacer daño to make peace to make a killing to line up/ to queue to harm/damage/hurt Tener celos Tener éxito Tener vergüenza Tener ganas de Tener miedo Tener prisa Tener cuidado Tener que Tener en cuenta to be jealous to be successful to be ashamed to feel like to be afraid to be in a hurry to be careful to have to to bear in mind hacer buenas migas someone) hacerse hacer frente hacer las veces de to hit it off(with to become to face/to take responsibility to serve as hacerse de la vista gorda to turn a blind eye hacerse el tonto to act dumb hacer caso de to pay attention to Idioms with echar echar + infinitive to begin to echar al correo to post/mail echar la bronco a alguien to give someone a dressing down/scold echar raíces to take root echar chispas to be furious, to be hopping mad echar la culpa to blame echar de menos a alguien to miss someone echar un vistazo to glance, to take a quick look echar un ojo to keep an eye on All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © SABER AND CONOCER There are 2 verbs in Spanish meaning to know. You must be careful when using them. Saber means to know a fact or to know how to do something. Saber – to know (to have knowledge of, to know how to) ¿Sabe usted cómo hace esto? Do you know how he does this? ¿Sabéis nadar? Do you all know how to swim? No sé donde viven I don’t know where they live No sabe nadar He can’t (doesn’t know how to) swim In the preterite tense, saber means to learn or to find out: Supe el secreto ayer. I learned/found out the secret yesterday. Conocer means to know someone or to be familiar with someone,to be acquainted with, something, or somewhere. It can only be followed by a direct object, never by an infinitive. ¿Conocías a su mujer? Did you know his wife? No conozco esta ciudad I don’t know this city. PEDIR AND PREGUNTAR The same situation exists with respect to the 2 Spanish verbs pedir and preguntar. They both mean to ask but they are not interchangeable. Pedir means to ask for or request an object, service or favour. Pido más pan I ask/am asking for more bread Pedimos ahora We order now (ask for service) Preguntar means to ask a question or request information. Pregunto qué hora es. I ask what time it is. Preguntamos a qué hora sirven la cena. We ask what time they serve dinner. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © FALSE FRIENDS Words that look like English words but have an entirely different meaning. actualmente at present actually - la verdad es que realizar to carry out realise - darse cuenta asisistir to attend assist/help ayudar recordar(ue) remember record - grabar sensible sensitive carpeta folder carpet alfombra sensible razonable, sensato chocar to crash choke ahogar/sofocar soportar put up with support mantener embarazada pregnant embarassed avergonzado últimamente lately ultimately - al final éxito success exit - salida vaso vase - jarrón largo long large - grande drinking glass parientes relatives parents padres Atender to pay attention/take care of el campo = field en el campo= in the countryside el camping = campsite Estar constipado to have a cold estreñido = constipated la decepción = disappointment bravo wild/rugged valiente = brave emociante exciting emocional/afectivo =emotional La jubilación -retirement alegría/júbilo= jubilation/joy/happiness La tabla/el tablón la mesa = table La arena - board sand anfiteatro/plaza = arena All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. © SER OR ESTAR These two verbs both mean 'to be', but they are used differently, depending on circumstances. Ser soy eres es somos sois son estar estoy estás está estamos estáis están To be I am You are He/she/it is – you formal We are You (all) are They are – you formal Ser is used for inherent' characteristics in a person or things such as identity, permanent features or states, occupation, time. For example: El coche es rojo – the car is red. La bolsa es de cuero The bag is (made) of leather. Juan es profesor – Juan is a teacher. Soy escocés - I'm Scottish. Madrid es la capital de España. -Madrid is the capital of Spain. Son las once y media - It's half past eleven. Estar refers to a temporary state or is used for position or location. For example: Estamos contentos - we're happy (at this particular moment in time).Sevilla está en el sur de España - Seville is in the south of Spain. El bolí está en la mesa – the pen is on the table. La botella está llena. The bottle is full María está enferma María is ill Some adjectives can be used with either ser or estar, but note that their meaning changes. Here are some of the most common: Adjective aburrido cansado guapo listo malo moreno pesado rico seguro verde vivo THE PAST TENSES Ser Imperfect perfect era He sido eras Has sido era Ha sido eramos Hemos sido erais Habéis sido eran Han sido 58 Meaning when used with ser boring A ‘tiring’ person handsome/beautiful clever bad/evil/wicked Dark hair heavy rich safe green lively preterite fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron Estar imperfect estaba estabas estaba estábamos estabais estban Meaning when used with estar bored tired looking good ready Ill/sick suntanned boring tasty ( food) sure, certain unripe alive perfect He estado Has estado Ha estado Hemos estado Habéis estado Han estado preterite estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © VERB REFERENCE – THE TENSES Everything you want to know about verbs. There are three kinds of verbs in Spanish and they all end in either - ar, -er and or -ir. The infinitive is the verb in its purest form. For example ‘to talk/to speak’. It is the infinitive that you look up in the dictionary. Examples of regular Spanish verbs are : hablar = to speak, beber = to drink, vivir = to live. Singular hablo hablas habla English I speak you speak He/she/it speaks Plural hablamos habláis hablan English We speak You (all) speak They speak Singular bebo bebes bebe English I drink You drink/do you drink? He/she/it drinks Plural bebemos bebéis beben English We drink You drink/do you drink? They drink Singular vivo vives vive English I live You live/do you live He/she/it lives Plural vivimos vivís viven English We live You live/do you live? They live - To form the present tense of ANY regular verb, you need to remove the ending i.e.– ar ; -er or –ir. Then add the following endings: Yo ar -o -er -o -ir -o Tu -as -es -es El/ella/Ud. -a -e -e Nosotros Vosotros -amos -ais -emos -eis -imos -ís Ellos/ellas/Uds. -an -en -en The Present Tense of Reflexive verbs Reflexive verbs have the same verb endings as other verbs but require reflexive pronouns in front of them. So you need to remove the ‘se’ part as well in order to conjugate the verb. For example: levantarse (to get up) Singular English Plural English Me levanto I get up Nos levantamos We get up Te levantas You get up Os levantáis You (all) get up Se levanta He/she/it gets up Se levantan They get up All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © STEM/ROOT CHANGING VERBS There are three groups of stem-changing verbs: e: ie o:ue e:ie The stem changes in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros parts. Remember the 1,2,3,6 rule Cerrar (ie)– to close 1. 2. 3. Cierro Cierras Cierra 4. 5. 6. Cerramos Cerráis Cierran Here is a list of verbs which follow the same pattern. cerrar: to close entender: to understand divertirse: to enjoy oneself Comenzar a: to start despertarse: to wake up Empezar a: to start nevar: to snow recomendar: to recommend sentarse: to sit down perder: to lose.miss querer: to want/love tener*: to have hervir: to boil mentir: to lie preferir: to prefer sentir: to feel venir*: to come Vowel change o—»ue infinitive verb: volver (to return) vuelvo vuelves vuelve almorzar: to have lunch aprobar: to pass (an exam) approve contar: to tell; to count costar: to cost encontrar: to meet jugar: to play mostrar: to show probar: to test/try recordar: to remember renovar: to renovate volvemos volvéis vuelven doler: to be painful mover: to move oler: to smell poder: to be able to EXAMPLE vowel change e->i infinitive verb: repetir (to repeat) Repito repites repite decir: to say/tell despedirse:to say goodbye elegir: to choose pedir: to ask for dormir: to sleep morir: to die repetimos repetís repiten seguir: to follow servir: to serve vestirse: to get dressed All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 64 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE It is formed by using the verb estar + a present participle. This is the –ing part of the verb in English. eg, walking Estar – to be To get the present participle you again take off the ending. Let’s look at the regular verb ‘estudiar’. Take off the the – ar ending and you are left with the root or the stem of the verb – estudi. Then simply add – ando – estudiando. So estoy estudiando means ‘I am studying’ The same formula is applied to –er and – ir verbs with the only difference being is that – iendo is added For example, comer – comiendo; estoy comiendo – I am eating Escribir – escribiendo – estoy escribiendo – I am writing Common Irregulars: ir (to go) – yendo; dormir ( to sleep)– durmiendo; leer (to read) – leyendo; atraer (to attract) – atrayendo; construir (to build) construyendo; decir (to say) – diciendo; pedir (to ask for) – pidiendo; reír (to laugh) – riendo. Sentir (to feel) – sintiendo. Estoy – I am Estás - you are Está – he/she/it is Estamos – we are Estáis – you (all) are Están – they are THE PAST TENSES The Perfect Tense – This is formed by using the auxiliary verb ‘haber’ + a past participle. The verb ‘haber’ is only used to form compound tenses. It cannot be used on its own. Haber he has ha Singular He hablado Has hablado Ha hablado habemos habéis han The past participle is formed by taking off the –ar, -er, or –ir ending of the verb and adding –ado to –AR verbs and – ido to –ER and –IR verbs. Hablar - hablado Comer - comido Vivir - vivido English I have spoken You have/have you spoken He/she/it has spoken Plural Hemos hablado Habéis hablado English We have spoken You have spoken Han hablado They have spoken -er and -ir verbs including reflexives e.g. perder = to lose Singular He perdido Has perdido Ha perdido English I have lost You have/have you lost? He/she/it has lost Plural Hemos perdido Habéis perdido English We have lost You have/have you lost? Han perdido He/she/it has lost All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 65 IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Most of the time, past participles in Spanish are formed by changing the ending of -ar verbs to -ado and the ending of -er and -ir verbs to -ido. However, there are dozens of exceptions. Irregular Past Participles for Vowel + -er/-ir Verbs Translation Past Participle Verb Atraer Caer to attract to fall atraído caído Creer Leer to believe to read creído leído Oír to hear oído Poseer Sonreír to possess to smile poseído sonreído Traer to bring traído Here are the most common verbs and verb roots that have irregular past participles: abrir (to open), abierto absolver (to absolve), absuelto cubrir (to cover), cubierto decir (to say, to tell), dicho escribir (to write), escrito freír (to fry), frito hacer (to make, to do), hecho imprimir (to print), impreso morir (to die), muerto poner (to put), puesto resolver (to resolve), resuelto romper (to break), roto satisfacer (to satisfy), satisfecho ver (to see), visto volver (to return), vuelto Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities. Here are a few examples: componer - compuesto describir - descrito devolver - devuelto The Preterite Tense Past actions that happened once. Note that –er and –ir verbs share the same endings YOU WILL RECOGNISE IT BY ITS ENDINGS. Yo -ar -é -er -í -1r -í Tu