get the edge on exam success

Transcripción

get the edge on exam success
1
SPANISH
GET THE EDGE ON EXAM
SUCCESS
TRINITY HIGH SCHOOL
EXAM TECHNIQUES
BASIC GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
THIS BOOKLET BELONGS TO:________________________________________
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
2
“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to
his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his
heart.’”
Nelson Mandela
Why study and learn Spanish?
It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470
to 500 million people, in twenty-three different countries. Its spread throughout the
world makes it enormously important. Indeed there are a number of U.S. States where
the second language is Spanish.
 Spanish is so widely spoken that it is extremely useful in the field of international relations. It is
the second most studied language and second language in international communication.
 It is one of the official languages of the United Nations
 If you have considered travelling abroad to places such as Spain or somewhere in Latin America, it is
in your best interest to learn to speak the native language.
 If you choose to learn Spanish, you will be bilingual. Being bilingual will open more doors when you are
choosing a career path. It will also make you more marketable when searching for a new job.
 Some research suggests that choosing to learn Spanish or another second language will reduce your
chances of developing medical issues later in life that affect the brain. Those people who speak two
languages are less likely to develop dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
 Many British firms have subsidiaries in or are closely linked to Latin America and Spain so trade
relations are extremely important. Britain is currently Spain’s third most important trading partner
in the EU. To ensure success in the Spanish market, British firms need to promote their products in
Spanish. There are also a number of Spanish companies clearly established in Britain - Iberdrola
(Scottish Power) Santander (banking), Telefónica (02 network) Porcelanosa (ceramics and tiling)
Ferrovial (airports), Zara (retail chain), Mango(retail chain)
 No modern foreign language is considered easy to learn – it needs time and effort - but research
has shown that Spanish does have some features which make it easier to learn than others. This is
due to:
 Straightforward pronunciation.
 The simplicity of the basic grammar points in the early stages.
 The spelling system.
 Lots of cognates
What about careers with Spanish?
Accountants
International Sales & Marketing
Bank Employees
Personal Assistants
Engineers
Pilots
Executives
Publishers
Fashion Designers
Sales People
Ferry & Airline Cabin Crew
Secretaries
Shipping Agents
Telecommunications
Interpreters
Tour Operators
Journalists
Translators
Lawyers
Travellers/Tourists
Medical Staff
Web Designers
Teachers

All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
3
CONTENTS
PAGE

Why Spanish
2

Contents
3

Introduction
4

Course Information
6

How do I learn – Learning Styles
7

How to remember it all
8

The Study Buddy
9

The Performance Element - Speaking
10

Choosing The Right Topic
11

Preparing the Presentation
12

Exemplars of Presentations
13

Preparing the Conversation
14

Practice Questions
15

Grade A? -Using the Subjunctive
24

The Reading Exam
25

Reading Techniques
27

Developing Your Reading Skills
28

Directed Writing
31

Summary/Checklist – Writing
40

The Listening Exam
44

Summary/ Listening Checklist
45

Tips for Learning Vocabulary
46

Dictionary Skills
47
GRAMMAR

Grammar Summary – What You Should know
50

Course Content - The 4 Contexts
51

A Little Word Means A Lot – Negation
54

The Personal ‘A’
55

Conjunctions
56

Comparatives and Superlatives
57

Idioms With Tener, Dar, Hacer & Echar.
58

Saber v Conocer & Pedir v Preguntar
59

False Friends.
60

Ser Or Estar
61

All About Verbs & Tenses
62

High Usage/ Common Verbs
73

Summary of Tenses
74

Numbers and Time.
75
VOCABULARY – Listed under the 4 Contexts
 Society
76

Learning
94

Employability
97

Culture
101
List of websites
Timetable for Learning
109
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
4
No rules for success will
work – if you don’t.
INTRODUCTION
Anonymous
Do the words ‘Revising for Spanish’ give you a knot in your stomach which makes you feel
tense and anxious?
Do you just moan, groan and complain about the fact you have to make an effort
and prepare for an assessment or exam? Do you enjoy a challenge?
And yet, if you are being honest with yourself, there should be no surprises nor
complaints. The challenge is to accept what you have to do and get on with it.
They are part and parcel of studying any foreign language.
But don’t worry. If it is any consolation you are not alone.
The key to success in any activity is to develop effective skills in whatever you do.
Learning Spanish is no different.
There is no magic formula nor quick fix. It requires commitment, hard work and effort
on your part. Nobody likes the slog of revision but unfortunately it is vital if you want to
be successful.
 Footballers develop footballing skills.
 Musicians develop musical skills.
 Managers develop managing skills.
 And learners like you, need to develop learning skills.
This is what this guide is all about.
It is designed to help you to develop effective study skills and exam techniques. A lot of the information and
advice is not necessarily new and may seem obvious to some of you but nevertheless, it should provide you
with a good reference point for developing good study habits, enabling you to gain a top grade at National 5
Level. The vocabulary section can be used as a topic reference.
However, don’t expect to try and learn every word!!
There is little difference in people……the little
difference is attitude. The big difference is
whether it is positive or negative. W. Clement Stone
W. Clement Stone
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
5
INTRODUCTION continued
BRIDGING THE GAP
 Firstly, do not be put off by the long lists of vocabulary. You should be familiar
with the majority of these words. Whether you know them or not is a different
matter. Now is definitely a good time to start learning and recognising them.
For example, you only have to revise what you DON’T KNOW from the
vocabulary sheets. However, it is important that you put into practice all
the advice to improve your learning capacity.
Whilst this booklet cannot cover all the vocabulary or grammar points required
for your exam, it will provide you with an essential reference and learning tool.
USE IT EVERYDAY!!!!!
Questions, opinion, complaints, problems and typical replies have been
included in some vocabulary sections to help you with your listening skills.
You can’t just learn words in isolation.
 A little time spent now in getting to know these
words will save you time during your exam.
 A healthy attitude is contagious but don't wait to
catch it from others.
Be a carrier!!!!!!!!!
"The greatest amount of wasted time is
the time not getting started."
Dawson Trotman
DO NOT GIVE UP! STICK WITH IT.
Even the woodpecker owes his success
to the fact that he uses his head and
keeps pecking away until he finishes the
job he starts.
Coleman Cox
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
6
National 5 Spanish What’s involved?
This Course is made up of two mandatory Units. The Course provides learners with the opportunity to develop their listening
and talking, reading and writing skills in order to understand and use a modern language. The course covers a broad range of
topics and contexts, focusing on Society, Learning, Employability and Culture.
Modern Languages: Understanding Language (National 5)
The purpose of this Unit is to provide learners with the opportunity to develop listening and reading skills, and to develop their knowledge of
detailed language in familiar contexts. The Unit provides learners with the opportunity to develop the skills needed to understand a modern
language in a range of contexts.
Modern Languages: Expressing Language (National 5)
The purpose of this Unit is to provide learners with the opportunity to develop talking and writing skills, and to develop their knowledge of
detailed language in familiar contexts. The Unit provides learners with the opportunity to develop the skills needed to use a modern language
in a range of contexts.
How is your work assessed?
To gain the award of the Course, the learner must pass all the UnitAssessments as well as the Course Assessment. The course assessment
comprises of:
Component 1 – Listening – 20 marks
In Listening you will hear a recording of one monologue and a dialogue. You will hear each recording 3 times and write your answers
in English. You are NOT allowed the use of a dictionary.
Component 2 – Reading and Writing – 50 marks
For Reading, you will analyse 3 texts of equal length worth 10 marks each based on the four contexts. There will be one question on
the purpose of the text. (Inference Question). This will always be the last question. The other context will therefore be included in
the Listening Paper to ensure all 4 contexts are included. You will be allowed to use a dictionary. It will make up 30% of your total
grade.
In the Writing paper, you are given information and 6 bullet points which must be covered as part of your answer. You will be
allowed to use a dictionary. 4 of the bullet points you will become familiar with as you go through the course.
This part of the exam is worth 20 marks or 20% of your overall grade.
Component 3 – Talking and Listening – 30 marks

The Speaking will be assessed and graded by your teacher and verified by the Scottish Qualifications Authority. You will deliver a
presentation on a chosen topic of lasting at least 11/2 minutes. This will be followed by a discussion/conversation which should last
at least 4 minutes. There will be additional marks given for spontaneity which will be part of the 30 marks. The presentation and
conversation will be recorded and kept for evidence. It will be scheduled to take place in February. This part of the exam will
account for 30% of your total grade.
You don’t have to be genius to work out that if you if you prepare in advance for the
speaking and writing elements you can gain 50 marks.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
7
HOW DO I LEARN?
We all have ability. The difference is how we
use it. Stevie Wonder
Knowing how you learn best should enable you to choose and adopt study methods that suit your
personal preference and style. As a result, learning and your power of recall
becomes much faster and easier.
Balance is the key
There are a number of theories related to learning. What matters is what works
for you.
Everybody is different. One approach may suit you for some subjects whilst for others, you may
adopt a different approach. You may prefer one over another.
Here is a brief overview and some tips to help you.
It is generally agreed that there are 3 main learning styles.
Visual
Visual learners learn through seeing and may prefer to copy out notes and write things down
so that you can see them. Graphs, pictures, and diagrams help you to learn and memorise.
Revising tends to be done in silence and you remember things by re-writing and re-drafting in
your own words. Colour coding and highlighting keywords and phtases may help you to
remember.
Auditory
Aural learners like to learn through listening. You like to discuss and hear what
others have to say and their ideas. You could record yourself using a tape
recorder or MP3 player and play it back. Sing the main points to a familiar
piece of music or create a musical jingle. Read your notes aloud to aid
memorisation.
Kinaesthetic
Kinaesthetic learners learn through being active, moving, doing, and touching. If you are an active
learner, you will like to move about the room and revise whilst doing something else. Role playing or
acting out what you are trying to do could also be beneficial. You may also enjoy participating and
contributing to group discussions. Use coloured markers to make it fun for kids. Some people learn
and remember best by writing something again and again.
Remember, you may wish to experiment with all three to
find out which style suits you.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
8
How Am I Going To Remember It All?
It always amazes teachers when young people say ‘I’ll never remember that’. And yet the
exact same people are able to remember how to operate all the functions on their mobile
phones or MP3 players without referring to the instruction manual. The same can be said for
being able to recite the words or lyrics to songs with no real conscious effort to learn them.
Clever people! Do you get the picture?
Without boring you to death with theory, almost everyone has a good memory.
However, it is all down to how you use it and the techniques or methods you can employ to
help you to develop your power of recall.
Learning something ‘off by heart’ is a sure way to success but you may need to adopt
different approaches to help you to learn and recall.
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT.
Spend the time!
 The more time you spend revising Spanish, the faster you will learn. This means listening,
reading, writing, speaking, and studying words and phrases.
 Listen whenever and wherever you can on your mobile phone or MP3 player.
 Read what you are listening to and say and repeat everything out loud. It acts as an echo to
the brain and will shorten the learning time. You don’t learn a song by singing it in silence.
THINK about it!
 Your teacher cannot teach you to become fluent but you can learn to become fluent.
 Break it down into manageable chunks. If it is a long answer, learn a sentence at a time
instead of the whole chunk.
 Make up flashcards with questions on one side and answers on the other. Colour code them
for different topic areas.
 Give yourself a clue on the question side as to what the answer is about by drawing a picture
or symbol to remind you about the answer.
 Drawings and symbols are great for helping some pupils to remember. It helps to visualise
the drawings with the answers – word association.
 Grouped in this way it makes it easier for you to remember and order your thoughts.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
9
‘I get by with a little help
from my friends’John Lennon (the
Beatles)
A Study Buddy
John Lennon (The Beatles)
This could be a friend or family member who is willing to test you and offer you
support and advice.
We all have friends who are really good at particular subjects. So you can all help one another.
Is that not what friends are for?
They can help when there is something you don’t understand or there are particular gaps in your notes or
knowledge. You can share the learning experience and even how to prepare and revise for your Spanish
exams.
If you plan it in advance with your friends, it just might help you to revise and study more
effectively.
Additional Techniques
The most common way of learning a foreign language is W rite, Look, Cover,
Repeat (W LCR)
Use post-its with set phrases on them.
Invest in a set of fluorescent highlight pens and use them appropriately on your notes.
Create mind maps for specific topic areas.
Draw pictures or symbols which help you to remember or associate a word or phrase.
Use a Mirror to Practice. It will highlight any nervous habits or quirks that you may have
speaking. The mirror will make you feel as if somebody is actually watching you as you
practise your speaking.
MANAGE YOUR TIME
If you start early enough and plan your time accordingly, you will be able to recall the
answers and will be more confident for the performance test. Be realistic and try to learn at
least 3 questions and answers per week.
.
There are three types of people in this world; those
who make things happen; those who watch things
happen; and those who wondered what happened.
We all have a choice
Mary Kay Nash
Which one are you?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
10
The Performance Element - Talking.
It must be your own work and a lot of the preparation will be done at home. You can choose
from the course topics which you have been studying in class.
You have a free choice in this area but it would b advisable to discuss it with your teacher
first.There are two component parts to the overall speaking performance – presentation and
conversation.
The performance element will be recorded by your teacher and will be retained for evidence
purposes. You should familiarise yourself with the requirements of the oral exam. Your teacher
wants you to perform to the best of your ability and will try to put you at ease,
Let’s look at these in more detail.
Presentation — 10 marks
Each pupil will make an oral presentation, using detailed language on a topic chosen from one of
the contexts of society, learning, employability, or culture. The presentation of should last
approximately 1 ½ minutes. You may refer up to five headings of no more than eight words each as
prompts during the presentation, and/or use visual aids. These headings may be in Spanish or
English.
Conversation — 20 marks in total.
Following your presentation, you will take part in a conversation and respond to some questions in
Spanish. The conversation should last approximately four/five minutes which gives you the
opportunity to demonstrate your confidence and ability by giving detailed answers. The
conversation can cover other contexts. You will also be encouraged to ask questions where
appropriate.
There are 15 marks allocated to the conversation component but you can gain a further 5 marks for
sounding like a native speaker, not a textbook!
The presentation and conversation should last about 6 minutes.
How will my speaking performance be marked?
To achieve a top grade at National 5 you will need to work on your accuracy and fluency. You
will also have to deal with unexpected questions, give explanations and communicate opinions,
ideas and feelings. You will also be expected to use different verb tenses and have a wide range of
vocabulary. Your teacher will explain the format.
The only person
who can tell you
‘you can’t’ is you.
And you don’t have
to listen. Nike Advert
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
11
Choosing a topic
Have a look at the four contexts and decide the topic or topics which interest you. It is usually a
good idea to choose a topic which you are comfortable with as this will make it easy for you to
remember. Discuss this with your class teacher.
Preparing the presentation.



















 The first part of your preparation will involve writing a ‘draft’ of your work.
Decide on a topic and prepare an ‘essay’ plan.
Go through your jotter, notes, worksheets and class work and start to copy phrases and vocabulary which will
help you.
Introduce the topic by stating ‘voy a hablar sobre/de..........
Get your draft checked and corrected by your teacher and follow your teacher’s advice and feedback.
Make sure that it has a structure and the paragraphs are linked in some way to give it a natural flow.
Ensure there is a variety of vocabulary and verb tenses with more complex sentences.
When giving an opinion always follow it up with a reason.
Avoid giving lists and repetition. Break it down into manageable chunks for learning.
Ensure you have checked the following:
- VERBS – tenses / agreements / spelling changes/irregular verbs
- ADJECTIVES – after and agree (check endings)
- SPELLING – check spelling with a dictionary.
Get your draft checked and corrected by your teacher and follow your teacher’s advice and feedback.
Time your presentation.
Your presentation should last no more than two minutes and the focus should always be on quality rather than
quantity.
In other words 11/2 minutes of quality rather than two minutes of very simple language that a good S1 or S2 pupil
could do.
Get your teacher to record it to your mobile phone or mp3 player so that the accent, accuracy and pronunciation
are perfect
Now learn it off by heart, so you end up saying it with no little or no hesitation. Use a highlight pen to mark where
you are having difficulties.
If you are struggling to learn a part, try and simplify it get rid of it or simplify it.
Practise in front of a friend or mirror to simulate the exam process.
The more you practise, then the better you will know it.
The better you know it, the easier it will be to make it seem natural and spontaneous.
Now look at the 6 exemplars. Consider them in terms of:
 Content.
 Length.
 The variety of tenses and vocabulary.
 All broken down into ‘manageable’ chunks for learning.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
12
Exemplar Oral Presentation 1 - LA VIDA SANA
Me llamo …….. y voy a hablar de la vida sana. Vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia. En mi ciudad
natal la gente come mucha comida rápida y comida basura.
Por eso los habitantes tienen problemas de salud como infartos, apoplejías y claro obesidad. Trato de
comer siempre la comida sana pero es difícil.
Pero yo no soy tonta, sé que es peligroso no comer bien y no lo haría nunca. Mi único vicio es el
chocolate y claro, eso engorda un montón.
Además, personalmente, creo que es muy importante para la salud llevar una dieta equilibrada y hacer
mucho ejercicio.
A mi modo de ver la actividad física diaria nos proporciona estar bien físico y mental. La actividad física
reduce el riesgo de padecer enfermedades
Me gustaría ser más saludable en el futuro porque sé que es bueno para la salud y para tener mejor
calidad de vida.
Así, voy a reducir el riesgo de tener enfermedades porque quisiera vivir más años .
Exemplar 2 - Oral Presentation - Las Vacaciones
Voy a hablar de las vacaciones. Normalmente suelo veranear en una caravana en una zona turística de
Escocia en las Altas Tierras pero el año pasado, fui de vacaciones con mi familia a una bonita isla de
España que se llama Ibiza. Era un verdadero paraíso
No olvidaré la experiencia. Ibamos a pasar quince días soleados en un sitio tan precioso y bonito con mucha
movida.
Viajamos en avión porque es más rápido y más cómodo que otras formas de transporte. Por desgracia,
había un retraso de tres horas. ¡Qué rollo! Para colmo, al llegar a Ibiza, se perdieron las maletas. Un lío
¿no? Afortunadamente, llevé unas camisetas en el equipaje a mano.
Nos alojamos en un hotel lujoso de cinco estrellas. Pensé que mis padres habían tocado el gordo. ¡Ojalá! Lo
malo era que tuve que compartir una habitación con mi hermano menor. Creedme es un pesado.
Había mucho que hacer para todo. Visitamos muchos sitios de interés y el hotel contaba con muchas
instalaciones y diversiones. Hice muchas cosas. ¡No voy de vacaciones para descansarme!
Además fui de excursiones en autocar y barco y aprendí a hacer el windsurf. Fue fenomenal.
Me lo pasé tan bien que me gustaría volver. Me encanta Ibiza. Ojalá que fuera rico y tuviera el dinero
para vivir allí
Exemplar 3 Oral Presentation – Mi Pasión
Voy a hablar sobre mi pasión - el fútbol. Lo primero de todo sería decir que el fútbol es un deporte mundial. Está
considerado el deporte más popular en Escocia y claro en España. Es el que tiene más jugadores federados y el
segundo más practicado a nivel popular y recreativo.
El fútbol es un deporte que no solamente mueve a la gente a mucha emoción en cada partido, sino que además de
esto es un deporte que deja a mucha gente en problemas. He visto como personas se suicidan o golpean a otros
cuando su equipo no tiene los resultados esperado por ellos.
Es un deporte donde la gente se divierte mucho y que tiene definitivamente la mayor cantidad de espectadores en el
mundo entero. La gente le presta mucha atención a los deportes como el fútbol pero además de los intereses
económicos.
España ha participado en doce ocasiones en la Copa del Mundo, alcanzando su mejor resultado hace tres años donde
llegó a la final, que tras jugar contra Holanda ganó uno a cero en la prórroga con un gol de Andrés Iniesta. Al mismo
tiempo, estuve de vacaciones en Alicante y no olvidaré la experiencia ni las celebraciones. Fue fenomenal. 11
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
13
Exemplar 4 Oral Presentation – Mis Prácticas Laborales
Me llamo ……….y he elegido hablar sobre mi experiencia laboral. Realicé mi formación laboral en una guardería
durante un periodo de cinco días.
Fue organizado por mi instituto. Cada día me levantaba a las siete de la mañana y cogía el tren.
Mi jefa me enseñó todo sobre el negocio incluyendo todo el papeleo y las políticas que estaban en vigor.
Me sorprendió que hubiera un montón de burocracia. Me interesa mucho una carrera en este campo y por eso hice
muchas preguntas. Me enteré de que la educación infantil es impartida por maestros con la especialidad
correspondiente.
La mayor parte del tiempo trabajé con los pequeños en la sala de juegos. .Me divertí mucho.. Los niños eran muy
buenos pero lloraban de vez en cuando.
A veces tenía que trabajar en la oficina con un ordenador y además hacía un montón de fotocopias y realizaba
llamadas a personas de otras compañías o de padres. Menos mal que no tuve que cambiar los pañales.
No fue duro, en realidad, fue muy fácil pero cada noche cuando volvía en casa estaba muy cansada, de hecho,
agotada.
En el futuro, cuando sea mayor, me gustaría trabajar con niños y tener un empleo como este.
Exemplar 5 Planes Para El Futuro
¡Hola! Me llamo ……… voy a hablar de mis planes del futuro.
Éste es un año muy importante para mí. Estoy en cuarto grado y estoy estudiando siete asignaturas en total y en mayo voy a tener mis
exámenes; esto me pone muy nerviosa, pero tengo que estudiar bastante porque quiero aprobarlos con buenas notas. Si apruebo mis exámenes
quiero volver al instituto el año que viene para continuar con mis estudios.
Creo que ir a la universidad es lo mejor que pudiera hacer cuando termine el instituto, porque el ambiente es excelente y además conoces a
mucha gente de lugares distintos y sobre todo es la mejor opción que tengo para conseguir un buen trabajo en el futuro.
Mis padres van a apoyarme mucho. Tengo mucha suerte.
Antes de empezar totalmente con mi carrera, quisiera viajar por el mundo y conocer todo tipo de personas y las culturas de los diferentes países.
He visitado España muchas veces y me encanta. Y creo que me gustaría visitar algunos otros países de Europa, por ejemplo: Francia, Italia,
Grecia y Alemania. Después de haber viajado por algún tiempo me gustaría conseguir un buen puesto y claro bien pagado en donde gane dinero
suficiente para comprar una casa grande y moderna. Aunque lo más importante para mí es ser feliz y tener salud.
Exemplar 6 Las Relaciones Familiares
Voy a hablar de las relaciones familiares. Somos cinco. Mis padres, mi hermana mayor, mi hermano menor y yo. Me llevo mejor
con mi hermana. Compartimos el mismo sentido de humor y tenemos nuestros propios chistes personales. Nos encanta hacer la
tonta o tomarse el pelo pero a veces a mi madre le fastidia.
Sin embargo, como en cualquier familia, tenemos nuestros desacuerdos y discusiones. Es normal. Hay ciertos problemas
universales asociados con cualquier familia.
En casa, es mi madre que administra todo y sin ella habría caos. Me echa broncas por no limpiar el dormitorio o por volver tarde.
Sin embargo, es mi padre que es lo más estricto y severo. La mayoría del tiempo es una persona seria, trabajadora pero a veces le
gusta bromear.
En general, mis padres me confían mucho y me dan bastante libertad. Me dejan salir cuando me da la gana.
Son muy comprensivos y quieren que haga lo mejor que sea capaz de hacer en el instituto.
Me han educado muy bien. Y yo sé que estarán ahí cuando les necesite como han estado hasta ahora.
.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
14
PREPARING THE CONVERSATION

Look through your jotter, notes, worksheets etc. and start to
compile a list of questions and possible answers. One word
answers are unacceptable.

Short answers are acceptable. However, if you wish to score top marks then
you need to develop your answer by giving additional information and detail. The more you say,
the less questions you will be asked.

Again it would be useful to try and include a variety of vocabulary and verb tenses. Show off
your Spanish. A subjunctive phrase at this level cannot fail to impress your teacher.

Likes, dislikes opinions and reasons are a MUST.

Try to add tag words at the end of some statements to authenticate your Spanish.¿No? - Isn’t
it? / Isn’t that right? ¿Verdad? – Right? / True?

Listen carefully to the question and use it to form your answer. Make sure you use the same
tense.

Always take a few seconds to think over your reply. Use hesitators or fillers to ‘buy’ yourself
time to think. They will make the discussion sound more spontaneous and authentic.
Hesitators/fillers






Bueno….....
Pues….......
A ver………. Vale - Ok
Déjeme que piense un momento
Resulta difícil decir.
No tengo una opinión definida sobre esto.
Tendré que estrujarme el cerebro para ello
Es algo en lo que no me he parado a pensar.
However, if you don’t understand a question, or if you did’t hear it correctly say so: No entiendo
- I don’t understand or
“¿Puede repetir la pregunta por favor?' Can you repeat the question please? If you still
don't understand, say 'Todavía no comprendo' and your teacher will move on.

