Project Final Report Assessing the potential of the current and future

Transcripción

BORDER ENVIRONMENT COOPERATION COMMISSION
Project Final Report
Assessing the potential of the current and future regional
market for recycled scrap tire rubber
Martin H. Bremer Bremer, Ph.D.
David Güemes Castorena, Ph.D.
Rubén Cantú Damas, P.E.
ITESM, Campus Monterrey, Edificio CEDES 5to piso
Av. Eugenio Garza Sada No. 2501, Col. Tecnológico
Monterrey, N.L., México CP. 64849
Tel. +52 (81) 83 28 40 32 / 33; ext. 5019 / 5220
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Project start date: January 1, 2012
Total project duration: 13 months
Report date: January 31, 2013
`
This project received assistance from a Border 2012 Program grant funded by the
Environmental Protection Agency – EPA and administered by the Border Environment
Cooperation Commission – BECC.
i
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................. ii
List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... v
1.
2.
3
4
5
Introduction, Background, and Issue ................................................................................................... 1
Objective ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Strategy ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1
Measurable Outputs and Outcomes ............................................................................................. 5
4.1
Activities ................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.2
Challenges for the development of the project ........................................................................ 6
Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.2
4.3
4.4
Questionnaire Development, Validation, and Implementation. ..................................... 11
Energy Budget.................................................................................................................................... 15
Analysis Process. ............................................................................................................................... 15
Results........................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.1
Current Status of Scrap Tires in the Region ........................................................................... 17
5.1.1
Inventory of Scrap Tires in the Region ............................................................................ 17
5.2.1
Production in Mexico.............................................................................................................. 21
5.1.2
5.2
Potential Generation of Scrap Tires .......................................................................................... 21
5.3
Review of previous studies ........................................................................................................... 29
5.2.2
5.4
5.5
Scrap Tire Rubber Use and Processing Technologies ........................................................ 47
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.6
7
Characteristics of the regional demand for new and used tires ............................ 22
Market research ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.5.1
6
Current Management of Scrap Tires in the Region..................................................... 19
Uses ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Scrap Tire Processing Technologies ................................................................................. 56
Tables – Uses of Scrap Tire Based Products .................................................................. 73
Tire Life Cycle Analysis and Energy Budget ........................................................................... 80
5.6.1
5.6.2
Tire Life Cycle Analysis .......................................................................................................... 80
Tire Energy Budget ................................................................................................................. 81
Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 86
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 89
7.1
7.2
Periodicity of market research .................................................................................................... 89
Market survey respondents.......................................................................................................... 89
ii
7.3
Outreach programs to promote scrap tire recycled rubber alternatives ................... 89
7.6
Encourage research of high value added applications for recycled tire rubber ...... 91
9.1
Appendix A – Survey implementation questionnaire ........................................................ 97
7.4
8
9
Conduct a similar study in the areas of Guanajuato and the State of Mexico............ 90
7.5 Encourage the use of recycled tire rubber as raw material in new and existing
companies ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 92
Appendixes.................................................................................................................................................. 96
9.2
9.3
Appendix B – List of companies selected to respond the survey ................................. 101
Appendix C –Energy Budget Data ............................................................................................ 120
iii
List of Tables
Table 1 Scrap tire sites in the Mexican border states. ......................................................................... 18
Table 2. Production of steel-belted radial tires (thousands of units per year). ......................... 21
Table 3. Shipments of new tires imported into Mexico ...................................................................... 23
Table 4. Market share of light truck tires in Mexico ............................................................................. 23
Table 5. Market share of passenger car replacement tires in Mexico ........................................... 23
Table 6. Number of vehicles in use by State. ...................................................................................... 24
Table 7. Scrap tire generation by State/Year in 2010. ........................................................................ 25
Table 8. Annual scrap tire generation projected to 2015. .................................................................. 25
Table 9. Passenger car scrap tires by 2011.. ...................................................................................... 26
Table 10. Projection of passenger scrap tires by 2015 . ..................................................................... 26
Table 11. Tire shipments in the United States in 2010 (million units). ................................... 27
Table 12. Market share of passenger tires in the U.S. * .................................................................. 27
Table 13. Market share of light truck tires in the U.S. * ................................................................. 28
Table 14. Products manufactured with rubber. ..................................................................................... 36
Table 15. Distribution of raw material and its origin. ......................................................................... 39
Table 16. List of rubber suppliers................................................................................................................ 40
Tabla 17. Comparaciones de contenido energético de diversos combustibles- incluyendo el
hule de llanta. ........................................................................................................................................ 80
Tabla 18. Consumo promedio de un camión de carga. ........................................................................ 81
Tabla 19. Resumen de los procesos necesarios para pasar la llanta completa a seccionada,
triturada y a polvo. .............................................................................................................................. 81
iv
List of Figures
Figure 1. Project Activities aligned with Project Objectives.............................................................. 10
Figure 5-1 Production of steel-belted radial tires. ................................................................................ 22
Figure 2. Status of surveys to contacted companies............................................................................. 32
Figure 3. Specialties of companies that answered the survey. ......................................................... 32
Figure 4. Activities of specialized companies that responded the survey ................................... 33
Figure5. Specialties identified as "other" by companies that answered the survey. ............... 33
Figure 6. Percentage of companies that use rubber. ............................................................................ 34
Figure 7. Number of companies and types of rubber used. ............................................................... 34
Figure 8. Reasons for using the different types of rubber.................................................................. 35
Figure 9. Tons of rubber used each month by the 14 companies that use rubber. ................. 36
Figure 10. Price per ton of virgin rubber. ................................................................................................ 37
Figure 11. Use of synthetic rubber per month in tons. ........................................................................ 38
Figure 12. Price paid per month (in Mexican pesos). .......................................................................... 38
Figure 13. Companies using domestic or imported raw materials. ............................................... 39
Figure 14. Issues with rubber suppliers. .................................................................................................. 41
Figura 15. Polímeros utilizados por las 29 empresas que respondieron..................................... 41
Figura 17. Utilización de hule reciclado de las 29 empresas que utilizan hule. ........................ 42
Figura 17. Razones por las cuales no usan hule reciclado. ................................................................ 42
Figura 19. Porcentaje de empresas que estarían dispuestas a usar hule reciclado (total= 23
empresas). .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Figura 20. Presentación del hule de llanta para las empresas que podrían usarla. ................. 43
Figura 21. Presentación del hule de llanta que ha sido usada por las empresas (total= 5
empresas). .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Figura 22. Porcentaje de empresas interesadas en que existan incentivos para el uso de
hule de llanta. ........................................................................................................................................ 45
Figura 23. Tipo de incentivos mencionados por las empresas para motivar el uso del hule
de llanta. .................................................................................................................................................. 45
Figura 24. Puestos de las personas entrevistadas (número de personas) .................................. 46
Figura 25. Comparación de energía generada vs energía de materia prima en 2,000 km. ... 83
Figura 26. Comparación de energía generada vs energía de materia prima en 5,000 y
10,000 km. .............................................................................................................................................. 84
v
1.
Introduction, Background, and Issue
In 2002, Mexico's Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other binational partners
started the Border 2012 project. The project's main objective is to improve environmental
conditions and protect the health of the nearly 12 million people living in the U.S.-Mexico
border area spanning from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean.
Six key issues were identified for this purpose:
1. Adequate and Safe Drinking Water Sources.
2. Air Pollution.
3. Land Contamination.
4. Environmental Health.
5. Environmental Incident Response.
6. Industrial Environmental Management. 1
The primary objective of this project is to monitor the implementation of Goal 3 of the
Border 2012 program:
Goal 3. Reduce land contamination
Increase environmental awareness, sensitivity, and civic responsibility regarding solid
waste and water related health issues.
A large number of scrap tires are stockpiled throughout the U.S.-Mexico border region and
the state of Texas, threatening the environment and public health.
Information obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website
http://www.epa.gov/border2012/
1
1
Scrap tires are a significant border environmental issue when they are improperly
managed in stockpiles, illegal dumps, and/or scattered along roadsides. A major
environmental risk is the possibility of scrap tire fires that generate high temperatures and
are difficult to extinguish, as the combustion of tires produces toxic liquid wastes and air
emissions that include sulfuric acid and nitric acid gas, which may irritate the skin, eyes
and mucous membranes and affect the central nervous system, lead to depression, cause
harmful effects on the respiratory system and, in extreme cases, cause mutations and
cancer. Similarly, soil that is contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium shows a
decrease in its pH values, thereby allowing the movement of trace amounts of metal on the
ground surface and increasing the presence of metals in new vegetation. The above
condition could harm wildlife and groundwater used for human consumption. (California
Integrated Waste Management Board, 1996).
Major health risks include the spread of dengue fever, malaria, West Nile virus and
encephalitis. (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010)
Developing tire management and recycling alternatives helps to reduce the dangers
associated with improper tire disposal and hopefully also creates awareness about scrap
tires as a valuable resource.
In May 2007, an inventory was developed to identify the number of tires stockpiled
throughout the U.S.-Mexico border. The next step and the objective of this research is to
find a way to reuse or recycle these scrap tires or the rubber obtained as a byproduct to
prevent them from ending up in landfills.
2
Several binational efforts have been developed to address the issue of scrap tires.
Regarding the uses and markets for rubber obtained from scrap tires, the following
publications are available: 2
•
Scrap Tires: Handbook on Recycling Applications and Management for the U.S. and
•
Mexico (PDF) (EPA, December 2010) (134pp, 3.4M)
•
(51 pp, 2.9M)
•
•
•
Resource Conservation Challenge (RCC) Scrap Tire Workgroup Presentation (PDF)
Innovative Uses for Scrap Tires - EPA
Ground Rubber Applications - EPA
Civil Engineering Applications - EPA
•
Markets for Scrap Tires (PDF) (EPA, October 1991, 119 pp., 926K)
•
Association, May 2009)
•
2007 Edition, Scrap Tire Markets in the United States (U.S. Rubber Manufacturers
Scrap Tire Markets (U.S. Rubber Manufacturers Association)
Processing Scrap Tires for Market Applications (PDF) (U.S. Rubber Manufacturers
Association, 30 pp, 1.4M).
All cited publications are available at: http://www.epa.gov/region9/border/fora/waste-forum/tireresource.html#mkts
2
3
2.
Objective
The purpose of the study is:
To assess the current market and alternative uses for rubber obtained from scrap
tires or their byproducts (tire dust, micro-pellets, tire shreds, etc.) in the Border
2012 Four-States region, and identify the future market, technologies and
applications (commercial, prototype, and non-proprietary experiments) for the use
of such byproducts –based on the volume generated and the available processing
capacity– that can be implemented in close proximity to the places where the
problem exists, in order to address the issue of long-term stockpiling while
generating local jobs.
4
3
Strategy
Based on the objectives identified, the following activities were proposed:
1. Review the current status of tire generation in the region.
2. Estimate tire use by the year 2015; this will be done considering: the vehicle stock,
statistics, tire use, and current market.
3. Research technologies available to process scrap tires or use rubber reclaimed from
scrap tires.
4. Assess the current market by administering surveys to various sectors. The future
market assessment will be prepared by researching the state of the art in the use of
scrap tires and/or rubber reclaimed from scrap tires. This assessment will require
the review of patents, prototypes, commercial products, and bibliographical
information obtained from ITESM databases.
5. Results Analysis, Energy Budget, and Final Report. The Energy Budget will compare
data regarding the amount of energy that can be generated by a given volume of tire
rubber vs. the total energy required to process and transport that amount of mass to
the site where it will be used, considering the energy required to produce the raw
material that will be replaced. The purpose of the process described above is to
determine if the proposed practice is sustainable from an energy standpoint.
3.1 Measurable Outputs and Outcomes
To review the current market, the project will identify those companies that currently use
rubber as raw material and will examine their willingness to use ground rubber obtained
from scrap tires in lieu of virgin raw materials.
For the future market, alternatives using whole tires or recycled rubber and/or their byproducts at different levels will be identified from the media (printed/electronic). They will
be classified based on their level of development (commercial, experimental, functional
5
prototype, etc.), initial investment required, operation and maintenance costs, minimum
and maximum flows required, tire characteristics, etc., to help smaller communities find
on-site alternatives without the need to rely on big corporations. Additionally, existing
scrap tire processing technologies will be researched to match the characteristics of the
processed rubber with raw material features required by the market to generate valueadded products.
3.2 Challenges for the development of the project
The classification of different lines of business to implement the survey represented a
complex challenge. Numerous studies show that the use of recycled rubber obtained from
scrap tires is very broad. In this study, applications were found in civil engineering, athletic
fields and safety surfaces, energy development, and various industrial products. In some
fields, rubber is used for its mechanical properties, while others take advantage of its
chemical properties. The above, combined with the wide and complex range of industrial
sectors, makes it difficult to identify the potential users of recycled rubber. For example, a
potential market is the chemical industry, but due to its complexity, not all companies in
the sector are likely to use recycled rubber. Even two companies performing apparently
similar activities may differ in the use of raw materials. For example, out of two companies
that manufacture paints and coatings, one may produce water-proofing sealants and
thermal insulation, wherein recycled rubber may play the role of a raw material, while
another company in the same field produces only specialized paints, in which the rubber
may not be used as raw material.
One of the biggest challenges was to locate contacts in the companies to be surveyed. First,
it was difficult to get updated contact information in the databases consulted. Initially,
16,383 potential contacts were located throughout Mexico, including members of industrial
chambers and recognized business directories. Once the contact information for the
companies was obtained, the main challenge was to determine the accuracy of the
information and find the right person to answer the survey, especially considering the
6
different responsibilities of the different positions at each company. The number of
companies in the region that were administered the survey was 976; of this total, 50%
answered through a telephone call. For example, in some companies, the individual
responsible for determining what raw materials are used in the Production Manager, while
in others it is the Purchasing Manager. Additional contacts were identified when the person
in charge of this task was the Quality Manager, Research and Development Manager, etc.
Out of the 50% of the companies that answered the survey, 6% mentioned using rubber in
their processes/products.
Finally, additional difficulties arose when applying the survey, since not all of the contacts
responded due to various reasons: wrong contact information, calls and/or e-mails went
unanswered (despite repeated attempts to contact them up to nine times over the phone),
unwillingness to answer, lack of time, etc.
7
4
Methodology
This section will describe the methods used to achieve the proposed project objectives. To
align the projected activities, it is important to remember that the objective of the project
is:
To assess the current and future market for the use of rubber obtained from
scrap tires or their byproducts in alternative forms (ground rubber, micropellets, shredded tires, etc.) in the Four States region of the Border 2012
Program, by identifying technologies and applications (commercial, prototype
and experimental, non-proprietary applications) that may use said byproducts in
accordance with available volume and processing capabilities, and may be
implemented as close as possible to the place where the problem has been
identified, preferably, to give a long term solution to the issue of accumulation,
while generating local jobs.
Based on the proposed objectives, the following activities were planned:
1. Review the current status of scrap tire generation in the region.
2. Estimate the use of tires in the coming years; this is done by taking in to account: number of
vehicles in use, tire use statistics, current market.
3. Research technologies that can process scrap tires or use rubber obtained from scrap tires.
4. Assess the current market by administering surveys to various sectors. The future market will be
assessed by researching the state of the art in the use of scrap tires and/or rubber obtained
from them. For this purpose, the review will include patents, prototypes, commercial products,
and bibliographical references found in ITESM databases.
5. Review of Results, Energy Budget, and Final Report. The Energy Budget will compare how much
energy can be generated by a given volume of tire rubber vs. the total energy required to
process and transport the mass to the site where it will be used, considering the energy required
to produce the raw material that will be replaced. The above will be done to determine whether
the proposed practice is sustainable from an energy standpoint.
8
A work plan was designed for each of the activities. The plan will be described in the next
section.
4.1 Activities
The activities described below were performed in order to achieve the goals outlined in the
proposal. The activities were not necessarily performed in support of a single objective;
they may have been related to one or more of the proposed objectives.
1. A review was conducted of information related to the supply of scrap tires in the region, its
geographical distribution, and current management of this waste in the different municipalities
within the area. Sources included the databases available at ITESM libraries, documents
provided by business chambers, EPA, SEMARNAT, and INEGI. The purpose of the research effort
was to identify organizations that use scrap tires as inputs in their processes.
2. A review was made to determine the potential generation of scrap tires in the region.
3. Research was conducted to identify previous studies of the scrap tires market with the purpose
of using them as a methodological reference to enhance this study. Bibliographical information
sources were those available at ITESM, the different levels of government in both countries, and
industrial chambers.
4. A questionnaire was developed and administered to businesses that directly or indirectly use or
could use scrap tire rubber. For this activity, a directory or companies to be surveyed in Mexico
was developed; main information sources included:
•
List of companies surveyed in 2005 for the study: Assessment of the Current and Future
Potential Market for Tire Derivate Ground Rubber in Mexico.
•
Mexican Business Information System (Sistema de Información Empresarial Mexicano,
SIEM), a department of the federal Secretariat of Economy.
•
National Chamber of the Footwear Industry.
•
National Chamber of the Construction Industry.
•
National Chamber of the Rubber Industry.
•
National Chamber of the Manufacturing Industry.
•
National Chamber of the Housing Development and Promotion Industry.
•
Rubber Manufacturers Association.
9
•
National Association of Chemical Industries.
•
Ecodir Environmental Directory.
•
Cosmos Online Business Directory.
•
Kompass International Business Directory.
A sample of 976 companies was selected to receive the questionnaire using the census
methodology, i.e. applying the survey to all the companies in the sample.
5. A study was conducted to identify existing scrap tire processing technologies or technologies
that use scrap tire-derived rubber.
6. A study was conducted to identify the potential applications of scrap tires through a review of
the literature, the analysis of technology databases –databases of scientific journals and patent
databases-. Additionally, a similar analysis was performed to identify technologies in
experimental stages, in order to identify potential future markets for these processes.
7. A bibliographic research on the life cycle analysis of tires was performed in order to use it as a
framework for the energy analysis.
The activities and objectives are aligned with each other. Figure 1 shows how the activities
met certain specific objectives outlined in the project.
Figure 1. Project Activities aligned with Project Objectives.
10
4.2 Questionnaire Development, Validation, and Implementation.
The purpose of the survey developed was to estimate the current potential market for
recycled rubber by identifying companies that could directly or indirectly use rubber
obtained from scrap tires.
The survey validation process was conducted to ensure that information collected was
legitimate and suitable to obtain information useful for the study. The following are points
relevant to the development of the survey, its validation, and subsequent implementation.
Focus of the Research
Telephone surveys were applied to companies listed in the database created by
Tecnologico de Monterrey's Center for Environmental Quality.
To build the database, the initial step was to consult SIEM's official website and filter
companies by State, after having identified all the companies involved in activities related
to the manufacture of plastics, paints, coatings, polymers, and shoe soles, companies
involved in construction, and companies that were part of the rubber industry. Other
databases consulted were those of the Mexican Chamber of the Construction Industry, the
Cosmos online directory, the Kompass directory website, and the database that was used in
the study titled "Assessment of the Current and Future Potential Market for Tire Derivate
Ground Rubber in Mexico," prepared in 2005 by the Center for Environmental Quality –
ITESM, Campus Monterrey.
Once all the records were obtained, a second filter was applied. For this second step, the
criterion was to delete all the records that listed the name of an individual. As a third step
to refine the database, each company was looked up online using the Google search engine,
to make sure they were actually involved in the field listed in the source databases and
verify the accuracy of the information.
Profile of the Sample
The profile of the sample consists of companies that use synthetic or natural rubber in their
manufacturing processes and/or services; in addition to companies that, according to
section 5.5 of this report, belong to sectors that could potentially use recycled scrap tire
11
rubber. The geographic scope of this study includes companies whose manufacturing
facilities or offices are located in the following border states: Coahuila, Nuevo León,
Tamaulipas, and Chihuahua.
To build the database, the initial step was to consult the official website of Mexico's
Business Information System (SIEM) 3 and filter companies by State, after having identified
all the companies involved in activities related to the manufacture of rubber, plastics,
paints, coatings, polymers, and shoe soles; and companies involved in construction. Other
databases consulted were those of the Mexican Chamber of the Construction Industry
(CIMC) 4, the Cosmos online directory, 5 the Kompass directory website, 6 the directory of the
Nuevo Leon Chamber of the Manufacturing Industry (CAINTRA) 7, and the database that
was used in the study titled "Assessment of the Current and Future Potential Market for
Tire Derivate Ground Rubber in Mexico," prepared in 2005 by the Center for
Environmental Quality – ITESM, Campus Monterrey. 8
Once all the records were obtained, a second filter was applied. For this second step, the
criterion was to delete all the records that listed the name of an individual.
