Photo Credits - Davis-Emerson Middle School
Transcripción
Photo Credits - Davis-Emerson Middle School
Photo Credits Cover (t) CORBIS, (b) Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; v Jupiter Images/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images; x–xi Luc Novovitch/ Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; xii–xiii William Ryall/ The McGraw-Hill Companies; xv Oleksiy Maksymenko/ Alamy; xvi–xvii Stefano Salvetti/Photodisc/Getty Images; xviii–xix Stockbyte/Getty Images; xxii Brand X Pictures/ PunchStock; 1 (l) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, (r) ZenShui/ Laurence Mouton/Getty Images; 4 Fancy/Veer/CORBIS; 5 Masterfile/Royalty Free; 7 Getty Images; 9 Jules Frazier/Getty Images; 10 Alexandra Grablewski/FoodPix/Getty Images; 12 C Squared Studios/Getty Images; 13 Jenny Acheson/Riser/Getty Images; 15 Steve Sucsy/Photographer’s Choice RR/Getty Images; 16 Luc Novovitch/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 18 Photodisc/Getty Images; 19 Roy Toft/National Geographic/ Getty Images; 20 Andrew Shennan/Taxi/Getty Images; 25 Marathonfoto; 26 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill; 32 age fotostock/ SuperStock; 33 Foodcollection/Getty Images; 34 Microzoa/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 39 Shoula/Photonica/Getty Images; 42 BananaStock/Jupiterimages; 43 Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; 45 GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 51 John Giustina/Iconica/Getty Images; 58 Jeremy Woodhouse/ Masterfile; 63 Stephen Marks/Getty Images; 67 ArcadeImages/ Alamy; 68 NASA; 71 State of Texas; 72 Alex Maclean/Photonica/ Getty Images; 74 Brad Wilson/Stone/Getty Images; 76 (inset) Jim West/Alamy; 76–77 (bkgd) VStock/Alamy; 90 Corbis RF/Alamy; 92 Stockbyte/SuperStock; 96 James Baigrie/Riser/Getty Images; 99 Digital Vision/Getty Images; 102 Rubberball Productions/ Getty Images; 104 Ariel Skelley/Blend Images/Getty Images; 106 Stephen Dalton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 108 Associated Press; 111 Ingram Publishing/SuperStock; 112 Brian J. Skerry/National Geographic Image Collection; 113 Sal Maimone/SuperStock; 114 Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive/CORBIS; 117 Rob Melnychuk/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 121 Richard Lord/ PhotoEdit; 124 BananaStock/PunchStock; 126 Jim West/ PhotoEdit; 127 Brandon Harman/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 131 Gerry Ellis/Globio/Minden Pictures; 134 (inset) Peter Dazeley/ Photographers Choice RR/Getty Images; 134–135 (bkgd) William Ryall/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 151 Image Source/ PunchStock; 156 Photodisc/Alamy; 158 Alex Segre/Alamy; 159 Masterfile Royalty-Free; 161 Gavin Hellier/Robert Harding World Photography/Getty Images; 164 Lucas Jackson/Reuters/ CORBIS; 165 Raimund Koch/Photonica/Getty Images; 167 Rick Gomez/CORBIS; 170 Blend Images/Alamy; 173 George Doyle & Ciaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Getty Images; 175 George B. Diebold/ CORBIS; 176 Daryl Benson/Masterfile; 178 Editorial/Alamy; 181 Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./Blend Images/Getty Images; 182 Jack Star/PhotoLink/Getty Images; 183 Bob Langrish/Animals Animals; 186 (inset) Joseph McNally/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 186–187 (bkgd) FAN travelstock/Alamy; 200 (t) C Squared Studios/Photodisc/Getty Images, (b) Stockbyte/Getty Images; 201 Tetra Images/CORBIS; 202 D. Hurst/Alamy; 205 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 216 United States Mint; 219 Benn Mitchell/ The Image Bank/Getty Images; 222 Nigel Cattlin/Alamy; 224 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 232 George H. H. Huey/CORBIS; 234 Associated Press; 237 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/ Getty Images; 238 Janis Christie/Getty Images; 239 Indexstock; 242 Dynamic Graphics/JupiterImages; 244 Thomas Mangelsen/ Minden Pictures; 249 Getty Images; 252 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 254 (inset) Frank Chmura/Alamy; 254–255 (bkgd) Melissa Moseley/Sony Pictures/Bureau L.A. Collection/CORBIS; 271 Photodisc/Getty Images; 274 Myrleen Ferguson Cate/ PhotoEdit; 281 Associated Press; 282 Ingram Publishing/ SuperStock; 283 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 285 Royalty-Free/ CORBIS; 286 Ed-Imaging; 289 Blend Images/Alamy; 290 Jamie Squire/Getty Images; 296 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 300 (inset) Daniel Bosler/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 300–301 (bkgd) Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy; 315 Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; 318 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Iconica/Getty Images; 324 Photo 24/Getty Images; 328 Digital Vision/age fotostock; 329 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; 335 BananaStock/ SuperStock; 336 ImageState/Alamy Images; 340 Bill Pugliano/ Getty Images; 341 NASA; 344 S. Meltzer/PhotoLink/Getty Images; 348 Robert W. Ginn/PhotoEdit; 350 Stefano Salvetti/ Photodisc/Getty Images; 352 (inset) Image Source/Getty Images; 352–353 (bkgd) Michael Blann/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 367 Matt Meadows; 368 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; 373 William Leaman/Alamy; 374 graficart.net/Alamy; 377 Foodcollection/Getty Images; 381 Lon C. Diehl/PhotoEdit; R40 Photo Credits 383 (cw from top) United States coin images from the United States Mint, (2) Michael Houghton/StudiOhio, (3) United States Mint, (4) Michael Houghton/StudiOhio, (5) United States Mint; 384 George Doyle/Getty Images; 389 Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images; 390 Peter Barrett/Masterfile; 395 Frank Burek/CORBIS; 397 Eyewire (Photodisc)/PunchStock; 400 Amos Morgan/ Photodisc/Getty Images; 403 Jim West/PhotoEdit; 404 Nick Koudis/Getty Images; 412 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/ Getty Images; 416 David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc./Alamy; 416–417 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 421 Nick Koudis/Getty Images; 426 Cartesia/Photodisc/Getty Images; 442 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 443 Jason Hawkes/Getty Images; 448 (t) Royalty-Free/ CORBIS, (c) Stockbyte/Getty Images, (b) Ablestock/Alamy; 449 (tl) S. Solum/PhotoLink/Getty Images, (tc) Ingram Publishing/ Alamy, (tr) The McGraw-Hill Companies, (bl) Space Imaging/Getty Images, (bc) PNC/GettyImages, (br) DEA/R. APPIANI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images; 454 John Kelly/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 455 Scott Stulberg/Getty Images; 459 C Squared Studios/Photodisc/Getty Images; 460 (t) Radlund & Associates/Getty Images, (b) Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 461 Stockbyte/ PictureQuest; 464 Brad Wilson/Stone/Getty Images; 470 (t) S. Meltzer/PhotoLink/Getty Images, (b) Nancy R. Cohen/ Getty Images; 472 Ignacio Auzike/ArtBox Images/Getty Images; 476 (t) Ian Grainger/Flickr/Getty Images, (b) Comstock Images/ Alamy; 477 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 478 Baerbel Schmidt/ Stone/Getty Images; 481 Paul Hardy/CORBIS; 484 (l) Jose Luis Pelaez/Getty Images, (r) Walter Bibikow/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 486 (inset) Stewart Cohen/Pam Ostrow/Getty Images; 486–487 (bkgd) Buzz Pictures/Alamy; 494 Ellen Atkin/First Light/ Getty Images; 496 Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; 500 RoyaltyFree/CORBIS; 502 Martin Child/Getty Images; 529 Joe Sohm/ Visions of America, LLC/Alamy; 531 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 540 Peter Smith/Alamy; 542 Chemistry/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 544 Michael T. Sedam/CORBIS; 545 Roger Ressmeyer/ CORBIS; 546 Murat Taner/Getty Images; 549 United States Mint; 550 Image Source/Getty Images; 554 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 558 Stockbyte/Getty Images; 562 Crystal Lagoons/www.crystallagoons.com; 566 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 571 Peter Cade/ Getty Images; 573 David Muench/CORBIS; 575 The McGraw-Hill Companies; 578 E.R. DEGGINGER/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes; 582 (inset) Jupiterimages/Comstock Images/Alamy; 582–583 (bkgd) All Canada Photos/Alamy; 599 Courtesy The City of Calgary; 603 John Elk III/Alamy; 605 Neil Beer/Getty Images; 608 Arcaid/Alamy; 609 (t) Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images, (b) The McGraw-Hill Companies; 613 Cosmo Condina/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 614 Photodisc/SuperStock; 615 GOODSHOOT/ Alamy; 618 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Getty Images; 620 The McGrawHill Companies; 622 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 630 (inset) Todd Wright/Blend Images/Getty Images; 630-631 (bkgd) Galina Barskaya/Alamy; 643 D. Hurst/Alamy; 644 Bruce Laurance/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 650 NOAA; 655 David Madison/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 658 Digital Vision/PunchStock; 664 Jean-Paul Ferrero/Minden Pictures; 682 Marcus Mok/Asia Images/Getty Images; 684 Daryl Benson/Masterfile; 690 STAN HONDA/AFP/ Getty Images; 694 The McGraw-Hill Companies; 696 (inset) Robert Yin/CORBIS; 696–697 (bkgd) Poelzer Wolfgang/Alamy; 712 McGraw-Hill Companies; 716 McGraw-Hill Companies; 724 (l) United States Mint; 726 United States Mint; 727 (t) RoyaltyFree/CORBIS, (b) McGraw-Hill Companies; 729 Sean Justice/ Photodisc/Getty Images; 732 (t) United States Mint, (bl) United States Mint, (bc) McGraw-Hill Companies, (br) McGraw-Hill Companies; 735 McGraw-Hill Companies; 737 Brand X Pictures/ PunchStock; 738 Steve Gorton and Karl Shone/Dorling Kindersley/ Getty Images; 743 (l) The McGraw-Hill Companies, (r) Antenna/ Getty Images; 744 Caroline Purser/Getty Images; 749 Rhea Anna/ Getty Images; 750 Jack Hollingsworth/Photodisc/Getty Images; 752 (inset) Compassionate Eye Foundation/Tom Grill/Getty Images; 752–753 (bkgd) Science VU/CDC/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; 762 (l) Purestock/Getty Images, (tr) Brand X Pictures/ PunchStock, (br) ZenShui/Laurence Mouton/Getty Images; 763 (l) Bill Hickey/The Image Bank/Getty Images, (r) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 764 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 765 Brand X Pictures/Jupiterimages; 766 Purestock/Getty Images; 767 Amanda Hall/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images; 768 ZenShui/Laurence Mouton/Getty Images; 769 Ron Levine/ Taxi/Getty Images; 770 Bill Hickey/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 771 mediacolor’s/Alamy; 772 Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; 773 NASA/JPL/University of Arizona; EP0 Blend Images/SuperStock. Glossary/Glosario C on the eGlossary link to find out more about these words in the following 13 languages. Click A Arabic bi Cantonese Hmong Spanish Urdu Bengali English Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Brazilian Portuguese Haitian Creole Russian English Spanish (Español) Aa absolute value The distance between a number and zero on a number line. valor absoluto Distancia entre un número y cero en la recta numérica. acute angle An angle with a measure greater than 0° and less than 90°. ángulo agudo Ángulo que mide más de 0° y menos de 90°. acute triangle A triangle having three acute angles. triángulo acutángulo Triángulo con tres ángulos agudos. Addition Property of Equality If you add the same number to