El/ella/Ud. Nosotros -aste -ó -amos -iste -ió -imos iste -ió o -imos Vosotros Ellos/ellas/Uds. -asteis -aron -isteis -ieron -isteis -ieron All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 66 Common Irregular Preterite Tense Verbs Focus on recognising the endings! It is highly unlikely that you will come across the ‘vosotros’ form in your exam. Note IR and SER are both the same in the preterite. Irregular verbs Andar to walk anduve anduviste El/ella He/she/it anduvo conduje di dije estuve hice fui puse pude condujiste diste dijiste estuviste hiciste fuiste pusiste pudiste condujo dio dijo estuvo hizo fue puso pudo condujimos dimos dijimos estuvimos hicimos fuimos pusimos pudimos condujisteis disteis dijisteis estuvisteis hicisteis fuisteis pusisteis pudisteis condujeron dieron dijeron estuvieron hicieron fueron pusieron pudieron Conducir* to drive Dar to give Decir* to say Estar to be Hacer to do/make Ir * - to go Poner to put Poder to be able to Querer to want quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron Saber to know Ser *to be Tener to have Traer to bring Venir t o come Ver to see supe fui tuve traje vine Vi supiste fusite tuviste trajiste viniste viste supo fue tuvo trajo vino vio supimos fuimos tuvimos trajimos vinimos vimos supisteis fuisteis tuvisteis trajisteis vinisteis visteis supieron fueron tuvieron trajeron vinieron vieron Yo - I Tú - you Nosotros we anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron Vosotrsos – you Ellos/ellas Uds. They/you Watch out for verbs such as llegar, pagar and jugar in the ‘yo’ form. In order to protect the the hard ‘g’ sound a ‘u’ is inserted in the first person.eg. llegué; pagué and jugué. Similarly verbs ending in –CAR have changes in the ‘yo’ form, again to protect th hard ‘c’ sound - - ‘qu’ takes the place of the ‘c’. If not the ‘c ‘ would be pronounced as a ‘th’ sound which would alter the meaning. Sacar – saqué; explicar – expliqué; practicar – practiqué etc. The Imperfect Tense: (Past actions that happened repeatedly or description) Add theses endings to the stem of the verb - habl – aba - I was speaking/I used to speak Yo ar -aba -er ía -ir ía Tu -abas ías ías El/ella/Ud. -aba ía -ía Nosotros -abamos íamos Vosotros -abais -iais íais Ellos/ellas/Uds. -aban ían ían There are only 3 irregular verbs in the imperfect tenses which must be learned. Ser – to be Ir – to go era iba eras ibas era iba éramos íbamos erais ibais eran iban íamos Ver – to see veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 67 The Imperfect ContinuousTense: is for med in the same way as the present continuous by using the imperfect tense of estar and adding the present participle. For example Estaba durmiendo – I was sleeping Imperfect tense of estar Estaba Estabas Estaba Further Examples Estaba estudiando Estaban comiendo Estabas escribiendo Estabámos Estabais Estaban I was studying They were eating You were writing The Pluperfect Tense. This is formed using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb ‘haber’+ the past participle. (Yo) había visitado – I had visited The imperfect tense of ‘haber’. había habíamos habías habíais había habían The past participle is formed by taking off the –ar, -er, or –ir ending of the verb and adding –ado to –AR verbs and – ido to –ER and –IR verbs. Hablar - hablado Comer - comido Vivir - vivdo 99% of the failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses George Washington Carver All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 68 TRIGGER WORDS – PRETERITE TENSE Some words and phrases automatically ‘trigger’ the preterite tense. These words indicate specific time frames. Ayer Anteayer Anoche Desde el primer momento Durante dos siglos El otro día En ese momento Entonces yesterday the day before yesterday last night from the first moment for 2 centuries the other day at that moment then Esta mañana Esta tarde La semana pasada El mes pasado El año pasado Hace dos días/años Ayer por la mañana Ayer por la tarde this morning this afternoon last week last month last year Two days/years ago yesterday morning yesterday afternoon The imperfect tense is used when there is no specific time frame or the action is repeated. A menudo A veces Cada día Cada semana Cada mes Cada año Con frecuencia De vez en cuando En aquella época Frecuentemente Generalmente often sometimes every day every week every month every year frequently from time to time at that time frequently usually Muchas veces Mucho Normalmente Nunca Por un rato Siempre Tantas veces Todas las semanas Todos los días Todo el tiempo Varias veces many times/often a lot usually/normally never for a while always so many times every week every day all the time several times HABER Note that the most common general verb in terms of usage is ‘haber’. However, although it is used as an auxiliary verb for certain tenses, it is also used more frequently as in its impersonal form. Present Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Hay There is/are Había There was/were Hubo There was/were Habrá There will be Habría There would be Present Subjunctive haya There may be Imperfect Subjunctive Hubiera/hubiese There might be Hay que + infinitive Note when ‘hay’ is followed by que + the infinitive it is translated as “it is necessary to…..” or “one must ….” Hay que trabajar mucho. It is necessary to work a lot Hay que aprender la gramática. It is necessary to learn grammar Hay que hacer los deberes. One must do homework. (you have to do homework) All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 69 THE FUTURE TENSES You can use the verb –IR – to go to express the immediate future. The verb ir is followed by ‘a’. Voy a I am going vamos a we are going Vas a you are going vais a you are (all) going Va a he/she/it is going van a they are going The Future Tense: Add these endings to the infinitive. For example: hablaré – I will speak ar Yo é -er -é -ir -é Tu -ás -ás -ás El/ella/Ud. -á -á -á Nosotros Vosotros -emos -éis -emos -eis emos -éis Ellos/ellas/Uds. -án -án -án Verbs which are irregular in the future tense also follow the same pattern in the Conditional Tense. Él, ella, usted – he Vosotros – You (all) Ellos, ellas, Uds. Yo – I Tú - you Nosotros - We /she/it and you Decir: dirTener: tendrPoner: pondrPoder: podrSalir: saldrHacer: HarHaber: HabrVenir: Vendr- diré tendré pondré podré saldré haré habré vendré dirás tendrás pondrás podrás saldrás harás habrás vendrás dirá tendrá pondrá podrá saldrá hará habrá vendrá –They and you diremos tendremos pondremos podremos saldremos haremos habremos vendremos diréis tendréis pondréis podréis saldréis haréis habréis vendréis dirán tendrán pondrán podrán saldrán harán habrán vendrán The Conditional Tense: Add these endings to the infinitive! For example: hablaría I would speak; me gustaría – I would like Yo -ar ía -er ía -ir ía Tu El/ella/Ud. Nosotros Vosotros ías ía íamos íais ías ía íamos íais ías íaEndings are the same for íamos all verbs! íais Ellos/ellas/Uds. ían ían ían/ r -e r/ -a THE PASSIVE VOICE – a brief overview ir The passive voice is used in English when the person or thing carrying out the action is unknown. For Example: The car was stolen. We don’t know who stole the car. When a person or thing is involved it is usually followed by por. In English this is usually known as the ‘agent’ El ladrón fue visto por varias personas – The thief was seen by several people However, Spaniards tend to avoid using this construction and use what is known as the impersonal ‘se’ + the third person singular or plural. For example: se habla inglés aquí – English is spoken here. Literally one speaks English here. This construction is very common in signage.For example: Se Vende Piso – Flat for sale Se Alquila – For rent Se Sirve Desayuno - Breakfastis available here. Se dice - it is said that Your teacher will provide you with further examples.. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 70 Likes and Dislikes - Using gustar & similar verbs If you had to look up the verb ‘gustar’ in the dictionary, you would find that it means to please.So therefore me gusta = it pleases me. This is a literal translation and we would have to translate as I like it. Verbs like gustar are only used in the 3rd person of singular or plural. However, it does not depend on the person that is talking but the object that is talked about. e.g.: Notice I like the dog’ would be in Spanish - The dog pleases me. Me gusta el perro - I like to dog Me fascinan los monos. - Monkeys fascinate me’ ¿Te gusta el libro? -Do you like the book? Les gustan las revistas. - They like the magazines’ A Laura le gusta la casa. -. Laura likes the house’ the endings INDIRECT OBJECT ENDING EMPHASIS ONLY PRONOUNS A mí me -a + sg noun A ti te VERB STEM or verb in the infinitive A él/ella/usted le A nosotros nos -an + pl noun A vosotros os A ellos/ellas/ustedes les The exception is doler (to hurt, be painful) ends with –e and –en respectively. * Here is a list of verbs with a similar pattern: Bastar Chiflar Disgustar Doler (o→ue) Encantar Faltar Fascinar Gustar Importar Interesar Molestar Parecer Sobrar ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… To To To To To To To To To To To To To be sufficient / enough to be crazy about ‘hate’; to be repugnant to be painful / to hurt ‘love’; to be enchanting to be lacking to / to be missing to be fascinating to ‘like’; to be pleasing to be important to be interesting to bother seem / to appear to be left over / to be in surplus How To Express ‘dislikes’. No me gusta(n) Odio Detesto No aguanto No soporto Me importa un bledo/un pepino I I I I I I don’t like hate hate can’t stand can’t stand couldn’t care less All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 71 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD - COMMANDS In Spanish there are two types of commands - informal and formal . Informal commands are used with people you know: family members, friends, and pets. As a mark of respect, formal commands are used with people who are older than you or people you don’t know. This article covers the informal commands. How to form the informal “you” singular command. You form informal tú commands by dropping the -s from the present tense tú forms of regular -ar, -er, or -ir verbs: hablas (you speak) becomes habla (speak) comes (you eat) becomes come (eat) escribes (you write) becomes escribe (write) The negative tú commands are formed by removing the -o off of the present tense yo form and adding -es for regular -ar verbs and -as for regular er and -ir verbs: hablo (I speak) becomes no hables (don’t speak) como (I eat) becomes no comas (don’t eat) escribo (I write) becomes no escribas (don’t write) There are also a few irregulars which you need to recognise. Irregular Tú Form Commands Infinitive Positive Command Negative Command decir = to say, tell di no digas hacer = to do, make haz no hagas ir = to go ve no vayas poner = to put pon no pongas salir = to leave sal no salgas ser = to be sé no seas tener = to have ten no tengas venir = to come ven no vengas How to form the informal “you” plural command - (vosotros) First you take off the -r from the infinitive form and add -d, ¡Hablad! = Speak! Comed. = Eat. Escribid. = Write. For negative plural commands, remove the -o from the present tense yo form and add -éis for -ar verbs or -áis for -er and -ir verbs. ¡No habléis! = Don’t speak! No comáis. = Don’t eat. No escribáis. = Don’t write. Three verbs are irregular in the negative ‘vosotros’ command forms. They are: Irregular Plural Form Negative Commands Infinitive Negative Command Translation Ir ¡No vayáis! Don’t go! Saber No sepáis . . . Don’t know . . . Ser No seáis . . . Don’t be . . . All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 