As a third step to refine the database, each company was looked up online using the
Google 9 search engine, to make sure they were actually involved in the field listed in the
source that was used to obtain the information. An example of the third step in the data
refining process is the construction industry. During the development of the database, this
specific industry was identified as potentially having several subsectors, including
contractors, real estate agencies, and building materials and machinery suppliers. In this
case, it was necessary to verify that the companies listed in the construction industry field
were really involved in construction activities, as they represented about 80% of the
companies in the database. In order to verify this information, queries were made in
3
(SIEM, 2012)
(CMIC)
5 (Cosmos Online)
6 (Kompass, 2012)
7 (CAINTRA, 2012)
8 (Reyna, 2005)
9 (Google, 2012)
4
12
different databases –including Kompass and Cosmos– and on the Internet, to find a
description of each company and its activities. If the activities of a certain company were
not specified or their only description was "construction," the company was deemed to be
involved in construction.
The database is included in Appendix B –
Information collection methods
Telephone surveys were administered to companies that use natural or synthetic rubber in
their manufacturing processes and/or services and whose facilities or offices are located in
any of the following border states: Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and Chihuahua.
For purposes of the survey, a questionnaire was designed based on the instrument used for
the project "Assessment of the Current and Future Potential Market for Tire Derivate
Ground Rubber in Mexico," prepared in 2005 by ITESM, Campus Monterrey. This database
was used because this project is indirectly related to the subject of this report.
Appendix A – Survey implementation questionnaire
shows the instrument designed.
Questions 1 and 2 intend to identify the company's specialty or subsector (manufacturing,
trade or services) and specialty (carpets, asphalt, coatings, tires, floors, etc.). Questions 3, 4
and 5 are intended to identify which companies use rubber in their processes, the type of
rubber (natural or synthetic), and the reason for using either type of rubber. Question 6
seeks to identify the products and/or services where the company uses rubber, the type of
rubber used in the products/services, required quantities, and price paid for the raw
material. Questions 7 through 10 identify they company's rubber suppliers, the origin of
their raw material (domestic or imported), and the type of relationship maintained with
suppliers. Question 11 provides information about polymers used by the company.
Questions 12 and 13 seek to identify companies that use or have used recycled rubber or
otherwise, the reasons why this alternative raw material has not been used. Questions 14
through 22 identify potential market for recycled scrap tire rubber, the reasons why the
company would not be willing to try this raw material, information on particle size and
shape
13
, and the goods and/or services that are intended to be created using recycled rubber.
The survey was designed to be administered by phone to the individuals responsible for
Purchasing or Production. Up to nine dialing attempts were to be made to reach each
contact. The survey would have a maximum duration of seven minutes.
Sampling Method
The sampling technique used was a non-random sample, where the only companies
surveyed were those that were considered to have both the financial and technological
capacity required to incorporate recycled scrap tire rubber to their production process.
The validation of the survey was conducted at the offices of Green Consulting during the
last week of June 2012, through a pilot study consisting of contacting 50 companies. The
purpose of this pilot study was primarily to verify that the questionnaire was well
understood by the respondents, to predict in a general way the behavior of the sample and
also to change open questions to multiple choice questions. In the specific case of this
study, the questionnaire was correctly understood by the respondents. As for the revisions
to the questionnaire, it was not possible to convert it to multiple-choice questions, since the
respondents' answers showed great variation and therefore, there was no certainty that
the rest of the responses would be similar.
Administration of the Questionnaire
The questionnaire was administered between early August and September 18, 2012. All the
surveys were recorded in a database and the conversations were recorded. The surveys
were processed in a database to perform statistical analyses of the questionnaire
implementation.
Data Analysis
The analysis of information obtained from the questionnaires was conducted using
statistical tools, including SPSS and Excel. Statistical analyses included frequency and
correlations.
14
4.3 Energy Budget
4.4 Analysis Process.
The energy budget analysis is a calculation of how much energy is required to produce a
tire, including the power needed to make the raw material for the tire and all the processes
that are necessary for manufacturing and transporting it. In this energy budget process, the
energy required to make the tire is quantified, compared and contrasted with the energy
generated by burning a tire. This exercise is performed in order to determine whether the
energy spent for manufacturing is recovered when burning a tire.
Different scenarios were considered to perform the energy budget calculation; some of
these are explained below, while the rest of them may be found in the Appendices. This
section describes the energy budget process and the interpretation of results. To obtain the
energy budget, the following was taken into consideration:
•
The energy budget was based on the virgin substance used to make the raw
material, compared with the energy that can be generated from a volume of scrap
tires –including the energy required to process and transport said mass to the site
•
where it will be treated -.
The raw material considered was a rubber matrix –styrene-butadiene copolymer
(SBR)- which represents 75% of the raw material for tire rubber. This copolymer is
obtained primarily from petroleum gases through different processes: the first one
is based on thermal cracking of petroleum and the second, which is the most widely
used today and represents 90% of the global production capacity, is the cold
emulsion polymerization process. Both processes were taken into account to
•
calculate the Energy Budget.
•
more scenarios, from 100 km to 15,000 km.
•
Different travel distances were considered for tire transportation, in order to cover
Different uses of tires were considered, including whole tires, chipped tires,
shredded tires (1.5"), and ground tires (10 mesh).
Pursuant to NOM-012-SCT-2-2008 "which establishes the maximum weight and
dimensions for freight vehicles driving on Mexican federal roads," the maximum
15
weight allowance for a freight truck ranges between 13 and 24.5 tons, depending on
the type of truck, its axle-tire configuration, and the road that it will travel.
Additionally, the same standard states that the maximum weight allowed as cargo
for a tractor trailer ranges between 22 and 48 tons, depending on the same
parameters used for trucks. 10 Different load weights were considered for this study,
•
ranging from 5 to 30 tons.
The sources of information were reliable (i.e. scientific articles, theses, government
reports, etc.) and were validated by comparing them with each other to ensure
consistency of the results obtained.
The energy budget intends to identify if the process used to create the raw material
requires a lesser, equal, or greater amount of power than what can be obtained from tire
rubber based on its end use. The process may be outlined as follows:
Energy required to
manufacture a new
passenger tire
VS
Energy that may be
obtained from tire
rubber based on its
application –
combustion
The result of the energy budget analysis is what is obtained by calculating the energy
required to make a tire and comparing it with the energy that can be obtained by its
combustion.
(Secretariat of Communications and Transportation - Directorate General of Federal
Trucking, 2008)
10
16
5
Results
This section is a review of each of the elements included in the objectives, based on the
activities carried out to achieve said objectives.
5.1 Current Status of Scrap Tires in the Region
5.1.1 Inventory of Scrap Tires in the Region
According to the Border 2012 program, a significant amount of scrap tires is found in the
United States-Mexico border region. A total of 46 tire stockpiles have been identified along
the region, as stated by the "Border 2012 U.S.-Mexico Border Scrap Tire Inventory
Summary Report." 11 It is believed that this number is due to the large market for used tires
in the border region. The accumulation of tires in dumpsites is attributable to the illegal
importation of tires from the U.S. to Mexico, even though Mexican law only allows imports
of one million used tires annually. 12 This illegal practice supplies border businesses that
trade these products, since partially used tires have a lower starting price than new tires. 13
In 2007, as part of a Border 2012 project, an inventory was conducted of existing scrap
tires in both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border region was conducted. The Mexican border
states involved in this study were Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas, while
U.S. states included New Mexico and Texas. Arizona and California, in the United States, as
well as Baja California Norte, in Mexico, conducted a census in 2003, which was updated
the following year. 14
The following information was collected for each of the stockpiles identified in these
communities:
11
(Border 2012: U.S.- Mexico Border Scrap Tire Inventory Summary Report, 2007)
(Moore, 2003)
13 ( United States Environmental Protection Agency; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales;,
2007)
2007)
12
17
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Location of each scrap tire stockpile (latitude and longitude coordinates, or address,
nearest intersection or closest point of geographical reference).
Size (number of tires or dimensions of the stockpile).
Site access control.
Authorized agency responsible for the stockpile.
Breakdown of passenger tires vs. truck tires.
Owner of the stockpile.
Legal status (legal or illegal stockpile).
Table 1 summarized the information obtained:
Table 1 Scrap tire sites in the Mexican border states.
Mexican State
Baja California
Sonora
Number and description of identified sites
A total of six sites, 5 cleaned up and 1 active site.
Chihuahua
A total of 13 sites, 1 cleaned up site, 2 still active.
Information is not available for the other 10 sites,
including the number of tires.
One active site.
Tamaulipas
A total of 8 sites, 1 cleaned up and 7 active sites.
Coahuila
Two active sites.
Estimated number
of tires
400,000
340,000
4,500,000
250,000-275,000
800,000- 900,000
Source: Reyna Camaño, R. (2005). Apreciación del mercado potencial actual y futuro del polvo de llanta en México.
Unpublished manuscript, Centro de Calidad Ambiental, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey,
Monterrey, México.
Twelve tire stockpiles were found along the border with the United States; six were found
in Arizona and two in California. Of these, two were cleaned up –one in New Mexico and
one in Texas. There are still two active stockpiles in Texas. The number of tires identified in
2007 in the California and Arizona stockpiles was 78,000. 15
As stated above, one of the goals of the Border 2012 program is to reduce land
contamination in both countries. One of the objectives proposed to achieve this goal is to
address the scrap tire issue by implementing management practices to reduce and
eliminate existing tires in the area. Tire management must be conducted in an
environmentally sound and financially sustainable manner. For this, the two governments
15
( United States Environmental Protection Agency; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales;,
2007)
18
established 6 actions that include the facilitation of tire recycling and the implementation
of programs that encourage scrap tire recycling. 16 (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos
Naturales; United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010).
To achieve this, the proposed action is to create a directory of potential customers who
may be able to use scrap tire rubber, either whole or in different presentations.
5.1.2 Current Management of Scrap Tires in the Region 17
There have been several efforts to solve the issue of scrap tires in the Northern Mexico-
Texas border. The project studied the latest actions implemented by the municipal
governments of Ciudad Juarez in Chihuahua; Acuña and Piedras Negras in Coahuila;
Anahuac in Nuevo León; and Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa and Matamoros in Tamaulipas. On the
American U.S. side the research efforts included the Texas counties of El Paso, Eagle Pass,
Laredo, McAllen and Brownsville.
Various scrap tire collection programs are in operation in Ciudad Juarez, including: a Get
Rid of Junk Program (Programa de Destilichadero), Temporary Employment Program
(TEP), Tires for Food Program (BECC and Juarez Government), and a joint program with
Televisa. In November 2010, an agreement was signed with Cementos de Chihuahua to
establish a collection facility with capacity for one million tires per year, which would
enable the company to use scrap tires in its cement production process. . Since May 2011,
the city has had an agreement with the company Trituración 3R, which can process
500,000 tires per month and used them for the manufacture of printer toner in Asia (City of
Juarez, 2012).
In the case of Acuña, in 2009 the Ecology Department implemented the Five Tires to One
Tree Program (Programa Cinco llantas por un árbol), which helped to collect 200,000 tires.
For their final disposal, the city has two choices: the State Government's proposal, which is
16 (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; United States Environmental Protection Agency,
2010)
17 This section was prepared in March-May 2012. New information may be available.
19
a disposal agreement with a cement plant in Torreon, Coahuila –it is worth mentioning that
this disposal alternative has helped treat 70,000 tires-. The other alternative, which is
currently under negotiation, is an agreement with a tire-shredding company. Piedras
Negras was the first municipality that became free of scrap tires, as a result of the
alternative presented by the Government of Coahuila, the National Chamber of Cement
Industries, and CEMEX, by which 210,000 tires were eliminated (Government of the State
of Coahuila, 2012).
The community of Anahuac, Nuevo Leon is the only one in this state that is adjacent to
Texas. It has a small population and does not yet show any strong impacts compared to
other border communities. This municipality managed to collect 8,000 scrap tires in 2009,
thus eradicating seven illegal dumpsites. Collected tires are transferred to the municipal
landfill (City of Anahuac, 2012).
In Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, under the Scrap Tire Site Clean Up Program, SEMARNAT
authorized $200,000 pesos in funding for a project to transport 150,000 tires to the
Comprehensive Scrap Tire Management Facility at the CEMEX Plant in Monterrey, NL
(Lendo & DePass, 2011). Also in Tamaulipas, Nuevo Laredo signed an agreement with
Ecoltec, a company owned by Holcim Apasco, to install a scrap tire shredding machine. The
machine is expected to process 300,000 tires in 2012. The rubber obtained will be
transported to the cement plant in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila (Municipality of Nuevo Laredo,
2012). In the case of Reynosa, final disposal mechanisms are being explored with tire
shredding companies. To date, 50,000 scrap tires have been transferred to the CEMEX
cement plant in Monterrey (City of Reynosa, 2012). Finally, in 2012, Matamoros reached an
agreement to transport 2 million scrap tires by rail from Ejido Guadalupe and the sanitary
landfill to CEMEX. Costs are paid by the Government of Tamaulipas, the City of Matamoros,
and CEMEX.
There is less of a problem in the State of Texas. In El Paso, 250,000 scrap tires were cleaned
up during 2007 at Tires Be Jone. In Eagle Pass, 29,000 and 12,000 scrap tires were sent to
the San Antonio landfill in 2006 and 2008, respectively. In Brownsville, Texas A&M
20
University-Kingsville conducted a study on the use of scrap tires in civil engineering
applications, primarily road construction (Border Scrap Tires Project Action Plan, 2009).
5.2 Potential Generation of Scrap Tires
Scrap tires are a problem for both Mexico and the United States. In 2003, in the United
States only, there were 275 million tires in stockpiles, in addition to the more than 290
million that were generated, according to the U.S. Rubber Manufacturers Association. In
Mexico, the Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) estimates
that approximately 40 million scrap tires are generated each year. And what about the U.S.-
Mexico border? On either side…
5.2.1 Production in Mexico
Prior to 2004, the production of tires in the country also included conventional tires;
however, their use dropped gradually as they started being replaced by steel-belted radial
tires, and the country now produces only the latter type. Within this classification, tires
may be divided by type of use: automobiles (passenger tires) and light trucks. Table 2
shows the number of passenger and light truck tires produced in the country from 2007 to
2011, according to INEGI; the production of truck tires has not been reported by this
source.
Table 2. Production of steel-belted radial tires (thousands of units per year).
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Passenger
cars
8,189
9,229
9,270
11,196
12,363
Total
Trucks
6,908
5,004
4,166
4,970
5,437
15,097
14,233
13,436
16,166
17,770
Source: INEGI, Economic Information Database; Monthly Industrial Survey
Website: http://dgcnesyp.inegi.org.mx/cgiwin/bdieintsi.exe/NIVR250100014201200020003000300030#ARBO
Accessed on February 1st, 2012
21
Figure 5-1 Production of steel-belted radial tires.
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2007
2008
Passenger
2009
Light trucks
2010
2011
Source: INEGI, Economic Information Database; Monthly Industrial Survey
Website: http://dgcnesyp.inegi.org.mx/cgiwin/bdieintsi.exe/NIVR250100014201200020003000300030#ARBO
Accessed on February 2st, 2012
Figure 5-1 shows that the production of passenger radial tires has increased since 2007.
Conversely, the production of light truck tires declined, but picked up again in 2011.
5.2.2 Characteristics of the regional demand for new and used tires
5.2.2.1 Tire use in Mexico
According to a study conducted by Euromonitor International, household motor vehicle
ownership increased from 39% in 2005 to 43.8% in 2009, and the trend shows that it will
increase to 50.4% in 2020. Additionally, the per capita purchase of automobiles,
motorcycles and other vehicles increased from $ 4,238.50 pesos in 2005 to $ 4,838.90
pesos in 2009, and is expected to reach $7,322.30 pesos by 2020, because many people is
switching from public transportation to cars and motorcycles (Euromonitor International,
2010). Table 3. Table 4, and Table 5 show the market share of tire production in Mexico.
22
Table 3. Shipments of new tires imported into Mexico18
Tire Type
Passenger car
Light trucks
Medium and heavy-duty trucks
Amount*
13.1
5.1
2.2
*Figures in million tires
Table 4. Market share of light truck tires in Mexico19
Brand
Market Share (%)
Goodyear
Firestone
Tornel
Euzkadi
BFGoodrich
Uniroyal
Bridgestone
General
Continental
*Based on 5.1 million units
22.0%
17.0%
17.0%
10.0%
6.0%
6.0%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
Brand
Multi-Mile
Yokohama
Eldorado
Dunlop
Michelin
Toyo
Sigma
Otras
Market Share (%)
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
4.0%
Table 5. Market share of passenger car replacement tires in Mexico20
Brand
Market Share (%)
Goodyear
Firestone
Euzkadi
Tornel
Uniroyal
BFGoodyear
Bridgestone
General
Hankook
Michelin
20.0%
16.0%
13.0%
11.5%
7.0%
6.0%
6.0%
3.5%
2.0%
2.0%
Brand
Multi-Mile
Yokohama
Eldorado
Kumho
Continental
Dunlop
Pirelli
Sigma
Toyo
Others
Market Share (%)
2.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.5%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
3.0%
Number of vehicles and estimation of tires used on a yearly basis
18
19
20
(Modern Tire Dealer, 2011)
23
Estimating scrap tire generation requires knowing the number of new tires produced, as
well as the number of imported tires. The number of vehicles and the life of the tires also
help to calculate the generation rate. Similarly, the waste factor may be a useful constant.
Waste factor by type of vehicle. 21
Passenger car
Light trucks
Trucks
1.29 tires/cars per year
The following table shows the number of vehicles in use between 2005 and 2010 in the
Mexican states that share a border with the United States.
Table 6. Number of vehicles in use by State22.
State
2005
2006
Baja California
1,187,451
1,281,923
599,007
709,713
1,001,292
1,105,386
Coahuila
622,732
626,344
646,417
Tamaulipas
971,514
1,054,922
876,005
Nuevo León
1,451,581
Total
4,381,996
Sonora
Chihuahua
2007
2008
2009
2010
1,475,939
1,512,796
1,377,114
855,110
889,176
928,336
796,625
1,099,296 1,135,634
1,181,161
1,207,220
1,121,665
703,447
679,745
707,121
664,301
892,820
932,874
969,753
949,648
1,605,120
1,743,646 1,812,944
1,890,350
1,975,586
1,746,538
4,778,288
4,782,158 5,029,550
5,158,895
5,325,226
4,909,352
1,362,035 1,442,539
798,405
Average
Source: INEGI, Statistics on registered motor vehicles;
Website: http://www.inegi.org.mx/lib/olap/General_ver4/MDXQueryDatos.asp?c=13158
st
Accessed on February 1 , 2012
21
(Cámara Nacional de la Industria Hulera [National Chamber of the Rubber Industry])
This table considers the total number of vehicles in use, including passenger cars, light trucks,
trucks, and motorcycles.
22
24
Table 7. Scrap tire generation by State/Year in 2010.
State
Baja California
Sonora
Chihuahua
Coahuila
Tamaulipas
Nuevo León
Average number of vehicles
1,377,114
796,625
1,121,665
664,301
949,648
1,746,538
Scrap tire generation
1,776,477
1,027,646
1,446,948
856,948
1,225,046
2,253,034
4,909,352
6,333,064
Total
Scrap tire generation was obtained by multiplying the total average number of tires by the
passenger car waste factor, since this type of vehicle is the most commonly used on
Mexican roadways.
Table 8. Annual scrap tire generation projected to 2015.
State
Baja California
Sonora
Chihuahua
Coahuila
Tamaulipas
Nuevo Leon
Passenger
cars
1,402,476
701,068
951,166
534,180
680,759
1,759,223
Trucks
17,800
6,816
5,588
78,547
7,412
16,998
Light
Trucks
498,789
368,854
405,896
257,494
303,275
660,436
Total
1,919,065
1,076,737
1,362,649
870,220
991,446
2,436,657
Scrap tire
generation
2,475,594
1,388,991
1,757,817
1,122,584
1,278,965
3,143,288
To obtain the scrap tire generation to 2015, the project considered the value projected for
2015 and multiplied it by the passenger car waste factor.
5.2.2.2 Tire use in the United States
According to Euromonitor International, in 2009, car sales in the United States dropped to
10.6 million, after having sold 13.5 million cars in 2008. The above was due to the
recession that occurred in the country.
25
This behavior cannot be considered a trend, as the expectation is that vehicle sales will
increase. The percentage of households with at least one vehicle is expected to be at least
89.3% by 2020.
It is estimated that in the United States, the annual scrap tire generation ratio is one tire
per capita. The following table shows the current number of tires in the four U.S.-Mexico
border states.
Table 9. Passenger car scrap tires by 2011..
State
Arizona
California
New Mexico
Texas
23
Number of scrap tires
6,482,505
37,691,912
2,082,224
25,674,681
Source: Census, Population Estimates. Accessed on February 10, 2012
Website http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/index.html.