You should not use any English at ANYTIME.

Don't panic if your teacher asks you a question you have not prepared. If the worse happens and
you cannot answer the question say “ No sé” - I don’t know or ~”Ni idea” – No idea.

Remember it is better to say something in Spanish than say nothing at all !
Consider the postage stamp; its
usefulness consists in the ability
to stick to one thing ‘til it gets
there. – Josh Billings
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
15
THE PRACTICE QUESTIONS.
This is NOT a set list of questions.
However, it will act as a guide and help you to practise and formulate your answers.
In order to cater for all learners there are a wide range of questions to cover all possibilities and
interests. They are listed under the 4 contexts.
YOU DON’T NEED TO DO THEM ALL!!!
A lot of your answers will be generated through your coursework.
Look out for some model ‘knock-out ‘answers. Work out why these are likely to help you get a top
grade. When creating or preparing answers, always refer to the your jotter, notes, worksheets
etc.
Context : Society - Family & Friends
¿Cómo es tu familia?
La familia juega un papel importante en tu vida.¿No?
¿Qué es lo más importante en una familia?
Lo más importante en una familia es que haya amor y comunicación. Es
importante que los adolescentes puedan hablar con sus padres de los problemas
y que sepan que sus padres siempre están allí para apoyarlos.
¿Cómo describirías la relación con tus padres?
¿Te llevas bien con tus padres?
¿Ayudas mucho en casa?
¿Pasas mucho tiempo con tu familia en casa?
¿Crees que tus padres te dan suficiente libertad?
¿En tu opinión por qué existe la llamada brecha generacional?
Porque para mí, mis padres a veces no me comprenden y no piensan da la misma
manera. Siempre hablan de la vida en el pasado y soy joven y no me interesa. Quisiera
que me den el respecto que es lo más importante.
¿Cómo definirías a un amigo?
Un amigo es alguien en quien puedes confiar, alguien que se preocupa por ti, alguien que
siempre está ahí para ti en los momentos buenos y en los malos, alguien que no te
oculta nada. Se dice que los amigos de verdad se pueden contar con los dedos de la
mano y es cierto porque hay gente que sólo es tu amigo por algún interés.
¿De qué charlas con tus amigas?
Charlamos mucho de la música, la ropa y el maquillaje sin hablar de los chicos. Tenemos mucho en
común y me hacen reír. Es muy importante.
¿Qué son las cualidades que admiras en tus amigos por ejemplo?
Son mucho pero entre mis amigos lo más importante es la confianza. Sin ella, no existen buenas
relaciones íntimas.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
16
SOCIETY - Lifestyles
¿Crees que es importante mantenerte en forma?
¿Qué beneficios tiene practicar deportes?
Creo que practicar deportes tiene muchos beneficios puesto que nos ayuda a relajarnos
cuando estamos estresados, nos ayuda a mantener un peso equilibrado y a quemar las
grasas que no necesitamos y a menos que practiquemos deporte, nuestro corazón no
va a estar sano.
¿Te gusta mantenerte en forma?
Sí me gusta mantenerme en forma. Practico muchos deportes. Yo soy bastante deportivo.
En mis ratos libres me gusta practicar el baloncesto, y la natación. Los fines de semana
voy al polideportivo con mis amigos y jugamos al fútbol.
¿Piensas que el ejercicio es bueno para la salud?
Sí, claro. Es muy importante. A mi modo de ver la actividad física diaria nos proporciona bienestar
físico y mental. Hay que practicar mucho.
¿ El ejercicio y deportes juegan un papel importante en tu vida. ¿Qué haces para llevar una vida
sana?
Además de hacer ejercicio y deportes, como perfectamente, tomo siempre la comida sana y como de
todo. Eso sí, con los dulces nunca me paso porque hay que cuidar la línea. Mi madre a
veces se preocupa porque dice que las chicas hoy en día estamos obsesionadas con la
apariencia física, y no le gusta nada cuide tanto lo que como. Pero yo no soy tonta, sé que
es peligroso no comer bien y no lo haría nunca. Mi único vicio es el chocolate y claro, eso engorda
un montón.
¿Piensas que llevas una vida sana?
Claro que sí. Además de hacer ejercicio y deportes, como perfectamente, tomo siempre
la comida sana y como de todo. Eso si, con los dulces nunca me paso porque hay que
cuidar la linea. Mi único vicio es el chocolate y claro, eso engorda un montón.
Según los expertos Glasgow tiene una mala fama de ser ‘el enfermo’ de Europa ¿Qué opinas tú?
Para mí la gente come mucha comida rápida y mucha comida basura. Por eso, los
habitantes de mi ciudad natal tienen muchos problemas de salud: obesidad, ataques al
corazón apoplejías. Es un problema serio y muy gordo. ¡Qué lástima!
¿En qué consiste una dieta sana?
En mi opinión una dieta sana consiste en un equilibrio de alimentos, una dieta variada
que contiene los nutrientes que el cuerpo necesita. Por ejemplo, una variedad de
verduras, frutas, productos lácteos, carnes y pescados. Esto no significa que de vez en
cuando no podamos comer algo dulce y con mucha grasa, pero eso sólo es bueno
esporádicamente.
¿Qué piensas de la comida basura?
¿Qué opinas del creciente número de jóvenes obesos?
¿Es buena idea ser vegetariano?
Remember to make the conversation sound natural and spontaneous, it is
important that you ask your teacher a few questions.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
17
SOCIETY – Media – La televisión
¿Qué tipos de programas te gustan?
¿Qué opinas de los programas de tele realidad?
¿Crees que la televisión fomenta la violencia?
¿Crees que hoy en día pasamos demasiado tiempo delante del televisor?
Sí, parece ser que la mayoría de personas encienden el televisor cuando están
aburridos. Antes la gente hablaba, se socializaba o cogía un libro, pero hoy en día
la televisión parece ser la solución para todo. Quizá la gente debería pasar más
tiempo hablando con los familiares o amigos.
La televisión, se ha transformado en la nueva canguro de los niños. ¿no?
Se dice que la televisión puede ser una herramienta educativa, ¿estás de acuerdo con esta
afirmación?
¿Cuál es tu programa favorito?
Bueno el mío era Friends pero ahora me encanta Big Bang Theory. Diría que prefiero las
telenovelas o culebrones como Eastenders. En mi opinión, la mayoría tiene guiones muy
buenos que reflejan la vida.
¿Crees que ves demasiado la tele?
Creo que no. No soy comodón ni teleadicto. De todas maneras no tengo mucho
tiempo libre. Además hay muchos programas que no valen la pena. No me
interesan en los programas de tele realidad y diría que a veces los anuncios son
mejores que los programas.
MEDIA - La Tecnología
¿A ti te parece que Internet es una herramienta útil?
¿Te gusta surfear el internet?
¿Qué son las ventajas y desventajas del internet?
¿Qué peligros tiene el internet?
¿Juegas mucho con el ordenador?
Lo cierto es que no paso mucho tiempo delante del ordenador. No es que no me
guste pero después de haber pasado todo el día en la escuela enjaulado, lo que
menos me apetece es quedarme en casa encerrado mirando a una pantalla, prefiero
ir al gimnasio o ir a tomar algo con mis amigos. Tengo amigos que adoran el ordenador,
después de llegar a casa enciende el ordenador y se pasan horas jugando a los
videojuegos.
¿Consideras tu móvil como tu mejor amigo?
¿Qué harías sin tu móvil?
¿Utilizamos demasiado los teléfonos móviles?
¿Te puedes imaginar tu vida sin un teléfono móvil? ¿Cómo sería?
¿Crees que los niños necesitan un móvil?
¿Dónde debería estar prohibido usar el móvil?
You could choose one or two of these questions to ask your teacher.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
18
SOCIETY - GLOBAL LANGUAGES
¿Por qué son los idiomas tan importantes para ti?
En primer lugar no soy poliglot ni empollón pero me encanta estudiar otros idiomas Una
lengua extranjera facilita la comunicación con el entorno social. Abre el campo laboral en
determinadas áreas comerciales. Es una asignatura útil y relevante.
¿Cómo vas a tratar de hablar con fluidez y mejorar tu español ?
Primero, hay que practicar. ¡No hay atajo sin trabajo! Me gusta escuchar la música
española y cuando tengo tiempo trato de ver una película para mejorar no solo mi
vocabulario sino también mis habilidades aurales. Lo más importante es que tengo
que vivir en España, rodeado con hispanohablantes.
¿Por qué es difícil estudiar el español?
El español es bastante difícil porque tengo que aprender mucho vocabulario nuevo. Pero la
profesora explica muy bien y es muy simpática. Ojalá que tuviera el don de la palabra en
español.
¿Es difícil estudiar español?
Sí. Me cuesta mucho trabajo porque soy principiante y esto es un curso intensivo para mí.
Ojalá que tuviera el don de la palabra en español.
Dime. ¿Es difícil estudiar español?
Sí, es muy difícil estudiar español. Especialmente cuando se ha tenido poca
experiencia con el lenguaje. Sin embargo, llevo estudiando español casi cuatro
años y todavía me resulta muy difícil. Creo que es tan difícil porque no puedo
practicarlo mucho porque vivo en un país donde nadie habla español. Aun aquí en la
escuela a menos que tenga una evaluación oral. Creo que podría mejorar mi español en la
clase, si los profes pudieran hablar en español casi todo el tiempo.
¿Los idiomas son importantes para ti?
Claro que sí. Es importante hablar y entender otras lenguas porque se puede viajar sin
problemas y hacer amigos extranjeros. También en el mundo de trabajo, se puede trabajar
en el extranjero o en el Reino Unido porque hay muchos empleos que necesitan idiomas.
¿Por qué es importante estudiar otros idiomas?
Hay muchas razones para aprender otros idiomas, como comprender otras culturas,
viajar o mejorar sus oportunidades laborales. Si aprendo otra lengua extranjera,
puedo leer libros originales de un autor y ver películas en versión original. Además
te enriqueces como persona al conocer otras maneras de pensar.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
19
SOCIETY - CITIZENSHIP - LOCAL AREA
¿Dónde vives exactamente?
Vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia en un barrio que se llama …….
¿Cómo es ciudad?
¿Cómo es tu barrio?
Diría que mi barrio es muy tranquilo. Hay un parque grande, muchos árboles y muchos bares. Me gusta
vivir allí porque es muy moderno y hay algunas tiendas buenas de todo tipo. También, no es
demasiado grande pero no hay mucho que hacer para los jóvenes.
¿Qué es lo bueno y lo malo de vivir en la ciudad o en el campo? ¿Prefieres vivir en un pueblo o
en el campo? ¿Por qué?
Prefiero vivir en un pueblo porque es más excitante que el campo y creo que el campo es aburrido, mientras
que hay siempre cosas para hacer en un pueblo.
¿Es mejor vivir en el campo o en la ciudad?
Creo que para los jóvenes es mejor vivir en la ciudad que en el campo. A mí me gusta vivir en la
ciudad porque siempre hay algo que hacer, si te aburres puedes ir al cine o a dar un paseo por las
tiendas o bien puedes quedar con unos amigos e ir a tomar algo. Pero el campo también tiene sus
ventajas. Antes solía vivir en el campo y los jóvenes también se divierten, quizá hay menos cosas
que hacer pero tienes más libertad, no hay tantos peligros como en la ciudad,
Si pudieras elegir, ¿dónde vivirías?
¿Qué suelen hacer los turistas en tu región?
Generalmente los turistas van a los museos y compran recuerdos en las tiendas. También los turistas visitan
el lago Lomond. Es muy tranquila, bonita y natural.
¿Qué ofrece Glasgow para los turistas?
Aunque Edimburgo es la capital, los habitantes de Glasgow son más amables y siempre hay un
ambiente acogedor para los extranjeros. Glasgow es una ciudad pujante y cuenta con muchas
atracciones y diversiones para cualquier tipo de persona. Dispone de un montón de centros
comerciales con tiendas de moda de las marcas más famosas del mundo. Prefiero el mercado
famoso de Glasgow, los ‘Barras’ donde hay un montón de puestos de todo tipo y se puede encontrar muchas
gangas.
SOCIETY - CITIZENSHIP – EL MEDIO AMBIENTE – THE ENVIRONMENT
¿Qué se puede hacer para proteger el medio ambiente?
Tenemos que reciclar las botellas y los periódicos, no usar los aerosoles, conservar la electricidad y
agua y usar el transporte público - el autobús.
¿Qué se puede hacer para crear un mundo más verde?
¿Qué tipo de productos se pueden reciclar?
¿Crees que las autoridades locales tienen una actitud favorable hacia el reciclaje?
¿Existen iniciativas por parte del gobierno nacional para proteger el medio ambiente?
Any questions here you could ask your teacher?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
20
Learning - Education
¿Cómo es el uniforme de tu colegio?
Odio el uniforme escolar. Es muy aburrido y deprimente. Preferiría que el uniforme no sea
obligatorio. Es injusto.
¿Es buena idea llevar un uniforme?
¿Qué vas a hacer después de los exámenes en mayo?
¿Quieres ir a la universidad? ¿Por qué / no?
¿Cómo vas a celebrar el fin de tus exámenes?
¿Dónde se encuentra exactamente tu instituto?
¿Cómo era tu escuela primaria?
Mi colegio era moderno bastante pequeño. Todos los maestros eran simpáticos.
¿Te interesa lo que aprendes en la escuela?
¿Qué piensas de tu instituto?
Pienso que nuestro instituto es muy moderno y nuevo. El antiguo era cutre y ruinoso.
¿Qué opinas de los profes?
En mi opinión, la mayoría de mis profes es simpática pero estricta.
¿Crees que el orden y la disciplina en la escuela son importantes?
¿Es la verdad que los buenos profesores tienen metas altas para todos sus
estudiantes?
¿Qué reformas propondrías para mejorar el sistema educativo escocés?
¿Qué pueden hacer los padres en casa para ayudar a sus hijos a triunfar en la escuela?
¿En comparación con los años anteriores, cómo ha cambiada el sistema escolar?
Si eres director ¿qué cambiarías en tu escuela?
¿Cómo será la escuela del futuro?
99% of the failures come from people
who have the habit of making
excuses
George Washington Carver
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
21
EMPLOYABILITY – JOBS – LOS TRABAJOS
¿Dónde hiciste las prácticas laborales?
¿Qué tuviste que hacer allí?
¿Te gustó?
¿Tienes un trabajo a tiempo parcial?
¿Quieres seguir estudiando?
¿En tu opinión es mejor buscar un aprendizaje o ir a la universidad?
Antes de ir a la universidad ¿vas a tomar un año de descanso?
¿Cuál sería tu trabajo ideal?
¿Qué piensas en hacer el año que viene?
En tu opinión, ¿es realmente necesario cursar estudios superiores para
conseguir un buen trabajo?
¿Cómo sueñas con verte dentro de cinco años?
Me resulta difícil. Espero ir a la universidad para estudiar la pedagogía. Quisiera
ser maestro. Pero antes de empezar una carrera quisiera viajar por el mundo
porque lo más importante para mí es ser feliz y tener salud. Y claro me gustaría continuar
practicar el español.
¿Cuáles son tus planes para el futuro?
¿Te gustaría trabajar en España?
Si pudieras hacer cualquier trabajo ¿qué harías?
Asking the teacher question
¿Te gusta tu trabajo?
¿ Trabajaste alguna vez en España?
¿Cuáles son tus planes para el futuro?
¿Te gustaría trabajar en España?
¿Te gustaría..? – Would you like to……….?
¿Te interesa ...? – Does.........interest you?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
22
CULTURE – Planning a trip - Las Vacaciones
¿Qué tipos de vacaciones prefieres?
¿Cuál es el sitio más interesante o bonito que has visitado?
¿Adónde fuiste de vacaciones el año pasado?
¿Qué hiciste?
Describe las mejores/las peores vacaciones de tu vida
¿Prefieres quedarte en un hotel o en un camping?
¿Qué te gusta hacer durante las vacaciones?
¿Preferirías ir de vacaciones con tu familia o con tus amigos?
¿Adónde irás de vacaciones este verano?
¿Cómo serían tus vacaciones ideales?
Si pudiera ir a cualquier país del mundo me gustaría ir a Suiza porque yo nunca he
estado allí, y me gustaría esquiar allí. Además tiene un paisaje sin rival y la
herencia de los deportes en la nieve. Allí esquiaré o haré el esquí de fondo. Sería
fantástico.
¿Piensas que las vacaciones son necesarias?
Para mí, diría que son esenciales. Todo el mundo necesita recargar las pilas ¿no? Llevamos
una vida más y más estresante y es bueno poder escaparse del jaleo de la ciudad.
¿Conoces algunas fiestas españolas?
¿Qué es lo bueno de viajar al extranjero?
Viajar y visitar otros países tiene muchas ventajas. En primer lugar, creo que es la
única manera de aprender un idioma. Las ventajas no solo se reducen a lo
lingüístico, sino que nos da una visión más amplia de las diferentes culturas y los
distintos modos de vida.
¿Piensas que las vacaciones son necesarias?
Son esenciales. Todo el mundo necesita recargar las pilas ¿no? Llevamos una vida más y
más estresante y es bueno poder escaparse del jaleo de la ciudad.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
23
CULTURE -
Film, Literature & Music
¿Qué tipo de películas te gustan?
Las películas que más me gustan son las películas de terror y las comedias. Las películas
de terror son muy emocionantes y siempre mantienen el suspense a lo largo de toda la
película.
Háblame de una película que hayas visto recientemente.
Acabo de ver la Resaca. En mi opinión esta película es una verdadera montaña rusa de emociones
con mucha dinámica y gran diversión que nunca decae.!
¿Quién es tu actor preferido? ¿Por qué?
¿Has visto una película española ya?
Sí , El Orfanato.Es una película que no decepciona. Presenta una historia bien
hilvanada, con personajes bien interpretados Además de sacar muchas carcajadas,
tiene mucho de todo, En ningún momento se aburre. Te deja pegado al asiento desde el
primer momento.
¿De qué se trata la película?
Dime un poco de los protagonistas y sus papeles en la película.
¿Era bien hilvanada?
¿Cómo eran el guión y y el argumento?
¿Qué eran los temas principales de la película?
¿La recomendaría?
Los Libros
¿ Has leído un libro o revista en español?
¿Qué tipo de libros te interesan?
Me encantan los libros. Todos tipos. Ofrecen un escape de lo aburrimiento y el estrés
de la vida cotidiana. Uno puede perderse en los mundos de ficción y entretenerse
durante horas por los giros de las parcelas, las relaciones explosivas entre los
personajes y estar inmerso en la batalla sin fin entre el bien y mal.
¿Prefieres un libro auténtico o un artilugio electrónico como el Kindle?
La música
¿Qué tipo de música te gusta?
¿Conoces a cantantes o grupos españoles?
¿Qué piensas de la música española?
Hay una fiesta de música en Benicassim. ¿Conoces otros festivales?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
24
GOING FOR AN ‘A’ PASS?
Useful phrases for including in the Performance Element
The Subjunctive
If you really want to try and impress then include at least one subjunctive
phrase in your presentation/conversation. This is a difficult mood/tense in
Spanish.
Que yo sepa
as far as I know
Según mis padres tengo mucha suerte pero no es una opinion que comparta yo
According to my parents I am very lucky but that’s not an opinion that I share.
Según mis padres las vacaciones escolares son demasiadas largas pero no es una opinión que comparta
yo. According to my parents, school holidays are too long but that’s not an opinion that I share.
Es importante que comamos bien.
It’s important that we eat well.
Es importante que estudie para los examenes.
It’s important that I study for the exams.
Creo que es normal que se me haya pasado por la cabeza vivir y trabajar durante una temporada en un
país en el que haya buen tiempo. I think that it’s normal that I have thought about living and
working for a season in a country which has good weather.
Ojalá que fuera el caso.
If only that were the case.
Ojalá que pudiera tener más dinero.
If only I could have more money.
Ojalá que pudiera tocar el gordo/ganar la lotería.
If only I could win the lottery.
Ojalá que supiera más para ayudarme sacar notables en los examenes. If only I knew more to help me
get top marks in the exams.
Cuando sea (un poco ) mayor………+ future or conditional.
When I’m (a bit ) older
Cuando termine/abandone mis estudios…………+ future or conditional.
When I finish my studies…
Si tuviera que trabajar en una oficina no estaría muy contento.
If I had to work in an office I wouldn’t be very happy.
Si tuviera que comer esa comida asquerosa otra vez tendría que vomitar/vomitaría. If I had to eat that
disgusting food again I would have to throw up/I would throw up.
Cuando tenga una profesión quiero…
When I have a career I want to…
Si yo fuese rico/a, compraría la casa de mis sueños.
If I were rich I would buy my dream
house.
Más que nada quiero que mis padres estén orgullosos de mí.
More than anything else I want my parents to be proud of me.
Cuando tenga dinero, llevaré a mis padres a…………
When I have money, I will take my parents to…………….
Espero que mis padres puedan darme más libertad la próxima vez.
I hope my parent give me more
freedom next time
Si tuviera el dinero ………..+ Conditional tense
If I had the money
Me alegro de que mis padres me den el dinero
I am happy that my parents are giving me the
money
Mis padres quieren que sea abogado
My parents want me to be a lawyer
Mis padres quieren que vaya a la universidad.
My parents want me to go to university.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
25
THE READING PAPER
Before the exam
Reading is actually easier than listening and speaking. Think about it!!!!
It is easier because when you read the passage and you can go back and re –read it and at your
own pace. Conversations don't work that way.
Between now and the exam you need a clear idea of how to practise and improve. Here are some
suggestions.

Build up your personal vocabulary by learning a small number of new
words every day.

Try to find opportunities to read Spanish for pleasure without the pressure of
questions and time limits, for instance magazines, comics, Spanish- language CDs,
lyrics of songs and of course the wealth of material on the internet. This will help you
build up your vocabulary.

Make sure you know how to use your dictionary to look up words any you don't
know, and make a note of them so you can revise them before the exam.

Get plenty of regular practice. Use practice papers. A good starting point are the
past papers at Higher Intermediate II level and the GCSE Higher Level. Download the
specimen papers from the SQA or school’s website.
Also see websites. You will become familiar with the vocabulary and and the level of
grammar which you are expected to know.

Revise your grammar notes particularly for verbs, tenses etc. Irregular verbs
should be learned as a matter of routine.

Test one another. In other words use your friends/ family to help you and vice
versa. (Study Buddy)
Reading Skills
 Work out meaning of the TITLE – it lets you know what the text is about. If there
are any pictures provided, what are their significance?
 Go straight to the questions and look for KEY WORDS and
underline them. This should lead to the correct part of the
reading passage.
Underlining words saves you time later if you have to go back to that question.
 Use your dictionary wisely. You don’t have time to look up every
word. This is not a TRANSLATION EXERCISE.

 Remember verbs are listed in the INFINITIVE and therefore you have
to convert the ending back to its infinitive form (ar/er/ir endings)e.g.
cantan has to be changed to cantar in order to find the correct
meaning in the dictionary See Dictionary Skills. (Page 48)
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
26
 If you cannot find them – check if its a root/radical changing verb which
CHANGES in the middle. Eg. Empiezan has to change back to empezar.
Similarly, you should already know all the irregular verbs.
 Verbs in Spanish follow a pattern even the irregular verbs. So
detener/retener/contener all operate like tener. Check your grammar notes for
similar verbs.
 The way to recognise nouns is that they usually come in front of the verb and may
have el/la/los/las or un/una in front of them. Or sometimes after the verb
e.g. El hombre dio el libro a la dependienta. The man gave the book to the shop assistant.
 Check the marks for each question. Each mark is normally equates to one piece
of information. You should therefore, know how much to write and how long to
spend on it. Do not spend too much time on the one question.
 Watch out for FALSE FRIENDS – words that look like words in English but have a
different meaning.
 Your answer has to MAKE SENSE to the examiner. So when you read back over
it, make sure that it sounds perfectly good English and is a sensible answer.
 Make sure you include ALL RELEVANT DETAILS in your answer.