72 How to form the formal “you” singular command. – the ‘usted’ form. First remove the -o ending of the yo form, and add an -e for -ar verbs or an -a for -er and -ir verbs. For example: Hable. = Speak. No hable. = Don’t speak. Coma. = Eat. No coma. = Don’t eat. Escriba. = Write. No escriba. = Don’t write. There are only three irregular usted commands: Infinitive Positive Command Negative Command Ir Vaya. = Go. No vaya. = Don’t go. Saber Sepa. = Know. No sepa. = Don’t know. Ser Sea. = Be. No sea. = Don’t be. How to form the formal “you” plural command – ‘ustedes’. This is more straightforward. All you do is add -n to the Ud. command form. This rule applies for the regular and irregular verbs. For example: Hablen. = Speak. ¡No coman! = Don’t eat! ¡No sean tontos! = Don’t be Escriban. = Write. foolish THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE The Present Subjunctive : (actions containing uncertainty) *The formation of this tense is similar to that of formal commands. Firstly, find the present tense of the “yo” form. Then, drop the “o”. Then, for “-ar” verbs, add the present tense “-er” verb ending. And for “-er” or “-ir” verbs, add the corresponding present tense of the “-ar” endings. hablo - o = habl ccm - o com viv - o habl + e = hable com + a = coma viv + a= viva habl + es = hables com + as = comas viv + as = vivas habl + e = hable com + a= coma viv + a = viva habl + emos = hablemos com + amos = comamos viv + amos = vivamos habl + éis = habléis com + áis = comáis viv + éis = viváis habl + en = hablen com + an = coman viv + ann = vivan viv The subjunctive is usually used after verbs that express: Wishes, hopes, and desires (For example: esperar que, desear que, querer que) Disbelief, doubt, and denial (For example: no creer que, dudar que, negar que) Possibility and hypothesis (For example: ser posible que, ser probable que) Requests and commands (For example: pedir que, decir que, exigir que) DON’T GET YOURSELF INTO A MUDDLE OVER THE SUBJUNCTIVE. TRY AND FOCUS ON RECOGNISING IT. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 73 COMMON VERBS – to learn & recognise tratar: to treat abandonar to leave escuchar: to listen to aceptar: to accept esperar: to hope, to wait for tratar de to try to acostumbrarse a to be accustomed to estudiar: to study usar: to use adaptar: to adapt firmar: to sign viajar: to travel adivinar: to guess fumar: to smoke visitar: to visit admirar: to admire ganar: to win, earn aprender a: to learn ahorrar: to save gastar: to spend (money) beber: to drink alquilar: to rent golpear: to hit comer: to eat almorzar(ue) to have lunch hablar: to speak, to talk comprender: to understand amar: to love invitar: to invite correr: to run andar: to walk llamar: to call creer: to believe arreglar: to fix, repair lanzar: to throw deber: to have to, to owe ayudar: to help lavar: to wash esconder: to hide bailar: to dance limpiar: to clean leer: to read bajar: to lower, go down llegar: to arrive meter en: to put into bloquear: to block llenar: to fill poseer: to possess, own borrar: to erase llevar: to wear, to carry prometer: to promise brillar: to shine llorar: to cry responder: to answer buscar: to look for luchar: to fight romper: to break cambiar: to change mandar: to send temer: to fear caminar: to walk mezclar: to mix vender: to sell cantar: to sing mirar: to watch, to look at ver: to see castigar: to punish montar: to get on abrir: to open celebrar: to celebrate nadar: to swim aburrir: to bore cenar to have dinner necesitar: to need admitir: to admit charlar: to chat olvidar: to forget cocinar: to cook pagar: to pay for comparar: to compare participar (en): to participate in comprar: to buy pasar: to spend (time) pass comunicar: to communicate pegar: to hit, stick contestar: to answer pescar: to fish continuar: to continue pintar: to paint cubrir: to cover copiar: to copy practicar: to practise cumplir: to fulfill cortar: to cut preguntar: to ask decidir: to decide crear: to create preparar: to prepare definir: to define cruzar: to cross presentar: to present describir: to describe decorar: to decorate quedar: to stay, remain descubrir: to discover dejar: to allow, to leave quejar, to complain discutir: to discuss dejar de – to give up regresar: to return dividir: to divide descansar: to rest reparar: to repair escribir: to write desayunar to have breakfast representar: to represent desear: to want/desire respetar: to respect dibujar: to draw respirar: to breathe disfrutar: to enjoy sacar to take out durar:to last saltar: to jump eliminar: to get rid of terminar: to end, terminate enseñar: to teach tirar: to throw subir: to climb, to go up entrar (en): to enter (into) tocar: to touch/play instrument sufrir: to suffer entregar: to deliver/hand in tomar: to take transmitir: to transmit enviar: to send trabajar: to work unir: to unite añadir: to add asistir a: to attend coincidir: to coincide compartir: to share consistir: to consist existir: to exist omitir: to omit partir: to divide permitir: to permit recibir: to receive All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 74 Spanish tenses – what you need to know... THE PRESENT TENSE – tells you what is happening now or what usually happens. ( eg. Cada día como una hamburguesa.- Each day I eat a burger. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Formed with the present tense of estar plus the present participle) – what is happening at this very moment - the –ing part. ( eg. Estoy comiendo – I am eating) THE PRETERITE -tells you what happened in the past. One off actions. (eg. Una vez visité Francia – I visited France once. THE IMPERFECT – tells you what was happening in the past and is used for repeated actions. (eg. Los fines de semana jugaba al fútbol – at the weekends I played/ used to play football) – repeated action. Compound past tenses Compound tenses are those that are formed from more than a single word. They use the auxiliary verb ‘haber’ followed by the past participle of the main verb. THE PERFECT TENSE –tells you what has happened (eg. he comido - I have eaten) THE PLUPERFECT TENSE – tells you what had happened (eg. había comido - I had eaten) THE IMPERFECT CONTINUOUS - Formed with the imperfect tense of estar plus the present participle) it indicates what was happening at that time.(eg. estaban comiendo – they were eating. THE FUTURE TENSE – tells you what will happen (eg comeré – I will eat) THE CONDITIONAL TENSE – tells you what would / could happen - (eg iría – I would go) Strictly speaking, the subjunctive and the imperative are not tenses but are referred to as moods. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 75 LOS NÚMEROS NUMBERS Knowing your numbers is important as they appear in lots of different contexts. Age, quantity, prices, telephone numbes, dates etc. etc. 0 cero 1 uno 2 dos 3 tres 4 cuatro 15 quince 16 dieciséis 17 diecisiete 18 dieciocho 19 diecinueve 5 cinco 6 seis 7 siete 8 ocho 9 nueve 10 diez 11 once 12 doce 13 trece 14 catorce 20 veinte 21 veintiuno 22 veintidós, etc... 30 treinta 31 treinta y uno 32 treinta y dos, etc... 40 cuarenta 50 cincuenta 60 sesenta 70 setenta 80 ochenta 90 noventa 100 cien 101 ciento uno 102 ciento dos, etc... 200 doscientos 300 trescientos 400 cuatrocientos 500 quinientos 600 seiscientos 700 setecientos 800 ochocientos 900 novecientos 1000 mil 5000 cinco mil NOTES ON NUMBERS Ciento gets shortened to cien in front of a noun e.g. cien euros = 100 euro ORDINAL numbers primer(o)/a (first) segundo/a (second) tercer(o)/a (third) cuarto/a (fourth) quinto/a (fifth) sexto/a (sixth) séptimo/a (seventh) octavo/a (eighth) noveno/a (ninth) décimo/a (tenth) Quantity Más de – more than Hay más de mil alumnos – there are more than a thousand pupils ¿Qué hora es? What time is it? Es mediodía Es medianoche Es la una y media Son las dos Son las tres y cuarto A las cuatro menos cuarto A las cinco y diez A las ocho en punto A eso de las nueve It’s midday It’s midnight It’s half past one It’s two o’clock It’s quarter past three at quarter to four at ten past five at eight o’clock sharp. about nine o’clock All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 76 SOCIETY – FAMILY & FRIENDS Use symbols, drawings, highlighters, anything you can think of that can help you to remember vocabulary. Say the words aloud. You don’t learn a song in silence! You know a lot of the vocabulary already!!!!! Datos personales Personal details Nombre Apellido Edad Me llamo … Tengo … años. Mi cumpleaños es el … de La fecha de nacimiento Soy escocés/escocesa. Vivo en … Nací en … ¿Qué tal/cómo estás? ¿De dónde eres/es usted? ¿Cuánto tiempo estás aquí Nací en….. (first) name surname age My name is … I’m … years old. My birthday is the …..of …. date of birth I’m Scottish I live in … I was born in … How are you Where are you from? How long are you here for? I was born in…. Parientes Relations El/la bebé (recién nacido) (new born) baby el hijo/la hija son/daughter el marido/la mujer husband/wife el novio/la novia boyfriend/girlfriend, fiancé(e) los abuelos/ el abuelo/la abuela grandparents/ grandfather/grandmother los tíos/ el tío/la tía uncle and aunt/ uncle/aunt el primo/la prima cousin el sobrino/la sobrina nephew/ niece los nietos/el nieto/la nieta grandchildren/grandson/grand-daughter los padres/el padre/la madre parents/ father/mother el padrastro/la madrastra stepfather/stepmother el hermano/la hermana brother/sister el hermanastro/ la hermanastra stepbrother/stepsister el suegro/la suegra father-in-law/mother-in-law el cuñado/la cuñada brother-in-law/sister-in-law el viudo/la viuda widow/widower los políticos the in-laws La pareja feliz the happy couple Mi media naranja my better half El benjamín/ la benjamina the youngest child Los asuntos familiares family matters Somos (cinco) en casa. There are (five) of us at home. Vivo con mis padres/ mi madre. I live with my parents/ my mother. Soy hijo/a único/a. I’m an only child. Mis hermanas son gemelas. My sisters are twins. No tengo hermanos. I haven’t any brothers or sisters. Una familia unida a close family Una famila numerosa a large family Mi hermano está prometido my brother is engaged. Las familias monoparentales single parent families. La familia adoptiva adoptive family All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 77 SOCIETY – FAMILY & FRIENDS Estado Status (Mi madre) está … casado/a divorciado/a separado/a viudo/a jubilado/a en paro Es soltero/soltera Es viudo/viuda La tercera edad (My mother) is … married divorced separated widowed retired unemployed he/she is single widower/widow senior citizens Los jubilados Relaciones y problemas (bachelor) retired people /OAPs Relationships and problems Vivo con mis padres. Me entiendo bien/mal con mi madre Me llevo bien con…. Tiene un buen sentido del humor. Mis padres no me dejan salir por la noche Mis padres me dan rabia. Tengo un problema muy grave. Estoy harto/a de No aguanto/ no soporto No creo en el matrimonio/ Estoy muy a favor del matrimonio I live with my parents. I get on/don’t get on well with my mother. I get on well with…… She has a good sense of humour. My parents don’t let me go out at night. Descripción personal Personal descriptions My parents drive me mad. I have a very serious problem. I’m fed up with I can’t stand I don’t believe in marriage/divorce I am very much in favour of marriage Soy alto/a. bajo/a I’m tall/short delgado/a /gordo/a thin/fat guapo/a feo/a good-looking/ugly joven /viejo/a young/old rubio/a moreno/a fair/dark Tengo los ojos azules/ grises/marrones/ I have blue/ grey/brown/ negros/verdes. black/green eyes. Tengo el pelo corto/largo/ I have short/long/ liso/ondulado/rizado. straight/wavy/curly hair. Tengo el pelo castaño/ moreno/rubio. I have light brown/ dark/blond hair. Tengo barba/bigote/ gafas/pecas. I have a beard/a moustache/ glasses/freckles. Soy pelirrojo/a. I have red hair. Tengo un cicatriz I have a scar Llevo gafas/lentes de contacto I wear glasses/contact lenses Es calvo He is bald. