Program 2012 - Criminology Symposium

Transcripción

The Stockholm
Criminology Symposium 2012
Program & Abstracts
The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå),
Information and publications,
P.O. Box 1386, SE-111 93 Stockholm. Phone: +46 (0)8-401 87 00
Fax +46 (0)8-411 90 75
E-mail: [email protected] Brå on the Internet: www.bra.se
Photo: Pawel Flato (s 5), Liselotte van der Meijs (s 7),
Printing: Edita Norstedts Västerås 2012
© 2012 The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå)
ISBN 978-91-86027-90-2
URN:NBN:SE:BRA-471
2
Table of contents
A message from the Swedish Minister for Justice
5
Welcome to the Stockholm Criminology Symposium
7
The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå)
9
The Stockholm Prize in Criminology
10
Map of City Conference Centre (Norra Latin)
12
Symposium overview
14
PROGRAM
Detailed Program
Monday, June 11th
Tuesday, June 12th
Wednesday, June 13th
22
22
32
41
Abstracts
51
Poster session
167
Speakers index
180
Notes
186
4
A message from the Swedish
Minister for Justice
Awarded for the seventh consecutive year, the
Stockholm Prize in Criminology has evolved
into a well-known and respected award. The
Prize in itself, the ceremony and the Stockholm Criminology Symposium interact to
stimulate the development and exchange of
knowledge that can be used as an evidence
base for informed measures and policies to
reduce crime and increase safety. Crime and
insecurity affect the daily lives of citizens in
many different ways and sometimes even
threaten to disrupt the development of
Beatrice Ask
society.
The need for evidence of what works,
when, for whom and preferably even why is essential. Ideally, we should
never implement measures that have not proved to be both effective and
efficient. However, this ideal is not easily achieved. Often, the
knowledge we need to assist policy and decision making is difficult to
access; sometimes, it simply does not exist.
Like other decision-makers, I am very dependent on the continuous
development of knowledge and enhanced access to new knowledge and
research findings. This is at the core of my professional responsibility.
Knowledge and professional exchange between countries and across
disciplines can be achieved, and must be constantly stimulated and encouraged in a variety of ways. I believe the Stockholm Prize in Criminology plays a crucial role in these efforts, and I attach great value to its
commitment to strive for advancement and development.
I am therefore very pleased to announce that, following an initiative
of the Torsten Söderberg Foundation and the support of the Jerry Lee
Foundation and the Hitachi Mirai Foundation as co-founders, the Swedish Government has decided to make a one-time contribution to the
establishment of the Stockholm Prize in Criminology Foundation.
Through major one-time financial contributions by the founders and
yearly contributions by the co-founders, this Foundation will guarantee
the viability of the Prize over time, independently of the Government.
The international jury will continue its excellent work, led by the same
Jury Chairs. I am also delighted that Stockholm University has taken on
the role of secretariat for the jury, in agreement with the Stockholm Prize
in Criminology Foundation. It is my intention that the Swedish National
Council for Crime Prevention (Brå) continue to be responsible for organising the Stockholm Criminology Symposium in cooperation with the
5
Stockholm Prize in Criminology Foundation, as instructed by the Government.
I am very pleased that the Symposium has once again gathered participants from all over the world to discuss issues of relevance to the fight
against crime. The Symposium provides an excellent opportunity for
decision-makers, researchers and practitioners to meet, exchange views
on challenges and solutions, and cooperate for progress.
This year’s focus on effective methods of assessing the frequency and
prevalence of victimisation and the best ways to strengthen support and
protection for people who fall victim to crime is very important. We all
strive for effective judicial systems and the rule of law which, on a fair
basis, sentence those who have committed crimes to appropriate penalties. A central requirement of the criminal procedure is that people who
fall victim to crime and people who witness crimes dare to speak freely
to the police, prosecutors and in court. Their experiences are crucial
evidence in criminal investigations. Professional and respectful treatment
combined with relevant information from the judicial authorities is essential.
Also of great importance is the development of relevant methods for
measuring crime and victimisation, as well as victims’ experiences. The
Symposium presents some of the most prominent researchers and experts
in this field and many committed and competent people from all over the
world. I am sure you will have three very rewarding days.
As the Swedish Minister for Justice, I will once again have the great
pleasure to open this symposium, and I look forward to participating in
the panel discussion with several distinguished researchers, including this
year’s prizewinner, Professor Jan van Dijk.
I am delighted to wish you all a very warm welcome to the 2012
Stockholm Criminology Symposium.
Beatrice Ask
Minister for Justice
6
Welcome to the Stockholm
Criminology Symposium
It is a privilege to welcome you to the seventh Stockholm Criminology
Symposium. The symposium has become an annual international
meeting-place for criminologists, policymakers and
others with an interest in criminal policy. In this
forum we learn of the latest research findings,
exchange experience between researchers and
practitioners, and expand our networks.
The two major themes for the Stockholm
Criminology Symposium 2012 are:
 Focusing on Victims of Crime – Comparing
Crime Patterns and Improving Practice
 Contemporary Criminology
Erik Wennerström
The growing interest in collecting systematic information from victims of crime has produced valuable insights into their
experiences, insights that may greatly facilitate the improvement of
services for victims. Further, this systematic information has become an
important scientific tool for comparing levels of crime and the crime
structure both within and between nations. Today the most prominent
international comparisons of crime are based on largescale crime victim
surveys.
In conjunction with the Symposium, the Stockholm Prize in
Criminology will be awarded to Professor Jan van Dijk of Tilburg
University, for his repeated achievements as a leader of a large global
team of research scientists in producing one of the most widely used data
sources in modern criminology. We look forward to the prize winner
lecture to be delivered by Professor van Dijk at the symposium.
The symposium returns to our usual location, Norra Latin, for the
sessions and lectures. However, the regular host for our prize ceremony
and gala dinner, the Stockholm City Hall is currently being renovated
and will welcome us back again in 2013. This year, therefore, we have
the privilege to invite you to the prize ceremony and gala dinner on June
12 at another Stockholm landmark. Berns Salonger is a legendary
establishment inaugurated by the Swedish King Karl XV in 1863. This is
where the Swedish author August Strindberg held his literary circle in the
Red Room, lending its name to one of his most famous novels.
Apart from the exchange of knowledge during the symposium, it is
important to increase visibility of criminological research in society. We
hope and believe that the symposium and the prize help to achieve this
and that our knowledge will benefit society and those working in the
7
fields of fighting and preventing crime. And I foresee that you after the
symposium will return home with new knowledge and rewarding
impressions, and with nice memories of Stockholm.
Erik Wennerström
Director General, Brå
8
The Swedish National Council for
Crime Prevention (Brå)
The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå) – an agency
under the Ministry of Justice – is a centre for research and development
within the judicial system. Brå assists the agencies of the criminal justice
system by improving their knowledge and developing new methods. Brå’s
research is a major source of information for decision makers within the
criminal justice system (including the police), the Parliament and the Government.
Brå’s operations may be divided into six different areas of activity,
which correspond to the agency’s six specialist divisions.
 The Research and Development Division. The task of the division is to
conduct applied research and development work in the field of crime policy. The division produces knowledge as a basis for decision-making in
the area of crime policy and for use in the criminal justice system.
 Economic and Organised Crime Research Division. The division serves
as a national body of expertise in the area of economic crime in a broad
sense, to disseminate findings and to conduct various research projects.
 The Evaluation and Policing Division. The task of the division is to conduct large-scale evaluations of changes within the judicial system. These
evaluations are often commissioned by the Swedish Government. The
task of the division is also to evaluate social service efforts to prevent
young people to commit crime and offend once again.
 The Local Crime Prevention Division. The task of the division is to create
interest and encourage involvement in crime prevention work at the local
level. Amongst other things the division provides support and supplies
funding for the development of municipal crime prevention projects. The
division is also responsible for evaluating this work.
 The Crime Statistics Division. The division is responsible for the production of Sweden's official statistics on crime and criminal offenders. In addition to its continuous statistical production, the division works to further improve Sweden's official crime statistics.
 The Statistical Surveys Division.The division is responsible for the periodic surveys carried out with specific data collection, including survey
methods. They are in charge of producing the Swedish Crime Survey and
the hate crime statistics.
Brå often works in collaboration with other organisations and public sector
agencies. The target groups comprise decision makers and employees within the
judicial system, actors in the field of crime prevention and those members of the
general public with an interest in the knowledge we possess.
Brå was founded in 1974 and is led by its Director General, Erik Wennerström.
(See also www.bra.se)
9
The Stockholm Prize in Criminology
Professor Lawrence W. Sherman
Co-chairman of the jury
Professor Jerzy Sarnecki
Co-chairman of the jury
Under the aegis of the Swedish Ministry of Justice, an international prize has
been established in the field of criminology - The Stockholm Prize in Criminology.
The prize is awarded for outstanding achievements in criminological
research or for the application of research results by practitioners for the
reduction of crime and the advancement of human rights.
The objectives of The Stockholm Prize in Criminology are to promote the
development of