each side of an equation, the two sides remain equal. propiedad de adición de la igualdad Si sumas el mismo número a ambos lados de una ecuación, los dos lados permanecen iguales. adjacent angles Angles that have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap. ángulos adyacentes Ángulos que comparten el mismo vértice y un común lado, pero no se sobreponen. algebra A mathematical language of symbols, including variables. álgebra Lenguaje matemático que usa símbolos, incluyendo variables. algebraic expression A combination of variables, numbers, and at least one operation. expresión algebraica Combinación de variables, números y, por lo menos, una operación. analyze To use observations to describe and compare data. analizar Usar observaciones para describir y comparar datos. R42 Glossary/Glosario ángulo Dos rayos con un extremo común forman un ángulo. Los rayos y el vértice se usan para nombrar el ángulo. " " # # $ $ ∠"#$, ∠$#", or ∠# ∠"#$, ∠$#" o ∠# angle of rotation The degree measure of the angle through which the figure is rotated. ángulo de rotación Medida en grados del ángulo sobre el cual se rota una figura. arithmetic sequence A sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same. sucesión aritmética Sucesión en la cual la diferencia entre dos términos consecutivos es constante. Associative Properties The way in which numbers are grouped does not change the sum or product. propiedad asociativa La forma en que se agrupan tres números al sumarlos o multiplicarlos no altera su suma o producto. average The sum of two or more quantities divided by the number of quantities; the mean. promedio La suma de dos o más cantidades dividida entre el número de cantidades; la media. Bb back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot Used to compare two sets of data. The leaves for one set of data are on one side of the stem, and the leaves for the other set of data are on the other side. diagrama de tallo y hoja doble Se usa para comparar dos conjuntos de datos. Las hojas para un conjunto de datos están a un lado del tallo y las hojas para el otro conjunto de datos están al otro lado. bar notation A bar placed over digits that repeat to indicate a number pattern that repeats indefinitely. notación de barra Barra que se coloca sobre los dígitos que se repiten para indicar el número de patrones que se repiten indefinidamente. base Any side of a parallelogram. base Cualquier lado de un paralelogramo. base base base In a power, the number used as a factor. In 10 3, the base is 10. That is, 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10. base En una potencia, el número usado como factor. En 10 3, la base es 10. Es decir, 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10. biased sample A sample drawn in such a way that one or more parts of the population are favored over others. muestra sesgada Muestra en que se favorece una o más partes de una población. Glossary/Glosario R43 Glossary/Glosario angle Two rays with a common endpoint form an angle. The rays and vertex are used to name the angle. Glossary/Glosario diagrama de caja y patillas Diagrama que se construye usando cinco valores. box-and-whisker plot A diagram that is constructed using five values. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 Cc center The given point from which all points on a circle are the same distance. centro Un punto dado del cual equidistan todos los puntos de un círculo o de una esfera. center centro circle The set of all points in a plane that are the same distance from a given point called the center. círculo Conjunto de todos los puntos en un plano que equidistan de un punto dado llamado centro. circle graph A graph that shows data as parts of a whole. In a circle graph, the percents add up to 100. gráfica circular Gráfica que muestra los datos como partes de un todo. En una gráfica circular los porcentajes suman 100. Area of Oceans "UMBOUJD *OEJBO 4PVUIFSO "UMÃOUJDP 1BDJGJD "SDUJD circumference The distance around a circle. circumference cluster Data that are grouped closely together. coefficient The numerical factor of a term that contains a variable. R44 Glossary/Glosario Área de superficie de los océanos ±OEJDP .BSEFM4VS circunferencia un círculo. 1BDÎGJDP ¦SUJDP La distancia alrededor de circunferencia agrupamiento Conjunto de datos que se agrupan. coeficiente El factor numérico de un término que contiene una variable. compatible numbers to divide mentally. Numbers that are easy complementary angles Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90°. Glossary/Glosario Commutative Properties The order in which numbers are added or multiplied does not change the sum or product. propiedad commutativa La forma en que se suman o multiplican dos números no altera su suma o producto. números compatibles Números que son fáciles de dividir mentalmente. ángulos complementarios Dos ángulos son complementarios si la suma de sus medidas es 90°. 1 1 2 ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary angles. 2 ∠1 y ∠2 son complementarios. complementary events The events of one outcome happening and that outcome not happening. The sum of the probabilities of an event and its complement is 1 or 100%. In symbols, P(A) + P(not A) = 1. eventos complementarios Los eventos de un resultado que ocurre y ese resultado que no ocurre. La suma de las probabilidades de un evento y su complemento es 1 ó 100. En símbolos P(A) + P(no A) = 1. composite figure A figure made of triangles, quadrilaterals, semicircles, and other twodimensional figures. figura compuesta Figura formada por triángulos, cuadriláteros, semicírculos y otras figuras bidimensionales. compound events An event consisting of two or more simple events. evento compuesto Un evento que consiste en dos o más eventos simples. cone A three-dimensional shape with one circular base. cono Forma tridimensional con una base circular. congruent Having the same measure. congruente Ques tienen la misma medida. congruent figures Figures that have the same size and same shape and corresponding sides and angles with equal measure. figuras congruentes Figuras que tienen el mismo tamaño y la misma forma y los lados y los ángulos correspondientes tienen igual medida. Glossary/Glosario R45 Glossary/Glosario coordinate plane A plane in which a horizontal number line and a vertical number line intersect at their zero points. x-axis 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 plano de coordenadas Plano en que una recta numérica horizontal y una recta numérica vertical se intersecan en sus puntos cero. y y-axis 0 1 2 3x origin eje x 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 y eje y 0 1 2 3x origen corresponding sides The sides of similar figures that “match.” lados correspondientes Lados de figuras semejantes que coinciden. cubic units Used to measure volume. Tells the number of cubes of a given size it will take to fill a three-dimensional figure. unidades cúbicas Se usan para medir el volumen. Indican el número de cubos de cierto tamaño que se necesitan para llenar una figura tridimensional. 3 cubic units cylinder A solid with bases that are congruent, parallel circles connected to a curved side. 3 unidades cúbicas cilindro Sólido con bases circulares congruentes y paralelas, unidas por un lado curvo. Dd data Information, often numerical, which is gathered for statistical purposes. datos Información, con frecuencia numérica, que se recoge con fines estadísticos. decagon A polygon having ten sides. decágono Un polígono con diez lados. defining the variable Choosing a variable and deciding what the variable represents. definir la variable Elegir una variable y decidir lo que representa. degree The most common unit of measure for angles. If a circle were divided into 360 equalsized parts, each part would have an angle measure of 1 degree. grados La unidad más común para medir ángulos. Si un círculo se divide en 360 partes iguales, cada parte tiene una medida angular de 1 grado. R46 Glossary/Glosario eventos dependientes Dos o más eventos en que el resultado de un evento afecta el resultado de otro u otros eventos. diameter The distance across a circle through its center. diámetro La distancia a través de un círculo pasando por el centro. diameter diámetro dilation The image produced by enlarging or reducing a figure. homotecia Imagen producida al ampliar o reducir una figura. y y $ # $ # $ # " 0 $ # " % % x " 0 " % % x Distributive Property To multiply a sum by a number, multiply each addend by the number outside the parentheses. propiedad distributiva Para multiplicar una suma por un número, multiplica cada sumando por el número fuera de los paréntesis. Division Property of Equality If you divide each side of an equation by the same nonzero number, the two sides remain equal. propiedad de igualdad de la división Si divides ambos lados de una ecuación entre el mismo número no nulo, los lados permanecen iguales. Ee equals sign A symbol of equality, =. signo de igualdad Símbolo que indica igualdad, =. equation A mathematical sentence showing two expressions are equal. An equation contains an equals sign, =. ecuación Enunciado matemático que muestra que dos expresiones son iguales. Una ecuación contiene el signo de igualdad, =. equilateral triangle A triangle having three congruent sides. triángulo equilátero Triángulo con tres lados congruentes. equivalent expressions Expressions that have the same value. expresiones equivalentes Expresiones que poseen el mismo valor, sin importer los valores de la(s) variable(s). Glossary/Glosario R47 Glossary/Glosario dependent events Two or more events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other event(s). Glossary/Glosario equivalent ratios Ratios that express the same relationship between two quantities. razones equivalentes Razones que expresan la misma relación entre dos cantidades. evaluate To find the value of an algebraic expression by replacing variables with numbers. evaluar Calcular el valor de una expresión sustituyendo las variables por número. experimental probability An estimated probability based on the relative frequency of positive outcomes occurring during an experiment. It is based on what actually occurred during such an experiment. probabilidad experimental Probabilidad estimada que se basa en la frecuencia relativa de los resultados positivos que ocurren durante un experimento. exponent In a power, the number that tells how many times the base is used as a factor. In 5 3, the exponent is 3. That is, 5 3 = 5 × 5 × 5. exponente En una potencia, el número que indica las veces que la base se usa como factor. En 5 3, el exponente es 3. Es decir, 5 3 = 5 × 5 × 5. exterior angle The four outer angles formed by two lines cut by a transversal. ángulo externo Los cuatro ángulos exteriores que se forman cuando una transversal corta dos rectas. Ff fair game A game where each player has an equally likely chance of winning. juego justo Juego donde cada jugador tiene igual posibilidad de ganar. frequency distribution How many pieces of data are in each interval. distribución de frecuencias Cantidad de datos asociada con cada intervalo. frequency table A table that shows the number of pieces of data that fall within the given intervals. tabla de frecuencias Tabla que muestra el número de datos en cada intervalo. function A relationship that assigns exactly one output value to one input value. función Relación que asigna exactamente un valor de salida a un valor de entrada. function rule An expression that describes the relationship between each input and