Manage your time carefully. Do not spend too much time on one question.
 There are 3 texts. So make sure you allocate enough time to each question.
 Do not leave any question UNANSWERED. An intelligent guess could get you
extra marks.
“Success comes in cans, failure
in cants”
Anonymous
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
27
READING TECHNIQUES
Get into the habit of following these techniques! USE
The Checklist
THEM !!!!
The reading exam is based on a range of written texts of equal length and difficulty. You must
have a sound basic knowledge of vocabulary and how the Spanish verb system works.
1.
Skim read the passage first to get the gist of the text.
2.
Do not panic if there are words you do not know or recognise.
3.
Then look at the questions to develop your understanding of the text.
4.
Underline/ mark/highlight the key words in the question.
5.
Remember you are NOT asked to translate the passage but to find specific information relating to the
question.
6.
Check how many marks the question is worth.
7.
At National 5 Level examiners will tend to use ‘synonyms’ or related words in the questions.
8.
If you have to use the dictionary, then make sure you write the meaning of any word you look up on your
exam paper. This will save you time later if you have to go back to it.
9.
Remember for verbs you have to look them up in the ‘infinitive’. In other words, you need to take off the
verb ending and convert it back to its dictionary form. All Spanish verbs end in –ar, -er or –ir.
10.
Similarly, nouns and adjectives must be looked up in their singular form.
11.
In most reading passages, the questions and answers are in sequence. In other words, the answer to the
first question is usually found at the beginning of the passage. There are exceptions so be careful.
12.
Giving detail is important, particularly at National 5 Level. One word answers will NOT do. You must
provide much more information at this level even for one mark. Look out for words such as ‘además’ and
‘y’. These tell you that there is additional information.
13.
Use your dictionary sparingly. Too much time will be wasted if you refer constantly to your dictionary.
Learn core vocabulary.
14.
Do NOT look up words with capital letters unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. These are either
people’s names, places or countries.
15.
Manage your time. Do not spend too long on the one question.
16.
All questions should be answered in English only.
17.
If you are unsure do NOT give alternative or additional answers. The examiner will ignore your answer.
Be precise!!!!!
18.
Reviewing your answers will help you to decide the overall purpose of the text which will be the last
question - the inference question.
19.
If you have any doubts over any answer or you just cannot find the answer, ensure that you highlight that
question so you can go back to it towards the end of the exam.
20.
There should be NO BLANKS in your answers. Always answer every question by making an ‘educated’
guess.
Developing and applying
reading skills and techniques
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
28
Step by step guide to better reading comprehension.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Always answer in English. There should be no Spanish words in your answer.
Use the reading techniques sheet to help you. It is a good checklist and develops good study habits.
Skim read the passage to get the gist of what it is about. Are there any pictures to help you?
Read the questions and highlight/underline the key words. This should also give you a better understanding of the text.
Wherever, possible, try and translate the title. This usually provides an insight as to what the article is about.
Check how many have been allocated to the question. 2 marks = two points. Bear in mind that credit papers require to be
answered in detail.
Where “además” appears usually means that there is an additional point that needs to be included.
Use your dictionary sparingly. Write down the meanings of any words you have to look up. This will save time later.
El toreo: una tradición controversial
El toreo es uno de los aspectos más conocidos de la cultura hispánica en el mundo. Despierta pasiones, inspira artistas, y en los
últimos tiempos, atrae controversia. Esto no sorprende, pues, al fin y al cabo se trata de un deporte que implica la muerte lenta de
su protagonista, el toro.
Las corridas de toros tienen antecedentes en la Edad Media. En su forma actual, vienen realizándose en España desde el siglo
dieciocho. La mayoría de los grandes maestros de esta disciplina son españoles, también hay algunos destacados
latinoamericanos, como el colombiano Cesar Rincón. Los matadores más famosos son ídolos nacionales y comparables a estrellas
de cine. También los toros que se utilizan para este espectáculo son en su mayoría españoles, criados con cuidados especiales
para participar en la fiesta taurina. Las plazas de toros más famosas son probablemente Las Ventas, en la capital española de
Madrid, así como la de Sevilla. En América Latina, las plazas de toros de Ciudad de México y Lima son especialmente prestigiosas.
Si bien el toreo es todavía enormemente popular en España, en años recientes ha sido objeto de críticas por las asociaciones de
defensa de los derechos de los animales. Estos grupos no entienden el toreo como un arte, sino como un deporte de especial
crueldad hacia los animales.
El ayuntamiento de Barcelona, declara" oficialmente la ciudad como anti-taurina. Aunque el deporte no ha sido prohibido, al menos
una parte de la sociedad española lo considera como reliquia del pasado, que no tiene cabida en el mundo moderno. El Parlamento
de Cataluña aprobará la prohibición del espectáculo taurino.
Firstly translate the title.
1. Why is bullfighting renowned throughout the world?
2. When did bullfighting begin?
3. Who is Cesar Rincon?
4. How are bullfighters treated in Spain?
5. What has been happening in Spain recently with regard to bullfighting?
6. What is the situation in Barcelona?
7. What does a section of Spanish society in general think?
8.
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
What kind of text is it?
Now compare your answers on the next page.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
29
ANSWER SHEET
El toreo: una tradición controversial
Now let’s look at where the answers can be found for each question. The answers are in bold print and underlined.
El toreo es uno de los aspectos más conocidos de la cultura hispánica en el mundo. Despierta pasiones, inspira
artistas, y en los últimos tiempos, atrae controversia. Esto no sorprende, pues, al fin y al cabo se trata de un deporte
que implica la muerte lenta de su protagonista, el toro.
Las corridas de toros tienen antecedentes en la Edad Media. En su forma actual, vienen realizándose en España
desde el siglo dieciocho. La mayoría de los grandes maestros de esta disciplina son españoles, también hay
algunos destacados latinoamericanos, como el colombiano Cesar Rincón. Los matadores más famosos son
ídolos nacionales y comparables a estrellas de cine. También los toros que se utilizan para este espectáculo son en
su mayoría españoles, criados con cuidados especiales para participar en la fiesta taurina. Las plazas de toros más
famosas son probablemente Las Ventas, en la capital española de Madrid, así como la de Sevilla. En América Latina, las
plazas de toros de Ciudad de México y Lima son especialmente prestigiosas.
Si bien el toreo es todavía enormemente popular en España, en años recientes ha sido objeto de críticas por las
asociaciones de defensa de los derechos de los animales. Estos grupos no entienden el toreo como un arte, sino
como un deporte de especial crueldad hacia los animales.
El ayuntamiento de Barcelona, declara oficialmente la ciudad como anti-taurina. Aunque el deporte no ha sido prohibido,
al menos una parte de la sociedad española lo considera como reliquia del pasado, que no tiene cabida en el
mundo moderno. El Parlamento de Cataluña aprobará la prohibición del espectáculo taurino
Here are the answers to the questions.
1. Why is bullfighting renowned throughout the world?
Despierta pasiones, inspira artistas, y en los últimos tiempos, atrae controversia. This is an answer that requires
detail. You need to give the three related points to get full marks. Why? The answer is relatively easy to find
and the verbs are in the present tense with nouns which are similar to English. pasiones = passions ;
artistas = artists; contoversia = controversy.
2. When did bullfighting begin?
..en la Edad Media. En su forma actual, vienen realizándose en España desde el siglo dieciocho. Note again the
detail required for one mark.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
30
El Toreo - Continued
3. Who is Cesar Rincon?
los grandes maestros de esta disciplina son españoles, también hay algunos destacados latinoamericanos, como
el colombiano Cesar Rincón. Los matadores. This is a bit trickier. Cesar Rincón is fairly easy to find – it has
capital letters and is a person’s name, However, you need to read the sentence before and after ‘Cesar
Rincón’ to get a full answer.
4. How are bullfighters treated in Spain?
son ídolos nacionales y comparables a estrellas de cine. The ‘y’ is a valuable clue here. It links the two
sentences and therefore, it has to form part of the answer.
5. What has been happening in Spain recently with regard to bullfighting?
En España……… ha sido objeto de críticas por las asociaciones de defensa de los derechos de los animales.
6. What is the situation in Barcelona?
Declara oficialmente la ciudad como anti-taurina. Fairly straightforward answer. Note ‘anti’. What does it
mean?
7. What does a section of society think?
parte de la sociedad española lo considera como reliquia del pasado, que no tiene cabida en el mundo moderno.
This is worth two marks because it is more difficult to translate and requires a fully detailed answer.
Genius is one percent
inspiration and ninety nine
per cent perspiration.
Thomas A. Edison
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
31
National 5 Directed Writing
Important Points to Remember
Section 2 (Writing).
Firstly, you need to learn to manage YOUR time. This section forms part of the Reading paper so you need
to manage your time accordingly to ensure you finish the paper.
The writing section is awarded 20 marks.
Your Task: to reply to a job advert via an e-mail application. You must provide all the information requested
in six bullet points.
The first four bullet points will be the same each year and the last two will change to suit the scenario.
You must answer the ‘unpredictable bullet points’ – the last two - in some detail to in order to the gain full
marks.
The assessment of writing is a new assessment approach, based on Intermediate 2 assessments.
PREPARE IN ADVANCE! See the attached Intermediate II example.
Learn set phrases and ‘useful’ verbs to help you. You will have had plenty of
practice beforehand but the key element for success is learning! You don’t
need to make up phrases on the day; you have everything you need in this
booklet.
The job advert and application letter follows the same format each year, you just have to make
sure that you can substitute certain words and phrases. The exam paper will tell you how to
start and finish the letter.
Remember to use the ‘usted’ form.
Give yourself enough time to write the essay! (all 120-150 words)
Double space it (no time to redraft, impresses examiner and allows you to slot in
any forgotten words/phrases!)
Structure your letter in paragraphs. This will make it much clearer and easier for you and the
examiner to follow.
You must make sure you answer all of the bullet points. If you do not you will be penalised.
Tick them off on the paper as you do them.
This is why it is called ‘DIRECTED’ writing. Look at the example on the next page from the 2009
SQA Examination.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
32
Higher Intermediate II Past Paper 2009
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
33
Here are a few questions you need to ask yourself about the job advert.

What job is being advertised? - receptionist = recepcionista

Where is the job?
In a hotel in Fuengirola = en un hotel de Fuengirola.
What are the requirements for the job? You need to speak English & Spanish = Se necesita hablar
español e inglés.
SAMPLE Answer based on 2009 PAST PAPER
FULL MARKS
Muy estimados señores:
Con este email, yo quisiera solicitar el puesto de recepcionista.
Me llamo _______________ y vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia.
Tengo dieciséis años y pasé una semana trabajando en un hotel como parte de mi experiencia
laboral.
Además trabajo a tiempo parcial en un restaurante como camarero/a. De momento hablo inglés y
español y también ya estoy estudiando el francés.
Me interesa mucho este tipo de trabajo porque me gusta trabajar con el público. Además,tengo buena
presencia.
En mis ratos libres, me gusta jugar a todo tipo de deportes y también estoy en el equipo de fútbol (
femenino) del colegio.
En cuanto a la salud, no estoy nunca enfermo/a así que es excelente. Tengo perfecto dominio
del idioma inglés, sólidos conocimientos de francés y amplia experiencia aunque sea joven.
(Excellent additional information)
De momento estoy estudiando cinco asignaturas: el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el
español y el francés. El año pasado tuve que estudiar ocho asignaturas; el inglés, las matemáticas,
la informática, el español, el francés, la biología, la historia y la educación física.
Cada año voy de vacaciones con mis padres a España. He visitado muchos sitios y me
encantan la cultura y el estilo de vida.
Por eso, pienso que soy la persona adecuada para este tipo de trabajo. Además con este trabajo de
recepcionista, podré practicar y mejorar mis idiomas. Soy una persona alegre y me llevo bien con
todo tipo de personas. (Excellent additional information)
Sin duda de gran utilidad para un puesto como el que solicito.
¿Me podría dar detalles sobre el horario, el sueldo y el alojamiento?
Estaré disponible desde el veinte de junio hasta finales de setiembre. Este puesto me daría la oportunidad
de mejorar mi español y a la vez conocer mucho más del mundo laboral y por supuesto España.
En espera de sus noticias, les saluda atentamente
The detail and additional information gives this letter full marks. It meets the job
requirements, answers all the bullet points and provides all the additional information requested.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
34
BREAKING DOWN THE ANSWER 2009 Past paper
Look at the Bullet points on the directed writing. How has all the
relevant information been given?
Check and see how it all comes together, giving all the relevant information as
requested.
The Bold Print refers to where the information is included in the letter.

Name = Me llamo…

Age = Tengo dieciséis años

Where you live = vivo en Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia.

Leisure interests = En mis ratos libres, me gusta jugar a todo tipo de deportes y también estoy en el
equipo de fútbol( femenino) del colegio.

school/college career—subjects studied previously/being studied now = De momento estoy estudiando
cinco asignaturas: el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el español y el francés. El año pasado tuve
que estudiar ocho asignaturas; el inglés, las matemáticas, la informática, el español, el francés, la
biología, la historia y la educación física.
I did my work experience where I worked as a receptionist where I worked as a receptionist

reasons for application = Me interesa mucho este tipo de trabajo porque me gusta trabajar con el público.
Por eso, pienso que soy la persona adecuada para este tipo de trabajo. Además con este trabajo de
recepcionista, podré practicar y mejorar mis idiomas. Soy una persona alegre y me llevo bien con todo
tipo de personas. Sin duda de gran utilidad para un puesto como el que solicito.



request for information about the job = ¿Me podría mandarme detalles sobre el horario, el sueldo y el
alojamiento?
You could also include the following information:
any previous links with Spain or a Spanish-speaking country = Cada año voy de vacaciones con mis
padres a España. He visitado muchos sitios y me encantan la cultura y el estilo de vida.
work experience, if any = pasé una semana trabajando en un hotel como parte de mi experiencia laboral.
Además trabajo a tiempo parcial en un restaurante como camarero/a.
Notice how the email is started and finished!!!! It is very formal.
Exam tips
Read the advert and highlight the key words. Use the vocabulary in your answers.
Use the Spanish that YOU KNOW.
Plan your work so that you give all the information you need to. For example, there
are four headings here so that means you need to write about 25 words on each.
Remember to use the ‘usted’ form in a formal (business) situation.
Try to use link words to join simple sentences.
Only include relevant material. For example, think which personal details would be most useful in a
job application.
Check your writing. Did you start and end the letter in the correct way? Are the verbs in the correct
tense? Are the verbs in the correct person? Have you answered all the bullet points?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
35
SIMPLE Practice Example
Muy estimados señores:
Por este email, yo quisiera solicitar el puesto de recepcionista durante el verano.
Me llamo Joe Bloggs. Soy escocés y vivo en las afueras de Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia
en un barrio que se llama Rutherglen.
En mis ratos libres, me gusta jugar al fútbol y practico la natación.
También me gusta escuchar música. Sin embargo, prefiero sobre todo la lectura.
Estoy en el cuarto curso en un instituto de Glasgow. Estudio siete asignaturas en
total, incluyendo las obligatorias. Es decir: el inglés, el español, las matemáticas, el dibujo, la música, la
informática y la historia.
Tengo muy poca experiencia pero hice mis prácticas en un hotel donde trabajé como recepcionista.
Hablo español con fluidez y me defiendo bien en francés. Quiero un trabajo
en el que pueda hablar idiomas.
Me gusta aprovechar el verano trabajando y ganando dinero. Me gustaría trabajar para ustedes porque
creo que tengo las cualidades necesarias. Si fuera posible, me gustaría saber un poco más sobre
el trabajo.
Hablo español con fluidez.
Les saluda atentamente,
Joe Bloggs.
Why are some parts ‘underlined’?
This is a basic reply with little added information in comparison to the
2009 past paper. Nevertheless, it provides you with the basic template
to practise.
And with your teacher’s help, you can develop and improve on it.
Re- write the letter and change all the underlined phrases.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
36
Vocabulary - Understanding The Job Advert
Buscamos
Necesitamos
Se precisan
Para
A tiempo completo/parcial
La temporada de verano/turística
Se ofrece..
Buena remuneración
Sueldo/salario fijo/ a convenir
Los días laborables
Las horas de trabajo
El turno
Buen ambiente de trabajo
Se necesita/necesitas/se requiere
Conocimiento de..
Descripción del trabajo
Ganar
Las ganancias
Escriba/ dirigirse a ..
..
we are looking for
we need
wanted
in order to
full/part-time
the summer/tourist season
we offer
a good salary
agreed/ negotiable salary
work-days
hours of work
shift
a good working environment
is needed/required
a knowledge of..
job description
to earn/win
earnings
write to/direct applications to
Writing your Letter of Application – Remember to answer the bullet points!!
Formal beginning –
Muy estimados señores –
Muy estimado señor
Dear Sirs
Dear Sir
En relación con su anuncio ……..
with regard to your advert
Con este email, quisiera solicitar el puesto de……
With this email I would like to apply
for the position of………
Personal Information – name, age, where you live
Me llamo ............. y tengo quince años. My name is .............. and I am 15 years old
Tengo muy buena presencia
I am of very smart appearance
Vivo en las afueras de Glasgow en el oeste de Escocia en un barrio que se llama ..............
I live in the outskirts of Glasgow in the west of Scotland in an area called...............
Leisure interests – What you do in your free time
Soy deportista y en mis ratos libres, me gusta........ I am a sporty person and in my free time I like
to...........
jugar al fútbol/tenis/bádminton/baloncesto
to play football/tennis/badminton/basketball
montar en bicicleta
to go cycling
montar a caballo
to go horse-riding
Soy miembro de un club de……. desde hace..años
I have been a member of a ..club for …
years
Por eso, estoy en forma y gozo de perfecta salud y nunca estoy enfermo
For that reason, I am fit and I enjoy perfect health and I am never ill.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
37
Educational Background = school/college career—subjects studied previously/being studied now
Desde 2003 hasta 2010 asistí a la escuela primaria y ya hago los estudios secundarios en el
instituto de Trinity High –
From 2003 until 2010 I atended primary school and now I am at secondary school, Trinity High.
Estoy cursando grado 4
I am in 4th year
Estoy en el quinto/sexto curso
I am in fifth/sixth year
El año pasado estudié ocho asignaturas: son.......
Last year I studied eight subjects:they are
Este año estoy estudiando seis asignaturas.................. This year I am studying six subjects;.......
Aparte de las asignaturas obligatorias, estoy estudiando …… apart from the compulsory subjects
I am studying
Cuando termine mis estudios quisiera ir a la Universidad para estudiar los idiomas
When I leave school, I would like to go to university to study languages.
Las cualidades - Qualities
Soy honesto, muy trabajador con buen sentido de humor.
I am honest, very hard working with a good sense of humour
Me llevo bien con la gente
I get on well with people
Me gusta trabajar en equipo
I like working in a team
Aprendo rápidamente
I learn quickly
Soy una persona madura, entusiasta y ambiciosa I am a mature, enthusiastic, and ambitious
person.
Soy una persona versátil y polivalente
I am a versatile and multiskilled person
Me atrae menos el dinero que el trabajo
the job attracts me more than the money
Estoy acostumbrado/a a trabajar a tope
I am used to working flat out
Creo que tengo las cualidades necesarias
I think that I have the necessary qualities
Como una persona activa ambiciosa quiero aprender a cada instante y mejorar lo que ya existe.
As a go-getter I want to learn at every opportunity and to improve on what I have.
Estoy dispuesto siempre a aprender y a cumplir mis objetivos en la parte personal y laboral
I am always willing to learn and achieve my personal and work goals
Estoy acostumbrado a trabajar bajo presión – I am used to working under pressure.
Manejo mis horas muy bien – I am vety good at making the best use of my time
Work Experience
Trabajé como........ en ........
Hice mi experiencia laboral en......
I worked as .............. in...............
I did my work experience in..........
Desafortunadamente no tengo experiencia laboral pero veraneo en España
Unfortunately, I don’t have any work experience but I spend my summer holidays in Spain.
Competencias Laborales – Job Skills
Las destrezas/habilidades
skills
Buenos conocimientos de informática – Good IT skills
Capacidades infórmaticas – IT skills
Tengo un buen nivel de competencia en la informática – I have a good level of IT skills
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
38
Language Requirements
Hablo inglés y español
I speak English and Spanish
Hablo español con fluidez
I speak fluent Spanish
Tengo un buen conocimiento de.........
I have a good knowledge of……………
De momento hablo inglés y español y también ya estoy estudiando el francés.
At the moment, I speak English and Spanish and I am now studying French
Tengo perfecto dominio del idioma inglés, sólidos conocimientos de francés y español y amplia experiencia aunque
sea joven.
My English is perfect and I have a very strong knowledge of French and Spanish together
with wide experience despite my young age.
Certificado en el dominio del espanol en nivel avanzado tanto hablado como escrito
High level of spoken and written Spanish.
Me defiendo bien en alemán y en francés – I can get by okay in German and French
Reasons for application
De estudiante me gusta aprovechar el verano trabajando y ganando dinero
As a student I like to make the most of the summer by working and earning money.
Quiero un trabajo en el que pueda hablar idiomas
I want a want a job in which I can speak languages.
Quiero/espero mejorar mi nivel de español - I want/ hope to improve my level of Spanish
Me interesa mucho este tipo de trabajo porque me gusta trabajar con el público.
I am really interested in this kind of work because I like working with the public.
Me gustaría trabajar para ustedes para ganar más experiencia en este campo.
I would like to work for you to gain more experience in this field.
Creo que tengo las cualidades necesarias
I think that I have the necessary qualities
En el futuro tendré más posibilidades de conseguir un trabajo/ Tengo más posibilidades en el mundo laboral
In the future it will increase my chances of getting a job.
Por eso este puesto sería una gran oportunidad para mí – For that reason, this job would be a
great opportunity for me.
Este puesto me ofrecería una oportunidad para explorar y desaarrollar mis talentos y potencialidades
This job would offer me the opportunity to explore and develop my talents and potential
Sería ideal y a la vez me ofrecería la oportunidad de tener más experiencia en este campo
It would be ideal and at the same time it would offer me the opportunity to gain more
experience in this field.
Cuando termine mis estudios quisiera ir a la Universidad para estudiar los idiomas
When I leave school, I would like to go to university to study languages.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
39
Information about the job
Información sobre el puesto
Si fuera posible me gustaría saber un poco más sobre el trabajo
If it were possible, I would like to know a little more about the job
¿Me podría mandarme detalles sobre el horario, el sueldo y el alojamiento?
Could you send me details about the hours of work, salary and accommodation?
¿Tengo que llevar uniforme? Do I have to wear a uniform?
Le agradecería si me envase más información sobre el trabajo sobre el sueldo y las horas laborales
I would be grateful if you could send me more information about the job in regard to pay and working
hours.
¿Cuándo empezaré/comenzaré ?
When do I start?
¿A qué hora empezaré/comenzaré?
What time do I start?
Me gustaría saber más de la localización - I ‘d like to know more about the location
¿Cuáles otros gastos suplemetarios tengo que pagar? What other additional expenses do I have to pay?
¿Cuántas horas trabajaré?
How many hours will I work?
¿Cuántas horas tengo que trabajar?
How many hours do I have to work
ADDITIONAL Information
Estaré libre para empezar a trabajar desde el primero de julio hasta el treinta de agosto.
I will be available to start work from 1st June until 30 August.
Ajunto mi C.V. y referencias escritas por mi director –
I attach my CV and references from my Head Teacher
Ending the email
En espera de sus noticias, le saluda atentamente (one person)
les saluda atentamente
Looking forward to your reply, yours sincerely
REMEMBER YOU DON’T HAVE TO TELL THE TRUTH!
Do not try and include everything. Choose what suits you - to provide additional detail.
If you have revised and practised, you will be able to answer ALL the bullet
Points, including the last two which will change each year.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
40
SUMMARY/CHECKLIST
1)
Familarise yourself with the format and construction of the letter.
2)
Practise your writing skills beforehand. Review all your practice papers and learn
from your mistakes.
3)
Use double line spacing. This makes it easier to slot in any forgotten
words/phrases.
4)
Verb endings are crucial. Check them in your dictionary.
5)
Remember to use joining words (e.g. however, also, in addition = sin
embargo,también, además)
6)
Prepare, plan and learn set phrases so you don’t have to make anything up on the
day of the exam.
7)
Underline the key words in the advert, particularly the job and any other
requirements. The additional information will ensure you get top marks.
8)
Tick off the bullet points as you do them. In this way, you will make sure that you
have not omitted or forgotten any of them.
9)
Check your verbs a ‘million times’ (they make the most difference between getting
Very Good/Good/Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory) Use the Verb Tables in the Dictionary!
10)
Check that you have started and ended the email appropriately.
The bad news is….
time flies. The good
news is… you're the
pilot.
--Michael Althsuler
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
41
EXAM TECHNIQUE AND ADVICE FOR LISTENING EXAMS
How you approach this part of the exam, is critical to your ultimate success.
Be positive at all times. See it as an opportunity to show what you know. Revise
effectively – little and often is the key to success. Learners will listen to one
monologue and one short conversation in Spanish. All answers will be in English.
Try to listen to as much Spanish as you can. Wherever possible, try to get hold of
listening transcripts.
In the listening exam, you are NOT allowed the use of a dictionary.
READ the introduction to the paper and try to imagine yourself in that setting
e.g. railway station, airport etc.
This sets the scene and lets you think about what you are likely to hear. USE IT,
particularly for making an ‘educated’ guess.
It should help you focus on the language that may be required. It sets the context and
immediately gives you a clue as to what to expect. Use your knowledge of Spain!!!!!!
If you recognise the area or city/town, that will be a bonus .For example, if it is
located in Madrid which is in the middle of Spain, then, you are not likely to be
asked anything about the beach.
There are two parts to the listening exam. The first section is a monologue
followed by a dialogue/conversation.
Before the CD starts, you will be given one minute to study the questions and begin
to think what the possible answers might be. Use this time to predict and anticipate
the answers - Ask yourself - what vocabulary should I be listening for?
Remember you will hear it three times with a one minute interval between each
playing. Then two minutes to write your answers.
So don’t panic if you do not hear all the required information on the first hearing.
Don’t expect to understand everything! A lot of what is said is redundant information.
You don’t need it!
Focus on the key words in the question,
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
42
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Questions are always in English as are the answers.
Do NOT write any answers in Spanish. Any answers written in
Spanish are not marked. Therefore, they count for nothing.
Always, always, always answer In English!!!!!!
It is surprising the number of pupils who fail to read the question properly
and miss vital information or misunderstand what is being
asked.
Although you may be nervous, you need to concentrate on the
key words and in the question and try and anticipate or predict
the likely answer. Imagine you are on ‘Who Wants To Be A Millionaire’ and
playing for thousands of pounds. It is important that you take a close look
at the question and ask yourself what exactly am I being asked to do
here.
The question words are important. They tell you what
you should be listening for.
Where = a specific place e.g Where does he come from? Where does
she live? Where are they going to meet? Etc.
Who = a person but not necessarily the name of a person.
How = usually indicates in what manner. How does she go to school?
Why =here you should be looking for a reason. You should be listening for
the word ‘porque’ and anything that follows that. E.g. Why does she like
living there? Why do they not like school?
When = indicates a time, a day, a date and involves numbers. e.g.When is
his birthday? When are they going to meet?
How much = cuánto in Spanish, always indicates the price or quantity of
something. e.g. How much time is he going to spend there? How much
does it cost? How many does she buy? You are again listening for
numbers.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
43
READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY
Some pupils find it helpful to underline or highlight the key words in each
question. Any illustrations or pictures associated with the question can also provide
important clues. Don't just listen to the words. The tone of someone's voice may also
be helpful in showing their mood. The intonation of someone's voice may tell you if
they are asking a question or are angry etc.
Additional help is provided by the amount of marks awarded for each question.
If a question is worth two marks then the examiner is usually looking for you to
provide two pieces of information. Use the question to help you work out what you
have to listen for.
Ask your teacher to explain the ‘extraneous’ rule.
In multiple choice questions where you either tick the correct boxes or write
true or false you can reach the correct answer by dismissing or eliminating
answers.
Again, sometimes it is just as important to focus on what you did not hear.
YOU are not expected to know every word. During the first playing of the
question, concentrate on listening without writing anything. It really is incredibly
difficult to listen and write at the same time.
Use the gaps in between each playing to make notes or to confirm
answers .As mentioned before, if it is about time, age, dates etc. then
you should be focusing on listening for specific numbers. You need to know your
numbers!!!!!!
If you still have gaps in your answer after the third time, then read the question
again. What does it specifically ask? What have you understood so far? What
can you definitely disregard or eliminate?
If you are still unsure make a mark at that question and makes sure you go back to it
at the end.
Use your common sense and the context to help you
formulate an answer.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
44
Listening Advice Continued
For example, a conversation about food and a healthy lifestyle and the question is:
‘What does Juan usually have for breakfast?’ The answer is not going to be an a
‘big fry up’, etc.
Nor is it likely to be something which you may typically have in Scotland. E.g. a roll
and sausage. It is about Spain and what THE SPANIARDS eat. Think Spanish!!!
It has to be something more straightforward and simple- bread, cake, roll.
If you can’ figure out a word, then write down how it sounds using the Spanish
pronunciation rules. In most cases once you see it, you can work out what it is.
Think in Spanish by using your knowledge of the Spanish alphabet to write down
words which seem unfamiliar.
It is amazing how many words you will recognize when you do this. For example, you
may hear this word being spoken ‘con-thee-air-toe’. But remember you have to think
in Spanish. So you pronounce con the same way as in English, but the c before an ‘i’
or ‘e’ is pronounced ‘th’ and the ‘i’ is like our double ‘ee’ sound in English. Therefore,
it is written ‘concierto’- concert.
If you change your mind about an answer, cross it out neatly and write in the new answer
alongside. This sounds obvious, but every year candidates lose marks because the
examiner can't read the answer clearly, or can't tell which part is supposed to be the correct
answer.
You will have five minutes at the end to check your answers. USE IT
WISELY.
Careless mistakes or blank spaces cost you marks. So read over
your answers again and if you are stuck…………………..
MAKE A GUESS!!!!!!!! There should be
no blank spaces.
Y que la fuerza esté contigo. ¡Buena suerte!
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
45
LISTENING TECHNIQUES
You must start to learn to apply these techniques to be successful.
Get practising!!!
Checklist
1.
Don’t panic. Listening exams are related to the topics you have covered in class. See the four
contexts.
2.
Practice beforehand, particularly on the day. Studies in the USA demonstrated that on average,
pupils who had been actively listening to Spanish, immediately prior to the exam did 15% better in their
overall grade. Learning vocabulary is essential.
Get your head ‘tuned into’ Spanish, don’t go into the exam hall ‘cold’.
3.
As soon as you are told to do so, open the paper and read the opening scenario and questions. This
should help put yourself into context. Imagine yourself there. Whilst reading start predicting answers in
your head and make notes.
4.
Remember the first part is a ‘monologue’ . It is usually in the first person.
5.
Listen out for negatives – no; nunca; nadie; nada; tampoco etc.
6.
When listening and reading the questions, UNDERLINE the key words.
7.
Remember the extraneous rule!!!!!!!!!!
8.
You will hear the information 3 times.