improved knowledge on causes of crime on individual and structural levels
more effective and human public policies for dealing with criminal
offenders
greater knowledge of alternative crime prevention strategies inside
and outside the judicial system
policies for helping the victims of crime
better ways to reduce the global problem of illegal or abusive practices that may occur in the administration of justice.
The prize is awarded to one recipient annually, with the possibility of the
prize being shared among co-recipients.
The 2012 prize winner
The 2012 Stockholm Prize in Criminology has been awarded to
Jan van Dijk of Tilburg University, the Netherlands, for his sustained leadership of the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) since 1989.
10
Jan van Dijk currently holds the Pieter van Vollenhoven Chair in Victimology and Human Security at the
University of Tilburg, The Netherlands (International
Victimology Institute Tilburg). He is a member of the
Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in
Human Beings of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg
and of the Dutch Commission on Compensation for
Victims of Crimes of Violence. The recipient of an
honorary doctoral degree of Tirunelveli University,
India, van Dijk was the co-founder and first chair of
Victim Support Netherlands (1984–1989) and presiJan van Dijk
dent of the World Society of Victimology
(1997–2000).
The jury selected Professor van Dijk as the winner for his repeated
achievements in mobilizing a large global team of research scientists in producing one of the most widely used data sources in modern criminology.
With the assistance of Pat Mayhew and Martin Killias, Professor van
Dijk first designed the International Crime Victims Survey in 1987. Since
then, the International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) has interviewed over
350,000 people in the course of five waves of the survey in a total of 80
countries. It is the largest ever multi-national effort to apply the science of
Criminology to measuring and comparing rates and trends in 1) the harm of
crime, in 2) how it affects victims, and in 3) how crime victims perceive the
governmental responses to their crimes. The ICVS has provided the most
comprehensive evidence yet of the recent drop in crime across European
countries as well as in the US, Canada, Australia and many other developed
countries. The data are from surveys amongst the general public and therefore less subject to influence by political or ideological agendas of governments of individual countries.
The latest full report on the surveys was published in 2008 (Van Dijk et
al.). He is currently involved in the conduct of the ICVS in a selection of
countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia and acts as consultant of Eurostat in the design of the future European Safety Survey (SASU).
11
Map of City Conference Centre (Norra Latin)
Third Floor
Room
351
Room
356
The Auditorium
Room
357
Room
359
Room
361
12
Fourth Floor
Room
452
The
Music
Hall
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Program
21
Detailed Program
Monday, June 11
Session: MON01
Opening ceremony
Day: Monday
th
Time: 09:00–9:10
Room: the Auditorium
Beatrice Ask (Minister for Justice, Ministry of Justice, Sweden)
Erik Wennerström, (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden)
Session: MON02
Opening discussion: Focusing on victims of crime - Comparing crime patterns and improving practice. Researchers’ advice to policy
Day: Monday
Time: 09:10–10:30
Paula Teixeria da Cruz (Minister for Justice, Ministry of Justice, Portugal)
Beatrice Ask (Minister for Justice, Ministry of Justice, Sweden)
Jan van Dijk (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
K. Jaishankar (Manonmaniam Sundaranar University and Centre for
Cyber Victim Counselling, India)
Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović (Victimology Society of Serbia, Serbia)
Sandra Walklate (University of Liverpool, UK)
Chair and discussant: Victor Jammers (Dutch Victim Support and Victim
Support Europe, The Netherlands)
Session: MON03
The contemporary politics of victims
Day: Monday
Time: 11:00–12:30
Theme: Focusing on victims of crime – Comparing crime patterns and
improving practice
Effects of restorative justice conferences on post-traumatic stress
symptoms among robbery and burglary victims: a randomized controlled
trial.
Caroline Angel (University of Pennsylvania, USA)
Paul Rock (London School of Economics, UK)
Victims and restorative justice conferencing: Conclusions from two
decades of research
Heather Strang (University of Cambridge, UK and Australian National
University, Australia)
22
Chair: Paul Rock (London School of Economics, UK)
Discussant: Lawrence Sherman (University of Cambridge, UK and University of Maryland, USA)
Session: MON04
Campbell Crime and Justice: NPIA systematic reviews on policing
Day: Monday
Time: 11:00–12:30
Room: the Music Hall
Theme: Contemporary criminology
Organized by: Campbell Collaboration
Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and
increase legitimacy and citizen satisfaction in neighborhoods
Charlotte Gill (George Mason University, USA)
Displacement of crime and diffusion of crime control benefits in largescale geographic areas
David Weisburd (George Mason University, USA and Hebrew University, Israel)
Chair: David Weisburd (George Mason University, USA and Hebrew
University, Israel)
Discussant: Peter Neyroud (University of Cambridge, UK)
Session: MON05
Examples of European legislation on online grooming
Day: Monday
Time: 11:00–12:30
Room: 351
improving practice
Technology and sexual abuse: A critical review of the Swedish 'grooming' legislation
Marie Eneman (Gothenburg University, Sweden)
Penalisation of grooming: a Dutch perspective
Renée Kool (University of Utrecht, The Netherlands)
The Norwegian grooming legislation
Heidi Mork Lomell (Norwegian Police University College, Norway)
Chair: David Shannon (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden)
23
Session: MON06
Early indicators and later explanations of criminal behavior
Day: Monday
Time: 11:00–12:30
Room: 356
Explaining the gender gap in juvenile shoplifting. A power-controltheoretical analysis.
Helmut Hirtenlehner (University of Linz, Austria)
An empirical test of Hagan et al.'s power control theory in Japan and
Korea.
Hiroshi Tsutomi (University of Shizuoka, Japan)
Cruelty to animals and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Criminological
and forensic correlations
Nuria Querol Viñas (University Hospital Mutua Terrassa/ The
Iberoamerican Link Coalition,
Spain)
The role of animals in domestic violence
Nuria Querol Viñas (University Hospital Mutua Terrassa/ The
Iberoamerican Link Coalition, Spain)
The effects of bullying perpetration in elementary school on adolescent
antisocial behaviour: Does parenting matter?
Ingrid Obsuth (University of Cambridge, UK)
Chair: Hiroshi Tsutomi (University of Shizuoka, Japan)
Session: MON07
Preventing repeat victimization
Day: Monday
Time: 11:00–12:30
Room: 357
improving practice
Preventing repeat victimization: A systematic review
Louise Grove (Loughborough University, UK)
Reducing crime or incidents in ‘repeat streets’ using the ‘Simple2start’
approach
Alan Edmunds (Crime Prevention Associates, UK)
Repeated victimization as a catalyst in the police system for better crime
prevention measures and victim support work
Magnus Lindgren (Safer Sweden Foundation, Sweden)
Chair: Louise Grove (Loughborough University, UK)
24
Session: MON08
Legislation to achieve women’s safety in Russia
Day: Monday
Time: 11:00–12:30
Room: 361
Organized by: Swedish Association of Women's Shelters and Young
Women's Empowerment Centres
Natalia Khodyreva (Instutute Of Non-Discriminative Gender Interrelations (Ingi)/Crisis Centre For Women, Russia)
Marina Pisklakova-Parker (Center ANNA, Russia)
Vidar Vetterfalk (Men for Gender Equality, Sweden)
Chair: Olga Persson (Swedish Association of Women's Shelters and
Young Women's Empowerment Centres, Sweden)
Session: MON09
Indicators of criminality in large scale population studies
Day: Monday
Time: 11.00–12:30
Room: 359
Results from surveying prisoner crime reduction (SPCR) - longitudinal
cohort study of prisoners
Kathryn Hopkins (Ministry of Justice, UK)
Mental disorders, substance use disorders and recidivism: Exploring
offence trajectories in a Canadian provincial correctional population
Stefanie N. Rezansoff (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Design and findings of the Finnish nationwide 1981 birth cohort study
Henrik Elonheimo (University of Turku, Finland)
Chair: Kathryn Hopkins (Ministry of Justice, UK)
Session: MON10
Changing orientations to victims
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–15:00
improving practice
Four decades of victimology: The changing (and unchanging?) agenda
Leslie Sebba (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel)
Addressing the needs of victims: movement and stasis'
Joanna Shapland (University of Sheffield, UK)
25
The victimology of environmental harm: new challenges, old problems'
Matthew Hall (University of Sheffield, UK)
Chair: Joanna Shapland (University of Sheffield, UK)
Session: MON11
Campbell Crime and Justice: Orgins and consequences of school bullying
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–15:00
Organized by: Campbell Collaboration
Bullying perpetration and victimization as risk factors for drug use later
in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
David P. Farrington (University of Cambridge, UK)
Protective factors against school bullying: A systematic review and metaanalysis
Maria M. Ttofi (University of Cambridge, UK)
Long term stability of school bullying perpetration and victimization:
Risk and protective factors
Friedrich Lösel (University of Cambridge, UK)
Chair: David P. Farrington (University of Cambridge, UK)
Session: MON12
Criminology and criminal justice research from Australia
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–15:00
Room: 351
A cycle of violence? Examining the link between exposure to violence in
childhood and partner violence perpetration in a sample of male homicide offenders
Li Eriksson (Griffith University, Australia)
Race, sex and offending trajectories
Anna Stewart (Griffith University, Australia)
The evolution of pre-emption in anti-terrorism law: A crossjurisdictional examination
Susan Donkin (Griffith University, Australia)
Alcohol consumption by university students: Engagement in hazardous
and delinquent behaviours and experiences of harm
Tara Renae McGee (Griffith University, Australia)
Chair: Anna Stewart (Griffith University, Australia)
26
Session: MON13
Selected studies on crime and victimization
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–15:00
Room: 356
improving practice
Experience, perception and coping of mid-adolescent victims of violence
and property crime
Gerwinde Vynckier (Ghent University/ FWO Flanders, Belgium)
Children: Offenders or victims? Narcotic addiction age is dropping in
Turkey!
Füsun Sokullu-Akinci (Istanbul University, Turkey)
Invisible victims of environmental crime?
Toine Spapens (Police Academy of the Netherlands and Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
Drug routes and markets
Sofka Hadjijevska
Chair: Füsun Sokullu-Akinci (Istanbul University, Turkey)
Session: MON14
Towards a council of Europe convention-based scorecard for anti-THB
policies
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–15:00
Room: 357
improving practice
Fanny Klerx –van Mierlo (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
Chair: Jan van Dijk (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
27
Session: MON15
Against crime: Care for elders’ support and security
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–15:00
Room: 361
improving practice
Organized by: Safer Sweden Foundation
Anna Maria Giannini (“Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy)
Magnus Lindgren (Safer Sweden Foundation, Sweden)
Johanna Nivala (Safer Sweden Foundation, Sweden)
Stéphanie Boisnard (Direction Centrale de la Sécurité Publique, Ministère de
l'Intérieur, France)
Tinkara Pavsic Mrevlje (University of Maribor, Slovenia)
Cecilia Guariglia (Fondazione Santa Lucia; “Sapienza” University of Rome,
Italy)
Carlo Rossi (Regione Lazio, Italy)
Roberto Sgalla (Police Academy, Italy)
Davide Barba (Laboratorio italiano di Criminologia, Italy)
Chair: Magnus Lindgren (Safer Sweden Foundation, Sweden)
Session: MON16
Neighbourhood security survey - a practical experience
Day: Monday
Time: 13:30–17:00
Room: 359
Mia Andersson Ek (City of Gothenburg, Sweden)
Solveig Hollari (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention,
Sweden)
Chair: Solveig Hollari (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden)
NOTE: This is a walk out session, ending at 17.00.
Session: MON17
Victimological perspectives from Asia
Day: Monday
Time: 15:30–17:00
improving practice
Victims’ real voices from the research in Japan
Yoko Hosoi (Tokyo University, Japan)
Victims and justice from the perspective of the Asian paradigm: Tradition and modern practice
Jianhong Liu (University of Macau, China)
28
Victims of ‘It’s me’ fraud in Japan; Cultural aspects of crime
Tadashi Moriyama (Takushoku University, Japan)
Victim justice in South Asia: Past, present and beyond
Chair: K. Jaishankar (Manonmaniam Sundaranar University and Centre
for Cyber Victim Counselling, India)
Session: MON18
Stockholm Boys – developments in Stockholm Life Course Project
Day: Monday
Time: 15:30–17:00
Organized by: Stockholm University
Christoffer Carlsson (Stockholm University, Sweden)
Jerzy Sarnecki (Stockholm University, Sweden)
Gustav Brorsson (Stockholm University, Sweden)
Fredrik Sivertsson (Stockholm University, Sweden)
Chair: Jerzy Sarnecki (Stockholm University, Sweden
Session: MON19
Breaking rules. The social and situational dynamics of young people's
urban crime. Author meets readers and critics
Day: Monday
Time: 15:30–17:00
Room: 351
Per-Olof H. Wikström (University of Cambridge, UK)
Kyle Treiber (University of Cambridge, UK)
Beth Hardie (University of Cambridge, UK)
Dietrich Oberwittler (Max Planck Institute Freiburg, Germany)
Discussants: Lawrence Sherman (University of Cambridge, UK and University of Maryland, USA), Anthony Bottoms (University of Cambridge,
UK) and Hans-Jürgen Kerner (University of Tuebingen, Germany)
Chair: Per-Olof H Wikström (University of Cambridge, UK)
29
Session: MON20
Migration and its implications for crime and detention
Day: Monday
Time: 15:30–17:00
Room: 356
Migration and sex work: Social service agency responses in the United
States and Norway
Kimberlee G. Waggoner (Old Dominion University, USA)
Segmented assimilation in Stockholm
Amber L. Beckley (Stockholm University, Sweden)
Mandatory detention of asylum seekers: The evolution of a policy
Janet Ransley (Griffith University, Australia)
Chair: Amber L. Beckley (Stockholm University, Sweden)
Session: MON21
Traumatic events in Scandinavian. National and individual resilience
Day: Monday
Time: 15:30–17:00
Room: 357
improving practice.
“Like doing a puzzle” – Ten years after the discotheque fire.
Ann Hanbert (A More Secure and More Humane Gothenburg, Sweden)
and Lars Rönnmark (The University of Gothenburg, Sweden)
The terror and massacre-attack in Norway, June 22, 2011 – Political
violence and resilience
Ragnhild Bjørnebekk (Norwegian Police University College, Sweden)
Chair: Ragnhild Bjørnebekk (Norwegian Police University College, Sweden)
Session: MON22
Kicking to death
Day: Monday
Time: 15:30–17:00
Room: 361
Daniel Heinke (University of Applied Sience (Public Administration)
Bremen Germany)
Mareike Persson (Lund University, Sweden)
Helén Örnemark Hansen (Lund University, Sweden)
Chair: Helén Örnemark Hansen (Lund University, Sweden)
30
Session: MON23
Analyzing and forecasting distributions and trends
Day: Monday
Time: 15.30-17.00
Room: 359
Modeling future crime in Germany
Michael Hanslmaier (Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Germany)
Using artificial intelligence for MO identification: Introducing a new
interactive analysis aproach
Amadeus Hein (Gothenburg University, Sweden)
Chair: Michael Hanslmaier (Criminological Research Institute of Lower
Saxony, Germany)
31
Tuesday, June 12
th
Session: TUE01
Addressing victims’ needs
Day: Tuesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
improving practice
Population-based surveys on reparations for victims after violent conflicts: What do we learn?
Towards a victimology of international crimes
Meeting the offender after the crime
Stephan Parmentier (KU Leuven, Belgium)
Rianne Letschert (International Victimology Institute Tilburg, The Netherlands)
Victor Jammers (Dutch Victim Support and Victim Support Europe, The
Netherlands)
Chair: Jaap de Waard (Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice, The
Netherlands)
Session: TUE02
Effects of restorative justice conferencing ten years on
Day: Tuesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Victims of property and violent crime: Effects of restorative justice ten
years on
Heather Strang (University of Cambridge, UK and Australian National
University, Australia)
Risk of death among violent offenders randomly assigned to restorative
justice or to court
Lawrence Sherman (University of Cambridge, UK and University of
Maryland, USA)
Rituals, emotional energy, and restorative justice: Long-term impacts for
victims of crime
Meredith Rossner (University of Western Sydney, Australia)
Chair: Heather Strang (University of Cambridge, UK and Australian
National University, Australia)
32
Session: TUE03
New grooming research and the policing of online grooming
Day: Tuesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 351
improving practice
Findings from the European online grooming project
Julia Davidson (Kingston University, UK and Queensland University of
Technology, Australia) and Stephen Webster (NATCEN Social Research,
UK)
Understanding and policing online child sexual abuse
Elena Martellozzo (Middlesex University, UK)
“Grooming” children online - offense or behavior?
Jörgen Lindeberg (National Bureau of Investigation, Sweden)
Chair: David Shannon (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden)
Session: TUE04
The difference that space makes: On the geography of crime and perceived safety
Day: Tuesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 356
Organized by: CEFIN – School of Architecture and the Built Environment Royal Institute of Technology
Space-time dynamics of crime in transport nodes
Adriaan Uittenbogaard (CEFIN – School of Architecture and the Built
Environment, Sweden)
The distribution of household safety protection in Stockholm
Bridget Lewakowski (CEFIN – School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Sweden)
Acts of vandalism and fear in neighbourhoods: Do they affect housing
prices?
Mats Wilhelmsson (CEFIN – School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Sweden)
Places of outdoor rapes
Vania Ceccato (CEFIN – School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Sweden)
33
Chair: Vania Ceccato (CEFIN - School of Architecture and the Built
Environment, Sweden)
Session: TUE05
International comparative assessments of crime and violence: Quantitative and qualitative methods
Day: Tuesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 357
improving practice
From victimization surveys to participatory assessments: Closing the
circle
Anna Alvazzi del Frate (Small Arms Survey, Switzerland)
Gender-based violence against women – first EU-wide survey
Sami Nevala (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Comparing victimization survey results
Robert Manchin (Gallup Europe, Belgium)
Chair: Anna Alvazzi del Frate (Small Arms Survey, Switzerland)
Session: TUE06
State compensation to crime victims in Sweden and the Netherlands:
Basic principles, current issues and reflections on strengthened cooperation in the European Union
Day: Tuesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 361
improving practice
Organized by: The Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority
The Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund
Nina Huygen (The Violent Offences Compensation Fund, The Netherlands)
Ludo Goossens (The Violent Offences Compensation Fund, The Netherlands)
The Swedish state compensation to crime victims
Ulf Hjerppe (The Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority,
Sweden)
Per Rubing (The Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority,
Sweden)
34
Session: TUE07
Research and policy in the field of victims of crime in the European Union – Three perspectives on the latest developments as well as challenges
and opportunities for the future
Day: Tuesday
Time: 11.00-12.30
improving practice
Organized by: The Swedish Ministry of Justice
Cross border victims in the EU: Challenges and opportunities
Marc Groenhuijsen (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
New avenues and new uses for criminal victimisation surveys
Joanna Goodey (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Strengthening victims' rights in the European Union
Ingrid Bellander Todino (European Commission)
Chair: Jan Andersson (Swedish Prison and Probation Administration,
Sweden)
Session: TUE08
Commemoration session for Em. Tony Peters
Day: Tuesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Stephen Parmentier (KU Leuven, Belgium)
Ezzat Fattah (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Hans-Jürgen Kerner (University of Tuebingen, Germany)
Lawrence Sherman (University of Cambridge, UK and University of
Maryland, USA)
Erik Wennerström (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention,
Sweden)
Chair: Stephen Parmentier (KU Leuven, Belgium)
Session: TUE09
Restorative justice: Perspectives and experiences
Day: Tuesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 351
Emotional transactions in a restorative justice process
Hennessey Hayes (Griffith University, Australia)
Restorative justice in India: The way forward
Arjun Masters (National Law University Delhi, India)
35
‘Diversion’ in Turkish law: Destined to fai?
Oznur Sevdiren (Uludag University, Turkey and Bogazici University,
Turkey)
How to ”do” restorative justice? Victim-offender mediation as moral,
identity and emotion work
Anna Rypi (Lund University, Sweden)
Chair: Hennessey Hayes (Griffith University, Australia)
Session: TUE10
Spatial dimension of disorder, crime and fear of crime
Day: Tuesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 356
Community organization moderates the effect of alcohol outlet density
on violence
William Alex Pridemore (Indiana University, USA)
What determines fear of violent victimization –who you are or where
you live?
Hagit Turjeman (The Western Galilee College, Israel)
Intra-neighborhood distribution of collective efficacy and disorder: The
importance of geographical units of analysis
Manne Gerell (Malmö University, Sweden)
Chair: William Alex Pridemore (Indiana University, USA)
Session: TUE11
Modern victimization surveys. National results from France and international analyses on mode effects
Day: Tuesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 357
improving practice
Mode effects in web and telephone based victim surveys
Nathalie Guzy (Federal Criminal Police Office, Germany) and Heinz
Leitgoeb (University of Linz, Austria)
5 different findings from the 5 victimisation surveys “Cadre de vie et
sécurité” (“Living environment and security”) conducted in France since
2007
Cyril Rizk (French National supervisory body on crime and punishment,
France)
36
Selection and measurement effects in mixed-mode crime victim surveys:
An experiment
Bart Buelens (Statistics Netherlands, The Netherlands)
Chair: Bart Buelens (Statistics Netherlands, The Netherlands)
Session: TUE12
Organised crime involvement in iIIegal waste trafficking
Day: Tuesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 361
Organized by: United Nations Interrregional Crime and Justice Research
Institute (UNICRI)
Combating illegal trafficking of waste and Ecomafias: The case of Italy
Kristiina Kangaspunta (United Nations Interrregional Crime and Justice
Research Institute)
Organised crime involvement in waste trafficking – The Case of the Republic of Slovenia
Katja Eman (University of Maribor, Slovenia)
Waste Electronic & Electrical Equipment and the illegal trade in metal
bearing fractions
Therese Shryane (WEEE Forum, Belgium)
A novel approach to strategic intelligence management to combat organised crime
Babak Akhgar (Sheffield Hallam University, UK)
Dave Fortune (Sheffield Hallam University, UK)
Chair: Kristiina Kangaspunta (United Nations Interrregional Crime and
Justice Research Institute)
Session: TUE13
Prize winner lecture
Day: Tuesday
Time: 13.30-14.30
improving practice
37
Session: TUE14
The recent boost in rights and assistance for crime victims in The Netherlands
Day: Tuesday
Time: 15.00–16.30
improving practice
Organized by: Ministry of Security and Justice, The Netherlands
Victim support in The Netherlands: Work in progress
Victor Jammers (Dutch Victim Support and Victim Support Europe, The
Netherlands)
Measuring the quality of victim services
Annemarie ten Boom (Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice, The Netherlands)
Citizen’s views on victim policy; redesigning compensation
Helga Ezendam (Ministry of Security and Justice, The Netherlands) and
Mariëlle Basten (Ministry of Security and Justice, The Netherlands)
Enforcing victims rights: The role of the Ombudsman
Ineke Sybesma (Dutch Victim Support Fund, The Netherlands)
Chair: Jaap de Waard (Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice, The
Netherlands)
Session: TUE15
Systematic reviews, experiments and innovative partnerships. Towards
improved crime prevention
Day: Tuesday
Time: 15.00–16.30
Innovations for a safer society: Public private partnership and the role of
Research and Technology Organizations (RTO’s)
Ida Haisma (Netherlands Centre for Crime Prevention and Community
Safety, The Netherlands)
Learning by stages: a study of the implementation of a randomised control trial in Birmingham, UK
Peter Neyroud (University of Cambridge, UK)
Exploiting research to improve crime prevention strategies: A view from
Norway
Eamonn Noonan (The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health
Services, Norway)
Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas (The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for
the Health Services, Norway)
38
Chair: Eamonn Noonan (The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the
Health Services, Norway)
Session: TUE16
Policing and young people in multi-ethnic societies – Findings from qualitative studies in three European countries
Day: Tuesday
Time: 15.00–16.30
Room: 351
Police and youth in France: Dealing with tensions
Sebastian Roché (University of Grenoble, France)
Mathieu Zagrodzki (University of Grenoble, France)
Police and young people in deprived areas in two German cities
Daniela Hunold (Max Planck Institute, Germany)
The police and ethnic minority youth in London: The consequences of
counter-terrorism
Alpa Parmar (University of Leeds, UK)
Are the experiences of policing different in Europe? The challenge of a
comparative approach
Dietrich Oberwittler (Max Planck Institute Freiburg, Germany),
Daniela Hunold (Max Planck Institute, Germany),
Jacques de Maillard (University of Versailles, France),
Alpa Parmar (University of Leeds, UK),
Sebastian Roché (University of Grenoble, France) and
Mathieu Zagrodzki (University of Grenoble, France)
Chair: Dietrich Oberwittler (Max Planck Institute Freiburg, Germany)
Session: TUE17
Studies on hate crime
Day: Tuesday
Time: 15.00–16.30
Room: 356
“Clever racists” and racism by stealth: How hate crime victims perceive
their experience of victimization
Corinne Funnell (Cardiff University, UK)
Hate crime in Flanders
Marjolein Muys (Flemish Peace Institute, Belgium)
39
Motives, reasons and responsibility in hate crime legislation
David Brax (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)
Chair: Corinne Funnell (Cardiff University, UK)
Session: TUE18
Features and feasibility of two European and two national crime victim
surveys. The examples of EU, Italy and The Netherlands
Day: Tuesday
Time: 15.00–16.30
Room: 357
improving practice
Features and feasibilities of the Dutch crime victim surveys
Harry Huys (Statistics Netherlands, The Netherlands)
The Italian citizen’s safety survey
Maria Giuseppina Muratore (ISTAT, Italy)
The FRA’s EU-wide survey on violence against women
Joanna Goodey (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Eduardo Barredo Capelot (Eurostat)
Session: TUE19
The rapid transference of “modern” ideas in social work – the councelling of children and violent fathers
Day: Tuesday
Time: 15.00–16.30
Room: 361
improving practice
Organized by: The National Organisation for Women’s Shelters and
Young Women’s Shelters in Sweden
Lynne Harne (University of Bristol, UK)
Elisabeth Högberg Eriksson (Women’s Shelters Örebro, Sweden)
Anna Hultblad (Women’s Shelters Örebro, Sweden)
Chair: Katinka Ingves (The National Organisation for Women’s Shelters
and Young Women’s Shelters in Sweden, Sweden) and Gun Hedlund
(The National Organisation for Women’s Shelters and Young Women’s
Shelters in Sweden, Sweden)
40
Wednesday, June 13
th
Session: WED01
Crime victims in the justice system
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
improving practice
Organized by: The Crime Victim Compensation and Support
Authority
Reporting and non-reporting of crimes: A victimological perspective
Marc Groenhuijsen (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
Protection of crime victims – more than prevention of secondary victimisation?
Anna Wergens (Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority,
Sweden)
Victims’ rights as a question of politics. The Swedish judicial system’s
prioritisation of measures against hate crimes as an example
Görel Granström (Umeå University, Sweden)
Chair: Marc Groenhuijsen (Tilburg University, The Netherlands)
Session: WED02
A model to enhance the relationship between the police and the public in
a country in transition – the Serbian example
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
improving practice
Organized by: Safer Sweden Foundation
Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic (Victimology Society of Serbia, Serbia)
Stig Månsson (Organization for security and Co-operation in Europe)
Jelena Tomkovic (Ministry of the Interior, Serbia)
Randel Milosevic (Uniform Police Directorate, Serbia)
Chair: Karl-Åke Pettersson (Safer Sweden Foundation, Sweden)
41
Session: WED03
Social Action Groups – Strategic collaboration between municipalities,
the police and others
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 351
Organized by: The Stockholm County Police and The National Police
Board
Youth crime in Stockholm and Sweden – an overview
Peter Lindström (Stockholm County Police, Sweden)
Social cooperation aimed at reducing juvenile crime – working against