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 78 SOCIETY – FAMILY & FRIENDS El carácter Character Soy (bastante) … activo/a agradable alegre amable ambicioso/a antipático/a cariñoso/a chistoso comprensivo/a cortés educado egoísta extrovertido/a generoso/a gracioso/a hablador(a) honrado/a impaciente inteligente maleducado/a orgulloso/a paciente perezoso/a responsable sensible serio/a severo/a simpático/a sincero/a tímido/a tonto/a trabajador(a) travieso triste vago/a llamativo atrevido/a callado/a culto/a † educado/a encantador(a) hablador(a) I’m (fairly) … active pleasant cheerful nice/friendly ambitious unpleasant/ not nice affectionate funny understanding polite polite/well brought up selfish outgoing generous/ kind funny talkative honest impatient intelligent rude proud patient lazy responsible sensitive serious strict nice, friendly sincere timid/shy stupid, crazy hardworking naughty sad lazy showy, flashy daring quiet well-educated polite charming talkative reservado/a bruto/a cursi despistado/a grosero/a pesado/a presumido/a † raro/a tacaño/a testarudo/a tiquismiquis reserved stupid, brutish tasteless, pretentious, corny absent-minded rude tedious, annoying conceited strange stingy stubborn picky DON’T PANIC ABOUT LEARNING ALL THE VOCABULARY. BUILD IT UP GRADUALLY All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 79 SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – En Casa Los quehaceres/tareas domésticas Household chores paso la aspiradora plancho la ropa lavo el coche Corto el césped limpio el dormitorio tengo que arreglar mi dormitorio pongo la mesa quito la mesa Friego/lavo los platos Quitar/sacar el polvo Preparar la comida Sacar la basura Hacer las compras Tengo que planchar Secar los platos I hoover I iron I wash the car I cut the lawn/grass I clean my room I have to tidy my bedroom I set the table I clear the table I wash the dishes to dust to prepare the meal to take out the rubbish to do the shopping I have to iron/do the ironing to dry the dishes SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE - La Comida La carta Menu Menu del día comidas para llevar la comida casera la comida basura la comida congelada los platos típicos sabroso la cuenta Tengo (mucha) hambre hay un error ¡Qué aproveche! Todo incluído ¡Qué aproveche! menu of the day take- aways home-cooking/home cooked food junk food frozen food typical food/ dishes tasty the bill I am (very) hungry there’s a mistake Enjoy your meal Everything included Enjoy your meal Bebidas Bebidas granizadas el agua (f) mineral agua potable el café (solo) el café con leche el chocolate una limonada una naranjada los refrescos el té el azúcar una taza de té el zumo de piña/naranja/ manzana/fruta la cerveza la leche el vino tinto el vino blanco una copa de vino tinto un vaso de leche los batidos una botella de vino blanco con / sin hielo Drinks drinks served with crushed ice (mineral) water water- suitable for drinking (black) coffee white coffee chocolate lemonade fizzy orange refreshments/soft drinks tea sugar a cup of tea pineapple/orange/ apple/fruit juice beer milk red wine white wine a glass of red wine a glass of milk milk shakes a bottle of white wine with/without ice All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 80 Comidas Meals/Food el desayuno la comida el almuerzo la merienda las tapas la cena las aceitunas el pan la mantequilla la mermelada los cereales las galletas las tostadas la carne el chorizo los entremeses huevos (fritos) huevos cocidos las patatas(bravas) las patatas fritas la lechuga el pepino las verduras las legumbres la zanahoria el bocadillo (de jamón) los champiñones la ensalada(verde) la ensaladilla rusa el gazpacho los guisantes el jamón serrano las judías verdes el pan (de ajo) el queso el salchichón las salchichas la sopa de cebolla/pescado mariscos la tortilla (española/ francesa) el pescado el atún el bacalao los mariscos los calamares las gambas el cóctel de gambas las gambas al ajillo la merluza el pulpo (en su tinta) el salmón la trucha el bistec a la pimienta las chuletas de cordero el filete de ternera el filete de cerdo la paella el pollo (asado) el pollo al ajillo salsa de tomate la mayonesa breakfast lunch/food lunch snack bar snacks dinner olives bread butter marmalade/jam cereal biscuits toast meat spicy sausage starters (fried) eggs boiled eggs (spicy) potatoes chips/crisps lettuce cucumber vegetables pulses carrot (ham) sandwich mushrooms (green)salad Russian salad cold tomato and cucumber soup peas dry-cured ham green beans (garlic) bread cheese salami sausage sausages onion/fish seafood soup (Spanish/French style) omelette fish tuna cod seafood squid prawns prawn cocktail prawns in garlic hake octopus (in ink) salmon trout pepper steak lamb chops veal steak pork steak paella (roast) chicken chicken with garlic tomato sauce mayonnaise el aceite (de oliva) a la plancha olive oil grilled All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 81 Postres el arroz con leche el flan (casero) la fruta (del tiempo) los helados (vainilla,frambuesa fresa, chocolate, menta) el polo la piña el sorbete la tarta helada el pastel el yogur las galletas el bizcocho Desserts/sweets rice pudding (home-made) caramel cream fruit (in season) ice creams (vanilla,raspberry strawberry, chocolate, mint ) ice lolly pineapple sorbet ice-cream gateau cake yogurt biscuits sponge biscuit los dulces los caramelos las golosinas una chocolatina la miel Es goloso/a sweet things sweets sweets a chocolate bar honey He/she has a sweet tooth. La Fruta (Del Tiempo) Las cerezas Los ciruelos las frambuesas las fresas los frutos secos el limón la manzana los melocotones el melón la naranja el pomelo los plátanos el tomate las uvas Fruit (in season) cherries plums raspberries strawberries dried fruits lemon apple peaches melon orange grapefruit bananas tomato grapes Comprando comida ¿Qué desea? ¿Cuánto(s)/a(s) quiere? ¿Algo más? Quisiera … Buying food What would you like? How much/many would you like? Is that all? I’d like … Deme … medio kilo de estos/esos/ aquellos melocotones un kilo de estas/ esas/aquellas uvas 100 gramos de jamón una barra de pan una bolsa de patatas fritas una botella de agua mineral una caja de queso una docena de huevos una lata de naranjada un paquete de cereales ¿Cuánto es? ¿Cuánto cuesta? Hay una cola grande. autoservicio Give me… half a kilo of these/those/ those (over there) peaches a kilo of these/those/ those (over there) grapes 100 grams of ham a loaf of bread a bag of crisps a bottle of mineral water a box of cheese a dozen eggs a can of orangeade a packet of cereal How much is it? How much does it cost? There’s a large queue. self – service All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 82 SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – Las Enfermedades Enfermedades Illnesses EL SIDA AIDS La obesidad infantil El cáncer de piel child obesity skin cancer Me duele ….. el brazo la cara el dedo el estómago el ojo el pie el tobillo la boca la cabeza la espalda la garganta la mano la nariz la pierna la rodilla Me duele desde hace dos días. Me duelen los oídos. Tengo dolor de muelas. Me siento mal/fatal. Estoy constipado/a. Estoy enfermo/a. Estoy mareado/a. Tengo catarro. Tengo diarrea. Tengo fiebre. Tengo gripe. Tengo una insolación. Tengo tos. No tengo hambre. Tengo una contusion Marearse Me he cortado la rodilla. Me he hecho daño en la nariz. Me he quemado la boca. Me he roto la pierna/el brazo Me he torcido el tobillo. La sangre La calentura Las ampollas My ….. is hurting. arm face finger stomach eye foot ankle mouth head back throat hand nose leg knee It’s been hurting for two days. My ears are hurting. I have toothache. I feel bad/awful. I have a cold. I’m ill. I feel dizzy.. I have a cold. I have diarrhoea. I have a temperature/fever I have flu. I have sunstroke. I have a cough. I don’t feel hungry. I have a bruise to feel sick I’ve cut my knee. I’ve hurt my nose I’ve burnt my mouth. I’ve broken my leg/arm I’ve twisted my ankle. blood fcold sore / temperature blisters Remedios Remedies Tome unas aspirinas. Tome estas pastillas/este jarabe. Póngase esta crema. Quédese en la cama/en casa. Tiene que ir a la farmacia/ al hospital. al medico Beba mucha agua. Tome dos cucharadas al día, después de comer. Hay que tomar estas pastillas cuatro veces al día. ¿Hay efectos secundarios? Tengo una alergía a…. ¿Tiene tiritas? Le escayolaron la pierna La escayola ¿Tiene algo para las picaduras? Take some aspirin. Take these tablets/this cough medicine. Apply this cream. Stay in bed/at home. Go to the chemist’s/ the hospital. to the doctor’s Drink a lot of water. Take two spoonfuls a day, after meals. You must take these tablets four times a day Are there any side effects? I have an allergy to ……. Do you have any sticking plasters? They put his leg in plaster. plaster cast Do you have anything for stings/bites? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 83 SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – La Vida Sana La vida sana Healthy living No se debe acostarse tarde. You shouldn’t go to bed late. No se debe comer mucha You shouldn’t eat a lot of junk food. comida basura. No se debe fumar cigarillos You shouldn’t smoke cigarettes or take drugs. ni tomar drogas. Se debe beber menos You should drink less alcohol and more water. alcohol y más agua. Se debe comer más fruta, las verduras You should eat more fruit, vegetables and cereals and less fat. y cereales y menos grasa. Se debe controlar el estrés. You should control your stress levels. Se debe dormir ocho horas. You should get 8 hours’ sleep. Se debe evitar beber You should avoid drinking demasiado café. too much coffee. Se debe hacer ejercicio tres You should take exercise three veces a la semana. times a week. (No) Estoy en forma. I’m (not) in good shape. Nunca me relajo. I never relax. Estoy estresado/a. I’m stressed. Estoy preocupado/a. I’m worried. Llevo una vida bastante sana. I lead quite a healthy life. Soy vegetariano/a. I’m a vegetarian. Tengo un vicio: I have a weakness: me encanta el chocolate I love chocolate. SET YOURSELF A TARGET FOR REVIEWING AND LEARNING VOCABULARY. