Technologies I - Editorial Donostiarra SA

Transcripción

Arturo Gómez Gilaberte
Eva Parramón Ponz
Sonia Gullón Muñoz-Repiso
Carmen Sánchez-Seco Peña
E.S.O.
Technologies I
Project
INGENIA
EDITORIAL DONOSTIARRA
Pokopandegi, nº 4 - Pabellón Igaralde - Barrio Igara
Apartado 671 - Telephone 943 215 737 / 943 213 011 - Fax 943 219 521
20018 - SAN SEBASTIÁN
[email protected] - www.editorialdonostiarra.com
INICIALES-ENG.indd 1
20/04/2013 0:42:46
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of this work requires the authorisation of its copyright holders, except
where exempted by law. If you need to photocopy or scan any part of this
work, please contact CEDRO (Spanish Centre for Reproduction Rights):
www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 47
© EDITORIAL DONOSTIARRA, S.A.
Authors:
Arturo Gómez Gilaberte
Eva Parramón Ponz
Sonia Gullón Muñoz-Repiso
Carmen Sánchez-Seco Peña
Publisher:
Editorial Donostiarra
Pokopandegi, 4, 20018 - San Sebastián (Spain)
Printed by:
Gráficas CEMS, S.L.
Polígono industrial San Miguel
31132 VILLATUERTA (Navarra)
Layout:
Alberto Arranz
Illustration:
Agustí Serrano Sanjosé
Coordination:
David Aguilar España
Translation:
Ruth Kenny
ISBN: 978-84-7063-479-6
Legal deposit: SS-608-2013
Printed in Spain
20/04/2013 0:42:56
PRESENTATION
Based on CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) methodology, this book has been designed to give teachers access to a variety of
resources in each unit, so that they can pick and choose according to their needs.
• Theoretical content, with clear explanations, summaries, keywords, vocabulary in use, idiomatic expressions and language structures
(“Learn”, “Review” and “Express Yourself!” sections).
• Plenty of exercises to allow students to get to grips with the theory and practise what they have learned (“Comprehension activities” and “Extend your knowledge”). The activities are set out thus: tasks requiring passive language knowledge (reading and listening) come first, followed
by active knowledge activities (speaking, writing). This way, students gain confidence as they work through the unit.
• Practicals to do in the workshop and suggested and step-by-step projects (“Design and build”).
• Computer-guided practicals (“In the computer room”).
This is all done using information and communication technology (ICT) as the learning tool for the full range of topics covered in Technologies.
The book is based on CLIL methodology and adheres to the following guidelines:
• Student-centred learning and tasks to encourage students to get involved through familiar examples and situations that reflect real life.
• Flexible teaching to ensure that students have understood the content and context through listening and reading comprehension tasks.
• Interactive and autonomous learning through pair work and group activities that require students to negotiate meanings, discover things
for themselves and investigate.
• Task-based work in workshop practicals at the end of each topic (green section), at the end of the book (projects), and in all computing activities (pink section).
• Use of multiple resources, indicated by icons for easy reference. The meaning of each icon as shown in the table below.
Icons used in book activities
Listening
included on the
virtual CD
Speaking
Writing
Class workshop
Computer room
Internet
connection
required
Cover page and “Look, learn and experiment”
Cover page. Includes a representative picture of the unit, a short list of
the theory contents (“Learn” section) and a brief introductory text with a
listening option for the first activity on the following page.
4
b. What are the three most important words in the text? Use a dictionary to find out their meaning.
c. What are the common characteristics of all metals?
Find out what you already know by answering these questions in your notebook:
1. Ê Look around you and try to find some metal objects. Write the names of five of these objects in your notebook. Are they
all made from the same metal?
2. Ê Indicate which of the following materials are metals and which are not: tin can, yoghurt pot, drinks can, Tetra Brik,
spoon, shower gel bottle, toothpaste tube.
• This is followed by suggested activities to do in the classroom or
at home.
•
Read and listen to the text on the previous page and then answer these questions in your notebook:
a. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:
• All metals have similar characteristics.
• Metals do not rust when they come into contact with moisture.
• Metals are warm to the touch.