output. regla de funciones Expresión que describe la relación entre cada valor de entrada y de salida. function table A table organizing the input, rule, and output of a function. tabla de funciones Tabla que organiza las entradas, la regla y las salidas de una función. Fundamental Counting Principle Uses multiplication of the number of ways each event in an experiment can occur to find the number of possible outcomes in a sample space. Principio Fundamental de Contar Este principio usa la multiplicación del número de veces que puede ocurrir cada evento en un experimento para calcular el número de posibles resultados en un espacio muestral. Gg gap An empty space or interval in a set of data. laguna Espacio o intervalo vacío en un conjunto de datos. geometric sequence A sequence in which each term is found by multiplying the previous term by the same number. sucesión geométrica Sucesión en la cual cada término después del primero se determina multiplicando el término anterior por el mismo número. R48 Glossary/Glosario gráfica Colocar una marca puntual en el punto que corresponde a un par ordenado. Hh height The shortest distance from the base of a parallelogram to its opposite side. altura La distancia más corta desde la base de un paralelogramo hasta su lado opuesto. height heptagon altura A polygon having seven sides. heptágono Polígono con siete lados. histogram A type of bar graph used to display numerical data that have been organized into equal intervals. histograma Tipo de gráfica de barras que se usa para exhibir datos que se han organizado en intervalos iguales. Grade 6 Math Test Examen de matemáticas de 6-o grado 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Frecuencia hexágono Polígono con seis lados. Frequency hexagon A polygon having six sides. 61–70 71–80 81–90 91–100 Test Scores 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 61–70 71–80 81–90 91–100 Calificaciones Ii image The position of a figure after a transformation. imagen Posición de una figura después de una transformación. independent events Two or more events in which the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other event(s). eventos independientes Dos o más eventos en los cuales el resultado de un evento no afecta el resultado de los otros eventos. inequality A mathematical sentence indicating that two quantities are not equal. desigualdad Enunciado matemático que indica que dos cantidades no son iguales. integer Any number from the set {… -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …} where … means continues without end. entero Cualquier número del conjunto {… -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …} donde … significa que continúa sin fin. interior angle The four inside angles formed by two lines cut by a transversal. ángulo interno Los cuatro ángulos internos formados por dos rectas intersecadas por una transversal. Glossary/Glosario R49 Glossary/Glosario graph To place a dot at a point named by an ordered pair. Glossary/Glosario intersecting lines Lines that meet or cross at a common point. rectas secantes Rectas que se intersectan o se cruzan en un punto común. interval The difference between successive values on a scale. intervalo La diferencia entre valores sucesivos de una escala. inverse operations Operations which undo each other. For example, addition and subtraction are inverse operations. operaciones inversas Operaciones que se anulan mutuamente. La adición y la sustracción son operaciones inversas. isosceles triangle A triangle having at least two congruent sides. triángulo isósceles Triángulo que tiene por lo menos dos lados congruentes. Ll least common denominator (LCD) The least common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions. mínimo común denominador (mcd) El menor múltiplo común de los denominadores de dos o más fracciones. leaves The digits of the least place value of data in a stem-and-leaf plot. hoja En un diagrama de tallo y hojas, los dígitos del menor valor de posición. like terms Terms that contain the same variable(s) to the same power. términos semejantes Términos que contienen la misma variable o variables elevadas a la misma potencia. line A set of points that form a straight path that goes on forever in opposite directions. recta Conjunto de puntos que forman una trayectoria recta sin fin en direcciones oputestas. linear function A function that forms a line when graphed. función lineal una recta. line of reflection is reflected. The line over which a figure line of symmetry A line that divides a figure into two halves that are reflections of each other. line of symmetry line plot A diagram that shows the frequency of data on a number line. R50 Glossary/Glosario Función cuya gráfica es eje de reflexión La línea sobre la cual se refleja una figura. eje de simetría Recta que divide una figura en dos mitades especulares. eje de simetría esquema lineal Diagrama que muestra la frecuencia de los datos sobre una recta numérica. segmento de recta Parte de una recta que conecta dos puntos. line symmetry Figures that match exactly when folded in half have line symmetry. simetría lineal Exhiben simetría lineal las figuras que coinciden exactamente al doblarse una sobre otra. Glossary/Glosario line segment A part of a line that connects two points. Mm mean The sum of the numbers in a set of data divided by the number of pieces of data. media La suma de los números en un conjunto de datos dividida entre el número total de datos. measures of central tendency Numbers that are used to describe the center of a set of data. These measures include the mean, median, and mode. medidas de tendencia central Numéros que se usan para describir el centro de un conjunto de datos. Estas medidas incluyen la media, la mediana y la moda. median The middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order. If the data have an even number, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers. mediana Número central de un conjunto de datos, una vez que los datos han sido ordenados numéricamente. Si hay un número par de datos, la mediana es el promedio de los dos datos centrales. mode The number(s) or item(s) that appear most often in a set of data. moda Número(s) de un conjunto de datos que aparece(n) más frecuentemente. Nn negative integer A number that is less than zero. It is written with a - sign. entero negativo Número que es menor que cero y se escribe con el signo -. net A two-dimensional figure that can be used to build a three-dimensional figure. red Figura bidimensional que sirve para hacer una figura tridimensional. nonagon A polygon having nine sides. enágono Polígono que tiene nueve lados. numerical expression A combination of numbers and operations. expresión numérica Una combinación de números y operaciones. Oo obtuse angle Any angle that measures greater than 90° but less than 180°. ángulo obtuso Cualquier ángulo que mide más de 90° pero menos de 180°. Glossary/Glosario R51 Glossary/Glosario obtuse triangle A triangle having one obtuse angle. triángulo obtusángulo Triángulo que tiene un ángulo obtuso. octagon A polygon having eight sides. octágono Polígono que tiene ocho lados. odds in favor The ratio that compares the number of ways the event can occur to the ways that the event cannot occur. posibilidades a favor Razón que compara el número de maneras en que puede ocurrir un evento a las maneras en que no puede ocurrir el evento. ordered pair A pair of numbers used to locate a point on the coordinate plane. The ordered pair is written in the form (x-coordinate, y-coordinate). par ordenado Par de números que se utiliza para ubicar un punto en un plano de coordenadas. Se escribe de la forma (coordenada x, coordenada y). y y (1, 3) x 0 order of operations The rules that tell which operation to perform first when more than one operation is used. 1. Simplify the expressions inside grouping symbols, like parentheses. 2. Find the value of all powers. 3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right. 4. Add and subtract in order from left to right. origin The point of intersection of the x-axis and y-axis on a coordinate plane. 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 R52 Glossary/Glosario y 0 1 2 3x origin (1, 3) x 0 orden de las operaciones Reglas que establecen cuál operación debes realizar primero, cuando hay más de una operación involucrada. 1. Primero ejecuta todas las operaciones dentro de los símbolos de agrupamiento. 2. Evalúa todas las potencias. 3. Multiplica y divide en orden de izquierda a derecha. 4. Suma y resta en orden de izquierda a derecha. origen Punto de intersección de los ejes axiales en un plano de coordenadas. 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 y O 1 2 3x origen resultado Una consecuencia posible de un evento de probabilidad. Por ejemplo, 4 es un resultado posible al lanzar un cubo numérico. outlier A value that is much higher or much lower than the other values in a set of data. valor atípico Dato que se encuentra muy separado de los otros valores en un conjunto de datos. Pp parallel lines intersect. Lines in a plane that never rectas paralelas se intersecan. Rectas en un plano que nunca parallelogram A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and opposite sides congruent. paralelogramo Cuadrilátero cuyos lados opuestos son paralelos y congruentes. pentagon A polygon having five sides. pentágono Polígono que tiene cinco lados. percent A ratio that compares a number to 100. por ciento Razón en que se compara un número a 100. perfect square Numbers with square roots that are whole numbers. 25 is a perfect square because the square root of 25 is 5. cuadrados perfectos Números cuya raíz cuadrada es un número entero. 25 es un cuadrado perfecto porque la raíz cuadrada de 25 es 5. perimeter The distance around a figure. 3 units 5 units 4 units P = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 units perímetro La distancia alrededor de una figura. 