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 84 SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – Freetime EL TIEMPO DE OCIO En mis ratos libres/ en mi tiempo libre Los Deportes Sports Los Pasatiempos Hobbies Los deportes acuáticos water sports el baile/la danza/bailar dance el equipo team el ajedrez chess el partido game la lectura/leer reading el resultado result los dardos darts el empate draw ir de pesca/pescar to go fishing la competencia competition el dibujo/dibujar drawing el esquí ski-ing tocar la batería to play the drums el patinaje sobre hielo ice skating el patinaje skating escuchar música to listen to music la piscina swimming pool ver la television to watch television la natación swimming la equitacón horse-riding coleccionar sellos/monedas to collect stamps/coins el esquí acuático water ski-ing sacar fotos to take photographs el windsurf windsurfing jugar con el ordenador to go on the computer el piragüismo canoeing navegar por el internet to surf the web la vela sailing ir al concierto to go to a concert el alpinismo climbing ir al espectáculo to go to a show el atletismo athletics ir de marcha to go out on the town el jugador player la pista de hielo ice rink la pista court el hipódromo horse racing track el béisbol baseball la bolera bowling alley el baloncesto basketball los bolos bowling el footing jogging el fútbol el balonmano la gimnasia el hockey el voleibol el ciclismo el tenis LEISURE TIME In my free time football handball gymnastics hockey volleyball cycling tennis All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 85 la carrera el espectador el / la hincha el árbitro la copa la medulla el trofeo el campeonato el campeón el torneo la plaza de toros la corrida el torero/matador boxear andar en monopatín montar a caballo race spectator supporter referee cup medal trophy championship champion tournament bullring bullfight bullfighter to box (to) go skateboarding to go horse-riding Soy vago/a no hago mucho ejercicio - I am lazy, I don’t do much exer Shopping Opiniones Opinions Odio los hipermercados. I hate hypermarkets. Hay mucha variedad. There’s a lot of variety. Hay demasiada gente. There are too many people. Los precios son más bajos. The prices are lower. Todos son idénticos. They’re all the same. Venden lo mismo. They sell the same things. Los centros no tienen carácter. Shopping centres lack character. Los centros comerciales están en las afueras. The shopping centres are on the oustskirts. Hay que usar el coche. You have to use the car. Es más divertido. It’s more fun. Las tiendas cierran muy tarde. The shops close very late. Tienen todas las marcas famosas. They have all the famous brands. En el mercado tienes que regatear mucho. At the market you have to haggle a lot Recuerdos/regalos un abanico una bufanda las castañuelas un CD el delantal un llavero la loción par después del afeitado una muñeca el perfume un reloj (barato) un sombrero una tarjeta postal los sellos/ las monedas las gafas de sol una toalla Souvenirs/gifts a fan a scarf castanets CD apron a key ring aftershave a doll perfume a (cheap) watch a hat postcard stamps/coins sunglasses a towel All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 86 SOCIETY –LIFESTYLE – Freetime SHOPPPING Dinero de bolsillo Pocket money Gasto el dinero en CDs, y vídeos I spend my money on CDs and videos. Compro ropa, juegos de I buy clothes, computer games, ordenador, tebeos, revistas comics, magazines y caramelos. and sweets. Gasto el dinero en salir al cine , I spend my money on going out: to the cinema. Ahorro el dinero para comprar I’m saving my money to buy a computer. un ordenador. Ahorrar/gastar to save/ to spend Malgastar to waste Opiniones Opinions A mí me encanta el fútbol. Es muy emocionante. Prefiero las películas de acción. El cine es caro. Me encantaría ir. Bueno, no lo sé. Me gustaría más … Me gustaría pero tengo muchos deberes No me gusta nada. ¡Ay, qué bueno! Eres muy majo/a. ¡Fenomenal! ¡Fue superfantástico/ divertidísimo! Me divertí mucho. Me gustó bastante. Fue regular. ¡Qué desastre! ¡Fue fatal! Fue muy emocionante/aburrido. Lo pasé bomba/muy mal. I love football. It’s very exciting. I prefer action films. The cinema is expensive. I’d love to go. Well, I don’t know. I’d rather … I’d like to, but I’ve got lots of homework. I don’t like it at all. Oh, great! You’re very sweet/nice. Great! It was brilliant/really enjoyable! I enjoyed myself a lot. I quite liked it. It was so-so. What a disaster! It was terrible! It was very exciting/boring. I had a great/very bad time. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 87 SOCIETY – MEDIA – La televisión Los programas Programmes el concurso game/quizshow el documental documentary el musical musical la comedia comedy la emisión deportiva sports programme la película de acción/ ciencia ficción action/ science fiction film la película policíaca/romántica detective/romantic film la serie series el programa de tertulia chat show la telenovela/ el culebrón soap (opera) las noticias/telenoticias the news los dibujos animados cartoons los anuncios adverts la publicidad advertising/publicity la television matinal breakfast TV grabar to record entrevistar to interview doblado/subtitulado/versión original (v.o.) dubbed/with subtitles/ original version el canal channel la pantalla the screen el telespectador TV viewer En vivo/en directo live broadcast La televisión terrestre terrrestrial TV La visión gratuita freeview La televisión vía satélite satellite TV Los titulares highlights La televisión por cable cable TV Un abono subscriber Nivel de popularidad, audiencia ratings Abonarse a to subscribe to anunciar to advertise Un descanso publicitario comercial break Fracasar to flop/fail Un reproductor de DVD DVD player Una antena parabólica satellite dish En la tele On TV ¿Qué ponen esta tarde? What’s on tonight? ¿A qué hora lo ponen? What time is it on? Creo que la televisión es I think TV is educational/dangerous. educativa/peligrosa. Creo que es una pérdida de tiempo. I think it’s a waste of time. Hay demasiada violencia. There’s too much violence. ¿Dónde está el mando a distancia? Where’s the remote control? Prefiero escuchar la radio/leer. I prefer to listen to the radio/read. ¿De qué se trata? What is it about? Se trata de … It’s about … Es una historia de amor/ amistad/guerra. It’s a story about love/ friendship/war. una (super)estrella a (super)star quedarse pegado al televisor to be glued to the televisión set No tengo tiempo para hacer nada. I don’t have any time to do anything. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 88 SOCIETY – MEDIA – La prensa; La tecnología La prensa The press el periódico newspaper el periodista journalist la cartelera entertainments page saltar a los titulares to hit the headlines la revista magazine el tebeo comic Es una revista mensual/semanal. It’s a monthly/weekly magazine. Sale todas las semanas. It comes out every week. Teléfono Móvil Mobile Phone tarjeta card contrato contract teléfono fijo fixed line compañias telefónicas service providers. mensaje de texto text message tarifa plana flat rate tarifa franja horario time scale plan plan del grupo group plan WAP WAP SMS SMS tonos ringtone polifonico polyphonic manos libres hands free tarjeta SIM SIM card Tarifas tarjeta prepago Prepaid tariff Tarifas de contrato sin compromiso No fixed term contract Recarga tu saldo Top up All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 89 SOCIETY – MEDIA – La tecnología Las tecnologías de comunicación To delete The internet A mobile phone PDA/blackberry A web, net MP3 player An i-pod To browse Browser Online To go on MSN To chat online Forum Chatroom Network Digital Laptop an e-mail A digital camera To download To copy illegally To click A link To cut and paste To print To censor Censorship Freedom Parental control A password Username Web page Web site Free Web user To e-mail To surf To surf the net To attach Text message Broadband Wireless Junk mail Electronic devices Gadgets Voice Mail ATM/Cash Machine Home page To save/store Borrar -El internet -Un teléfono móvil -Un PDA/blackberry -La red -Un reproductor/tocador de MP3 -Un i-pod -Hojear -Buscador -En línea Conectarse al MSN -Chatear -Un foro el canal de charla -La red -Digital Un ordenador portátil -Un e-mail -Una cámara digital -Descargar -Copiar ilegalmente, plagiar -Hacer click -Una conexión -Cortar y pegar -Imprimir -Censurar -La censura -La libertad -El control de padres -Una contraseña -Un usuario -Una página web -Un sitio web -Gratis -Un usuario de la red -Escribir un e-mail surfear navegar la red adjuntar un mensaje de texto la banda ancha inálambrico el correo basura dispositivos electrónicos aparatos/artilugios mensaje en el contestador cajero automático página digital archivar/guardar All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 90 SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP TOWN & COUNTRY El pueblo/La ciudad The town/city El ciudadano Norte / sur / este / oeste Noreste /oeste sureste/ oeste animado/a bullicioso concurrido sucio/a limpio/a ruidoso/a tranquilo/a industrial ocupado/a pintoresco/a precioso/bonito/hermoso rural contaminado/a turístico/a antiguo/a moderno/a No hay mucho que hacer. Hay muchas diversiones. Hay mucho turismo. contaminación desempleo cultura pintadas Lo bueno/ Lo malo es (que) … Lo aburrido es (que) … Prefiero vivir en el campo/al aire libre El paisaje es muy precioso citizen north / south / east / west north east / west / south east /west lively bustling crowded dirty clean noisy quiet industrial busy picturesque pretty rural polluted touristy old modern There isn’t a lot to do. There’s a lot of entertainment. There’s a lot of tourism. pollution unemployment cultura grafitti The good thing is (that) … The bad thing is (that) The boring thing is (that) … I prefer living in the countryside/ in the open air The scenery/landscape is lovely. El Transporte Transport Voy andando/a pie En avión en autobus/en autocar en bicicleta en coche en helicóptero en metro en tren en barco en camión en moto(cicleta) en tranvía en teleférico a pie Las tiendas están a unos quinientos metros. La estación está a unos cinco minutos andando. Tardo una hora en llegar. El viaje dura cuarenta minutos. Está cerca/lejos. I walk. by plane by bus/by coach by bike by car by helicopter by underground by train by boat by lorry by motorbike by tram by cable car on foot The shops are about 500 hundred metres away. The station is about five minutes’ walk away. It takes me an hour to get there. The journey takes forty minutes. It’s nearby/a long way. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 91 SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP – La Ciudad y El Campo TOWN AND COUNTRY TOWN AND COUNTRY Problemas Problems Un atraco/un robo/un delito La circulación/el tráfico El embotellamiento/atasco El coche tiene una avería Tengo un pinchazo un accidente entre un camión y un coche Una moto chocó con un un péaton Un retraso de El control de carretera Un choque en la autopista La matrícula Un aviso Los heridos/ilesos El testigo Una manifestación/huelga El cambio de rueda Una multa a hold-up/a robbery/ a crime traffic traffic jam the car has broken down I have a puncture an accident involving a lorry and a car a motorbike crashed into a pedestrian a delay of roadblock collision/crash on the motorway registration plate/ number an announcement/ notice the injured/uninjured witness a demonstration/ strike spare wheel a fine Direcciones ¿Por dónde se va a … ? Siga todo recto en el cruce. Tuerza a la izquierda/derecha. Cruce la plaza. Tome la primera/ segunda/tercera calle Pase el puente/los semáforos. Doble la esquina. Está delante/detrás/al lado/ enfrente de Está entre … y … Está cerca/lejos (de …) Está a … kilómetros. Hay que coger el metro/el bus. ¿Cuánto tiempo hace falta? Está a cinco minutos. Directions How do I get to … ? Carry straight on at the crossroads. Turn left/right. Cross the square. Take the first/second/third street. Go over the bridge/the lights. Turn the corner. It’s in front of/behind/beside/ facing … It’s between … and … It’s near/a long way (from …) It’s … kilometres away. You have to take the metro/the bus. How long does it take? It’s five minutes away. El transporte público Public transport ¿Por dónde se va a la estación? ¿Cuánto cuesta un billete de ida? ¿A qué hora sale el primer/último/ próximo autobús/tren? ¿A qué hora llega? ¿De qué andén/vía sale? Quisiera un billete de ida y vuelta ¿Qué tipo de billete quiere? Un billete sencillo ¿Cuántas paradas hay? Tengo un bonobús/abono seminal / mensual Soy automovilista pero en Madrid viajo en metro No me gustan las carreteras de peaje How do I get to the station? How much is a single ticket? What time does the first/last/ next bus/train leave? What time does it arrive? What platform does it leave from? I’d like a return ticket. What type of ticket would you like? A single ticket How many stops are there? I have a (weekly/monthly) bus pass/ travel pass I am amotorist but