1. Metallic materials
2. Ferrous materials: iron, steel and cast iron
3. Non-ferrous metals: copper, tin, aluminium and zinc
4. Metalworking. Tools and treatments
5. Environmental impact
• The first is always a listening activity with questions on the introductory text on the previous page.
There are also short practicals and small experiments to
do in the workshop.
LOOK,
LOOK
LLO
OO
OK,
OK
K, LLE
K,
LEAR
LEARN
EA
ARN
AR
RN A
AND
AN
ND EEX
EXPE
EXPERIMENT
XP
PERI
PE
ER
RIME
RI
IM
MENT
ME
EN
NTT

“Look, learn and experiment”. The second page in each unit contains
suggested introductory activities giving students the possibility of refreshing their prior knowledge of the topic:
•
4
Technical materials: metals
Technical
Tec
T
Te
e
echni
ch
hnical
hni
niccal
ca
al materials:
mater
ma
m
atter
terial
te
eriial
ials:
ia
allss::
a
metals
met
m
etals
e
ta
als
ls
Have you ever stopped to think about all the metal objects around you? They are not all the same and
we do not use them all for the same purpose, but they all have similar characteristics: they tend to
be cold to the touch, they generally shine and most of them rust when they come into contact with
moisture. In this unit, we will look at the special characteristics of metals that allow us to differentiate
between them. We will also learn how to work with them in the workshop.
74
Technologies I - Editorial Donostiarra
3.
Ê Look for different objects in the workshop: plastic boxes, strips of wood, bottle caps, pieces of material, rubber,
aluminium foil, etc. Study them closely and answer the following questions in your notebook:
• Which ones are colder?
• Which ones are heavier?
• When you try to cut them, which ones are harder to cut? What happens when you try to bend them?
• Which ones can stretch?
Most likely, the ones you thought were colder, heavier and harder to shape (the ones that were more difficult to
work with) are metals.
Now take a magnet and try to attract the objects you think are metals. Does the magnet attract all of the metals?
4.
Ê With a partner, find two metal tools and a piece of cord about 1 metre long in the
workshop. Tie one of the tools to the middle of the cord as shown in the photograph. While you
hold the cord, your partner has to use the other tool to hit the one tied to the cord. Listen to the
sound it makes. What do you notice?
As you can see, metals are excellent conductors of sound.
5.
6.
Ê Open exercise Unit04 0A Metals in Unit 4 of the CD and complete the exercise on types of metals.
Ê Do an online search for information on how metals are recycled. Which container do we need to put them in
for recycling? Do you know what percentage of metals can be recycled? Save the information you find in a text document
with the name Unit04_0B_namesurname.
75
The last part of this section contains short multimedia
practicals to do with the CD and online research activities.
3
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“Learn”
This section is marked in blue. It contains theoretical aspects of the topic,
presented clearly and concisely.
4
Learn
Metallic materials have been around since ancient times.
For enquiring minds!
Key concepts and definitions are displayed inside a pink box for easy reference.
At the end of each page or double spread, students will find a box with
exercises to check that they have understood the concepts explained in
this section. These exercises are marked with one, two or three stars, according to their difficulty; some also have listening, speaking or writing
icons. Generally every two pages or so, there is a keywords box containing important terms and their definitions (the listening activity with
these words can be found on the virtual CD).
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, or
of a metal and non-metallic components (phosphorus, carbon, silicon, etc.).
The product we obtain from the mixture may
have a property that the original components
did not have. This makes alloys very useful.
The first alloy created by humans was bronze
(copper and tin), which is harder and stronger
than its components.
Pause and reflect!
Do not confuse hardness with toughness. Diamond is a very hard mineral, because it cannot
be scratched. However, it is not very tough because we can grind it easily. Look at the picture
below: the steel hammer (a very tough, but softer material) smashes the diamond (very hard,
but brittle) into pieces.
4
1. Metallic materials
Learn
5
• They are very good conductors of electric current, so they have lots of applications in electricity and electronics.
They are not usually used in their pure state. Instead, they are alloyed with other
metals or non-metallic elements (like carbon). The earth’s crust contains minerals,
and metals are a type of these minerals. To obtain them, we need to mine them. The
part of the mineral that we use to obtain metal is called ore. The rest of the mineral
is called gangue.