Table 10. Projection of passenger scrap tires by 2015 24.
State
Arizona
California
New Mexico
Texas
Number of scrap tires
6,620,000
3,008,000
2,425,000
24,775 ,000
Source: Census, U.S. Population Projection. Accessed on February 10, 2012
Website: http://www.census.gov/population/projections/state/stpjpop.txt
23
24
This figure considers only light passenger car tires.
The projection considers only light passenger car tires.
26
Table 11. Tire shipments in the United States in 2010 (million units).
Replacement
198.7
Light truck tires
Replacement
27.6
Medium/Heavy-duty truck tires
Replacement
15.2
*Tires installed in the vehicles during their production.
Source: Modern Tire Dealer. "Modern Tire Dealer." Research and Stats. 2011
Website: http://www.moderntiredealer.com/Stats/Page/1.aspx
Accessed on February 10, 2012
OE*
34.6
OE
2.6
OE
2.7
Table 12. Market share of passenger tires in the U.S. *
Brand
Market Share (%)
Goodyear
15.0%
Michelin
8.5%
Bridgestone
7.5%
Firestone
7.5%
BFGoodrich
7.0%
Cooper
5.0%
Hankook
5.0%
General
4.5%
Falken
3.5%
Kumho
3.0%
Uniroyal
3.0%
Yokohama
3.0%
Nexen
3.0%
Toyo
2.5%
Continental
2.0%
Dayton
2.0%
Brands
Dunlop
Hercules
Multi-Mile
Pirelli
Cordovan
Mastercraft
Sigma
Big O
Delta
Fuzion
Kelly
Nitto
Sears
Sumitomo
Others
Source: Modern Tire Dealer
27
Market Share (%)
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.5%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
6.0%
Table 13. Market share of light truck tires in the U.S. *
Brand
Market Share (%)
Goodyear
12.5%
BFGoodrich
9.0%
Bridgestone
8.0%
Michelin
7.0%
Firestone
6.5%
Cooper
6.0%
Multi-Mile
4.5%
General
4.0%
Toyo
4.0%
Yokohama
4.0%
Hankook
3.5%
Kumho
3.0%
Uniroyal
2.5%
Cordovan
2.0%
Source: Modern Tire Dealer
Brands
Falken
Mastercraft
Nexen
Pirelli
Continental
Dayton
Hercules
Kelly
Maxxis
Big O
Delta
Laramie
Sigma
Others
28
Market Share (%)
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.5%
1.5%
1.5%
1.5%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
5.5%
5.3 Review of previous studies
In 2005, Tecnologico de Monterrey conducted a study of the potential for the use of ground
tire rubber in Mexico, entitled "Assessment of the Current and Future Potential Market for
Tire Derivate Ground Rubber in Mexico." Since this project is indirectly related to the
subject addressed in said report, relevant domestic results are analyzed (Mexico) (Reyna,
2005):
The supply of new tires in Mexico in 2004 was 12, 953,000, distributed in the following
categories:
•
•
•
Passenger cars: 10, 213,000 units of steel-belted radial tires.
Light trucks: 2, 236,000 units of steel-belted radial tires.
Trucks: 504,000 units of conventional tires.
For the study, Reyna contacted 275 companies from different industrial subsectors (tire
production, molded products, athletic surfaces, cement and asphalt production). Of the 275,
Reyna was able to interview 110 companies through a survey, which represents 40% of the
universe selected.
The most extensively represented specialty in the study was plastic molded products, with
42 companies (18 of them manufacture household products and 24 supply the plastic
molding industry in general), followed by the production of athletic surfaces subsector, with
25 companies.
Questions that some companies refused to answer due to confidentiality issues included:
•
•
•
•
•
What particle size is used in the manufacture of your product?
Do you use domestic or imported raw materials?
Who are your suppliers?
Have you had any problems with your suppliers?
Do you use ground recycled rubber in the manufacture of your product?
29
Companies use relevant polymers as follows: 38 companies use polyethylene, 32 use
polypropylene, and 20 use polystyrene. Only 45 companies claim to know the particle size
used in their process and 39 companies do not use ground raw materials.
Out of the 110 companies, 20 use domestic raw materials and 22 use imported materials. In
addition, 30 companies use both domestic and imported raw materials. The most
prominent suppliers are PEMEX and Elastómeros y Polímeros. The main problem reported
by the surveyed companies is ensuring the supply of raw materials.
Only 11 companies use recycled rubber. Suppliers vary, so there is not one specific vendor.
64% of respondents did not answer the question about the cost of materials.
The potential market for ground rubber in Mexico (considering only particle sizes smaller
than 0.5 mm) is 3,373.1 tons per month, taking into account the seven companies that
claim to use particle sizes within this range. The potential market for ground rubber in
Mexico (considering only particle sizes between 0.5-1.0 mm) is 44 tons per month, taking
into account the ten companies that claim to use particle sizes within this range.
48 companies (44%) are familiar with the characteristics and applications of ground
rubber and either use it or distribute it. Additionally, 62 companies are not familiar with
ground rubber and its uses. Of these, 42 companies are interested in becoming familiar
with the characteristics of ground rubber and therefore, they are considered a potential
future market for ground rubber.
The above project served as a reference for this study and laid out the overall context to
review the status of scrap tires in Mexico.
30
5.4 Market research
To meet the objective of assessing the current market for scrap tires and their byproducts,
a survey was implemented (as shown in Appendix A – Survey implementation
questionnaire). The survey was applied to companies that directly or indirectly use or
could use scrap tire rubber. For this activity, a directory or companies to be surveyed in
Mexico was developed. Main information sources included:
•
•
•
•
•
•
List of companies surveyed in 2005 for the study: Assessment of the Current and
Future Potential Market for Tire Derivate Ground Rubber in Mexico
Mexican Business Information System (SIEM)25
National Chamber of the Construction Industry (CIMC) 26
Cosmos Online Business Directory 27
Kompass International Business Directory, 28 and
Directory of the Nuevo Leon Chamber of the Manufacturing Industry (CAINTRA) 29,
The database obtained was refined using several filters to identify potential companies that
may be associated to scrap tire products. During the database development and refining
phase, this specific industry was identified as potentially having several subsectors,
including contractors, real estate agencies, and machinery suppliers. At the end of the
refining process, an initial company database was obtained, as depicted in Appendix B – .
Once the telephonic surveys were completed, a quantitative study was performed to
identify the information presented below.
976 individuals from the list of companies were contacted. 485 completed the survey (a
company may have more than one location), 103 refused to be interviewed, 14 were the
wrong contact, 306 did not answer the phone or could not be contacted, 3 were wrong
(SIEM, 2012)
(CMIC)
27 (Cosmos Online)
28 (Kompass, 2012)
29 (CAINTRA, 2012)
25
26
31
telephone numbers, in 14 cases the phones gave a busy signal, and 51 were dropped
surveys –i.e. the interview was not completed (see Figure 2).
Status of surveys of contacted companies
50%
31%
11%
5%
Completed survey
No answer
Declined interview
Dropped survey
1%
1%
0%
Wrong contact
Busy phone
Wrong number
Figure 2. Status of surveys of contacted companies.
The 485 companies that participated in the study belong to the following sectors: 125 to
the Manufacturing Industry, 113 to the Trade Sector, and 247 to the Service Industry.
Industries
Manufacture
26%
Trade
51%
Services
23%
Figure 3. Specialties of companies that answered the survey.
Due to the nature of the study, companies that belong to the trade sector had to be
excluded and consequently, the sample was reduced to 372 records. Of the 372
32
respondents, we found that the most common specialty is construction, followed by
"other." 216 companies belong to the construction sector, 23 produce molded products, 25
insulation and coatings, 17 asphalt and concrete, and 99 make other products. Other
sectors include oils, processing of plastic products, gaskets and seals, synthetic fibers,
resins, water treatment, chemical products, and petrochemical products (see Figure 4).
Specialty of industrial companies (372 interviews)
58%
24%
Construction
Other
7%
6%
5%
Coatings, insulation,
paints
Molded products
Asphalt and concrete
Figure 4. Activities of specialized companies that responded the survey
Within "other specialties," the most commonly mentioned were oil manufacturing, with 29
companies, development of chemical products with 11, water treatment with 5,
development of petrochemical products with 4, oils with 4, gaskets and seals with 3,
polyethylene bags with 2, synthetic fibers with 2, and resins with 1 (see Figure5).
Ohter specialties mentioned
38%
22%
14%
6%
Development
of plastic
products
Other
Development
of chemicals
Water
treatment
5%
4%
4%
Development
of
petrochemical
products
Oils
Gaskets and
seals
3%
Polyethylene Synthetic fibers
bags
Figure5. Specialties identified as "other" by companies that answered the survey.
33
3%
1%
Resinas
Only 29 of the 372 companies use rubber to manufacture their products or provide their
services (see Figure 6).
Companies that use rubber (total of 372 companies)
Si
8%
No
92%
Figure 6. Percentage of companies that use rubber.
The type of rubber most widely used by these companies is synthetic rubber, since 14 of
them use this material. Additionally, 10 companies use both types of rubber, and only 5
companies use natural rubber (see Figure 7).
Types of rubber used by companies
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Synthetic, 14
Both, 10
Natural, 5
Natural
Synthetic
Figure 7. Number of companies and types of rubber used.
34
Both
The main reasons identified for using each type of rubber are presented below (see Figure
8):
Manufacturing requirements were mentioned 9 times, customer demand 5, product quality
4, most economical and other 3, lack of substitutes 2, and availability and properties 1.
32%
18%
Manufacturing
or process
requirements
Customer
demand
14%
Product quality
11%
11%
Most
economical/cost
Figure 8. Reasons for using the different types of rubber.
35
Other
7%
No substitutes
4%
4%
Availability
Product
properties
Table 14 shows the types of products that the companies surveyed make with either
natural or synthetic rubber. A prominent area is the production of gaskets and seals.
Table 14. Products manufactured with rubber.
Product
Frequency
%
Gaskets and seals
7
26%
Other
3
11%
Asphalt
2
7%
Polyurethane products
2
7%
Paints and coatings
2
7%
Construction products
2
7%
Rollers
2
7%
Foam
1
4%
Construction work
1
4%
Weatherproofing
1
4%
Vacuum cleaners
1
4%
Conveyance lines
1
4%
Tarps
1
4%
Hoses
1
4%
The study found that 15 of the companies that responded to the survey use natural rubber.
Of these, 86% use 1 to 2 tons per month, as shown in Figure 9:
Tons used per month (total = 14 companies)
50%
36%
14%
less than 1 ton
1-2 tons
Figure 9. Tons of rubber used each month by the 14 companies that use rubber.
.
36
more than 2 tons
The most common price per ton of virgin rubber falls within the range of $10,000 to
$30,000 pesos per ton, as shown in Figure 10.
Price per ton
57%
7%
less than $10,000
14%
14%
$50,001 to $70,000
more than $70,000
7%
$10,000 to $30,000
$30,001 to $50,000
Figure 10. Price per ton of virgin rubber.
None of the respondents that use natural rubber knows the particle size required for their
processes, so we were not able to establish the relationship between the price paid and
particle size. Moreover, when asked about the appropriate size of recycled tire rubber
particles used in their processes, 6 of them responded that they require recycled ground
rubber, 3 use shredded rubber, and 3 require whole tires. It must be noted that three
respondents did not answer the question about the type of recycled rubber required.
Assuming that recycled rubber is required in the same form as what is currently used for
natural rubber, the study found no relationship between the price paid and the form of the
rubber as a raw material. For example, among the respondents that require recycled
ground rubber, the prices currently paid per ton of raw material range bet ween $ 5,000
and $ 58,000 pesos.
Twenty-three companies mentioned using synthetic rubber in their processes; the amount
they use ranges between 1 and 10 tons per month (see Figure 11).
37
Use of synthetic rubber per month in tons
52%
35%
less than 1 ton
1 to 10 tons
9%
4%
11 to 40 tons
more than 40 tons
Figure 11. Use of synthetic rubber per month in tons.
The price that most companies pay per month is within the ranges shown in Figure 12. The
most common range, at 43%, is $10,000 to $30,000 pesos.
Price paid per month (in Mexican pesos)
43%
17%
17%
4%
menos de $10,000
$10,000 a $30,000
$30,001 a $50,000
$70,001 a $90,000
9%
9%
$90,001 a $110,000
más de $110,000
Figure 12. Price paid per month (in Mexican pesos).
Most companies –20 companies– use domestic raw materials. This accounts for 71% of the
companies that use rubber (see Figure 13).
38
Origin of raw materials (percentage of companies)
Imported
29%
Domestic
71%
Figure 13. Companies using domestic or imported raw materials.
Table 15 shows the distribution of raw materials and their origin by type of rubber. We
observe that 35% of the companies purchase imported synthetic rubber, while the rest
obtains it from domestic sources.
Table 15. Distribution of raw material and its origin.
Domestic raw material
purchasing
percentage
companies
Natural rubber
Synthetic rubber
11
15
79%
65%
Imported raw material
purchasing
percentage
companies
3
8
21%
35%
The study did not identify any specific company as a market-dominant or primary supplier
(see
39
Table 16). The following table shows the supplier breakdown:
Table 16. List of rubber suppliers.
Vendor
Frequency
Frecuencia
%
Suministros y
Especialidades Químicas
3
11%
Dupont
2
7%
Brentac
1
4%
Cartonera de plástico
1
4%
Cici plásticos
1
4%
Colombinaire Monterrey
1
4%
Comercial Vicsol
1
4%
Proveedor
%
Comercializadora Los
Ángeles
En la obra
1
4%
1
4%
Euzkola
1
4%
Galván
1
4%
Hulera Mexicana
1
4%
Materiales Jerez
1
4%
ML Tec
1
4%
Moix S.A. de C.V.
1
4%
Oxiasfalt
1
4%
PEMEX
1
4%
Promoplas
1
4%
Rehijold
1
4%
Particular
1
4%
SKR
1
4%
Uniroyal
1
4%
LCY Texcon
1
4%
Industrias Bengar
1
4%
Polioles de México
1
4%
As for problems with suppliers, only 8 companies have had issues with their vendors,
primarily as to meeting the required supply and product properties (see Figure 14).
40
Types of issues
Issues with vendors
Yes
14%
Properties
50%
Supply
50%
No
86%
Figure 14. Issues with rubber suppliers.
The most widely used polymers are polybutadiene, used by 23 companies; SAN, used by 8,
and ABS, used by 7 companies (see Figure 15).
Polymers Used
42%
15%
Polybutadiene SAN (Styrene
Acrylonitrile)
13%
11%
Polyurethanes
ABS (
Acrylonitrile
Butadiene
Styrene)
9%
Polystyrene
4%
2%
Butyl Rubber
Polyamides
2%
2%
EVA (Ehtylene PVC (Polyvinyl
Vynil Acetate)
Chloride)
2%
SBR
Figure 15. Polymers used by the 29 respondent companies.
Only 5 companies have ever used recycled rubber. The main reason cited for not using it is
that their manufacturing process does not require it (see Figure 17).
41
Use of Recycled Rubber by Respondent Companies (percentage)
Yes
18%
No
82%
Figure 16. Use of recycled rubber by the 29 companies that use rubber.
Reasons for not using recycled rubber are shown in Figure 17.
Reasons for not using recycled rubber
44%
22%
11%
11%
6%
Not used in the
The company does not
manufacturing process authorize the raw
materials
Do not know the
process
6%
Does not meet the
Does not meet the There has not been an
properties required by requirements of clients opportunity to use it
clients
Figure 17. Reasons for not using recycled rubber.
Of the 23 companies that do not use recycled rubber, only six mentioned that they would
be interested in incorporating it into their manufacturing process (see Figure 19). The
products manufactured by the companies interested in using recycled rubber are rollers,
gaskets, asphalt, seals, tarps and coatings. The volume of rubber used by these companies
varies from 200 kg to 2 tons per month. The main reason that they are not interested is
42
because they believe this material cannot be incorporated into their product manufacturing
process.
Would you use recycled rubber?
Yes
26%
No
74%
Figure 18. Percentage of companies that would be willing to use recycled rubber (total = 23 companies).
The 6 companies interested in using recycled rubber answered the following regarding the
presentation of rubber (whole, shredded, chipped, or powdered tire) that best fits their
processes (see Figure 20):
2 companies said they would use shredded scrap tires, 2 said whole tires, 1 chipped tires,
and 1 powdered tires.
Rubber Presentation
whole tire
33%
shredded
33%
slit powdered
17%
17%
Figure 19. Tire rubber presentation for companies that may use it.
43
Items that could be manufactured using this raw material were asphalt, gaskets, flooring
and coatings, caps, and tarps.
Of the 29 companies that use rubber in their processes, five have used recycled tire rubber
as raw material, four mentioned they have used shredded scrap tires, and one has used
powdered rubber (see Figure 21).
Rubber Presentation
Powder
20%
Shredded
80%
Figure 20. Presentation of scrap tire rubber used by companies (total = 5 companies).
Only one respondent mentioned being familiar with the particle size used in their process:
1 to 2 mm.
Nineteen companies that answered the survey said they would like to see incentives for
using recycled tire rubber as raw material (see Figure 22). The most frequently mentioned
type of incentive was tax or financial benefits, with 12 entries (see Figure 23).
44
Incentives
No
30%
Yes
70%
Figure 21. Percentage of companies interested in seeing incentives for the use of scrap tire rubber.
Types of Incentives
55%
23%
Tax of financial benefits
Other
9%
9%
Cost assistance
Loans and grants
5%
Recycling assistance
Figure 22. Types of incentives mentioned by the companies to encourage the use of scrap tire rubber.
The following section contains information about the companies and interviewees; this
information was collected of all the companies that agreed to answer the survey.
Most respondents occupied managerial positions, as self-reported by 195 of them. Supply
and purchasing managers came in in second place, with 115. Only 69 contacts were made
who work in the production area (see Figure 24).
45
250
195
150
115
100
81
69
36
Production
Secretary/
Receptionist
Purchasing/
Supplies
0
Administrative
50
Sales
200
Positions of Interviewees
Figure 23. Positions of interviewees (number of individuals)
As for the type of company, 481 were private companies and only one was a government
agency. The average age of the companies surveyed is 17 years and on average they have
55 employees. In addition to this document database with responses from the survey is
attached and audio calls made.
In addition to this document, a database with responses to the survey and audio recordings
of the calls are attached.
46
5.5 Scrap Tire Rubber Use and Processing Technologies
In order to maximize the use of scrap tires and their recycling in addition to offsetting the
issue of tire stockpiling, a wide range of applications and products derived from these
resources has been developed. These applications have significant potential in civil
engineering, industrial and consumer products manufacturing, and even in energy
production. The tire processing method varies, depending on the intended application or
product, i.e., tires may be used in different forms such as whole, chopped, shredded,
chipped, ground, or powdered, or may be processed using technology such as retreading,
reclamation, devulcanization, and pyrolysis. The following are some of the applications and
products relevant to different sectors and markets.