in Madrid I travel by the underground/subway. I don’t like toll roads. Opiniones sobre el transporte El tren es cómodo/ruidoso/limpio. Prefiero los taxis porque son más rápidos Voy en coche. Me gusta la independencia. Voy andando o en bici. Hay demasiada contaminación. La gente me molesta. Había demasiada gente El vuelo era muy incómodo Los vuelos de bajo coste Las compañ ías de líneas aéreas de bajo coste El desfase Opinions about transport The train is comfortable/noisy/clean. I prefer taxis because they are quicker. I go by car. I like the independence. I go on foot or by bike. There’s too much pollution. People bother me. There were too many people The flight was very uncomfortable low cost/budget flights Budget airlines jetlag All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 92 SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP – El Medio Ambiente EL MEDIO AMBIENTE TheEnvironment recargable reciclable el reciclaje los residuos orgánicos el espray sucio la Tierra tóxico el tráfico el transporte, el uso el vehículo apagar ayudar contaminar dañar desaparecer biodegradable encender ensuciar malgastar matar producir proteger reciclar recoger reducir reutilizar salvar separar la basura tirar usar utilizar transportar rechargeable recyclable recycling waste spray dirty Earth toxic traffic transport use vehicle to turn off to help to pollute to damage to disappear biodegradable to turn on to dirty to waste to kill to produce to protect to recycle to collect to reduce to reuse to save to separate rubbish to throw away to use to use to transport All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 93 SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP – El Medio Ambiente El medio ambiente The environment Me preocupo de la calidad de vida la contaminación del aire contaminante los ríos contaminados los deshechos el ruido el peligro el medio de transporte la gasolina (sin plomo) el reciclaje estropear la desaparición de las selvas tropicales I am worried about quality of life air pollution polluting polluted rivers waste noise danger means of transport (unleaded) petrol recycling to spoil the disappearance of the rainforests Para mejorar el medio ambiente To improve the environment Se deben reciclar botellas y papel. Se debe ducharse en vez de tomar un baño. Se debe usar menos el coche. Se deben apagar las luces y desenchufar los electrodomésticos Se deben comprar. productos ecólogicos Se debe hacerse miembro de un grupo ecologista. Los incendios/fuegos La inundación El recalentaamiento del planeta El calentamiento global El terremoto We should recycle bottles and paper. We should take a shower instead of a bath El entorno La capa de ozono La lluvia ácida La contaminación acústica La contaminación ambiental La contminacioó atmósferica La cadena alimentaria surroundings the ozone layer acid rain noise pollution environmental pollution air pollution the food chain We should use the car less. We should switch off the lights and unplug appliances. We should buy organic products. We should join an environmental group. fires flood global warming global warming earthquake All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 94 LEARNING –EDUCATION – El Instituto Asignaturas los idiomas/las lenguas los idiomas extranjeros las lenguas extranjeras el alemán /el español el francés/el inglés las ciencias la biología/ la física/la química el comercio el deporte/ la educación física el dibujo el diseño la filosofía el teatro la cocina la geografía la historia la informática la música la política la religión la tecnología los trabajos manuales las matemáticas el curso práctico el recreo Subjects languages foreign languages foreign languages German/Spanish French/ English science(s) biology /physics /chemistry business studies sport/Physical Education art design philosophy drama food technology/ home economics/ cooking geography history ICT music politics religión/RE technology CDT/ technical maths practical subject/course break Opiniones A mí me gustan las matemáticas. Prefiero el diseño. Me encanta el comercio. Se me da bien el español. Me gusta bastante el inglés. Odio la física. No me gusta nada la música. Me gusta la informática porque … es fácil. es útil. es interesante. el profesor es simpático No me gusta la geografía porque es aburrida. es difícil. la profesora es estricta/antipática. Opinions I like maths. I prefer design. I love business studies. I’m good at Spanish. I quite like English. I hate physics. I don’t like music at all. I like ICT because … it’s easy. It’s useful. it’s interesting. the teacher is nice I don’t like geography because … it’s boring. it’s difficult. the teacher is strict/not very nice. Instrucciones Classroom instructions Cállate, silencio por favor. Escribid la fecha y el título. Escuchad y mirad la pizarra. Habla en español. Lee en silencio. Pasad. Quítate la chaqueta. Sacad el cuaderno y el bolígrafo, por favor. Sentaos. Levanta la mano Be quiet, silence please. Write the date and the title. Listen and look at the board. Speak in Spanish. Read in silence. Come in. Take off your jacket/coat. Take out your exercise book and pen, please. Sit down. Put your hand up All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 95 LEARNING –EDUCATION – El Instituto Reglas en el colegio School rules No se puede hablar. We aren’t allowed to speak. Se debe llegar a tiempo. We must arrive on time. No nos dejan fumar. They don’t let us smoke. No se pueden llevar joyas. We aren’t allowed to wear jewellery. Si nos portamos mal, tenemos que If we misbehave, we have to trabajar durante el recreo. During the break. Los teléfonos móviles están prohibidos Mobile phones are banned. Mandan cartas a tus padres si te portas mal. They send letters to your parents if you misbehave. Actividades Extraescolares Extra-curricular activities el taller de arte/música art/music workshop Hay un club de … There’s a … club. ajedrez chess fotografía photography idiomas languages informática computer periodismo journalism teatro drama baile/danza dance el coro y la orquesta choir and orchestra los deportes sports baloncesto basketball balonmano handball fútbol football gimnasia gymnastics natación swimming tenis tennis voleibol volleyball hay aproximamente mil estudiantes de entre doce y There are around 1000 students between 12 and 18 dieciocho años years old El inglés es demasiado difícil English is too difficult El instituto necesita más tecnología nueva The school needs more new technology Hay un biblioteca donde se puede estudiar There is a library where you can study quietly tranquilamente Me gusta la biologia porque me interesan las I like biology because science interests me and the ciencias y el profesor es bromista teacher is a joker Es importante centrarse en exámenes It is important to focus on exams All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 96 LEARNING –EDUCATION – El Instituto Una descripción del colegio A description of my school El colegio/instituto se llama… The school is called………………. Es masculino/femenino/mixto. It’s a boys’/girls’/mixed school. Es antiguo/moderno. It’s old/modern. Hay sesenta profesores y mil alumnos. There are sixty teachers and a thousand pupils Llevo uniforme. I wear a uniform. No hay uniforme. There’s no uniform. Hay … There is/are … aulas classrooms una biblioteca a library campos de fútbol football pitches una cancha de baloncesto a basketball court un comedor a dining room un gimnasio a gym laboratorios laboratories un patio a playground una piscina a swimming pool una sala de profesores a staff room A la derecha/izquierda está el/la … On the right/left is the … Al lado están los/las … Next door are the … En el centro hay … In the middle there is/are … Las clases empiezan a las ocho. Lessons begin at 8. Las clases terminan a las seis. Lessons finish at 6. Las clases duran una hora. Lessons last one hour. Hay recreo a las once. There’s break at 11. El recreo dura media hora. Break lasts half an hour. Los alumnos/ Los estudiantes La universidad La guardería Maestro/maestra Aprobar/suspender los examénes/ Sacar buenas notas La prueba Ser analfabeto El ciudadano pupils/students university nursery primary school teacher to pass exams/fail exams to get good marks test (in plural it sometimes means proof) to be illiterate citizen All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 97 EMPLOYABILITY- JOBS – Oficios/empleos/puestos Puestos de trabajo Jobs En el futuro quiero ser … In the future, I want to be a … abogado albañil azafata bombero camarero/a cirujano conductor/chófer cantante carpintero/a cocinero/a contador/a dependiente/a deportista diseñador(a) empleado electricista enfermero/a farmacéutico/a funcionario/a granjero/a hombre/mujer de negocios ingeniero mecánico médico músico obrero periodista peluquero/a policía profesor/a recepcionista traductor/a lawyer bricklayer air cabin crew fireman waiter/waitress surgeon driver singer joiner cook/chef accountant shop assistant sportsman/woman designer clerk/office worker/employee/worker electrician nurse pharmacist civil servant farmer businessman/woman engineer mechanic doctor musician workman journalist hairdresser policeman/policewoman teacher receptionist translator All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 98 EMPLOYABILITY- El Trabajo - Work Un trabajo a tiempo parcial Part-time jobs No es mi carrera elegida motos) el camarero/la camarera el/la canguro el dependiente/la dependienta el peluquero/la peluquera el/la recepcionista el cartero/la cartera el socorrista o el/la salvavidas It is not my chosen career. (carrera can also mean race e.g. carrera de Trabajo en … un garaje/un hotel un mercado/un supermercado un mercadillo un puesto una cafetería una peluquería una tienda una organización cariativa unos grandes almacenes. Trabajo en casa. waiter/waitress childminder shop assistant hairdresser receptionist postman/woman lifeguard I work in a … garage/hotel market/supermarket street market a stall café hairdresser’s shop charity organisation department store. I work at home. Es fácil/interesante/variado. Es aburrido/difícil. Es bien/mal pagado. Me encanta. Me interesa. Me aburre Me gusta muchísimo/ mucho/bastante. No me gusta nada No me gusta en absoluto Lo odio. No lo aguanto Me ocupo de niños Reparto periódicos/leche. Vendo cosas. Trabajo duro/muchas horas. Gano €70/bastante. Mis padres me dan €35 a la semana/al mes. (No) Me gusta el trabajo porque está bien/mal pagado. Tengo un trabajo a tiempo parcial. Las condiciones de trabajo La formación Con experiencia Solicitar un (puesto de) trabajo Salario/sueldo Una entrevista Por hora El contrato eventual El paquete de prestaciones El periodo de prueba La seguridad en el puesto It’s easy/interesting/varied. It’s boring/difficult. It’s well/bady paid. I love it. I find it interesting. it bores me I like it very much indeed/ very much/quite a lot. I really don’t like it. I don’t like it at all I hate it. I can’t stand it I look after little children. I deliver newspapers/milk. I sell things. I work hard/long hours. I earn €70/quite a bit. My parents give me €35 a week/month. I (don’t) like the job because it’s well/badly paid. I have a part-time job. terms of employment training with experience to apply for a job salary/wages an interview per hour a temporary contract benefits package trial period job security All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 99 EMPLOYABILITY- WORK EXPERIENCE & FUTURE PLANS Prácticas laborales Work experience Hice mis prácticas en una oficina Me trataron bien/mal. Pasaba mi tiempo trabajando/ escribiendo Para mí fue una pérdida de tiempo. A mí me gustó muchísimo. I did my work experience in an office They treated me