• Some have a magnetic behaviour and can attract other metals.
Other properties
Metallurgy is the name given to the techniques used to obtain metals from the mineral ore and process them.
• Many rust easily.
Main properties of metals
• They are solid at room temperature (except for mercury).
There are many types of metals, but they all have some common properties:
• They are heavy and dense.
Mechanical properties
These properties tell us how metals behave when external loads are applied to
them.
• They are hard: they do not scratch and cannot be easily pierced.
• Some are malleable: we can press the metal into thin sheets and it will not
break. For example, aluminium.
5
Electrical and magnetic properties
These properties tell us how metals behave with electricity and magnetism.
Rusted iron. Can you see the difference? The
metal plates in the foreground are not completely rusted but the sections behind them are.
• They are sound conductors.
Stock forms of metal
Metals for industrial use are usually sold as:
• Plates of different thicknesses (the thinner ones are called sheets).
• Sections: lengths of metal whose section is shaped like a U, square, circle, triangle, etc.
• Ingots: blocks obtained by pouring liquid metal into a mould.
Classifying metals
• Some are ductile: we can stretch the metal into wires (like the strands we
find in cables). For example, copper.
• They are tough: they are very resistant to breaking when they are hit (the
opposite of tough is brittle).
Thermal properties
These properties tell us how metals behave when heated.
• They are very good conductors of heat. Metals are used in a lot of cookware
where it is important to transmit heat to cook the food.
• They expand when the temperature rises and contract when it falls.
• Some metals can easily be soldered to other metals or to parts of the same
metal.
The most widely used metal today is iron. This is because it is so common and easily
obtained. Metals that contain mainly iron are called ferrous metals. Metals that do
not have iron in their composition are called non-ferrous metals.
EXERCISES
3.
ÊÊ Listen to the recording on the Metal Ages and write down the
missing word or words in your notebook:
About (...) years ago, humans began to use metal to make objects.
The big revolution came with the discovery of (...), an alloy of (...) and tin.
In 1200 BC, (...) was discovered. This was a stronger and (...) metal than
bronze and very common in nature.
4.
ÊÊ Get into small groups and find any two metal objects in the part
of the room where you are. Study them carefully and describe them to a classmate, explaining what their mechanical, thermal and electrical properties are.
5.
ÊÊ Briefly explain the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous
metals. Give an example of each group.
EXERCISES
1. Ê Write down five general properties of metals in your notebook.
2. Ê What are alloys? Can you name any? Which?
76
KEYWORDS
Make sure you understand these words before
moving on!
• Hardness: resistance of a material to being scratched.
• Toughness: resistance of a material to
breaking when hit.
• Malleability: property of some metals
that allows them to be pressed or rolled
into a sheet or plate.
• Ductility: property of some metals that
allows them to be stretched into a wire.
77
”Review”, “Express yourself!” and “Activities”
These sections are marked in orange.
• The “Review” section contains a summary of the unit and covers
the basic ideas looked at in the topic.
4
• The activities in this part of the book are designed to encourage
students to process ideas and memorise key concepts. They are
classified by difficulty here too (with one, two or three stars) and
include listening, speaking and writing exercises.
• The “Activities” section has two parts:
Express yourself!
KEYWORDS
brass
We have known about and used metals since ancient times but it is not easy to find them in their
pure form. They are usually alloyed with other metals.
conductor
corrosion
The metals group has some common properties:
• The “Express Yourself!” section is designed to help students improve how they communicate in English. It includes important
words that students have learned during the topic (keywords),
forms of expression to help them talk and write about topic
contents (language structures), fun expressions related to the
contents (idiomatic expressions) and more general words that
students may not be familiar with that have come up in the topic
(vocabulary in use), all with definitions and examples of how
they are used.
ductility (noun), ductile (adjective)
Mechanical properties
They are hard and tough, and can be malleable and ductile.
environmental impact
Thermal properties
They are very good conductors of heat; they expand and contract and can be soldered easily.
ferrous metals
hardness (noun), hard (adjective)
Electrical and magnetic
properties
They are very good conductors of electricity. Some are magnetic.