5.5.1 Uses
5.5.1.1 Civil Engineering (other than road construction)
Scrap tires have proven to be very useful in civil engineering applications (other than road
construction). Scrap tires can be used in various markets, including:
Marine and coastal uses – Scrap tires can be used in their whole form to create artificial
reefs 30, which may be used for fish and shellfish farming and last approximately 30 years,
since tires submerged in ocean water are a chemically stable medium, free of ultraviolet
radiation, and thus limit the amount of pollutant leachates. Additionally, whole tires can be
used as breakwaters. 31 They can also be used in different forms as dock or ship bumpers or
shock absorbers. 32
Sanitary landfills – There are several applications for scrap tires in landfills --as anti-
leachate liner, cover material, gas vent filler, 33 and drainage layers. 34 35
30
(Cano Serrano, Cerezo García, & Urbina Fraile, 2007)
(Cantanhede & Monge, 2002)
32 (Castro, 2007)
33 (Martínez Rodríguez & Kuppusamy, 2008)
34 (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010)
35 (Bremer, Molina, Leon, & Lewites, 2007)
31
47
Insulation – Scrap tires are suitable for acoustic insulation –i.e. noise barriers-, since
rubber is a material with good acoustic absorption.1 Because of this property, industries
have been able to develop sound-proofing paints. 36 Similarly, this resource can be used for
protection in cold areas, since it also has thermal insulation properties.1
Drainage – Scrap tire granules are often used as subsurface drainage material 37 for sewer
drainage systems, since the elastic properties of rubber provide mechanical protection to
the pipes.1 Additionally, the insulating properties of rubber prevent water freezing in low
temperature areas.1 Granulated tire rubber can also be used as drainage layer in landfills
for leachate collection and removal systems,5 and as backfill for ditches or storm water
drainage wells.1 Whole tires can also be used to form underground sewers by arranging
them as tunnels. 38
Construction – Scrap tires can be used for support in retaining walls or bridge abutments;5
in granular form as cement additives to improve brittleness and prevent the collapse of
structures, improving their anti-seismic properties; in bales for construction of levees,
1
and to restrain columns and bridges for anti-seismic support 39. In addition, they can also be
used to improve stability in applications such as surface containment and stabilization,
slope stabilization,1 gravity walls for slope stabilization, retaining walls, and as foundation
for dwellings. 40 They can also be used to control erosion and in their ground or granular
form, they can be used as permeable filler below ground level for exterior walls, and as
permeable aggregate for gas capture layers and trenches.5 Other construction applications
include using tires as a base for trolley and train tracks, sheet pile walls5 and construction
panels.7 Scrap tires can also be filled to make them suitable for other applications; for
example, tractor paths may be created by filling tires with rocks, and if filled and
compacted with PET, they can also be used for soil-sealing. Finally, they can also be used as
septic tank media2 and drainage fields.5
36
(Carrasco, Paradossi, Cavalieri, & Cataldo, 2003)
(Mancina, 1993)
38 (Yang, 1999)
39 (Bugaldian, 1999)
40 (El flujo de llantas usadas y de desecho en la región fronteriza de California y México, 2010)
37
48
5.5.1.2 Civil Engineering (road construction)
Scrap tires have other important applications in civil engineering, particularly for road
construction, and there are large and promising markets for their use:
Asphalt – Scrap tires can be used as part of the components of asphalt layers for road
construction. They can be used as asphalt additive, asphalt rubber,3 and top layers in road
paving. 1 For this application, ground or granulated rubber is added to asphalt binders to
improve several key features, as well as durability,5 reduce the noise generated by friction,
and reduce skidding.. 41 Depending on the system used, an estimated 1,000 to 7,000 scrap
tires can be used per kilometer of two-lane highway. 3
Stabilization – Its low unit weight and relatively low cost make scrap tire granulate
suitable as lightweight filler.5 Granulated or shredded tires can be used as lightweight filer
for embankments built on weak soils and for slope stabilization.5
Granulated scrap tire
improves clay soil2 and slope3 stabilization; for the latter, whole tires can be used. In
addition, scrap tires can also be applied in surface layers (firm).1
Barriers – Whole, slit, chopped or chipped tires can be used for noise and crash barriers on
roads; scrap tire granulate can also be used on the latter.1
Vehicle and railroad traffic control devices –Scrap tires can be used to make premanufactured traffic control devices, such as curbs, speed bumps, traffic islands, rumble
strips, traffic cones, safety barriers, flexible tiles for level crossings, etc.1
Other Applications – Scrap tires can be used as road sealants and coatings,1 to build
temporary roads1 to facilitate the flow of vehicles on unstable roads, for roadside signs,2
speed reducing devices (tracks) 42 and expansion joints.1
41
42
(Astafan, 1995)
(Samaraez Chemical Consulting, S.L.)
49
5.5.1.3 Civil Engineering (athletic and safety surfaces)
Another option with promising and innovative markets for recycled tires, primarily in their
granulated or shredded form, is their use in athletic and safety surfaces. These markets
include a wide variety of applications:
Equestrian paths/Racetracks – Rubber granules can be used alone or mixed with sand or
soil at racetracks and equestrian pathways. This helps reduce both horse and rider injuries
in the event of a fall. In addition, the smooth surface reduces muscle fatigue and stress on
the horse’s legs and joints. Another benefit is that the rubber layer tends to reduce weed
growth and prevent mud accumulation, and provides better drainage. 43
Athletic courts and fields – Padding for artificial turf (used in football and golf fields,
among others) is made from ground rubber, which can be obtained from scrap tires. Some
of the benefits of using ground-rubber based synthetic turf include the fact that synthetic
turf maintains its properties regardless of varying weather and use conditions, injuries
sustained on synthetic turf tend to be less serious, synthetic turf drains quickly and may be
used right after a rain, and tolerates about four times the use given to natural turf.5 Another
application for ground and powdered rubber combined with resins is in synthetic tennis
courts 44 and athletic flooring.3 An added advantage of these courts is that the elasticity
provided by the rubber allows some of the energy transmitted by athletes when making
contact with the court
to be absorbed to prevent joint injuries and falls.1 Similarly,
shredded or powdered rubber can be used in walking paths and jogging, racing, and bicycle
tracks.3
Parks and playgrounds – Ground rubber stripped of its wire content can be used as a
shock absorbing layer in playgrounds, either as loose fill, combined with resins and poured
on site, or in the form of molded tiles.
5
Shock absorbing coatings are used around and
under playground equipment such as swings and slides, to provide protection in the event
of a fall and prevent injuries.5 Because of its elasticity, safety flooring is used primarily in
playgrounds, daycare centers, and nursing homes to prevent potential fall-related injuries.1
43
44
(Myhre & MacKillop, 2002)
(Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá, 2006)
50
Furthermore, used whole tires can be repurposed into swings and used as a containment
feature in parks and playgrounds.2
Other applications – Other applications for whole tires include their use in shooting
ranges and as crash barriers at speedways and motor racing circuits.3
5.5.1.4 Industrial/Consumer products
New technologies and improved creativity have made it possible to develop a large number
of industrial and consumer products for different markets:
Agricultural uses – Scrap tires have many practical uses in agriculture. For example,
garden hoses5 and porous irrigation pipes3 can be made from powdered and reclaimed tire
rubber. In addition, whole tires can be used for growing plants,2 hung around trees to
protect them (from tractor mowers), and to make food and water bowls 45 for farm animals.
In addition, tire chips or granules can be used as mulch in stables,7 and whole, chipped, or
shredded tires can be used to make planters. 46
Automotive – Reclaimed and devulcanized tires can be used to manufacture components
that go under the tread, components for the inner lining, and components for tire plies.1 Car
mats can be made from granulated, powdered, reclaimed, and retreaded tires.1 Vehicle
parts, brakes, steering wheels, etc.1 and bumpers5 can be manufactured using powdered,
reclaimed, devulcanized, and pyrolyzed tires. Additonally, old tires can be reused by
treating them through the retreading process,2 by which old treads are replaced and their
original structure is rebuilt to give old tires characteristics similar to those of new tires.
This also results in energy savings, since retreading preserves more than 400 million
gallons of oil/year.2 Finally, mudguards for vehicles3 can be manufactured using tire shreds
or powder, and automotive belts and hoses3 can be made using tire granules and powder.
Clothing and accessories – Footwear can be produced using granulated, powdered,
retreated, reclaimed, devulcanized, or pyrolyzed tires.1 Shoe soles made with tire powder
or granules have a high degree of durability and often last longer than the body of the
45
46
(Cummings, 1998)
(Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales)
51
shoe.1 Belts15 and bags15 can also be made using shredded and reclaimed tires. Finally,
reclaimed rubber can be used to create cellular phone cases3 and motorcycle helmets.3
Wiring – Reclaimed and devulcanized rubber can be reused for wiring components.1
Similarly, the insulating properties of rubber may be beneficial when using powdered
rubber as wire insulation.3
Floors and coatings – Nonskid3 and anti-fatigue floors3 can be manufactured using
powdered, retreaded, reclaimed, or devulcanized rubber. Anti-fatigue floors are used for
the benefit of workers who have to remain standing for many hours.3 Additionally, tiles1,
mats,1 and carpets12 can be made by combining granulated or powdered tires with resins,
or by taking advantage of reclaimed and devulcanized rubber. Scrap tire granules and
powder, and in some cases, reclaimed and chipped tires, can be used for weatherproof
coatings7, household coatings3 (such as courtyards and pathways) and hospital and
industrial flooring3. In addition, devulcanized rubber and processed carbon can be used for
industrial coatings.1 Other applications include anti-vibration mats1, padding for
commercial carpets,7 and soldering materials.1
Industrial and household products – Various industrial products can be created, some of
which also have practical uses in the household. Chipped, shredded, and resin-reinforced
powdered tires can be transformed into entry mats for homes, factories, and industries.
Additionally, efficient and high durability sinks can be manufactured. Roof waterproofing
formulas can be prepared,16 as well as roofing materials.
1
Other products include
weatherstrips,5 which are installed around doors and windows to seal out air and dust.
Other applications include furniture, anti-skid surfaces for pools,6 and colored mulch for
landscaping.5
Pet products – Some creative applications include products designed for pets. Pet toys5
can be made using granulated, powdered, or reclaimed rubber. Granulated rubber can also
be used as stuffing for pet and cattle beds.5 Similarly, tire rubber can be used to build pet
houses and mats.1
52
Other applications – Other products include traffic cones,5 traffic containment devices,3
tubes,5 molded products, conveyor belts, household batteries, carbon and activated carbon
products.1
Dyes – Scrap tire powder, pyrolytic powder, and processed carbon can be processed into
printing ink.1 Additionally, processed carbon can be used to create pigments and dyes.1
5.5.1.5 Energy Source
Scrap tires are a valuable energy resource due to their low cost and high calorific value, asa
they have a calorific value between 27,000 and 38,000 KJ/Kg,3 depending on their
composition and metal content. In comparison, coal has a calorific value of 34,000 KJ/Kg . 47
In fact, the main application of scrap tires in the United States, Europe and Japan, among
other countries, is as a supplementary energy resource. This resource has been used since
the 1970’s to produce energy in the aforementioned countries.
Tires have gained importance as a feasible alternative for some combustion processes,
since their use saves fossil fuels and natural resources, in addition to reducing costs.
Energy-related applications for tires include their use in cement kilns, the pulp and paper
industry, industrial boilers, and power generation.
Cement kilns – One of the benefits of cement kilns is that whole tires can be used in them;
in fact, the steel mesh adds iron to the cement. An important consideration is that the use of
scrap tires as fuel in cement kilns reduces the production of nitrogen oxides and does not
adversely impact the remaining components of atmospheric emissions.2 In addition to not
having a negative impact on environmental performance, the quality of the product is not
affected either.2 In general, using tires in cement kilns is feasible because their calorific
value is comparable that of the coal used to make cement, or even higher. In addition, their
nitrogen, sulfur, and ash content is lower than that of typical coal and their steel content
contributes additional iron to the cement product.
47
Border Environment Cooperation Commission, Proposed Comprehensive Scrap Tire Management Strategy
and Policy for the Border Region, October 2008, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, pp. 18.
53
Pulp and paper industry – Pulp and paper factories can also use tires as fuel, provided
that environmental protection requirements are met. In this case, the tires must be
fragmented into smaller pieces known as TDF, and the bead and steel reinforcing wire
must be removed.5 A benefit of using TDF in these processes is that it improves the
combustion and efficiency of the wood used to generate steam, and reduces the energy
required for processing operations.5
Boilers – TDF can be used efficiently only in specific types of thermal power plant boilers.
These facilities must have an appropriate retention time to provide for a full combustion of
TDF, which is generally less than 5 centimeters in size.5
Electricity – Another alternative for the use of scrap tires is to convert them into electrical
energy, which can be consumed by the recycling plant itself or conveyed to other facilities
for its transmission.3 For this, the waste is sent into a boiler or furnace and burned. The
released heat causes the water in the boiler to achieve a high temperature and create high
pressure steam that is then channeled into a turbine. The expanded steam moves the
turbine and a coupled generator produces electricity, which will be further transformed for
direct use.3
Pyrolysis oils – It has been shown that oil produced in the pyrolysis of scrap tires can be
used as fuel or chemical raw material, and the gas has enough calorific value to be used as
process fuel. 48 Tire pyrolysis oils have a high calorific value, typically between 40,000 and
44,000 kJ/kg and have been suggested as replacement for conventional liquid petroleum In
fuels. 49
In summary, as long as technologies are used properly, the use of tires as a fuel and energy
resource has emission levels comparable to those of conventional furnaces and results in
other significant benefits; therefore, it represents a valuable alternative to fossil fuels in the
aforementioned sectors. However, in many Latin American and Caribbean countries tires
are often used as an energy source in furnaces that usually lack the appropriate technology;
48
(Kyari, Cunliffe, & Williams)
49
Characterization of oils, gases and char in relation to pyrolysis of different brands of scrap automotive
tires; Mohammed Kyari, Adrian Cunliffe, and Paul T. Williams; Energy & Fuels, 19, 1165-1173. 2005.
54
consequently, they create environmental pollution problems due to the release of toxic
emissions resulting from an incomplete combustion and the absence of gas scrubbing and
particulate material screening systems. 50
5.5.1.6 Research and Development of Related Technologies in Mexico
For several years, a wide variety of scrap tire reuse products and patents have been
developed in Mexico; some of these patents will be mentioned below. Additionally,
research has been conducted on new technologies and innovative applications for this
resource, through theses and articles.
As mentioned above, one of the most promising applications is the use of tires as an asphalt
component. Related research has been conducted at Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey
Campus. For example, in 2002, a thesis entitled “Scrap Tire Rubber Modified Asphalt”
(“Asfaltos Modificados con hule de llanta de desecho”) was developed. 51 Articles have also
been published, such as “Improvements on a system for reduction of scrap tires piles and
erosion control of slopes.” 52 Moreover, reports have been developed, including: “Scrap Tire
Rubber Modified Asphalt Cements in Mexico” (“Cementos asfálticos modificados con hule de
llanta de desecho en México”) 53 and “Erosion Control at Landfill Slopes with Scrap Tires.” 54
A number of patents have also been developed in Mexico, including: “Pattern soles and
heels made from scrap tires for sandals and all types of shoes,” 55 “Method for producing
furniture with scrap tires,” 56, “Improved slope protection system using whole or halved
scrap tires,” 57 “Slope protection system using scrap tires,” 58 and “Equipment and method to
introduce scrap tires and equivalent compacted solid waste at the end of a cement kiln
50
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Subsecretaría de Gestión para la Protección
Ambiental. Aspectos Ambientales del Co-procesamiento Energético de Llantas de Desecho.
51 (Gómez Acosta, 2002)
52 (Bremer-Bremer, et al., 2007)
53 (Fonseca-Rodríguez, Gómez-Acosta, & Villalobos-Davila, 2003)
54 (Bremer-Bremer & Lewites-Cornejo, Erosion Control at Landfill Slopes with Scrap Tires, 2005)
55 (Mazzocut, 1952)
56 (Villalobos, 1976)
57 (León Rovira, et al., 2005)
58 (Bremer Bremer & Lewites Cornejo, 2005)
55
burner.” 59 Some patents obtained by Mexican inventors have been registered in the United
States, such as the “Process for obtaining Rubber Pellets from Used Tyres” 60 by Gerardo
Pagaza-Melero.
An application for scrap tires developed in Mexico is called Llancreto, which consists a
mixture of shredded tires and cement. Volkswagen de Mexico and TireChip built a recycling
plant in Puebla to exploit this resource, considering that the facility will have sufficient
capacity to recycle one million tires per year.29
Its uses include pavement for light traffic parking lots, leveling layers for floors or slabs,
streets for housing projects, low-traffic roads, sidewalks, walkways, parks, pool areas and
sports facilities. Some related benefits include the reduction sources of of infection in tire
storage sites, contributing to reduce carbon emissions from tire burning activities, cleanup
of harmful and unhealthy areas used for tire storage. 61
As a result of a partnership with Cemex, this product was used in 5,300 square meters of
sidewalks and pavement at the Volkswagen Motors plant in Silao, Guanajuato.
Notwithstanding, there are other related technologies, such as the manufacture of sealants,
advertising materials, books, hats, wallets and items for the automotive, clothing and
footwear industries. 62
In conclusion, several valuable applications have been developed to reuse/recycle scrap
tires and prevent stockpiling and related consequences, while creating new jobs. However,
although new processes and technologies are being developed, markets for such products
and processes have not yet been created. Therefore, we suggest identifying and deploying
strategies to inform potential markets about scrap tire-derived products.
5.5.2 Scrap Tire Processing Technologies
The following pages contain technical data sheets for different scrap tire rubber processing
technologies identified during the research project, as well as their potential uses. The
59
60
61
62
(Edberg, Pinault, Garza, Thorington, & Martin, 2007)
(Pagaza-Melero, 2012)
(Cemex)
(Agencia Id, 2011)
56
following technical data sheets are an umbrella of various applications grouped by
compatible criteria. A standardized form was used for each of the technologies, which
contains the information below:
Name of Technology:
Definition:
Applications:
Considerations:
Disadvantages:
Process:
Benefits:
Bibliography:
Seven technologies are presented, as shown in the
Retreading
figure to the right. The Mechanical Treatments
technology
has
some
similarities
with
Devulcanization
Ambient
Reclamation
Temperature Grinding and Cryogenic Grinding; that is,
the technologies are not mutually exclusive and actually
share some features.
Mechanical Treatments
Cryogenic
Grinding
57
Pyrolysis-Thermolysis
Ambient
temperature
grinding
Technology
Definition
Retreading
The retreading process consists of replacing the old, worn out tread and reproducing its original structure, to
give the tire characteristics similar to those of a new tire.
Process
The retreading process starts with a thorough inspection of the tire casing to ensure there is no damage
(pores, material flaws, small scratches) that may compromise the performance or safety of the tire.
The next step is buffing away the old tread before bonding a new one to the body of the tire for vulcanization.
Considerations
Three systems are available to use for the renewed surface:
•
•
•
Comprehensive retreading: the tread and sidewalls are renewed.
Semi-comprehensive retreading: the tread and a portion of the sidewalls are renewed.
Retreading only the tread surface
With respect to the method to adhere the new tread, two types may be identified:
•
•
Hot retreading: the vulcanization process is carried out in a mold curing press at a temperature
between 150-160 ºC.
Cold retreading: the tread has been previously cured and adheres to the surface with a bonding gum
(glue), to be later vulcanized in an autoclave at a temperature ranging between 98 and 125ºC. A
positive aspect of retreading is that manufacturing a new car tire requires approximately 32 liters of
crude oil, while retreading requires about 11 liters; in the case of tire trucks, crude oil requirements
drop from 100 to 32 liters, thereby resulting in a 30-50% reduction in raw material costs.
58
Retreaded tires have the same features as a new tire, i.e.:
o
o
o
o
Safety
Mileage performance
Good road handling
Adherence to any type of road
The retreading process, in addition to delaying the appearance of the worn casing, helps to save a significant
amount of raw materials, since only 25% of new materials are added.
Applications
• Footwear
• Molded products
• Car mats
Benefits
 Requires less crude oil than new tires.
 Reduces manufacturing costs by 30-50%.
Disadvantages
 Limited number of retreadings.
 Slightly reduced features.
References
Myhre, M., & Mackillop, D. (2002). Rubber chemistry and technology. 429-474.
Madrid, C. d. (December 20, 2000). Seminario sobre la innovación en el aprovechamiento de NFU´s. Club
español de los residuos. Madrid.
Cano, E., Cerezo, L., & Urbina, M. (2007). Valorización material y energética de neumáticos fuera de uso.
Informe de vigilancia tecnológica. Recuperado el 19 de Junio de 2012, de
http://www.madrimasd.org/informacionidi/biblioteca/publicacion/doc/vt/vt10_valorizacion-energeticaneumaticos.pdf
SIGNUS.
(s.f.).
El
recauchutado.
Recuperado
el
http://www.signus.es/Elrecauchutado/tabid/255/Default.aspx
59
1
de
Julio
de
2012,
de
Technology
Definition
Devulcanization (Regeneration technologies)
Vulcanization transforms a thermoplastic material (non-vulcanized rubber) into a tough and elastic
thermoset material (vulcanized rubber).
Process
Products are classified in batches with similar quality and features. Then, each batch of classified material
undergoes pretreatment; the material from each of the batches is placed in a container and subjected to a
source of heat energy until it reaches a predetermined temperature or a specific amount of time and finally,
the granulated material is removed and cooled. This material can be later formed into sheets.
Considerations
Devulcanization processes can be classified into two major groups:
•
•
Physical processes: devulcanization occurs with the aid of an external energy source. Mechanical,
thermo-mechanical, cryo-mechanical, microwave, and ultrasonic processes are available.
Chemical processes: are the most widely used by industries. The chemicals used are usually
disulfides or organic mercaptans employed in a mechanical process at high temperatures. We have
also found Inorganic agents and other types of processes, such as phase-transfer catalysis (PTC).
Major devulcanization techniques include:
1) Chemical devulcanization: It is the most common type of devulcanization.
2) Microwave-based devulcanization: The energy must be sufficient (80-360 Wh/kg) to break up the
vulcanization, but insufficient to cause the degradation of polymer chains. This process is
completed in a short time (only 5 min.)
3) Ultrasonic devulcanization. The devulcanization process requires a great amount of energy to
break down C-S and S-S bonds, which is possible because the ultrasonic fields create highfrequency expansion-contraction.
4) Microbiological devulcanization.