Listen carefully the first time and make notes.

On the second hearing, write down your answer.

On the final listening, check and confirm your answer.
9.
If you are unsure of an answer, mark the question in some way so that you can go back to it. E.g.
circle the question number; mark an asterisk next to it*.
10.
The elimination process. If you are struggling to come up with an answer, try and work out what
you know it is not.
11.
Remember to try and write down the words that you think you hear USING the Spanish
pronunciation rules. It is amazing how many pupils recognise a word after they have written it.
12.
If you need to make any notes, put them at the side and make sure you cross them out later so as
not to confuse the examiner.
13.
Check how much each question is worth. 3 marks usually equals points.
14.
You will have 5 minutes at the end to read over your paper. Use this time WISELY. There should be
NO QUESTIONS UNANSWERED. Make an ‘educated’ guess.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
46
Tips for Learning Vocabulary
When learning vocabulary, it’s always better to try and do it around topic areas. This should
make it easier for you to recall under exam conditions.
Furthermore, you should learn vocabulary by saying the words or phrases aloud. This should
speed up the learning process. Some people find it easier to learn by putting the words to
music, rhythm or rap. Try it, it may work for you.
General Tips

Make up topic based revision cards. Spanish on one side and English on the other. Fold
them in half and see how many you can remember.

Record yourself saying them on the computer/Mp3 or mobile phone so you can listen to them
again.

Use Post-It notes to place any vocabulary that you don’t know where you can see it regularly.

Exaggerate the size of the word that is proving to be a major stumbling block in capital letters.
Let’s take as an example the word for the town hall ‘el ayuntamiento’ . If youhave trouble
remembering this word write it like this
EL AYUNTAMIENTO
So that the word stands out on the page.. You may wish to highlight it as well with a
highlighter pen.
Attach a little drawing or picture to help o remember the word.


Link words to images that will stand out in your mind. Images could be humorous,
ridiculous, moving, coloured or exaggerated.

Make up a story of all the objects in a list.
Learn lists from the bottom to the top.

Use mind maps

Work with a friend and test one another.
You shouldn’t have to look up EVERY word. Look for words which have similar roots in Spanish.
Look for patterns in Spanish.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
47
Vocabulary Tips continued
For instance Comer = to eat; la comida == food/meal; el comedor = dining room.
Las verduras. What colour do you know that starts with verde =green. So verduras =
‘greens’ = vegetables
Likewise, gordo = fat , engordar to fatten/ to put on weight etc. etc.
Words that begin with ‘s’ in English sometimes have an ‘e’ in front of them in Spanish
Eg. esnob = snob; escandalizar = to scandalize; horario escolar = school timetable;
escénico = scenic esnórkel = snorkel; espina; spine/splinter; estación = station
NOTE THAT -ción ending is equivalent to our –tion. For example educación = education
Auto’ apart from being short for automóvil = car, usually means self as in autoempleo = self
employment; autoadhesivo= self-adhesive etc.
Now let’s look at how a word can change its meaning with the addition of a prefix – something
which is added to the beginning of a word.
For instance, agradable = pleasant. Place the prefix ‘des’ in front of it and it becomes desagradable
= unpleasant.
‘Contra’ and ‘anti’ as a prefix both have the same effect as the ‘des’. E.g. antirrobo= anti-theft
device; antipático = not nice
Contradecir = to contradict; a contra reloj = against the clock; contrapeso = counterweight
This is also true of ‘im/in’ possible = possible impossible = impossible; satisfecho =
satisfied insatisfacho =
unsatisfied/dissatisfied
The Department has subscribed to: www.espanol-extra.co.uk
This website has lots of games and vocabulary practice as well as all resources to help you
with your course work.
Username; trinity3
Password: trinidad3
Remember, learning a few words every day will pay
dividends in the future. START NOW!!!!!!!!!
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
48
READING EXAM - USING YOUR DICTIONARY
DICTIONARY SKILLS
Whilst you cannot be expected to know every word in the exam, nevertheless, you should use your
dictionary SPARINGLY. It takes time to look up words so try to avoid using the dictionary
unnecessarily. You should be able to see patterns in the language.
Do NOT be tempted to take the easy way out by using a programme like Google
Translator.
You can’t use this in the exam.
You need to practise your dictionary skills.
Make sure you read the through the text first to get the gist or flavour of what it is all about.
If possible use the link below to ensure you understand how a foreign language dictionary works.
www.collinslanguage.com/media/resources/easy-learning/spanish/dictionary-skills.pdf
Working your way through these worksheets will pay off in the future.
THINK ABOUT IT
Try and get yourself a DECENT dictionary which has verb tables. It’s a bit like
having a calculator for Maths. An essential piece of kit!
You are allowed to use your own dictionary in the exam.
Ask your teacher for advice on what is the best dictionary available.
A few things to consider are:
When looking up a word it may have several meanings. Do not assume it is the
first one!!!!!!
Read the entire definition and work it out for yourself according to the text or
passage.
Does it make sense? Choose carefully.
VERBS

Ensure that you are looking up the verb in the INFINITIVE.
 Remember all verbs end in –ar,-er or –ir
e.g. bailo = I dance but you need to take off the ending –o which leaves you
with ‘bail’
and add one of the above endings to find it in the dictionary.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
49
DICTIONARY SKILLS - CONTINUED

Similarly you have to recognise whether it is a relexive verb
e.g. levantarse. So for’ me levanto’ =I get up,
you have to change it back to levantarse to find the correct meaning in the
dictionary.

Take care when the verb is also a NOUN. E.g. ver es creer = seeing is
believing.
The verb is usually indicated by ‘vi’ or ‘vt’ after the word.

Some verbs in English change their meaning, depending on the
word that follows them.e.g. to look – at / after / for
In Spanish look up the main verb first then go down the list.
e.g. to look at = mirar ;
to look after = cuidar to look for = buscar
to pay for = to pay for
to ask for = pedir
NOUNS

In Spanish,nouns are always listed in the masculine form and only
usually are inthe singular form.
So for ‘ los hombres’ = men you have to look up the word ‘ hombre’.

Watch out for nouns which have more than one meaning.
e.g. fan – the context is always given in brackets fan (machine)
Not football fan
Watch out for spelling changes with plural words ending in - ces
What do you have to look up for this word?
Las luces - luz
Similarly “eficaces = eficaz ; peces = pez; raíces = raíz; lápices = lápiz”.
ADJECTIVES


Always listed in the masculine singular form (rojo / grande).
Therefore you have to convert plurals and feminine singular back into the
masculine singular form.
There are three types of people in this world;
those who make things happen; those who
watch things happen; and those who wondered
what happened. We all have a choice.
Mary Kay Nash
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
50
Grammar Summary
What You Should Know For National 5
 Nouns and their gender/ formation of plurals.
 Adjectives and their agreement in number and gender with nouns.
Position of adjectives.
 Comparatives and superlative adjectives, including - ísimo
 Possessive and demonstrative adjectives.
 Adverbs and their function in a sentence.
 Pronouns – subject/reflexive/possessive/relative/indirect and direct
objects.
 Prepositions and conjunctions- little words
 The Personal ‘a’
 Time and numbers.
Verbs













The infinitive and its uses including al +, sin + ,después + etc.
Tenses – present, present continuous, past, conditional and future.
Stem/root changing verbs.
Common irregular verbs.
The differences between ser and estar.
Past participles.
Idioms with tener,dar, hacer and echar
Gustar and similar verbs.
The use of llevar.
The passive voice
The present subjunctive
Command forms
Hard work spotlights the
character of people: some turn
Negation
up their sleeves, some turn up
their noses, and some don't
turn up at all. Sam Ewing
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
51
COURSE CONTENT – THE 4 CONTEXTS & RELATED TOPICS
All of these contexts will be covered in your examination.
CONTEXT 1 - SOCIETY
– Family & Friends
 How you get on with family members and their influence in your lives
 Arguments and family disputes.
 Ideal parents
 Different types of friends – friendships.
 Peer Pressure
-Lifestyles
 Lifestyle related illnesses.
 Advantages and disadvantages of a healthy/unhealthy lifestyle.
-Media
 Television in general and the impact of TV reality shows.
 Advantages and disadvantages of new technology e.g. internet, mobile phones etc.
- Global Languages
 Description of local area/town – what is available for tourists there
 Comparison of town and country life - advantages and disadvantages
 Awareness of your impact on the environment. How to become more environmentally friendly.
CONTEXT 2 - LEARNING
-Learning in context
 Techniques and strategies to improve your language skills /Likes and dislikes in school subjects/Preparing for Exams
-Education
 Comparing education systems. What improvements could be made to improve our system.
 The responsibilities and duties which you have as a pupil or learner.
CONTEXT 3 - EMPLOYABILITY
-Jobs
 Part –time jobs and studying. How you earn money. What you spend your money on.
 Qualities required for present/future jobs/ careers and any future plans
-Work and CVs
 Planning, reporting back on work experience.
 Reviewing your achievements and goals and ambitions.
CONTEXT 4 – CULTURE
-Planning a Trip
 Importance of travel and learning a foreign language.
 Describing your best holiday and you personal opinions and attitudes to travel.
-Other Countries
 Cultural aspects of other countries – including educational, social, historical and political aspects.
-Celebrating A Special Event
 Comparing special occasions/traditions/celebrations and events.
 The importance of customs and traditions
-Literature of Another Country
 Literary fiction eg short stories – using and analysing texts
-Film & Television
 Studying and reviewing Spanish films and television programmes and their influence
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
52
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
These words express ‘ownership’ and always come in front of the noun. As in all adjectives they agree in number and
gender. For example;
 mi libro = my book
mis libros = my books
 mi regla = my ruler
mis reglas = my rulers.
 nuestro piso = our flat nuestra casa = our house
Masculine Singular
Feminine
Singular
Plural (Masculine and
Feminine)
MY
YOUR
HIS / HER
OUR
mi
tu
su
nuestro
mi
tu
su
nuestra
YOUR (P)
vuestro
vuestra
su
su
mis
tus
sus
nuestros
nuestras
vuestros
vuestras
sus
THEIR
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
These replace the noun. For example – It is my book - Es mi libro = Es el míó – It’s mine.
Masculine Singular
Feminine
Singular
MINE
el mío
la mía
YOURS
el tuyo
la tuya
HIS / HERS
el suyo
la suya
OURS
el nuestro
la nuestra
YOUR (P)
el vuestro
la vuestra
el suyo
la suya
THEIRS
Plural (Masculine and
Feminine)
los míos
las mías
los tuyos
las tuyas
los suyos
las suyas
los nuestros
las nuestras
los vuestros
las vuestras
los suyos
las suyas
These words always REPLACE a noun.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
53
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The most common relative pronoun is ‘que’ because it can mean that, which or who
in English. Notice that the relative pronoun ‘que’ does not have an accent like the
interrogative ‘qué’.
In English we often drop the word “that”, but it must always be included in Spanish.
For example, in English you can say:

I bought the presents she asked for.
In Spanish you must include the word ‘that’ in this case ‘que’