3 unidades 5 unidades 4 unidades P = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 unidades pi The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The Greek letter π represents this number. The value of pi is always 3.1415926…. pi Razón de la circunferencia de un círculo al diámetro del mismo. La letra griega π representa este número. El valor de pi es siempre 3.1415926…. plane A flat surface that goes on forever in all directions. plano Superficie plana que se extiende infinitamente en todas direcciones. Glossary/Glosario R53 Glossary/Glosario outcome Any one of the possible results of an action. For example, 4 is an outcome when a number cube is rolled. Glossary/Glosario point An exact location in space that is represented by a dot. punto Ubicación exacta en el espacio que se representa con un marca puntual. polygon A simple closed figure formed by three or more straight line segments. polígono Figura cerrada simple formada por tres o más segmentos de recta. population The entire group of items or individuals from which the samples under consideration are taken. población El grupo total de individuos o de artículos del cual se toman las muestras bajo estudio. positive integer A number that is greater than zero. It can be written with or without a + sign. entero positivo Número que es mayor que cero y se puede escribir con o sin el signo +. powers Numbers expressed using exponents. The power 3 2 is read three to the second power, or three squared. potencias Números que se expresan usando exponentes. La potencia 3 2 se lee tres a la segunda potencia o tres al cuadrado. probability The chance that some event will happen. It is the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes. probabilidad La posibilidad de que suceda un evento. Es la razón del número de resultados favorables al número de resultados posibles. properties number. Statements that are true for any pyramid A three-dimensional figure with at least three lateral faces that are triangles and only one base. propiedades Enunciados que son verdaderos para cualquier número. pirámide Figura tridimensional con por lo menos tres caras laterales triangulares y una base. Qq quadrants The four regions in a coordinate plane separated by the x-axis and y-axis. cuadrantes Las cuatro regiones de un plano de coordenadas separadas por el eje x y el eje y. quadrilateral A closed figure having four sides and four angles. cuadrilátero Figura cerrada que tiene cuatro lados y cuatro ángulos. Rr radical sign The symbol used to indicate a nonnegative square root, √. signo radical Símbolo que se usa para indicar una raíz cuadrada no negativa, √. radius The distance from the center to any point on the circle. radio Distancia desde el centro de un círculo hasta cualquier punto del mismo. radius R54 Glossary/Glosario radio azar Los resultados ocurren aleatoriamente si cada resultado ocurre por casualidad. Por ejemplo, sacar un número en un cubo numerado ocurre al azar. range The difference between the greatest number and the least number in a set of data. rango La diferencia entre el número mayor y el número menor en un conjunto de datos. rate A ratio comparing two quantities with different kinds of units. tasa Razón que compara dos cantidades que tienen diferentes tipos de unidades. rate of change A rate that describes how one quantity changes in relation to another. A rate of change is usually expressed as a unit rate. tasa de cambio Tasa que describe cómo cambia una cantidad con respecto a otra. Por lo general, se expresa como tasa unitaria. ratio A comparison of two quantities by division. The ratio of 2 to 3 can be stated as razón Comparación de dos cantidades mediante división. La razón de 2 a 3 puede 2 . 2 out of 3, 2 to 3, 2 : 3, or _ 2 . escribirse como 2 de cada 3, 2 a 3, 2 : 3 ó _ rational number A number that can be written as a fraction. número racional Número que se puede expresar como fracción. ratio table A table with columns filled with pairs of numbers that have the same ratio. tabla de razones Tabla cuyas columnas contienen pares de números que tienen una misma razón. ray A line that has one endpoint and goes on forever in only one direction. rayo Recta con un extremo y la cual se extiende infinitamente en una sola dirección. reciprocals Any two numbers that have a recíproco 5 6 5 6 ×_ = 1, _ an d _ product of 1. Since _ 5 6 5 _ ×_ = 1, _ y 6 son producto es 1. Como _ 6 5 6 5 recíprocos. 3 6 are reciprocals. 3 5 6 5 Cualquier par de números cuyo rectangle A parallelogram having four right angles. rectángulo Paralelogramo con cuatro ángulos rectos. rectangular prism A three-dimensional figure with two parallel bases that are congruent rectangles. prisma rectangular Figura tridimensional con dos bases paralelas que son rectángulos congruentes. reflection The mirror image produced by flipping a figure over a line. reflexión Transformación en la cual una figura se voltea sobre una recta. También se conoce como simetría de espejo. y " % %' "' # $ 0 x $' #' y " % %' "' # $ 0 x $' #' Glossary/Glosario R55 Glossary/Glosario random Outcomes occur at random if each outcome occurs by chance. For example, rolling a number on a number cube occurs at random. Glossary/Glosario relation A set of ordered pairs such as (1, 3), (2, 4), and (3, 5). A relation can also be shown in a table or a graph. relación Conjunto de pares ordenados como (1, 3) , (2, 4) y (3, 5). Una relación también se puede mostrar en una tabla o una gráfica. repeating decimal A decimal whose digits repeat in groups of one or more. decimal periódico Decimal cuyos dígitos se repiten en grupos de uno o más. rhombus A parallelogram having four congruent sides. rombo Paralelogramo que tiene cuatro lados. right angle An angle that measures exactly 90°. ángulo recto Ángulo que mide exactamente 90°. right triangle A triangle having one right angle. triángulo rectángulo Triángulo que tiene un ángulo recto. rotation When a figure is rotated around a point to change the figure’s orientation with respect to that point. rotación Transformación en la cual una figura se gira alrededor de un punto fijo. y $ " " 0 y # $ x # rotational symmetry A type of symmetry a figure has if it can be rotated a certain number of degrees about its center and still look like the original. $ " " 0 # $ x # simetría rotacional Tipo de simetría que tiene una figura si se puede girar cierto número de grados en torno al centro y aún sigue viéndose como la figura original. Ss sample A randomly selected group chosen for the purpose of collecting data. R56 Glossary/Glosario muestra Grupo escogido al azar o aleatoriamente que se usa con el propósito de recoger datos. espacio muestral Conjunto de todos los resultados posibles de un experimento de probabilidad. scale The set of all possible values of a given measurement, including the least and greatest numbers in the set, separated by the intervals used. escala Conjunto de todos los valores posibles de una medida dada, incluyendo el número menor y el mayor del conjunto, separados por los intervalos usados. scale The scale gives the ratio that compares the measurements of a drawing or model to the measurements of the real object. escala Razón que compara las medidas de un dibujo o modelo a las medidas del objeto real. scale drawing A drawing that is used to represent objects that are too large or too small to be drawn at actual size. dibujo a escala Dibujo que se usa para representar objetos que son demasiado grandes o demasiado pequeños como para dibujarlos de tamaño natural. scalene triangle A triangle having no congruent sides. triángulo escaleno Triángulo sin lados congruentes. scaling To multiply or divide two related quantities by the same number. homotecia Multiplicar o dividir dos cantidades relacionadas entre un mismo número. semicircle Half of a circle. The formula for the 1 2 πr . area of a semicircle is A = _ 2 r semicírculo Medio círculo. La fórmula para 1 2 πr . el área de un semicírculo es A = _ 2 r sequence A list of numbers in a specific order, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 2, 4, 6, 8. sucesión Lista de números en un orden específico como, por ejemplo, 0, 1, 2, 3 ó 2, 4, 6, 8. similar figures Figures that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size. figuras semejantes Figuras que tienen la misma forma, pero no necesariamente el mismo tamaño. simple event outcomes. One outcome or a collection of eventos simples Un resultado o una colección de resultados. solution The value of a variable that makes an equation true. The solution of 12 = x + 7 is 5. solución Valor de la variable de una ecuación que hace verdadera la ecuación. La solución de 12 = x + 7 es 5. solve To replace a variable with a value that results in a true sentence. resolver Reemplazar una variable con un valor que resulte en un enunciado verdadero. Glossary/Glosario R57 Glossary/Glosario sample space The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment. Glossary/Glosario square A rectangle having four right angles and four congruent sides. cuadrado Rectángulo con cuatro ángulos rectos y cuatro lados congruentes. square root The factors multiplied to form perfect squares. raíz cuadrada Factores multiplicados para formar cuadrados perfectos. statistics Collecting, organizing, and interpreting data. estadística datos. stem-and-leaf plot A system where data are organized from least to greatest. The digits of the least place value usually form the leaves, and the next place-value digits form the stems. diagrama de tallo y hojas Sistema donde los datos se organizan de menor a mayor. Por lo general, los dígitos de los valores de posición menores forman las hojas y los valores de posición más altos forman los tallos. Stem 1 2 3 4 Leaf 2 4 5 1 2 3 3 9 0 4 6 7 4 | 7 = 47 Recopilar, ordenar e interpretar Tallo 1 2 3 4 Hojas 2 4 5 1 2 3 3 9 0 4 6 7 4 | 7 = 47 stems The digits of the greatest place value of data in a stem-and-leaf plot. tallo Los dígitos del mayor valor de posición de los datos en un diagrama de tallo y hojas. straight angle An angle that measures exactly 180°. ángulo llano Ángulo que mide exactamente 180°. Subtraction Property of Equality If you subtract the same number from each side of an equation, the two sides remain equal. propiedad de sustracción de la igualdad Si sustraes el mismo número de ambos lados de una ecuación, los dos lados permanecen iguales. supplementary angles Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180°. ángulos suplementarios Dos ángulos son suplementarios si la suma de sus medidas es 180°. 1 1 2 ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles. surface area The sum of the areas of all the surfaces (faces) of a three-dimensional figure. S.A. = 2h + 2w + 2hw 3 ft 5 ft 2 ∠1 y ∠2 son suplementarios. área de superficie La suma de las áreas de todas las superficies (caras) de una figura tridimensional. S.A. = 2h + 2w + 2hw 3 pies 5 pies 7 ft 7 pies S.A. = 2(7 × 3) + 2(7 × 5) + 2(3 × 5) S.A. = 2(7 × 3) + 2(7 × 5) + 2(3 × 5) = 142 square feet survey A question or set of questions designed to collect data about a specific group of people, or population. R58 Glossary/Glosario = 142 pies cuadrados encuesta Pregunta o conjunto de preguntas diseñadas para recoger datos sobre un grupo específico de personas o población. Glossary/Glosario Tt term Each number in a sequence. término Cada uno de los números de una sucesión. term Each part of an algebraic expression separated by a plus or minus sign. término Cada parte de un expresión algebraica separada por un signo más o un signo menos. terminating decimal A decimal whose division ends, or terminates. decimal terminal Decimal cuya división cesa o termina. theoretical probability The ratio of the number of ways an event can occur to the number of possible outcomes. It is based on what should happen when conducting a probability experiment. probabilidad teórica Razón del número de maneras en que puede ocurrir un evento al número de resultados posibles. Se basa en lo que debería pasar cuando se conduce un experimento probabilístico. three-dimensional figure A solid figure that has length, width, and height. figura tridimensional Figura sólida que tiene largo, ancho y alto. transformation A movement of a figure that does not change the size or shape of the figure. transformación Movimiento de una figura que no cambia el tamaño o la forma de la figura. translation The motion of moving a figure without turning it. traslación Movimiento de una figura pero sin rotarla ni voltearla. y y #' 0 # " #' "' $' x $ 0 # " "' $' x $ trapezoid A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides. trapecio Cuadrilátero con un único par de lados paralelos. tree diagram A diagram used to show the sample space. diagrama de árbol Diagrama que se usa para mostrar el número total de resultados posibles en un experimento de probabilidad. triangle A figure with three sides and three angles. triángulo Figura con tres lados y tres ángulos. Triangle Inequality Theorem The sum of the measures of any two sides of any triangle is greater than the measure of the third side. teorema de la desigualdad del triángulo En cualquier triángulo, la suma de las medidas de dos lados cualesquiera es mayor que la medida del tercer lado. Glossary/Glosario R59 Glossary/Glosario triangular prism A prism that has triangular bases. prisma triangular Prisma con bases triangulares. two-step equation An equation with two different operations. To solve a two-step equation, undo the operations in reverse of the order of operations. ecuación de dos pasos Ecuación con dos operaciones diferentes. Para resolver una ecuación de dos pasos, se anulan las operaciones en orden contrario al del orden de las operaciones. Uu unbiased sample A sample representative of the entire population. muestra no sesgada Muestra que se selecciona de modo que se representativa de la población entera. unfair game A game where there is not a chance of each player being equally likely to win. juego injusto Juego donde cada jugador no tiene la misma posibilidad de ganar. unit rate A rate that is simplified so that it has a denominator of 1. tasa unitaria Tasa simplificada para que tenga un denominador igual a 1. Vv variable A symbol, usually a letter, used to represent a number. variable Un símbolo, por lo general, una letra, que se usa para representar un número. vertex A vertex of an angle is the common endpoint of the rays forming the angle. vértice El vértice de un ángulo es el extremo común de los rayos que lo forman. vertex vértice vertical angles Opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines. Vertical angles are congruent. 