5) Mechanical-chemical devulcanization.
6) Thermal-mechanical devulcanization.
7) Devulcanization by the De-Link R process.
8) Devulcanization using renewable vegetable products.
Applications
60
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asphalt additives
Coatings
Expansion joints
Vehicle and railroad traffic control devices
Sealants
Surface layers (firm)
Pavement top layer
Household batteries
Wiring components,
Conveyor belts
Soldering materials
Floor tiles
Footwear
Industrial coatings
Molded products
Roofing materials
Rubber with good technical characteristics
Components underneath the tread
Components for the inner lining of tires
Vehicle mats
Vehicle parts (molded or extruded)
Benefits
 It achieves the breakdown of tire components
Disadvantages
 Rubber obtained has inferior physical properties in comparison to original rubber. .
References
Adhikari, B., De, D., & Maiti, S. (September, 2000). Recuperación y reciclaje de los residuos de goma. Avances
en la ciencia de los polímeros, 25(7), 909-948.
Milani, M., Schork, F., Liotta, C., & Poehlein, G. (2001). Polymer reaction engineering (Vol. 9).
Accessed
on
June
19,
2012
at
Informe
de
vigilancia
tecnológica.
61
Technology
Reclamation – Regeneration Technologies
Definition
Reclamation consists of converting the three-dimensional cross-link into a two-dimensional bond, to produce
a soft, low modulus, manageable, and curable plastic material, essentially for thermoplastic products,
mimicking many of the properties of virgin rubber.
Process
It establishes a recovery procedure (without the addition of chemicals in a mechanical cutting process at a
given temperature) for butyl rubber used in truck tire inner tubes. The process consists of selectively
breaking the three-dimensional cross-linking of sulfur and recovering the high quality butyl (its properties do
not differ much from those of original rubber). It also allows for the recovery of natural rubber from truck
tires.
Regeneration processes result in a strong decrease of cross-linking density and an improved soluble fraction,
which causes the combined breakage of sulfur bonds and polymer chains. An optimal selection of raw
materials and process conditions can lead to a more effective degree of devulcanization, consequently
improving the physical properties of the material obtained in the recovery.
Considerations
Reclamation consists of two technologies:
a.
b.
The rubber is chopped into pieces and ground into fine particles (powder).
The powder is subjected to heating in the presence of chemicals, followed by intensive
friction grinding.
Applications
62
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coatings
Expansion joints
Sealants
Pavement top layer
Household batteries
Wiring components,
Conveyor belts
Soldering materials
Floor tiles
Footwear
Industrial coatings
Molded products
Roofing materials
Components underneath the tread
Vehicle mats
Benefits
 It allows for the reuse of end-of-life tires (ELT) rubber components to manufacture various items.
Disadvantages
 It is essential to have an optimal selection of raw material and process conditions.
References
Martinez, M. E. (2002). Tire technology international.
Informe
de
vigilancia
tecnológica.
Recuperado
el
19
de
Junio
de
2012,
de
63
Technology
Definition
Pyrolysis - Thermolysis
Pyrolysis is defined as a physical-chemical process in which organic solid waste material is broken down by
the action of heat in a low oxygen atmosphere, and is transformed into a liquid mixture of hydrocarbon fuel,
combustible gases, and dry residues of coal and water.
Process
In the pyrolysis process, tire pieces (1-3 cm) are heated to a moderate temperature (400-800ºC) with limited
or no oxygen. The thermal degradation of the material results in the breakdown of the tire, where volatile
organic elements (primarily rubber chains) are broken down into gases and liquids, while inorganic elements
(primarily steel and non-volatile carbon black) remain as solid waste. Pyrolysis gases consist primarily of
methane, butenes, and butanes, along with other light hydrocarbons; they also contain CO, CO2, and H2S in
low proportions. Pyrolysis gases have a high calorific value (68-84MJm-3). Pyrolysis solids (same dimensions
as the original) easily disintegrate into carbon powder, steel strands, and filaments.
Considerations
J. Mc. Farland et al., at the National Environment Research Center (NERC) and V. L. Hammond at Batelle,
Northwest, U.S.A., investigated the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste at a pilot scale. Hammond developed a
pilot waste pyrolysis plant, which results were used to design a facility for the city of Kennewichwith capacity
for 100-200 tons/day using the gasification process. As a result of these experiments, the following
conclusions were reached:
a) The energy conversion from the process exceeded 80%.
b) The reduction of waste volume and weight are similar to those of incineration (70 to 90%).
c) Gasification plants with capacities greater than 100 tons would be economically competitive with
other solid waste disposal methods.
d) Combustible gas obtained from the process was generated cleanly to produce steam or generate
electricity.
e) Steam production seems to be the most economical application for the energy produced by the
gasification process.
The results of the above studies gave us a glimpse of the usefulness of the pyrolysis process for municipal
solid waste control and its benefits as compared with other processes.
Applications
64
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Activated carbon
Household batteries
Wiring components
Carbon products
Conveyor belts
Footwear
Industrial coatings
Molded products
Pigments
Printing ink
Anti-vibration mats
Benefits
 Breakdown of tire components
 Pyrolysis gases have a high calorific values.
 Carbon black may be reused for manufacturing new components.
 It does not generate pollutant gases such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, which are produced by
incineration, but generates residual forms of substances such as nitrogen gas and solid sulfur.
 Chlorine and fluorine are reduced to chlorides and fluorides, which can be precipitated with calcium.
Disadvantages
 Issues with the application of condensable oils obtained.
 Product characteristics depend on process conditions.
 Parameter adjustments are key.
 Pyrolysis carbon has similar or lower properties than the 700 series.
 The investment required to install a pyrolysis plant is high, although the cost may be recovered
through the use of byproducts, particularly as fuels for steam and/or electricity generation.
References
Laresgoiti, M. F., Caballero, B. M., De Marco, I., Torres, A., Cabrero, M. A., & Chomón, M. J. (2004).
Characterization of the liquid products obtained on tyre pyrolysis. Journal of analical and applied pyrolysis,
71(2), 917-934.
Informe
de
vigilancia
tecnológica.
Accessed
on
June
19,
2012,
at
(s.f.).
Chapter
6
Pyrolysis.
Accessed
on
June
http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd61/tecnadmvo/cap6.pdf
65
30,
2012,
at
SEDESOL:
Technology
Definition
Ambient Temperature Grinding (size reduction technology)
Ambient temperature grinding is usually carried out in a two-roll cracker mill, where the rolls have grooves
with sharp edges that break the rubber. These are typical mills consisting of a rotor and the surrounding
stator. Prior to grinding, metal components have to be separated to prevent damage to the mill. This is usually
done using magnetic separators arranged on the belts. To remove the textile portion, vibration belts or trays
are used to cause the caking of the fibers, which are then separated by sieving or other methods.
Process
The grinding process may be described in several phases. The first phase consists of chopping the tires into
pieces sized 10x10 cm, approximately. In this first phase, only the amount needed will be recycled, based on
the market demand, and the rest will be used as an alternative fuel in different applications, such as cement
kilns.
In the following phase, the size of the pieces is reduced to 2.5 cm using staggered machines that separate the
steel (using magnets), rocks, dirt (using gravity tables), and fiber. To make rubber powder or sizes below 1.5
mm, tires are run through a set of machines that do friction grinding, screening, and segregate metal
impurities.
Considerations
For a recycling plant to operate properly, its size must be proportional to the volume of end-of-life tires (ELT)
existing in the area.
The grinding/milling process can be used to convert old tires into powder.
This technology consists of passing the tires initially through a chipping machine that reduces them to a more
manageable size. Next, tires are cut horizontally in another machine and finally, a third machine makes a
vertical cut.
This process requires a flow of 10 tons of tires/shift (8 hours). A company that is already using this process in
Mexico is Ecotir S.A. de CV. This process requires an initial investment of US $1 million and does not require
any special or fixed installations. Data related to operating costs were not found in the sources; however, the
main cost would be related to the power required by the cutting equipment.
Applications
66
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bridge abutments
Sewer drainage systems
Levees
Insulation (i.e. soundproofing)
Landfill drainage layer
Slope stabilization
Thermal insulation
Base for train and trolley tracks
Asphalt rubber
Coatings
Crash barriers
Expansion joints
Lightweight fill
Noise barriers
Anti-vibration mats
Car mats
Engineering for surface confinement and
stabilization
Equipment Used
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sealants
Temporary roadways
Pavement top layer
Equestrian paths
Football/hockey fields
Safety flooring
Recreational surfaces
Agricultural uses
Household batteries
Wiring components
Floor tiles
Footwear
Animal mattresses
Molded products
Roofing materials
The equipment used may be divided into 8 groups: thick/sharp blades, primary and secondary grinders,
scrapers, primary and secondary cracker mills, finishing rollers, and micro-rollers. The distribution and size
of the powder particles depend on the number of times the powder is passed through the rollers and the type
of rollers used. In general, primary rollers will reduce to a 10-40 mesh size, while secondary and finishing
rollers can to 80 mesh.
Benefits
 Grinding reduces tires to sizes ranging from 500 mm to less than 500 m.
Disadvantages
 ZnO leachate.
 High cost due to the need to continuously maintain the machinery.
 Increased sensitivity to atmospheric agents.
References
Madrid, C. d. (20 de Diciembre de 2000). Seminario sobre la innovación en el aprovechamiento de NFU´s. Club
Accessed
on
June
19,
2012,
at
Informe
de
vigilancia
tecnológica.
67
Technology
Definition
Cryogenic Grinding (Size reduction technology)
At very low temperatures (-200ºC), rubber becomes brittle and loses its characteristic elasticity, which makes
it possible to easily disintegrate it.
In the case of cryogenic grinding, one grinding pass is usually sufficient to achieve the desired separation of
components and obtain a wide range of particle size distribution of rubber granulate.
Process
The cryogenic grinding process is accompanied by a first step which consists of cooling the rubber parts (less
than 7.62 mm) with liquid nitrogen and freezing them. The frozen pieces (shreds) go through an impact mill
(similar to a hammer mill), where they are ground into finer than 1 mesh elements. The powder obtained is
dried, the fiber and the metal powder are separated and classified according to the sizes obtained.
Considerations
In the cold grinding process (cryogenic grinding), the products to be milled are cooled and therefore
weakened, using cryogenic liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Ultra-fine particles can be obtained through this
process, while maintaining product quality. In addition, the mill throughput increases considerably. Cooling
the grinding process using cryogenic gases prevents a temperature increase resulting from the electrical
energy released by the mill motor in the heat-sensitive products and, therefore, prevents their fusion and
melting.
The use of liquid nitrogen in cryogenic grinding processes is required to manufacture high quality products.
The material to be ground is transferred from the feed hopper by a screw conveyor to a cryogenic screw
where the material is sprayed with liquid nitrogen for cooling. Next, the product and the liquid nitrogen are
introduced into the mill, thus ensuring that the grinding process within the mill is also cooled. Using a special
temperature control system and a liquid nitrogen regulation valve, the amount of liquid nitrogen required to
obtain the desired temperature is adjusted. Plastic granules of typical particle size rarely meet the
requirements to be used in many applications due to their characteristics and certain functional effects.
Applications
• Asphalt additives
• Asphalt rubber
• Coatings
• Expansion joints
• Vehicle and railroad traffic control devices
• Sealants
• Surface layers (firm)
• Pavement top layer
• Safety flooring
• Recreational surfaces
• Household batteries
• Floor tiles
• Footwear
68
•
•
•
•
•
Printing ink
Roofing materials
Car mats
Anti-vibration mats
Equipment Used
A 35 tons/year plant will use 400 Kw/h or slightly less; however, the cost of nitrogen needs to be added. It is
estimated at 0.5-0.9 Kg./Kg. of ground rubber (with a fineness ranging from 40 mesh to 100/110 mesh). In
other words, cryogenic grinding has a lower capital cost but a higher cost of operation, due to the high price
of liquid nitrogen and the additional drying step required to remove moisture.
Benefits
 Produces particles of smaller size, smoother surface, and lower surface oxidation.
Disadvantages
 High cost due to the use of liquid nitrogen, as it takes one to two tons of liquid nitrogen for each ton
of old tires.
 Small granulate surface / ground rubber fractured as glass has a negative impact.
References
Madrid, C. d. (20 de Diciembre de 2000). Seminario sobre la innovación en el aprovechamiento de NFU´s. Club
Informe de vigilancia tecnológica. Accessed on June 19, 2012 at
Amandus, K. (s.f.). Plantas de reciclaje de NFU. Métodos nuevos para el reciclaje de neumáticos fuera de uso.
Accessed on June 30, 2012 at
http://www.akahl.de/akahl/es/Prensa/Nota_de_prensa/Altreifenrecycling_es/index1.php
La tecnología de molienda criogénica en detalle. (s.f.). Accessed on June 30, 2012 at Messer gasses for life:
https://my.messergroup.com/es/web/cryogenic-grinding/kryogene-mahltechnik-im-detail
69
Technology
Definition
Mechanical Treatment
Grinding of end-of-life tires (ELT) for size reduction.
It is a process purely mechanical for recycling tires and hence the resulting products are of high quality and
free of all types of impurities, which facilitates the use of these materials in new processes and applications.
Grinding by mechanical systems is almost always the first step in the various methods of scrap tire
reclamation and refurbishing.
Process
Tires are fed through a conveyor belt into the shredding system, where they are cut into pieces with blades.
Next, the pieces pass through a sieve to separate the different chip sizes. Once a certain size has been
obtained, the chips fall onto a belt that reaches the stacker and drops them into a pile, but when the chips are
of a larger size, they are automatically returned and shredded again until the required size is obtained.
This process is typically performed using shredders consisting of two or more lines of parallel blades rotating
at different speeds to facilitate the incorporation of the tires. The size of the chips is defined by the spacing of
the axes. The use of this type of shredders is a pre-grinding step in landfills or collection centers to reduce the
volume of tires.
End-of-life tires (ELT)
Tire shredder
Shredded tires
70
Considerations
Mechanical treatments include ripping and cutting.
Tire stripping
This first process consists of a series of alternating cutting discs and spacers slipped onto a shaft. Two rotors
are mounted within a cutting chamber, with the cutting disc of one rotor facing a spacer from the other rotor.
These are called opposing rotors because the tops of both rotate toward the center, drawing tires between
the close-tolerance knives and sheering them into strips. The blades are usually 5 cm (2") wide and their
spacing determines the size of the strips produced.
Figure. Tire processor with 15 cm spacers
For nominal 5 cm strips
This process consists of a single high-capacity tire shredder with sorting and recycling system for volumes up to 1
million tires per year. As of 2010, the initial investment in U.S. dollars was:
Shredded
Feed conveyor/mechanical system
Sorter
Recycling conveyor
Dumper conveyor
Transportation
Installation (estimated)
Parts
Miscellaneous expenses and contingencies
$350,000 - $500,000
$25,000 - $150,000
$45,000 - $230,000
̴ $36,000
̴ $50,000
̴ $12,000 - $20,000
$100,000
$60,000
$125,000
Power supply/control
̴ $25,000
Operating, fixed, and variable costs for the process described are also included.
For 1 million tires/year
(150 ℎ𝑝 × 70% 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 0.746 𝑘𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 78
Maintenance of processing equipment $15.00/ton
Maintenance of loader/ Bobcat $2.00/ton
71
𝑘𝑤
2080ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
×
= 162,240 𝑘𝑤/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Applications
• Artificial reefs
• Bridge abutments
• Bales for construction
• Levees
• Insulation (soundproofing)
• Engineering for surface confinement and stabilization
• Slope stabilization
• Thermal insulation
• Crash barriers
• Lightweight fills
• Noise barriers
• Temporary roadways
Equipment Used
Fiber or textile components are separated by pneumatic classifiers or other separation equipment; these
systems have a high performance and can produce relatively low-cost rubber. This system is easy to maintain
and requires little labor to operate and repair it. System parts are generally easy to obtain and install.
Benefits
 It allows for volume reduction, which is important in landfills.
 It facilitates grinding or other techniques.
Disadvantages
 There are few studies to improve the technique.
References
Plan estatal de manejo y reciclaje -360- de llantas usadas en Coahuila. (s.f.). Accessed on June 30, 2012 at
SEMA: http://www.cedisinternacional.com/plan%20estatal%20de%20
manejo%20y%20reciclaje%20de%20llantas%20usadas%20en%20coahuila%20-%20copia.pdf
Informe de vigilancia tecnológica. Accessed on June 19, 2012, at
Reciclaje de neumáticos. (s.f.). Accessed on June 30, 2012, at ebm en buenas manos:
http://www.enbuenasmanos.com/articulos/muestra.asp?art=1300
72
5.5.3 Tables – Uses of Scrap Tire Based Products
The following section contains a set of tables summarizing the findings of this research. Since the table is very
extensive, it is presented in parts, showing how the different forms of tires may be used in various
applications (civil engineering, industrial/consumer products, and energy production). The following tables
have been prepared by the authors, based primarily on information by Cano Serrano et al (Cano Serrano,
Cerezo García, & Urbina Fraile, 2007) and the other research sources reported in the tables’ right hand
columns.
73
Aditivos de cemento en la construcción
Aislamiento (p.e. ruido)
*
*
*
Aislamiento térmico
*
*
*
Alcantarilla subterránea
*
Productos de
Referencias 2
Arrecifes artificiales
Balas para la construcción
*
*
Scrap Tires: Handbook on Recycling Applications and Management for the
U.S. and Mexico (PDF) (EPA, December 2010)
Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá. (Septiembre de 2006). Cámara de
Comercio de Bogotá. (Septiembre de 2006). Guía para el manejo de llantas
usadas. Colombia. de llantas usadas. Colombia.
Use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications. Yang, Shiping. Doctoral
dissertation, Iowa State University
Base para raíles de tranvías y trenes
*
Campos de drenado de las fosas sépticas
*
*
Capa de drenaje en rellenos sanitarios
*
*
Capa drenante de vertedero
*
Capas de drenaje en los sistemas de captación y extracción de lixiviados
Ingeniería civil (no carreteras)
Referencias
*
Agregado permeable para capas y zanjas de captación de gases
*
*
Cimientos de casas/Ecocasas
*
Confinamiento de columnas y puentes para soporte antisísmico
*
Contrafuerte/estribo de puentes
*
Control de erosión
*
Defensa y amortiguador de muelles o embarcaciones
*
*
Diques
*
*
*
Estabilización de pendientes
*
*
*
Impermeabilización del suelo (rellenas y compactadas con PET)
*
Ingeniería para confinamiento y estabilización de superficies
*
*
*
*
*
Drenaje del subsuelo
*
*
Cryogenic recovery of tire rubber Mancina, Antonio; M.Sc. Thesis; University
of Windsor. 1993
Mercado de hule y de llantas de desecho en la región de la frontera de Texas
con Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila y Chihuahua. Martínes, Luis E.; Cantú,
Diana.
*
*
*
*
*
Medio para campos sépticos
*
*
Muros de contención
*
Muros de gravedad para la estabilización de laderas
*
Muros de tablestaca
¿Y esas llantitas?, ¿La obesidad de México? - María Concepción Martínez
Rodríguez, Ilangovan Kuppusamy. ITESM
*
*
*
*
*
Paneles de contrucción
*
Pinturas atenuantes del ruido
*
*
Relleno para ventilas de gas en rellenos sanitarios
*
Relleno permeable para muros exteriores por debajo del nivel del suelo
Revestidor de lixiviado en rellenos sanitarios
*
Rompeolas
*
Sistemas de drenaje en alcantarillas
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
El flujo de llantas usadas y de desecho en la región fronteriza de California y
México. (2010).
México. (2010).
of Windsor. 1993
Carrasco, F., et. al. (2003, Junio). Destino actual y futuro de los neumáticos
usados y su reciclado. Gestión de Residuos , 175-180.
Cantanhede, A., & Monge, G. (2002). Estado del arte del manejo de llantas
usadas en las Américas. Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y
Ciencias del Ambiente.
*
*
México. (2010).
Tesis-Concrete columns confined with scrap tires. Bugaldian, Adel
Abdulmoula. M. A.Sc. Thesis, University of Ottawa, 1999.
Castro, G. (2007). Reutilización, reciclado y disposición final de neumáticos.
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica F.I.U.B.A.
*
*
Material de cobertura en rellenos sanitarios
Vía de acceso para tractores (rellenas de piedra)
Pirolítico
Desvulcanizado
*
Recuperado
*
Recauchutado
Granulado de llanta
*
Polvo de llanta
Llanta en astillas
Llanta en tiras
Llanta en trozos
Producto
Llanta entera
Aplicación
*
Diana.
74
Cantanhede, A., & Monge, G. (2002). Estado del arte del manejo de
llantas usadas en las Américas. Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería
Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente.