recruitment and facilitating defection
Christina Kiernan (National Police Board, Sweden)
Social media and the police
Johan Ljunggren (Stockholm County Police, Sweden)
Chair: Peter Lindström (Stockholm County Police, Sweden)
Session: WED04
Perspectives and legislation on crime victimization
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 356
improving practice
Crime victims and criminals in Swedish criminal justice bills
Anita Heber (Södertörn University, Sweden)
Emotions and criminal law: Legislation practices triggered by victims
Nina Peršak (University of Ghent, Belgium)
Damage compensation for victims of crime in the Netherlands: The importance of the civil procedure
Wendy Schrama (WODC, The Netherlands) and Teun Geurts (WODC,
The Netherlands)
Chair: Anita Heber (Södertörn University, Sweden)
42
Session: WED05
Contemporary issues in public safety and security
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 357
Organized by: International Police Executive Symposium
International Police Executive Symposium (IPES), and the link between
police practitioners and the criminal justice academic world
Dilip Das (International Police Executive Symposium, USA),
Ana Mijovic-Das (International Police Executive Symposium,USA) and
Mintie Das (International Police Executive Symposium, Finland)
David Baker (Monash University, Australia)
Initiatives to improve police efficiency and effectiveness: Lessons learnt
from community policing and operational use of citizen satisfaction
studies
Per Svartz (Blekinge County Police, Sweden)
Karlskrona – from a perceived unsafe city to a safer city
Anders Wikander (Blekinge County Police, Sweden)
Chair: David Baker (Monash University, Australia)
Session: WED06
Youth gangs and criminal groups
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 361
Processes of engagement, disengagement and reintegration
Tore Bjørgo (Norwegian Police University College, Norway) and
Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik (Norwegian Police University College, Norway)
Gangs, violence, communication barriers and trauma
Inger-Lise Lien (Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress
Studies, Norway)
Deviant youth groups and their impact on offending: Results from the
second international self-report delinquency study in 30 countries.
Uberto Gatti (University of Genoa, Italy)
Chair: Uberto Gatti (University of Genoa, Italy)
43
Session: WED07
Analyzing trends of crime. Exploring crime victim surveys and other
data-sourses
Day: Wednesday
Time: 09.00–10.30
Room: 359
improving practice
The crime drop in ‘non-western’ countries: A review of homicide data
Andromachi Tseloni (Nottingham Trent University, UK)
Is burglary a household or national problem? Using the international
crime victims survey for advancing theory and assisting policy.
Anna Alvazzi del Frate (Small Arms Survey, Switzerland)
Chair: Anna Alvazzi del Frate (Small Arms Survey, Switzerland)
Session: WED08
Cyber crime victimization: Beyond boundaries
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Cyber crime victimization: Typology and trends
Cyber crime and victim turned offenders: An analysis of impact of victimization and coping mechanisms of women victims
Debarati Halder (Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling, India)
Victims of Internet crime in Austria
Anna Burgard (KFV (Austrian Road Safety Board, Austria)
The context of cybercrime in South Africa
Amos Saurombe (Univerisity of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa)
Chair: K. Jaishankar (Manonmaniam Sundaranar University and Centre
for Cyber Victim Counselling, India)
Session: WED09
The dilemma of the victim-offender overlap
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
improving practice
Crime as the cause of crime!
Beulah Shekhar (Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India)
44
The overlap of internet social networking between adolescent cyber
crime and victimization
Yao-Chung Lennon Chang (City University of Hong Kong, China)
The victim-offender overlap: Why it matters for criminal policy
Anthony Bottoms (University of Cambridge, UK)
Chair: Anthony Bottoms (University of Cambridge, UK)
Session: WED10
The treatment and prevention of criminality
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 351
David Farabee (UCLA, USA)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 on
aggression and delinquency.
Adrian Raine (University of Pennsylvania, USA)
Everyone is a star – Give the calm pupils a voice
Leo Keidel (MA Sociology Police Department Waiblingen, Germany)
Yogic crime theory, the new way to fight crime
Rameshwar Singh Jamwal (Criminologists Society of J&K, India)
Chair: Adrian Raine (University of Pennsylvania, USA) and
Leo Keidel (MA Sociology Police Department Waiblingen, Germany)
Session: WED11
Features and consequences of penal law
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 356
Administering juvenile justice in Nigeria
Osuagwu Ugochukwu (Victory and Rose associates, Nigeria)
Criminal law in the era of globalisation in latin-america
Fernando Tocora (Asociación Latinoamericana de Derecho Penal y
Criminología ALPEC, Colombia)
Age and gender biases in punitive tendencies in Uruguay between 1985
and 2008
Nicolas Trajtenberg (Universidad de la Republica del Uruguay, Uruguay)
and Ana Vigna (Universidad de la Republica del Uruguay, Uruguay)
Reinventing broken wheels: Three strikes comes to New Zealand
James C. Oleson (University of Auckland, New Zealand)
45
Are juvenile offenders scapegoats?
Janusz Bojarski (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland)
Violence and intimacy: Where the law does not enter
Guido Leonardo Croxatto (University of Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Chair: James C. Oleson (University of Auckland, New Zealand)
Session: WED12
Contemporary studies on policing
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 357
Police brutality in South Africa and need for administrative review
Quiet Mabunda (University of South Africa, South Africa)
Policing by risks or risky policing? The implementation of intelligence
led policing in Belgium
Evi Schroyen (University of Leuven, Belgium)
Improving police practice: Strengths and drawbacks of police and protester dialogue
David Baker (Monash University, Australia)
Routine activity and the risk of police stops – Findings from the British
crime survey
Faiza Qureshi (City University, UK)
Chair: David Baker (Monash University, Australia)
Session: WED13
Wire and internet tapping
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 361
The use of the telephone and internet tap in the Netherlands
Christianne J. de Poot (Dutch ministry of Security and Justice, The
Netherlands)
Bas van der Leij (Research and Documentation Centre, The Netherlands)
Chair: Lars Korsell (The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden)
46
Session: WED14
Organizing trust and safety: Sustainable networks and process additives
Day: Wednesday
Time: 11.00–12.30
Room: 359
improving practice
Organized by: A more secure and more human Gothenburg
Ylva Mühlenbock (A more secure and more human Gothenburg,
Sweden),
Joakim Forsemalm (Gothenburg University, Sweden),
Lotta Jofjord (Västra Götaland Police Authority, Sweden) and
Lena Salo (City of Gothenburg, Sweden)
Chair: Ylva Mühlenbock (A more secure and more human Gothenburg,
Sweden)
Session: WED15
Cybercrime. Hackers, bullies and molesters
Day: Wednesday
Time: 13.30–15.00
Hackers, scammers and perverts: College students' experiences and perceptions of Internet crime: Ten years later
M. Marcoux Faiia (Rivier College, USA)
Online reputation in the hacking underground: A study of the symbolic
capital of carders
David Décary-Hétu (University of Montreal, Canada) and
Anna Leppänen (Police College of Finland, Finland)
Cyber bullying among university students in Turkey
Criminological aspects of child pornography
Sebastien Prat (University Hospital Center of Tours, France and University Francois Rabelais of Tours, France)
Chair: David Décary-Hétu (University of Montreal, Canada)
47
Session: WED16
Crime victims – UN standards, implementation and challenges
Day: Wednesday
Time: 13.30–15.00
improving practice
Organized by: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Crime victims – UN standards, implementation and challenges
Anna Giudice Saget (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
Kristiina Kangaspunta (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice
Research Institute
Chair: Anna Giudice Saget (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
Session: WED17
Alternative treatments for offenders
Day: Wednesday
Time: 13.30–15.00
Room: 351
Treatment induced turning points
Waldemar Ryggmark (Criminals Return Into Society, Sweden)
Drug treatment court in Vancouver, Canada: Do outcomes vary between
subgroups?
Julian M Somers (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Unpaid work as an alternative to imprisonment for fine default – A
comparison of Austria and Scotland
Carlotta Pirnat (University of Vienna, Austria)
Chair: Julian M Somers (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Session: WED18
Treaties and legislation. Impact on offender behavior and law enforcement
Day: Wednesday
Time: 13.30–15.00
Room: 356
The use of conspiracy laws in the investigation and prosecution of criminal organizations
Frederick Desroches (St. Jerome's University, Canada, and University of
Waterloo, Canada)
48
The role of SEC funding in enforcing financial regulations
Christian Thomann (University of Hannover, Germany)
The illegal possession and acquisition of firearms and ammunition in
Belgium
Nils Duquet (Flemish Peace Institute, Belgium)
Chair: Frederick Desroches (St. Jerome's University, Canada and University of Waterloo, Canada)
Session: WED19
Police approaches to crime victims
Day: Wednesday
Time: 13.30–15.00
Room: 357
improving practice
Integrated responses to intimate partner violence – what role do perpetrators play? Responses to intimate
Silke Meyer (The University of Queensland, Australia)
The role of police in protection and promotion of children’s rights
Nankabirwa Irene (Youth Crime Watch Uganda, Uganda) and
Nankyo Shamim (Youth Crime Watch Uganda, Uganda)
Police officers’ gender, rape myth acceptance and collaboration with
advocates; Relationships to conducting rape victim interviews
Karen Rich (Marywood University, USA)
Police officers conducting sexual assault victim interviews: Do attitudes
matter?
Karen Rich (Marywood University, USA)
Understanding police thinking to reduce secondary victimization
Andis Rinkevics (State Police, Latvia)
Chair: Karen Rich (Marywood University, USA)
49
Session: WED20
Today’s victims tomorrow’s offender?
Day: Wednesday
Time: 13.30–15.00
Room: 359
improving practice
About Suport center for young victimes
Ann Hellströmmer
Ulf Brännström
Marcus Andréasson
Experiences from The Crime Victim Support Centre in Norway
Hanne Haugen
Chair: Jacob Andersson
Session: Poster Session
Poster Session
Day: Monday
Time: 17.00–19.00
50
Room: The Atrium
Abstracts
This section contains abstracts of most of the sessions which will be held
during the Stockholm Criminology Symposium 2012. All abstracts, with
a few exceptions, are presented unedited, and each individual author is
responsible for the content of his or her abstract. The texts are reproduced as they were received.
51
Monday, June 11
Session: MON01
Opening ceremony
Session: MON02
Opening discussion: Focusing on victims of crime – Comparing crime
patterns and improving practice. Researchers’ advice to policy
Session: MON03
The contemporary politics of victims
improving practice
Speaker:
Caroline Angel
Presentation title: Effects of restorative justice conferences on posttraumatic stress symptoms among robbery and burglary victims: a randomized controlled trial
The Jerry Lee Program on Randomized Controlled Experiments in Restorative Justice has previously reported that restorative justice conferences reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in victims of serious
crime. Evidence from the traumatic stress literature has highlighted that
following any given trauma, women are twice as likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder as men exposed to the same experience. Additionally, women's symptoms are likely to persist longer than men’s.
Our study randomly assigned consenting victims of serious burglary and
robbery in London and their offenders either to normal court procesbAsing alone or to attend a face-to-face restorative justice meeting as well as
court. The victims in these cases were administered a standard scale to
measure their levels of PTSS a month after their meeting and again six
months later. Based on their responses this presentation will examine the
following questions: 1. What is the impact of restorative justice meetings
on crime victims’ PTSS over time compared with those who did not experience such meetings? and 2. Is there a differential impact of restorative justice meetings on PTSS for men and women over time, in line with
the trauma literature? Panel data will be presented and policy implications will be discussed.
Speaker: Paul Rock
An abundance of states claim to offer rights to the victims of crime, but,
when the words ‘victim’ and ‘right’ are examined closely, it appears that
the victims who are deemed rights-worthy are a rather special group,
and the rights they have been awarded are almost never justiciable. The
52
paper proceeds by exploring those meanings, principally in adversarial
criminal justice systems, and attempts to explain how they have arisen.
Speaker: Heather Strang
Presentation title: Victims and restorative justice conferencing: Conclusions from two decades of research
Over the past twenty years evidence has accumulated about the benefits
of restorative justice conferences (RJC) for all who agree to participate.
The most compelling findings concern victims of crime willing to meet
their admitted offenders in face-to-face encounters, with the support of
their family and friends. These meetings are led by trained facilitators
who do not mediate but instead ensure that all participants voice their
views and that the discussion leads to an agreement between the parties
to address the harm caused by the offence. This paper will review this
evidence emerging from a large number of rigorous comparative studies
that supports the conclusion that most victims benefit from RJC and will
discuss the policy implications arising from these findings.
Session: MON04
Campbell Crime and Justice: NPIA Systematic Reviews on Policing
Speaker:
Charlotte Gill
Presentation title: Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase legitimacy and citizen satisfaction in neighborhoods
Co-authors: David Weisburd (George Mason University, USA and Hebrew University, Israel) Trevor Bennett (University of Glamorgan, UK)
Zoe Vitter (George Mason University, USA) Cody Telep (George Mason
University, USA)
Community-oriented policing (COP) is a law enforcement philosophy
that encompasses a range of policing strategies involving the community,
such as community policing, neighborhood policing, and problem solving. From the outset COP has been primarily concerned with policecommunity collaborations toward the “co-production” of public safety,
rather than directly reducing crime. There has been a major investment
in COP since the 1990s, with most police departments reporting the use
of COP strategies, and an entire section of the U.S. Department of Justice (the COPS Office) dedicated to research and funding. In previous
narrative reviews of COP, there has been little identification of an effect
on crime though evidence of positive impacts on fear of crime. We report
53
on a systematic Campbell review that sought to pull together research on
COP and assess the effectiveness of the strategy using meta analytic
methods. We examine the effect of policing programs emphasizing consultation and collaboration with the community in addressing neighborhood problems on outcomes such as reduction of crime, disorder, and
fear, and increased police legitimacy and citizen satisfaction.
Speaker:
David Weisburd
Presentation title: Displacement of crime and diffusion of crime control
benefits in large-scale geographic areas
Co-authors: Cody Telep (George Mason University, USA) Doron
Teichman (Hebrew University, Israel) Charlotte Gill (George Mason
University, USA) Zoe Vitter (George Mason University, USA)
The traditional belief that spatial displacement is an inevitable outcome
of focused crime prevention efforts has been replaced by an assumption
that displacement is seldom total and often inconsequential. Indeed,
research suggests that many place-oriented crime prevention strategies
lead to a “diffusion of crime control benefits” to surrounding areas.
Much of the primary research on displacement, however, has focused on
“micro places,” examining geographically-focused initiatives at units
such as crime hot spots (often single street blocks or clusters of blocks).
However, because formal social control interventions are often implemented at larger geographic units (e.g. police beats/districts, cities, jurisdictions), it is important to assess displacement and diffusion of crime
control benefits in broadly targeted place-based interventions. Since less
attention has been given to large area displacement and diffusion effects,
we cannot be confident that micro level research applies to larger geographic units. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize
evidence on crime displacement and diffusion that results from formal
social control interventions in larger areas. Our main question is to what
extent do formal social control interventions or legislative changes targeted at “macro places” lead to spatial displacement of crime/disorder or
diffusion of crime/disorder prevention benefits?
Session: MON05
Examples of European legislation on online grooming
improving practice
Speaker:
Marie Eneman
Presentation title: Technology and sexual abuse: A critical review of the
Swedish 'grooming' legislation
54
Online grooming is an activity that leads to sexual abuse of children. For
this reason a number of pieces of legislation governing grooming have
been created on international and national levels. The present paper
discusses a specific case that has received a lot of public attention and
been regarded as a high-profile grooming case in Sweden. This particular
case is of special interest for the purpose of this paper since it caused the
creation of the Swedish so called grooming offence that was implemented 2009. It discusses the English and Swedish legal interpretations of this
case in order to then engage in a critical discussion of the legislation.
Drawing on the concept of critical research, the paper builds on the ideas
of ideology critique and boundary critique to show how such seemingly
clear-cut issues as the prevention of sexual abuse of children still require
careful attention to underlying assumptions and beliefs. The paper
makes an important contribution to the understanding of information
and communication technology as a means of behaving in unacceptable
way. It makes theoretical and practical contributions to current debates
surrounding use and governance of such technologies.
Speaker:
Renée Kool
Presentation title: Penalisation of grooming: a Dutch perspective
The obligation to criminalise online grooming, recently prescribed by the
Council of Europe in the Treaty of Lanzarote, illustrates modern citizens' fears of external dangers, especially towards the sexual abuse of
minors. The authorities' image of online grooming being unclear, the
penalisatiom tends to be of a symbolic nature, implying false prophecies
of legal protection. Moreover, the penalisation of online grooming indicates a precautionary use of the criminal law,,so its justification lies
within the perpertrators' objectionable motive, the latter violating basic
assumptions of criminal law. Next to theoretical objections, practical
issues are to be foreseen, as the criminal investigation of online grooming
indicates the use of undercover tactics, which has a bearing on the procedural risk, e.g. the entrapment defence. The Dutch government having
penalised grooming recently (in June 2010, article 248e Dutch Penal
Code), Dutch regional courts have passed sentences, convicting perpetrators for, amongst others, grooming. Nevertheless, in light of the penalisation of grooming reflecting a precautionary use of the criminal law,
moreover in light of the (potential) problems regarding the prosecution
of grooming, the added value of such a penalisation can be debated.
Speaker:
Heidi Mork Lomell
Presentation title: The Norwegian grooming legislation
The paper will present findings from a recent study on the Norwegian
grooming legislation, which was enacted in 2007. The study focused on
the legislation process itself, why it was proposed, and who the main
55
actors and the main framings and narratives were in the policy debate.
The paper will also give an overview of prosecutions and convictions for
grooming since its introduction.
Analyzing the legislative history, I found three central framings: First,
protection, not punishment: The focus was on protecting the vulnerable
victim/innocent child, not punishing the offender. The criminalization of
grooming was described as a “watershed” and an important milestone –
not because preparatory acts were being criminalized, but because the
legal protection of children would be strengthened. Hardly any attention
was given to the offender; the focus was on the protection of the victim.
Second, prevention, not punishment: The goal was repeatedly described
as to prevent sexual abuse, not to punish the offender. The new legislation was seen as enabling the police to prevent/“stop” the abuse from
taking place, there was hardly any attention on the subsequent trial and
punishment of the offender. Third, internet as both dangerous for children and a legal black hole: Internet was described as “lawless” and a
“legal black hole”, a “new place of refuge” for offenders. The grooming
legislation was presented as necessary in order to protect vulnerable
children from the dangers on the net. Criminalization of grooming was
framed as something that would fill a gap in cyberspace law.
Session: MON06
Early indicators and later explanations of criminal behavior
Speaker:
Helmut Hirtenlehner
Presentation title: Explaining the gender gap in juvenile shoplifting.
A power-control-theoretical analysis.
Co-author: Heinz Leitgöb (University of Linz, Austria)
Shoplifting is one of the crimes with the smallest gender gap among all
offence types. But, contrary to common stereotypes, men also commit
shoplifting more frequently than women. Apart from the insight that the
share of female offenders is highest for crimes that are well compatible
with the prevailing female role, the roots of the gendered distribution of
shoplifting have not been studied extensively. Its focus on gender roles
and gendered socialization processes makes John Hagan’s Power Control
Theory an obvious explanatory approach, although it has never been
tested specifically for shoplifting delinquency. Our contribution attempts
to close this research gap. Based on a large-scale student survey from
Austria, we will examine whether the gender gradient of juvenile shoplifting can be explained by propositions derived from Power Control
Theory. Our results provide more support for the control-related arguments of the theory than for the power component of the theory.
56
Speaker:
Hiroshi Tsutomi
Presentation title: An empirical test of Hagan et al.'s power control
theory in Japan and Korea.
Co-author: Mitsuaki Ueda (Kyushu University, Japan)
Speaker:
Nuria Querol Viñas
Presentation title: Cruelty to animals and Antisocial Personality
Disorder. Criminological and forensic correlations
Co-authors: Angel Cuquerella (Institute of Legal Medicine, Spain)
Frank Ascione (Denver University and American Humane Association,
USA) Anthony Pinizzotto (Clinical Forensic Psychology Associates, USA)
Over the past 25 years, researchers and professionals in a variety of human services and animal welfare disciplines have established significant
correlations between animal abuse, child abuse and neglect, domestic
violence, elder abuse and other forms of violence.
There is virtually no data in Spain regarding animal abuse and violent
crime. We took a sample of 24 male inmates of the Prison of Barcelona
to evaluate psychopathy and other possible indicators for risk assessment
such as cruelty to animals. We administered the PCL:SV and RACA
(Reports of Animal Care and Abuse). 23,5% of the inmates had a history of complete Mc Donald triad (cruelty to animals, enuresis and pyromania), 65% presented incomplete triad (one/two items). The descriptive
analysis of the items of the triad gives the following percentages:Animal
abuse 41,7 %; pyromania: 71% and enuresis: 58,8 % of the subsample.
Given the pronostic value of this triad (Pincus, 2001): cranial trauma+
paranoia+ history of psychological/physical/sexual abuse (as victims) it is
remarkable that 41% of the inmates presented the complete triad and
29,4% one or two items. It is also interestig to point out the fact that
some sexual aggressors reported for the first time, having been sexually
molested during childhood or adolescence.In the case studies we have
observed conduct disorder and important lack of empathy, specially in
the individuals with a high rate of violence in their felonies including
animal abuse. Both triads may be useful to evaluate the dangerousness or
can be an important indicator for risk assessment.
Speaker:
Nuria Querol Viñas
Presentation title: The role of animals in domestic violence
Co-authors: Angel Cuquerella (Institute of Legal Medicine, Spain) Frank
Ascione (Denver University and American Humane Association, USA)
Anthony Pinizotto (Clinical Forensic Psychology Associates, USA)
57
Regarding violence to animals within the context of domestic violence,
previous studies reveal that 71% of pet-owning women entering women’s shelters reported that their batterer had injured, maimed, killed or
threatened family pets for revenge or to psychologically control victims;
32% reported their children had hurt or killed animals. 68% of battered
women reported violence towards their animals. 87% of these incidents
occurred in the presence of the women, and 75% in the presence of the
children, to psychologically control and coerce them.
Mistreating animals is a warning sign that others in the household may
not be safe.The Comission against Family and Gender Violence of the
Primary Care Centers of Sant Cugat and Valldoreix is developing a Multidisciplinary Program to Attend Women victims of domestic violence
and their companion animals. We have established collaboration with
SPCAs Fundación Altarriba and Cau Amic to offer shelter for their companion animals in case it is needed. For that purpose, we are asking
screening key questions in the emergency room or in the facility where
the woman reports violence. In a year-time, we have identified 22 women who lived animals and 19 of them reported the animal being abused
as well. In two cases, the abuser chose the breed (german shepherd and
bull terrier) and left the animal with the woman when he left home. These dogs were poorly socialized and the women felt unable to positivetrain them, in a parallel way to what was happening with their children.
In one case it was necessary to shelter 3 dogs because the woman emergency shelter does not allow companion animals. In one case, a 8-yearold child who is being abused by the father killed a companion fish and
tried to kill a canary. He also presents enuresis, fascination for fire and
bullying.
Speaker:
Ingrid Obsuth
Presentation title: The effects of bullying perpetration in elementary
school on adolescent antisocial behaviour: Does
parenting matter?
Co-author: Manuel Eisne (University of Cambridge, UK)
Links have been established between bullying at school and delinquent
and antisocial behaviour in adulthood (e.g., Bender & Losel, 2011).
According to a recent meta-analysis of 161 articles on parenting and
delinquency (Hoeve, et al., 2009), permissiveness is linked to more delinquency and consistency with less. In this study we explored parenting
practices as the process which may mediate/moderate the link between
bullying in elementary school and delinquent behaviours five years later.
We used data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development of
Children, an ongoing longitudinal study of 1300 children from age 7 to
58
13. We utilized child reports of bullying perpetration (teasing vs. physical violence) and parent reports of parenting (inconsistent discipline vs.
prosocial parenting) at child’s age 8 and teacher reports of antisocial
behaviour (delinquency vs. substance use) at child’s age 13.
Linear regression analyses revealed that both forms of bullying significantly predicted both forms of antisocial behaviour. However, parenting
behaviours only significantly predicted engagement in delinquent behaviour not substance use. Further analyses revealed that prosocial parenting mediated the relation between teasing as well as physical violence
and later delinquency. In other words, it served as a protective factor as
when present in the analyses the links between bullying at 8 and delinquency at 13 were no longer significant. Further, inconsistent parenting
mediated the relation between teasing and later delinquency, thus serving
as a vehicles through which children who engage in teasing at 8 exhibit
delinquent behaviours at 13. Finally, the link between physically violent
bullying at 8 and delinquency was moderated by inconsistent parenting,
suggesting that children who engage in physically violent bullying at 8
and who are exposed to inconsistent parenting are most likely to exhibit
delinquent behaviours at 13. The implications of the results and possible
obstacles for early intervention and prevention will be discussed.
Session: MON07
Preventing repeat victimization
improving practice
Speaker:
Louise Grove
Presentation title: Preventing repeat victimization: A systematic review
We know that where a person, place, or business has been a victim of
crime once, they are far more likely to become a victim again. In practice, this knowledge allows us to target crime prevention resources appropriately, by attempting to block this repeat victimization. This paper
presents the results of a systematic review of 31 evaluations of repeat
victimization prevention programs.
The main conclusions of this paper are that:
 A systematic review of the evidence suggests that repeat victimization can be prevented and overall crime thereby reduced.
 The impact on crime varies with the effectiveness of prevention
tactics and their implementation.
 Appropriately-tailored situational crime prevention tactics appear to be most effective.
 Advice and education for victims are often not effective.
59