Compré los regales que pedía.
‘Que’ is also be used with prepositions such as a, con, de or en which, in turn form
phrases like at which, in which,to which etc.
Other Relative Pronouns
singular
quien
el cual
la cual
que
cuyo
cuya
plural
quienes
los cuales
las cuales
cuyos
cuyas
(who, whom)
(who, whom or which)
(that)
(whose, or of which (denoting
possession)
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
54
How to form negatives
A LITTLE WORD CAN MEAN A LOT
Little words can prove to be a major stumbling block when trying to ascertain the meaning of a phrase or sentence. A lot
of time is wasted looking up these words in the dictionary. LEARN THEM!
Negation this more or less implies the opposite. For example Tengo lápiz = I have a pencil.
No tengo lápiz = I don’t have a pencil
The simplest type of negation in Spanish is as in the above example. “No” is placed immediately before the appropriate
verb. Other negatives which may be similarly placed are
Nunca /jamás
never
Tampoco neither
Ni
neither, nor
Ni siquiera
not even
Nadie
no-one
Nada
nothing
Ninguno
none/no
Nunca tiene dinero - He never has any money. Tampoco va mi hermano - My brother isn’t going either.
Ni estudia ni trabaja - He neither studies nor worksNi siquiera da los buenos días - He doesn’t even say good morning
Nadie va a estudiar - Nobody is going to study. No hay ningún libro en la mesa - There is no book on the table.
Ya no voy al instituto - I am no longer going to school.
The same words may be placed after the verb but then “no” should preceed it.
No come nada
He/she doesn’t eat anything. Yo no voy tampoco I am not going either
Additional ‘little’ words you should know
A*
Aun
Aún
meaning)
Además
that
Ahora
Alrededor de
Contra
Dentro de
En vez de
Hacia
Hasta
Junto a
También
Sin
Porque
Bastante
Demasiado
Poco
Si
to/at
even
still (note the accent changes the
besides, furthermore, as well as
now
around
against/opposite
inside/within
instead of
towards (note no accent)
until
next to (juntos= together)
also
without
En vez de
Con
Después
Antes
Entre
Encima de
Debajo de
Más (que/de)
Menos
Siempre
Todavía
Salvo
Según
Tras
Ya
Ya no
Algunos/as
instead of
with
after/later
before
between
above/on top of
under
more (than)
less
always
still/yet
except
according to
after
already/now
no longer
some
because
enough/sufficient
too
little/few
if / whether
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
c
55
THE PERSONAL ‘A’
*The
Personal ‘a’ – is a construction which does not exist in English. It is peculiar to
Spanish.
How does it work? Firslly we need to look at a ‘direct object’.
The direct object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. For example:
Juan hits the ball. What does he hit ? – the ball!!
In Spanish, when the direct object is a person, it is preceded by the preposition "a." This word
has no English translation.
Juan vio a tu padre ayer – Juan saw your father yesterday. Whom did he see? - your father – the ‘
personalised’ direct object.
The personal "a" may also be used if the direct object is a pet.
La mujer acaricia a su perro. (acariciar - The woman strokes her dog.
The personal "a" is not used after the verb tener, or the verb form hay. This is true even if the
direct object is a person.
Tengo tres hermanos. (tener) - I have three brothers.
Hay cinco personas mayores - There are five adults.
If the person is unspecified, then the personal "a" is not used. This construction is used when advertising
jobs.
Busco un fontanero - I am looking for a plumber ( any plumber)
Necesito jardinero
- I need a gardener. (any gardener)
You will find similar job adverts which use this construction in the
practice writing booklet.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
56
CONJUNCTIONS – They act as a link to join sentences.
a condición de que – provided that
a fin de que - in order that
a medida que - to the extent that
a menos que - unless
además - moreover, furthermore
antes (de) que - before
aun cuando - even when
aun si - even if
aunque - even if, although
aunque - while, although, though
cada vez que - whenever
como - as
como si - as though, as if
con tal de que - provided
con tal de que - as long as
con todo - notwithstanding
cuando - when
de acuerdo a - according to
de modo que - in such a way as
de otra manera - otherwise
debido a - because of
desde que - since
después (de) que - after
en caso (de) - in case (of)
en vista de que - seeing that
excepto - except
hasta que - till, until
mientras - while, as
mientras que - while, whereas
ni... ni - neither... nor
no obstante - nevertheless, still, yet
no sólo... sino - not only ... but
o bien - or else
o, (u) - or
para - in order to, so as to
para no - so as not to
para que - so that, in order that
para que no - lest
pero, sino - but
por consiguiente - in consequence
por eso - therefore
por lo tanto - therefore
por otra parte - moreover
por qué - why
por supuesto - of course
porque - because
pues - as, for
puesto que - seeing that
puesto que - since
salvo - except
según - according to
si - whether, if
si bien - although
si no - otherwise
si... o - whether... or
siempre que - whenever
siempre que - as long as, as often as
sin embargo - however, nevertheless,
still, yet
sino - but
sino - or else
tan ... como - as...as
tan pronto como - as soon as
tan... como, tanto... como - as well as
tanto...como - both...and
visto que - whereas
y, (e) - and
ya que - since, for
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
57
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
The comparative is used to compare or contrast two things eg. an object or person as having
more, less or the same amount of a characteristic as another. This is known as the comparison of
superiority, inferiority and equality.
The adjective agrees with the noun it describes. In other words, masculine noun = masculine adjective
ending. Feminine noun = femimnine ending.
How are comparatives formed in Spanish? – use más
más + adjective + que…..
= more … than (superiority) This relates usually to an –er ending in English
eg. taller; bigger etc.
eg. Juan es más alto que Pedro – Juan is taller tan Pedro
menos + adjective + que … =
less… than (inferiority)
eg Glasgow es menos turistico que Edimburgo – Glasgow is less touristy tan Edinburgh.
tan + adjective + como
= as ………. as (equality)
eg. Maria es tan inteligente como su hermano – María is as intelligent as her brother
SOME ADJECTIVES HAVE IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE FORMS AND DO NOT USE MÁS OR MENOS IN
EXPRESSING COMPARISONS:
Bueno/a good
mejor better
Malo/a
bad
peor
worse
Joven young
menor younger
Viejo/a old
mayor older
SUPERLATIVES
In English the superlative is expressed with ‘most’ or the suffix –est. Eg. the most beautiful ; the tallest,
the fittest etc.
When we want to say that someone is the most intelligent, or the most fun, or the least generous or the
least pretty, the definite article is used with the noun that the adjective modifies. (eg we add EL or LA to
MÁS or MENOS with Adjectives.)
Look at the EXAMPLES:
Mi hermano es el más alto de la familia. - My brother is the tallest in the family.
Mi tía es la menos generosa My aunt is the least generous.
El profesor de francés
The French teacher is the least fun.
Using -ísimo to add emphasis.(Sometimes known as the absolute superlative)
You can add -ísimo to the end of an adjective to intensify it or make it stronger. Again the adjective has to
agree in gender with the noun. This construction replaces ‘muy’ (very)
El billete es carísimo.
La película es malísima.
La comida es riquísima
hard c sound)
The ticket is really/very expensive.
The film is really/very bad.
The meal is really/very tasty ( Notice spelling change in ‘rico’ to protect the
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
58
Common Idioms with tener, dar, hacer and echar.
This list is not exhaustive but it does cover the majority of idioms with these verbs at this level.
Tener = to have but in certain phrases the
meaning changes.
Tener ………… años
old
Tener hambre
Tener sed
Tener frío
Tener calor
Tener razón
Tener suerte
Tener sueño
to be ……….. years
to be hungry
to be thirsty
to be cold
to be warm
to be right
to be lucky
to be sleepy
Idioms are with dar = to give
Dar un paseo
Dar una vuelta
Dar de comer
Dar las gracias
Dar los buenos días
Darse prisa
Dares cuenta de
Dar a
Dar a luz
Dar a hecho
Dar por sentado
Dar con
Dar gritos
to go for a walk
to go for a drive/spin/go round
to feed
to thank
to say good morning
to be in a hurry
to realise
to look on to
to give birth
to take for granted
to take for granted
to meet by chance
to shout
Hacer = to do/make
It is used in time constructions to mean “ago”
Hace dos años
Hace diez minutos
ago
2 years ago
10 minutes
It is also used for weather
Hace frío
Hace calor
Hace viento
Hace buen tiempo
Hace mal tiempo
it is cold
it is warm
it is windy
the weather is good
the weather is bad
Hacer las paces
Hacer su agosto
Hacer cola
hacer daño
to make peace
to make a killing
to line up/ to queue
to harm/damage/hurt
Tener celos
Tener éxito
Tener vergüenza
Tener ganas de
Tener miedo
Tener prisa
Tener cuidado
Tener que
Tener en cuenta
to be jealous
to be successful
to be ashamed
to feel like
to be afraid
to be in a hurry
to be careful
to have to
to bear in mind
hacer buenas migas
someone)
hacerse
hacer frente
hacer las veces de
to hit it off(with
to become
to face/to take responsibility
to serve as
hacerse de la vista gorda
to turn a blind eye
hacerse el tonto
to act dumb
hacer caso de
to pay attention to
Idioms with echar
echar + infinitive
to begin to
echar al correo
to post/mail
echar la bronco a alguien to give someone a dressing
down/scold
echar raíces
to take root
echar chispas
to be furious, to be hopping mad
echar la culpa
to blame
echar de menos a alguien
to miss someone
echar un vistazo
to glance, to take a quick look
echar un ojo
to keep an eye on
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
SABER AND CONOCER
There are 2 verbs in Spanish meaning to know. You must be careful when using them.
Saber means to know a fact or to know how to do something.
Saber – to know (to have knowledge of, to know how to)
¿Sabe usted cómo hace esto?
Do you know how he does this?
¿Sabéis nadar?
Do you all know how to swim?
No sé donde viven
I don’t know where they live
No sabe nadar
He can’t (doesn’t know how to) swim
In the preterite tense, saber means to learn or to find out:
Supe el secreto ayer. I learned/found out the secret yesterday.
Conocer means to know someone or to be familiar with someone,to be acquainted with, something, or somewhere. It can
only be followed by a direct object, never by an infinitive.
¿Conocías a su mujer?
Did you know his wife?
No conozco esta ciudad
I don’t know this city.
PEDIR AND PREGUNTAR
The same situation exists with respect to the 2 Spanish verbs pedir and preguntar. They both mean to ask
but they are not interchangeable.
Pedir means to ask for or request an object, service or favour.
Pido más pan
I ask/am asking for more bread
Pedimos ahora
We order now (ask for service)
Preguntar means to ask a question or request information.
Pregunto qué hora es.
I ask what time it is.
Preguntamos a qué hora sirven la cena.
We ask what time they serve dinner.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
FALSE FRIENDS
Words that look like English words but have an entirely different
meaning.
actualmente
at present
actually - la
verdad es que
realizar
to carry
out
realise - darse
cuenta
asisistir
to attend
assist/help ayudar
recordar(ue)
remember
record - grabar
sensible
sensitive
carpeta
folder
carpet alfombra
sensible razonable,
sensato
chocar
to crash
choke ahogar/sofocar
soportar
put up
with
support mantener
embarazada
pregnant
embarassed avergonzado
últimamente
lately
ultimately - al
final
éxito
success
exit - salida
vaso
vase - jarrón
largo
long
large - grande
drinking
glass
parientes
relatives
parents padres
Atender
to pay attention/take care of el campo = field en el campo= in the countryside
el camping = campsite
Estar constipado
to have a cold
estreñido = constipated
la decepción = disappointment
bravo
wild/rugged
valiente = brave
emociante
exciting
emocional/afectivo =emotional
La jubilación -retirement
alegría/júbilo= jubilation/joy/happiness
La tabla/el tablón
la mesa = table
La arena -
board
sand
anfiteatro/plaza = arena
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without the author’s permission. ©
SER OR ESTAR
These two verbs both mean 'to be', but they are used differently,
depending on circumstances.
Ser
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
To be
I am
You are
He/she/it is – you formal
We are
You (all) are
They are – you formal
Ser is used for inherent' characteristics in a person or things such as identity, permanent
features or states, occupation, time. For example:
El coche es rojo – the car is red.
La bolsa es de cuero The bag is (made) of leather.
Juan es profesor – Juan is a teacher.
Soy escocés - I'm Scottish.
Madrid es la capital de España. -Madrid is the
capital of Spain.
Son las once y media - It's half past eleven.
Estar refers to a temporary state or is used for position or location. For example:
Estamos contentos - we're happy (at this particular moment in time).Sevilla está en el sur de España - Seville is in the
south of Spain.
El bolí está en la mesa – the pen is on the table.
La botella está llena.
The bottle is full
María está enferma María is ill
Some adjectives can be used with either ser or estar, but note that their meaning changes. Here are
some of the most common:
Adjective
aburrido
cansado
guapo
listo
malo
moreno
pesado
rico
seguro
verde
vivo
THE PAST TENSES
Ser
Imperfect
perfect
era
He sido
eras
Has sido
era
Ha sido
eramos
Hemos sido
erais
Habéis sido
eran
Han sido
58
Meaning when used with ser
boring
A ‘tiring’ person
handsome/beautiful
clever
bad/evil/wicked
Dark hair
heavy
rich
safe
green
lively
preterite
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
Estar
imperfect
estaba
estabas
estaba
estábamos
estabais
estban
Meaning when used with estar
bored
tired
looking good
ready
Ill/sick
suntanned
boring
tasty ( food)
sure, certain
unripe
alive
perfect
He estado
Has estado
Ha estado
Hemos estado
Habéis estado
Han estado
preterite
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvisteis
estuvieron
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s
permission. ©
VERB REFERENCE – THE TENSES
Everything you want to know about verbs.
There are three kinds of verbs in Spanish and they all end in either - ar, -er and or -ir.
The infinitive is the verb in its purest form. For example ‘to talk/to speak’. It is the infinitive that you
look up in the dictionary. Examples of regular Spanish verbs are : hablar = to speak, beber = to drink, vivir = to live.
Singular
hablo
hablas
habla
English
I speak
you speak
He/she/it speaks
Plural
hablamos
habláis
hablan
English
We speak
You (all) speak
They speak
Singular
bebo
bebes
bebe
English
I drink
You drink/do you drink?
He/she/it drinks
Plural
bebemos
bebéis
beben
English
We drink
You drink/do you drink?
They drink
Singular
vivo
vives
vive
English
I live
You live/do you live
He/she/it lives
Plural
vivimos
vivís
viven
English
We live
You live/do you live?
They live
-
To form the present tense of ANY regular verb, you need to remove the
ending i.e.– ar ; -er or –ir. Then add the following endings:
Yo
ar
-o
-er
-o
-ir
-o
Tu
-as
-es
-es
El/ella/Ud.
-a
-e
-e
Nosotros
Vosotros
-amos
-ais
-emos
-eis
-imos
-ís
Ellos/ellas/Uds.
-an
-en
-en
The Present Tense of Reflexive verbs
Reflexive verbs have the same verb endings as other verbs but require reflexive pronouns in front of them.
So you need to remove the ‘se’ part as well in order to conjugate the verb.
For example: levantarse (to get up)
Singular
English
Plural
English
Me levanto
I get up
Nos levantamos
We get up
Te levantas
You get up
Os levantáis
You (all) get up
Se levanta
He/she/it gets up
Se levantan
They get up
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s
permission. ©
STEM/ROOT CHANGING VERBS
There are three groups of stem-changing verbs:
e: ie
o:ue
e:ie
The stem changes in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros parts. Remember the 1,2,3,6 rule
Cerrar (ie)– to close
1.
2.
3.
Cierro
Cierras
Cierra
4.
5.
6.
Cerramos
Cerráis
Cierran
Here is a list of verbs which follow the same pattern.
cerrar: to close
entender: to understand
divertirse: to enjoy oneself
Comenzar a: to start
despertarse: to wake up
Empezar a: to start
nevar: to snow
recomendar: to recommend
sentarse: to sit down
perder: to lose.miss
querer: to want/love
tener*: to have
hervir: to boil
mentir: to lie
preferir: to prefer
sentir: to feel
venir*: to come
Vowel change o—»ue infinitive verb: volver (to return)
vuelvo
vuelves
vuelve
almorzar: to have lunch
aprobar: to pass (an exam) approve
contar: to tell; to count
costar: to cost
encontrar: to meet
jugar: to play
mostrar: to show
probar: to test/try
recordar: to remember
renovar: to renovate
volvemos
volvéis
vuelven
doler: to be painful
mover: to move
oler: to smell
poder: to be able to
EXAMPLE vowel change e->i infinitive verb: repetir (to repeat)
Repito
repites
repite
decir: to say/tell
despedirse:to say goodbye
elegir: to choose
pedir: to ask for
dormir: to sleep
morir: to die
repetimos
repetís
repiten
seguir: to follow
servir: to serve
vestirse: to get dressed
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s
permission. ©
64
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
It is formed by using the verb estar + a present participle. This is the –ing part of the verb in
English. eg, walking
Estar – to be
To get the present participle you again take off the ending. Let’s look at the regular verb
‘estudiar’. Take off the the – ar ending and you are left with the root or the stem of the verb
– estudi. Then simply add – ando – estudiando. So estoy estudiando means ‘I am
studying’
The same formula is applied to –er and – ir verbs with the only difference being is that –
iendo is added For example, comer – comiendo; estoy comiendo – I am eating
Escribir – escribiendo – estoy escribiendo – I am writing
Common Irregulars: ir (to go) – yendo; dormir ( to sleep)– durmiendo; leer (to read) –
leyendo; atraer (to attract) – atrayendo; construir (to build) construyendo; decir (to say) –
diciendo; pedir (to ask for) – pidiendo; reír (to laugh) – riendo. Sentir (to feel) – sintiendo.
Estoy – I am
Estás - you are
Está – he/she/it is
Estamos – we are
Estáis – you (all) are
Están – they are
THE PAST TENSES
The Perfect Tense – This is formed by using the auxiliary verb ‘haber’ + a past participle.
The verb ‘haber’ is only used to form compound tenses. It cannot be used on its own.
Haber
he
has
ha
Singular
He hablado
Has hablado
Ha hablado
habemos
habéis
han
The past participle is formed by taking off the –ar, -er, or –ir ending of the verb
and adding –ado to –AR verbs and – ido to –ER and –IR verbs.
Hablar - hablado
Comer - comido
Vivir - vivido
English
I have spoken
You have/have you
spoken
He/she/it has spoken
Plural
Hemos hablado
Habéis hablado
English
We have spoken
You have spoken
Han hablado
They have spoken
-er and -ir verbs including reflexives e.g. perder = to lose
Singular
He perdido
Has perdido
Ha perdido
English
I have lost
You have/have you
lost?
He/she/it has lost
Plural
Hemos perdido
Habéis perdido
English
We have lost
You have/have you lost?
Han perdido
He/she/it has lost
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
65
IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES
Most of the time, past participles in Spanish are formed by changing the ending of -ar verbs to -ado and the ending of -er and -ir verbs to -ido.
However, there are dozens of exceptions.
Irregular Past Participles for Vowel + -er/-ir Verbs
Translation
Past Participle
Verb
Atraer
Caer
to attract
to fall
atraído
caído
Creer
Leer
to believe
to read
creído
leído
Oír
to hear
oído
Poseer
Sonreír
to possess
to smile
poseído
sonreído
Traer
to bring
traído
Here are the most common verbs and verb roots that have irregular past participles:















abrir (to open), abierto
absolver (to absolve), absuelto
cubrir (to cover), cubierto
decir (to say, to tell), dicho
escribir (to write), escrito
freír (to fry), frito
hacer (to make, to do), hecho
imprimir (to print), impreso
morir (to die), muerto
poner (to put), puesto
resolver (to resolve), resuelto
romper (to break), roto
satisfacer (to satisfy), satisfecho
ver (to see), visto
volver (to return), vuelto
Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities.
Here are a few examples:

componer - compuesto
describir - descrito
devolver - devuelto
The Preterite Tense
Past actions that happened once. Note that –er and –ir verbs share the same endings
YOU WILL RECOGNISE IT
BY ITS ENDINGS.
Yo
-ar
-é
-er
-í
-1r
-í
Tu
El/ella/Ud.
Nosotros
-aste
-ó
-amos
-iste
-ió
-imos
iste
-ió
o
-imos
Vosotros
Ellos/ellas/Uds.
-asteis
-aron
-isteis
-ieron
-isteis
-ieron
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
66
Common Irregular Preterite Tense Verbs
Focus on recognising the endings! It is highly unlikely that you will come across the ‘vosotros’ form in
your exam. Note IR and SER are both the same in the preterite.


Irregular verbs








Andar to walk

anduve

anduviste

El/ella He/she/it
anduvo
















conduje
di
dije
estuve
hice
fui
puse
pude








condujiste
diste
dijiste
estuviste
hiciste
fuiste
pusiste
pudiste








condujo
dio
dijo
estuvo
hizo
fue
puso
pudo








condujimos
dimos
dijimos
estuvimos
hicimos
fuimos
pusimos
pudimos








condujisteis
disteis
dijisteis
estuvisteis
hicisteis
fuisteis
pusisteis
pudisteis








condujeron
dieron
dijeron
estuvieron
hicieron
fueron
pusieron
pudieron

Conducir* to drive
Dar to give
Decir* to say
Estar to be
Hacer to do/make
Ir * - to go
Poner to put
Poder to be able
to
Querer to want

quise

quisiste

quiso

quisimos

quisisteis

quisieron






Saber to know
Ser *to be
Tener to have
Traer to bring
Venir t o come
Ver to see






supe
fui
tuve
traje
vine
Vi






supiste
fusite
tuviste
trajiste
viniste
viste






supo
fue
tuvo
trajo
vino
vio






supimos
fuimos
tuvimos
trajimos
vinimos
vimos






supisteis
fuisteis
tuvisteis
trajisteis
vinisteis
visteis






supieron
fueron
tuvieron
trajeron
vinieron
vieron

Yo - I

Tú - you

Nosotros we
anduvimos

anduvisteis

anduvieron

Vosotrsos –

you
Ellos/ellas Uds.
They/you
Watch out for verbs such as llegar, pagar and jugar in the ‘yo’ form. In order to protect the the hard ‘g’ sound
a ‘u’ is inserted in the first person.eg. llegué; pagué and jugué.
Similarly verbs ending in –CAR have changes in the ‘yo’ form, again to protect th hard ‘c’ sound - - ‘qu’ takes the
place of the ‘c’. If not the ‘c ‘ would be pronounced as a ‘th’ sound which would alter the meaning. Sacar –
saqué; explicar – expliqué; practicar – practiqué etc.
The Imperfect Tense: (Past actions that happened repeatedly or description) Add theses endings to the stem of the verb - habl – aba - I was speaking/I used to
speak
Yo
ar
-aba
-er
ía
-ir
ía
Tu
-abas
ías
ías
El/ella/Ud.
-aba
ía
-ía
Nosotros
-abamos
íamos
Vosotros
-abais
-iais
íais
Ellos/ellas/Uds.
-aban
ían
ían
There are only 3 irregular verbs in the imperfect tenses which must be learned.
Ser – to be
Ir – to go
era
iba
eras
ibas
era
iba
éramos
íbamos
erais
ibais
eran
iban
íamos
Ver – to see
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
67
The Imperfect ContinuousTense: is for med in the same way as the present continuous by using the imperfect
tense of estar and adding the present participle. For example Estaba durmiendo – I was sleeping
Imperfect tense of estar
Estaba
Estabas
Estaba
Further Examples
Estaba estudiando
Estaban comiendo
Estabas escribiendo
Estabámos
Estabais
Estaban
I was studying
They were eating
You were writing
The Pluperfect Tense. This is formed using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb ‘haber’+ the
past participle.
(Yo) había visitado – I had visited
The imperfect tense of ‘haber’.
había
habíamos
habías
habíais
había
habían
The past participle is formed by taking off the –ar, -er, or –ir ending of the verb and
adding –ado to –AR verbs and – ido to –ER and –IR verbs.
Hablar - hablado
Comer - comido
Vivir - vivdo
99% of the failures come from
people who have the habit of
making excuses
George Washington Carver
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
68
TRIGGER WORDS – PRETERITE TENSE
Some words and phrases automatically ‘trigger’ the preterite tense.
These words indicate specific time frames.
Ayer
Anteayer
Anoche
Desde el primer momento
Durante dos siglos
El otro día
En ese momento
Entonces
yesterday
the day before yesterday
last night
from the first moment
for 2 centuries
the other day
at that moment
then
Esta mañana
Esta tarde
La semana pasada
El mes pasado
El año pasado
Hace dos días/años
Ayer por la mañana
Ayer por la tarde
this morning
this afternoon
last week
last month
last year
Two days/years ago
yesterday morning
yesterday afternoon
The imperfect tense is used when there is no specific time frame or
the action is repeated.
A menudo
A veces
Cada día
Cada semana
Cada mes
Cada año
Con frecuencia
De vez en cuando
En aquella época
Frecuentemente
Generalmente
often
sometimes
every day
every week
every month
every year
frequently
from time to time
at that time
frequently
usually
Muchas veces
Mucho
Normalmente
Nunca
Por un rato
Siempre
Tantas veces
Todas las semanas
Todos los días
Todo el tiempo
Varias veces
many times/often
a lot
usually/normally
never
for a while
always
so many times
every week
every day
all the time
several times
HABER
Note that the most common general verb in terms of usage is ‘haber’. However, although it is used as
an auxiliary verb for certain tenses, it is also used more frequently as in its impersonal form.
Present
Imperfect
Preterite
Future
Conditional
Hay
There is/are
Había
There
was/were
Hubo
There
was/were
Habrá
There will be
Habría
There would
be
Present
Subjunctive
haya
There may be
Imperfect
Subjunctive
Hubiera/hubiese
There might be
Hay que + infinitive
Note when ‘hay’ is followed by que + the infinitive it is translated as “it is necessary to…..” or “one must ….”
Hay que trabajar mucho. It is necessary to work a lot
Hay que aprender la gramática. It is necessary to learn grammar
Hay que hacer los deberes. One must do homework. (you have to do homework)
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
69
THE FUTURE TENSES
You can use the verb –IR – to go to express the immediate future. The verb ir is followed by ‘a’.
Voy a
I am going
vamos a we are going
Vas a
you are going
vais a
you are (all) going
Va a
he/she/it is going
van a
they are going
The Future Tense:
Add these endings to the infinitive. For example: hablaré – I will speak
ar
Yo
é
-er
-é
-ir
-é
Tu
-ás
-ás
-ás
El/ella/Ud.
-á
-á
-á
Nosotros
Vosotros
-emos
-éis
-emos
-eis
emos
-éis
Ellos/ellas/Uds.
-án
-án
-án
Verbs which are irregular in the future tense also follow the same pattern in the Conditional
Tense.
Él, ella, usted – he
Vosotros – You (all)
Ellos, ellas, Uds.
Yo – I
Tú - you
Nosotros - We
/she/it and you
Decir: dirTener: tendrPoner: pondrPoder: podrSalir: saldrHacer: HarHaber: HabrVenir: Vendr-
diré
tendré
pondré
podré
saldré
haré
habré
vendré
dirás
tendrás
pondrás
podrás
saldrás
harás
habrás
vendrás
dirá
tendrá
pondrá
podrá
saldrá
hará
habrá
vendrá
–They and you
diremos
tendremos
pondremos
podremos
saldremos
haremos
habremos
vendremos
diréis
tendréis
pondréis
podréis
saldréis
haréis
habréis
vendréis
dirán
tendrán
pondrán
podrán
saldrán
harán
habrán
vendrán
The Conditional Tense: Add these endings to the infinitive! For example: hablaría I would speak; me gustaría – I would like
Yo
-ar
ía
-er
ía
-ir
ía
Tu
El/ella/Ud.
Nosotros
Vosotros
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ías
íaEndings are
the same for
íamos
all verbs!
íais
Ellos/ellas/Uds.
ían
ían
ían/
r
-e
r/
-a
THE PASSIVE VOICE – a brief overview
ir
The passive voice is used in English when the person or thing carrying out the action is unknown.
For Example: The car was stolen. We don’t know who stole the car.
When a person or thing is involved it is usually followed by por. In English this is usually known as the ‘agent’
El ladrón fue visto por varias personas – The thief was seen by several people
However, Spaniards tend to avoid using this construction and use what is known as the impersonal ‘se’ + the third person singular
or plural. For example: se habla inglés aquí – English is spoken here. Literally one speaks English here. This construction is very
common in signage.For example:
Se Vende Piso – Flat for sale
Se Alquila – For rent
Se Sirve Desayuno - Breakfastis available here.
Se dice - it is said that
Your teacher will provide you with further examples..
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
70
Likes and Dislikes - Using gustar & similar verbs
If you had to look up the verb ‘gustar’ in the dictionary, you would find that it means to please.So therefore me
gusta = it pleases me. This is a literal translation and we would have to translate as I like it.
Verbs like gustar are only used in the 3rd person of singular or plural. However, it does not depend on the person
that is talking but the object that is talked about.
e.g.:





Notice
I like the dog’ would be in Spanish - The dog pleases me.
Me gusta el perro - I like to dog
Me fascinan los monos. - Monkeys fascinate me’
¿Te gusta el libro? -Do you like the book?
Les gustan las revistas. - They like the magazines’
A Laura le gusta la casa. -. Laura likes the house’
the endings
INDIRECT
OBJECT
ENDING
EMPHASIS ONLY
PRONOUNS
A mí
me
-a + sg noun
A ti
te
VERB STEM
or verb in the infinitive
A él/ella/usted
le
A nosotros
nos
-an + pl noun
A vosotros
os
A ellos/ellas/ustedes
les
 The exception is doler (to hurt, be painful) ends with –e and –en respectively.
*
Here is a list of verbs with a similar pattern:
Bastar
Chiflar
Disgustar
Doler (o→ue)
Encantar
Faltar
Fascinar
Gustar
Importar
Interesar
Molestar
Parecer
Sobrar
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
be sufficient / enough to
be crazy about
‘hate’; to be repugnant to
be painful / to hurt
‘love’; to be enchanting to
be lacking to / to be missing to
be fascinating to
‘like’; to be pleasing to
be important to
be interesting to
bother
seem / to appear to
be left over / to be in surplus
How To Express ‘dislikes’.
No me gusta(n)
Odio
Detesto
No aguanto
No soporto
Me importa un bledo/un pepino
I
I
I
I
I
I
don’t like
hate
hate
can’t stand
can’t stand
couldn’t care less
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
71
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD - COMMANDS
In Spanish there are two types of commands - informal and formal . Informal commands are used with people you know: family members,
friends, and pets. As a mark of respect, formal commands are used with people who are older than you or people you don’t know. This article
covers the informal commands.
How to form the informal “you” singular command.
You form informal tú commands by dropping the -s from the present tense tú forms of regular -ar, -er, or -ir verbs:

hablas (you speak) becomes habla (speak)
comes (you eat) becomes come (eat)
escribes (you write)
becomes escribe (write)
The negative tú commands are formed by removing the -o off of the present tense yo form and adding -es for regular -ar verbs and -as for regular er and -ir verbs:

hablo (I speak) becomes no hables (don’t speak)
como (I eat) becomes no comas (don’t eat)
escribo (I write) becomes no escribas (don’t write)
There are also a few irregulars which you need to recognise.
 Irregular Tú Form Commands

Infinitive

Positive Command

Negative Command

decir = to say, tell

di

no digas

hacer = to do, make

haz

no hagas

ir = to go

ve

no vayas

poner = to put

pon

no pongas

salir = to leave

sal

no salgas

ser = to be

sé

no seas

tener = to have

ten

no tengas

venir = to come

ven

no vengas
How to form the informal “you” plural command - (vosotros)
First you take off the -r from the infinitive form and add -d,

¡Hablad! = Speak!
Comed. = Eat.
Escribid. = Write.
For negative plural commands, remove the -o from the present tense yo form and add -éis for -ar verbs or -áis for -er and -ir verbs.