1 2 ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles. R60 Glossary/Glosario ángulos opuestos por el vértice Ángulos opuestos formados por la intersección de dos rectas. Los ángulos opuestos por el vértice son congruentes. 1 2 ∠1 y ∠2 son ángulos opuestos por el vértice. 3m 4m volumen Cantidad de espacio dentro de una figura tridimensional. El volumen se mide en unidades cúbicas. 3m 4m 10 m 10 m V = 10 × 4 × 3 = 120 cubic meters Glossary/Glosario volume The amount of space inside a threedimensional figure. Volume is measured in cubic units. V = 10 × 4 × 3 = 120 metros cúbicos Xx x-axis The horizontal line of the two perpendicular number lines in a coordinate plane. x-axis 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 eje x La recta horizontal de las dos rectas numéricas perpendiculares en un plano de coordenadas. y eje x 0 1 2 3x x-coordinate The first number of an ordered pair. The x-coordinate corresponds to a number on the x-axis. 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 y 0 1 2 3x coordenada x El primer número de un par ordenado, el cual corresponde a un número en el eje x. Yy y-axis The vertical line of the two perpendicular number lines in a coordinate plane. 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 y y-axis 0 1 2 3x y-coordinate The second number of an ordered pair. The y-coordinate corresponds to a number on the y-axis. eje y La recta vertical de las dos rectas numéricas perpendiculares en un plano de coordenadas. 3 2 1 -3 -2-1 -1 -2 -3 y eje y 0 1 2 3x coordenada y El segundo número de un par ordenado, el cual corresponde a un número en el eje y. Glossary/Glosario R61 Index Aa Absolute value, 418, 419–422 Accuracy, 153, 164 Activities. See Explore Lessons; Extend Lessons Acute angle, 447 Acute triangle, 458 Addition Associative Property of, 289 checking subtraction by, 14 Commutative Property of, 289 of decimals, 7–9 of fractions, 13–15 Identity Properties of, 289 of inequalities, 406 repeated, 96 Addition equations, 314–331 modeling, 320–321 solving, 320–321, 322–326 by subtracting, 322 writing, 322–326 Addition Property of Equality, 328–329 Adjacent angles, 453 Algebra, 40, 59, 72, 114, 128, 274–278, 292, 330, 357, 471, 472, 511, 514, 557, 695 properties, 289–293 variables, 274–278 writing expressions, 282–285 Algebraic expressions, 266–309. See also Expressions evaluating, 274–275 like terms, 278 terms, 278 using Distributive Property, 297 writing, 279–281, 282–285 two-step, 283 verbal phrases as, 282–283 Algebra tiles Distributive Property, 297 equivalent expressions, 295 expressions with variables, 295 solving two-step equations, 344, 346 Analysis of circle graphs, 677 of data, 640–707 measures of central tendency, 643–660 outliers, 657, 658 R62 Index of displays, 652 of tables, 183, 232, 251, 381, 653 Angles, 441–456 acute, 447 adjacent, 453 classifying, 447, 452 classifying triangles by, 458 complementary, 452 degree of, 446 drawing, 450 exterior, 479 interior, 475 measuring, 446–450 missing measures of, 451, 453 notation for, 452 obtuse, 447 pairs of, 452 of quadrilaterals, 467, 469–470 relationships of, 451–456 right, 447 of rotation, 504 on spinners, 712 straight, 447 supplementary, 452 in triangles, 457, 458 vertex of, 446 Annexing zeros, 8, 33, 39 Area, 522–539 of circles, 547, 548–552 of composite figures, 561–565 of irregular figures, 559–560 of parallelograms, 522–527 of semicircles, 549 of trapezoids, 535–539 of triangles, 528, 529–534 Are You Ready for the Chapter?, 24, 88, 146, 198, 268, 312, 364, 440, 520, 596, 642, 710 Arithmetic sequences, 377–378 Assessment. See Check Your Progress; Mid-Chapter Check; Practice Chapter Test; Prerequisite Skills; Quick Check; Quick Review; Spiral Review; Standardized Test Practice; Test Practice Associative Property of Addition, 289 of Multiplication, 289 Average, 644. See also mean Bb Back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot, 667 Balanced equation, 321 Bar diagrams, 178–179 Bar graph, 19–21, 682 double, 21 Base of exponents, 62 of a parallelogram, 522–524 of prisms, 599 of a triangular prism, 599 Biased samples, 748–749 Big Ideas, 22, 86, 144, 196, 266, 310, 362, 438, 518, 594, 640, 708 Box-and-whisker plots, 655–656 Cc Calculator, 609 Careers bicycle designer, 486 cosmetics chemists, 186 interior designer, 630 landscape architect, 582 marine biologist, 696 meteorologist, 416 pastry chef, 134 pediatricians, 752 sound engineer, 352 special effects animators, 254 sports equipment designers, 76 water slide engineers, 300 Categorical data, 661 Center, 541 Central tendency. See Measures of central tendency Challenge. See H.O.T. Problems Chapter Test. See Practice Chapter Test Check for Reasonableness, 67, 211, 453, 677, 739 Check Your Progress, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 32, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 50, 56, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 92, 93, 98, 99, 106, 107, 112, 113, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 150, 151, 158, 159, 163, 165, 174, 175, 201, 204, 205, 211, 214, 215, 218, Choose a Major. See Careers Circle graphs, 674–675, 676–680, 682 analyzing, 677 sketching, 676 Circles, 540–552 area of, 547, 548–552 center, 541 circumference, 540, 541–546 diameter, 541–543 fraction, 447 radius, 541–543 surface area of, 626–629 volume of, 626–629 Compound events, 733 Concept Summary inequalities, 396 multiple representations of functions, 388 problem solving strategies, 5 statistical displays, 682 using mean, median, mode, 657 Cones, 612, 613–616 Congruence, 442 of figures, 480–485, 491, 529 of line segments, 442 of polygons, 480–485 in translations, 492 Conjectures, making, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 48, 55, 91, 97, 105, 119, 125, 148, 157, 209, 222, 228, 242, 247, 280, 289, 294, 295, 321, 334, 339, 372, 395, 451, 457, 467, 480, 522, 528, 529, 535, 540, 568, 576, 597, 598, 602, 607, 620, 643, 649, 656, 687, 717, 724, 725, 732, 737, 748 Conversions. See also Customary units; Metric units Coordinate graph. See Coordinate plane Circumference, 540, 541–546 estimation of, 542 Coordinate grid. See Coordinate plane Clockwise, 491 Coordinate plane, 366, 367, 418–427 graphing ordered pairs in, 424 rotations in, 490 Closed figure, 474 Coefficient, 335 Commutative Property of Addition, 289 of Multiplication, 99, 289 Comparing and ordering numbers customary units, 17 decimals, 234–235, 236–241 fractions, 227–228, 229–233 metric units, 17 mixed numbers, 229–230 percents, 234–235, 236–241 using number lines, 227–228, 238 Compatible numbers, 42, 92 Complementary angles, 452 Complementary events, 713 Complex figures. See Composite figures Composite figures, 554–567, 625–629 area of, 561–565 perimeter of, 554–558 Corresponding sides, 481 Counterclockwise, 491 Counterexample, 293 Cross-curricular connections anatomy, 112 archaeology, 605 architecture, 532, 582–583 art, 68, 138, 179, 306, 462, 472, 498, 500, 524, 532, 550, 622, 635, 771, 773 astronomy, 26, 114, 206 atmospheric science, 416–417 biology, 220 chemistry, 186–187 geography, 58, 73, 253, 268, 426, 536, 537, 619, 646, 684 geology, 72, 578 health, 769 history, 605 language arts, 765, 767, 769, 771 life science, 224, 678 marine biology, 696–697 music, 24, 75, 100, 109, 111, 146, 158, 200, 226, 276, 323, 326, 337, 352–353, 374, 404, 415, 544, 644, 645, 659, 678, 721 physical education, 108, 769 physics, 81 science, 12, 27, 52, 68, 91, 132, 358, 373, 401, 421, 609, 664, 695, 700, 765, 767, 771, 773 social studies, 330, 767, 773 sports, 68, 108, 161, 179, 214, 217, 249, 260, 320, 695, 745, 756 weather, 15, 43, 94, 100, 116, 216, 350, 358, 643, 651, 659, 661, 662 Cubic units, 569 Cumulative frequency, 664 Customary units, 17 Cylinders nets of, 620 surface area of, 618–624 volume of, 607, 608–611 Dd Data, 644. See also Data analysis; Data collection analyzing, 640–707 categorical, 661 collecting, 743–751 to solve a problem, 686–687 describing, 365 interpreting, 668 Data analysis. See Data; Data collection; Graphs; Statistics; Tables Data collection. See Data; Data analysis Data displays, 661–672 back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot, 666 bar graphs, 19–21, 682 circle graphs, 674–675, 676–680, 682 frequency tables, 661–665, 682 histograms, 668–672 selecting an appropriate display, 681–685 stem-and-leaf plots, 666–667, 682 Decagon, 474 Decimals, 22–85, 200–207 adding, 7–9 annexing zeros, 8 comparing and ordering, 234–235, 236–241 Index R63 Index 219, 222, 223, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238, 243, 249, 270, 271, 275, 283, 290, 291, 296, 297, 315, 323, 324, 329, 335, 336, 341, 347, 348, 367, 368, 373, 374, 377, 378, 379, 383, 384, 389, 390, 396, 397, 402, 403, 408, 409, 412, 413, 419, 420, 424, 441, 442, 443, 447, 451, 452, 453, 458, 459, 460, 469, 470, 475, 476, 481, 482, 490, 491, 492, 496, 497, 498, 503, 504, 523, 524, 530, 531, 536, 542, 543, 548, 549, 554, 555, 556, 561, 562, 571, 578, 599, 603, 604, 608, 609, 613, 614, 622, 626, 627, 645, 650, 651, 657, 658, 661, 662, 668, 669, 676, 677, 681, 682, 689, 690, 712, 713, 719, 720, 726, 727, 734, 739 Index dividing, 42–60 by decimals, 54–55, 56–60 by estimation, 42–46 by whole numbers, 47–48, 49–53 as fractions, 200–203 fractions as, 204–207 as mixed numbers, 201 mixed numbers as, 205 multiplying, 25–41 by decimals, 36–37, 38–41 by estimation, 25–29 by whole numbers, 30–31, 32–35 as percents, 219, 223 percents as, 218, 222 repeating, 207 rounding, 25–26 subtracting, 7–9, 33 terminating, 207 Decomposing figures, 570 Defining the variable, 282 Degree, 446 Denominator, least common, 229 Dependent events, 732–742 Diagnose readiness. See Prerequisite Skills Diagonals, 475 Diameter, 541–543 Difference. See Subtraction Dilations, 507 Distribution, 668 Distributive Property, 294–295, 296–299 Division equations, 333–343 solving, 340–343 writing, 340–343 671, 675, 679, 685, 693, 715, 722, 725, 729, 736, 741, 746, 749. See also H.O.T. Problems Division Property of Equality, 336 Estimation, 544, 545, 573, 579 of circumference, 542 dividing decimals, 42–46 multiplying decimals, 25–29 multiplying fractions, 