The effectiveness of programs depends on the effectiveness of
their implementation.
The success to date suggests that there is an urgent need for further research into the prevention of repeat victimization for different crime types, and into how to overcome implementation
problems.
Key other areas for future prevention efforts may be a focus upon the most victimized supertargets, upon across-crime-type repeats, and upon near repeats (similar crimes, often committed
nearby, soon after, against similar targets).
The paper is based on a report prepared for the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. Co-authors of the report are Graham Farrell
(Simon Fraser University, Canada) David P. Farrington (Cambridge University, UK) and Shane D. Johnson (University College London, UK.
Speaker:
Alan Edmunds
Presentation title: Reducing crime or incidents in ‘repeat streets’ using
the ‘Simple2start’ approach.
An ongoing drive to deliver ‘more for less’ is inevitable with budget cuts
having a significant impact on police and partnership resources. This
innovative toolkit was developed and became central to the success of
‘Operation Cobra’ - Reducing Vehicle Crime in Portsmouth, United
Kingdom that was winner of both the Tilley and Herman Goldstein
Awards in 2004 where 1% of streets were found to have hosted 10% of
all vehicle crime, and 13% of streets accounted for half of that crime.
Known as ‘Simple2start’, this process enables the application of limited
resources based on repeat victimisation at an individual street level. It is
a ‘Systematic Innovative Method Promoting Location Evaluation to Successfully Tackle All Reduction Targets’. The process moves away from
the identification of complex ‘hot spots’ and crime series to the more
concise concept of a repeat street. It does not seek to replace other systems or to become a standalone technique. Its strength lies in the work
that follows ‘repeat street’ identification and it has become a catalyst for
police and partnership problem solving activities. This approach incorporates many criminology theories. It has routinely contributed to significant reductions in many crime types, for example: thefts of and from
vehicles; household burglary; violent crime; criminal damage; anti social
behaviour and cycle crime and over the past three years has been a central part of the Strategic Assessment process in Greater Manchester.
60
Speaker:
Magnus Lindgren
Presentation title: Repeated victimization as a catalyst in the police
system for better crime prevention measures and
victim support work
It has long been known that a small group of criminals commit repeated
offences, and thus account for a large share of the total crime rate. During recent decades, research show that this situation is also true for crime
victims. There appears to be a small group of individuals who suffer a
disproportionately large share of all crimes, for example for crimes such
as assault, robbery and burglary.
Studies have also examined how the risk for a repeated crime changes
over time. The results point to the highest risk for a repeated crime in the
period immediately following the previous crime. This seems to apply for
a great number of different crime categories, such as burglary, assault
and racially motivated crimes.
This understanding, where a relatively small group of victims account
for a large share of all crimes committed, is important from both a crime
prevention and a victim support perspective. By placing resources on
those who have already been victimized, the police have a possibility to
prevent a considerable share of all crimes and to direct support to those
who are most vulnerably. In this way, knowledge of repeated victimization may serve as a catalyst in the police system for both crime prevention measures and victim support work.
The workshop describes how basic knowledge about repeated victimization can be used by the police in order to develop better working methods when it comes to robbery, burglary and domestic violence.
Session: MON08
Legislation to achieve women’s safety in Russia
improving practice
Speakers: Natalia Khodyreva, Marina Pisklakova-Parker, Vidar
Vetterfalk
Presentation title: Legislation to achieve women’s safety in Russia
The high level of violence against women in Russia remains one of the
country’s most flagrant violations of human rights and freedom. It drastically worsens equality of opportunities for men and women in Russia
in respect of political and economical participation of women in social
life. Violence leads to poor health, and lowering of the quality of education of the children in a family. That has resulted in the hitherto highest
61
level of homeless children in Russia during peace time. A lack of efficient
protection measures for women and girls leads to impunity on the part
of perpetrators. Those, in turn, increase levels of aggression, sexism
among men and an increase of the general crime rate throughout the
country.
Since October 2011 The Swedish Association for Women’s Shelters and
Young Women’s Empowerment Centres (SKR) runs a project together
with St. Petersburg Regional Non-governmental Organisation Institute
of Nondiscriminative Gender Interrelations (INGI)/Crisis Centre for
Women (CCW). This project aims to pave the way for a new legislation
on gender-based violence. We have learned from past experience that
such bills must be carefully prepared and anchored among the legal system, the mass media, professionals, policy makers and the civil society
involved in both the women’s movement and the human rights’ movement.
Contents of the session:
The project is presented. Description of the legislation today and its inability to

protect women and children

prevent incidents of domestic violence

provide psychological support and practical help for victims

act normative against domestic violence in the society

bring the perpetrators to justice (including treatment)

The work to formulate a new draft law is described:

What is important to consider?

What difficulties are there?

Pros and cons with different concepts of a draft law

What are the conditions required?

What is the status right now?
Finally, the connection between violence and masculinity norms in the
society is being discussed. We will also discuss how a legislation including prevention measures targeted at men can reduce violence in the society and in the homes.
Session: MON09
Indicators of criminality in large scale population studies
Speaker:
Kathryn Hopkins
Presentation title: Results from surveying prisoner crime reduction
(SPCR) – longitudinal cohort study of prisoners
62
The research summarises the results of Wave 1 of SPCR, which tracked
the progress of up to 3,849 newly sentenced adult prisoners in England
and Wales. Respondents were sentenced in 2005 and 2006 to between
one month and four years in prison. The (mostly self-reported) findings
give an insight to prisoners’ lives from childhood through to their prison
sentence and their re-offending after release. They include important
observations on:

The employment, training, and education status of prisoners
before custody, and the opportunity for training, education
and gaining employment skills in prison.

The prevalence of problematic childhood backgrounds for
many prisoners including being taken into care, experiencing abuse or observing violence in the home, complicated by
alcohol or drug problems of family members.

Levels of school exclusion and truancy amongst prisoners
indicating that early interventions could have a positive effect on these young people’s lives, reducing their likelihood
of future offending or reoffending.

Levels of physical and mental disability amongst prisoners
and the different needs of disabled prisoners compared with
non-disabled prisoners.

Problems with accommodation prior to custody, including
homelessness, and accommodation needs on release.

Associations with higher rates of reconviction on release for
those with problems with employment and qualifications,
childhood and schooling background, and accommodation.