¡No habléis! = Don’t speak!
No comáis. = Don’t eat.
No escribáis. = Don’t write.
Three verbs are irregular in the negative ‘vosotros’ command forms. They are:
Irregular Plural Form Negative Commands
Infinitive
Negative Command
Translation
Ir
¡No vayáis!
Don’t go!
Saber
No sepáis . . .
Don’t know . . .
Ser
No seáis . . .
Don’t be . . .
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
72
How to form the formal “you” singular command. – the ‘usted’ form.
First remove the -o ending of the yo form, and add an -e for -ar verbs or an -a for -er and -ir verbs. For example:
Hable. = Speak.
No hable. = Don’t speak.
Coma. = Eat.
No coma. = Don’t eat.
Escriba. = Write.
No escriba. = Don’t write.
There are only three irregular usted commands:
Infinitive
Positive Command
Negative Command
Ir
Vaya. = Go.
No vaya. = Don’t go.
Saber
Sepa. = Know.
No sepa. = Don’t know.
Ser
Sea. = Be.
No sea. = Don’t be.
How to form the formal “you” plural command – ‘ustedes’.
This is more straightforward. All you do is add -n to the Ud. command form. This rule applies for the regular and irregular
verbs. For example:

Hablen. = Speak.
¡No coman! = Don’t eat!
¡No sean tontos! = Don’t be
Escriban. = Write.
foolish
THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
The Present Subjunctive : (actions containing uncertainty) *The formation of this tense is similar to that of formal commands.
Firstly, find the present tense of the “yo” form. Then, drop the “o”. Then, for “-ar” verbs, add the present tense “-er” verb ending.
And for “-er” or “-ir” verbs, add the corresponding present tense of the “-ar” endings.
hablo - o = habl
ccm - o com
viv - o
habl + e = hable
com + a = coma
viv + a= viva
habl + es = hables
com + as = comas
viv + as = vivas
habl + e = hable
com + a= coma
viv + a = viva
habl + emos = hablemos
com + amos = comamos
viv + amos = vivamos
habl + éis = habléis
com + áis = comáis
viv + éis = viváis
habl + en = hablen
com + an = coman
viv + ann = vivan
viv
The subjunctive is usually used after verbs that express:

Wishes, hopes, and desires (For example: esperar que, desear que, querer que)

Disbelief, doubt, and denial (For example: no creer que, dudar que, negar que)

Possibility and hypothesis (For example: ser posible que, ser probable que)