Scrap Tires: Handbook on Recycling Applications and Management for
the U.S. and Mexico (PDF) (EPA, December 2010)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Estabilización de suelos arcillosos
*
*
*
Rellenos ligeros
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Reciclaje de neumáticos fuera de uso (NFUs) Trituración Mecánica.
Samaraez Chemical Consulting, S.L. España
*
*
*
*
*
Sellantes
Productos de
Recuperado
*
*
*
Rellenos livianos para terraplenes
Señalamiento de los costados de las carreteras
*
*
*
*
Juntas de expansión
Recubrimientos
Reductores de velocidad (vías)
*
Referencias 2
*
Caucho del asfalto
*
*
Referencias
*
*
*
*
Pirolítico
*
*
Desvulcanizado
Ingeniería civil (carreteras)
*
*
Equipamientos viales y ferroviarios
Estabilización de taludes
Recauchutado
*
Aditivos del asfalto
Barreras de choque
Barreras de ruido
Capa superior del pavimento
Capas superficiales (firme)
Carreteras provisionales
Polvo de llanta
Granulado de llanta
Llanta en astillas
Llanta en tiras
Llanta en trozos
Producto
Llanta entera
Aplicación
*
*
*
75
Ingeniería civil (deportes y superficies de seguridad)
Barrera de contención en pistas de carreras/autódromos
Campos de futbol/hockey/golf
*
Canchas de tenis sintéticas
*
*
Carpeta artificial para campos deportivos
*
*
Pavimentos de seguridad
*
*
Recubrimiento amortiguador en áreas de juegos
*
*
Suelos de atletismo
*
*
*
*
Superficies para pistas de paseo, deportivas, de carrera y bicicleta
*
*
Vías ecuestres/hipódromos
*
*
Elemento de contención en parques y terrenos de juego
*
Paredones en polígonos de tiro
*
Superficies de recreo
Productos de
Pirolítico
Desvulcanizado
Recuperado
Referencias
*
Columpios
Recauchutado
Polvo de llanta
Granulado de llanta
Llanta en astillas
Llanta en tiras
Llanta en trozos
Producto
Llanta entera
Aplicación
*
76
usadas. Colombia. de llantas usadas. Colombia. usadas
Diana.
Diana.
usadas. Colombia. de llantas usadas. Colombia. usadas
Aditivos de cemento en la construcción
Aislamiento (p.e. ruido)
*
*
*
Aislamiento térmico
*
*
*
Alcantarilla subterránea
*
Arrecifes artificiales
Balas para la construcción
*
*
Productos de
Referencias 2
usadas. Colombia. de llantas usadas. Colombia.
Use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications. Yang, Shiping. Doctoral
dissertation, Iowa State University
Base para raíles de tranvías y trenes
*
Campos de drenado de las fosas sépticas
*
*
Capa de drenaje en rellenos sanitarios
*
*
Capa drenante de vertedero
*
Capas de drenaje en los sistemas de captación y extracción de lixiviados
Ingeniería civil (no carreteras)
Referencias
*
Agregado permeable para capas y zanjas de captación de gases
*
*
Cimientos de casas/Ecocasas
*
Confinamiento de columnas y puentes para soporte antisísmico
*
Contrafuerte/estribo de puentes
*
Control de erosión
*
Defensa y amortiguador de muelles o embarcaciones
*
*
Diques
*
*
*
Estabilización de pendientes
*
*
*
Impermeabilización del suelo (rellenas y compactadas con PET)
*
Ingeniería para confinamiento y estabilización de superficies
*
*
*
*
*
Drenaje del subsuelo
*
*
of Windsor. 1993
Diana.
*
*
*
*
*
Medio para campos sépticos
*
*
Muros de contención
*
Muros de gravedad para la estabilización de laderas
*
Muros de tablestaca
*
*
*
*
*
Paneles de contrucción
*
Pinturas atenuantes del ruido
*
*
Relleno para ventilas de gas en rellenos sanitarios
*
Relleno permeable para muros exteriores por debajo del nivel del suelo
Revestidor de lixiviado en rellenos sanitarios
*
Rompeolas
*
Sistemas de drenaje en alcantarillas
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
México. (2010).
México. (2010).
of Windsor. 1993
*
*
México. (2010).
Tesis-Concrete columns confined with scrap tires. Bugaldian, Adel
Abdulmoula. M. A.Sc. Thesis, University of Ottawa, 1999.
*
*
Material de cobertura en rellenos sanitarios
Vía de acceso para tractores (rellenas de piedra)
Pirolítico
Desvulcanizado
*
Recuperado
*
Recauchutado
Granulado de llanta
*
Polvo de llanta
Llanta en astillas
Llanta en tiras
Llanta en trozos
Producto
Llanta entera
Aplicación
*
Diana.
77
Maceteros
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mantas antivibración
Materiales para solado
Materiales para techos/tejados
Moquetas
Productos industriales / consumidor
*
*
*
*
*
Reciclaje de neumáticos fuera de uso (NFUs) Trituración Mecánica.
Samaraez Chemical Consulting, S.L. España
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Pisos antifatiga
*
*
*
*
*
Productos de carbono
Productos moldeados
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Diana.
Protección de árboles tipo maceta colgante (contra roce de tractores) *
Recubrimiento tenído para jardinería
*
*
Recubrimientos industriales
*
Relleno de colchones para mascotas y animales de ganado
*
Reuso de llantas en vehículos
*
Revestimientos a prueba del clima
*
*
*
*
Revestimientos para suelos de hospitales y pisos industriales
*
Suelo de los establos
*
*
*
Comercio de Bogotá. (Septiembre de 2006). Guía para el manejo de
Ciencias del Ambiente. DEL MANEJO DE LAS LLANTAS
llantas usadas. Colombia. de llantas usadas. Colombia.
of Windsor. 1993 of tire rubber
of Windsor. 1993 of tire rubber
of Windsor. 1993
Diana.
*
*
Revestimiento doméstico (patios, caminos)
*
*
*
*
*
Tinta de imprenta
*
Tuberías porosas de irrigación
*
Tubos
Usos agrícolas
Referencias 2
*
*
*
Pisos antideslizantes
Tapetes
Referencias
Diana.
SECRETARIA DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES
Subsecretaría de Gestión para la Protección Ambiental ASPECTOS
AMBIENTALES DEL COPROCESAMIENTO ENERGÉTICO DE LLANTAS
DE DESECHO
*
Mangueras para jardín
Muebles
Partes del vehículo, frenos, volantes, etc. (extruídas o moldeadas)
Pigmentos
Pilas domésticas
Productos de
*
*
Pirolítico
*
Desvulcanizado
*
Recuperado
*
Recauchutado
Polvo de llanta
Lavabos
Granulado de llanta
Llanta en astillas
Llanta en tiras
Llanta en trozos
Producto
Llanta entera
Aplicación
*
*
*
*
*
78
Fuente de energía
CDL/TDF (Combustible Derivado de Llantas)
Combustible
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Energía eléctrica
*
*
Hornos cementeros
*
*
*
*
*
*
79
Productos de
Pirolítico
Desvulcanizado
*
Combustible líquido y materias primas químicas
Industria de la pulpa y del papel
Recuperado
*
Recauchutado
*
Polvo de llanta
Granulado de llanta
Calderas
Llanta en astillas
Llanta en tiras
Llanta en trozos
Producto
Llanta entera
Aplicación
Referencias
Characterization of oils, gases and char in relation to pyrolysis of different
brands of scrap automotive tires; Mohammed Kyari, Adrian Cunliffe, and Paul
T. Williams; Energy & Fuels, 19, 1165-1173. 2005
5.6 Tire Life Cycle Analysis and Energy Budget
This section presents the information required to prepare an energy budget. The reason for
presenting an overview of how the analysis of the life cycle of a tire was performed is to
identify the amount of energy used in the manufacture, use and disposal of a tire and
compare it with the energy that can be obtained from it through combustion.
5.6.1 Tire Life Cycle Analysis
Tire-related information was gathered to prepare the tire life cycle analysis. Table 17 was
prepared during this investigation, as it would be used to convert energy content units to
the international system and identify an “average tire,” since the information obtained from
the different sources consulted referred to specific types of tires and was not generalized.
Therefore, to calculate the budget, we considered that the energy content of an average tire
is 34,000 kJ/kg. Also, the energy required to produce a ton of tires using synthetic rubber
is about GJ 63.
Table 17. Comparison of energy content of various fuels, including tire rubber.
Fuel
Energy Content
BTU/lb
J/kg
kj/kg
Coal (sub-bituminous) 64
Coal (bituminous) 65
10500
2.44E+07
24423
Tires 68
14617
3.40E+07
34000
Wood
(moist) 66
TDF (tire-derived
fuel) 67
Tires (EPA-1997) 69
63
12700
4375
15500
15983
2.95E+07
1.02E+07
3.61E+07
3.72E+07
29540
10176
36053
37177
Mj/kg
kwh/kg
kcal/kg
24.423
6.7842
5833.3
34
9.4444
8120.8
29.54
10.176
36.053
37.177
8.2056
2.8267
10.015
10.327
7055.6
2430.6
8611.1
8879.6
See reference at http://www.wb-hsm.com/Need.htm, accessed on 6/6/2012.
65
Technical Guidelines on the Identification and Management of Used Tyres, Basel Convention, December
1999, Basel Switzerland.
66 IBIDEM
67 IBIDEM
68 Border Environment Cooperation Commission, Proposed Comprehensive Scrap Tire Management Strategy
and Policy for the Border Region, October 2008, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, pp. 18.
69 EPA Office of Air Planning and Standards and US-Mexico Border Information Center on Air Pollution; Air
Emissions from Scrap Tire Combustion; 1997; Table 17, p. 33.
80
The energy budget also required calculating the average energy use of a freight truck, as
shown in Table 18.
Table 18. Average energy use of a freight truck.
Transportation mode
BTU / Ton – short mile
KJ / Ton – Km
Camión pesado
3,357
2,426
The table above is used to calculate the energy use of an average freight vehicle per ton of
tires.
It was also estimated that the combustion of a whole tire is at 50%, a cut tire is 70%, a
shredded tire (1.5”) is 80%, and a powdered tire (10 mesh) is 90% --although the latter
was not a research finding, since no powdered tires have been used for large scale
combustion.
The following is a table with the assumptions used for converting whole tires to chopped
pieces, then to 1.5” shredded pieces, and then to powder (10 mesh size) – see Table 19.
Table 19. Summary of processes required to convert whole tires to chopped, shredded, and powdered tires.
Process
Whole to chopped tire
Chopped to 1.5”
shredded tire
1.5” shredded tire to
tire powder (10 mesh
size).
5.6.2 Tire Energy Budget
Machinery required
A 5hp motor is required to cut the tires.
Production is 45 tires/hour on average.
Approx. 2.5 hours of machine use are
required.
Two 125 hp motors are required to cut
the tires. Production is 2.3 min/ton of
tires.
300 hp/ton/hour are required to
process the tires into 10 mesh size
powder
Energy use
33,572 KJ/ton are
required to chop the
tires.
25,740 KJ/ton are
required to shred the
tires.
805,356 KJ/ton are
required to grind the
tires.
In performing the energy budget calculation, different scenarios were considered for the
case in which the intended use is burning the tires for energy recovery, since this is a
situation currently encountered in the region. The proposed scenarios involved whole, cut,
81
shredded (1.5”), and powdered tires (10 mesh). Each scenario considered transportation
for a distance of 100 km, 500 km, and 1,000 km; calculations were also made with 2,000
km, 5,000 km, and 10,000 km, since the calorific value of tires is very high. This section
explains the energy budget and the interpretation of results under the various scenarios.
The following factors were considered in preparing the energy budget:
•
The energy budget was based on the virgin substance used to make the raw
material, compared with the energy that can be generated from a volume of scrap
tires –including the energy required to process and transport said mass to the site
•
where it will be treated.
The raw material considered was a rubber matrix –styrene-butadiene copolymer
(SBR)- which represents 75% of the raw material for tire rubber. This copolymer is
obtained primarily from petroleum gases through different processes: the first one
is based on thermal cracking of petroleum and the second, which is the most widely
used today and represents 90% of the global production capacity, is the cold
emulsion polymerization process. Both processes were taken into account to
•
calculate the Energy Budget. (Castro, 2007)
•
more scenarios, from 100 km to 10,000 km.
•
shredded tires (1.5"), and ground tires (10 mesh).
Different travel distances were considered for tire transportation, in order to cover
Different uses of tires were considered, including whole tires, chipped tires,
Different load weights were considered for this study, ranging from 5 to 20 tons. In
the case of whole tires, since their volume is very high, the maximum load a truck
could carry would be 5 or 6 tons, but the simulation included 5, 10, 15, and 20 ton
loads.
The energy budget intends to identify if the process used to create the raw material
requires a lesser, equal, or greater amount of power than what can be obtained from tire
rubber based on its end use. The process may be outlined as follows:
82
Energy required to
manufacture a new
passenger tire
Energy that may be
obtained from tire
rubber based on its
application – combustion
VS
The following section explains a couple of scenarios considering the 2,000 km
transportation of used passenger tires (which on average weigh 9 kg) that have been cut
with machinery that uses two motors of 125 hp each; the energy that can be generated
with this mass of tires, less the energy required to transport and cut them, is represented
by the blue line in the figure below. Additionally, the energy required to produce the same
amount of tires using the cold emulsion technique was determined (represented by the red
KJ
line), as was the energy required by the petroleum-based technique (green line).
2000km
4.00E+09
3.50E+09
3.00E+09
2.50E+09
2.00E+09
1.50E+09
1.00E+09
5.00E+08
0.00E+00
Energía
Producida
This difference
means that the
energy that went
into the tire is not
recovered
0
5
10
15
20
TONS
Emulsión en
frío (polimeri)
Petróleo
This difference means that the energy
that went into the tire is recovered
Figure 24. Comparison of energy generated vs. raw material energy in 2,000 km transportation.
The interpretation of Figure 25 is that the energy required to produce the tons of
petroleum-based tires is greater than 3.5x109 KJ; the energy that can be obtained from tire
rubber in the previously described conditions is greater than that of tires produced using
polymers and therefore, we can conclude that using recycled tires over cold-emulsion
based tires is more energy-efficient in this particular situation. Conversely, if the tires are
petroleum-based, using recycled tires as raw material for other processes is not energy-
efficient.
83
The following scenario considers the 5,000 km and 10,000 km transportation of used car
tires (which on average weigh 9 kg) that have been cut and ground to a 10 mesh size; the
energy that can be generated by this mass of tires, less the energy required to obtain a 10
mesh size; energy that can generate this mass of tires, less the energy required to transport
and cut them, is represented by the blue line in the figure below. Additionally, the energy
required to produce the same amount of tires using the cold emulsion technique was
determined (represented by the red lines), as was the energy required by the petroleumbased technique (green lines).
10000km
5000km
4.50E+09
Energía
Producida
4.00E+09
3.50E+09
4.50E+09
Energía
Producida
4.00E+09
3.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.00E+09
KJ
Emulsión en
frío
(polimeri)
2.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.50E+09
Emulsión
en frío
(polimeri)
KJ
2.50E+09
2.00E+09
1.50E+09
1.00E+09
1.00E+09
Petróleo
5.00E+08
Petróleo
5.00E+08
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
10
20
0
TONS
10
20
TONS
Figure 25. Comparison of energy generated vs. raw material energy in 5,000 km and 10,000 km transportation.
Figure 26 shows that at 5,000 km, the option of using recycled tires perfectly matches the
production of tires using the Cold Emulsion process, from an energy standpoint; however,
when the transportation distance increases to 10,000 km, the options are reversed,
because the energy that could be obtained from recycled tires (by removing the energy
invested in the transport and processing of the tires to reduce them to a 10 mesh size) is
already less than the energy required to produce the tire from raw material.
84
The scenario when burning tires in their different presentations is no longer energy-
efficient is when the distance is very large (10,000 km or more). According to the proposed
scenarios (see Appendix C –Energy Budget ), at 10,000 km of distance, the energy produced
exceeds the energy required to produce tires using the cold emulsion process.
After doing this exercise, we can conclude that the energy budget shows that the proposed
practice of recycling tires through combustion does yield the energy invested in their
production, provided the raw material of the recycled tire is based on the cold emulsion
technique.
Note that Appendix C shows the energy budgets of whole, cut, and shredded tires with a
volume between 5 and 20 tons, which are transported over 100 to 10,000 km.
85
6
Discussion
Based on the data presented in studies reviewed of scrap tire inventories prepared for the
region, 70
71
there is a problem with the generation of these wastes, especially in Mexico,
due to the illegal importation of scrap tires for resale as "used tires". 72 This issue is
expected to continue in the coming years, so it is necessary to reuse these wastes and add
value to them as products. The issue of scrap tires has been identified by federal, state and
municipal governments on both sides of the border and consequently, response actions
have been quick to arise. The main use of scrap tires in the region has been as fuel, to
harness their calorific value in cement kilns; therefore, the full potential of scrap tire
rubber as raw material is not currently being exploited.
Based on the study conducted, a wide variety of products and applications derived from
scrap tire rubber have been identified. However, these applications have not been
developed –or at least no evidence was found by the survey that they are applied as widely
as mentioned in the literature.
The applications identified may be characterized in the following groups:
•
•
Civil engineering (other than road construction): Marine and coastal used, sanitary
landfills, soundproofing and thermal insulation, drainage, and construction.
Civil engineering (road construction): asphalt, stabilization, barriers, traffic control
devices and other applications (road sealants and coatings, roadside signs, speed
•
reducing devices, and expansion joints).
Athletic and safety surfaces: equestrian paths/racetracks, athletic courts and fields,
parks and playgrounds, other applications (panels in shooting ranges and crash
barriers in speedways).
(Border 2012: U.S.- Mexico Border Scrap Tire Inventory Summary Report, 2007)
( United States Environmental Protection Agency; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales;,
2007)
2007)
70
71
86
•
Industrial/Consumer products: agricultural uses, automotive parts, clothing and
accessories, wiring, floors and coatings, industrial and household products, pet
products, dyes, other applications (traffic cones, traffic containment devices, tubes,
molded products, conveyor belts, household batteries, carbon and activated carbon
•
products.
Energy source: cement kilns, pulp and paper industry, industrial boilers, power
generation, pyrolysis oils.
Notwithstanding all the applications identified, little interest was observed in using scrap
tire-based products such as asphalt, packaging, flooring and coatings, speed bumps, and
tarps. This elicits the question: Is this is due to a lack of familiarity of respondents about the
potential uses of scrap tire rubber? This question remained unanswered in the course of
this research and shows the need to provide more insight into the issue.
Several value added applications have been developed in Mexico to reuse and recycle scrap
tires and prevent their stockpiling and associated consequences while creating jobs. As
new processes and technologies are developed, future research and the creativity of
inventors will provide new alternatives for the use of this resource, just as new markets
will emerge for these innovative products.
According to the market survey, few companies use rubber in their processes, and of those,
even fewer use recycled rubber. The main reason why companies have had problems with
the use of recycled rubber relates to the properties of the raw material and procurement
issues. In addition, something that causes concern is that companies do not know that
recycled rubber can be part of their processes, and the main reason cited for not having
interest is that they believe the material cannot be incorporated into their production
process. Therefore, we believe that outreach efforts are needed to communicate the
benefits of using recycled rubber as raw material in the place of virgin rubber and other
materials that do not necessarily come from virgin rubber. It would be convenient to
implement this proposed action before preparing a new market study. Another reason why
respondents answered that they do not know if recycled rubber can be used in their
processes is probably because the survey was answered by someone within the company
87
who is unfamiliar with the process (e.g. customer service or sales area). Therefore, for
future studies/surveys, we suggest identifying and interviewing staff from the production
area who is familiar with the properties of materials and their potential substitution with
recycled tire rubber.
The energy budget shows that the proposed practice of recycling tires is sustainable from
an energy standpoint, provided the raw material for the recycled tire is based on the cold
emulsion technique. The study also found that transportation does not have a significant
impact on energy expenditures, since the amount of energy used in the manufacture and
processing of tires is greater than that required to reuse tires as raw materials in other
processes (109 KJ/Kg in manufacturing vs. 108 KJ/Kg in reuse). Therefore, the farther tires
are transported and the smaller their presentation (powder, chips, chunks, etc.), the lower
the energy benefit. The above is true for scenarios where the transportation distance is
10,000 km or more.
88
7
Recommendations
After conducting this study and making a thorough analysis of the results, the following
conclusions were identified for the different areas.
7.1 Periodicity of market research
The periodicity of the market study could be monitored to identify when scrap tires could
be used by a larger number of companies. This is because the use of the product is still
emerging and has not been marketed enough to counterbalance the production of tires.