92–95 of percents, 243–247 of products, 25–29, 92–95 of quotients, 42–46 Divisors, 42 Double bar graph, 21 Drawing angles, 450 scale, 177 Ee Equality, Properties of Addition, 328–329 Division, 336 Equals sign, 314 Equations, 310–361. See also Two-step equations addition, 314–331 balanced, 321 division, 333–343 linear, 384 modeling, 320–321 multiplication, 333–343, 545 solving, 320–321, 322–326, 328–331, 335–338, 340–343, 346–351 mentally, 315 subtraction, 314–331 two-step, 344–351 writing, 322–326, 335–338, 340–343, 346–351 to represent functions, 383 Dividends rounding, 42 zeros in, 57 Equilateral triangle, 459 Division compatible numbers, 42 of decimals, 42–60 by decimals, 54–55, 56–60 by estimation, 42–46 by whole numbers, 47–48, 49–53 of fractions, 117–133 by fractions, 124–125, 126–129 by mixed numbers, 131 mixed numbers by, 130 by whole numbers, 117–119 whole numbers by, 120–123 of groups by ratios, 151 of inequalities, 408 of mixed numbers, 130–133, 526 of money, 50 of powers, 70–73 Equivalent ratios, 163–164, 173–177 of larger quantities, 163 of smaller quantities, 164 R64 Index Equivalent expressions, 289–290 Equivalent fractions, 175, 231 Essential Questions, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 103, 109, 115, 123, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184, 199, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 251, 253, 273, 277, 285, 287, 293, 295, 299, 317, 318, 326, 331, 338, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 370, 376, 381, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 464, 472, 478, 485, 489, 495, 501, 506, 507, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574, 580, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 648, 653, 660, 665, 666, Evaluate algebraic expressions, 274–275 Events. See also Probability complementary, 713 compound, 733 dependent, 732–742 independent, 732–742 simple, 711–712 Experimental probability, 717–718 Explore Lessons. See also Extend Lessons Absolute Value, 418 Addition Equations, 320–321 Angles in Quadrilaterals, 467 Angles in Triangles, 457 Area of Circles, 547 Area of Irregular Figures, 559–560 Area of Triangles, 528 Circle Graphs, 674–675 Circumference, 540 Compare Fractions, 227–228 Composite Shapes, 620 The Distributive Property, 294–295 Divide by Decimals, 54–55 Divide by Fractions, 117–119 Divide Decimals by Whole Numbers, 47–48 Divide Fractions, 124–125 Division Equations, 339 Find Fractional Parts, 242 Find Percent of a Number, 247 Find the Mean, 643 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents on a Number Line, 234–235 Function Machines, 371–372 Model Percents, 208–209 Multiplication Equations, 333–334 Multiply Decimals, 36–37 Multiply Decimals by Whole Numbers, 30–31 Multiply Fractions, 104–105 Multiply Fractions and Whole Numbers, 96–97 Exponents, 62–65, 271 base, 62 perfect square, 65 powers, 62 Expressions. See also Algebraic expressions; Numerical expressions with absolute value, 420 equivalent, 289–290 numerical, 270–273 simplifying, 604 writing, 282–285 Extend Lessons. See also Explore Lessons Box-and-Whisker Plots, 655–656 Collect Data to Solve a Problem, 686–687 Dilations, 507 Experimental and Theoretical Probability, 717–718 Fair and Unfair, 724–725 Graphing Technology: Ratio Tables, 169 Spreadsheets and Mean, 649 Stem-and-Leaf Plots, 666–667 Unbiased and Biased Samples, 748–749 Exterior angle, 479 Extra Practice, EP2–EP36 Extreme values. See Outliers Ff Factors, 107, 199 greatest common, 10–12, 127, 151 Fair game, 724–725 Figures closed, 474 composite, 554–567, 624–669 congruent, 480–485, 491, 529 decomposing, 570 identifying, 441 irregular, 559–560 similar, 480–485 simple, 474 three-dimensional, 569, 575–576, 625–669 Financial literacy, 251, 276, 291, 349, 368, 551, 647, 664 allowances, 5, 340 budget, 257, 414 business, 689 coins, 549, 734 currency, 45 discount, 192, 213 donations, 75, 148, 149, 281 fundraising, 15, 131, 160, 174, 191, 234, 268, 367, 389, 683 income, 290, 305, 355 marketing, 690, 695 minimum wage, 82 money, 6, 9, 26, 27, 28, 33, 44, 47, 50, 68, 80, 81, 89, 91, 103, 107, 137, 165, 166, 171, 172, 190, 217, 220, 223, 253, 259, 313, 316, 325, 343, 344, 356, 380, 388, 392, 401, 419, 421, 427, 431, 432, 673, 695, 702, 738, 740, 751, 757 profit, 26, 44, 405 sales, 172, 410, 413, 688, 726 sales tax, 250 savings, 45, 72, 176, 185, 260, 333, 427, 434 shopping, 24, 73, 75, 189, 239, 250, 271, 320, 327, 330, 339, 343, 374, 384, 465 stocks, 202 taxes, 253, 277 Find the Error. See H.O.T. Problems Foldables® Study Organizer algebraic expressions, 266 analyze data and graphs, 640 equations, 310 fractions, decimals, and percents, 196 functions, inequalities, and integers, 362 multiply and divide decimals, 22 multiply and divide fractions, 86 perimeter, area, and volume, 518 probability, 708 properties of triangles and quadrilaterals, 438 ratios and rates, 144 volume and surface area, 594 Formulas. See also Measurement; Rates area of a circle, 548 of a parallelogram, 523 of a semicircle, 549 of a trapezoid, 535 of a triangle, 529 perimeter of a rectangle, 554 surface area of composite figures, 627 of a cylinder, 621 volume of composite figures, 626 of a cone, 613 of a cylinder, 608 of a pyramid, 603 of a triangular prism, 598 Four-step plan for problem-solving, 4–6 Fractional parts, 242 Fraction circles, 447 Fractions, 86–143, 200–207. See also Rational numbers adding, 13–15 comparing and ordering, 227–228, 229–233 with decimals, 234–235, 236–241 with mixed numbers, 229–230 with percents, 234–235, 236–241 as decimals, 204–207 decimals as, 200–203 dividing, 117–133 by fractions, 124–125, 126–129 by mixed numbers, 131 mixed numbers by, 130 by whole numbers, 117–119 whole numbers by, 120–123 equivalent, 175, 231 multiplying, 104–115, 734 by estimation, 92–95 by mixed numbers, 112–115 simplifying before, 107 by whole numbers, 90–103 Index R65 Index Multiply Whole Numbers and Mixed Numbers, 111 Part of a Number, 90–91 Probability of Dependent Events, 737 Probability of Independent Events, 732 Ratio and Rate Problems, 178–179 Ratios, 148–149 Solve Inequalities, 406 Solve Inequalities Using Models, 395 Subtraction Equations, 327 Surface Area of Cylinders, 620 Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms, 575–576 Transformations, 488–489 Two-Step Equations, 344–345 Unit Rates, 156–157 Volume of Cones, 612 Volume of Cylinders, 607 Volume of Prisms, 597 Volume of Pyramids, 602 Volume of Rectangular Prisms, 568 Write Expressions, 279–281 Index as percents, 214–217 percents as, 210–213, 222 rounding, 93 simplest form of, 201 subtracting, 13–15 unlike, 13–14 Frequency cumulative, 664 distribution, 668 Frequency tables, 661–665, 682 intervals, 662 scale of, 662 Function machines, 371–372 Function rule, 373, 377–382 finding, 378–379 Functions, 366–393 graphs of, 390, 392 linear, 383–387 multiple representations of, 388–393 writing an equation to represent, 383 Function tables, 373–376 finding a rule for, 379 input value, 374 output value, 373 Fundamental Counting Principle, 726–730 Gg 621, 625, 626, 643, 644, 649, 650, 655, 657, 661, 666, 668, 674, 676, 681, 686, 688, 711, 717, 719, 724, 726, 732, 733, 737, 738, 743, 748 Glossary, R42–R61 Graphic Novel, 23, 28, 59, 87, 94, 132, 145, 154, 176, 197, 240, 245, 267, 277, 298, 311, 325, 342, 363, 392, 410, 439, 519, 551, 564, 595, 610, 623, 641, 647, 653, 709, 715, 741 Graphs bar, 19–21, 682 circle, 674–675, 676–680, 682 double bar, 21 finding rate of change from, 162 of functions, 390, 392 of inequalities, 402–405, 422 of integers, 420 line, 19–21, 682 of linear functions, 384, 387 misleading, 688–693 of ordered pairs, 367, 424 of ratio tables, 169 of relations, 366–370 selecting appropriate, 20 of translations, 490–491 Greatest common factor (GCF), 10–12, 127, 151 using prime numbers, 11 Hh Games. See Fair game; Unfair game GCF. See Greatest common factor (GCF) Height, 522–524 Geometric sequence, 379 Hexagon, 474 Geometry, 171, 172, 275, 277, 287, 292, 380, 426, 465, 477, 494, 500, 567, 590, 600, 715 Histograms, 668–672 Get Connected, 25, 30, 32, 36, 38, 42, 47, 49, 54, 56, 62, 66, 70, 90, 92, 96, 98, 104, 106, 111, 112, 117, 120, 124, 126, 130, 148, 150, 156, 158, 163, 169, 173, 178, 180, 200, 204, 208, 210, 214, 218, 222, 227, 229, 234, 236, 242, 243, 247, 248, 270, 274, 279, 282, 289, 294, 296, 314, 320, 322, 327, 328, 333, 335, 339, 340, 344, 346, 366, 371, 373, 377, 383, 388, 395, 396, 402, 406, 407, 412, 418, 419, 423, 441, 446, 451, 457, 458, 467, 468, 474, 480, 488, 490, 496, 502, 507, 522, 528, 529, 535, 540, 541, 547, 548, 554, 559, 561, 568, 569, 575, 577, 597, 598, 602, 603, 607, 608, 612, 613, 620, R66 Index Heptagon, 474 H.O.T. Problems Challenge, 29, 35, 41, 45, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 109, 115, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 177, 184, 203, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 241, 246, 251, 273, 277, 285, 293, 299, 317, 326, 338, 350, 370, 376, 393, 399, 405, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 472, 478, 485, 495, 501, 527, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 564, 574, 580, 601, 606, 624, 648, 653, 660, 685, 693, 715, 722, 736, 741, 746 Essential Questions, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 103, 109, 115, 123, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184, 199, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 251, 253, 273, 277, 285, 287, 293, 295, 299, 317, 318, 326, 331, 338, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 370, 376, 381, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 464, 472, 478, 485, 489, 495, 501, 506, 507, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574, 580, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 648, 653, 660, 665, 666, 671, 675, 679, 685, 693, 715, 722, 725, 729, 736, 741, 746, 749 Find the Error, 9, 15, 53, 69, 101, 123, 161, 184, 203, 225, 273, 285, 331, 350, 376, 405, 478, 506, 533, 574, 606, 616, 665, 679, 736, 746 Number Sense, 41, 45, 73, 109, 115, 168, 171, 246, 251, 293, 319, 619, 629, 729, 751 Open Ended, 29, 35, 41, 45, 64, 101, 115, 129, 133, 155, 184, 207, 213, 221, 233, 251, 277, 293, 299, 317, 326, 343, 350, 370, 381, 399, 411, 427, 445, 455, 462, 472, 478, 485, 501, 527, 538, 545, 558, 601, 611, 616, 629, 648, 671, 729, 741, 746 Reasoning, 35, 41, 45, 53, 69, 73, 95, 109, 129, 184, 317, 343, 350, 393, 445, 449, 455, 495, 527, 551, 580, 611, 624, 648, 653, 660, 671, 685 Which One Doesn’t Belong?, 60, 133, 217, 338, 415, 422 Write Math, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 53, 60, 64, 69, 73, 95, 101, 103, 109, 115, 123, 129, 133, 155, 161, 168, 171, 177, 178, 184, 199, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 235, 241, 246, 247, 251, 253, 273, 277, 285, 287, 293, 295, 299, 317, 318, 326, 331, 338, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 370, 376, 381, 393, 399, 401, 405, 406, 411, 415, 422, 427, 445, 449, 455, 462, 464, 472, 478, 485, 489, 495, 501, 506, 507, 533, 538, 545, 551, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574, 580, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 648, 653, 660, 665, 666, 671, 675, 679, 685, 693, 715, 722, 725, 729, 736, 741, 746, 749 Identity Properties of Addition, 289–290 of Multiplication, 289–290 Image, 490 Independent events, 732–742 Inequalities, 395–415. See also One-step inequalities; Two-step inequalities addition, 406 division, 408 graphing, 402–405, 422 multiplication, 408 solutions of, 396–397 solving, 406 one-step, 407–411 two-step, 412–415 using models, 395 subtraction, 