Prisoners were sampled using Ministry of Justice management information systems. Participants were interviewed up
to four times: on reception to prison (Wave 1), before release (Wave 2), and after release (one or two interviews –
Waves 3 and 4). Prisoners were matched to the Police National Computer (PNC) to provide reconviction and criminal history information. Results from Waves 2 – 4 are forthcoming.
Speaker:
Stefanie N. Rezansoff
Presentation title: Mental disorders, substance use disorders and
recidivism: Exploring offence trajectories in a
Canadian provincial correctional population
Co-authors: Akm Moniruzzaman (Simon Fraser University, Canada) and
Julian M. Somers (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Introduction
Research confirms a high prevalence of substance use and mental disorders in correctional samples, but with limited knowledge of the relation63
ship between diagnostic status and the risk of recidivism. Relevant literature is comprised of studies using varying operational definitions of
“mental illness”, heterogeneous proxies for diagnostic status, and select
samples. Emerging evidence suggests the importance of distinguishing
between four major subgroups of offenders, those with: no diagnosis;
non-substance related mental disorders (NSMD); substance use disorders
(SUD); and dual diagnosis with both substance use and another mental
disorder (DDx). This study examines the relationship between these
diagnostic groupings and recidivism at the population level in a Canadian offender population.
Methods
Participants consisted of all convicted offenders in British Columbia,
Canada between 2005 and 2007. Physician diagnoses during the five
years prior to the index offence were used to determine prevalence of
NSMD, SUD, and DDx. Offenders were followed for three years to identify reconvictions. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between diagnostic categories
and recidivism.
Results
Offenders (N=31,014) had a mean age of 35 years, were 16% female,
and 19% reported Aboriginal ethnicity. Diagnostic prevalence was:
NSMD alone (21%); SUD alone (10%); and DDx (23%). Odds ratios
and 95% confidence intervals indicate that compared to those with no
diagnosis, individuals with NSMD were slightly less likely to recidivate
(0.97 (0.91-1.04)), while those with SUD (1.85 (1.69-2.03)) and DDx
(2.08 (1.94-2.22)) were both significantly more likely to have repeat
offences. In addition, SUD and DDx were each associated with significantly shorter times to next offense.
Conclusion
Substance use disorders, with or without an additional mental disorder
are significant contributors to recidivism, while mental disorder status
alone is mildly protective against reoffending. These results have implications for the prioritisation of interventions to improve health and public safety.
Speaker:
Henrik Elonheimo
Presentation title: Design and findings of the Finnish nationwide 1981
birth cohort study
Co-author: André Sourander (University of Turku, Finland)
In this presentation, we introduce the design of the Finnish Nationwide
1981 Birth Cohort Study and the findings it has produced so far, and
discuss the criminological research possibilities it offers. Although the
64
study of risk factors and correlates of criminal behavior is a traditional
criminological endeavor, we still need large-scale, population-based prospective longitudinal studies. To our knowledge, there are no previous
nationwide criminological follow-up studies.
Our population-based random sample is equivalent to 10% of the children born in Finland in 1981, including a little less than 3,000 females
and 3,000 males across the country. Information was first gathered in
1989 when they were 8 years old. They filled out Children’s Depression
Inventory, while their parents and teachers filled out Rutter questionnaires. The male subjects filled out Young Adult Self-Report at 18 as
they participated in the obligatory military call-up in 1999. Criminal
behavior is operationalized through the Finnish National Police Register
which yields information on all police contacts the study subjects had
between ages 15 and 31.
The 1981 study focuses on psychosocial childhood and late adolescence
predictors and correlates of criminality. The background factors and
prevalence figures of crime in males and females and in different ages
can be studied. It is possible to discern between early-onset, adolescencelimited, chronic, and adult-onset crime. Of course, crime can also be
classified according to its frequency and type.
The research expands our earlier From a Boy to a Man study which was
limited to the males’ delinquency. The main results were that youth
crime was rather common and accumulated heavily in a small minority,
different crime types correlated with each other, almost all psychosocial
problems covaried with the frequency of offending, and psychosocial
services rarely reached the recidivist, multiproblem boys.
Session: MON10
Changing orientations to victims
improving practice
Speaker:
Leslie Sebba
Presentation title: Four decades of victimology: The changing (and
unchanging?) agenda
A comparison between the papers submitted to the First International
Symposium of Victimology held in Jerusalem in 1973 and the topics
discussed at recent meetings suggests a radical transformation of the
victimological agenda during the intervening period. At the First International Symposium, victim-offender relationships and victim compensation schemes were two of the most salient topics, while feminist issues
65
and victim's procedural rights were notably absent. Victim surveys, on
the other hand, were prominent both in Jerusalem in 1973 and Stockholm in 2012.
The paper will review the similarities and in particular dissimilarities.
When comparing the different periods consideration will be given to the
causes of agenda change, and the possibility of developing an explanatory model for such changes.
Speaker:
Joanna Shapland
Presentation title: Addressing the needs of victims: movement and stasis'
Within or outside the criminal justice system, there is increasing agreement on what victim needs are and on what victims will say if those
needs are not met. Yet there is still considerable debate as to whether
states should meet these needs and what might be provided within the
criminal justice system – despite the increasing number of international
instruments mandating states to meet the needs. It is argued that these
contradictions and limited progress reflect not only competing priorities
in times of economic difficulty, but also different ideologies about the
nature of victimisation and responsibilities to attend to harm. The hollowed-out state, still reluctant to cede power in relation to more serious
offending, is moving slowly to provide for victim needs within criminal
justice. However, for less serious offending, it may be embracing other
agencies' and individuals’ efforts which are operating under a plethora of
different aims and philosophies. The resulting mixed picture does not
help victims or the public to have a clear idea of what is provided.
Speaker:
Matthew Hall
Presentation title: The victimology of environmental harm: new
challenges, old problems
In recent years, a growing interest amongst academics in environmental
crime has fostered a new label of ‘green criminology’, and with it the
application of traditional avenues of criminological enquiry (offenders,
criminal process, enforcement, sentencing and so on) to the issue of environmental degradation. This paper will argue that such developments
have (in a repeat of more mainstream criminology) largely neglected the
position of those individuals and groups affected by environmental offending. In response to this, the paper therefore sets out a case for greater participation by victimologists in these debates.
Mirroring the development of official policies ostensibly aimed at more
‘traditional’ victims of crime, the paper will argue that much of the policy movement in most jurisdictions concerning those affected by environmental offending is proceeding with almost no engagement with such
66
victims themselves, and with little understanding of the full breadth of
impacts. Taking a critical perspective, the paper will then examine how
victimological discussions concerning the labelling of ‘crime’ and ‘victims’ feeds into these debates, and questions whether there is a need to
think more in terms of ‘social harms’. Such an approach of course traces
back to the very earliest victimolgy, before criminal victimisation took
centre stage. In addition, the paper will draw on the relatively small literature concerning victimisation at the hands of the state to argue that,
in light of our growing knowledge of the causes and consequences of
environmental degradation, this particular issue is especially relevant for
any ‘green victimology’.
Session: MON11
Campbell crime and justice: Orgins and consequences of school bullying
Speaker:
David P. Farrington
Presentation title: Bullying perpetration and victimization as risk factors
for drug use later in life: A systematic review and
meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Co-authors: Maria M. Ttofi (University of Cambridge, UK) and
Bullying perpetration and victimization as risk factors for drug use later
in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Background: Although bullying and drug use share similar risk factors,
no previous systematic review has ever been conducted to examine possible links between school bullying and drug use later in life.
Aim: To investigate the extent to which bullying at school predicts drug
use later in life, and whether this relation holds after controlling for other major childhood risk factors.
Method: Results are based on a thorough systematic review and metaanalysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Effect sizes are based on
both published and unpublished studies.
Results: The probability of drug use later up to almost nine years later
was much higher for school bullies than for non-involved students [odds
ratio (OR) = 2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73 – 3.43]. This association remained significant even after controlling for major childhood
risk factors although, admittedly, substantially reduced [Adjusted OR =
1.49; 95% CI: 1.21 – 1.84], suggesting a relationship that is partially
mediated by those major childhood risk factors. Bullying victimization
was not significantly related to drug use (Adjusted OR = 1.00; 95% CI:
0.98 – 1.02).
67
Conclusions: Drug use and aggression are related both directly but also
indirectly because they share common risk factors. They are different
age- and context-related manifestations of the same underlying antisocial
dispositions. Nevertheless, school bullies are children at risk with a higher probability of being involved in drug use later in life. Special attention
should be given to this category of children. Bullying prevention programs (and other multiple component programs) may have the potential
to interrupt this anti-social path and subsequent health and drug-related
problems.
Speaker:
Maria M. Ttofi
Presentation title: Protective factors against school bullying: A
systematic review and meta-analysis
Co-authors: David P. Farrington (University of Cambridge, UK) and
A series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies
strongly support that school bullying (perpetration and victimization)
uniquely contributes to internalizing and externalizing problems later in
life, even after taking into account preexisting adjustment problems and
other major childhood risk factors. However, not all children involved in
school bullying go on to experience adjustment difficulties. Some resilient children function better than would be expected and do not follow a
criminal career path later in life. These findings are consistent with previous research on protective factors providing resiliency for children
from multiproblem milieus.
Various questions subsequently arise. First, what protective factors interrupt the continuity from school bullying to later adverse outcomes?
What are the intervening mechanisms that nullify the effect of school
bullying on a given outcome? Second, what factors give resiliency to
children from multiproblem milieus, enabling them to avoid being involved in school bullying as either perpetrators or victims? In other
words, what protective factors buffer the effects of risk factors for bullying perpetration and victimization? These questions can be more adequately addressed using data from prospective longitudinal studies and
also by focusing on both risk and protective factors.
This paper presents initial findings from a systematic review of longitudinal studies that we have undertaken examining protective factors that
interrupt the continuity from bullying to later internalizing and externalizing problems. Initial findings will be presented and the implications of
this project for future anti-bullying initiatives is analyzed. Findings from
68
another systematic review on protective factors against school bullying
(based on cross-sectional data) will also be discussed.
Speaker:
Friedrich Lösel
Presentation title: Long term stability of school bullying perpetration
and victimization: Risk and protective factors
Co-author: Doris Bender (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany)
Recent meta-analyses have shown that bullying perpetration at school is
a long-term predictor of offending and violence (Ttofi et al., 2011a),
whereas victimization predicts depressive outcomes (Ttofi et al., 2011b).
Such relations even remained after controlling for various risk factors,
however, there was less consistency in the risk-adjusted results across
primary studies. This may be due to individual and social influences in
the long-term development of bullying perpetration/victimization that
are relevant for later outcomes (e.g. Arsenault et al., 2010; Lösel &
Bender, 2011). Against this background, we investigated factors that
enhanced versus reduced the stability of bullying/victimization over time.
The data stem from the Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study. This is a prospective longitudinal project that investigates a
sample of ca. 600 preschool children and their families and is now running for more than ten years (last retention rate 90%). Bullying perpetration and victimization were measured when the children were ca. 9 years
old (Time 1) and then again at approximately age 14 (Time 3). Family
and child risk and protective factors were assessed in between (Time 2;
mean age ca. 11 years). Bullying perpetration and victimization were
measured by child self-reports; risk and protective factors by parent and
child reports. Bullying perpetration and victimization were significantly
stable over 5 years. Hierarcical regression analyses revealed that various
characteristics of the family and the child had a risk effect for or protective effect against problem stability. These influences were stronger for
girls than for boys. Implications of our findings for bullying prevention
and victim protection will be discussed.
Session: MON12
Criminology and criminal justice research from Australia
Speaker:
Li Eriksson
Presentation title: A cycle of violence? Examining the link between
exposure to violence in childhood and partner
violence perpetration in a sample of male homicide
offenders
69
Co-authors: Paul Mazerolle, (Griffith University, Australia) Richard
Wortley (University Collage London, UK) and Holly Johnson (University
of Ottawa, Canada)
Research suggests an association between exposure to violence in childhood and intimate partner violence perpetration in adulthood. This paper analyses data from a sample of over 200 male homicide offenders to
examine the effect of experiences of physical abuse and emotional neglect in childhood on partner violence perpetration in adulthood. The
paper further examines the effect of observing parental violence, including testing influences of father versus mother initiated violence.
The data was collected in custodial and community settings between
2010 and 2012 as part of the Australian Homicide Project. Empirical
and theoretical implications are discussed.
Speaker:
Anna Stewart
Presentation title: Race, sex and offending trajectories
Limited offending trajectory research has examined the two cardinal
demographic features (sex and race/ethnicity) (Delisis & Piquero, 2011).
Research has consistently indicated male:female offending ratios of between 9:1 to 12:1. In Australia the level of over- representation of Indigenous to non-Indigenous offenders is estimated at between 10:1 to 20:1.
In this research five offending trajectories were identified in an Australian longitudinal database, a database containing the official offending
contacts (10 years to 25 years) for all Queenslanders (N = 41,377). These five offending trajectories were examined by sex and Indigenous status.
For the two low offending trajectories (Adolescent peaking – low offending and Adult onset – low offending) there were significant race x gender
interactions. For Indigenous offenders the ratio of males to females was
low. Indigenous females were 1.5 times more likely than Indigenous
males to appear in these trajectories. However for non- Indigenous offenders the ratio of females to males was higher at 1:2.5 for the Adolescent peaking – low offending trajectory and 1:4.4 for the Adult onset –
low offending trajectory.
No sex race interaction was apparent for the two chronic offending trajectories (Early onset – chronic offending and Adolescent onset – chronic
offending). The male to female ratio was consistent across Indigenous
status at 1:3 for the Early onset – chronic offending trajectory and 1:5
for the Adolescent onset - chronic offending trajectory.
70
These findings have implications for our understandings of the risk factors associated with low level and chronic offending trajectories. For the
low level offending trajectories the finding that male and female Indigenous offenders are similarly over represented suggest that there are Indigenous specific risk factors in play including socio-economic disadvantage, substance abuse and cultural dispossession. However for the
finding of no race gender interaction in the chronic offending trajectories
indicates that possibility of biosocial risk factors.
Speaker:
Susan Donkin
Presentation title: The evolution of pre-emption in anti-terrorism law:
A cross-jurisdictional examination
Over the last decade, a number of scholars have identified an apparently
new embrace of innovative pre-emptive control mechanisms developed
in response to the post 9/11 world. In their opinion, the pre-emptive
rationale has been used to justify the introduction of measures transcending preconceived categories of law, procedure, risk and emergency
to deal with individuals or groups thought to pose a danger to the state
or its citizens. This study establishes the characteristics of pre-emption in
anti-terrorism legislation, and traces their evolution over time and across
four jurisdictions. Using an interdisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional
approach, the underlying mechanisms of pre-emption are examined via
several distinct case studies, including internment in Northern Ireland
and terrorism control orders applied both in the UK and Australia.
Findings of these analyses identify pre-emptive characteristics that have
remained static, as well as those which have been subject to variation,
both over time and between jurisdictions. Variations in measures pre and
post 9/11 are discussed, the most striking being the decreasing scope
with which they are implemented. In addition, while control orders are
part of a more general evolution towards precautionary government
strategies, findings indicate that their application has not always been
pre-emptive, and has instead often been in reaction to those individuals
who have trained with proscribed terrorist organisations. In light of these findings, I suggest that it is not the pre-emptive measure that has
thrived in recent years, but instead simply the use of the term preemption, which has in turn become a meme within both the criminological and socio-legal literature post 9/11.
Speaker:
Tara Renae McGee
Presentation title: Alcohol consumption by university students:
Engagement in hazardous and delinquent behaviours
and experiences of harm
71
Co-authors: John Germov (The University of Newcastle, UK) Toni
Schofield (The University of Sydney, Australia) Jo Lindsay (Monash
University, Australia) Fiona Giles (The University of Sydney, Australia)
Julie Hepworth (The University of Queensland, Australia) Rose
Leontini (The University of Sydney,Australia)
Consuming alcohol leads to a lowering of inhibitions and for some, an
increase in aggressive and violent behaviour. As a result, those who have
been drinking are more likely to engage in hazardous and ‘delinquent’
behaviours and cause harm to others. The extent to which university
students engage in these behaviours while under the influence of alcohol
is relatively under-investigated. Also unexplored is the extent to which
these behaviours generate harm to other university students. As part of
the Alcohol Use and Harm Minimisation Among Australian University
Students project, university students in the Australian States of Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria were invited to participate in the
Alcohol and University Life online survey; over 3000 students responded. Respondents were asked to indicate how frequently they engaged in
hazardous and ‘delinquent’ behaviours while under the influence of alcohol (eg went to work, drove a motor vehicle, stole money, physically
abused someone) and also the extent to which they have experienced
harm as a result of others’ drinking (eg property damage, sleep interruption, sexual assault). Results show that university students experience a
high prevalence of harm and disruptions due to others’ alcohol consumption and that males are engaging in more risky and delinquent behaviour than females. These findings suggest the need for harm minimisation strategies.
Session: MON13
Selected studies on crime and victimization
Speaker:
Gerwinde Vynckier
Presentation title: Experience, perception and coping of mid-adolescent
victims of violence and property crime
Adolescent victims are not often subjects of criminological research. One
can say that the primary interest in criminology has been concerned with
adolescents as (potential) delinquents rather than as victims. Furthermore, apart from some exceptions, the research that does exist, is foremost quantitative research directed at prevalence and explanatory factors or focused on victimization of (sexual) abuse and neglect. I tried to
start to fill this gap with this PhD research concerning the experiences,
perceptions and coping mechanisms of mid-adolescent victims (14-16
years old) of violence and property crime. With the results of previous
research in mind, I aimed to gain insight into the reactions of these vic72
tims: how do they perceive their victimization experience? Which (cognitive and behavioral) coping mechanisms do they use? As we depart from
the theory of symbolic interactionism, we especially focus on the role of
others: to what extent do these victims appeal to others (others from the
own social network as for example parents and peers; as well as staff
from formal agencies like the police and social services)? And what does
the reaction of others mean to the victim? To get an answer to these
questions, a multimethodological research design was set up, consisting
of on the one hand an explorative school survey and on the other hand
in-depth interviews and focus groups with both victims themselves and
persons from the own informal network as well as from formal agencies.
In this presentation, we want to reflect upon the main results of the research and the specificity of the impact of victimization of violence or
property crime on the mid-adolescent.
Brief description of theory, methods and findings
There is a kind of scientific consensus that the prevalence of committing
crimes is higher during adolescence compared to other age periods.
However, research has also shown that adolescents do not only commit
more crimes but also become more victimized. Nevertheless, adolescents
are, also within the scientific world, most often associated with deviance
and crime. There is little research about adolescents as victims and apart
from some exceptions, the research that does exist, is foremost quantitative research directed at prevalence and explanatory factors or focused
on victimization of (sexual) abuse and neglect rather than about more
‘conventional’ crimes like property crime and physical violence. In this
PhD-research we tried to start to fill this gap by researching the experiences, perceptions and coping strategies of mid-adolescent victims of
violence and property crimes. The research is started from the symbolic
interactionism approach (Blumer, 1986; Cooley, 1983; Mead, 1950).
Within this theoretical framework, it is assumed that the meaning the
victim attributes to the incident determines the experience and coping.
Victims make representations of the incident, in which meaning play an
important role. These meanings are developed via social interaction processes, based on the way others act and react to the victim and then interpreted and adapted by the victim. The objective fact that one becomes
victim of a crime does not mean that this victim also perceives him- or
herself as a victim neither that others acknowledge him/her as a victim.
How the victim perceives the incident (influenced by the victim, others
and the nature of the crime) does also influences the way s/he copes with
it. Because of all these different influencing factors, there is a great response ‘variability’ (Fattah, 1994) among victims of crime. In this research we focused on the perceptions, experiences and different coping
mechanism of mid-adolescent victims.
73
A multimethodological research design was set up:
(1) Explorative survey:
Data were collected in a paper and pencil school survey among midadolescents (14–16-years old) in Ghent, Belgium. The survey took place
in the winter of 2009. The final sample consisted of 557 students of the
second grade of the secondary compulsory education schooling system.
On the one hand, the survey permitted getting an idea about victimization risk among mid-adolescents and the profile of their perpetrator as
there is not much of European research to rely on. On the other hand,
the survey made it possible to get a quantitative idea about the persons
mid-adolescent victims turn to when they become victimized of theft,
extortion or physical violence.
(2) In-dept interviews and focus groups
To get an idea of how adolescent victims of property crime (theft, robbery and extortion) and physical violence experience their victimization
and how they cope with it, 49 interviews were held with 50 victims aged
14 to 18 . The respondents were recruited in several ways: via a form
added to a survey conducted in the explorative part of the research; via
focus groups; via leaflets that were left behind at the reception desk of
help services; via the police; and via announcements on websites for
youngsters. Parental permission was requested and the respondents had
to provide informed consent. In addition to the interviews with the adolescents, ten focus groups (with 100 respondents in total) were conducted (as a way of recruiting victims but also to get a general view of how
adolescents think about victimization of violence and property crime) as
well as 17 interviews with 20 parents of victims , four interviews with
nine others from the social network (school and youth movement), 14
interviews with 16 staff members of help services, ten interviews with 11
police officers and other staff linked to the criminal justice system, five
interviews with six staff members from an institution for young offenders and those with a problematic education situation and one interview
with someone from a private organization that conducts projects with
youngsters . In these interviews we focused on people's perceptions of
incidents as well as their perceptions of the reaction of the adolescent
victim.
The fact that it is about mid-adolescent victims means that peers and
parents have an important role in the aftermath of a victimization. They
are the persons the mid-adolescent victims most often firstly turn to.
They also have an important influence on the victim. Concerning peers,
there is the importance of social status and the ‘cool rule’ which describes not to be sensitive and vulnerable and to handle problems oneself. Parents still have an important role as they are responsible for their
minors but also because of their authority as well as their care for and
74
even identification with their victimized son/daughter. The specific role
of peers and parents and their relation with the victim also influences
their reactions to the victim and the motives behind blaming him/her.
Furthermore, we observed that there is indeed a great ‘response variability’ and that there are differences and similarities in experience, perception and coping of mid-adolescent victims of violence and property
crime. But more important, it became crystal clear that the nature and
the seriousness of the crime cannot be used as the sole criterion for the
impact of the incident as also the broader setting and circumstances of
the crime, the perpetrator (known or unknown, relation with the victim,
motive, modus operandi), the personality of the victim (background
characteristics, context, opinions, beliefs and experiences), others (the
informal network as well as formal agencies) and time play a role.
Speaker:
Füsun Sokullu-Akinci
Presentation title: Children: Offenders or victims? Narcotic addiction
age is dropping in Turkey!
A glimpse at a map is enough to understand the reason why Turkey has
an important and crucial place for all kinds of narcotics crimes. Turkey
is placed on the historical “silk road of trade” and just beside Europe.
Although the production and growing of narcotic substances and plants
is totally banned, Turkey is still a major transit way for the drug traffickers.
In the old days, the use of those substances was not popular among the
Turkish people. During the last thirty years, Turkey is transforming from
a transit country for narcotics, to a major user country as well. In the
media it is reported that the use of narcotics substances is getting very
popular among the high school students and starting age for the use of
these substances are lowering every year.
Till late 1970’s Turkey was a poppy cultivator for pharmaceutical companıes. All most all narcotics crops were exported to the pharmaceutical companies by legal ways. After the ban of cultivation of poppies
in late 1970s, Turkish people were out of the scene of narcotics until
synthetic narcotic products were introduced to the Turkish people at
large. Once the people get acquainted with the narcotic substances, the
market develops by the liberal market economy rules: with producers,
distributors and end users. Young children are used as distributors since
children under 12 do not have criminal responsibility; where as age
groups of 12-15 and 15-18 have diminished responsibility. So children
are preferred in the distribution and sale of the products in visible places.
75
Turkish Drug Report of 2011 has been recently published and it is evident that the young population is indeed under risk. In fact the majority
of the inmates in prisons are convicted from narcotic crimes. During the
last five years convictions in drug related crimes has increased 504 %.
The number was 4 125 in 2005 and it rose to 25 000 in 2010.
There are 30 000 drug users only in Istanbul and Ankara. 70% of these
are between 15-19. So obviously young population is under risk.
The medium age of addicts who have received treatment as in patients in
2010 is 28. The youngest is 12 and oldest is 65. But those who use illegal
drugs are not just those. There are black numbers. The rate of unreported criminality especially concerning children stem from the protective
attitude of the families.
Young people between 14–25, with a tendency to drug addiction, and
psychological problems now have access to an increasingly wide range of
substances.
Like the abolished one, the present Turkish Criminal Code of 2005 contains detailed provisions concerning narcotics crimes: Turkey is among
countries with severe punishments for crimes concerning drugs, especially for the traffickers. But those who use it have the option either to go to
prison or to receive treatment. The average age of clients receiving
treatment in 2009 was found to be 28.61. The youngest client was 11
years old while the oldest was 65 years old. About 70% of drug users
are between the ages of 15 and 29. Population in this range of age corresponds to 38.3% of population, in the range of age between 15 and 64
in 2010. Thus drug users in Turkey are mainly composed of young population.
In Turkey, there are some special groups known as the street children.
Being out of the social control mechanisms such as family or school, they
are more vulnerable than any other group. They are mostly juveniles and
young adults. Demand reduction activities, family based prevention and
school based prevention will not be effective for them. Special methods
must be developed for them.
Speaker:
Toine Spapens
Presentation title: Invisible victims of environmental crime?
This paper addresses the complexity of the question of victimization of
environmental crime. Although the proceeds following from environmental crimes are sometimes estimated to be higher than those of the
illegal trafficking in narcotic drugs, the lack of visibility of the victims is
one of the reasons why it is often difficult for law enforcement agencies
76
to give the investigation of environmental crimes sufficient priority. To
begin with, the harmful effects are difficult to quantify. One example is a
Dutch case in which a company hired Polish workers to clean a building
of asbestos, a task that took several months. The cleaners were neither
provided with protective clothing nor informed of the risks. Although it
is almost certain that some of them will develop a fatal disease in the
future as a result of this prolonged exposure to asbestos, the company
got away with only a fine and none of its managers were sent to prison.
Secondly, particularly in western industrialized countries environmental
legislation and enforcement caused a shift of pollution problems to African and Asian countries. The export of e-waste to countries with often
weak and corrupt governments and law enforcement is an example. Finally, many environmental crimes do not involve human victims and are
therefore not actively reported to the police. In many instances, the victims become visible only after intelligence from different sources is collected. The central question of this paper is how these problems may be
addressed from different scholarly perspectives (victimological, legal,
economical, sociological, criminological).
Speaker:
Sofka Hadjijevska
Presentation title: Drug routes and markets
Co-authors: Stefan Budjakoski (First Private University FON-Skopje,
Macedonia) and Natasa Todorovska (First Private University FONSkopje, Macedonia)
Victimology as a part of criminology as a subject to its scientific observation deals with questions linked with victims of crime as phenomena.
Victimology identifies, defines and describes the problems that the victims are facing, at the same time assessing the dimension of Victimology,
treatment of victims and other questions in a relation with the victims.
We can agree that the risk of victimization is present for every person or
group as result of particular criminal act (acts). The authors of this paper
are looking answers of the victimological aspects of the Environmental
crime. Answers of some of the questions of this particular type of crime
are being analyzed connected with predispositions of some people to
become victims of this type of crime and their typical characteristics.
Also, proposals to improve the positions of some of the people regarding
the chance to become victims are being made.
Authors are seeking answers of the question: Does the awareness for
exciting of Environmental crime can be related with improvement of the
Victims position regarding their victimological predispositions? Towards
this conclusions result from survey that was performed in 2011 also is
going to be presented in terms of awareness of respondents about victim-
77
ization from this type of crime and their experience in that sense. This
survey was conducted among students of the Faculty of Security Skopje.
Key words: Environmental crime, predispositions of the Victims, victim.
Session: MON14
Towards a council of Europe convention-based scorecard for anti-THB
policies
Theme: Focusing on victims of crime – comparing crime patterns and
improving practice
Speakers:
Jan van Dijk and Fanny Klerx-van Mierlo
Presentation title: Towards a council of europe convention-based
scorecard for anti-THB policies
In 2005 the Council of Europe adopted the Convention on Action
against Trafficking in Human Beings (The Warsaw Convention). The
Convention entered into force in 2008 and by the end of 2011 counted
34 State Parties. It is reputed to be more strongly oriented to the protection of the human rights of the victims than its forerunners, including the
UN Palermo Protocol against Trafficking in Persons of 2002. A unique
feature of the CoE Convention is that it provides for the setting up of an
effective and independent monitoring mechanism. In 2009 the Committee of Ministers elected the first members of the Group of independent
experts (GRETA). A first selection of ten countries has by now been