However, we recommend conducting monitoring and adjusting it to the context of the next
study: a study on the status of tires in the region, examining potential industrial consumers
of scrap tires, updating the study with emerging technologies, and adapting the data
collection methods –for example, obtaining the names of the contacts responsible for
production departments, to better ensure the quality of information.
7.2 Market survey respondents
Since the majority of respondents in this study occupies administrative (195) and sourcing
and procurement positions (115), we recommend interviewing people from the production
area, since they are more familiar with the technical part of the process. Production
managers are familiar with the supplies and alternatives for their processes, and can
identify the feasibility of using different raw materials.
7.3 Outreach programs to promote scrap tire recycled rubber alternatives
The first step in the market research was to identify industries where there are known
applications for scrap tire rubber. During this step, chemical, petrochemical, construction,
textile, and other sectors were identified to develop a directory of companies to be
surveyed. In conducting the survey, we realized that many companies have not used rubber
in their processes, and therefore have not used recycled tire rubber. This could be due to
the fact that most of the market is unfamiliar with the applications of recycled tire rubber
as a substitute for virgin rubber-based raw materials. If this were the case, then it is
necessary to create technology outreach programs and products that can use recycled
89
scrap tire rubber. The above opens up a range of possibilities for the different sectors
involved and thus increases the potential for industrial projects that incorporate the new
raw material into their processes, and for the development of new products.
7.4 Conduct a similar study in the areas of Guanajuato and the State of Mexico
Once the industrial sectors with potential for the use of recycled tire rubber were
identified, a directory of companies to be surveyed was developed. The main sources of
business directories were the various national industrial chambers in Mexico, listed on the
Mexican Business Information System (SIEM) portal of the Secretariat of Economy. After
obtaining the directories maintained by various industrial chambers, we proceeded to
identify the companies located in the geographical area covered by this study. At this point
we realized that most of the rubber, shoe soles, chemical, and petrochemical industries are
located in the Central Mexico states, especially Guanajuato and the State of Mexico.
Although it is true that ideally, the potential market for scrap tires would be located near
the area where the issue is identified, there are high value-added applications that could
make it profitable to transport tire rubber to Central Mexico, where the economic clusters
that can use this material are most likely to be found. This is why we recommend
conducting a market study in this area.
7.5 Encourage the use of recycled tire rubber as raw material in new and existing
companies
As stated in the section about scrap tire rubber use technologies in the Results section,
there is a great variety of applications for recycled rubber in various industrial sectors such
as construction, maquiladoras, chemical industries, cement, etc. Therefore, it is critical to
provide incentives for companies in these sectors to use recycled rubber as an alternative
raw material. Technological support and technical assistance programs may be created to
teach industries how to incorporate tire rubber as a raw material; and tax incentives may
be given to benefit companies that are willing to implement such processes.
90
7.6 Encourage research of high value added applications for recycled tire rubber
While there is a wide range of applications for scrap tire rubber, it is necessary to develop
new products that take full advantage of the potential of this raw material and at the same
time are profitable for the companies that use them. Therefore, supporting research and
the development of new applications for scrap tire rubber is imperative. Requests for
Proposals may be issued to the academic sector, grant assistance may be offered, and
laboratories and pilot plants may be installed to test the new developments, including
actual production tests to assess the feasibility of their commercial implementation.
91
8
Bibliography
United States Environmental Protection Agency; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos
Naturales;. (2007). Border 2012: U.S.- Mexico Border Scrap Tire Inventory Summary
Report.
Agencia Id. (2011, Junio 27). Convierten llantas usadas en asfalto ecológico. Retrieved from
Vanguardia:
http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/conviertenllantasusadasenasfaltoecologico1033859.html
Astafan, C. G. (1995). Procesamiento de Neumáticos Usados En los Estados Unidos.
Bremer Bremer, M. H., & Lewites Cornejo, I. (2005, Septiembre 9). México Patent No.
292728.
Bremer, M., Molina, M., Leon, N., & Lewites, I. (2007). Improvements on a system for soil
erosion control of slopes using scrap tyres. Int. J. Environment and Pollution, 31(3),
316-324.
Bremer-Bremer, M. H., & Lewites-Cornejo, I. (2005, Octubre). Erosion Control at Landfill
Slope with Scrap Tires. Emerging Technologies for a Sustainable Environment.
Bremer-Bremer, M. H., Molina-Ruiz, M., Lewites-Cornejo, I., León-Rovira, N., R., M. M., R., N.
L., & C., I. L. (2007). Improvements on a system for reduction of scrap tires piles and
erosion control of slopes. Interational Journal of Environment and Pollution, 316324.
Bugaldian, A. A. (1999). Concrete columns confined with scrap tires.
CAINTRA. (2012). Retrieved from CAINTRA: http://www.caintra.com/
California Integrated Waste Management Board. (1996). Effects of Waste Tires, Waste Tire
Facilities, and Waste Tire Projects on the Environment. California Integrated Waste
Management Board. Sacramento: CIWMB Publications Clearinghouse.
Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá. (2006, Septiembre). Guía para el manejo de llantas usadas.
Colombia.
Cámara Nacional de la Industria Hulera [National Chamber of the Rubber Industry]. (n.d.).
Dimensión Hulera. Órgano informativo de la Cámara Nacional de la Industria Hulera.
Cano Serrano, E., Cerezo García, L., & Urbina Fraile, M. (2007). Valorización material y
energética de neumáticos fuera de uso.
Cantanhede, A., & Monge, G. (2002). Estado del arte del manejo de llantas usadas en las
Américas. Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente.
Carrasco, F., Paradossi, G., Cavalieri, F., & Cataldo, F. (2003). Destino actual y futuro de los
neumáticos usados y su reciclado .
92
Castro, G. (2007). Reutilización, reciclado y disposición final de neumáticos. Departamento
de Ingeniería Mecánica F.I.U.B.A.
Cemex. (n.d.). Llancreto. Retrieved from Cemex México:
http://www.cemexmexico.com/concretos/files/fichasTecnicas/FT_Llancreto.pdf
CMIC. (n.d.). Cámara Mexicana de la Industría de la Construcción. Retrieved 2012, from
http://www.cmic.org/
Cosmos Online. (n.d.). Retrieved from Cosmos Online: http://www.cosmos.com.mx/
Cummings, R. C. (1998). Preparation, characterization, and uses of tire-derived particles.
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Edberg, R. L., Pinault, G., Garza, V., Thorington, D., & Martin, B. (2007, Septiembre 3). México
Patent No. 294343.
El flujo de llantas usadas y de desecho en la región fronteriza de California y México.
(2010).
Fonseca-Rodríguez, C. H., Gómez-Acosta, R., & Villalobos-Davila, R. (2003, Noviembre 1014). Cementos asfálticos modificados con hule de llanta de desecho en México. XII
CONGRESO IBEROLATINOAMERICANO DEL ASFALTO (CILA).
Gobierno de Ciudad Anáhuac. (2012). Gobierno de Ciudad Anáhuac. Retrieved 2012 from
Departamento de Ecología: http://www.anahuac.gob.mx/ecolo.php
Gobierno de Reynosa. (2012). Retrieved 2012 from Comisión de Ecología.
Gobierno del Estado de Coahuila. (2012). Gobiero del Estado de Coahuila. Retrieved 2012
from Frontera libre de llantas:
http://www.coahuila.gob.mx/index.php/sitios/Frontera_Libre_de_Llantas
Gobiero de Ciudad Juárez. (2012). Sala de Prensa. Retrieved 2012 from Gobiero de Ciudad
Juárez: http://www.prensa.cdj.mx/boletin/6761.htm
Gómez Acosta, R. (2002). Asfaltos modificados con hule de llantas de desecho. México.
Google. (2012). Retrieved from Google: http://www.google.com.mx/
Kompass. (2012). Retrieved from Kompass: http://mx.kompass.com/
Kyari, M., Cunliffe, A., & Williams, P. T. (n.d.). Characterization of Oils, Gases, and Char in
Relation to the Pyrolysis of Different Brands of Scrap Automotive Tires.
Lendo, E., & DePass, M. (2011). Comunicado Conjunto - Reunión de los Coordinadores
Nacionales 2011. Programa Ambiental México-Estados Unidos: Frontera 2012.
93
León Rovira, N., Bremer Bremer, M. H., Molina Ruiz, M., Arcos Medina, W. J., Delgadillo
Molina, E. M., Mata Barrios, B. L., & Villarreal de la Garza, G. (2011, Junio 7). México
Patent No. 288055.
Mancina, A. (1993). Cryogenic recovery of tire rubber.
Martínez Rodríguez, M. C., & Kuppusamy, I. (2008). ¿Y esas llantitas?, ¿La obesidad de
México?
Mazzocut, B. d. (1952, Abril 4). México Patent No. 8187.
Modern Tire Dealer. (2006). Modern Tire Dealer. Retrieved Febrero 10, 2012, from
Research and Stats: http://www.moderntiredealer.com/Stats/Page/4.aspx
Modern Tire Dealer. (2011). Modern Tire Dealer. Retrieved Febrero 10, 2012, from
Research and Stats: http://www.moderntiredealer.com/Stats/Page/1.aspx
Moore, M. (2003, October 26). Border Hazards. Rubber and Plastic News, 33(5), pp. 13-15.
Municipio de Nuevo Laredo. (2012). Municipio de Nuevo Laredo. Retrieved 2012 from Sala
de Prensa: http://www.nuevolaredo.gob.mx/prensa/
Myhre, M., & MacKillop, D. A. (2002). Rubber Recycling. Rubber Chemistry and Technology,
75(3), 429-474.
Oficina de Conservación de Recursos y Recuperación. (2009). PLAN DE ACCIÓN DEL
PROYECTO DE LLANTAS DE DESECHO EN LA FRONTERA. EPA - Frontera 2012.
Pagaza-Melero, G. (2012, Octubre 9). Estados Unidos Patent No. US 8,283,035 B2.
Reyna, R. (2005). Apreciación del Mercado Potencial Actual y Futuro del Polvo de Llantas en
México. Monterrey, N.L.: Centro de Calidad Ambiental, ITESM.
Samaraez Chemical Consulting, S.L. (n.d.). Reciclaje de Neumáticos Fuera de Uso (NFUs).
Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales; United States Environmental
Protection Agency. (2010, 12 10). United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Retrieved 1 27, 2012, from Border 2012:
http://www.epa.gov/usmexicoborder/fora/waste-forum/tire-mgt.html
Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. (n.d.). Aspectos ambientales del
coprocesamiento energético de llantas de desecho.
Secretariat of Communications and Transportation - Directorate General of Federal
Trucking. (2008). NOM-012-SCT-2-2008. Sobre el peso y dimensiones máximas con
los que pueden circular los vehículos de autotransporte que transitan en las vías
generales de comunicación de jurisdicción federal. Diario Oficial de la Federación.
SIEM. (2012). Sistema de Información Empresarial Mexicano. Retrieved from Sistema de
Información Empresarial Mexicano: http://www.siem.gob.mx/siem/
94
Silvestravičiūtė, I., & Karaliūnaitė, I. (2006). Comparison of End-of-life Tyre Treatment
Technologies: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. Environmental research, engineering
and management, 1(35), 52-60.
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. (2012). Retrieved 2012 йил 08-febrero from
http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2010, 10 12). EPA-United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 01 26, 2012, from U.S. Border 2012:
http://www.epa.gov/border2012/
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Guía sobre aplicaciones de
reciclaje y gestión de las llantas de desecho en EE.UU. y México.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Guía sobre aplicaciones de reciclaje
y gestión de las llantas de desecho en EE.UU. y México. USEPA.
Villalobos, C. d. (1976, Diciembre 16). México Patent No. 143652.
Yang, S. (1999). Use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications.
95
9
Appendixes
96
9.1 Appendix A – Survey implementation questionnaire
Incident Table
Completed survey
Dropped/Unfinished survey
Refused to be interviewed
Wrong telephone number
Wrong contact
Not available/did not answer
Busy line
Name of interviewer: ____________________________
Starting time:_________
1
2
3
4
5
Date ____/____/____
File _______
Ending time:___________
Good morning/Good afternoon, my name is _____________________________from the Center for Environmental Quality at ITESM.
We are conducting a survey with the purpose of identifying the potential market for recycled tire rubber in the U.S.Mexico border area. The information you provide will be strictly confidential. We appreciate your time; the survey will
take between 5 and 10 minutes.
1. To which of the following sectors does your company belong? (Select only one)
Manufacture
______
CONTINUE TO QUESTION 2
Services
Trade
______
______
CONTINUE TO COMPANY INFORMATION
2. What is you company specialty? SELECT ONLY ONE
Carpets and mats
______
Molded products
______
Coating s
Construction
______
Asphalt and concrete
______
Tires
______
Floors
______
______
Soles and lasts
______
Other (specify)___________________________________
3. In manufacturing your products or providing your services, do you use natural or synthetic rubber?
Yes ______
Natural rubber ___
Synthetic rubber ___
Both ___ CONTINUE TO QUESTION 4
No______
SKIP TO COMPANY INFORMATION
4. Why do you use this type of rubber? OPEN-ENDED QUESTION
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
97
5. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE
What type of
products do you
manufacture?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Do you use
natural
rubber?
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
Monthly
volume for
manufacturing
in tons
Price paid
per ton
6. Most of the raw material used to manufacture your products is:
Domestic ______ Imported ______ Don’t know_____
Do you use
synthetic
rubber?
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
yes____ no____
Monthly
volume for
manufacturing
in tons
Price
paid per
ton
7. Who is/are your main rubber supplier(s)? NAME AND LOCATION
1)_______________________________________________________________
2)_______________________________________________________________
3)_______________________________________________________________
8. ¿Have you had any problems with your raw material supplier(s)?
No____ SKIP TO QUESTION 10
Si ____
9. What type of problems?
Meeting supply _______
Material properties _______ Administrative _______
Other. What problem? ______________________________________
Service_______
10. Of the following polymers, select those that are used in your production process: READ OUT THE CHOICES
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)____
Polybutadiene ____
Butyl rubber ____
Polyamides____
EVA(ethylene vinyl acetate)____
Polystyrene____
Polyethylene____
Polypropylene____
Polyurethane____
SBS____
PVC (polyvinyl chloride)____ SBR____
SAN (styrene acrylonitrile)_____
EPDM___
Neoprene____
Butadiene____
11. Do you or have you used recycled tire rubber in your manufacturing process?
Si ____
SKIP TO QUESTION 17
No ____ CONTINUE TO QUESTION 12
12. Why have you not used recycled tire rubber in you manufacturing process? OPEN-ENDED QUESTION
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Would you be interested in switching from new rubber to recycled tire rubber?
SKIP TO QUESTION 15
No ____ CONTINUE TO QUESTION 14
Si ____
98
14. Why would you not be interested in replacing new rubber with recycled tire rubber?
Unfamiliar with how to incorporate it into the process
______
Cannot be used in the manufacture of the product
______
You think It may negatively impact product quality
______
Unfamiliar with the physical or chemical characteristics of the material
You have tried it and it didn’t meet the expectations
______
______
Other reason, What? ____________________________________________________________________
15. Which presentation of recycled tire rubber do you think would be the best to include it in your product manufacturing
process?
Chipped____
Whole ____
Powdered ____
Shredded ____
16. In which of your products do you think recycled tire rubber may be incorporated as raw material? OPEN-ENDED
QUESTION. GO TO QUESTION 20
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Which form of recycled tire rubber have you used?
Powdered ____ CONTINUE TO QUESTION 18
Shredded ____ SKIP TO QUESTION 20
Chipped____ SKIP TO QUESTION 20
Whole ____ SKIP TO QUESTION 20
18. Do you know what particle size is the tire powder that you use?
Yes ___ CONTINUE TO QUESTION 19 No____ SKIP TO QUESTION 20
19. What is the particle size used?
0-0.5mm___
0-5-1mm___
2-3mm___
4-5mm___
1-2cm___
Equal to or larger than 6 cm___
20. If there were incentives for companies to use recycled tire rubber in their manufacturing process, would you use this
type of rubber? IF THE ANSWER IS NO, SKIP TO COMPANY INFORMATION
No ____ SKIP TO COMPANY INFORMATION
Si ____ CONTINUE TO QUESTION 21
21. What type of incentives would you like to receive?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
99
COMPANY INFORMATION:
Company Name: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Respondent's Name:_________________________________________________________________________________________
Respondent's Position:___________________________________________________________________________________________
Type of Company: Private______
Company's Operating Time: _________
Government_____
Number of employees currently working in the company: ______
100
9.2 Appendix B – List of companies selected to respond the survey
Company
State
Subsector
Abacko Man Power Solutions S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Abastecedora Industrial Rod&Mart
Nuevo León
rubber industry
ABC Concretos de Torreón S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
cement and concrete
Absarey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
plastics manufacturing
Acertrans S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Acrílicos Profesionales de Monterrey S.A. De
C.V.
Adhesivos y Productos Especiales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Nuevo León
resins and glues
Adland Plastics S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
ADS Mexicana S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
AIMSA (Aislantes Industriales de Monterrey)
S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer manufacturing
Aisin Mexicana S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Aisla Pak S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Aislantes Celulares S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
paints, coatings, and insulation
Aislantes Proterm S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Aislantes Térmicos Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Akra Polyester S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Akzo Nobel INDA
Nuevo León
Alpek S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
chemicals manufacturing
Alpha Química del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Anticorrosión Industrial de Monterrey S.A. De
C.V.
Appliance Electrolux de Juarez
Nuevo León
Chihuahua
Aquamex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
ARCA Construyendo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Aries Coil Coatings S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Arquitectura Habitacional e Industrial S.A. De
C.V. (Abitat)
Chihuahua
construction
Arzen de México S. De R.L.
Nuevo León
resins and glues
Asesoría en Elastómeros S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Asesoría Profesional Especializada en
Construcción S.A. De C.V. (APROEC)
Nuevo León
construction
Asfaltecs, S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
weatherproofing and asphalt
Asfaltos de la frontera
Chihuahua
Asfaltos Energex
Nuevo León
Atlatec S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
water treatment
Autoindustrial de Partes S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Avipack S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
101
Company
State
Subsector
Bandas Rodillos y Servicios S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Bandas Transportadoras y Productos de Hule
Nuevo León
rubber industry
BASF Mexicana S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
petrochemical industry
BCG Wireless S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
construction
Bingham de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Biofilm S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Bloquera Topo Chico S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Bradford de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Brunswick Compañía de México S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Bufete Constructor America S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
construction
Bufete Constructor America S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Buffete de Obras, Servicios y Suministros S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Buildtech Pavimentos Estampados y Construcciones, S.
A.
Nuevo León
Bulk Molding Compounds México S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Bunzl Extrusión Operaciones S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Caminos y Obras Hidraulicas del Norte S.A.de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Cebal Americas de Reynosa S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Cemar Asfálticos
Nuevo León
Cementos Apasco
Coahuila
cement and concrete
Cemex
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Cemex México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Cemix S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Century Mold México R.L. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Chem Specialty S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Chiyoda Integre de Tamaulipas S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
CIMANUF S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
construction
Coflex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
COHPSA Concretos
Coahuila
cement and concrete
Colombin Bel S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
Comercializadora Oxiasfalt S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Compactaciones y Desarrollos Urbanísticos S. De R.L. De
C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Compañía Mexicana de Demoliciónes y Voladuras S.A.
De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Complex Química S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Conamsa Urbanizadora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Concreto y Pavimentación Industrial México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Concretos Acuña
Coahuila
construction
102
Company
State
Subsector
Concretos Apasco S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
cement and concrete
Concretos Asfálticos S.A. de C.V.
Nuevo León
Concretos Chihuahua
Chihuahua
weatherproofing and
asphalt
cement and concrete
Concretos Hidraulicos Premezclados S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
Concretos La Silla S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
weatherproofing and
asphalt
cement and concrete
Concretos Premezclados de la Sierra S de RL
Chihuahua
cement and concrete
Concretos Tepeyac
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Concretos y Derivados Asfálticos de Coahuila, S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
weatherproofing and
asphalt
Condasa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Conductores Tecnológicos de Juárez S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
polymer processing
Conpack Mexicana S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Consorcio Químico C+C S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Construcción y Urbanización Garcia Villarreal S.A. de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones GV de Monterrey S.A de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones Reforzadas S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones Seyer S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Pavimentaciones Laredo
Tamaulipas
construction
Construcciones y Pavimentaciones Rivera S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Pavimentos, S.A. De R.L.