406 symbol for, 396 two-step, 412–415 writing, 402–405 Input value, 371–372, 374. See also Functions Integers, 418–427 graphing, 420 negative, 419 positive, 419 Interior angle, 475–476 Interpolating from data. See Predictions, making Intersecting lines, 442–443 Interval, 662 Inverse operations, 335 Investigations. See Explore Lessons; Extend Lessons; Problem-Solving Investigations Irregular figures, 559–560. See also Composite figures Isosceles triangle, 459 Kk Key Concept, 78, 136, 188, 256, 302, 354, 428, 508, 584, 632, 698, 754 absolute value, 420 addition and subtraction properties, 407 Addition Property of Equality, 328–329 add or subtract unlike fractions, 13 angles, 447 angles of a quadrilateral, 469 area of a circle, 548 area of a parallelogram, 523 area of a trapezoid, 535 area of a triangle, 529 circumference, 542 classifying quadrilaterals, 468 classify triangles using angles, 458 classify triangles using sides, 459 compare two fractions, 229 congruent, 442 decimals as percents, 219 Distributive Property, 296 divide fractions, 121, 126 Division Property of Equality, 336 fractions-decimals-percents, 237 Fundamental Counting Principal, 726–730 interior angle sum of a polygon, 476 mean, 644 median and mode, 650 multiplication and division properties, 408 Multiplicative Property of Zero, 293 multiply fractions and whole numbers, 98 multiplying fractions, 106 multiply mixed numbers, 112 order of operations, 270 pairs of angles, 452 pairs of lines, 442 percent, 210 percents as decimals, 218 perimeter of rectangles, 554 probability, 711 probability of dependent events, 738 probability of independent events, 733 properties, 289 radius and diameter, 541 reflection, 497 rotations in the coordinate plane, 490 round decimals, 25 solve two-step equations, 347 Subtraction Property of Equality, 323 sum of angle measures in a triangle, 460 surface area of a cylinder, 621 surface area of a rectangular prism, 577 translations, 491 volume of a cone, 613 volume of a cylinder, 608 volume of a pyramid, 603 volume of a triangular prism, 598 volume of rectangular prism, 569 Index Ii Ll LCD. See Least common denominator (LCD) LCM. See Least common multiple (LCM) Least common denominator (LCD), 229 Least common multiple (LCM), 10–12, 230 Leaves, 666. See also Stem-and-leaf plots Like terms, 278 Linear equations, 384. See also Equations Linear functions, 383–387. See also Functions graphing, 384, 387 Line graphs, 19–21, 682 Line plot, 682 Lines, 441–456. See also Functions; Linear equations; Linear functions; Line graphs; Line plot; Line segments classifying pairs of, 443 intersecting, 442–443 parallel, 442–443 perpendicular, 442–443 of reflection, 496–497 of symmetry, 498 Line segments, 441 congruence of, 442 notation for, 459 Line symmetry, 498 Log, 687 Mm Machines, function, 371–372 Magnifications. See Dilations Manipulatives. See Algebra tiles Math in the Media, 40, 59, 114, 122, 184, 232, 350, 449, 500, 527, 545, 605, 721 Mean, 643, 644–648, 649 Index R67 Index choosing an appropriate measure, 657–658 spreadsheets and, 649 Measurement, 9, 16–18, 34, 39, 40, 52, 58, 59, 69, 79, 93, 110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 127, 128, 132, 232, 337, 369, 393, 429, 539, 552. See also Area; Customary units; Metric units; Volume; Temperature of angles, 446–450 customary units, 16 metric units, 17 precise, 624 Measures of central tendency, 643–660 box-and-whisker plots, 655–656 choosing an appropriate measure, 657–660 mean, 643, 644–648, 649 median, 650–654 mode, 650–654 range, 650–654 Media. See Math in the Media Median, 650–654 choosing an appropriate measure, 657–658 Mental math, 42, 65, 71, 117, 201, 291, 296, 315, 530, 536 Metric units, 17 Mid-Chapter Check, 61, 116, 172, 226, 288, 332, 394, 466, 553, 617, 673, 731 Misleading statistics, 688–693 Missing measures of angles, 451, 453 to find perimeter, 556 of a parallelogram, 524 of quadrilaterals, 470 of rectangular prisms, 571 of triangles, 460, 531 Mixed numbers comparing and ordering, 229–230 as decimals, 205 decimals as, 201 dividing, 130–133, 526 by fractions, 130 fractions by, 131 by whole numbers, 117–119 whole numbers by, 120–123 multiplying, 112–115 whole numbers by, 111 Mixed Problem-Solving, 75, 103, 171, 253, 287, 319, 401, 465, 567, 619, 695, 751 R68 Index Mode, 650–654 choosing an appropriate measure, 657–658 Models. See also Algebra tiles percents, 208–209 to solve inequalities, 395 More About angles, 450, 456 decimals, 207 equivalent ratios, 177 exponents, 65 graphing, 387 integers and absolute value, 422 polygons, 479 probability, 716 properties, 293 rates, 162 surface area, 624 triangles, 463 variables and expressions, 278 Multiple Representations, 109, 161, 212, 284, 330, 350, 369, 478, 480, 526, 533, 547, 615, 647, 729 of functions, 388–393 Multiples, 11, 199 least common, 10–12, 230 Multiplication annexing zeros, 33, 39 Associative Property of, 289 Commutative Property of, 99, 289 compatible numbers, 92 of decimals, 25–41 by decimals, 36–37, 38–41 by estimation, 25–29 by whole numbers, 30–31, 32–35 Distributive Property, 294–295, 296–299 of fractions, 104–115, 734 by estimation, 92–95 by mixed numbers, 112–115 simplifying before, 107 by whole numbers, 90–103 Identity Properties of, 289 of inequalities, 408 inverse operations, 335 of mixed numbers, 112–115 by whole numbers, 111 of powers, 66–69 scaling, 164–165 symbol for, 275 Multiplication equations, 333–343, 545 solving, 335–338 writing, 335–338 Multiplicative Property of Zero, 293 Nn Negative integers, 419 Nets, 575–576 of a cylinder, 620 making from a drawing, 576 of prisms, 575 Nonagon, 474 Nonlinear functions. See Functions Notation absolute value, 420 identifying polygons, 481 line segments, 459 measure of angle, 452 probability, 712, 722 segments, 482 Note taking, 521. See also Foldables® Study Organizer Number lines comparing fractions, decimals, percents using, 238 comparing fractions using, 227–228 Numbers. See also Whole numbers compatible, 42, 92 part of, 90–91 percent of, 247, 248–251 prime, 11 rational, 200 whole dividing, 47–48, 49–53 multiplying, 30–31, 32–35 Number Sense. See H.O.T. Problems Number theory, 171 Numerical expressions, 270–273. See also Expressions order of operations, 270–271 Oo Obtuse angle, 447 Obtuse triangle, 458 Octagon, 474 Odds in favor, 716 One-step inequalities, 407–411. See also Inequalities Open Ended. See H.O.T. Problems Operations inverse, 335 order of, 270–271, 347 Pi (π), 542–543, 549, 621–622, 624 measurement, 16–18 plan for problem-solving, 4–6 Planes, 441–445 coordinate, 366, 418–427, 490 Prime factorization, 11 Order of operations, 270–271, 347 Ordinate. See y-coordinate Points, 441–445 Origin, 366 rotations about, 491 Polygons, 467–485 classifying, 475 decagon, 474 exterior angles of, 479 heptagon, 474 hexagon, 474 interior angle of, 475–476 interior angle sum of, 475–476 nonagon, 474 octagon, 474 pentagon, 474 properties of, 474–479 quadrilaterals, 467, 468–473 similar and congruent, 480–485 Prisms base of, 599 nets of, 575 triangular, 598–601 volume of, 597, 599 Outcomes, 711–712, 720. See also Probability finding the number of, 726–727 odds in favor of, 716 random, 712 Outliers, 657, 658 Output value, 371–372, 373, 374. See also Functions Pp Pairs of angles, 452 ordered, 366–367, 424 Parallel lines, 442–443 Parallelogram area of, 522–527 base of, 522–524 height of, 522–524 missing measures of, 524 Parentheses, 271 Parts. See also Percents comparing to whole, 151 fractional, 242 of a number, 90–91 Pascal’s Triangle, 171 Patterns, 170–171 Pentagon, 474 Percents, 208–225 applying, 242–253 comparing and ordering, 234–235, 236–241 as decimals, 218, 222 decimals as, 219, 223 estimating with, 243–247 as fractions, 210–213, 222 fractions as, 214–217 greater than 100%, 222–225 less than 1%, 222–225 modeling, 208–209 of a number, 247, 248–251 Perfect square, 65 Perimeter of composite figures, 554–558 missing measures to find, 556 of rectangles, 554 Perpendicular lines, 442–443, 522 Population, 743 samples of, 743, 748–749 Positive exponents. See exponents. Positive integers, 419 Powers, 62. See also Powers of 10 as products, 63 products as, 62 Powers of 10, 62–75. See also Powers dividing by, 70–73 greater than 1, 70–71 less than 1, 71 exponents, 62–65 multiplying by, 66–69 greater than 1, 66–67 less than 1, 67 Practice Chapter Test, 82, 140, 192, 262, 306, 358, 434, 514, 590, 636, 704, 758 Precise measurement, 624 Predictions, making, 540, 724, 725, 743–747 using ratios, 744 Preparing for Standardized Tests, 83, 141, 193, 263, 307, 359, 435, 515, 591, 637, 705, 759. See also Standardized Test Practice Prerequisite Skills. See also Are You Ready for the Chapter?; Quick Review add and subtract decimals, 7–9 add and subtract fractions, 13–15 bar graphs, 19–21 greatest common factor, 10–12 least common multiples, 10–12 line graphs, 19–21 Index Ordered pair, 366–367 graphing, 367, 424 identifying, 424 Prime numbers, 11, 491 Probability, 708–761 complementary events, 713 compound events, 733 dependent events, 732–742 experimental, 717–718 fair game, 724–725 independent events, 732–742 notation for, 712 outcomes, 711–712, 716, 720, 726–727 predictions, making, 743–747 random outcomes, 712 sample spaces, 719–723 simple event, 711–712 theoretical, 717–718 unfair game, 724–725 using a tree diagram to find, 720 Problem-solving. See also Conjectures, making; Mixed Problem-Solving; Problem-Solving Investigations; Problem-Solving Projects; Real-World Examples in atmospheric science, 416–417 in bicycle design, 486–487 in chemistry, 186–187 collecting data for, 686–687 in culinary arts, 134–135 in design, 76–77, 630–631 in engineering, 300–301 four-step plan for, 4–6 in landscape architecture, 582–583 in marine biology, 696–697 in medicine, 752–753 in movies, 254–255 in music, 352–353 strategies for, 5 Problem-Solving Investigations. See also Problem-solving; ProblemSolving Projects Act It Out, 286–287, 750–751 Draw a Diagram, 102–103, 464–465, 618–619 Guess, Check, and Revise, 400–401 Look for a Pattern, 170–171 Make a Model, 566–567 Reasonable Answers, 74–75 Solve a Simpler Problem, 252–253 Index R69 Index Use Logical Reasoning, 694–695 Word Backward, 318–319 Problem-Solving Projects, 762–773. See also Problem-solving; Problem-Solving Investigations Products. See also Multiplication computing mentally, 296 estimating, 25–29, 92–95 as powers, 62 powers as, 63 Properties, 289–299 of algebra, 289–293 Associative of Addition, 289 of Multiplication, 289 Commutative of Addition, 289 of Multiplication, 99, 289 Distributive, 294–295, 296–299 of Equality Addition, 328–329 Division, 336 Multiplicative of Zero, 293 of polygons, 474–479 of quadrilaterals, 438–517 of triangles, 438–517 Proportions, 174 Protractor, 450 Pyramids, 602, 603 Qq Quadrants, 423 Quadratic functions. See Functions Quadrilaterals angles of, 467, 469–470 classifying, 468–469 missing measures of, 470 parallelogram, 468, 522–527 properties of, 438–517 rectangle, 468, 554 rhombus, 468 square, 468 trapezoid, 468, 535–539 Quantitative reasoning. See Number Sense Quick Check, 24, 88, 146, 198, 268, 312, 364, 440, 520, 596, 642, 710 Quick Review, 24, 88, 146, 198, 268, 312, 364, 440, 520, 596, 642, 710 almost equal to, 622 dividing mixed numbers, 526 exponents, 271 R70 Index factor, 10, 107 graphs of functions, 390 greatest common factor (GCF), 127, 151 least common multiples, 230 multiples, 11 multiplication equations, 545 multiply fractions, 734 order of operations, 347 prime factorization, 11 prime number, 11 rounding fractions, 93 subtracting decimals, 33 