well/badly. I spent my time working/ writing. For me, it was a waste of time. I enjoyed it very much indeed. Me llevé muy bien con mis colegas I got on well with my colleagues El año que viene Next year Voy a seguir estudiando. No voy a estudiar más. Preferiría buscar un empleo. Me gustaría tomar un año de descanso Voy a hacer/seguir unos cursillos de formación profesionales. I’m going to carry on studying. I’m not going to carry on studying. I’d prefer to look for a job. I’d like to take a year out. I’m going to take some vocational courses. Las Ambiciones Ambitions Me gustaría trabajar al aire libre. Me gustaría ser policía. No me importa la responsabilidad. Preferiría trabajar en equipo/solo. Busco un trabajo flexible y bien pagado Quiero hacer algo útil en la vida. Quiero trabajar en una oficina/con la gente Me gustaría un trabajo con variedad. Me gustan las cosas técnicas. Me encantaría ser médico/a. I’d like to work in the open air. I’d like to be in the police force. I don’t mind taking responsibility. I’d prefer to work in a team/alone. I’m looking for a flexible job that’s well paid. I want to do something useful in life. I want to work in an office/with people. I’d like a job with variety. I like technical things. I’d love to be a doctor. Planes para el futuro Plans for the future Quiero casarme y tener una familia. I want to get married and have a family No quiero casarme. I don’t want to get married. (No) creo en el matrimonio. I (don’t) believe in marriage. En cinco años estaré en la universidad. In five years’ time I’ll be at university Cuando salga del colegio/abandone mis estudios When I leave school I’m going to get voy a trabajar. I Cuando sea mayor trabajaré en el extranjero When I’m older/grown up I’ll work abroad. Cuando sea mayor me gustaría trabajar en el extranjero porque…………… En el futuro no trabajaré como recepcionista porque……….. Cuando tenga (treinta) años seré rico/a. When I’m (thirty) I’ll be rich. Cuando termine en la universidad me casaré y When I finish university I’ll get married and have children tendré hijos. No sé qué voy a hacer. I don’t know what I’m going to do. Quiero tocar el gordo en la lotería I want to win the jackpot on the lottery. Quisiera trabajar en un país del tercer mundo I’d like to work in a third world country. Cuando sea mayor seré rico/pobre When I am older I will be rich/poor. Preferiría trabajar con los niños, quizás seré maestro Cuando sea mayor me gustaría trabajar en el extranjero porque…………… All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 100 EMPLOYABILITY- JOB APPLICATIONS/CV – Las solicitudes Adjectives – describing your character Diría que soy una persona ........ I would say that I am a …...........person… ambicioso ambitious abierto alegre altruista amigable agradable atento, inteligente, concienzudo comprensivo comunicativo hablador consistente, dinámico, decidido, dedicado entusiasta, energético, experimentado, fiel, generoso, bondadoso organizado, apasionado professional confiable ingenioso, respetuoso agudo, sincero, diestro, diligente educado trabjador seguro de mí mismo digno de confianza punctual open happy altruistic, unselfish friendly pleasant attentive, thoughtful intelligent conscientious undestanding communicative talkative consistent dynamic determined dedicated, devoted enthusiastic energetic experienced faithful, loyal generous/kind kind organised passionate professional reliable, trustworthy ingenious respectful keen sincere skilful diligent/hard working polite/ hard working confident trustworthy punctual All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 101 CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones Norte / sur / este / oeste Noreste /oeste sureste/ oeste En la costa/ las montañas/en el campo animado/a bullicioso concurrido sucio/a limpio/a ruidoso/a tranquilo/a industrial ocupado/a pintoresco/a precioso/bonito/hermoso pujante rural turístico/a antiguo/a moderno/a No hay mucho que hacer. Hay much que hacer para los jóvenes Hay muchas diversiones. Hay much marcha La movida nocturna Hay mucho turismo/cultura Lo bueno/ Lo malo es (que) … Lo aburrido es (que) … El paisaje es muy precioso El Transporte north / south / east / west north east / west / south east /west on the coast/ in the mountains/ in the countryside lively bustling crowded dirty clean noisy quiet industrial busy picturesque pretty thriving rural touristy old modern There isn’t a lot to do. There’s a lot to do for young people. There’s a lot of entertainment. there’s the night life There’s a lot of tourism/culture. The good thing is (that) … The bad thing is (that) The boring thing is (that) … The scenery/landscape is lovely. Transport Voy andando. I go on foot. En avión by plane en autobus/en autocar by bus/by coach en bicicleta by bike en coche by car en helicóptero by helicopter en metro by underground en tren by train en barco by boat en camión by lorry en moto(cicleta) by motorbike en tranvía by tram en teleférico by cable car a pie on foot Las tiendas están a unos quinientos metros. The shops are about 500 hundred metres away. La estación está a unos cinco minutos andando. The station is about five minutes’ walk away. Tardo una hora en llegar. It takes me an hour to get there. El viaje dura cuarenta minutos. The journey takes forty minutes. Está cerca/lejos. It’s nearby/a long way. En la oficina de turismo In the tourist office Quisiera un mapa de la región. un plano del pueblo/de la ciudad un folleto de excursiones un horario de trenes/autocares una lista de hoteles/hostales una lista de campings una lista de albergues/ restaurantes ¿A qué hora abre/cierra el parque? I’d like a map of the area/region a town/city plan an excursions brochure a train/coach timetable a list of hotels/guesthouses a list of campsites a list of youth hostels/restaurants What time does the park open/close? All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 102 CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones Sitios en el pueblo Places in town El aeropuerto los (grandes) almacenes la bahía el banco la bolera el buzón Correos los edificios el aeropuerto el ayuntamiento la carnicería el castillo el centro comercial el cine el estadio la farmacia la heladería el hogar de ancianos el hospital el lago los monumentos históricos el museo la parada de autobuses la parada de taxis el palacio la panadería la pastelería el parque de atracciones/temático el paseo maritímo la pescadería el polideportivo/centro de deportes el puerto la playa el río el (super)mercado el teatro la zapatería el zoo la biblioteca la librería la catedral la comisaría la discoteca la estación de trenes/de RENFE la estación autocares/autobuses la fábrica la fuente la iglesia la plaza (mayor/principal) la plaza de toros la pizzería la tienda los jardines el paisaje la calle (estrecha/ancha) airport department store(s) bay bank bowling post box post office buildings airport town hall butcher’s castle shopping centre cinema stadium chemist ice-cream shop/parlour old- folks home hospital lake historical monuments museum bus stop taxi rank palace baker’s cake shop amusement park/theme park promenade fishmonger’s sports centre port/harbour beach river (super)market theatre shoe shop zoo library book shop cathedral police station disco railway station bus/coach station factory fountain church (main) square bull ring pizza restaurant shop gardens scenery/landscape (narrow/wide) street All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 103 CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones En mis próximas vacaciones Estamos/estoy planeando donde no he estado antes ir de vacaciones ir al extranjero ir al Caribe ir de crucero pasar las vacaciones veranear en verano un veraneante El viaje organizado Las medusas El socorrista For my next holidays we are planning/I am planning where I haven’t been before to go on holiday to go abroad to go to the Carribean to go on a cruise to spend the holidays to spend the summer in summer holidaymaker package tour jellyfish lifeguard Actividades Activities Nadar to swim Tomar el sol to sunbathe Broncearse to get a suntan Tumbar en el sol to lie in the sun Bucear to dive Practicar deportes acuáticos to do wáter sports Banarse to bathe Tumbar en el sol to lie in the sun ¿Adónde fuiste? Where did you go? Fui a la costa./ a la montaña/ al extranjero I went to the coast/ to the mountains/ abroad a España/Francia/Inglaterra/Alemania toSpain/France/England/Germany. Me quedé en casa. I stayed at home. Pasé un fin de semana, I spent a weekend, una semana/ quince días/ un mes a week/fortnight/month Me alojé en casa de amigos. I stayed with some friends. un albergue juvenil/camping/hostal a youth hostel/a campsit/guesthouse or budget hotel un hotel de lujo/cinco estrellas a ( luxury five star) hotel Tomé el sol en la playa. I sunbathed on the beach. Nadé en el mar I swam in the sae Di una vuelta en bicicleta. I went for a bike ride. Saqué foto de los monumentos históricos I took photos of historical landmarks/monuments Visité castillos/ museos/ Iglesias. I visited castles/ museums/ churches Fuimos de paseo We went for a walk Damos una vuelta We went for a stroll Hicimos autostop We hitch-hiked Opiniones Las ventajas y desventajas/inconvenientes Fue muy lento/sucio/ bonito. Fue aburridísimo. Interesantísimo/ rapidísimo Fue estupendo/fatal. Lo pasé bomba. Opinions advantages and disadvantages It was very slow/dirty/nice. It was extremely boring. really interesting/ incredibly quick It was great/terrible. I had a fantastic time. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 104 CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones – Good for Listening Practice Direcciones Directions ¿Por dónde se va a … ? How do I get to … ? Siga todo recto en el cruce. Carry straight on at the crossroads. Tuerza a la izquierda/derecha. Turn left/right. Cruce la plaza. Cross the square. Tome la primera/ segunda/tercera calle Take the first/second/third street. Pase el puente/los semáforos. Go over the bridge/the lights. Doble la esquina. Turn the corner. Está delante/detrás/al lado/ enfrente de It’s in front of/behind/beside/ facing … Está entre … y … It’s between … and … Está cerca/lejos (de …) It’s near/a long way (from …) Está a … kilómetros. It’s … kilometres away. Hay que coger el metro/el bus. You have to take the metro/the bus. ¿Cuánto tiempo hace falta? How long does it take? Está a cinco minutos. It’s five minutes away. Reservando alojamiento Reserving accommodation Quisiera I’d like una habitación individual/doble a single/double room con vistas al mar/balcón with a sea view/balcony aire acondicionado/ caja fuerte air conditioning/safe el ascensor the lift Quisiera una parcela para I’d like a pitch for una tienda y una caravana. a tent and caravan. Quisiera pasar tres noches I’d like to spend three nights en el albergue. in the youth hostel. Queremos pasar una semana/ We want to spend a week/ quince días en el hostal, fortnight in the guesthouse, del … al … de agosto. from … to … August. pensión completa full board media pensión half board El camping dispone de … The campsite has … Muchas instalaciones/facilidades lots of facilities El alquiler de bicicletas bike hire agua caliente hot wáter agua potable drinking water un bloque sanitario a toilet block los campos de deporte sports pitches las duchas showers la lavandería laundry la piscina cubierta indoor pool la piscina al aire libre outdoor/ open-air pool la piscina climatizada heated swimming pool las tiendas tents la cafetería cafetería la sala de fiestas nightclub la sala de juegos games room el parque infantil children’s playpark un espectáculo de fuegos artificiales a fireworks display/show un espectáculo de