formally evaluated. Building on the ten comprehensive reports published
by GRETA, a tentative and unofficial scorecard was designed assessing
compliance with 35 different policy requirements, differentiating between the legal-institutional framework, victim protection, prosecution
and prevention. The country scores of the scorecard were compared
with the scores on the so called 3P index, largely based on the US TIP
reports, designed by a research consortium of Goettingen University,
Tilburg University and LSE. Concurrence between the two indices of
anti-trafficking indices, including the sub indices of victim protection,
was fairly strong. Relatively less congruent, however, were the sub indices for prosecution. The GRETA assessments of prosecution policies
seem to be more focused on output performance than the 3P index, focusing on legislative compliance. Suggestions will be made for the utilization of the GRETA-based scorecard for further analyses and for the
identification of implementation failures and best practices in the protection of victims of THB in Europe.
This project was funded by the European Commission
(JLS/2009/ISEC/AG/005).
78
Session: MON15
Against crime: Care for elders’ support and security
improving practice
Speakers:
Anna Maria Giannini, Magnus Lindgren,
Stéphanie Boisnard and Tinkara Pavsic Mrevlje,
Cecilia Guariglia, Carlo Rossi, Roberto Sgalla and
Davide Barba
Presentation title: Against crime: Care for elders support and security
A particularly vulnerable group in society is elderly people who are victims of crime. Elderly are subjected of various types of crimes committed
by know or unknown perpetrators.
While some victim categories, such as woman and children, have received much attention in recent years, crimes against the elderly have
remained largely invisible in the public discourse. One reason for this is
that this type of crime often are committed by perpetrators who are
known to the victims, and therefore are rarely reported to the police or
other authorities. Another reason is that many countries do not differentiate crime statistics in terms of the victims’ ages. Yet another factor
making it difficult to analyze the problem is that most victim surveys
apply an upper limit of approximately 80 years of age.
Regardless of the relationship between the victim, the perpetrator and
the place or the location where the crime occurs, crimes against the elderly often have severe somatic, psychological and social consequences.
To raise awareness of elderly peoples experiences of crime and to improve the support, protection and assistant to this group, NGO Safer
Sweden Foundation, together with University of Maribor (Slovenia),
Ministry of the Interior (France), University of Rome (Italy) and Police
Academy (Italy) initiated a EU funded project named “ACCESS Project –
Against Crime: Care for Elders Support and Security”, coordinated by
Fondazione Santa Lucia (Italy).
At the session statistics regarding crimes against the elderly in Sweden,
France, Italy and Slovenia will be presented. Furthermore, there will be a
discussion about what can be done to improve the situation for this
group of crime victims in a European context.
79
Session: MON16
Neighbourhood security survey – a practical experience
Speakers:
Mia Andersson Ek and Solveig Hollari
Presentation title: Neighbourhood security survey – a practical
experience
This session will in practice show the participants how to make a Neighbourhood security survey (also called Safety and security walks).
A Neighbourhood security survey can be an important step towards a
more humane society. By arranging a survey, you can help create the
right conditions for pleasurable encounters, enjoyable surroundings and
feelings of safety and security in your area. The method was originally
developed in the early 2000s by A more secure and more human
Gothenburg, the local council of crime prevention in Swedens second
biggest city Gothenburg. Since then, the method has been refined and
also involved a more profound gender awareness.
The seminar will start with a short meeting at the conference center,
continue with a 3 km footwalk with several stops in order to discuss
aspects of security in different areas. and end with a reunion in order to
sum up the discussions during the walk. As the participants will pass
important spots of Stockholm, such as the central Sergels square, the
central park Kings garden and the famous medieval island Old Town, a
light guidance of Stockholm will be offered during the walk.
The persons participating in this prolonged session, it will take 3 hours,
will need practical clothes, specifically comfortable shoes. With that
equipment, participants are invited to learn more and thereby put their
feet down for a secure, equal and democratic society in a Neighbourhood security survey through the central areas of Stockholm.
Session: MON17
Victimological perspectives from Asia
improving practice
Speaker:
Yoko Hosoi
Presentation title: Victims’ real voices from the research in Japan
In Japan, victims and victim-centerd justice have been focused on dramatically since 1990s. It is said this is primarily the result of the so-called
voices of victims. What were the real voices of victims? In 2006 the
80
Cabinet Office has done the survey for victims of three types of offenses
and the ordinary people for comparison to promte the effective service
provision. Research items are the following; subjective valuation for the
situation of aftermath of crime, the extent of satisfaction for the service
provided, the effectiveness of the resources for the victims to step forward, the services which were not provided, but necessary to restore
his/her individuality, the formal / informal human resources to take
courage for them and push them positevely and in the opposite direction
to hurt or distress them, the word and the ways of saying to annoy them.
It was found that most victims felt they were left behind not only by
criminal justice system but also by the society.
What victims want from the bottom of their heart is that others shoulde
become known the real situation and understand what victims need respectively as the same human beings.
Speaker:
Jianhong Liu
Presentation title: Victims and justice from the perspective of the Asian
paradigm: Tradition and modern practice
The issue of protecting and compensating crime victims was raised in the
1960s in the United States and Canada, and was later spread to Europe.
Victimology emerged as a distinct, new area of criminology in the 1970s
(McShane & Williams, 1992). The increasing emphasis place on victim’s
rights has become a worldwide trend. However, my research argues that
the marginalization of victims in criminal justice and the neglect of their
full range of needs can ultimately be traced to the logic of Western conventional legal theory and criminal justice processes; these phenomena
are rooted in the fundamental Western conception of crime and justice.
The Western conception has spread to Asia through the process of colonization, modernization, and globalization. From the perspective of the
Asian paradigm (Liu, 2011), Asian social organization produces Asian
values about human relations and justice. Conflict resolution is at the
core of justice. The traditional Asian conception of crime stresses the
violation of victims. The Asian conception of justice stresses compensation to the victims, the restoration of peace, and lasting resolution of the
conflicts involving victims, offenders, and communities. “State interest”
is not the paramount objective of justice. The Asian paradigm can be
traced to the wisdom of Asian traditions in general despite diverse cultural traditions of various Asian civilizations. Modern Asian history
reveals various paths of the westernization of legal systems in major
Asian countries. However, the influence of Asian legal traditions and
cultural ideas continues to be expressed in various ways. In many countries, the Asian paradigm to various extents integrates its elements into
the legal system in the forms of legislation and judicial decisions. Most
81
pervasively, it exerts its influence on the thinking and actions of judicial
officials. In many countries, it simply takes the form of independent action of local communities, where the communities’ decisions may be in
direct conflict with that of the formal criminal justice system. The present research discusses the issue of victims and justice through a discussion of the contrast between the Asian paradigm and the dominant
Western legal system.
Speaker:
Tadashi Moriyama
Presentation title: Victims of ‘It’s me’ fraud in Japan; Cultural aspects of
crime
From the criminological viewpoint, culture in one society would influence crime situation. In practice a malicious kind of fraud targeting elderly persons living alone has emerged recently, defrauding them out of
enormous amounts of money for compensating a fictitious accident, in
which a caller pretending to be their child in distress asks for a money
transfer. In 2011 there were 6,255 cases reported to the police which
caused losses of up to 16 billion US dollars. This is called ‘it’s me fraud’,
because a caller says ‘Hi Mom, it’s me, it’s me’ initially instead of naming his real name. Additionally this crime has a low clear-up rate and
high income.
Its social structure is based on the Japanese culture or its familialism in
which all the members of family keep a strong mutual assistantship and
discharge for collective responsibility for the damage given by their
member. If your son even after growing up has difficulties in finance,
you would like to assist him at the expense of losing money. You also
would think about avoiding unnecessary disputes or troubles with others
as much as possible even if this accident was not your son’s responsibility.
More than 90% of the victims of this crime are over 60 years old, mostly
female. Why do offenders target female? Why are elderly females so victimized? And also why do they mishear their sons’ voice? We can indicate this is a social phenomenon of the breakdown of Japanese familialism because of a gradually increasing lack of communication between
family members. And also, ‘never causing trouble for others, ’ ‘never
suspect others’ is one of our social values. They can provoke this victimisation.
The Japanese government has of course tried to implement a range of
measures against this crime in cooperation with the financial institutions.
They adopted a situational approach and introduced new legislation.
However, victimisation has been still continuing. We need more power-
82
ful measures against this crime, increasing potential victim’s awareness
of it.
Speaker:
K. Jaishankar
Presentation title: Victim justice in South Asia: Past, present and beyond
Historically, the South Asian region was a cynosure for many and it was
one of the most invaded regions in the World. the South Asian region is
rich in culture, traditions, wealth and religions. Some of the oldest languages and religions have evolved in South Asia. The understanding of
the rule of law and justice was supreme in this region. However, due to
invasion by many foreigners including the British, there was a steep decline of justice processes and the old justice systems which rendered appropriate justice to the victims were discarded. The colonial laws ensured the protection of the rights of the British but left the rights of natives in lurch. The laws did not ensure the rights of the victims and the
victim was made a forgotten entity in the justice process. The victim was
brought to the level of witness or complainant and all his/her rights were
denied. The colonial laws also provided support to the offender rights
but did not ensure the victim rights. After the independence of several
countries of South Asian region very less efforts were made to revamp
the colonial laws. Even today most of the countries follow the laws
promulgated during the British regime and these laws have fewer components to support the crime victims. In this paper, an attempt is made
to look in to the history of justice for crime victims, the present situation
and explores the future of Victim Justice in the South Asian region.
Session: MON18
Stockholm boys – developments in Stockholm Life Course Project
Speakers:
Christoffer Carlsson, Jerzy Sarnecki, Gustav Brorsson
and Fredrik Sivertsson
Presentation title: Stockholm boys – developments in Stockholm Life
Course Project
Since February 2010, the longitudinal research study The Stockholm Life
Course Project: Life-Courses and Crime In the Swedish Welfare State
Through Half a Century is conducted at the Department of Criminology
Stockholm University. The project consists of two research blocks, a
quantitative and a qualitative, and is a follow-up study of three existing
research populations. The Stockholm Life Course Project is a nearly
unique project, conducted with the purpose of studying the life courses
of individuals with and without delinquent background. The main purpose of the project is to explore and understand the life course processes
83
surrounding onset, persistence, desistance and intermittency of offending. Specifically, the project is focused around five themes:
1) The processes, factors, events and turning points through the life
course, which are of importance for understanding individual criminal
careers. 2) The importance of different welfare structures for life courses
processes of criminal offending and other norm-breaking behavior.3)
The relationship between physical/mental health and criminal offending,
as well as other norm-breaking behavior across the life course.4) The
“Social Heritage”, in the form of horizontal and vertical transmission of
criminal offending and other norm-breaking behavior.5) The possibilities
and limitations in predicting future offending and other norm-breaking
behavior.
In this session we present a variety of quantitative and qualitative results
from the past year's research. Two studies are presented in greater details:
1. The first paper examines the possibility of predicting long-term outcomes in criminal offending based on measures of risk assessed during
youth. The 1956 Clientele Study of Juvenile Delinquents is well-suited
for such a task, since 1) it is an interdisciplinary study taking into account different fields of research on delinquency and criminal offending,
2) the Clientele boys went through extensive examinations during youth,
and 3) a major part of their life course is covered when it comes to criminal offending, roughly up to the age of 60. Results suggest that while
there is a strong degree of continuity in behavior and conditions over
time, the promise of risk factor research (i.e. adequate prediction and
effective, crime-reducing interventions) should be seriously questioned.
Policy implications and suggestions for future research are highlighted.
2. The second presentation explores the concept of “intermittency” and
uses qualitative life history narratives with male offenders from The
Stockholm Life Course Project to distinguish between two qualitatively
different forms of intermittent offending. Findings suggest that one form
of intermittency can be characterized by “breaks” and “pauses” in offending, where the offender for a period of time “holds up”, but without
attempting to commit to any long-term change in trajectory. The second
form can best be understood as incomplete or aborted attempts at desistance, where attempts to change are present but not realized. Perceived or experienced failure to enter conventional roles and engage in
conventional practices is highly relevant to understand these attempts.
The intermittent zig-zag patterns of offending observed in quantitative
studies of criminal careers can thus actually entail qualitatively different
life course processes of continuity and change. Implications for policy
and future research are highlighted.
84
Session: MON19
Breaking rules. The social and situational dynamics of young people's
urban crime. Author meets readers and critics
Speakers:
Per-Olof H Wikström, Kyle Treiber, Beth Hardie
and Dietrich Oberwittler.
Presentation title: Breaking rules. The social and situational dynamics of
young people's urban crime.
This paper gives a brief overview of key content and main findings presented in "Breaking Rules. The Social and Situational Dynamics of
Young People's Urban Crime" (Oxford University Press)
Session: MON20
Migration and its implications for crime and detention
Speaker:
Kimberlee G. Waggoner
Presentation title: Migration and sex work: Social service agency
responses in the United States and Norway
Both sex work and social service agency responses to sex work have
been shaped by migration. In an increasingly globalized world, sex work
interacts with migration in complex ways impacting social service agency
responses. In this paper, I begin by situating sex work in the United
States and Norway within the context of literature on migration, the
feminization of poverty, the importance of remittances, survival circuits
(Sassen 2009), semi-permeable borders (Wonders 2006), and border
performativity (Wonders 2006). I follow with a brief overview of policy
change in the United States focusing on the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) and Norway focusing on Sections 224 and 202a of the
Norwegian General Penal Code in the context of moral panic around
migrants. In addition, I briefly outline my research methodology and
data analysis. I then explore the interaction between sex work and migration using academic literature and in-depth interviews conducted with
social service agency representatives from the United States and Norway
collected for my master’s thesis noting similarities and differences between: the literature and interview data and between the agencies who
participated in the study from the United States and Norway. I conclude
with a discussion of policy impacts and potential strategies for future
responses to sex work in light of migration.
85
Speaker:
Amber L. Beckley
Presentation title: Segmented assimilation in Stockholm
Past criminological research has indicated a negative relationship between the age of immigration and the likelihood of criminal offending.
This negative path of children of immigrants has been termed downward
assimilation, a part of segmented assimilation theory. The finding of
downward assimilation has been consistent across Western countries
with the exception of Sweden. There are considerable reasons to believe
that downward assimilation may be occurring in Sweden. Yet, there are
concerns with the methodological approach that has established the
world-wide finding. Specifically, the theoretical arguments of segmented
assimilation theory place a lot of importance on the role of the family,
but it has not been considered in statistical analyses. This study considers
both the Sweden-specific issue of downward assimilation by evaluating a
number of sources. It then pursues this issue and challenges previous
studies considering the age of immigration through a quantitative analysis that considers the within-family effect. The results indicate that there
is good reason to believe that segmented assimilation is likely in Sweden.
However, they also indicate that, for more serious crimes, it is likely to
be based on factors operating at the family-level, rather than related to
developmental-acculturation processes.
Speaker:
Janet Ransley
Presentation title: Mandatory detention of asylum seekers: The evolution of a policy
In 1992 Australia introduced a policy of mandatory detention for all
asylum seekers who arrive by sea. Since that time, despite opposition
within the country and internationally, all governments have maintained
this policy. The results have included many thousands of people detained, including large numbers of children. This population has experienced high rates of illness, both in detention and, as most ultimately gain
some entitlement to stay, in the community. Indeed, analysis of case files
of long term detainees reveals significant parallels between the subjects,
conditions, and longer term mental health implications for those held in
immigration detention and the criminal justice system. This paper briefly
surveys the immigration detention population in Australia, and then
analyses the evolution of the policy of mandatory detention and the underlying legal and political rationalities that have led different governments to support it. It compares the human rights and health outcomes
of immigration detainees and those imprisoned in the criminal justice
system.
86
Session: MON21
Traumatic events in Scandinavian. National and individual resilience
Theme: Focusing on Victims of Crime – Comparing Crime Patterns and
Improving Practice
Speakers:
Ann Hanbert and Lars Rönnmark
Presentation title: “Like doing a puzzle” – Ten years after the
discotheque fire.
In October 1998, a violent fire ravaged a discotheque in Gothenburg,
Sweden. 260 of the approximately 400 youth attending the discotheque
managed to save themselves. Fire-fighters succeeded in saving 60 of the
120 that remained trapped. 213 youth were taken to hospital, many
with severe burns, and ten later died from their injuries. The fire was a
result of arson and everyone was hence a crime victim.
So many people lost so much this night – witnessing dreadful scenes
traumatized hundreds of people: friends, parents and rescue staff. Human suffering and needs were overwhelming. The City of Gothenburg
established a Support Centre which remained for two-and-a-half years.
The mission was to ensure that everyone affected was offered help. Help
and support were designed in dialogue with victims, resulting in a rich
repertoire of outreach according to the motto: “Ask the victim what s/he
needs, and respond to what emerges in the dialogue!”
This case is a long-term outreach engagement with a peer group of six
severely traumatized and strong avoiding youngsters between 16 and 18
years old. Ten years later two social workers continually engaged, organized a review of the group’s recovery process with the purpose to find
out what contributed to the recovery. Victims’ experiences of recovery
are essential to articulate in developing efficient support, and the book
”Like Doing a Puzzle” retells the recovery process of six survivors. The
paper focuses on issues such as: What was helpful and how? Why did
survivors accept support, and from whom? How did a combination of
individual assistance and group work affect recovery? How did timing,
duration, and access to support affect recovery? Did personal ties and a
shared history affect group recovery? How did victims respond to narrative methods? Can such methods in general be helpful in supporting
victims of crime?
Speaker:
Ragnhild Bjørnebekk
Presentation title: The terror and massacre-attack in Norway, June 22,
2011 – political violence and resilience
How political violence inflicts societies, have mostly been studied where
experiences of terror, fear, and expectations of violence are prominent.
87
Fewer attacks and consequently fewer studies are done in nations low on
violence and high on general trust and quality of life. Victim perspective
have mostly focused on post traumatic stress and fear. A study in NY
after 11.9. put resilience on the agenda and demonstrated positive human growth and sense of connectedness at differnt levels. Knowlegde
about resilience-prosesses and how they are activated may be important
tools for generating positive developement after experiences of big crises.
Aim of the study: To analyze resilience-processes activated in the aftermath of the terror- and massacre-attack in Norway, in groups during the
massacre, in the society, and in individual victims in the aftermath.
Methods: Review of research on trust and political participation before
and after the attacks. Observations, downtown Oslo in the aftermath.
Content-analyzis of mediareports, documantary books and victim's
bloggs about the attack, and events and conditions related to the attacks.
Some results: The content-analysis and observations demonstrated that
strong sense of connectedness, empathy, helpfulness, openness and
peacefulness between citizens, and little hate and aggressiveness was
generated through the way rituals and ceremonies were organized, and
through speeches from key-persons, and face-book mobilization to the
"rose-march" demonstration. Social media activated new arenas for
therapy, coping and communication that strenghened victim's positive
developement. Research showed that trust in the society was strengthened as well as membership in civic and political organizations. This
means that the Norwegian democracy was strengthened in contrast to
the terrorist's motive. Reciliense processes are universal. It is, however,
reasonable to ask if it is easier to activate them in society low on violence
and high on quality of life?
Session: MON22
Kicking to death
Speakers:
Daniel Heinke, Mareike Persson and Heléne
Örnemark Hansen
Presentation title: Kicking to death
Preliminary research including forensic pathology and bio-mechanics
studies shows that kicks against the head of a lying victim as part of a
physical assault always have to be objectively assessed as potentially
lethal battering, regardless of the offender’s sex, age, physical frame or,
if applicable, footwear. With regard to criminal law the central problem
is to establish whether – subjectively – the offender acted with an intent
88
to kill as opposed to gross negligence concerning the potentially lethal
results of the attack.
There is empirical judgment that certain extremely dangerous actions
(e.g. firearm shots against the head) are generally carried out with an
awareness of the potentially lethal outcome, thus indicating an intent to
kill. In other cases due to the lack of empirical judgment the court has to
draw its conclusion of the offender’s intent solely on the existing individual evidence, such as a confession, witness reports or circumstantial
evidence, thus effectively leading to a reversed onus of proof.
Dr. Heinke conducted empirical research based on the hypothesis that it
is generally known that kicks against the head of a lying victim as part of
a physical assault may result in lethal injuries. From the results of more
than 800 interviews he concludes that the hypothesis has to be accepted.
Therefore, when attacking an opponent with kicks against the head,
regularly it is foreseeable for the offender that the victim can suffer life
threatening injuries, even though this may not be the aim of the attack.
This indicates an intent to kill on the part of the offender.
Dr. Heinke is going to present his research. From this starting point,
doctoral student Mareike Persson will outline the relevance for the Swedish system revisiting the “Riccardo Campogiani”-case in 2007. Afterwards, Helén Örnemark-Hansen will present the intended research in
Sweden.
Session: MON23
Analyzing and forecasting distributions and trends
Speaker:
Michael Hanslmaier
Presentation title: Modeling future crime in Germany
Co-authors: Dirk Baier (Criminological Research Institute of Lower
Saxony, Germany), Katharina Stoll (Criminological Research Institute of
Lower Saxony, Germany) and Stefanie Kemme (University of Hamburg,
Germany)
Within the next decades Germany will be exposed to a demographic
change. There will be a general aging of the population that results in
less younger and more older people. These developments impact all parts
of society (labor market, social security system etc.). Also the institutions
of formal social control (police, justice, prisons) will be affected: older
people commit less crime than younger people.
89
The contribution will present results from a project on forecasting the
future workload of the police, and the justice system, considering in particular the impact of the population’s changing age structure.
Starting point for modeling future crime are time-series-cross-section
models at the county level for the past development of crime (1995 to
2010). Having identified the relevant factors that drove past crime
trends, it is possible to predict the future values. However, as forecasts
for independent variables – with exception of the population trends – are
rare, one has to develop scenarios for the independent variables. The
next step combines the output of the police model (suspects) with the
number of convicts. The last step models the number of prisoners as a
function of the number of convicts and other justice variables (e.g. length
of sentence). All the models are estimated disaggregates by types of crime
to capture eventually divergent trends between them.
Speaker:
Amadeus Hein
Presentation title: Using artificial intelligence for MO identification:
Introducing a new interactive analysis aproach
Co-authors: Fredrik Bengtsson (University of Gothenburg, Sweden),
Carl Magnus Olsson (University of Gothenburg, Sweden), Carin Sundh
(National Bureau of Investigation, Sweden)
Burglary is a crime done in large numbers and thus has great impact on
people's lives and affects the confidence level held for the police. During
2010, the Swedish police received 19 800 reports of burglary. To find
series of crimes done by the same perpetrator or group of perpetrators,
intelligence analysts therefore need to process large quantities of data in
the crime report, e.g. time, place, and course of events – known as the
‘modus operandi’ – to find similarities that indicate a crime series. Useful
information for such analysis is presented in several different fields on
reports, but commonly has the most useful information located within
the open-entry field of the police report. While this is likely due to the
flexibility of describing that an open-entry field allows, the disadvantage
with this flexibility is that analysts must rely on manually interpreting
and filtering relevant reports for in-depth analysis, which subsequently
becomes a very time-consuming task.
To address this, we are assessing the impact from introducing a software-based supportive tool developed in collaboration with police analysts and intended for use in everyday analysis. The tool relies on advances in artificial intelligence and uses various scientifically proven
techniques to improve the quality of filtering to ensure effective interpretation of the open-entry field in police reports. Specifically, this is done
using a combination of linked keywords and tolerance sliders which
provides analysts with an interactive and highly time-efficient tool that
90
never loses focus during filtering. We are thus leveraging the advantages
of computer-based automation where this is feasible and suitable, while
we free analysts to focus their work on analyzing the most likely related
reports. The tool further allows analysts to assess the most suitable slider
tolerances and linked keywords given their individual and tacit understanding of the crime that is being analyzed.
91
Tuesday, June 12
Session: TUE01
Addressing victims’ needs
improving practice
Speakers: Stephan Parmentier, Rianne Letschert and Victor Jammers
Presentation title: Population-based surveys on reparations for victims
after violent conflicts: What do we learn?
The issue of “dealing with the past” or “transitional justice” is most
often managed by elites, national and international, and the views and
expectations of the local populations are rarely taken into account. Yet
population-based researches “from below” can yield interesting insights
into strategies and mechanisms for dealing with the crimes of the past
and for reconstructing the future. This presentation will focus on the
opinions and expectations in relation to reparations for victims of international crimes and serious human rights violations. It is based on a
number of population-based researches undertaken since 2006 in some
African countries that have emerged from violent conflict.
Speakers:
Rianne Letschert, Stephan Parmentier and
Victor Jammers
Presentation title: Towards a victimology of international crimes
Victimology as an academic discipline has achieved a lot by bridging
concepts stemming from different academic disciplines such as law, psychology, traumatology and criminology, and by studying how to develop
adequate victim-centred legislation and policy as well as effective evidence-based psycho-social intervention programmes. What is often referred to as “mainstream” victimology has until recently mainly focused
on victimization through so-called ordinary or conventional criminal
acts. Important issues relating to what can be referred to as mass or collective victimization have received less focused attention. This has
changed considerably in the last decade. Social scientists have embarked
upon studies on the psychological consequences for victims of international crimes, the possibilities and difficulties of meeting their needs in
the aftermath and the mechanisms that play a role in overcoming the
damage to society at large caused by gross atrocities crimes. In addition,
international criminal law and human rights lawyers increasingly focus
on victims of mass victimization and the analysis of the design of adequate judicial remedies. During the presentation, the most important
features of victimological approaches to international crimes will be
discussed.
92
Speakers:
Victor Jammers, Stephan Parmentier and
Rianne Letschert
Presentation title: Meeting the offender after the crime
In the European Union, a directive is prepared on minimum standards
for victims of crime. Restorative justice is one of the topics addressed in
this directive. This consists of a range of services whether attached to,
running prior to, in parallel with or after criminal proceedings. These
services may be available in relation to certain types of crime and include
for example victim-offender mediation. According to the European
Commission, such services should have as a primary consideration the
interests and needs of the victim, repairing the harm to the victim and
avoiding further harm. Parallel to the discussion on the directive, the
discussion on restorative justice has intensified in the past year, both in
The Netherlands and the European Union. The discussion is, compared
to a decade ago, less driven by inflexible principles and more by practical
issues such as: how could the victim benefit from these services? Victim
support organisations are sometimes too protective to victims when it
comes to facilitating a dialogue with the offender. Probation organisations sometimes seem to forget the interests of the victim because of their
focus on rehabilitating the offender. The European directive requires that
policy makers and practitioners in victim support find a way out of the
dilemmas related to restorative justice. A number of possible solutions
will be presented.
Session: TUE02
Effects of restorative justice conferencing ten years on
Speaker:
Heather Strang
Presentation title: Victims of property and violent crime: Effects of
restorative justice ten years on
Victims of crime who agree to participate in face-to-face restorative justice conferences (RJC) have consistently been shown to experience immediate benefits on many dimensions and to express higher levels of
satisfaction with their treatment by the criminal justice system. Findings
from ten-year follow-up interviews of victims in the Canberra Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) reveals that differences remain in attitudes and emotions between those whose cases were randomly assigned
to RJC and those whose cases were dealt with in court in the usual way.
Furthermore, differences emerge according to the nature of the offence,
whether property or violence. Both theoretical and policy implications
of these findings for the future of RJC will be considered.
93
Speaker:
Lawrence Sherman
Presentation title: Risk of death among violent offenders randomly
assigned to restorative justice or to court
In the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE), carried out in Canberra between 1995 and 2000, admitted violent offenders under the age of
30 were assigned either to restorative justice conferences or to court, the
usual treatment for these kinds of offences. In a follow-up of all these
offenders ten years after their entry into RISE we find a significant difference in the number of deaths between the randomly assigned groups
over this time period. Theoretical and policy implications of this finding
will be discussed.
Speaker:
Meredith Rossner
Presentation title: Rituals, emotional energy, and restorative justice:
Long-term impacts for victims of crime
Recent advances in restorative justice theory and research examine the
ritual elements of restorative justice conferences, arguing that the capacity for these encounters to engender positive short-term outcomes such as
solidarity is the key to its long-term success. This paper uses data from
the Reintegrate Shaming Experiments, the longest running study of restorative justice in the world, to examine how the ritual dynamics of a
conference are related to victim well-being long after the event. Specifically, I examine the role of successful rituals in fostering emotional energy, or long-term emotional well being, among conference participants 10
years after their conference.
Session: TUE03
New grooming research and the policing of online grooming
improving practice
Speakers:
Julia Davidson and Stephen Webster
Presentation title: Findings from the European online grooming project
The presentation draws upon findings from a European Commission
study (funded under the Safer Internet Programme) that concluded in
March 2012. The presentation will focus upon the behaviour of offenders online and the nature of child victimisation.
The research aimed to:
 describe the behaviour of both offenders who groom and young
people who are ‘groomed’ ;
 explore the way in which information, communication technology is used to facilitate the process of online grooming;
94