Quotients. See also Division estimating, 42–46 zeros in, 57 Rr Radical sign, 65 Radius, 541–543 Random outcomes, 712 Range, 650–654 Rate of change, 162. See also Unit rates Rates, 148–162. See also Rate of change problems, 178–179, 182 unit, 156–157, 158–159, 174 Rating scales, 686 Rational numbers, 200. See also Fractions; Percents Ratios, 148–162 dividing groups by, 151 equivalent, 163–164, 173–177 problems, 178–179, 180–181 simplest form, 150 unit rates, 156–157, 158–159, 174 using to compare parts to a whole, 151 using to make predictions, 744 Ratio tables, 163–171 graphing, 169 Rays, 441 Reading Math everyday meaning, 199 meaning of division, 269 Read Math absolute value, 420 area measurement, 523 clockwise, 503 composite figures, 555 counterclockwise, 503 diagonals, 475 division with fractions, 121 identifying polygons, 481 less than, 283 linear, 384 multiplication, 297 notation, 452 outcomes, 720 outliers, 658 perpendicular, 522 powers, 62 prime symbols, 491 probability, 712, 722 range, 651 remainder, 6 segments, 459, 482 symbols, 542 triangles, 460 volume measurement, 570 Real-World Examples animals, 19, 99, 223, 324 area, 291 art, 622 attendance, 238 balloons, 397 basketball, 215, 290 billiards, 460 birthday, 409 camp, 5, 121 cars, 39 cell phones, 645 coins, 549 crops, 219 dogs, 26 dragonflies, 159 driving, 403 entertainment, 348 exercise, 413 eye color, 713 flags, 524 fundraiser, 367, 389 garden, 555 gas mileage, 182 geography, 536 geology, 578 geometry, 275 growth, 384 heart rates, 159 ice cream, 614 insects, 205 internet, 57 jewelry, 297 lakes, 63 landmarks, 542 lawn mowing, 107 mail, 50 markers, 151 marketing, 682 measurement, 93 money, 165 movie rentals, 211 music, 158, 323, 374 Real-World Links, 5, 9, 15, 18, 20, 39, 43, 45, 51, 58, 63, 67, 71, 72, 99, 108, 113, 121, 127, 131, 151, 159, 161, 164, 165, 175, 181, 182, 183, 201, 205, 216, 219, 224, 237, 238, 244, 249, 271, 283, 290, 315, 324, 329, 336, 341, 348, 350, 368, 374, 381, 384, 389, 390, 397, 403, 404, 421, 426, 442, 459, 472, 478, 484, 494, 500, 544, 562, 571, 573, 578, 599, 605, 614, 615, 622, 658, 682, 684, 690, 727, 729, 744 Real-World Math, 77, 135, 187, 255, 301, 353, 417, 487, 583, 631, 697, 753 Reasonableness, checking for, 67, 211, 453, 677, 739 Reasoning. See H.O.T. Problems Reciprocals, 120–121 Rectangles, 468 perimeter of, 554 Rectangular prisms, 569 missing measures of, 571 surface area of, 575–576, 577–581 volume of, 568, 569–574 Reflections, 496–501 lines of, 496–497 over the x-axis, 496 over the y-axis, 497 Relations, 366–393 graphing, 366–370 Relationships of angles, 451–456 Repeating decimal, 207 Research, 472, 560 Review. See Check Your Progress; Prerequisite Skills; Review Vocabulary; Spiral Review; Standardized Test Practice; Study Guide and Review Review Vocabulary, 22, 86, 144, 196, 266, 310, 362, 438, 518, 594, 640, 708 Rhombus, 468 Index nuts, 127 oceans, 231 Olympics, 7 packaging, 571 pandas, 131 party planning, 10 pets, 661 photography, 481 pizza, 727 polar bears, 244 pools, 562 rain forests, 20 ramp, 599 roads, 443 sand sculpture, 604 school supplies, 26 scrapbooking, 368 shells, 201 shopping, 271, 283, 336 signs, 470 skating, 315 snow, 504 snowboarding, 390 space flight, 329 sports, 249 statues, 71 surveys, 14 tents, 531 text messaging, 181, 662 toothpaste, 180 trail mix, 33 trash can, 609 trunks, 627 turtles, 43 video games, 51, 67 waterfall, 16 weather, 651, 662 weight, 341 Scalene triangle, 459 Scaling, 164–165 Scientific notation, 68 Segments line, 441 notation for, 482 Semicircle, 549 Sequence, 377–379 arithmetic, 377–378 geometric, 379 terms of, 377 Sides classifying triangles by, 459 corresponding, 481 of triangles, 459 Similar figures, 474, 480–485 Simple events, 711–712 Simplest form. See also Algebraic expressions of fractions, 201 of ratios, 150 Simplifying expressions, 604 Right triangle, 458, 482 Solutions, 314 checking, 323, 408 of inequalities, 396–397 Rotational symmetry, 504 Solve, 314 Rotations, 502–506 about the origin, 491 angles of, 504 clockwise, 491 in the coordinate plane, 490 counterclockwise, 491 Spinners, 712 Right angles, 443, 447 Rounding decimals, 25–26 dividends, 42 divisors, 42 fractions, 93 to the nearest tenth, 57 Ss Sample population, 743, 748–749 Samples biased, 748–749 unbiased, 748–749 Sample spaces, 719–723 using a list to find, 719 using a tree diagram to find, 720 Scale, 177 of a frequency table, 662 misleading, 689 rating, 686 Scale drawings, 177 Spiral Review, 41, 46, 53, 60, 69, 73, 110, 115, 123, 129, 133, 168, 185, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 241, 246, 251, 285, 299, 326, 331, 338, 343, 351, 382, 393, 399, 405, 411, 415, 427, 473, 485, 506, 534, 546, 552, 558, 565, 574, 581, 611, 616, 629, 654, 660, 665, 672, 680, 685, 693, 723, 730, 736, 742, 747 Spreadsheets, 649 Square root, 65 Squares, 468 perfect, 65 Standardized Test Practice, 83, 141, 193, 263, 307, 359, 435, 515, 591, 637, 705, 759 Extended Response, 82, 85, 95, 110, 140, 143, 162, 192, 195, 241, 262, 265, 285, 293, 306, 309, 326, 343, 358, 361, 370, 376, 387, 434, 437, 514, 517, 564, 590, 591, 593, 629, 636, 637, 639, 654, 665, 693, 704, 707, 723, 742, 758, 761 Gridded Response, 35, 53, 65, 73, 83, 84, 101, 115, 141, 142, 194, 195, 203, 213, 217, 263, 264, 278, 308, 309, 317, 338, 351, 359, 360, 411, 415, 435, Index R71 Index 473, 479, 516, 517, 534, 539, 546, 558, 592, 593, 616, 638, 639, 648, 706, 707, 742, 760, 761 Multiple Choice, 61, 82, 116, 140, 172, 192, 193, 226, 262, 288, 306, 307, 332, 394, 466, 514, 553, 590, 617, 636, 673, 705, 731, 758, 759 Multiple Representations, 434 Short Response, 29, 41, 46, 84, 85, 129, 143, 155, 168, 177, 185, 195, 217, 221, 233, 246, 251, 265, 273, 308, 317, 351, 361, 370, 376, 382, 393, 405, 435, 437, 445, 450, 456, 463, 473, 479, 495, 506, 516, 517, 527, 539, 581, 592, 593, 601, 611, 624, 638, 639, 648, 654, 660, 672, 707, 716, 723, 730, 736, 747, 760 Statistics, 644, 681–695. See also Analysis; Data analysis; Graphs; Measures of central tendency collecting data to solve a problem, 686–687 misleading, 688–693 selecting an appropriate display, 681–685 Stem-and-leaf plots, 666–667, 682 back-to-back, 666 Stems, 666. See also Stem-and-leaf plots Straight angle, 447 Study Guide and Review, 78–81, 136–139, 188–191, 256–261, 302–305, 354–357, 428–433, 508–513, 584–589, 632–635, 698–703, 754–757 Studying Math new vocabulary, 147 simplify the problem, 313 Study Organizer. See Foldables® Study Organizer Study Tips absolute value, 420 accuracy, 153 alternative method, 460 angle relationships, 452 angles on spinners, 712 area of a triangle, 531 base, 599 calculating with Pi, 549 calculator, 609 changing scales, 689 check by adding, 14 check for accuracy, 164 check for reasonableness, 67, 211, 453, 677, 739 R72 Index checking solutions, 323, 408 checking your answer, 50, 57, 181 checking your work, 524 classifying, 469 Commutative Property, 99 comparing mixed numbers, 230 congruent figures, 491 coordinate plane, 367 counterexample, 109 cumulative frequency, 664 decomposing figures, 570 dividing money, 50 Division Property of Equality, 336 double bar graph, 21 estimation, 542 formulas, 627 fraction circles, 447 frequency tables, 662 graphing inequalities, 403 graphs of functions, 392 height of parallelograms, 524 including data, 645 inequalities, 406 intervals, 662 least common multiples, 12 line of reflection, 497 measurement, 17 mental math, 71, 117, 201, 291, 530, 536 multiplication, 275 ordered pairs, 424 organization, 671 proportion, 174 right triangles, 482 rounding, 57 rounding decimals, 26 scales and intervals, 669 simplifying expressions, 604 technology, 543 two-column notes, 521 unit rates, 174 words to symbols, 409 work backward, 378 writing equivalent fractions, 231 Subtraction check by adding, 14 of decimals, 7–9, 33 of fractions, 13–15 of inequalities, 406 Subtraction equations, 314–331 solving, 328–331 by adding, 328 Supplementary angles, 452 Surface area of composite figures, 626–629 of cylinders, 618–624 of rectangular prisms, 575–576, 577–581 Survey, 743 Symbols almost equal to, 622 approximately equal to, 542 equals sign, 314 inequalities, 396 at least, 409 at most, 409 multiplication, 275 parenthesis, 271 perpendicular, 522 prime, 491 radical sign, 65 right angle, 443 triangle, 460 Symmetry lines of, 498 rotational, 504 Tt Tables. See also Data analysis analyzing, 183, 232, 251, 381, 653 frequency, 661–665, 682 function, 373–376, 379 Tangrams, 525 Technology, 64, 543. See also Extend Lessons; Get Connected; Spreadsheets Temperature, 34, 191 Terminating decimal, 207 Terms of algebraic expressions, 278 like, 278 of a sequence, 377 Tessellations, 494 Test Practice, 29, 35, 41, 46, 53, 60, 65, 69, 73, 84–85, 95, 101, 110, 115, 123, 129, 133, 142–143, 155, 162, 168, 177, 185, 194–195, 203, 207, 213, 217, 221, 225, 233, 241, 246, 251, 264–265, 273, 278, 285, 293, 301, 308–309, 317, 326, 331, 338, 343, 351, 360–361, 370, 376, 382, 387, 393, 399, 405, 411, 415, 422, 427, 436–437, 445, 450, 456, 463, 473, 479, 485, 495, 501, 506, 516–517, 527, 534, 539, 546, 552, 558, 565, 574, 581, 592–593, 601, 606, 611, 616, 624, 629, 638–639, 648, 654, 660, 665, 672, 680, 685, 693, 706–707, 716, 723, 730, 736, 742, 747, 760–761. See also Practice Theorem, Triangle Inequality, 463 Units cubic, 569 customary, 17 metric, 17 Theoretical probability, 717–718 Unlike fractions, 13–14 Three-dimensional figures, 569 composite, 554–567, 625–629 nets of, 575–576 rectangular prisms, 569, 571, 575–576, 577–581 volume of, 569 Vv Work backward, 346 Writing Math. See also H.O.T. Problems describing data, 365 explain your answer, 89 Xx Variables, 274–278 defining, 282 x-axis, 366 reflections over, 496 Transformations, 488–507 dilations, 507 reflections, 496–501 rotations, 502–506 translations, 490–495 Verbal phrases, 282–283 x-coordinate, 366 Translations, 490–495 congruence in, 492 graphing, 490–491 Vocabulary Check, 78–81, 136–139, 188–191, 256–261, 302–305, 354–357, 428–433, 508–513, 584–589, 632–635, 698–703, 754–757 Trapezoids, 468 area of, 535–539 Tree diagram, 720 Triangle Inequality Theorem, 463 Triangles, 457–465 acute, 458 angles in, 457, 458 area of, 528, 529–534 classifying by angles, 458 by sides, 459 equilateral, 459 isosceles, 459 missing measures of, 460, 531 obtuse, 458 properties of, 438–517 right, 458, 482 scalene, 459 sides of, 459 sum of angle measures in, 460 symbol for, 460 Triangular prisms, 598–601 volume of, 598–601 Two-step equations, 344–351. See also Equations solving, 346–351 writing, 346–351 Two-step inequalities, 412–415. See also Inequalities Uu Unbiased samples, 748–749 Unfair game, 724–725 Unit rates, 156–157, 158–159, 174 Index Chapter Test; Standardized Test Practice Vertex, 446 Vocabulary. See Review Vocabulary; Vocabulary Check; Vocabulary Link Vocabulary Link annex, 8, 33 complement, 713 distribute, 297 function, 379 parallel, 523 range, 651 similar, 481 variable, 275 Yy y-axis, 366 reflections over, 497 y-coordinate, 366 Zz Zeros annexing, 8, 33, 39 Multiplicative Property of, 293 in the quotient and dividend, 57 Volume of composite figures, 626–629 of cones, 612, 613–616 of cylinders, 607, 608–611 of prisms, 597, 599 of pyramids, 602, 603 of rectangular prisms, 568, 569–574 of three-dimensional figures, 569 of triangular prisms, 598–601 Ww Which One Doesn’t Belong?. See H.O.T. Problems Whisker. See Box-and-whisker plots Whole numbers dividing decimals by, 47–48, 49–53 by fractions, 120–123 fractions by, 117–119 multiplying decimals by, 30–31, 32–35 by fractions, 90–103 by mixed numbers, 111 Index R73