Requests and commands (For example: pedir que, decir que, exigir que)
DON’T GET YOURSELF INTO A MUDDLE OVER THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
TRY AND FOCUS ON RECOGNISING IT.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
73
COMMON VERBS – to learn & recognise
tratar: to treat
abandonar to leave
escuchar: to listen to
aceptar: to accept
esperar: to hope, to wait for
tratar de to try to
acostumbrarse a to be accustomed to
estudiar: to study
usar: to use
adaptar: to adapt
firmar: to sign
viajar: to travel
adivinar: to guess
fumar: to smoke
visitar: to visit
admirar: to admire
ganar: to win, earn
aprender a: to learn
ahorrar: to save
gastar: to spend (money)
beber: to drink
alquilar: to rent
golpear: to hit
comer: to eat
almorzar(ue) to have lunch
hablar: to speak, to talk
comprender: to understand
amar: to love
invitar: to invite
correr: to run
andar: to walk
llamar: to call
creer: to believe
arreglar: to fix, repair
lanzar: to throw
deber: to have to, to owe
ayudar: to help
lavar: to wash
esconder: to hide
bailar: to dance
limpiar: to clean
leer: to read
bajar: to lower, go down
llegar: to arrive
meter en: to put into
bloquear: to block
llenar: to fill
poseer: to possess, own
borrar: to erase
llevar: to wear, to carry
prometer: to promise
brillar: to shine
llorar: to cry
responder: to answer
buscar: to look for
luchar: to fight
romper: to break
cambiar: to change
mandar: to send
temer: to fear
caminar: to walk
mezclar: to mix
vender: to sell
cantar: to sing
mirar: to watch, to look at
ver: to see
castigar: to punish
montar: to get on
abrir: to open
celebrar: to celebrate
nadar: to swim
aburrir: to bore
cenar to have dinner
necesitar: to need
admitir: to admit
charlar: to chat
olvidar: to forget
cocinar: to cook
pagar: to pay for
comparar: to compare
participar (en): to participate in
comprar: to buy
pasar: to spend (time) pass
comunicar: to communicate
pegar: to hit, stick
contestar: to answer
pescar: to fish
continuar: to continue
pintar: to paint
cubrir: to cover
copiar: to copy
practicar: to practise
cumplir: to fulfill
cortar: to cut
preguntar: to ask
decidir: to decide
crear: to create
preparar: to prepare
definir: to define
cruzar: to cross
presentar: to present
describir: to describe
decorar: to decorate
quedar: to stay, remain
descubrir: to discover
dejar: to allow, to leave
quejar, to complain
discutir: to discuss
dejar de – to give up
regresar: to return
dividir: to divide
descansar: to rest
reparar: to repair
escribir: to write
desayunar to have breakfast
representar: to represent
desear: to want/desire
respetar: to respect
dibujar: to draw
respirar: to breathe
disfrutar: to enjoy
sacar to take out
durar:to last
saltar: to jump
eliminar: to get rid of
terminar: to end, terminate
enseñar: to teach
tirar: to throw
subir: to climb, to go up
entrar (en): to enter (into)
tocar: to touch/play instrument
sufrir: to suffer
entregar: to deliver/hand in
tomar: to take
transmitir: to transmit
enviar: to send
trabajar: to work
unir: to unite
añadir: to add
asistir a: to attend
coincidir: to coincide
compartir: to share
consistir: to consist
existir: to exist
omitir: to omit
partir: to divide
permitir: to permit
recibir: to receive
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
74
Spanish tenses – what you need to know...
THE PRESENT TENSE – tells you what is happening now or what usually happens. ( eg.
Cada día como una hamburguesa.- Each day I eat a burger.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Formed with the present tense of estar plus the present
participle) – what is happening at this very moment - the –ing part. ( eg. Estoy comiendo
– I am eating)
THE PRETERITE -tells you what happened in the past. One off actions.
(eg. Una vez visité Francia – I visited France once.
THE IMPERFECT – tells you what was happening in the past and is used for repeated
actions. (eg. Los fines de semana jugaba al fútbol – at the weekends I played/ used to
play football) – repeated action.
Compound past tenses
Compound tenses are those that are formed from more than a single word. They
use the auxiliary verb ‘haber’ followed by the past participle of the main verb.
THE PERFECT TENSE –tells you what has happened (eg. he comido - I have eaten)
THE PLUPERFECT TENSE – tells you what had happened (eg. había comido - I had
eaten)
THE IMPERFECT CONTINUOUS - Formed with the imperfect tense of estar plus the
present participle) it indicates what was happening at that time.(eg. estaban comiendo –
they were eating.
THE FUTURE TENSE – tells you what will happen (eg comeré – I will eat)
THE CONDITIONAL TENSE – tells you what would / could happen - (eg iría – I would
go)
Strictly speaking, the subjunctive and the imperative are not tenses but are
referred to as moods.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
75
LOS NÚMEROS
NUMBERS
Knowing your numbers is important as they appear in lots of different contexts.
Age, quantity, prices, telephone numbes, dates etc. etc.
0 cero
1 uno
2 dos
3 tres
4 cuatro
15 quince
16 dieciséis
17 diecisiete
18 dieciocho
19 diecinueve
5 cinco
6 seis
7 siete
8 ocho
9 nueve
10 diez
11 once
12 doce
13 trece
14
catorce
20 veinte
21 veintiuno
22 veintidós, etc...
30 treinta
31 treinta y uno
32 treinta y dos, etc...
40 cuarenta
50 cincuenta
60 sesenta
70 setenta
80 ochenta
90 noventa
100 cien
101 ciento uno
102 ciento dos,
etc...
200 doscientos
300 trescientos
400 cuatrocientos
500 quinientos
600 seiscientos
700 setecientos
800 ochocientos
900 novecientos
1000 mil
5000 cinco mil
NOTES ON NUMBERS
Ciento gets shortened to cien in front of a noun
e.g. cien euros = 100 euro
ORDINAL numbers
primer(o)/a (first)
segundo/a (second)
tercer(o)/a (third)
cuarto/a (fourth)
quinto/a (fifth)
sexto/a (sixth)
séptimo/a (seventh)
octavo/a (eighth)
noveno/a (ninth)
décimo/a (tenth)
Quantity
Más de – more than
Hay más de mil alumnos – there are more than a thousand pupils
¿Qué hora es?
What time is it?
Es mediodía
Es medianoche
Es la una y media
Son las dos
Son las tres y cuarto
A las cuatro menos cuarto
A las cinco y diez
A las ocho en punto
A eso de las nueve
It’s midday
It’s midnight
It’s half past one
It’s two o’clock
It’s quarter past three
at quarter to four
at ten past five
at eight o’clock sharp.
about nine o’clock
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
76
SOCIETY – FAMILY & FRIENDS
Use symbols, drawings, highlighters, anything you can think of that can help
you to remember vocabulary. Say the words aloud. You don’t learn a song in
silence! You know a lot of the vocabulary already!!!!!
Datos personales
Personal details
Nombre
Apellido
Edad
Me llamo …
Tengo … años.
Mi cumpleaños es el … de
La fecha de nacimiento
Soy escocés/escocesa.
Vivo en …
Nací en …
¿Qué tal/cómo estás?
¿De dónde eres/es usted?
¿Cuánto tiempo estás aquí
Nací en…..
(first) name
surname
age
My name is …
I’m … years old.
My birthday is the …..of ….
date of birth
I’m Scottish
I live in …
I was born in …
How are you
Where are you from?
How long are you here for?
I was born in….
Parientes
Relations
El/la bebé (recién nacido)
(new born) baby
el hijo/la hija
son/daughter
el marido/la mujer
husband/wife
el novio/la novia
boyfriend/girlfriend, fiancé(e)
los abuelos/ el abuelo/la abuela
grandparents/ grandfather/grandmother
los tíos/ el tío/la tía
uncle and aunt/ uncle/aunt
el primo/la prima
cousin
el sobrino/la sobrina
nephew/ niece
los nietos/el nieto/la nieta
grandchildren/grandson/grand-daughter
los padres/el padre/la madre
parents/ father/mother
el padrastro/la madrastra
stepfather/stepmother
el hermano/la hermana
brother/sister
el hermanastro/ la hermanastra
stepbrother/stepsister
el suegro/la suegra
father-in-law/mother-in-law
el cuñado/la cuñada
brother-in-law/sister-in-law
el viudo/la viuda
widow/widower
los políticos
the in-laws
La pareja feliz
the happy couple
Mi media naranja
my better half
El benjamín/ la benjamina
the youngest child
Los asuntos familiares
family matters
Somos (cinco) en casa.
There are (five) of us at home.
Vivo con mis padres/ mi madre.
I live with my parents/ my mother.
Soy hijo/a único/a.
I’m an only child.
Mis hermanas son gemelas.
My sisters are twins.
No tengo hermanos.
I haven’t any brothers or sisters.
Una familia unida
a close family
Una famila numerosa
a large family
Mi hermano está prometido
my brother is engaged.
Las familias monoparentales
single parent families.
La familia adoptiva
adoptive family
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
77
SOCIETY – FAMILY & FRIENDS
Estado
Status
(Mi madre) está …
casado/a
divorciado/a
separado/a
viudo/a
jubilado/a
en paro
Es soltero/soltera
Es viudo/viuda
La tercera edad
(My mother) is …
married
divorced
separated
widowed
retired
unemployed
he/she is single
widower/widow
senior citizens
Los jubilados
Relaciones y problemas
(bachelor)
retired people /OAPs
Relationships and problems
Vivo con mis padres.
Me entiendo bien/mal
con mi madre
Me llevo bien con….
Tiene un buen sentido del humor.
Mis padres no me
dejan salir por la noche
Mis padres me dan rabia.
Tengo un problema muy grave.
Estoy harto/a de
No aguanto/ no soporto
No creo en el matrimonio/
Estoy muy a favor del matrimonio
I live with my parents.
I get on/don’t get on well
with my mother.
I get on well with……
She has a good sense of humour.
My parents don’t let me go out at night.
Descripción personal
Personal descriptions
My parents drive me mad.
I have a very serious problem.
I’m fed up with
I can’t stand
I don’t believe in marriage/divorce
I am very much in favour of marriage
Soy alto/a. bajo/a
I’m tall/short
delgado/a /gordo/a
thin/fat
guapo/a feo/a
good-looking/ugly
joven /viejo/a
young/old
rubio/a moreno/a
fair/dark
Tengo los ojos azules/ grises/marrones/
I have blue/ grey/brown/
negros/verdes.
black/green eyes.
Tengo el pelo corto/largo/
I have short/long/
liso/ondulado/rizado.
straight/wavy/curly hair.
Tengo el pelo castaño/ moreno/rubio.
I have light brown/ dark/blond hair.
Tengo barba/bigote/ gafas/pecas. I have a beard/a moustache/ glasses/freckles.
Soy pelirrojo/a.
I have red hair.
Tengo un cicatriz
I have a scar
Llevo gafas/lentes de contacto
I wear glasses/contact lenses
Es calvo
He is bald.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
78
SOCIETY – FAMILY & FRIENDS
El carácter
Character
Soy (bastante) …
activo/a
agradable
alegre
amable
ambicioso/a
antipático/a
cariñoso/a
chistoso
comprensivo/a
cortés
educado
egoísta
extrovertido/a
generoso/a
gracioso/a
hablador(a)
honrado/a
impaciente
inteligente
maleducado/a
orgulloso/a
paciente
perezoso/a
responsable
sensible
serio/a
severo/a
simpático/a
sincero/a
tímido/a
tonto/a
trabajador(a)
travieso
triste
vago/a
llamativo
atrevido/a
callado/a
culto/a
†
educado/a
encantador(a)
hablador(a)
I’m (fairly) …
active
pleasant
cheerful
nice/friendly
ambitious
unpleasant/ not nice
affectionate
funny
understanding
polite
polite/well brought up
selfish
outgoing
generous/ kind
funny
talkative
honest
impatient
intelligent
rude
proud
patient
lazy
responsible
sensitive
serious
strict
nice, friendly
sincere
timid/shy
stupid, crazy
hardworking
naughty
sad
lazy
showy, flashy
daring
quiet
well-educated
polite
charming
talkative
reservado/a
bruto/a
cursi
despistado/a
grosero/a
pesado/a
presumido/a
†
raro/a
tacaño/a
testarudo/a
tiquismiquis
reserved
stupid, brutish
tasteless, pretentious, corny
absent-minded
rude
tedious, annoying
conceited
strange
stingy
stubborn
picky
DON’T PANIC ABOUT
LEARNING ALL THE
VOCABULARY. BUILD IT UP
GRADUALLY
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
79
SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – En Casa
Los quehaceres/tareas domésticas
Household chores
paso la aspiradora
plancho la ropa
lavo el coche
Corto el césped
limpio el dormitorio
tengo que arreglar mi dormitorio
pongo la mesa
quito la mesa
Friego/lavo los platos
Quitar/sacar el polvo
Preparar la comida
Sacar la basura
Hacer las compras
Tengo que planchar
Secar los platos
I hoover
I iron
I wash the car
I cut the lawn/grass
I clean my room
I have to tidy my bedroom
I set the table
I clear the table
I wash the dishes
to dust
to prepare the meal
to take out the rubbish
to do the shopping
I have to iron/do the ironing
to dry the dishes
SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE - La Comida
La carta
Menu
Menu del día
comidas para llevar
la comida casera
la comida basura
la comida congelada
los platos típicos
sabroso
la cuenta
Tengo (mucha) hambre
hay un error
¡Qué aproveche!
Todo incluído
¡Qué aproveche!
menu of the day
take- aways
home-cooking/home cooked food
junk food
frozen food
typical food/ dishes
tasty
the bill
I am (very) hungry
there’s a mistake
Enjoy your meal
Everything included
Enjoy your meal
Bebidas
Bebidas granizadas
el agua (f) mineral
agua potable
el café (solo)
el café con leche
el chocolate
una limonada
una naranjada
los refrescos
el té
el azúcar
una taza de té
el zumo de piña/naranja/
manzana/fruta
la cerveza
la leche
el vino tinto
el vino blanco
una copa de vino tinto
un vaso de leche
los batidos
una botella de vino blanco
con / sin hielo
Drinks
drinks served with crushed ice
(mineral) water
water- suitable for drinking
(black) coffee
white coffee
chocolate
lemonade
fizzy orange
refreshments/soft drinks
tea
sugar
a cup of tea
pineapple/orange/
apple/fruit juice
beer
milk
red wine
white wine
a glass of red wine
a glass of milk
milk shakes
a bottle of white wine
with/without ice
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
80
Comidas
Meals/Food
el desayuno
la comida
el almuerzo
la merienda
las tapas
la cena
las aceitunas
el pan
la mantequilla
la mermelada
los cereales
las galletas
las tostadas
la carne
el chorizo
los entremeses
huevos (fritos)
huevos cocidos
las patatas(bravas)
las patatas fritas
la lechuga
el pepino
las verduras
las legumbres
la zanahoria
el bocadillo (de jamón)
los champiñones
la ensalada(verde)
la ensaladilla rusa
el gazpacho
los guisantes
el jamón serrano
las judías verdes
el pan (de ajo)
el queso
el salchichón
las salchichas
la sopa de cebolla/pescado
mariscos
la tortilla (española/ francesa)
el pescado
el atún
el bacalao
los mariscos
los calamares
las gambas
el cóctel de gambas
las gambas al ajillo
la merluza
el pulpo (en su tinta)
el salmón
la trucha
el bistec a la pimienta
las chuletas de cordero
el filete de ternera
el filete de cerdo
la paella
el pollo (asado)
el pollo al ajillo
salsa de tomate
la mayonesa
breakfast
lunch/food
lunch
snack
bar snacks
dinner
olives
bread
butter
marmalade/jam
cereal
biscuits
toast
meat
spicy sausage
starters
(fried) eggs
boiled eggs
(spicy) potatoes
chips/crisps
lettuce
cucumber
vegetables
pulses
carrot
(ham) sandwich
mushrooms
(green)salad
Russian salad
cold tomato and cucumber soup
peas
dry-cured ham
green beans
(garlic) bread
cheese
salami sausage
sausages
onion/fish
seafood soup
(Spanish/French style) omelette
fish
tuna
cod
seafood
squid
prawns
prawn cocktail
prawns in garlic
hake
octopus (in ink)
salmon
trout
pepper steak
lamb chops
veal steak
pork steak
paella
(roast) chicken
chicken with garlic
tomato sauce
mayonnaise
el aceite (de oliva)
a la plancha
olive oil
grilled
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
81
Postres
el arroz con leche
el flan (casero)
la fruta (del tiempo)
los helados (vainilla,frambuesa
fresa, chocolate, menta)
el polo
la piña
el sorbete
la tarta helada
el pastel
el yogur
las galletas
el bizcocho
Desserts/sweets
rice pudding
(home-made) caramel cream
fruit (in season)
ice creams (vanilla,raspberry
strawberry, chocolate, mint )
ice lolly
pineapple
sorbet
ice-cream gateau
cake
yogurt
biscuits
sponge biscuit
los dulces
los caramelos
las golosinas
una chocolatina
la miel
Es goloso/a
sweet things
sweets
sweets
a chocolate bar
honey
He/she has a sweet tooth.
La Fruta (Del Tiempo)
Las cerezas
Los ciruelos
las frambuesas
las fresas
los frutos secos
el limón
la manzana
los melocotones
el melón
la naranja
el pomelo
los plátanos
el tomate
las uvas
Fruit (in season)
cherries
plums
raspberries
strawberries
dried fruits
lemon
apple
peaches
melon
orange
grapefruit
bananas
tomato
grapes
Comprando comida
¿Qué desea?
¿Cuánto(s)/a(s) quiere?
¿Algo más?
Quisiera …
Buying food
What would you like?
How much/many would you like?
Is that all?
I’d like …
Deme …
medio kilo de estos/esos/
aquellos melocotones
un kilo de estas/
esas/aquellas uvas
100 gramos de jamón
una barra de pan
una bolsa de patatas fritas
una botella de agua mineral
una caja de queso
una docena de huevos
una lata de naranjada
un paquete de cereales
¿Cuánto es?
¿Cuánto cuesta?
Hay una cola grande.
autoservicio
Give me…
half a kilo of these/those/
those (over there) peaches
a kilo of these/those/
those (over there) grapes
100 grams of ham
a loaf of bread
a bag of crisps
a bottle of mineral water
a box of cheese
a dozen eggs
a can of orangeade
a packet of cereal
How much is it?
How much does it cost?
There’s a large queue.
self – service
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
82
SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – Las Enfermedades
Enfermedades
Illnesses
EL SIDA
AIDS
La obesidad infantil
El cáncer de piel
child obesity
skin cancer
Me duele …..
el brazo
la cara
el dedo
el estómago
el ojo
el pie
el tobillo
la boca
la cabeza
la espalda
la garganta
la mano
la nariz
la pierna
la rodilla
Me duele desde hace dos días.
Me duelen los oídos.
Tengo dolor de muelas.
Me siento mal/fatal.
Estoy constipado/a.
Estoy enfermo/a.
Estoy mareado/a.
Tengo catarro.
Tengo diarrea.
Tengo fiebre.
Tengo gripe.
Tengo una insolación.
Tengo tos.
No tengo hambre.
Tengo una contusion
Marearse
Me he cortado la rodilla.
Me he hecho daño en la nariz.
Me he quemado la boca.
Me he roto la pierna/el brazo
Me he torcido el tobillo.
La sangre
La calentura
Las ampollas
My ….. is hurting.
arm
face
finger
stomach
eye
foot
ankle
mouth
head
back
throat
hand
nose
leg
knee
It’s been hurting for two days.
My ears are hurting.
I have toothache.
I feel bad/awful.
I have a cold.
I’m ill.
I feel dizzy..
I have a cold.
I have diarrhoea.
I have a temperature/fever
I have flu.
I have sunstroke.
I have a cough.
I don’t feel hungry.
I have a bruise
to feel sick
I’ve cut my knee.
I’ve hurt my nose
I’ve burnt my mouth.
I’ve broken my leg/arm
I’ve twisted my ankle.
blood
fcold sore / temperature
blisters
Remedios
Remedies
Tome unas aspirinas.
Tome estas pastillas/este jarabe.
Póngase esta crema.
Quédese en la cama/en casa.
Tiene que ir a la farmacia/ al hospital.
al medico
Beba mucha agua.
Tome dos cucharadas al
día, después de comer.
Hay que tomar estas pastillas
cuatro veces al día.
¿Hay efectos secundarios?
Tengo una alergía a….
¿Tiene tiritas?
Le escayolaron la pierna
La escayola
¿Tiene algo para las picaduras?
Take some aspirin.
Take these tablets/this cough medicine.
Apply this cream.
Stay in bed/at home.
Go to the chemist’s/ the hospital.
to the doctor’s
Drink a lot of water.
Take two spoonfuls a
day, after meals.
You must take these tablets four times a day
Are there any side effects?
I have an allergy to …….
Do you have any sticking plasters?
They put his leg in plaster.
plaster cast
Do you have anything for stings/bites?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
83
SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – La Vida Sana
La vida sana
Healthy living
No se debe acostarse tarde.
You shouldn’t go to bed late.
No se debe comer mucha
You shouldn’t eat a lot of junk food.
comida basura.
No se debe fumar cigarillos
You shouldn’t smoke cigarettes or take drugs.
ni tomar drogas.
Se debe beber menos
You should drink less alcohol and more water.
alcohol y más agua.
Se debe comer más fruta, las verduras
You should eat more fruit, vegetables and cereals and less fat.
y cereales y menos grasa.
Se debe controlar el estrés.
You should control your stress levels.
Se debe dormir ocho horas.
You should get 8 hours’ sleep.
Se debe evitar beber
You should avoid drinking
demasiado café.
too much coffee.
Se debe hacer ejercicio tres
You should take exercise three
veces a la semana.
times a week.
(No) Estoy en forma.
I’m (not) in good shape.
Nunca me relajo.
I never relax.
Estoy estresado/a.
I’m stressed.
Estoy preocupado/a.
I’m worried.
Llevo una vida bastante sana.
I lead quite a healthy life.
Soy vegetariano/a.
I’m a vegetarian.
Tengo un vicio:
I have a weakness:
me encanta el chocolate
I love chocolate.
SET YOURSELF A TARGET FOR
REVIEWING AND LEARNING
VOCABULARY.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
84
SOCIETY – LIFESTYLE – Freetime
EL TIEMPO DE OCIO
En mis ratos libres/ en mi tiempo libre
Los Deportes
Sports
Los Pasatiempos
Hobbies
Los deportes acuáticos
water sports
el baile/la danza/bailar
dance
el equipo
team
el ajedrez
chess
el partido
game
la lectura/leer
reading
el resultado
result
los dardos
darts
el empate
draw
ir de pesca/pescar
to go fishing
la competencia
competition
el dibujo/dibujar
drawing
el esquí
ski-ing
tocar la batería
to play the drums
el patinaje sobre hielo
ice skating
el patinaje
skating
escuchar música
to listen to music
la piscina
swimming pool
ver la television
to watch television
la natación
swimming
la equitacón
horse-riding
coleccionar sellos/monedas
to collect stamps/coins
el esquí acuático
water ski-ing
sacar fotos
to take photographs
el windsurf
windsurfing
jugar con el ordenador
to go on the computer
el piragüismo
canoeing
navegar por el internet
to surf the web
la vela
sailing
ir al concierto
to go to a concert
el alpinismo
climbing
ir al espectáculo
to go to a show
el atletismo
athletics
ir de marcha
to go out on the town
el jugador
player
la pista de hielo
ice rink
la pista
court
el hipódromo
horse racing track
el béisbol
baseball
la bolera
bowling alley
el baloncesto
basketball
los bolos
bowling
el footing
jogging
el fútbol
el balonmano
la gimnasia
el hockey
el voleibol
el ciclismo
el tenis
LEISURE TIME
In my free time
football
handball
gymnastics
hockey
volleyball
cycling
tennis
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
85
la carrera
el espectador
el / la hincha
el árbitro
la copa
la medulla
el trofeo
el campeonato
el campeón
el torneo
la plaza de toros
la corrida
el torero/matador
boxear
andar en monopatín
montar a caballo
race
spectator
supporter
referee
cup
medal
trophy
championship
champion
tournament
bullring
bullfight
bullfighter
to box
(to) go skateboarding
to go horse-riding
Soy vago/a no hago mucho ejercicio - I am lazy, I don’t do much exer
Shopping
Opiniones
Opinions
Odio los hipermercados.
I hate hypermarkets.
Hay mucha variedad.
There’s a lot of variety.
Hay demasiada gente.
There are too many people.
Los precios son más bajos.
The prices are lower.
Todos son idénticos.
They’re all the same.
Venden lo mismo.
They sell the same things.
Los centros no tienen carácter.
Shopping centres lack character.
Los centros comerciales están en las afueras.
The shopping centres are on the oustskirts.
Hay que usar el coche.
You have to use the car.
Es más divertido.
It’s more fun.
Las tiendas cierran muy tarde.
The shops close very late.
Tienen todas las marcas famosas.
They have all the famous brands.
En el mercado tienes que regatear mucho. At the market you have to haggle a lot
Recuerdos/regalos
un abanico
una bufanda
las castañuelas
un CD
el delantal
un llavero
la loción par después del afeitado
una muñeca
el perfume
un reloj (barato)
un sombrero
una tarjeta postal
los sellos/ las monedas
las gafas de sol
una toalla
Souvenirs/gifts
a fan
a scarf
castanets
CD
apron
a key ring
aftershave
a doll
perfume
a (cheap) watch
a hat
postcard
stamps/coins
sunglasses
a towel
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
86
SOCIETY –LIFESTYLE – Freetime
SHOPPPING
Dinero de bolsillo
Pocket money
Gasto el dinero en CDs, y vídeos
I spend my money on CDs and videos.
Compro ropa, juegos de
I buy clothes, computer games,
ordenador, tebeos, revistas
comics, magazines
y caramelos.
and sweets.
Gasto el dinero en salir al cine
,
I spend my money on going out: to the cinema.
Ahorro el dinero para comprar
I’m saving my money to buy a computer.
un ordenador.
Ahorrar/gastar
to save/ to spend
Malgastar
to waste
Opiniones
Opinions
A mí me encanta el fútbol.
Es muy emocionante.
Prefiero las películas de acción.
El cine es caro.
Me encantaría ir.
Bueno, no lo sé.
Me gustaría más …
Me gustaría pero tengo
muchos deberes
No me gusta nada.
¡Ay, qué bueno!
Eres muy majo/a.
¡Fenomenal!
¡Fue superfantástico/
divertidísimo!
Me divertí mucho.
Me gustó bastante.
Fue regular.
¡Qué desastre!
¡Fue fatal!
Fue muy emocionante/aburrido.
Lo pasé bomba/muy mal.
I love football.
It’s very exciting.
I prefer action films.
The cinema is expensive.
I’d love to go.
Well, I don’t know.
I’d rather …
I’d like to, but I’ve got
lots of homework.
I don’t like it at all.
Oh, great!
You’re very sweet/nice.
Great!
It was brilliant/really enjoyable!
I enjoyed myself a lot.
I quite liked it.
It was so-so.
What a disaster!
It was terrible!
It was very exciting/boring.
I had a great/very bad time.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
87
SOCIETY – MEDIA – La televisión
Los programas
Programmes
el concurso
game/quizshow
el documental
documentary
el musical
musical
la comedia
comedy
la emisión deportiva
sports programme
la película de acción/ ciencia ficción action/ science fiction film
la película policíaca/romántica
detective/romantic film
la serie
series
el programa de tertulia
chat show
la telenovela/ el culebrón
soap (opera)
las noticias/telenoticias
the news
los dibujos animados
cartoons
los anuncios
adverts
la publicidad
advertising/publicity
la television matinal
breakfast TV
grabar
to record
entrevistar
to interview
doblado/subtitulado/versión original (v.o.) dubbed/with subtitles/ original version
el canal
channel
la pantalla
the screen
el telespectador
TV viewer
En vivo/en directo
live broadcast
La televisión terrestre
terrrestrial TV
La visión gratuita
freeview
La televisión vía satélite
satellite TV
Los titulares
highlights
La televisión por cable
cable TV
Un abono
subscriber
Nivel de popularidad, audiencia
ratings
Abonarse a
to subscribe to
anunciar
to advertise
Un descanso publicitario
comercial break
Fracasar
to flop/fail
Un reproductor de DVD
DVD player
Una antena parabólica
satellite dish
En la tele
On TV
¿Qué ponen esta tarde?
What’s on tonight?
¿A qué hora lo ponen?
What time is it on?
Creo que la televisión es
I think TV is educational/dangerous.
educativa/peligrosa.
Creo que es una pérdida de tiempo.
I think it’s a waste of time.
Hay demasiada violencia.
There’s too much violence.
¿Dónde está el mando a distancia?
Where’s the remote control?
Prefiero escuchar la radio/leer.
I prefer to listen to the radio/read.
¿De qué se trata?
What is it about?
Se trata de …
It’s about …
Es una historia de amor/ amistad/guerra.
It’s a story about love/ friendship/war.
una (super)estrella
a (super)star
quedarse pegado al televisor
to be glued to the televisión set
No tengo tiempo para hacer nada.
I don’t have any time to do anything.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
88
SOCIETY – MEDIA – La prensa; La tecnología
La prensa
The press
el periódico
newspaper
el periodista
journalist
la cartelera
entertainments page
saltar a los titulares
to hit the headlines
la revista
magazine
el tebeo
comic
Es una revista mensual/semanal. It’s a monthly/weekly magazine.
Sale todas las semanas.
It comes out every week.
Teléfono Móvil
Mobile Phone
tarjeta
card
contrato
contract
teléfono fijo
fixed line
compañias telefónicas
service providers.
mensaje de texto
text message
tarifa plana
flat rate
tarifa franja horario
time scale plan
plan del grupo
group plan
WAP
WAP
SMS
SMS
tonos
ringtone
polifonico
polyphonic
manos libres
hands free
tarjeta SIM
SIM card
Tarifas tarjeta prepago
Prepaid tariff
Tarifas de contrato sin compromiso
No fixed term contract
Recarga tu saldo
Top up
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
89
SOCIETY – MEDIA – La tecnología
Las tecnologías de comunicación
To delete
The internet
A mobile phone
PDA/blackberry
A web, net
MP3 player
An i-pod
To browse
Browser
Online
To go on MSN To chat online
Forum
Chatroom
Network
Digital
Laptop
an e-mail
A digital camera
To download
To copy illegally
To click
A link
To cut and paste
To print
To censor
Censorship
Freedom
Parental control
A password
Username
Web page
Web site
Free
Web user
To e-mail
To surf
To surf the net
To attach
Text message
Broadband
Wireless
Junk mail
Electronic devices
Gadgets
Voice Mail
ATM/Cash Machine
Home page
To save/store
Borrar
-El internet
-Un teléfono móvil
-Un PDA/blackberry
-La red
-Un reproductor/tocador de MP3
-Un i-pod
-Hojear
-Buscador
-En línea
Conectarse al MSN
-Chatear
-Un foro
el canal de charla
-La red
-Digital
Un ordenador portátil
-Un e-mail
-Una cámara digital
-Descargar
-Copiar ilegalmente, plagiar
-Hacer click
-Una conexión
-Cortar y pegar
-Imprimir
-Censurar
-La censura
-La libertad
-El control de padres
-Una contraseña
-Un usuario
-Una página web
-Un sitio web
-Gratis
-Un usuario de la red
-Escribir un e-mail
surfear
navegar la red
adjuntar
un mensaje de texto
la banda ancha
inálambrico
el correo basura
dispositivos electrónicos
aparatos/artilugios
mensaje en el contestador
cajero automático
página digital
archivar/guardar
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
90
SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP
TOWN & COUNTRY
El pueblo/La ciudad
The town/city
El ciudadano
Norte / sur / este / oeste
Noreste /oeste sureste/ oeste
animado/a
bullicioso
concurrido
sucio/a
limpio/a
ruidoso/a
tranquilo/a
industrial
ocupado/a
pintoresco/a
precioso/bonito/hermoso
rural
contaminado/a
turístico/a
antiguo/a
moderno/a
No hay mucho que hacer.
Hay muchas diversiones.
Hay mucho turismo.
contaminación
desempleo
cultura
pintadas
Lo bueno/ Lo malo es (que) …
Lo aburrido es (que) …
Prefiero vivir en el campo/al aire libre
El paisaje es muy precioso
citizen
north / south / east / west
north east / west / south east /west
lively
bustling
crowded
dirty
clean
noisy
quiet
industrial
busy
picturesque
pretty
rural
polluted
touristy
old
modern
There isn’t a lot to do.
There’s a lot of entertainment.
There’s a lot of tourism.
pollution
unemployment
cultura
grafitti
The good thing is (that) … The bad thing is (that)
The boring thing is (that) …
I prefer living in the countryside/ in the open air
The scenery/landscape is lovely.
El Transporte
Transport
Voy andando/a pie
En avión
en autobus/en autocar
en bicicleta
en coche
en helicóptero
en metro
en tren
en barco
en camión
en moto(cicleta)
en tranvía
en teleférico
a pie
Las tiendas están a unos quinientos metros.
La estación está a unos cinco minutos andando.
Tardo una hora en llegar.
El viaje dura cuarenta minutos.
Está cerca/lejos.
I walk.
by plane
by bus/by coach
by bike
by car
by helicopter
by underground
by train
by boat
by lorry
by motorbike
by tram
by cable car
on foot
The shops are about 500 hundred metres away.
The station is about five minutes’ walk away.
It takes me an hour to get there.
The journey takes forty minutes.
It’s nearby/a long way.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
91
SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP – La Ciudad y El Campo
TOWN AND COUNTRY
TOWN AND COUNTRY
Problemas
Problems
Un atraco/un robo/un delito
La circulación/el tráfico
El embotellamiento/atasco
El coche tiene una avería
Tengo un pinchazo
un accidente entre un camión y un coche
Una moto chocó con un un péaton
Un retraso de
El control de carretera
Un choque en la autopista
La matrícula
Un aviso
Los heridos/ilesos
El testigo
Una manifestación/huelga
El cambio de rueda
Una multa
a hold-up/a robbery/ a crime
traffic
traffic jam
the car has broken down
I have a puncture
an accident involving a lorry and a car
a motorbike crashed into a pedestrian
a delay of
roadblock
collision/crash on the motorway
registration plate/ number
an announcement/ notice
the injured/uninjured
witness
a demonstration/ strike
spare wheel
a fine
Direcciones
¿Por dónde se va a … ?
Siga todo recto en el cruce.
Tuerza a la izquierda/derecha.
Cruce la plaza.
Tome la primera/ segunda/tercera calle
Pase el puente/los semáforos.
Doble la esquina.
Está delante/detrás/al lado/ enfrente de
Está entre … y …
Está cerca/lejos (de …)
Está a … kilómetros.
Hay que coger el metro/el bus.
¿Cuánto tiempo hace falta?
Está a cinco minutos.
Directions
How do I get to … ?
Carry straight on at the crossroads.
Turn left/right.
Cross the square.
Take the first/second/third street.
Go over the bridge/the lights.
Turn the corner.
It’s in front of/behind/beside/ facing …
It’s between … and …
It’s near/a long way (from …)
It’s … kilometres away.
You have to take the metro/the bus.
How long does it take?
It’s five minutes away.
El transporte público
Public transport
¿Por dónde se va a la estación?
¿Cuánto cuesta un billete de ida?
¿A qué hora sale el primer/último/
próximo autobús/tren?
¿A qué hora llega?
¿De qué andén/vía sale?
Quisiera un billete de ida y vuelta
¿Qué tipo de billete quiere?
Un billete sencillo
¿Cuántas paradas hay?
Tengo un bonobús/abono seminal / mensual
Soy automovilista pero en Madrid viajo en metro
No me gustan las carreteras de peaje
How do I get to the station?
How much is a single ticket?
What time does the first/last/
next bus/train leave?
What time does it arrive?
What platform does it leave from?
I’d like a return ticket.
What type of ticket would you like?
A single ticket
How many stops are there?
I have a (weekly/monthly) bus pass/ travel pass
I am amotorist but in Madrid I travel by the underground/subway.
I don’t like toll roads.
Opiniones sobre el transporte
El tren es cómodo/ruidoso/limpio.
Prefiero los taxis porque son más rápidos
Voy en coche. Me gusta la independencia.
Voy andando o en bici.
Hay demasiada contaminación.
La gente me molesta.
Había demasiada gente
El vuelo era muy incómodo
Los vuelos de bajo coste
Las compañ ías de líneas aéreas de bajo coste
El desfase
Opinions about transport
The train is comfortable/noisy/clean.
I prefer taxis because they are quicker.
I go by car. I like the independence.
I go on foot or by bike.
There’s too much pollution.
People bother me.
There were too many people
The flight was very uncomfortable
low cost/budget flights
Budget airlines
jetlag
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
92
SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP – El Medio Ambiente
EL MEDIO AMBIENTE
TheEnvironment
recargable
reciclable
el reciclaje