further the current low knowledge base about the way in which
young people are selected and prepared for abuse online;
make a significant contribution to the development of educational awareness and preventative initiatives aimed at parents
and young people;
inform criminal justice policy and practice with online sexual offenders.
To meet this set of objectives, the project involved three separate but
inter-linked phases. First, a scoping phase that included; a review of
recent police case files, interviews with key stakeholders working to prevent online grooming and a literature review. Second, in-depth interviews with men who have been convicted of online grooming in each
consortium country. Phase three of the research included focus groups
with children randomly selected in schools to explore their perceptions
and experience of online grooming, a series of dissemination workshops
with parents and teachers and a high level presentation to policy makers
and industry representatives. It is clear from offender accounts and from
recent direct research with young people (Davidson, 2009, 2010) that
the majority are resilient to offender approach. However, those young
people who seemed to be susceptible to the approaches of online groomers displayed a range of vulnerability features . Analysis of the offender
accounts of their contact with young people made it clear that that
online grooming cannot be comprehensively understood and managed
without understanding the interaction between the offender, online environment and the young person.
Speaker:
Elena Martellozzo
Presentation title: Understanding and policing online child sexual
abuse
The Internet has become one of the key tools that helps us to ‘make
sense’ of our world. Understanding how sex offenders use the Internet
and how the police and the government are responding to their behaviour is central to how we think about the development of preventative
measures. This paper seeks primarily to explain the issue of online child
sexual abuse and to explore patterns and characteristics of online
grooming, policing and child protection in a multi-media world. At the
same time, it points to the need for police and other child protection
agencies to continue to develop innovative techniques to be able to trace
the activities of sex offenders and establish connections between offences
in cyberspace and in the real world. To account for the changing nature
and growing scope of the problem up-to-date academic research on
online child sexual abuse is presented here. This paper describes findings
from two research projects conducted at the High Technology Crime
Unit and Pedophile Unit at the Metropolitan Police in London.
95
Speaker:
Jörgen Lindeberg
Presentation title: “Grooming” children online – offense or behavior?
The law against “grooming” was introduced in Sweden on the 1 of July
2009. The law was intended to give the police the opportunity to intervene and prevent sexual offenses against children at an early stage.
Since the introduction of the law only one person has been convicted of
the crime where the only charge was “grooming”. How is that possible
when we know that in 22% of all sexual crimes against children “online
grooming” is a necessity and withal part of the crime.
The Swedish Police have since 2010 built up a successful partnership
with websites targeting children and adolescents. This work has resulted
in identification of many offenders before they committed any crime and
of course identification during the investigation of sexual crimes against
children. The police have a good knowledge and understanding of dealing with "groomers" acting on the Internet with the purpose of sexually
molest children. The arrest rate of child molesters have increased since
the law was introduced but the possibilities to protect children and preventing the sexual abuse of children has not improved with the new law.
Are the new law ineffective, why is there only one sentence and what has
to be done to protect children online before it’s too late?
Session: TUE04
The difference that space makes: On the geography of crime and perceived safety
Speaker:
Adriaan Uittenbogaard
Presentation title: Space-time dynamics of crime in transport nodes
Co-author: Vania Ceccato (CEFIN - School of Architecture and the Built
Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
The article assesses space-time variation of crime rates in transport
nodes. Drawing upon assumptions from time-geography, routine activity
principles and defensible space theory, the study investigates daily, weekly and seasonal variations of crime at underground stations in the Swedish capital, Stockholm. Data from an extensive fieldwork at the stations
was combined with crime records and passengers’ flow to test whether
stations’ environmental attributes affect crime at different times. GIS,
spatial statistic techniques and modeling underpin the methodology used
in the study. Findings show crimes tend to happen more often in the
96
evenings – nights, holidays and weekends. There is also evidence of seasonal variations of crime. In the winter, stations with social disturbance
and deterioration show high levels of crime while in the summer; crime
concentrates in stations nearby alcohol selling outlets. Stations with hiding spots are often targeted by crime during daily peak hours, while during holidays, crowded stations and with alcohol selling outlets attract
more criminal activities. Differences over time and space are found by
crime type. Results suggest that the role of the stations’ environment on
crime causation varies over time. The article concludes with directions
for future studies.
Speaker:
Bridget Lewakowski
Presentation title: The distribution of household safety protection in
Stockholm
Co-author: Vania Ceccato, (CEFIN – School of Architecture and the
Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
The aim of this study is to understand the adoption of household safety
protection measures (HSPM) in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Researchers have suggested that motivations for adoption include victimization, fear, commercialization or insurance mandates. This study relies
on criminology theories and principles of urban sustainability to interpret HSPM adoption. The analysis combines multiple data sources
(Stockholm safety survey, socio-demographic statistics and newspapers
vignettes) into a single framework in GIS. Binary logistic regression
models are used to identify significant predictors of HSPM. These include perception of crime in the neighborhood, residential stability, socio-economic status, altruistic fear and control variables. Findings show
that HSPM increases with perception of crime and altruistic fear but not
with victimization. Household safety protection strategies differ according to tenancy type, city location and among those who rent, type of
housing company. The article concludes with a discussion of future research questions on HSPM adoption.
Speaker:
Mats Wilhelmsson
Presentation title: Acts of vandalism and fear in neighbourhoods:
Do they affect housing prices?
Co-author: Vania Ceccato, (CEFIN – School of Architecture and the
Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
This article assess whether acts of vandalism and fear of crime affect
neighbourhoods, particularly their effect on housing prices. The study
employs hedonic pricing modelling to estimate the impact of crime and
fear of crime, con-trolling for other factors (property and neighbourhood
97
characteristics). Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to combine apartment sales with offences data, responses of the 2008 Safety
Survey and land-use characteristics of the study area, Stockholm, the
capital of Sweden. Results indicate that apartment prices are affected by
both vandalism and fear (in an area and its neighbouring zones). There is
an indication of a synergic effect of vandalism and fear in neighbourhoods: when vandalism and fear of places in the neighbourhood are
assessed together, results show that housing values tend to be lower than
in areas where either vandalism alone or fear affects property values.
The paper concludes with a discussion of the results and recommendation for future studies.
Speaker:
Vania Ceccato
Presentation title: Places of outdoor rapes
What can we learn about women’s mobility and urban environments from
cases of outdoor rape? Are there ‘typical places’ for rape? How do they look
like? How do victims relate to the rape place? To what extent do these places
relate to womeńs overall fear of crime? These are some of the questions to be
answered in the research project entitled “Putting women in their place:
city environment and female mobility, lessons from cases of outdoor
rapes” using cases of outdoor rapes in Stockholm, Sweden. The objective
of the study is to two-fold. First, it contributes to better understanding of
the urban environment and the spatial dynamics in which outdoor rapes
take place. Second, it uncovers how crime place is recalled and perceived
by the victim and by doing that, the study searches for insights on how
victim’s immediate mobility pre and post rape relates to current patterns
of women’s fear of crime in city environments. One of the novelties of
this research is to incorporate accurate knowledge of places where one
third of all rapes in Sweden take place. In this presentation we will focus
on preliminary results of the study by discussing the nature of these places in relation to overall city environment.
Session: TUE05
International comparative assessments of crime and violence: Quantitative and qualitative methods
improving practice
Speaker:
Anna Alvazzi del Frate
Presentation title: From victimization surveys to participatory
assessments: Closing the circle
The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) initiated by Jan van Dijk
and a small group of criminologists in the late ‘80s represented the first
systematic attempt at a comprehensive data collection methodology to
98
gather comparative information on victimization experiences across
countries and cultures. Over more than 20 years the ICVS has given
impetus to the use of population based surveys for the assessment of
crime and violence, and proven a formidable tool to collect data in developing countries and post-conflict settings. Still, survey methods need
to be supplemented by qualitative research to get the in-depth knowledge
necessary to inform the sampling process, the content of the questionnaire, and to provide feedback through the discussion of the results. This
process takes the form of a fully fledged participatory assessment, in
which various stakeholders (communities, key informants) have the possibility to have a say, through a mixed-method approach. The presentation will provide examples of integration of quantitative and qualitative
methods for the assessment of victimization in several developing and
post-conflict areas.
Speaker:
Sami Nevala
Presentation title: Gender-based violence against women – first EU-wide
survey
The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) will conduct in 2012 the first EU-wide survey on gender-based violence against
women. The survey will interview over 40,000 women 18-74 years of
age in all 27 EU Member States and Croatia on their experiences of various forms of violence. The survey will cover the experiences of physical,
sexual and psychological violence, including harassment and stalking, by
partners and other persons. Victimisation experiences are collected both
from the age of 15 onwards (since the age of 15 and in the past 12
months), as well as before the age of 15 in a separate part of the survey.
The survey is based on a call by the European Parliament and the request
by the Council of the European Union for the FRA to collect comparable
data on violence against women. The survey will provide evidence needed by policy makers, practitioners and non-governmental organisations
for the development of policies and other measures to combat violence
against women. The collection of data will also contribute to the discussion on the development of indicators on violence against women, both
at the UN level, in the European Union and in the Member States.
The presentation will describe the development of the survey from the
first consultations to pre-testing in six Member States and piloting in all
27 EU Member States and Croatia prior to the launch of full-scale data
collection in 2012. The participants can contribute to the discussion on
how the results can be used for developing policies to combat violence
against women and for awareness-raising efforts.
99
Speaker:
Robert Manchin
Presentation title: Comparing victimization survey results
To what extent can we use comparative surveys results as evidence for
policy making? What are the strengths and limits of survey data for evidence-based policies? The presentation will review lessons learned on the
basis of a large number of international comparative surveys on victimization of individuals and businesses, at the national and city level.
Session: TUE06
State compensation to crime victims in Sweden and the Netherlands:
Basic principles, current issues and reflections on strengthened cooperation in the European Union
improving practice
Speakers:
Nina Huygen and Ludo Goossens
Presentation title: The Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund
The Violent Offences Compensation Fund provides financial support to
victims of violent crimes who have sustained serious injury as a result.
Examples of such crimes are violent theft, mugging, threat with a weapon, assault or rape, as well as domestic violence, stalking and the wide
range of sexual offenses.
In order to qualify for one-off compensation from the Fund, the applicant must satisfy a number of requirements. This is laid down in the law
that regulates the fund.
The Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund will give an overview
of the set up and operation of the Dutch Fund and present results on
studies of the expectations of clients and their satisfaction. Satisfaction is
high. For clients the awards are appreciated not so much for their economic value but as recognition by the state that they have been wronged.
The Fund will also address current issues in jurisprudence such as: integration into framework of administrative law (appeal to the court),
broadening of the concept of violence (human trafficking, stalking), exclusion of victims with criminal background, awards for pain and suffering to close family of deceased victims and treatment of residents victimized elsewhere in the EU (reflection on the dysfunctional aspects of the
EU directive, and further harmonization of the compensation mechanisms in Europe).
Speakers:
Ulf Hjerppe and Per Rubing
Presentation title: The Swedish state compensation to crime victims
100
In Sweden victims of crime may receive compensation by damages paid
by the offender, insurance compensation or criminal injuries compensation awarded by the Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support
Authority. The state compensation is mainly based on principles in tort
law. One prerequisite to receive state compensation is that the crime has
been reported to the police, another is that the crime victim has not been
otherwise fully compensated. Residents of Sweden have the right to state
compensation even if the crime has been committed abroad and this
right applies also to foreigners affected by crime in Sweden.
Criminal injuries compensation is financed through tax revenue. It is
primarily intended to compensate for personal injury. This includes both
physical and mental injuries. Crime victims can also be compensated for
the violation of personal integrity caused by the crime. The possibility to
receive compensation for loss of or damage to property and for financial
loss is very limited. If an offense has led to the death of a person, the
close relatives can receive compensation for pain and suffering.
Children who have witnessed violence in a close relationship may be
entitled to a special form of state compensation. One prerequisite is that
the crime would typically be assumed to harm the child’s confidence and
trust in a person with whom he or she has a close relationship.
The current law on criminal injuries compensation is under review and
an official government report will be presented in April.
The authority receives approximately 11 000 applications annually and
in 2011, 97 million SEK (11 million EUR) were paid in compensation to
crime victims. In conjunction with paying out criminal injuries compensation, the authority also requires the offender to pay back the money if
possible.
Session: TUE07
Research and policy in the field of victims of crime in the European Union – Three perspectives on the latest developments as well as challenges
and opportunities for the future.
improving practice
Speaker:
Marc Groenhuijsen
Presentation title: Cross border victims in the EU: Challenges and
opportunities
Marc Groenhuijsen will address the problems victims have to face when
they are victimized in another country than their country of residence.
101
First there is the issue of when, where and how to report a crime in these
circumstances. The second problem is how to access State Compensation
schemes. In this context Prof. Groenhuijsen will discuss the EU Council
Directive of April 2004 and the way it has been implemented. Next,
issues of providing victim support will be illuminated. An obvious and
serious problem in relation to cross border crime is the provision of information. In this area many logistical obstacles present themselves and
on top of that there is the complicated language barrier which leads to
many questions relating to translation and interpretation. Prof.
Groenhuijsen will briefly touch on the right to legal assistance in cross
border situations. Finally, the idea of ‘challenges and opportunities’ will
be contextualized by discussing the proposed transition from the currently obtaining Framework Decision to the (2011 Draft) EU Directive on
victims’ rights.
Speaker:
Joanna Goodey
Presentation title: New avenues and new uses for criminal victimisation
surveys
Given that experiences of criminal victimisation, particularly for certain
crimes and among certain groups, continue to be under-reported to the
police, and also because evidence-based advice should be at the heart of
policy makers’ decisions in the field of crime and justice – it would appear that victim surveys continue to offer one of the best means to address this knowledge gap and to inform decision making. Yet, at the
same time, criminal victimisation surveys still face a number of challenges in the first half of the 21st century if they are to be regarded as useful
tools that can effectively and efficiently inform policies in the field of
victims, crime and criminal justice.
As an illustration of some of these challenges and how they are being
responded to, reference will be made to the on-going work of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) in the field of victim
survey data collection among different groups. Having undertaken research on selected ethnic minorities and immigrant groups’ experiences
of criminal victimisation, through to the Agency’s on-going survey research on violence against women and on LGBT communities as victims
of crime, as well as on Jewish communities as crime victims, the Agency
is taking victim survey research into new fields and into new arenas with
respect to cross-national, comparative survey research. In this regard,
knowledge about how such data can be put to good use – in and beyond
the specific fields of criminal and victim survey research – needs to be
explored further if victim surveys are to be seen as relevant to a wide
audience. In sum – and drawing inspiration from pioneers in the field
such as Jan van Dijk – there is still much to do in the field of victimisation surveys.
102
Speaker:
Ingrid Bellander Todino
Presentation title: Strengthening victims' rights in the European Union
The European Commission presented a comprehensive package of
measures on crime victims' rights in May 2011. The proposed legislation
addresses the quality of treatment that victims receive in the aftermath of
crime and during the criminal proceedings that follow. The proposals
will reinforce existing EU and national legislation with EU-wide minimum standards so that any victim can rely on the same basic level of
rights within criminal proceedings – irrespective of their nationality or
country of residence and wherever in the EU the crime took place. The
package also includes a mutual recognition mechanism for protection
measures taken in civil proceedings that complements the recently
adopted European Protection Order (which applies to criminal law protection measures).
Ms. Bellander Todino will present the background, rationale and main
features of the Commission's package on victims. She will in particular
present the proposed EU Directive establishing minimum standards on
the rights, support and protection of victims of crime (COM(2011) 275
final), provide an update on the status of the legislative process and negotiations with the European Council and the European Parliament. Ms.
Bellander Todino will also talk about the European Commission's intentions concerning various future initiatives taken at EU level to support
and protect victims of crime.
For more information about EU actions on victims' rights:
http://ec.europa.eu/justice/criminal/victims/index_en.htm
Session: TUE08
Commemoration session for Em. Tony Peters
Speakers:
Stephen Parmentier, Ezzat Fattah, Hans-Jürgen
Kerner, Lawrence Sherman, Füsun Sokullu-Akinci
and Erik Wennerström
Presentation title: Commemoration session for Em. Prof. Tony Peters
Em. Prof. Tony Peters passed away on 20 March 2012, after a long disease. Until the moment of his untimely death he had been serving as the
president of the International Society for Criminology since 2006 and
before that as chairman of its Scientific Commission. During his 40 yearlong career in criminology, he has been called a ‘builder of bridges in
criminology’, both at the University of Leuven and in many parts of the
world, notably in Central and Eastern Europe and the Spanish-speaking
103
world. However, Tony Peters will mostly be remembered for his unique
contributions to three fields of criminology: (1) penology, where he was
an early student of prison conditions in Belgium and other parts of Europe, (2) victimology, a discipline he introduced in Belgium and developed in more depth, and (3) restorative justice, where he sought a particular synthesis between various criminological insights and can be seen
as a true pioneer. This commemorative session will highlight the many
contributions of Tony Peters to the teaching and research in criminology
worldwide. The various speakers will pay tribute to this exceptional
scholar, by focusing on the diversity of his work and indicating how it
has influenced criminology in their own context.
Session: TUE09
Restorative justice: Perspectives and experiences
Speaker:
Hennessey Hayes
Presentation title: Emotional transactions in a restorative justice process
In recent years we have witnessed a surge of sound empirical research in
restorative justice. We now know with a rather substantial degree of
certainty how offenders and victims perceive restorative justice processes. We also know, perhaps with less confidence, how restorative justice
processes affect offenders’ post-intervention behaviour. One of the interesting and persistent (but perhaps disappointing) findings to emerge in
recent restorative justice research is that a sizable minority of restorative
justice encounters can be described as anything but restorative. In this
paper I draw on qualitative interview data from 50 young offenders who
attended a youth justice conference to explore how the emotional transactions of apology and forgiveness feature in these encounters and suggest ways of understanding variation in process outcomes. My analysis
raises questions about restorative justice’s ability to achieve the key aim
of restoration. Thus, I conclude by developing alternative ways of understanding what restorative justice is and what it should do.
Speaker:
Arjun Masters
Presentation title: Restorative justice in India: The way forward
Co-author: Anuja Agrawal, (National Law University Delhi, India)
Human conflicts are basic to human societies. Crime symbolizes a major
form of conflict in the society. It deprives the victim from their fundamental human rights specially those pertain to life, liberty and safety.
The experiences in most countries of the world tell us that the formal
system of criminal justice, due to various reasons, has not been fully
successful in achieving its objectives. Mounting arrears in the court, de104
lay in disposal of cases and consistently rising rate of acquittals resulted
in the loss of public confidence in the system. Besides, it was felt that the
victims of crime who ought to be in the center are often marginalized in
the criminal justice process.
Whatever may be the outcome of the case in the court, the fact remains
that the victim does not get any substantial gain to mitigate his/her victimization. Nothing helps the victim to restore and repair the damage
caused to him/her by crime. Merely an aggressive response to crime
problem does not benefit the victims. The idea of restorative justice is
emerging as answer to these issues.
This Paper aims to search for some effective and viable alternatives for
the criminal justice process in India. Hundreds of reports from bodies
like the Law Commission, National Police Commission and several studies by the organizations and individuals are testimony to the fact that the
system of criminal justice in the country is virtually collapsed. The justice looses its basic purpose if only twenty percent people get justice and
millions remain in the queue for decades together, if litigation is so costly
and if the victim continue to sideline and accused manage to get all the
procedural benefits. If implemented systematically, the restorative model
of justice in India can offer highly imperative results.
Speaker:
Oznur Sevdiren
Presentation title: ‘Diversion’ in Turkish law: Destined to fai?
The concept of diversion and diversionary programmes may, at first
instance, appear to be traditionally foreign for the Turkish penal system
in which the principle of legality has a particular place. Indeed, in spite
of the wide scope of ‘informal methods’ of dealing with the criminality
as the available statistics suggest, until recently, the prevailing scholarly
opinion rejected a policy facilitating discretion at the pre-court level. For,
it was believed that this would cause bias and selective prosecution policies. Despite the strict adherence to the principle of legality, with the
great impulse gained both from the efforts to fulfil membership criteria
for the European Union and the increasing awareness on the special
character of juvenile offending, with a reform in both criminal and criminal procedure law in 2005, the victim-offender mediation and conditional dismissal of prosecution were incorporated into Turkish law.
Notwithstanding ambitious claims by the legislature such as greater reintegration of, in particular juvenile, offenders into the law-abiding community, prevention of recidivism, and reducing the workload of courts
and the associated costs, in fact, so far both mechanisms have lagged far
behind in translating these legislative intentions into practice. The available empirical data and recent statistics suggest the number of cases
which were dealt with by means of victim-offender mediation and condi105
tional dismissal of prosecution have been considerably low and the overall impact of both mechanisms in the Turkish criminal justice have been
far from unequivocal. Yet, intriguingly, little attention has been paid to
understand the causes of this state of affairs. My paper will focus on the
potential causes of this ‘inertia’ from a comparative perspective and go
on to discuss the further implications of the said measures in an increasingly more ‘efficiency’ based Turkish criminal justice system.
Speaker:
Anna Rypi
Presentation title: How to ”do” restorative justice? Victim-offender
mediation as moral, identity and emotion work
If the parties in a conflict do not meet, if the offender is not forgiven,
and if the crime victim even expresses anger – can it still be regarded as a
successful mediation process? What does it mean that the mediators are
trying to “do morality” (justice) without “moralizing” (judging)? How
can mediation be seen as an crucial arena for identity negotiation and
identity change? This sociological study has been conducted at two mediation centres in one smaller and one larger city in Sweden, during
2011. Using semi-structured interviews with the involved parties, and
observations of mediation meetings and so called ”pre-meetings” (before
the actual meetings), we have mainly focussed on the mediation process
itself and on the mediators’ role in this process. We applied sociological
theories of symbolic-interaction and the sociology of emotion. Through
these perspectives, victim-offender-mediation (VOM) can be seen as a
process of "reparative role-taking", in which recognition and mutual
respect between the parties are important components. However, we
regard it as essential to pay attention not only to the retorative justice
ideals and principles, but also to the attempts to put restorative justice
into practice. Both parties – the offender and the crime victim – are ideally given space to tell their version of the conflict (or crime) during the
mediation meeting, regardless of the legal liability distribution. The offender’s expressed shame and regret can here be seen as a constructive
part. However, if the shame is exaggerated, it seems to hinder rather
than help the process. How is the ideals of a power (and emotional) balance interpreted in practice? We analyze the moral- and emotion work
connected to VOM. The study shows that victim-offender mediation is a
complex process that involves many moral and social dimensions, including the mediators’ ongoing interpretations of the balance between
the parties, as well as the role of impartiality.
If the parties in a conflict do not meet, if the offender is not forgiven,
and if the crime victim even expresses anger – can it still be regarded as a
successful mediation process? What does it mean that the mediators are
trying to “do morality” (justice) without “moralizing” (judging)? How
can mediation be seen as an crucial arena for identity negotiation and
106
identity change? This sociological study has been conducted at two mediation centres in one smaller and one larger city in Sweden, during
2011. Using semi-structured interviews with the involved parties, and
observations of mediation meetings and so called ”pre-meetings” (before
the actual meetings), we have mainly focussed on the mediation process
itself and on the mediators’ role in this process. We applied sociological
theories of symbolic-interaction and the sociology of emotion. Through
these perspectives, victim-offender-mediation (VOM) can be seen as a
process of "reparative role-taking", in which recognition and mutual
respect between the parties are important components. However, we
regard it as essential to pay attention not only to the retorative justice
ideals and principles, but also to the attempts to put restorative justice
into practice. Both parties – the offender and the crime victim – are ideally given space to tell their version of the conflict (or crime) during the
mediation meeting, regardless of the legal liability distribution. The offender’s expressed shame and regret can here be seen as a constructive
part. However, if the shame is exaggerated, it seems to hinder rather
than help the process. How is the ideals of a power (and emotional) balance interpreted in practice? We analyze the moral- and emotion work
connected to VOM. The study shows that victim-offender mediation is a
complex process that involves many moral and social dimensions, including the mediators’ ongoing interpretations of the balance between
the parties, as well as the role of impartiality.
Session: TUE10
Spatial dimension of disorder, crime and fear of crime
Speaker:
William Alex Pridemore
Presentation title: Community organization moderates the effect of
alcohol outlet density on violence
Co-author: Tony H. Grubesic (Drexel University, USA)
There is growing evidence from multiple disciplines that alcohol outlet
density is associated with community levels of assault. Based on the theoretical and empirical literatures on social organization and crime, we
tested the hypothesis that the association between alcohol outlet density
and neighborhood violence rates is moderated by social organization.
Using geocoded police data on assaults, geocoded data on the location of
alcohol outlets, and controlling for several structural factors thought to
be associated with violence rates, we tested this hypothesis employing
negative binomial regression with our sample of 298 block groups in
Cincinnati. Our results revealed direct effects of alcohol outlet density
and social organization on assault density, and these effects held for
different outlet types (i.e., off-premise, bars, restaurants) and levels of
107
harm (i.e., simple and aggravated assaults). More importantly, we found
that the strength of the outlet-assault association was significantly weaker in more socially organized communities. Subsequent analyses by level
of organization revealed no effects of alcohol outlet density on aggravated assaults in organized block groups, but significant effects in disorganized block groups. We found no association between social
(dis)organization and outlet density. These results clarify the communitylevel relationship between alcohol outlets and violence and have important implications for municipal-level alcohol policies.
Speaker:
Hagit Turjeman
Presentation title: What determines fear of violent victimization –who
you are or where you live?
Co- author: Gideon Fishman (The Western Galilee College Israel, University of Haifa, Israel)
Fear of crime is a serious social as well as personal problem that affects
the quality of life of individuals and communities. The findings of research on fear of crime indicate an ambiguous relationship between victimization and fear of crime: levels of fear are exceedingly high and don't
match the actual crime level. Furthermore, the groups least at risk are
those that showing the most fear of victimization. This study explores
the impact of violent victimization on fear of violence.
Conducted in Israel among 1,747 households residing in 302 neighborhoods, the study used variables that describe neighborhood characteristics, such as neighborhood's victimization rate, physical and social incivilities, as well as variables that relate to the individual, such as direct
and indirect victimization, gender, income, and exposure to the news
media and tested their interaction effect on fear of violent victimization.
Using hierarchical linear models, we uncover two significant findings.
First, neighborhood related variables have a significant impact on residents’ level of fear. Second, the hierarchical model underscores the interaction between these neighborhood characteristics and the individual
level variables. Furthermore, only in the context of neighborhood variables, do the individual level variables reveal their real impact on the fear
of violent victimization.
Speaker:
Manne Gerell
Presentation title: Intra-neighborhood distribution of collective efficacy
and disorder: The importance of geographical units of
analysis
108
Spatial analysis of the distribution of crime and disorder often depart
from the concept of neighborhood as geographical unit of analysis. Collective efficacy, the combination of working trust and expectations of a
willingness to act for the common good, has been shown to tap into
important social mechanisms that can explain the differences between
neighborhoods. How such social mechanisms function in a neighborhood and how it impacts on spatial distribution of disorder within rather
than between neighborhoods is rarely studied. In a case study of four
Swedish neighborhoods differences within and between neighborhoods
have been studied. Social networks, collective efficacy and indirectly the
social construction of neighborhoods have been discussed in focus
groups with residents of the neighborhoods and in key informant interviews with property managers and active members of local associations.
Social boundaries within the neighborhoods emerge clearly from respondents’ stories with corresponding intra-neighborhood differences in
respondents’ perceptions of collective efficacy, safety and disorder. Few
respondents express any neighborhood-wide feelings of social cohesion
which points toward the possibility that neighborhoods can be considered aggregates of smaller socio-spatial units. To study whether the socio-spatial units identified through the interviews differ in levels of physical disorder a systematic social observation (SSO) has been performed
during 2011. The data have been analyzed both through aggregation
based on social boundaries expressed in the interviews and through the
use of density- and hotspot based methods where no pre-defined geographical units are needed. Results from the analysis of spatial distribution of physical disorder show that the social boundaries identified within neighborhoods matter in determining how disorder is distributed
within the neighborhood. A preliminary conclusion is that the social
mechanism of collective efficacy is best understood on much smaller
units of analysis than typical neighborhoods.
Session: TUE11
Modern victimization surveys. National results from France and international analyses on mode effects
improving practice
Speakers:
Nathalie Guzy and Heinz Leitgoeb
Presentation title: Mode effects in web and telephone based victim
surveys
In 2010, a new round of the International Crime and Victim Survey
(“ICVS-2”) was carried out to explore the possibilities and practicabilities of conventional telephone surveys in comparison to different forms
of online surveys. As the current state of research offers only little insight
into mode effects in victim surveys – particularly regarding online sur109
veys – the study evaluates the more cost-effective data access by internet
for the first time.
Based on ICVS-2 data from five participating countries (DE, UK, NL,
SE, NO), the presentation will illustrate the implementation and methodology of this pilot study as well as some results of an (logistic regression) analysis exploring the effects of online modes on the victimisation
rates of various offences. However, as mode effects are regularly confounded with a lot of different mode-related survey errors (e.g. effects by
different levels of item and unit non-response, different sampling bases
or demographic distributions of the samples, etc.), the estimated model is
stepwise extended by these variables as well as an interaction effect between mode and sampling base. This hierarchical strategy permits an
assessment of the mode effect on the selected victimisation rates by increasing statistical control of the aforementioned potential confounders.
First results provide evidence that the effects of data collection modes on
victimisation rates vary between different types of offences and are most
pronounced for the very sensitive items concerning sexual offences. Significant mode effects tend to decrease when additional variables which
control alternative survey errors are included in the models. Furthermore, in the case of sexual offences a relevant interaction between mode
and sampling base could be identified.
Speaker:
Cyril Rizk
Presentation title: 5 different findings from the 5 victimisation surveys
“Cadre de vie et sécurité” (“Living environment and
security”) conducted in France since 2007
Every year, since 2007, a national victimisation survey is conducted by
INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies,
and ONDRP. Called "Cadre de vie et sécurité" ("Living environment
and security"), the survey is fielded from january to april on a sample
averaging 17 000 households and 17 000 respondents aged 14 and over.
It is a CAPI (Computer Assisted Interviewing) survey with an average
interview time of 55 minutes. The results of the 2012 survey are expected for early July. From the 5 previous ones, we aim to introduce 5 of
the most noticeable findings that have been produced by ONDRP. It
concerns the trend of victimisation rates and its comparison with recorded crime trends, the follow up and consequences of violence within the
household, the characteristics of incidents such as burglaries, robberies
or plastic card frauds and, about the living environnement, the frequency
of drug use or drug trafficking witnessed or the public perception of the
police in the neigborhood. To study trends, results of each annual survey
are compared one to another, while to analyse answers about incidents
characteristics and other questions, the 5 surveys results are combined
110
which helps get a larger sample size of respondents, especially for low
victimisation rate crime. The different kind of findings from “Cadre de
vie et sécurité” surveys show the wide range of results provided by victimisation surveys, some well known, some less heard of.
Speaker:
Bart Buelens
Presentation title: Selection and measurement effects in mixed-mode
crime victim surveys: An experiment
Co-author: Barry Schouten (Statistics Netherlands, The Netherlands)
Nowadays data collection for sample surveys is often conducted using a
combination of different interview modes. Mode effects cause the outcomes of the subsamples collected in each mode to differ. These differences are due to a combination of measurement and selection effects, the