Other properties
They rust easily, conduct sound and are solid at room temperature (except for mercury).
malleability (noun), malleable
(adjective)
recycling
shape, to
According to their composition, metals can be classified as ferrous (If they contain mainly iron)
and non-ferrous (if they do not contain iron).
Ferrous metals are formed by iron and its alloys with carbon:
Iron
Contains less than 0.1% carbon. It is brittle and does not have many applications.
Steel
Iron with 0.1% to 2% carbon. It is tough and easy to work with. It is widely used.
Cast iron
Iron with 2% to 6.67% carbon. It is very hard but it is not as tough as steel.
tinplate
tool
toughness (noun), tough
(adjective)
Copper
LANGUAGE STRUCTURES
“The main thermal properties of metals are conductivity and expansion.”
3. “Ferrous (or non ferrous) metals are those that contain (or do not
contain) iron”.
Tin
It is easy to work with and melt. It is used as a filler metal for soft soldering. When it
is alloyed with copper it is called bronze.
4. “Alloys are a combination (or mixture) of...
Aluminium
It is very light, highly resistant to corrosion, non-toxic and easy to shape. It has many
applications.
5. “Depending on the percentage of carbon...”
Zinc
It is malleable, ductile and very resistant to corrosion. It is mainly used to protect other
metals from rust. When it is alloyed with copper it is called brass.
Before working with metals, we must know which tools to use.
“Brass is an alloy that mixes copper and zinc.”
“Alloys of iron and carbon are classed as iron, steel or cast iron, depending on the percentage of carbon in them.”
Ruler, set square, compass, centre punch
bluish
Gloves, jack, vice, pliers
Cutting
Pliers, tinsnips, hacksaws
Perforating
Punch and hammer, drill
file, to
Filing
File
landscape
Joints
Rivets, glue, soldering, nuts and bolts, pins
mine, to
Treatments
Rust-inhibiting paint, chrome
crust
expand, to
nugget
pitch
rust
strand
tie back, to
4
• Be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth: To be
born into a wealthy family; to be born rich. The man
who lives next door to me was born with a silver spoon in
his mouth. He has never worked in his life.
• Worth its weight in gold: Very valuable. You are wonderful; you are worth your weight in gold.
A colour that has a blue tinge to it.
Zinc is bluish-white in colour.
A thin layer of a substance applied to an object.
We gave the door a new coat of paint and it looked brand new.
To grow smaller or narrower.
Metals contract when the temperature falls.
The solid, outer layer of a planet.
The earth's crust contains minerals.
To grow bigger or wider.
Metals expand when the temperature rises.
To remove edges formed by excess material when perforating or cutting metal.
By filing a metal, we can clean up cut edges and smooth out projections.
All the visible features of an area of land.
Mining has an impact on the landscape.
To excavate in the earth to extract minerals.
We obtain metals by mining.
A small solid lump of metal.
A gold nugget was found using a metal detector in Australia.
The separation between the teeth on a blade.
The pitch of the blade must be less than the thickness of the material.
A flaky orange coating that forms on metal due to the oxidation of iron.
Rust appears on metals when they come into contact with moisture.
A single, thin length of wire
Wires and cables contain strands of copper.
To fasten something with string, cord, elastic, to prevent it from moving.
Long hair should be tied back in the workshop to prevent accidents.
contract, to
Holding and bending
Both metal production processes and metal treatments have a major environmental impact:
emissions of polluting gases in mines, water pollution by washing ore, etc.
• Nerves of steel: You have nerves of steel if you have
very steady nerves; great patience and courage. You’d
have to have nerves of steel to play in front of a crowd this
size.
VOCABULARY IN USE
coat
Measurements and layout
Activities
EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE
14.
ÊÊ Match the parts of the sentences on the left to the parts on the right to form complete sentences. Write them out
in your notebook:
1. Ê Draw a diagram of all the general properties of metals.
Iron is a ferrous material
2. ÊÊ Think about the properties of the different metals and decide which one is the most suitable for making the follow-
Steel alloy is
3. ÊÊ What is the difference between hard and tough? What is the difference between soft and brittle?
4. Ê What do we mean when we say that a metal is malleable? Give two examples of metals that have this property.
6. ÊÊ Copy the following sentences into your notebook and correct the errors they contain:
nuts and bolts.
To measure and mark layouts, we use
in soft soldering.