los residuos orgánicos
el espray
sucio
la Tierra
tóxico
el tráfico
el transporte,
el uso
el vehículo
apagar
ayudar
contaminar
dañar
desaparecer
biodegradable
encender
ensuciar
malgastar
matar
producir
proteger
reciclar
recoger
reducir
reutilizar
salvar
separar la basura
tirar
usar
utilizar
transportar
rechargeable
recyclable
recycling
waste
spray
dirty
Earth
toxic
traffic
transport
use
vehicle
to turn off
to help
to pollute
to damage
to disappear
biodegradable
to turn on
to dirty
to waste
to kill
to produce
to protect
to recycle
to collect
to reduce
to reuse
to save
to separate rubbish
to throw away
to use
to use
to transport
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
93
SOCIETY – CITIZENSHIP – El Medio Ambiente
El medio ambiente
The environment
Me preocupo de
la calidad de vida
la contaminación del aire
contaminante
los ríos contaminados
los deshechos
el ruido
el peligro
el medio de transporte
la gasolina (sin plomo)
el reciclaje
estropear
la desaparición de las
selvas tropicales
I am worried about
quality of life
air pollution
polluting
polluted rivers
waste
noise
danger
means of transport
(unleaded) petrol
recycling
to spoil
the disappearance of the rainforests
Para mejorar el medio ambiente To improve the environment
Se deben reciclar botellas y papel.
Se debe ducharse
en vez de tomar un baño.
Se debe usar menos el coche.
Se deben apagar las luces
y desenchufar los
electrodomésticos
Se deben comprar.
productos ecólogicos
Se debe hacerse miembro de
un grupo ecologista.
Los incendios/fuegos
La inundación
El recalentaamiento del planeta
El calentamiento global
El terremoto
We should recycle bottles and paper.
We should take a shower instead of a bath
El entorno
La capa de ozono
La lluvia ácida
La contaminación acústica
La contaminación ambiental
La contminacioó atmósferica
La cadena alimentaria
surroundings
the ozone layer
acid rain
noise pollution
environmental pollution
air pollution
the food chain
We should use the car less.
We should switch off the lights
and unplug appliances.
We should buy organic products.
We should join an environmental group.
fires
flood
global warming
global warming
earthquake
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
94
LEARNING –EDUCATION – El Instituto
Asignaturas
los idiomas/las lenguas
los idiomas extranjeros
las lenguas extranjeras
el alemán /el español
el francés/el inglés
las ciencias
la biología/ la física/la química
el comercio
el deporte/ la educación física
el dibujo
el diseño
la filosofía
el teatro
la cocina
la geografía
la historia
la informática
la música
la política
la religión
la tecnología
los trabajos manuales
las matemáticas
el curso práctico
el recreo
Subjects
languages
foreign languages
foreign languages
German/Spanish
French/ English
science(s)
biology /physics /chemistry
business studies
sport/Physical Education
art
design
philosophy
drama
food technology/ home economics/ cooking
geography
history
ICT
music
politics
religión/RE
technology
CDT/ technical
maths
practical subject/course
break
Opiniones
A mí me gustan las matemáticas.
Prefiero el diseño.
Me encanta el comercio.
Se me da bien el español.
Me gusta bastante el inglés.
Odio la física.
No me gusta nada la música.
Me gusta la informática porque …
es fácil.
es útil.
es interesante.
el profesor es simpático
No me gusta la geografía porque
es aburrida.
es difícil.
la profesora es estricta/antipática.
Opinions
I like maths.
I prefer design.
I love business studies.
I’m good at Spanish.
I quite like English.
I hate physics.
I don’t like music at all.
I like ICT because …
it’s easy.
It’s useful.
it’s interesting.
the teacher is nice
I don’t like geography because …
it’s boring.
it’s difficult.
the teacher is strict/not very nice.
Instrucciones
Classroom instructions
Cállate, silencio por favor.
Escribid la fecha y el título.
Escuchad y mirad la pizarra.
Habla en español.
Lee en silencio.
Pasad.
Quítate la chaqueta.
Sacad el cuaderno y el
bolígrafo, por favor.
Sentaos.
Levanta la mano
Be quiet, silence please.
Write the date and the title.
Listen and look at the board.
Speak in Spanish.
Read in silence.
Come in.
Take off your jacket/coat.
Take out your exercise book and pen, please.
Sit down.
Put your hand up
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
95
LEARNING –EDUCATION – El Instituto
Reglas en el colegio
School rules
No se puede hablar.
We aren’t allowed to speak.
Se debe llegar a tiempo.
We must arrive on time.
No nos dejan fumar.
They don’t let us smoke.
No se pueden llevar joyas.
We aren’t allowed to wear jewellery.
Si nos portamos mal, tenemos que
If we misbehave, we have to
trabajar durante el recreo.
During the break.
Los teléfonos móviles están prohibidos
Mobile phones are banned.
Mandan cartas a tus padres si te portas mal.
They send letters to your parents if you misbehave.
Actividades Extraescolares Extra-curricular activities
el taller de arte/música
art/music workshop
Hay un club de …
There’s a … club.
ajedrez
chess
fotografía
photography
idiomas
languages
informática
computer
periodismo
journalism
teatro
drama
baile/danza
dance
el coro y la orquesta choir and orchestra
los deportes
sports
baloncesto
basketball
balonmano
handball
fútbol
football
gimnasia
gymnastics
natación
swimming
tenis
tennis
voleibol
volleyball
hay aproximamente mil estudiantes de entre doce y
There are around 1000 students between 12 and 18
dieciocho años
years old
El inglés es demasiado difícil
English is too difficult
El instituto necesita más tecnología nueva
The school needs more new technology
Hay un biblioteca donde se puede estudiar
There is a library where you can study quietly
tranquilamente
Me gusta la biologia porque me interesan las
I like biology because science interests me and the
ciencias y el profesor es bromista
teacher is a joker
Es importante centrarse en exámenes
It is important to focus on exams
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
96
LEARNING –EDUCATION – El Instituto
Una descripción del colegio
A description of my school
El colegio/instituto se llama…
The school is called……………….
Es masculino/femenino/mixto.
It’s a boys’/girls’/mixed school.
Es antiguo/moderno.
It’s old/modern.
Hay sesenta profesores y mil alumnos.
There are sixty teachers and a thousand pupils
Llevo uniforme.
I wear a uniform.
No hay uniforme.
There’s no uniform.
Hay …
There is/are …
aulas
classrooms
una biblioteca
a library
campos de fútbol
football pitches
una cancha de baloncesto
a basketball court
un comedor
a dining room
un gimnasio
a gym
laboratorios
laboratories
un patio
a playground
una piscina
a swimming pool
una sala de profesores
a staff room
A la derecha/izquierda está el/la …
On the right/left is the …
Al lado están los/las …
Next door are the …
En el centro hay …
In the middle there is/are …
Las clases empiezan a las ocho.
Lessons begin at 8.
Las clases terminan a las seis.
Lessons finish at 6.
Las clases duran una hora.
Lessons last one hour.
Hay recreo a las once.
There’s break at 11.
El recreo dura media hora.
Break lasts half an hour.
Los alumnos/ Los estudiantes
La universidad
La guardería
Maestro/maestra
Aprobar/suspender los examénes/
Sacar buenas notas
La prueba
Ser analfabeto
El ciudadano
pupils/students
university
nursery
primary school teacher
to pass exams/fail exams
to get good marks
test (in plural it sometimes means proof)
to be illiterate
citizen
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
97
EMPLOYABILITY- JOBS – Oficios/empleos/puestos
Puestos de trabajo
Jobs
En el futuro quiero ser …
In the future, I want to be a …
abogado
albañil
azafata
bombero
camarero/a
cirujano
conductor/chófer
cantante
carpintero/a
cocinero/a
contador/a
dependiente/a
deportista
diseñador(a)
empleado
electricista
enfermero/a
farmacéutico/a
funcionario/a
granjero/a
hombre/mujer de negocios
ingeniero
mecánico
médico
músico
obrero
periodista
peluquero/a
policía
profesor/a
recepcionista
traductor/a
lawyer
bricklayer
air cabin crew
fireman
waiter/waitress
surgeon
driver
singer
joiner
cook/chef
accountant
shop assistant
sportsman/woman
designer
clerk/office worker/employee/worker
electrician
nurse
pharmacist
civil servant
farmer
businessman/woman
engineer
mechanic
doctor
musician
workman
journalist
hairdresser
policeman/policewoman
teacher
receptionist
translator
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
98
EMPLOYABILITY- El Trabajo - Work
Un trabajo a tiempo parcial
Part-time jobs
No es mi carrera elegida
motos)
el camarero/la camarera
el/la canguro
el dependiente/la dependienta
el peluquero/la peluquera
el/la recepcionista
el cartero/la cartera
el socorrista o el/la salvavidas
It is not my chosen career. (carrera can also mean race e.g. carrera de
Trabajo en …
un garaje/un hotel
un mercado/un supermercado
un mercadillo
un puesto
una cafetería
una peluquería
una tienda
una organización cariativa
unos grandes almacenes.
Trabajo en casa.
waiter/waitress
childminder
shop assistant
hairdresser
receptionist
postman/woman
lifeguard
I work in a …
garage/hotel
market/supermarket
street market
a stall
café
hairdresser’s
shop
charity organisation
department store.
I work at home.
Es fácil/interesante/variado.
Es aburrido/difícil.
Es bien/mal pagado.
Me encanta.
Me interesa.
Me aburre
Me gusta muchísimo/
mucho/bastante.
No me gusta nada
No me gusta en absoluto
Lo odio.
No lo aguanto
Me ocupo de niños
Reparto periódicos/leche.
Vendo cosas.
Trabajo duro/muchas horas.
Gano €70/bastante.
Mis padres me dan
€35 a la semana/al mes.
(No) Me gusta el trabajo
porque está bien/mal pagado.
Tengo un trabajo a tiempo parcial.
Las condiciones de trabajo
La formación
Con experiencia
Solicitar un (puesto de) trabajo
Salario/sueldo
Una entrevista
Por hora
El contrato eventual
El paquete de prestaciones
El periodo de prueba
La seguridad en el puesto
It’s easy/interesting/varied.
It’s boring/difficult.
It’s well/bady paid.
I love it.
I find it interesting.
it bores me
I like it very much indeed/
very much/quite a lot.
I really don’t like it.
I don’t like it at all
I hate it.
I can’t stand it
I look after little children.
I deliver newspapers/milk.
I sell things.
I work hard/long hours.
I earn €70/quite a bit.
My parents give me €35 a week/month.
I (don’t) like the job
because it’s well/badly paid.
I have a part-time job.
terms of employment
training
with experience
to apply for a job
salary/wages
an interview
per hour
a temporary contract
benefits package
trial period
job security
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
99
EMPLOYABILITY- WORK EXPERIENCE & FUTURE PLANS
Prácticas laborales
Work experience
Hice mis prácticas en una oficina
Me trataron bien/mal.
Pasaba mi tiempo trabajando/ escribiendo
Para mí fue una pérdida de tiempo.
A mí me gustó muchísimo.
I did my work experience in an office
They treated me well/badly.
I spent my time working/ writing.
For me, it was a waste of time.
I enjoyed it very much indeed.
Me llevé muy bien con mis colegas
I got on well with my colleagues
El año que viene
Next year
Voy a seguir estudiando.
No voy a estudiar más.
Preferiría buscar un empleo.
Me gustaría tomar un año de descanso
Voy a hacer/seguir unos cursillos
de formación profesionales.
I’m going to carry on studying.
I’m not going to carry on studying.
I’d prefer to look for a job.
I’d like to take a year out.
I’m going to take some vocational courses.
Las Ambiciones
Ambitions
Me gustaría trabajar al aire libre.
Me gustaría ser policía.
No me importa la responsabilidad.
Preferiría trabajar en equipo/solo.
Busco un trabajo flexible y bien pagado
Quiero hacer algo útil en la vida.
Quiero trabajar en una oficina/con la gente
Me gustaría un trabajo con variedad.
Me gustan las cosas técnicas.
Me encantaría ser médico/a.
I’d like to work in the open air.
I’d like to be in the police force.
I don’t mind taking responsibility.
I’d prefer to work in a team/alone.
I’m looking for a flexible job that’s well paid.
I want to do something useful in life.
I want to work in an office/with people.
I’d like a job with variety.
I like technical things.
I’d love to be a doctor.
Planes para el futuro
Plans for the future
Quiero casarme y tener una familia.
I want to get married and have a family
No quiero casarme.
I don’t want to get married.
(No) creo en el matrimonio.
I (don’t) believe in marriage.
En cinco años estaré en la universidad.
In five years’ time I’ll be at university
Cuando salga del colegio/abandone mis estudios
When I leave school I’m going to get
voy a trabajar.
I
Cuando sea mayor trabajaré en el extranjero
When I’m older/grown up I’ll work abroad. Cuando sea
mayor me gustaría trabajar en el extranjero porque……………
En el futuro no trabajaré como recepcionista porque………..
Cuando tenga (treinta) años seré rico/a.
When I’m (thirty) I’ll be rich.
Cuando termine en la universidad me casaré y
When I finish university I’ll get married and have children
tendré hijos.
No sé qué voy a hacer.
I don’t know what I’m going to do.
Quiero tocar el gordo en la lotería
I want to win the jackpot on the lottery.
Quisiera trabajar en un país del tercer mundo
I’d like to work in a third world country.
Cuando sea mayor seré rico/pobre
When I am older I will be rich/poor.
Preferiría trabajar con los niños, quizás seré maestro
Cuando sea mayor me gustaría trabajar en el extranjero porque……………
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
100
EMPLOYABILITY- JOB APPLICATIONS/CV – Las solicitudes
Adjectives – describing your character
Diría que soy una persona ........ I would say that I am a …...........person…
ambicioso
ambitious
abierto
alegre
altruista
amigable
agradable
atento,
inteligente,
concienzudo
comprensivo
comunicativo
hablador
consistente,
dinámico,
decidido,
dedicado
entusiasta,
energético,
experimentado,
fiel,
generoso,
bondadoso
organizado,
apasionado
professional
confiable
ingenioso,
respetuoso
agudo,
sincero,
diestro,
diligente
educado
trabjador
seguro de mí mismo
digno de confianza
punctual
open
happy
altruistic, unselfish
friendly
pleasant
attentive, thoughtful
intelligent
conscientious
undestanding
communicative
talkative
consistent
dynamic
determined
dedicated, devoted
enthusiastic
energetic
experienced
faithful, loyal
generous/kind
kind
organised
passionate
professional
reliable, trustworthy
ingenious
respectful
keen
sincere
skilful
diligent/hard working
polite/
hard working
confident
trustworthy
punctual
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
101
CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones
Norte / sur / este / oeste
Noreste /oeste sureste/ oeste
En la costa/ las montañas/en el campo
animado/a
bullicioso
concurrido
sucio/a
limpio/a
ruidoso/a
tranquilo/a
industrial
ocupado/a
pintoresco/a
precioso/bonito/hermoso
pujante
rural
turístico/a
antiguo/a
moderno/a
No hay mucho que hacer.
Hay much que hacer para los jóvenes
Hay muchas diversiones.
Hay much marcha
La movida nocturna
Hay mucho turismo/cultura
Lo bueno/ Lo malo es (que) …
Lo aburrido es (que) …
El paisaje es muy precioso
El Transporte
north / south / east / west
north east / west / south east /west
on the coast/ in the mountains/ in the countryside
lively
bustling
crowded
dirty
clean
noisy
quiet
industrial
busy
picturesque
pretty
thriving
rural
touristy
old
modern
There isn’t a lot to do.
There’s a lot to do for young people.
There’s a lot of entertainment.
there’s
the night life
There’s a lot of tourism/culture.
The good thing is (that) … The bad thing is (that)
The boring thing is (that) …
The scenery/landscape is lovely.
Transport
Voy andando.
I go on foot.
En avión
by plane
en autobus/en autocar
by bus/by coach
en bicicleta
by bike
en coche
by car
en helicóptero
by helicopter
en metro
by underground
en tren
by train
en barco
by boat
en camión
by lorry
en moto(cicleta)
by motorbike
en tranvía
by tram
en teleférico
by cable car
a pie
on foot
Las tiendas están a unos quinientos metros. The shops are about 500 hundred metres away.
La estación está a unos cinco minutos andando.
The station is about five minutes’ walk away.
Tardo una hora en llegar.
It takes me an hour to get there.
El viaje dura cuarenta minutos.
The journey takes forty minutes.
Está cerca/lejos.
It’s nearby/a long way.
En la oficina de turismo
In the tourist office
Quisiera un mapa de la región.
un plano del pueblo/de la ciudad
un folleto de excursiones
un horario de trenes/autocares
una lista de hoteles/hostales
una lista de campings
una lista de albergues/ restaurantes
¿A qué hora abre/cierra el parque?
I’d like a map of the area/region
a town/city plan
an excursions brochure
a train/coach timetable
a list of hotels/guesthouses
a list of campsites
a list of youth hostels/restaurants
What time does the park open/close?
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
102
CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones
Sitios en el pueblo
Places in town
El aeropuerto
los (grandes) almacenes
la bahía
el banco
la bolera
el buzón
Correos
los edificios
el aeropuerto
el ayuntamiento
la carnicería
el castillo
el centro comercial
el cine
el estadio
la farmacia
la heladería
el hogar de ancianos
el hospital
el lago
los monumentos históricos
el museo
la parada de autobuses
la parada de taxis
el palacio
la panadería
la pastelería
el parque de atracciones/temático
el paseo maritímo
la pescadería
el polideportivo/centro de deportes
el puerto
la playa
el río
el (super)mercado
el teatro
la zapatería
el zoo
la biblioteca
la librería
la catedral
la comisaría
la discoteca
la estación de trenes/de RENFE
la estación autocares/autobuses
la fábrica
la fuente
la iglesia
la plaza (mayor/principal)
la plaza de toros
la pizzería
la tienda
los jardines
el paisaje
la calle (estrecha/ancha)
airport
department store(s)
bay
bank
bowling
post box
post office
buildings
airport
town hall
butcher’s
castle
shopping centre
cinema
stadium
chemist
ice-cream shop/parlour
old- folks home
hospital
lake
historical monuments
museum
bus stop
taxi rank
palace
baker’s
cake shop
amusement park/theme park
promenade
fishmonger’s
sports centre
port/harbour
beach
river
(super)market
theatre
shoe shop
zoo
library
book shop
cathedral
police station
disco
railway station
bus/coach station
factory
fountain
church
(main) square
bull ring
pizza restaurant
shop
gardens
scenery/landscape
(narrow/wide) street
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
103
CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones
En mis próximas vacaciones
Estamos/estoy planeando
donde no he estado antes
ir de vacaciones
ir al extranjero
ir al Caribe
ir de crucero
pasar las vacaciones
veranear
en verano
un veraneante
El viaje organizado
Las medusas
El socorrista
For my next holidays
we are planning/I am planning
where I haven’t been before
to go on holiday
to go abroad
to go to the Carribean
to go on a cruise
to spend the holidays
to spend the summer
in summer
holidaymaker
package tour
jellyfish
lifeguard
Actividades
Activities
Nadar
to swim
Tomar el sol
to sunbathe
Broncearse
to get a suntan
Tumbar en el sol
to lie in the sun
Bucear
to dive
Practicar deportes acuáticos
to do wáter sports
Banarse
to bathe
Tumbar en el sol
to lie in the sun
¿Adónde fuiste?
Where did you go?
Fui a la costa./ a la montaña/ al extranjero
I went to the coast/ to the mountains/ abroad
a España/Francia/Inglaterra/Alemania
toSpain/France/England/Germany.
Me quedé en casa.
I stayed at home.
Pasé un fin de semana,
I spent a weekend,
una semana/ quince días/ un mes
a week/fortnight/month
Me alojé en casa de amigos.
I stayed with some friends.
un albergue juvenil/camping/hostal
a youth hostel/a campsit/guesthouse or budget hotel
un hotel de lujo/cinco estrellas
a ( luxury five star) hotel
Tomé el sol en la playa.
I sunbathed on the beach.
Nadé en el mar
I swam in the sae
Di una vuelta en bicicleta.
I went for a bike ride.
Saqué foto de los monumentos históricos I took photos of historical landmarks/monuments
Visité castillos/ museos/ Iglesias.
I visited castles/ museums/ churches
Fuimos de paseo
We went for a walk
Damos una vuelta
We went for a stroll
Hicimos autostop
We hitch-hiked
Opiniones
Las ventajas y desventajas/inconvenientes
Fue muy lento/sucio/ bonito.
Fue aburridísimo.
Interesantísimo/ rapidísimo
Fue estupendo/fatal.
Lo pasé bomba.
Opinions
advantages and disadvantages
It was very slow/dirty/nice.
It was extremely boring.
really interesting/ incredibly quick
It was
great/terrible.
I
had a fantastic time.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
104
CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones – Good for Listening
Practice
Direcciones
Directions
¿Por dónde se va a … ?
How do I get to … ?
Siga todo recto en el cruce.
Carry straight on at the crossroads.
Tuerza a la izquierda/derecha.
Turn left/right.
Cruce la plaza.
Cross the square.
Tome la primera/ segunda/tercera calle
Take the first/second/third street.
Pase el puente/los semáforos.
Go over the bridge/the lights.
Doble la esquina.
Turn the corner.
Está delante/detrás/al lado/ enfrente de
It’s in front of/behind/beside/ facing …
Está entre … y …
It’s between … and …
Está cerca/lejos (de …)
It’s near/a long way (from …)
Está a … kilómetros.
It’s … kilometres away.
Hay que coger el metro/el bus.
You have to take the metro/the bus.
¿Cuánto tiempo hace falta?
How long does it take?
Está a cinco minutos.
It’s five minutes away.
Reservando alojamiento
Reserving accommodation
Quisiera
I’d like
una habitación individual/doble
a single/double room
con vistas al mar/balcón
with a sea view/balcony
aire acondicionado/ caja fuerte
air conditioning/safe
el ascensor
the lift
Quisiera una parcela para
I’d like a pitch for
una tienda y una caravana.
a tent and caravan.
Quisiera pasar tres noches
I’d like to spend three nights
en el albergue.
in the youth hostel.
Queremos pasar una semana/
We want to spend a week/
quince días en el hostal,
fortnight in the guesthouse,
del … al … de agosto.
from … to … August.
pensión completa
full board
media pensión
half board
El camping dispone de …
The campsite has …
Muchas instalaciones/facilidades
lots of facilities
El alquiler de bicicletas
bike hire
agua caliente
hot wáter
agua potable
drinking water
un bloque sanitario
a toilet block
los campos de deporte
sports pitches
las duchas
showers
la lavandería
laundry
la piscina cubierta
indoor pool
la piscina al aire libre
outdoor/ open-air pool
la piscina climatizada
heated swimming pool
las tiendas
tents
la cafetería
cafetería
la sala de fiestas
nightclub
la sala de juegos
games room
el parque infantil
children’s playpark
un espectáculo de fuegos artificiales a fireworks display/show
un espectáculo de baile flamenco a flamenco dancing show
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
105
CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones – El Tiempo
El tiempo
The weather
el pronóstico
el clima
Hace buen/mal tiempo.
Hace calor/frío/sol/viento
Hay neblina/niebla.
Hay tormenta
Hay chubascos (aislados)
Llueve/está lloviendo
Llover a cántaros
Nieva/está nevando
La lluvia/la nieve/el trueno/relámpago
the weather forecast
climate
The weather is fine/bad.
It’s hot/cold/sunny/windy
It’s misty/foggy.
It’s stormy.
There are (scattered) showers/squall
It’s raining
to rain cats and dogs
It’s snowing
rain/snow/thunder/lightning
Los grados
La temperatura
Está helando
degrees
temperature
It’s freezing.
El cielo estará despejado.
El cielo estará nublado.
Habrá vientos fuertes.
Habrá una tormenta.
Habrá sol / niebla.
Habrá calor / frío.
The sky will be clear.
The sky will be cloudy
There will be strong winds.
There will be a storm.
It will be sunny / foggy.
It will be hot / cold.
Ayer era parcialmente nublado
La temperatura es menos quince grados
La humedad
Es un día de perros
Es un díá soleado
Un chaparrón
Yesterday it was partially cloudy.
Tthe temperature is minus fifteen degrees.
humidity/dampness
It’s a lousy day.
It’s a sunny day.
a downpour.
Quejas en el hotel
Complaints in the hotel
No hay jabón.
No había papel higiénico.
No hay/había toallas.
La luz/La llave no funciona.
El ascensor no funciona.
El aseo no funcionaba.
La cama está sucia.
La habitación estaba sucia.
Las sábanas están sucias
Hay/Había mucho ruido.
Quiero cambiar de habitación.
Quiero un descuento.
El hotel ya no acepta cheques
Lo siento, el hotel está completo.
Quiero hablar con el director/jefe.
No puedo cambiar cheques de viajar
Quiero rellenar su libro de reclamaciones
There’s no soap.
There was no toilet paper.
There are/were no towels.
The light/key isn’t working.
The lift isn’t working.
The toilet wasn’t working.
The bed is dirty.
The room was dirty.
The sheets are dirty.
There is/was a lot of noise.
I want to change rooms.
I want a discount.
The hotel no longer accepts cheques.
I’m sorry, the hotel is full.
I want to speak to the manager/boss
I can’t change travellers’cheques
I want to fill in your complaints book.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
106
CULTURE – HOLIDAYS – Las Vacaciones
Nunca había viajado en avión – I had never travelled by plane.
El viaje duró tres y media y me horas – the journey took 31/2 hours
Hubo un retraso de dos horas a causa de la niebla – there was a delay of 2 hours because of the fog.
Fue una experiencia inolvidable – unforgettable
Si tuviera el dinero volvería el verano que viene – if I have the money I would go next year
Lo pasé tan bien que no podré olvidar jamás esas vacaciones – I had such good fun I’ll never forget these
holidays
Nunca olvidaré la experiencia
I will never forget the experience
Ya estoy ahorrando para volver el año que viene – I’m saving for next year
Fueron las mejores vacaciones de mi vida – they werebest holidays of my life
Era un verdadero paraíso
It was a real paradise.
Nunca olvidaré la experiencia
I will never forget the experience
Me gusta coger un ligero bronceado sin tener una insolación - I like to get a light tan without getting burnt.
En pleno verano
at the height of the summer
En pleno sol
in fulll sun
Sol y sombra
sun and shade
Por la noche me encantaba nada más que salir de marcha - At night, I loved nothing more than going out
on the town
Lo que más me gustó hacer era probar las tapas de la región What I liked most, wastrying the local tapas
A mi modo de ver las vacaciones son imprescindibles.
To my mind holidays are essential
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
107
CULTURE – La cultura Popular – El Cine
El cine
An actor
-Un actor
The leading actor
El actor principal
The principal charcter El protagonista
A screen
-Una pantalla
The (leading) actress la actriz (leading)
Popcorn
-Las palomitas
A comedian
-Un cómico
A film review
-La crítica de una película/cine
A director
-Un director
To make a film
-Hacer una película
To film
-Grabar
A film buff
-Un entusiasta del cine/ cinéfilo
The big screen
-La pantalla grande
A film-maker
-Un cineasta
A review
-Una crítica
A script
-Un guión
The plot, story
-El argumento / la trama
A (film) studio
-Un estudio de cine
To be on
-Estar preparado
A stunt
-Un truco
Special effects
-Los efectos especiales
CG effects
-Los efectos CG
The soundtrack
-La banda sonora
To project
-Proyectar
To act
-Actuar
Adverts
-Los anuncios
The trailers
-El tráiler
Funny
-Gracioso
In colour
-En color
In black and white
-En blanco y negro
Moving
-Conmovedor
To advertise
- Hacer Publicidad, anunciar
La interpretación
- the performance
En la taquilla
At the ticket office
No apta para menores
Apta para personas mayores
Para todos los públicos
la entrada
el estreno
la sesión de madrugada
días laborables
vísperas y festivos
el carnet de estudiante
el día del espectador
venta anticipada
¿Qué ponen?
¿Hay entradas para el circo?
¿A qué hora empieza la primera/última sesión?
¿Hay descuentos para estudiantes?
¿Cuánto cuesta una entrada los sábados?
not suitable for young children
suitable for adults
suitable fopr all ages
ticket
first showing/performance
late performance (early hours)
Monday to Friday
the day before and day of public holidays
student card
‘day of the spectator’ (day when tickets are reduced)
advance ticket sales
What’s on?
Are there any tickets for the circus?
What time does the first/ last showing start?
Are there discounts for students?
How much is a ticket on Saturday
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
108
CULTURE – La cultura popular – El Cine
Las películas
Films
una película de …
a/an … film
accíon
action
amor
love
animación
animated
cienca ficción
science fiction
guerra
war
terror
horror
miedo
terror
risa/cómica
comedy
aventura
adventure
fantasía
fantasy
una comedia
comedy
una película policíaca
a detective film
la cartelera
entertainments page
Venta de entradas
Box office
un cinéfilo
a film buff
a lo largo de su carrera
throughout his/her career
El premio de la Academia
Academy Award
Las críticas
Film reviews
Se trata de ……
it is about
Narra/cuenta la historia de
it tells the story of
Al principio
At the beginning
Al final
at the end
El héroe/la heroína
hero/heroine
El malo
the villain
La recomendaría a todos
I would recommend it to everyone
Esta es una película que todos deben ver
This is a film everyone should see
La primera vez que vi esta película cuando tenía diez años, y desde entonces me la ha encantado.
I first saw this film when I was ten and I have loved it ever since.
Los personajes principales son muy similares a la gente normal, lo que hace creíble el argumento
The main characters are very much like normal people making the story believable
Nunca me canso de verla y además no te aburres de ningún momento I never get tired of watching it and you
don’t get bored at any time
Me encantan todas las películas que tienen un final feliz. I love all films with a happy ending
Los Aspectos Culturales
Celebrar
to celebrate
La Navidad
Christmas
El AñoNuevo
New Year
Un puente
(Literally a bridge) equivalent of a Bank Holiday
La feria
carnaval.fair
El bautizo
christening,
La boda
wedding
El aniversario
anniversary
La fiesta
party
La fiesta de sorpresa
surprise party
El cumpleaños
birthday
La graduación
graduation
El nacimiento
birth
La despedida de soltero
bachelor party/stag night
La despedida de soltera
‘hen’ party
La jubilación
retirement
La ceremonia de entrega de premios award ceremony
El premio
prize/reward
Galardonar
to award
Otorgar
to award
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
109
The Internet can be an invaluable resource for a variety of school subjects as well as revision and study
techniques. Many non-commercial organisations provide valuable on-line resources for schools. Included
are the equivalent GCSE revision sites which may prove useful. For some sites there may be a subscription
fee. Always discuss this with your parents. You Tube and Teacher Tube are good video sites. However, the
dept. has subscribed to: www.espanol-extra.co.uk
User Name: trinity3
Password: trinidad3
However, should your parents have any concerns about the use of computers and the internet in
general, can we suggest the site below which provides useful advice to parents on many aspects
of the use of computers and the internet.
www.parentscentre.gov.uk/forum/categories.cfm?catid=38
The list below is simply a guide and no endorsements or recommendations have been provided by the school. It is
merely a sample representation of what is available on the internet.
http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/3272.html
past papers
http://www.drlemon.com/
http://spanishchecker.com/en/ GOOD TRANSLATION TOOL
http://www.colby.edu/~bknelson/SLC/index.php EXCELLENT FOR PRACTISING GRAMMAR
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/spanish/
http://www.spanishunlimited.com/
http://www.uni.edu/becker/Spanish3.html
http://conjuguemos.com/home/index.html
http://www.spanish4all.com/
http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEducation/NICILT/UsefulLanguageWebsites/Spanish/
www.samlearning.com
http://www.spanish.bz/activity-weather.htm
http://www.spanishdaddy.com
http://www.123teachme.com/
http://www.learn-spanish-online.de/grammar/content/table_of_content.htm
http://www.languagesonline.org.uk/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/spanish/
http://www.spanishunlimited.com/
http://www.uni.edu/becker/Spanish3.html
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
110
http://conjuguemos.com/home/index.html
http://www.spanish4all.com/
http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEducation/NICILT/UsefulLanguageWebsites/Spanish/
http://www.spanishrevision.co.uk/
http://www.revisionaid.co.uk/directory.php?cat=ks4Spanish
http://revisioncentre.co.uk/gcse/spanish/index.html
http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/Category:GCSE_Spanish_Revision_Notes
www.linguascope.com
www.ashcombe.surrey.sch.uk/Curriculum/modlang/videos.htm
http://www.dulwich.org.uk/Intranet_Spanish_Document_1.aspx?id=8:147&id=8:146&id=8:97&id=8:1789
http://www.spanishclassonline.com
www.languageguide.org/espanol/http://spanish.speak7.com/index.htm
http://www.cliffsnotes.com
www.lingolex.com/spanish
http://www.newsinslowspanish.com/home.php
http://www.notesinspanish.com/
http://www.spanishlanguage.co.uk/spanishpodcasts.htm
LISTENING
http://spanish-podcast.com/ LISTENING
http://www.spanish-bookworld.com/spanish-podcast.html LISTENING
http://rlnvault.com/rln09/shows/spanish/coffee-break-spanish/
LISTENING
http://www.learnoutloud.com/Podcast-Directory/Languages/Spanish LISTENING
http://www.edufone.com/podcasts.php LISTENING
www.shirelandclc.co.uk/podcast/Heathfield
LISTENING
http://clip2go.com/_online+foreign+language+dictionary.htm LISTENING
Dictionary:
http://www.wordreference.com/
http://www.voki.com/create.php
Good for speaking and practising pronunciation
Although you will have been given grammar sheets on verbs you may feel that you would like extra practice. Check out
www.learningwheels.net . An innovative but simple product to use.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
111
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
112
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©
113
Learning needs a plan.
SPANISH STUDY PLANNER
WEEK
BEGINNING
TIME
TOPIC
AREAS
VOCABULARY/GRAMMA
R POINTS
TECHNIQUES
WORK CARRIED
FORWARD
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
BE SPECIFIC ABOUT THE TOPICS OR AREAS YOU INTEND TO REVISE OR PRACTISE.
All rights reserved and remain with the author Mr. J. Gilroy.No copying, duplication, or reproduction without author’s permission. ©

Documentos relacionados