baile flamenco a flamenco dancing show All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 105 CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones – El Tiempo El tiempo The weather el pronóstico el clima Hace buen/mal tiempo. Hace calor/frío/sol/viento Hay neblina/niebla. Hay tormenta Hay chubascos (aislados) Llueve/está lloviendo Llover a cántaros Nieva/está nevando La lluvia/la nieve/el trueno/relámpago the weather forecast climate The weather is fine/bad. It’s hot/cold/sunny/windy It’s misty/foggy. It’s stormy. There are (scattered) showers/squall It’s raining to rain cats and dogs It’s snowing rain/snow/thunder/lightning Los grados La temperatura Está helando degrees temperature It’s freezing. El cielo estará despejado. El cielo estará nublado. Habrá vientos fuertes. Habrá una tormenta. Habrá sol / niebla. Habrá calor / frío. The sky will be clear. The sky will be cloudy There will be strong winds. There will be a storm. It will be sunny / foggy. It will be hot / cold. Ayer era parcialmente nublado La temperatura es menos quince grados La humedad Es un día de perros Es un díá soleado Un chaparrón Yesterday it was partially cloudy. Tthe temperature is minus fifteen degrees. humidity/dampness It’s a lousy day. It’s a sunny day. a downpour. Quejas en el hotel Complaints in the hotel No hay jabón. No había papel higiénico. No hay/había toallas. La luz/La llave no funciona. El ascensor no funciona. El aseo no funcionaba. La cama está sucia. La habitación estaba sucia. Las sábanas están sucias Hay/Había mucho ruido. Quiero cambiar de habitación. Quiero un descuento. El hotel ya no acepta cheques Lo siento, el hotel está completo. Quiero hablar con el director/jefe. No puedo cambiar cheques de viajar Quiero rellenar su libro de reclamaciones There’s no soap. There was no toilet paper. There are/were no towels. The light/key isn’t working. The lift isn’t working. The toilet wasn’t working. The bed is dirty. The room was dirty. The sheets are dirty. There is/was a lot of noise. I want to change rooms. I want a discount. The hotel no longer accepts cheques. I’m sorry, the hotel is full. I want to speak to the manager/boss I can’t change travellers’cheques I want to fill in your complaints book. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 106 CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones Nunca había viajado en avión – I had never travelled by plane. El viaje duró tres y media y me horas – the journey took 31/2 hours Hubo un retraso de dos horas a causa de la niebla – there was a delay of 2 hours because of the fog. Fue una experiencia inolvidable – unforgettable Si tuviera el dinero volvería el verano que viene – if I have the money I would go next year Lo pasé tan bien que no podré olvidar jamás esas vacaciones – I had such good fun I’ll never forget these holidays Nunca olvidaré la experiencia I will never forget the experience Ya estoy ahorrando para volver el año que viene – I’m saving for next year Fueron las mejores vacaciones de mi vida – they werebest holidays of my life Era un verdadero paraíso It was a real paradise. Nunca olvidaré la experiencia I will never forget the experience Me gusta coger un ligero bronceado sin tener una insolación - I like to get a light tan without getting burnt. En pleno verano at the height of the summer En pleno sol in fulll sun Sol y sombra sun and shade Por la noche me encantaba nada más que salir de marcha - At night, I loved nothing more than going out on the town Lo que más me gustó hacer era probar las tapas de la región What I liked most, wastrying the local tapas A mi modo de ver las vacaciones son imprescindibles. To my mind holidays are essential All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 107 CULTURE – La cultura Popular – El Cine El cine An actor -Un actor The leading actor El actor principal The principal charcter El protagonista A screen -Una pantalla The (leading) actress la actriz (leading) Popcorn -Las palomitas A comedian -Un cómico A film review -La crítica de una película/cine A director -Un director To make a film -Hacer una película To film -Grabar A film buff -Un entusiasta del cine/ cinéfilo The big screen -La pantalla grande A film-maker -Un cineasta A review -Una crítica A script -Un guión The plot, story -El argumento / la trama A (film) studio -Un estudio de cine To be on -Estar preparado A stunt -Un truco Special effects -Los efectos especiales CG effects -Los efectos CG The soundtrack -La banda sonora To project -Proyectar To act -Actuar Adverts -Los anuncios The trailers -El tráiler Funny -Gracioso In colour -En color In black and white -En blanco y negro Moving -Conmovedor To advertise - Hacer Publicidad, anunciar La interpretación - the performance En la taquilla At the ticket office No apta para menores Apta para personas mayores Para todos los públicos la entrada el estreno la sesión de madrugada días laborables vísperas y festivos el carnet de estudiante el día del espectador venta anticipada ¿Qué ponen? ¿Hay entradas para el circo? ¿A qué hora empieza la primera/última sesión? ¿Hay descuentos para estudiantes? ¿Cuánto cuesta una entrada los sábados? not suitable for young children suitable for adults suitable fopr all ages ticket first showing/performance late performance (early hours) Monday to Friday the day before and day of public holidays student card ‘day of the spectator’ (day when tickets are reduced) advance ticket sales What’s on? Are there any tickets for the circus? What time does the first/ last showing start? Are there discounts for students? How much is a ticket on Saturday All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 108 CULTURE – La cultura popular – El Cine Las películas Films una película de … a/an … film accíon action amor love animación animated cienca ficción science fiction guerra war terror horror miedo terror risa/cómica comedy aventura adventure fantasía fantasy una comedia comedy una película policíaca a detective film la cartelera entertainments page Venta de entradas Box office un cinéfilo a film buff a lo largo de su carrera throughout his/her career El premio de la Academia Academy Award Las críticas Film reviews Se trata de …… it is about Narra/cuenta la historia de it tells the story of Al principio At the beginning Al final at the end El héroe/la heroína hero/heroine El malo the villain La recomendaría a todos I would recommend it to everyone Esta es una película que todos deben ver This is a film everyone should see La primera vez que vi esta película cuando tenía diez años, y desde entonces me la ha encantado. I first saw this film when I was ten and I have loved it ever since. Los personajes principales son muy similares a la gente normal, lo que hace creíble el argumento The main characters are very much like normal people making the story believable Nunca me canso de verla y además no te aburres de ningún momento I never get tired of watching it and you don’t get bored at any time Me encantan todas las películas que tienen un final feliz. I love all films with a happy ending Los Aspectos Culturales Celebrar to celebrate La Navidad Christmas El AñoNuevo New Year Un puente (Literally a bridge) equivalent of a Bank Holiday La feria carnaval.fair El bautizo christening, La boda wedding El aniversario anniversary La fiesta party La fiesta de sorpresa surprise party El cumpleaños birthday La graduación graduation El nacimiento birth La despedida de soltero bachelor party/stag night La despedida de soltera ‘hen’ party La jubilación retirement La ceremonia de entrega de premios award ceremony El premio prize/reward Galardonar to award Otorgar to award All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 109 The Internet can be an invaluable resource for a variety of school subjects as well as revision and study techniques. Many non-commercial organisations provide valuable on-line resources for schools. Included are the equivalent GCSE revision sites which may prove useful. For some sites there may be a subscription fee. Always discuss this with your parents. You Tube and Teacher Tube are good video sites. However, the dept. has subscribed to: www.espanol-extra.co.uk User Name: trinity3 Password: trinidad3 However, should your parents have any concerns about the use of computers and the internet in general, can we suggest the site below which provides useful advice to parents on many aspects of the use of computers and the internet. www.parentscentre.gov.uk/forum/categories.cfm?catid=38 The list below is simply a guide and no endorsements or recommendations have been provided by the school. It is merely a sample representation of what is available on the internet. http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/3272.html past papers http://www.drlemon.com/ http://spanishchecker.com/en/ GOOD TRANSLATION TOOL http://www.colby.edu/~bknelson/SLC/index.php EXCELLENT FOR PRACTISING GRAMMAR http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/spanish/ http://www.spanishunlimited.com/ http://www.uni.edu/becker/Spanish3.html http://conjuguemos.com/home/index.html http://www.spanish4all.com/ http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEducation/NICILT/UsefulLanguageWebsites/Spanish/ www.samlearning.com http://www.spanish.bz/activity-weather.htm http://www.spanishdaddy.com http://www.123teachme.com/ http://www.learn-spanish-online.de/grammar/content/table_of_content.htm http://www.languagesonline.org.uk/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/spanish/ http://www.spanishunlimited.com/ http://www.uni.edu/becker/Spanish3.html All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 110 http://conjuguemos.com/home/index.html http://www.spanish4all.com/ http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEducation/NICILT/UsefulLanguageWebsites/Spanish/ http://www.spanishrevision.co.uk/ http://www.revisionaid.co.uk/directory.php?cat=ks4Spanish http://revisioncentre.co.uk/gcse/spanish/index.html http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/Category:GCSE_Spanish_Revision_Notes www.linguascope.com www.ashcombe.surrey.sch.uk/Curriculum/modlang/videos.htm http://www.dulwich.org.uk/Intranet_Spanish_Document_1.aspx?id=8:147&id=8:146&id=8:97&id=8:1789 http://www.spanishclassonline.com www.languageguide.org/espanol/http://spanish.speak7.com/index.htm http://www.cliffsnotes.com www.lingolex.com/spanish http://www.newsinslowspanish.com/home.php http://www.notesinspanish.com/ http://www.spanishlanguage.co.uk/spanishpodcasts.htm LISTENING http://spanish-podcast.com/ LISTENING http://www.spanish-bookworld.com/spanish-podcast.html LISTENING http://rlnvault.com/rln09/shows/spanish/coffee-break-spanish/ LISTENING http://www.learnoutloud.com/Podcast-Directory/Languages/Spanish LISTENING http://www.edufone.com/podcasts.php LISTENING www.shirelandclc.co.uk/podcast/Heathfield LISTENING http://clip2go.com/_online+foreign+language+dictionary.htm LISTENING Dictionary: http://www.wordreference.com/ http://www.voki.com/create.php Good for speaking and practising pronunciation Although you will have been given grammar sheets on verbs you may feel that you would like extra practice. Check out www.learningwheels.net . An innovative but simple product to use. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 111 All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 112 All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. © 113 Learning needs a plan. SPANISH STUDY PLANNER WEEK BEGINNING TIME TOPIC AREAS VOCABULARY/GRAMMA R POINTS TECHNIQUES WORK CARRIED FORWARD MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY BE SPECIFIC ABOUT THE TOPICS OR AREAS YOU INTEND TO REVISE OR PRACTISE. All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©