To join pieces we use
to make hinges.
16.
ÊÊ Copy the following sentences into your notebook and indicate whether they are true or false:
iron.
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Because of its excellent sonorous qualities, aluminium is used in church bells.
gold, tinplate.
ÊÊ Listen to the recording and write down the missing word or words from the following sentences in your
Metals are non-toxic.
Cast iron is a non-ferrous metal.
Limestone helps to melt the iron ore in a blast furnace.
Steel comes out of blast furnaces.
Aluminium is a soft metal because it breaks easily if we hit it.
Metallic materials are excellent thermal conductors.
17.
Ê Name two metal objects that rust. How does their appearance change when they rust? Do plastics rust?
18.
ÊÊ In your notebook, write down four possible problems associated with the use of metals.
19.
ÊÊ Why is the body of a car coated with paint?
20.
Ê Compose four sentences about metals using the following expressions: “The main properties of metals are...”,
“Ferrous/non ferrous metals are...”, “Alloys are a combination/mixture of...”, “Depending on the percentage of carbon...”.
Practise them in pairs.
21.
Ê Get into small groups and try to think of different situations where you could use these expressions: “nerves of
steel”, “be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth”, “worth its weight in gold”.
22.
Ê Write a brief summary of all the properties of metals that we have studied in this unit: mechanical, thermal,
electrical, magnetic, etc. For each property, give an example of a metal.
Ê You will now hear some of the keywords from page 87. Write them down and then check to see whether you
9.
a compass, ruler, set square and centre punch.
Ê In your notebook, write down which of the following materials conduct electricity: plastic, fabric, wood, aluminium,
• Brass is an alloy of iron and copper.
notebook:
• Most metals are hard, (...), (...) and tough.
• Metals are (...) conductors of heat: they expand when the temperature (...).
• (...), (...) and (...) are ferrous metals.
• Crushed (...) ore, (...) and limestone are loaded into a (...) to make steel.
• (...) has excellent sonorous qualities and is used to make (...).
• (...) has a characteristic shine similar to that of (...).
a good conductor of electricity.
alloyed with carbon in a proportion of less than 0.1%.
Tin is used
15.
7. ÊÊ Classify the following metals into pure metals and alloys: copper, brass, steel, iron, zinc, aluminium, cast iron, tin,
8.
resistant to corrosion.
Copper is widely used because it is
Brass is used
5. Ê What is the main component of ferrous metals? Which metals are included in this group?
• Steel is the ferrous metal with the highest carbon content.
87
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Activities
COMPREHENSION ACTIVITIES
When you have completed the topic, do the following exercises in your notebook:
• Bronze is a very light metal that is used for its excellent electrical conductivity.
- “Extend your knowledge” for more advanced students or
those who simply want to learn more.
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. Adjectives: “adaptable”, “deformable”, “cold”, “hot”.
2. “The main properties of metals are...”
It is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. It is very ductile and malleable
and can be shaped easily.
ing objects: drinks can, light bulb filament, the head of a hammer, church bell.
- “Comprehension activities” to reinforce key ideas and ensure that students have a firm grasp of the basic content.
An alloy of copper and zinc.
Brass is shiny like gold.
Used to describe any material that can conduct electricity.
Metals are very good conductors of electrical current, so they have lots of applications in electricity and electronics.
Deterioration, rust.
Aluminium is a metal that is very resistant to corrosion.
Property of some metals that allows them to be stretched into a wire.
Copper is very ductile, so we can make wires out of it.
The effects of an action on the environment.
The processes that metals undergo so that we can use them have an environmental impact to some extent.
Alloys of iron and carbon.
Iron, steel and cast iron are ferrous metals.
Resistance of a material to being scratched.
Steel is harder than iron because it has a higher proportion of carbon.
Property of some metals that allows them to be pressed or rolled into a sheet or plate.
Some metals are malleable so we can press them into thin sheets and they will not break.
Treatment of waste products in order to obtain new products or raw materials from them.
Recycling non-ferrous metals is a good idea because they include expensive metals.
To give form to a material.
Aluminium can be shaped easily.
Steel or iron coated with tin.
Tinplate is widely used in the manufacture of tin cans.