Coahuila
Construcciones y Servicio Mega S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
weatherproofing and
asphalt
construction
Construcciones y Servicios del Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Servicios Generales Cepeda S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
construction
Construcciones y Servicios La Pirámide S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Servicios Montemayor S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Servicios MT S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Urbanizaciones Alviazuri S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Urbanizaciones del Poniente S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Urbanizaciones Delcace, S.A. de C.V
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Urbanizaciones Regionales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones y Urbanizaciones Villa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construcciones, Diseños y Arredamientos S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Construcciones, Pavimentaciones y Edificaciones Fénix
Tamaulipas
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Construcciones, Puentes y Estructuras del Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
103
Construcctora Rogacu S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructeel del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Apache S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Constructora Brema S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Capry S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Chavar, S.A. de C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Constructora Coexa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Correcaminos S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Coss Bu S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Daca S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora de Enlaces Nacionales S. De R.L. De C.v.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora de Proyectos Obras y Servicios S.A. De C.V.
Constructora Demetra S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Nuevo León
construction
construction
Constructora Dicat S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora DOCSA S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora e Inmobiliaria Kapa S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Constructora Esfinge S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Esper S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Espiga Dorada S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Fergos S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Flores Saénz S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Forum S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora García Maldonado S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Garza del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Garza Falcón S.A de C.V.
Coahuila
construction
Constructora Garza Ponce S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora GC S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Guajardo Zambrano S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora IPC S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Constructora Jaltam S.A de C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Jesas S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Jilsa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Kikapú S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Kosmos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora L'Mont S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Legosa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Lemi, S.a. De C.v..
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Lord S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Maiz Mier S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Constructora Melever S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
104
Constructora Metrored S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Molano y Cia S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Montemayor Chapa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora MRG S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora MVIEN S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora NEG S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Noriega Rivera S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Obras del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Peña del Golfo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Peña Palma S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Qarq S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Regional de Caminos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Regional del Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Rhel S.A. De Cv.q
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Río Guayalejo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Roberto Macías S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Rocosa S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Rodríguez. Padilla, S.A. de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Saénz S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Constructora Salgar S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Techa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Técnica Económica S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Treviño Brambila S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora Treviño García S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Urbanizadora Martínez S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Vanguardia S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora y Edificaciones RAMAVISA S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora y Perforadora Mak S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora y Proveedora Empresarial S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Constructora y Servicios Industriales Puente S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora y Urbanizadora Dama S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora y Urbanizadora Luconsa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructora Zayre S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructura Círculo Naranja S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Constructura Inmobiliaria Kapa S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Constructura Padilla Viejo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Construinfraestructura S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Construye de Victoria S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Consultores Rodarte Arquitecto S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Consultoría y Construcciones del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
105
Consyrsa S.A. De C.V..
Nuevo León
Contenedores IEM S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Contrissa Asfáltos, S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
Control Ecologico Y Construcciones Sa De Cv
Tamaulipas
construction
Conversiones Flexibles S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Convertidora de Polímeros S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Conwel S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Copachisa S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Corning Science Mexico S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Corporación Constructora G.C. S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Corporación de Plasticos Industriales del Norte S.A.
De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Corporación Paredes S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Corporativo Construction and Design LOB S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Corporativo Dabra S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Corporativo Gladius S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Cotelsa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Crest S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
resins and glues
Creymex S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Criser S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Crocsa Corporativo S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Da Vinci Buffet Constructivo y Diseño S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Daalje Ingeniería S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Dapar Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Delfín Technologies S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Delta Estructuras y Proyectos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Derivadosmetal Orgánicos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Desarrolladora de Casas del Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Desarrollo Constructivo Jafer de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo Constructivo y Urbanístico S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo de Obras y Espacios S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo de Pavimentos y Vivienda S.a. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Desarrollo Empresarial del Golfo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Desarrollo Rodace S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo Urbano y Excavaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo y Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo y Construcciones Urbanas S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollo y Edificaciones Ónix S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollos Constructivos Albe S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Desarrollos CSI S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
106
Desarrollos Inmobiliarios e Industriales del Norte S.A. De
C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Desarrollos Inmobiliarios Vivar, S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollos Izel S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollos Piscis S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Desarrollos y Construcciones Nacionales S.A. De C..v
Tamaulipas
construction
Desarrollos y Proyectos Skorpio S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Dicron Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Diseño e Innovación Inmobiliaria del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Diseño en Acrilíco de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Diseño Infraestructura y Servicios S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Diseño y Construcción GOF S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Diseño, Materiales y Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Diseños y Mercadotecnia (DIMER) S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Diseños, Desarrollos y Construcciones Nacionales S.A. De
C.V.
Drenajes y Pavimentaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Nuevo León
construction
Ducto Puentes S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Dumith Arquitectos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Dupont México S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Duramax Calzado Industrial
Nuevo León
footwear manufacturing
Dynasol Elastómeros
Tamaulipas
rubber industry
E.T.R. Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
EAISA S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Earth Tech de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Easy Empaques S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Ébano Construcciones y Mantenimiento S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Edificación y Construcciones HM4 S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Edificación y Urbanización MORSA S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Edificaciones Atlas S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Edificaciones Overland S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Edificaciones y Servicios Solesa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Edificadora Golfo Norte S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Edificiaciones de Concreto y Servicios Industriales Morín
S.A. De C.V.
Elasto - Empak de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Nuevo León
Elastomex S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
rubber industry
Elastotec S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
ELEBA Construcciones S.A.de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Electroconstructura Alflo de Nuevo León S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Elsien S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
107
ELVISA Urbanizadora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Elyeiver S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Emcar S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Empaques Númericos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Empaques y Alimentos del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Empaques y Poliuretano S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Empaques y Proveedores Industriales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Emulsiones y Asfaltos Nacionales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Entrumex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Entrumex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Epkamex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Equimaq Construcciones SA de CV
Tamaulipas
construction
Equipol S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Eraquímicos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Esparza Rivera Construcciones y Servicios S.A.De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Especialidades Químicas Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
(Equimsa)
Nuevo León
Espumas Industriales Monterrey S.A. De C.v.
Nuevo León
Esquema Constructivo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Estapack S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Estrategia, Planeación, Construcción e Ingeniería del
Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Estructuración de Elementos Constructivos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
EVCO Plastics de México S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Evertis de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Excavaciones y Movimientos de Tierra S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Excavaciones y Pavimentaciones 216 S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Excavaciones y Pavimentos PAG S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Excel Foam S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
polymer processing
Fabricantes Urbanos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Famel S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Fegam Coatings
Nuevo León
Feher Con &Com S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
FG Construcciones y Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ficsa Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Filtertek de México S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Filtrona Extrusión Operaciones S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Financieros y Arquitectos Mexicanos Constructora S.A. De
C.V.
Flex Ámericas S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Tamaulipas
Company
State
Subsector
Flexafilm de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
108
Flexibolsas y Diseños de México S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
polymer processing
Flexifoam S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Flint Construcción y Urbanización S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Flondar Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Foja Ingenieros Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Fordarth S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
resins and glues
Fortequim S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
FPG México de R.L. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Franja Industrial S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Frost Bienes y Servicios S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Galarza
Nuevo León
Gallasa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
García Rodríguez Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Garza Garcá Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Gaskets Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
GCC Cementos S.A. De C.V. Planta Chihuahua
Chihuahua
cement and concrete
Gema Constructora y Urbanizadora S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Gen Industrial S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Genera Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
General pack
Nuevo León
polymer processing
GFM Ingenieros y Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
GH Proyectos y Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Gifer S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
GIIO Grupo Constructor S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Glassfiber del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Gliceridos y Derivados S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
GM Edificaciones y Proyectos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
petrochemical products
manufacturing
construction
GMC S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Gogaco S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Gomiba Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Gonvel S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
GPH Proyectos Inmobiliarios y Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Gragon de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo CDL S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo CLE Internacional S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Grupo Conrob S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Grupo Construcciones y Edificaciones FAC S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Grupo Constructor e Inmobiliario Diana S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Constructor Janus S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Grupo Constructor los Pastores S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
109
Grupo Constructor Marconce S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Constructor Petreo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Constructor Treval S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Convermex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Grupo Coyse S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo DAGS S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo de Cementos de Chihuahua
Chihuahua
cement and concrete
Grupo Empresarial del Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Grupo Empresarial Saldaña Martínez S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Equinoccial S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Grupo Estructo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo GF Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Industrial Alce, S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Grupo Industrial Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Grupo Jei Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Grupo Jorep S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Malone S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Marve Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Ordoñez Ingenieros S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Grupo Pavimentos Internacionales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Pavimentos Internacionales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Rosh S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo SVCO S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Grupo Vg Desarrollos y Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Guajardo y Asociados Constructora S.A de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Guarda Construcciones y Urbanizaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Guirasa Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
GVM Construcciones y Servicios S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
H.C.P Inmuebles S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
HAR Infraestructura, Edificación y Pavimentos S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
HBL de Mexico S.A. DE C.V
Tamaulipas
construction
Heras & Heras Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Herhild de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Hilos Iris S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
synthetic thread manufacturing
Hober Construcciones S.A de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Hogarey S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Holcim Apasco
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Huajuco Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Hugar Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
Hules Colón
Nuevo León
rubber industry
110
Hules y Empaques Generales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Hultek S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Icjar (Dembalaje) S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
ICOM Ingeniería S.A.
Nuevo León
construction
Impertérmica S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Impulsora San Agustín S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
INALTO Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
INDEEG, S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Indelpro S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
resins and glues
INDUCON S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Industria Modelar del Norte S.A. De C-V.
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Industrial de Plásticos Chihuahua S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Industrial Fegam
Nuevo León
Industrial International Services S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Industrial Rubber S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Industrias Ben-Gar S.A. De C.V. División Empaques
Nuevo León
Industrias Gesta S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Industrias Guillermo García S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Industrias Negromex S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
rubber industry
Industrias Tuk S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Industrias Vago de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Infagsa S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Infraestrestructura MQ S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Infraestructura y Conducción Avanzada S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Infraestructura y Construcciones García S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Infraestructura y Pavimentos Asfalticos
Tamaulipas
construction
Ingeniería Aplicada y Desarrollo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Ingeniería de Proyectos IP S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Ingeniería y Arquitectura de Victoria S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Ingeniería y Construcciones CGC S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Ingeniería y Construcciones de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ingeniería y Construcciones La Sauteña S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Ingeniería y Construcciones VYM S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ingeniería y Consultoría Nacional S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ingeniería y Evaluación de Proyectos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ingeniería y Proyectos del Tamesí S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Ingeniería y Servicios Inmobiliarios de Chihuahua S.A. De
C.V.
Ingeniería y Servicios Nacionales S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Tamaulipas
construction
Company
State
Subsector
111
Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Construcción AMAVIM S.A. De
C.V.
Ingenium Proiectus S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Tamaulipas
Innova Recubrimientos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Innovaciones Canesa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Intek Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Interconstructora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Intermex Manufactura de Chihuahua S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Internacional de plásticos y envases S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Inudstrial de plásticos Elizondo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Invega S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Inversiones Promm S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Inyectora Internacional de PET S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
ISSASA Constructora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
ITR Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Itramex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
J.C. Construcciones y Urbanizaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
J.C. Diseño y Estructura S.C.
Nuevo León
construction
J.P.G. Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
J&J Lubricantes S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
JE Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Jesal Química S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Jica Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
JM Texa S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Jones Plastic & Engineering de Juarez
Chihuahua
Jones Plastic & Engineering de Monterrey
Nuevo León
Jovena Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Joyma Industrial S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Rubber industry
Juguetimundo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Jumbocel S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Karibu Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Kentho Química de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
KME Constructora S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Kohler Sanimex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
resins and glues
Koltecsa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Kopol S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Krhal Powder Coatings S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Kwang Sung Electronics Mexico S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
La Silla Concretos
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Lacer Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Lambi S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Company
State
Subsector
112
Lao Ingeniería S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Larsa Proyectos y Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
LEGO OPERACIONES DE MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V.
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Limpro Nacional S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
LM Construcciones y Mantenimiento S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Logo Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Lubdeco S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
lubricants
Lubricantes America S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
M&G Polímeros México S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Mantenimiento y Construcciones de Monterrey S.A. De
C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Manufacturas de Polietileno Allende S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Manufacturing and Engineering Projects
Chihuahua
Maquinados Mineros de Parral S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
rubber industry
Mar Industrial Distribuidora (MIDSA) S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Marfil Constructora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Markin de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Materiales Molín S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Máxima Calidad en Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Mayab Desarrollo de Proyectos S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Memco Sistemas de Separación S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Mexburg S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Mexicana de Servicios del Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Mexichem Fluor S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Minera Cerralvo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Minnesota Rubber Mexico, R.L. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
rubber industry
Moldes y Plásticos Monterrey (MYPSA) S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Monoplast S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Monq Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Monte Alto Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Monza Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Mtanous Cleary S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
MTZ Mobiliaria S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Multiceras S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
other
Multiservicios Crece S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Multiservicios y Construcciones Zesa S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Mvc Construccion Y Maquinaria S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Napko S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Netafim Manufacturing de México S. De R.L. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
NGS Constructores y Asociados S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
113
Nhumo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
rubber industry
Nypro de la Frontera S. De R.L. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Nypro Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Obras Civiles Clamar S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Obras Y Servicios Estrategicos, S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
water treatment
Obratec S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
ODEVISA S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ogro Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Omega Ingeniería y Distribuciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Operaciones Cóndor S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Organización Altavista S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Organización Castor S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Organización y Servicio para la Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Orozco y Orozco S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Tamaulipas
construction
construction
Ortega Villarreal Saneamiento Ambiental S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ortova Instalaciones S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
construction
Oxyde Chemicals Inc.
Nuevo León
Pavimentaciones E.C. S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pavimentaciones y Excavaviones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pavimentaciones, Caminos y Excavaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pavimentos Asfálticos Monterrey
Nuevo León
Pavimentos de la Laguna S.A. De C.V
Chihuahua
construction
Pavimentos de la Laguna, S.A. de C.V.
Coahuila
Pavimentos y Construcciones Garcan S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
construction
Pavimentos y Edificaciones Fénix S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Pavimentos y Equipos Pesados S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pavimentos y Excavaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pavimentos y Urbanización RGE S.A. De C.V
Tamaulipas
construction
Pavimentos, Conservación y Microsuperficies S.A. De C.V.
Pavimentos, Desarrollos y Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Nuevo León
construction
Paxxo y Asociados S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pega King S. De R.L.
Nuevo León
resins and glues
PEMSA Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Petformpack S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Petro Pac de Chihuahua S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
polymer processing
Petrocel- Temex S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Petroseal S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Philamex, S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
Pico Infraestructura Urbana S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Pinturas Berel S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Pinturas Doal S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Company
State
Subsector
114
Pinturas Framont S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Piveco S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Planstak S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Plantasfalto S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Plasti-Kyros S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Plástico Gigante de México S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Plásticos Especializados de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Plásticos Fisher S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Plasticos Profesionales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Plásticos Villagar S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Plasticos Yerkar S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Plastiofertas Guadalupe S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Plastirey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Poleimo Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Polienvases S.a. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Poliestireno del Puerto S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Polietileno de l Noreste S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Polietileno San Nicolás S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Polimeros Flexibles de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Polímeros Nacionales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Polipesa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Polisigma S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
elastomer manufacturing
Poliuretano de Reynosa
Tamaulipas
Poliuretanos de Chihuahua S. De R.L. M.I.
Chihuahua
Polyderivados S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Polyfilm S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
polymer processing
Polyhules S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Precision Roller S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Pridam Construcciones y Urbanizaciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Procur S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Productora de Tereftalatos de Altamira S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Productos de Hule Torreon S.A. de C.V.
Coahuila
rubber industry
Productos Químicos de Monterrey
Nuevo León
Productos Químicos y Derivados S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Productos Rolmex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Prolixe S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Promotora Enfoque S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Promovalores S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Protexa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Proyectando y Construyendo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Company
State
Subsector
115
Proyecto Calli S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos de Asfaltos
Tamaulipas
Proyectos de Ingeniería Vial S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Proyectos de Ingeniería y Construcciones Nuevo Santander
S.A. De C.V.
Proyectos Meseta S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos Nodo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Proyectos y Acabados Retexa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones Gues S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones Integrados S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones la Silla S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones Pintle S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones Rosse S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones Scandio S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos y Construcciones Willy S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Proyectos y Desarrollos Totem S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Proyectos y Estructuras de Matamoros S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Proyextra S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Quattro Diseño y Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Química Industrial Fronteriza S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Química Pumex S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Quimicompuestos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Quimmco S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Raconsa Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
RBC Ingeniería S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Re Construcciones y Arrendamientos S.A. De C.V
Tamaulipas
construction
Reacciones Químicas S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Real Cabal Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Realia Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Reciclado de materiales industriales
Chihuahua
materials recycling
Reciclaje y recuperación de materiales S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
materials recycling
Recubrimiento e instalaciones deportivas S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
construction
Red Central Foams S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Refacciones y Empaques Industriales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Regio Constructora e Ingeniería Urbana S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Regio Elite Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Regio PET S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Regiomontana de Construccion y Servicios, S.A. de C.V.
(RECSA)
Reminsa del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Nuevo León
construction
Replax del Norte S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Company
State
Subsector
116
Repuestos Auto-Industriales S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
other
Reside Inmuebles S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Rice Obras S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
RJL Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Rofer S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Rohjan Laboratorios S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Rojo Construcciones e Ingeniería S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Romsega Diseño y Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Ruter S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
RYQ Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Sago Construcciones y Urbanizaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Salve Administración S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Sane Constructora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
SC Structure de México S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Sellos y Pavimentos, S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Sellos y Refacciones de Monterrey S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Servicio de Urbanización y Mantenimiento del Noreste
Tamaulipas
construction
Servicios de Construcción LOMA S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Servicios de Construcción Valles del Golfo S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Servicios De Ingenieria Especializada Thomae
Tamaulipas
construction
Servicios de Urbanización de Matamoros S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Servicios Integrados del Sur S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Servicios Multiples MGM, S.A. de C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Servicios y Construcciones Jucoma S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Servicios y Construcciones Sinergia S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Servicios y Soluciones Profesionales Dia S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Sheridan Diseño y Construcción S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Sherwin Williams S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Sierra Construcción y Mantenimiento S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Signode México S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Sinclair & Rush S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Sinco Construcción Total S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Single House, S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Sistemas Óptimos Constructivos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Sistemas, Construcciones y Edificaciones del Noreste S.A.
De C.V.
Sk Desarrollos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Nuevo León
construction
Soiltech S. De R.L. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Soria Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Spancrete Noreste, S.a. De C.v..
Nuevo León
construction
Spartech de México S.A. De C.V.
Coahuila
resins and glues
Company
State
Subsector
117
SS Urbanizaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Summa Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Superbag de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Tani Kasei de México S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Tao Edificaciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Técnica y Urbanismo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Técnicos y Especialistas en Construcción y Logística S.A. De
C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Tecnicreto Concreto Premezclado
Nuevo León
cement and concrete
Tecniquimia Mexicana S.S. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Tecstar de México S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
Teijin Akra S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
polymer processing
Terminal petroquímica de Altamira S.A. De C.V
Tamaulipas
Terracerías y Premezclados Mayo S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Themple Soluciones S. A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
TI Group Automotive Systems de R.L. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
Tippmann Sa De Cv
Tamaulipas
construction
Toas Construcciones, S.a. De C.v.
Tamaulipas
construction
Tordec S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Tracker Construcciones S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Triturados y Premezclados de Altamira
Tamaulipas
cement and concrete
TSS Internacional, S.A. de C.V.
Nuevo León
water treatment
Ucles Constructora S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Underterra S.a. De C.v
Nuevo León
construction
Urbanissa S.A. De C.V.
Chihuahua
construction
Urbanizacion, Construcción y Administración de Proyectos
S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Urbanizaciones AGV S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Urbanizaciones Omega S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Urbanizaciones y Construcciones de la Frontera S.A. De C.V.
Tamaulipas
construction
Urbanizadora Top S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Urbanizadora y Edificadora Risesa S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Urbelek S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Valero Hermanos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Vega Ponce Construcciones, S.a. De C.v.
Nuevo León
construction
Vhulkon S.A. De C.V
Nuevo León
rubber industry
Viaductos Mexicanos S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Vialidades e Infraestructuras de México S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Vichartce S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Company
State
Subsector
118
Volta Belting Technology
Coahuila
Vyesa (Vulcanizaciones y Equipos S.A. De C.V)
Coahuila
other
VyG Ingenieros Constructores S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
WTS S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
Z3 Grupo Constructor S.A. De C.V.
Nuevo León
construction
Zapatos Crucero
Nuevo León
footwear manufacturing
Zulu Infraestructura, S.A. de C.V
Nuevo León
construction
119
9.3 Appendix C –Energy Budget Data
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127

Project Final Report Assessing the potential of the current and future

Transcripción

Documentos relacionados

TCX620HD Heavy-Duty Tire Changer - Compact

Corporación para el Desarrollo Agropecuario de Nuevo León

Explore Unknown Music with the Toccata Discovery Club

New Year`s Prayer - St. Mark the Evangelist

BoteroArtSonJai

main figures of the acs group