Instrument used for working with metals (measuring, holding, cutting, filing, drilling, etc.).
To get a good result when working with metals, we need to know the metalworking techniques and the right tools for the job.
Resistance of a material to breaking when hit.
Diamond is a very hard mineral because it cannot be scratched, but it is not very tough because we can grind it easily.
“Some metals, like tin, can easily be shaped while cold.”
There are many non-ferrous metals. In this unit we have studied:
86
4
Review
Unit summary
have spelled them correctly.
10.
Ê Get into groups and discuss the environmental effects of metal production. What solutions can you think of to
minimise these effects?
11. Ê Most tools are made of metal. This means that they are very good conductors of electricity. Why do you think tool
handles are coated in plastic?
12. Ê What is the difference between ductile and malleable materials? Give an example of a ductile metal and a malleable
metal.
13. Ê Copy and complete the following sentences in your notebook:
• The opposite of tough is...
• The opposite of soft is...
• The opposite of thermal expansion is...
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Index
1.
Technology problem solving .............................. 10
3.
1. Technology as a way of meeting human needs ................................................ 12
1. Natural and processed materials. Common materials ......................................
2. Choosing materials ...........................................................................................
3. Properties of materials .....................................................................................
4. Wood: formation, properties and how it is obtained ........................................
Technological products
2. Technical problem solving: the project approach ............................................. 14
Stages of the project approach
3. Basic project documents .................................................................................. 16
Properties of wood
How we obtain wood
5. Classifying and identifying natural woods ....................................................... 61
6. Wood products ................................................................................................. 62
7. Woodworking joints. Stock forms of wood ....................................................... 63
Report
4. At work in the workshop .................................................................................. 18
Organising work in the workshop
5. Using and handling tools safely ....................................................................... 19
Woodworking joints
Safety
2.
1. Mediums, instruments and equipment for drawing and measuring ................ 32
4.
66
67
68
70
72
Technical materials: metals ............................... 74
1. Metallic materials ............................................................................................ 76
Main properties of metals
Stock forms of metal
Paper
Classifying metals
2. Ferrous materials: iron, steel and cast iron ....................................................... 78
Pencils
Refillable pencils
Rulers
Iron
Compasses
Steel
Set squares
Cast iron
Making steel and cast iron in a blast furnace
3. Non-ferrous metals: copper, tin, aluminium and zinc ...................................... 80
Erasers
Stencils and templates
Protractors
2. Measuring lengths ........................................................................................... 35
3. Standardisation. Formats, borders and title blocks .......................................... 36
Standardisation
Formats, borders and title blocks
4. Lettering. Types of lines ................................................................................... 37
Copper
Tin
Aluminium
Zinc
4. Metalworking. Tools and processes .................................................................. 82
Measurements and layout
Holding and bending
Lettering
Types of lines
5. Sketches, diagrams and technical drawings ..................................................... 38
6. Object views. The primary views ...................................................................... 39
Object views
6
Stock forms of wood
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Express yourself! ..................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
In the computer room ..........................................................................................
20
21
22
24
28
Techniques for graphic communication
and expression .................................................. 30
The primary views
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
54
56
57
58
How wood is formed
Preliminary design
Rules of safety in the workshop
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
Technical materials: wood ................................ 52
Cutting
Perforating
Filing
Joints
42
43
44
46
48
Metal treatments
5. Environmental impact ..................................................................................... 85
Recycling
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
86
87
88
90
92
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5.
Structures ........................................................ 94
3. How circuits work ............................................................................................ 140
Direction of the electric current
1. Structures: definition and types ....................................................................... 96
2. Forces, stresses and strength ........................................................................... 97
3. Conditions for strong structures ....................................................................... 98
Short circuits
4. Electric variables. Ohm’s law ........................................................................... 141
Electric variables
Rigidity
Ohm’s law
5. Series, parallel and series-parallel combination circuits ................................... 142
Equilibrium
Stability
4. Types of stress .................................................................................................. 99
Series circuits
Compression
Parallel circuits
Tension (or traction)
Series-parallel combination circuits
Electrical calculations
6. Effects of electrical energy ............................................................................... 146
Bending
Torsion
Shear
5. Strengthening elements ..................................................................................
6. Elements that increase stability .......................................................................
7. Elements that increase rigidity. Trusses ............................................................
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
6.
Light
Heat
100
100
100
102
103
104
106
108
Motion
Sound
7. Environmental impact of electrical energy use ................................................ 147
Production and transportation
Responsible use of electrical energy
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
Mechanisms ..................................................... 110
1. Machines and mechanisms .............................................................................. 112
2. Simple machines: linear transmission mechanisms ......................................... 114
In the computer room .......................................................................................... 154
8.
Levers
Pulleys
3. Rotary transmission mechanisms .................................................................... 116
Non-renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources
2. Renewable energy ........................................................................................... 162
Belt and pulley system
Gears
Solar energy
Chain and sprocket systems
Wind energy
Worm gear
4. Motion conversion mechanisms ...................................................................... 120
Hydropower
Geothermal energy
Screw and nut
Biomass energy
Rack and pinion
Marine energy
3. Non-renewable energy .................................................................................... 166
Crank and slider
Cams
5. Applications. Mechanisms in everyday objects ................................................ 122
Nuclear energy
Fossil fuels
4. Heat engines ................................................................................................... 168
Bicycles
Corkscrews
7.
Energy and its transformation ......................... 158
1. Energy sources and forms of energy ................................................................ 160
Friction wheels
Mechanical clocks
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
148
149
150
152
Steam engines
Turbines
124
125
126
128
130
Internal combustion engines
Reaction engines
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
In the workshop ..................................................................................................
Electricity ......................................................... 132
1. Electrical energy ............................................................................................. 134
History
Atoms: protons, neutrons and electrons
Static electricity
Electric current
2. Components of an electric circuit ..................................................................... 136
9.
170
171
172
174
176
Hardware and software ................................... 178
1. Introduction to computing .............................................................................. 180
2. Hardware and software ................................................................................... 180
3. How computers work ....................................................................................... 181
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Power source
Input peripherals
Conductor
Output peripherals
Load device
Input-output peripherals
Control and protection devices
Types of ports
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4. Software: operating systems and applications ................................................ 184
Operating system
Applications
Step-by-step practical ......................................................................................... 186
Practical 1. Working with windows
Practical 2. Properties of the screen and the desktop
11. Internet ............................................................ 218
1. The Internet .....................................................................................................
2. Browsers ..........................................................................................................
3. Searching for information ................................................................................
4. Computers as a means of communication ........................................................
Step-by-step practical .........................................................................................
Practical 3. Browsing folders and documents
Practical 1. Using a browser. Secure browsing
Practical 4. Working with folders
Practical 2. Searching for information: Google
Practical 5. Selecting files or folders
Practical 3. Gmail: e-mail and more
Practical 6. Cutting, copying and pasting
Practical 4. Sharing documents in Google Docs
Practical 7. Using the control panel
Unit summary ..................................................................................................... 192
Express yourself! .................................................................................................. 193
Activities .............................................................................................................. 194
In the computer room .......................................................................................... 196
10. Computers as a tool for expressing and
communicating ideas .......................................
.......................................198
198
1. Computers as a tool for expressing and communicating ideas ......................... 200
2. Word processors ............................................................................................... 200
OpenOffice.org Writer
220
221
222
223
224
Practical 5. Finding shared photos, music and videos
Practical 6. Creating a blog for a technical project
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
230
231
232
234
PROJECTS ................................................................ 237
1. Suggested technical project: cardboard room .................................................. 238
2. Suggested technical project: the bridge ........................................................... 242
3. Suggested technical project: a pocket torch ..................................................... 246
Microsoft Word
3. Presentation makers ........................................................................................ 202
OpenOffice.org Impress
Microsoft PowerPoint
Step-by-step practical ......................................................................................... 204
Practical 1. Making text easier to read (formatting)
Practical 2. Making paragraphs easier to read
Practical 3. Making documents easier to read
Practical 4. Cover page, numbering, headers and footers
Practical 5. Making a presentation of a technical project
Practical 6. Adding transition effects
Practical 7. Animations, multimedia effects and action buttons
Unit summary .....................................................................................................
Activities ..............................................................................................................
8
212
213
214
216
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Technologies I - Editorial Donostiarra SA

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