latter being the sum of coverage and non-response effects. Statistics
Netherlands has conducted an experiment – Mixed-mode Experiment
for Person Statistics (MEPS) – aimed at decomposing mode effects into
their constituting parts. In MEPS, the questionnaire of the crime victim
survey is used. A sample of size 8,800 is randomly assigned to four
groups, corresponding to the four data collection modes under investigation: paper, web, telephone and face-to-face. Each group is interviewed a
first time in one of the four modes, and two months later a second time
using face-to-face interviewing, which is the reference mode in MEPS.
The repeated interviews allow for determining the non-response effect,
by applying a generalized regression estimator using the second answers
as covariates in the weighting model. The coverage effect is identified
from the face-to-face interviews, using answers to questions about access
to internet and telephone. The remaining component is the measurement
effect. Many variables in this survey are found to be subject to significant mode effects. They are almost always due to large measurement
effects, with coverage effects being negligible. Selective non-response
plays only a minor role. Outcomes of the web response group are rather
negative: high victimization rate, feeling unsafe more frequently, and
being less satisfied with police performance. The telephone respondents
show the opposite picture. The paper and face-to-face modes lead to
intermediate results. Calibration estimation is typically used to remove
selection effects. Large measurement effects, however, are a bigger concern. They impose limitations on suitable mixed-mode designs, and drive
research into estimation methods capable of dealing with such effects.
111
Session: TUE12
Organised crime involvement in iIIegal waste trafficking
Speaker:
Kristiina Kangaspunta
Presentation title: Combating illegal trafficking of waste and Ecomafias:
The case of Italy
Illegal trafficking of hazardous waste is characterized by the increasing
involvement of transnational criminal networks, difficulty in its traceability and legislative lacunas at national and international levels. Scarce
awareness and knowledge of the phenomenon, as well and poor data
collection and analysis is persistent in many countries. The investigation
and prosecution of waste trafficking cases is often limited and inefficient,
as environmental crimes are not recognized as serious crimes and thus
punished with low penalties.
The case of Italy clearly shows the severity of illicit waste trafficking and
the strong involvement of organized crime. Since the 1980s, Italian mafia-type criminal organisations, particularly Camorra and ‘Ndrangheta,
have been deeply involved in different environmental crimes including
illicit trafficking of waste. The expression Ecomafias was introduced in
1994, on the basis of a series of well documented cases of illegal trafficking and dumping of toxic waste. Following the increased awareness of
organized crime involvement in waste trafficking, the crime of “organized trafficking of waste” was introduced in the Italian criminal code in
2001 allowing effective investigation of trafficking cases. This paper will
analyse incidents of illegal trafficking of waste particularly from,
through or to Italy.
Speaker:
Katja Eman
Presentation title: Organised crime involvement in waste trafficking –
The case of the Republic of Slovenia
Co-author: Gorazd Meško (University of Maribor, Slovenia)
In the last two decades the scope of transnational environmental crime,
especially waste trafficking, has expanded and become increasingly profitable. Since the perpetrators of environmental crime can generate significant profits with minimal risks, the area is attractive to organized criminal groups, which see an exceptional 'business' opportunities in it (i.e.,
criminal enterprise). In the past the environmental crime has become
transnational, when the organized groups took the advantage of liberalization and globalization of the world economy.
112
The case study of organised environmental crime in Slovenia revealed
that a specialty is the countries' spatial placement in the transition zone
between the Western and Eastern Europe and the border between North
and South. It is known as a transit country of organized crime groups.
This applies to environmental crime as well, with the last three years
growing illegal transport of waste from Western Europe to the East and
trafficking of animal and plant species in the opposite direction. In addition to individual cases of waste shipping with the incomplete documentation, waste trafficking in Slovenia is characterized by: 1) various cases
when Italian Mafia is paying Slovenian farmers to dump waste in the
sinkholes in their fields in Primorska region; and 2) ‘relocation of industrial production’ from developed countries (Lafarge Cement case).
The trade with waste is an international form of environmental crime;
therefore planned response on a global level is necessary. It will remain a
profitable business as long as the financial costs of environmental protection for the offenders will outweigh the benefits and as well as sanctions
and penalties will be ‘ridiculously’ low compared to a gained profit. For
a successful fight against transnational environmental crime in Europe
and worldwide greater cooperation and information sharing is needed;
transfer of information, experience and intelligence sharing, and
knowledge exchange.
Speaker:
Therese Shryane
Presentation title: Waste Electronic & Electrical Equipment and the
illegal trade in metal bearing fractions
It is estimated that 9 million tonnes of WEEE are arising across Europe
each year. Of this amount just over 30% (1/3) are reported to have been
collected and sent to WEEE treatment facilities for recycling and recovery. It is unclear the destination of the remaining WEEE; it is assumed
that 13% is disposed by the consumer to landfill, and the remaining
54% is destined for potentially sub standard treatment. It is estimated
that a significant proportion of the WEEE is destined for sub-standard
treatment and illegal export.
The composition of the different categories of WEEE differs greatly and
this affects both the economic value and the environmental characteristics of the WEEE categories. The three main materials arising from
WEEE arising are metals, glass, and plastics. In the illegal trade of WEEE
across Europe it appears that persons involved in this trade are principally interested in the ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, and plastics from
the WEEE stream.
The theft of WEEE also creates some other side-effects most notably
with regard to environmental protection, the security of personal data
113
held on computer systems, and the damage to the reputation of the producer who is required to recycle and recover end of life equipment.
Across the EU many of the WEEE Forum member organisations are engaged with discussions with the national authorities and national law
enforcement agencies to address illegal trading of WEEE. Many countries have investigated different strategies to stem the scavenging of
WEEE from collection points and leakage of WEEE from the authorised
schemes. The casual trading of metal is increasing across Europe in response to the rising metal prices and this is resulting in a large-scale increase in illegal activities and this impacts not only WEEE activities but
also for example the railway networks, construction sites, and communications networks.
Speakers:
Babak Akhgar and Dave Fortune
Presentation title: A novel approach to strategic intelligence
management to combat organised crime
The presentation will discuss strategic intelligence management (SIM)
and its application in Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) context from an
informatics and strategic management perspective. An integral part of
SIM is Knowledge Management (KM). In this context KM is defined as
"a process of creating value added learning processes (i.e. knowledge) so
that knowledge becomes the strategic resources of a LEA with measurable and quantifiable value in successfully combating organised crime".
Our aim is to explore methodological approached to SIM based on core
components of KM, and put forward a framework for combating organised crime such as waste trafficking
Using case studies as exemplar and an “action research” cycle, a three
tier Reference Architecture (RA) for KM deployment will be presented
which addresses the strategic, core and deployment components of SIM
realisation in context of organised crime. Critical success factors for
combating other forms of illegal trafficking such as Human Trafficking
and firearms will be used to abstract lesson learnt which can be applied
to waste trafficking. Furthermore the speakers will elaborate on current
challenges and best practices used by LEAs and UK Environment Agency
to tackle waste crime.
A set of recommendations will be presented to enable decision makers to
formulate new proactive policies for global collaboration in combating
waste trafficking.
114
Session: TUE13
Prize Winner Lecture
Speaker:
Jan van Dijk
Session: TUE14
The recent boost in rights and assistance for crime victims in The Netherlands
improving practice
Speaker:
Victor Jammers
Presentation title: Victim Support in The Netherlands
Victor Jammers will give an overview of the activities of Victim Support
The Netherlands (VSN). This is a private organisation, financed by the
Ministry of Safety and Justice, local governments and charity. The organisation supports more than 100.000 victims per year. Victim support
in The Netherlands started with victims of crime, was after a few years
extended to victims of traffic incidents and later to victims of large scale
incidents in society.
Most victims are referred by the police, VSN can provide them with psychosocial, practical and legal support. Depending on their needs, the
victims may be transfered to specialised forms of support. The organisation works with 1.400 volunteers and 350 paid staff. In most cases, the
support is given by volunteers who received special training for this
work. In severe cases (murder, violent crimes in complex situations) the
support is given by paid staff. The activities of the volunteers are highly
appreciated by society and the victims. Results of a research study
among volunteers will be presented. Last year, a research study was carried out among victims who were supported by VSN, measuring their
opinions on the support they had received. The main results of this study
will be presented.
Supporting victims is a developing issue. The police and the public prosecutors are increasingly aware of their role in supporting victims. New
ideas on the redress by the offender of the damage done will be presented. Also some new ideas on supporting victims through the internet and
ideas on the relation with restorative justice issues will be presented.
Speaker:
Annemarie ten Boom
Presentation title: Measuring the quality of victim services
115
Surveys of the victims' experience in the criminal justice system tend to
employ the victims' satisfaction as an outcome measure (Van Mierlo,
Pemberton et al, 2009). Until recently this was also the case in the Netherlands. However the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice was in need
of a research instrument that better serves to measure the quality of victim assistance as provided by police, prosecution, judiciary and victim
support. This is why an alternative was developed. The central notion of
the project that had to lead to the final instrument was that the experience of quality relates to the extent to which the services match victims’
needs (see for a recent overview Ten Boom & Kuijpers, 2012). Measuring this match entails querying victims’ experiences with services and
their relative importance, rather than measuring satisfaction. This approach is also used in health care services, and the model of the Consumer Quality index, which was developed for this sector, served as an
example. The way that was worked towards the instrument will be presented, as well as the final questionnaire that resulted. Also some first
indications of ‘quality gaps’ (aspects that victims find very important,
but on which their experiences are not too well) will be presented, based
one of the small scaled pilot studies.
Speakers:
Helga Ezendam and Mariëlle Basten
Presentation title: Citizen’s views on victim policy; redesigning
compensation
What do citizens define as problems with regard to becoming a victim of
crime? What solutions do they suggest and what do they expect from the
government? These questions were not only answered by citizens with all
sorts of background, but also by policymakers working on victim policy.
Different groups of citizens have different, sometimes conflicting, ideas
on necessary measures for victims. We concluded that not all policy
measures address the needs and expectations of all citizens to the same
level.
The Netherlands have a very extensive system when it comes to claiming
compensation from the offender or the state. But this system is not constructed from a victim’s perspective and needs to be altered. When redesigning our system of compensation, how can we address the different
needs and expectations citizens (and victims) have?
Speaker:
Ineke Sybesma
Presentation title: Enforcing victims rights: The role of the
Ombudsman
The Dutch Victim Support Fund is unique in what it does. There are
many organisations that provide victim support in the Netherlands, but
they generally have limited financial resources. The Victim Support Fund
116
helps to fund these organisations by raising money from private individuals and businesses. And, though it does not have any particular religious or political bias, in recent years the Victim Support Fund has also
fought for many important causes that have since been anchored in the
law. The Victim Support Fund will continue to play this pioneering role
in years to come in order to put victim support even more firmly on the
map. During this presentation some recent initiatives and innovations
will be dealt with.
Session: TUE15
Systematic reviews, experiments and innovative partnerships. Towards
improved crime prevention
Speaker:
Ida Haisma
Presentation title: Innovations for a safer society: Public private
partnership and the role of Research and Technology
Organizations (RTO’s)
Speaker:
Peter Neyroud
Presentation title: Learning by stages: a study of the implementation of
a randomised control trial in Birmingham, UK
The paper will discuss the lessons for research and practice from the
implementation of an RCT “Operation Turning Point” (TPP). TPP centres around the randomisation of the prosecution of low harm offenders
to a structured diversion managed by police or prosecution in the courts.
The RCT has been implemented by stages and the paper will discuss the
first 3 stages, the data from the first two stages and the lessons for conducting RCTs in police and criminal justice settings.
Speakers:
Eamonn Noonan and Heather Menzies Munthe-Kaas
Presentation title: Exploiting research to improve crime prevention
strategies: a view from Norway
How can systematic reviews contribute to more effective strategies
against violent crime? This presentation takes as a starting point the
view that “It is time to redefine the relationship between policing and
scientific evidence” (Weisburd & Neyroud 2011, Harvard Kennedy
School, National Institute of Justice). It examines a set of Campbell systematic reviews in the context of the push for enhanced efforts to prevent violent crime in Norway. In 2011, a marked increase in violent
crime and in particular of sex crime was extensively reported in Norwegian media. This gave rise to a number of initiatives focussed on crime
prevention. Among the measures introduced or considered for introduction were expanded use of CCTV; increased patrolling of trouble spots;
117
improved street lighting and greater prominence for neighbourhood
watch groups.
In formulating policy, there is a reasonable expectation that strategies
that work should be preferred to ones which are ineffective. Interventions of documented effectiveness can be expected to have a greater impact than those without solid evidence of effectiveness.
The Campbell Collaboration has published systematic reviews in each of
these areas, and also on other interventions intended to reduce violent
crime. We summarise briefly the key findings of this set of reviews, and
then consider three aspects of the interaction of research and policy formulation:
 Are these findings, which are based to a considerable extent on
US research, generalisable to a Norwegian context?
 Based on these reviews, what impact can be expected from the
various initiatives which have been adopted?
 Was high quality effectiveness research taken into account in developing new strategies, and are there ways to achieve greater attention for such research in policy formulation, alongside such
factors as political convictions, media pressure, the role of interest groups and the role of vested interests?
Session: TUE16
Policing and young people in multi-ethnic societies – findings from qualitative studies in three European countries
Speakers:
Sebastian Roché and Mathieu Zagrodzki
Presentation title: Police and youth in France: Dealing with tensions
France is known for its riots and violent conflicts between the police and
the youth, especially with an ethnic minority background. Based on a
qualitative study in two large cities of France (Grenoble and Lyon), this
paper aims to document the issue of the level of tensions and how they
are managed by police officers. It tests the potential existence of ethnically discriminatory practices by the police. Can any disproportionate policing in terms of control and arrest (who?), in terms of behaviour (how?)
be observed? The research draws attention to the organizational and
professional factors that may impact the interactions between police
officers and youth. It probes more particularly the issue of preparation
of police officers to intervene in deprived areas and the way in which a
police organization addresses such issues (or leave them to the discretion
of front line officers).
118
Speaker:
Daniela Hunold
Presentation title: Police and young people in deprived areas in two
German cities
Violent conflicts between police and young people as in Great Britain or
France have been absent in Germany up to now. There is, however,
some evidence for tense police-youth relations in deprived neighborhoods. This presentation offers a detailed analysis of the interactions
between police officers and young people in areas of concentrated social
and economical disadvantage. It is often argued that the legitimacy of
police is reduced and police behavior is biased against disadvantaged or
ethnic minority adolescents in this spatial context. But do police officers
really act discriminatory in disadvantaged neighborhoods? And do
young people living in those environments really behave more disrespectfully and violently against the police? Findings from qualitative observations of police-youth interactions in two German cities suggest a more
complex picture which cannot strictly be related to the degree of concentrated disadvantage and ethnic segregation. These findings may help also
to understand differences in police-youth relations across Europe.
Speaker:
Alpa Parmar
Presentation title: The police and ethnic minority youth in london: The
consequences of counter-terrorism
This paper discusses the findings from an in-depth empirical study on
stop and searches conducted by the police in London between 2009 and
2010. The research focused on the policing of counter-terrorism, and
this paper reports findings on the proportion of ethnic minorities
stopped by the police as well as the nature of these interactions. In presenting an analysis of the police and the policed, the paper examines the
complex and ambivalent perspective of the officers conducting the
searches, alongside the experience of those subjected to the searches.
Through focusing on the views of ethnic minority youth, this paper allows the experience of a group, which ordinarily remains unheard in
society, to be brought to light. The findings are contextualized in reference to the summer 2011 riots and general political disaffection in the
UK, and broader questions are raised about the how the relationship
between the police and citizens might be an important component for
understanding (dis)equilibrium at the societal level.
Speaker:
Daniela Hunold, Jacques de Maillard, Dietrich
Oberwittler, Alpa Parmar, Sebastian Roché and
Mathieu Zagrodzki
Presentation title: Are the experiences of policing different in europe?
The challenge of a comparative approach
119
Based on the three case studies, we jointly endeavor to compare the experiences of police-youth relations cross-nationally and thereby generalize from the empirical findings. Are the experiences of police-youth relations, based on daily encounters and mutual perceptions of police and
young people, different across European countries, and if yes, why? Crucial dimensions for the comparisons are discrimination, fairness and
legitimacy of police actions. Answers to this question could be key to a
better understanding of the causes of riots which have attracted a lot of
attention among scholars and policy makers in recent years.
We cannot offer a conclusive account but rather some tentative thoughts
on a European comparison. This includes the design of an appropriate
theoretical framework for analysis. Starting from the empirical observation of behavioral and perceptional differences in the police-youth relationship, the question emerges to what extent these are due to factors
internal to the organization and work of the police, or to external societal factors related to social integration or exclusion of ethnic groups and
people living in disadvantaged urban areas.
Session: TUE17
Studies on hate crime
Speaker:
Corinne Funnell
Presentation title: “Clever racists” and racism by stealth: How hate
crime victims perceive their experience of
victimization
The presence, nature and impact of racist hate crime raises theoretical
and methodological issues crucial to the development of hate crime
scholarship as well as policy and practice responses. Hate crime has
however only recently been the focus of criminological inquiry across the
European Union. This paper presents findings based on extensive observational fieldwork at an agency based in England run by victims of racist
hate crime for victims of hate crime, plus ethnographic interviews with
caseworkers and their clients. The focus is on the modes of victimization
described by participants which they perceived to have been ‘motivated
by a hostility or prejudice based on’ their ‘race or perceived race’ (Crown
Prosecution Service 2011).
This discussion will lead to a consideration of some participants’ perceptions of perpetrators as “clever racists” because of the covert ways in
which some crimes and incidents are perpetrated and because of the subsequent challenges inherent in translating such experiences into claims of
victimization to reporting authorities. It will be shown how, through
120
racism by stealth, some perpetrators are able not only to frustrate victims’ claims but are also able to amplify the impact of victimization,
including by framing victims as perpetrators.
It will be concluded that understanding how victims perceive modes of
victimization simultaneously explains why some victims do not report
hate crimes and incidents and also how others that do report can lose
their claim to hate crime victim status.
Description of theory, methods and findings
The research draws upon interactionist theory and Goffman’s work in
particular, and is based upon two-and-a-half years of observational
fieldwork at an agency in England run by victims of racist hate crime for
victims of hate crime, plus twenty-six ethnographic interviews with
caseworkers and their clients. The findings include that hate crimes are
interactionally accomplished and that the operation of a perceptionbased definition of hate crime in England and Wales is pivotal to understanding who in practice claims and maintains hate crime victim status.
Speaker:
Marjolein Muys
Presentation title: Hate crime in Flanders
Hate crimes are typically committed by multiple offenders. Based on the
findings of a study on group violence, this paper focuses on hate crimes
in Flanders over the past few years (2007-2012).
A general theoretical framework on group violence is applied to hate
crimes, focussing on social functions like obtaining status by individuals
who have no or little other means of achieving it otherwise, and increasing group solidarity and cohesion. Furthermore, the profile of perpetrators is investigated, looking deeper into the question whether they are
primarily members of organised ideological hate groups ‘specialised’ in
hate crimes or typically opportunistic, versatile offenders who target
week and ‘different’ individuals.
A description of hate crimes in Flanders is provided based on mediareports and previous research. The coming months, this information will
be supplemented by empirical data (officially registered data and information from key informants).
Hate crimes in Flanders are primarily homophobic attacks. Perpetrators
generally are North-African second-generation youngsters who are not
organisationally connected. This does not mean they are isolated: based
on existing research we frame their violent group behaviour as an expression of widespread anti-homosexual sentiments. However, peer dynamics (proving toughness and heterosexuality to their friends) and
121
thrill-seeking (wanting to feel strong and powerful) are also important in
explaining their violent behaviour.
Next to the ‘typical’ hate crimes directed at victims because of their sexual orientation, similar violent acts have been identified. They were directed at victims who did not say or do anything personally to provoke a
violent attack and who were randomly attacked because they belong to a
certain group. However, they were not targeted on the basis of identity
characteristics but because they represent ‘authority’ (police and security
agents) or because they are members of a rival political or criminal
group.
Speaker:
David Brax
Presentation title: Motives, reasons and responsibility in hate crime
legislation
Hate Crime legislation is a contentious issue among legal scholars and
philosophers. At the heart of the controversy lies the suspicion that it
punishes a certain mental state that either 1) the agent cannot be held
responsible for or 2) is not the proper domain of legislation.
A hate crime is an action deemed criminal on independent grounds, but
with an additional feature: It's motivated by a certain attitude towards
the victim (typically a negative evaluation of the group to which the victim belongs). It may also be accompanied by an intention - typically to
harm, degrade or threaten members of the group. Critics argue that
judging hate crime as worse than other crimes cannot be based merely
on the greater harm caused, or on the intention of the perpetrator to
harm a larger group. These factors are already covered by other laws.
The only distinguishing mark, then, would be the prejudice behind the
intention. If this is true, we have introduced a new ”mens rea” into the
realm of legislation. In effect, we are punishing ”bad thoughts” - a this is
a very controversial idea.
I will argue that there is a way around this. Unless we reformulate hate
crimes as ”specific intent crimes” (an interpretation that current swedish
hate crime legislation, which does not clearly distinguish between motives and intentions, affords), we need to introduce the notion of ”acting
for a reason”. To commit a hate crime is not merely to commit a crime
because of hatred – it is treating that hatred as a reason to act. And we
can be treated as responsible for the reasons we choose to act on. The
only remaining controversy, then, is that we have to allow that the law
distinguishes between good and bad motives.
122
Session: TUE18
Features and feasibility of two European and two national crime victim
surveys. the examples of Eu, Italy and The Netherlands
improving practice
Speaker:
Harry Huys
Presentation title: Features and feasibilities of the Dutch crime victim
surveys
From 1974, periodically standardised nationwide victimisation surveys
have been carried out in the Netherlands. Because of the increasing
number of regional and local surveys, each with different characteristics,
the Departments of Justice and of the Interior and Statistics Netherlands
agreed in 2004 to integrate three major surveys into one single and
standardized survey instrument.
This survey started as a yearly recurring population survey with a fixed
questionnaire and sample size on a national and regional scale (25 police
regions). It discusses issues like the livability of the respondent’s neighbourhood, feelings of unsafety, criminal victimisation, police contacts,
crime prevention measures, and attitudes towards the police. The population under study are persons of fifteen years or older living in The
Netherlands in private households.
In 2008 the design of this survey has become more flexible: for local
parties, oversampling is allowed and they can choose not to incorporate
all standardised questions in the oversampling (some question blocks are
compulsory), or add local questions. The local sample sizes may vary
from year to year. Both nationwide and local samples are drawn from
the Population Register by Statistics Netherlands.
The interview strategy is multi-modular: Sample persons may fill in the
questionnaire on the internet (CAWI) or by paper and pencil (PAPI). If
no response is received, they are approached by telephone (if possible;
CATI) and, eventually, face-to-face (CAPI), although CAPI is not compulsory for local parties.
This design makes it possible to carry out analyses at lower geographical
(communal or even neighbourhood) levels. Moreover, the survey data
can be enriched with socio-economic and neighbourhood characteristics
from other available administrative sources at Statistics Netherlands
In 2012 a revision is envisaged to arrive at even more stability and consistency of the data.
123
Speaker:
Maria Giuseppina Muratore
Presentation title: The Italian citizen’s safety survey
The Italian Safety Survey, carried out by Istat (the Italian national statistical office) has been done three times since 1997-1998. The survey focus
on the subjective and objective side of criminality. Fear of crime, worries
of crime, social decay perception, defence strategies and the relationship
between citizens and the police are investigated, as well as, the individual
and the household victimizations’ experiences, reported and not reported
to the police. The survey also reveals the dynamics and the consequences of the suffered victimization and who are the people and which are
the places most at risk.
Not all crimes are considered, the emphasis is on traditional crimes regarding property (snatching thefts, pick pocketing, theft of personal objects, theft of vehicle and their part, burglary, vandalism acts, unlawful
entries) and violent crimes, as robbery, assault, threat, but also sexual
violence and sexual harassment. In the last survey edition, due to several
changes in criminality, no traditional crimes, as cheating, cards cloning
and phishing, have been explored too.
The data offer a very interesting framework for stakeholders and the
main public, giving light on the impact of crime on quality of life and
wellbeing. In order to achieve a good knowledge of the victimization
phenomenon a great care is given to the entire statistical process, taking
into account all parameters that can affect the results. The survey is very
accurate, especially regarding the questionnaire design, the interview
mode, the sampling procedure, the training instruments, the monitoring
system while collecting data. Furthermore since the sensitiveness of the
topic, great attention is on ethical safety care in order to assure the interviewees’ safety and to contain the interviewers burn-out. The Italian
survey is a CATI survey, where 60.000 individuals are randomly selected
to be interviewed (one stage stratified sample). In future, changes will be
carried out in order to face to social changes and to international harmonization requests. This is a big challenge from content and methodological point of views, that needs to find a balance between tradition and
innovation.
Speakers:
Joanna Goodey
Presentation title: The FRA’s EU-wide survey on violence against
women
Building on its work to date in the field of comparative EU survey research, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) has
launched the first EU-wide survey on violence against women. While
individual Member States have conducted survey research on violence
124
against women, there has been no EU-wide survey that has documented
the extent and nature of women's experiences of violence. Using face-toface interviewing, the survey randomly samples women to take part in
the survey, and will interview 40,000 women in total across the EU - as
well as Croatia. Interviewers will ask about women's lifetime and recent
experiences of victimisation (in the last 12 months) with respect to physical, sexual and psychological victimisation. Violence with respect to the
home, the workplace and other settings is asked about - and information
is collected about the nature of incidents and women's experiences of
reporting. New or more recently recognised forms of violence are included in the survey, such as stalking and workplace harassment, as well as
the use of new technologies. In addition, the survey asks women about
their experiences in childhood. The findings will be published in 2013,
and are intended to provide evidence for the development of legislation,
policy and victim support concerning violence against women.
Speaker:
Eduardo Barredo Capelot
The European Council has emphasized the importance of this threat to
European citizens in several declarations (the Hague Programme (2005)
and the Stockholm Programme (2009)).
About ten Member States conduct victimisation surveys on a regular
basis. Outside the EU, similar surveys exist in many countries including
the USA, Canada and Australia. Experience shows however that surveys
must be designed in a harmonised way in order to be able to carry out
meaningful analysis.
The EU Safety Survey is a European survey based on the same principles
as the existing national surveys. The technical aspects of the survey follow the guidelines set out in the United Nations Manual on Victimisation Surveys (published in 2010). The proposed model was tested in a
series of pilot exercises conducted between 2008 and 2010 in sixteen
Member States with EU funding.
The survey will be implemented with the use of the EU Council and Parliament Regulation, defining the main concepts, technical characteristics
as well as deadlines. The regulation is as flexible as possible to enable
national surveys to be adapted to the common model. For countries
which already have national surveys, advantage of international comparability will involve some adjustment to existing practices. Countries
which prefer may also implement the proposed survey separately as a
parallel exercise to their existing national survey.
For Member States which currently have no crime surveys, this represents an opportunity to obtain information which is currently not avail125
able on crime and victimisation. Furthermore the proposal offers the
guarantee that the information which is collected will be sufficiently
comparable. The total costs of the survey are rather more than 12 million euros. 90% of this cost will be met from EU funds and the necessary
provisions have already been made to provide grants to the Member
States under the 2012 budget.
Session: TUE19
The rapid transference of “modern” ideas in social work – the counselling of children and violent fathers
improving practice
Speakers:
Lynne Harne, Elisabeth Högberg Eriksson and
Anna Hultblad
Presentation title: The rapid transference of “modern” ideas in social
work – the counselling of children and violent fathers
An interrelation between research and practice has been significant for
the international women's shelter movement. In this panel, Roks, the
National Organisation for Women's Shelters and Young Women's Shelters in Sweden, wish to challenge an uncritical use of “easy” methods in
social work. The focus is on children.
MPV (meeting fathers who have problems with violent behaviour) is a
Swedish eclectic method taught among social workers. This is one of
several non-evident based methods being taught in the rapid growth of
different development projects for treatment of violent fathers in the
Swedish case. “Good examples” for inspiration is taught in seminars by
different consultants.
Counselling of children who have been exposed to violence by use of the
method Trappan (Staircase) is another example of a “popular receipt”
widely spread in social work.
The aim of this panel is to reflect on some of the assumptions embedded
in “modern” and “popular” ideas on how to “treat” fathers and children in families where the father has abused mother and children.
The impact of perpetrator programs on the fathers own perceptions of
their violence will be highlighted by a presentation of the book “Violent
fathering and the risks to children. The need for change” (2011). In a
dialogue with representatives of Roks, Dr Lynne Harne, University of
Bristol, will comment on the Swedish trend. The importance of being
aware of the relation between mother and child as a complement to the
method Trappan is presented by Elisabeth Högberg Eriksson, pedagogue, and Anna Hultblad, women's councillor, from the Women's shel126
ter of Orebro, Sweden. They practice a method where a women's and a
child's perspective is integrated based on their theoretical and practical
knowledge.
127
Wednesday, June 13
Session: WED01
Crime victims in the justice system
improving practice
Speaker:
Marc Groenhuijsen
Presentation title: Reporting and non-reporting of crimes: A
victimological perspective
Victimology deals with researching the incidence of crime, the victims
who suffer from these crimes, and the ways the negative consequences of
victimization can be limited. During the last 25 years, much attention
has been paid to the development of victims' rights within the criminal
justice system. However, most of these victims' rights can only become
effective if and when a crime has been reported to the authorities. In
actual reality, though, a large majority of the crimes which have been
perpetrated are not being brought to the attention of the police. From a
victimological point of view this creates an issue of 'access to justice'.
The paper will deal with some empirical evidence on the number of
crimes being reported. Then it will analyze the underlying reasons for the
decision to report a crime to the police or for abstaining from doing so.
The paper concludes by making recommendations to increase the number of relevant reports and to better serve the needs of victims who do
not come into contact with the criminal justice system.
Speaker:
Anna Wergens
Presentation title: Protection of crime victims – more than prevention of
secondary victimisation?
The issue of victim protection is often referred to in a general and indefinite way. It makes it easy to confuse the matter of how individuals can
be protected from crime with the protection of those who are already
victimised. From the perspective of the growing body of international
victims’ rights instruments, victim protection has typically signified prevention of secondary victimisation and repeat victimisation through different forms of assistance and support.
In recent years, victims’ rights have increasingly been associated with the
human rights, a tendency which has changed the discourse on crime
victims. Given the typology of human rights obligations which implies
not only respect for human rights but also obligations to protect and
ensure human rights, the view on victim protection has changed. This
tendency is supported by the development of two fundamental notions in
human rights law; the positive obligations of the states and the due dili128
gence concept. Parallel to this, human rights conventions today tend to
include provisions on the protection of victims from secondary victimisation, thereby generating a twofold approach to the protection of crime
victims. This fusion of standards witness of the dynamic character of
human rights law and demonstrates how the victims’ rights have gained
ground in the human rights framework.
This presentation is devoted to the possible repercussions of this development. It is argued that human rights law has a potential to substantiate the protection afforded to victims. The human rights dimension of
victim protection can imply prevention of crime as well as requirements
on the criminal proceedings. But the major reason to support this position is the fact that the concept of human rights protection is inseparable
from the provision of remedies when rights are violated.
Speaker:
Görel Granström
Presentation title: Victims’ rights as a question of politics. The Swedish
judicial system’s prioritisation of measures against
hate crimes as an example
The question of victims’ rights is in many ways a question of politics.
Political priorities influence both the definition of vulnerable victims at
certain times and how actors in the judicial system should allocate their
resources. But what happens with the rights of victims when political
priorities changes? When a formerly prioritised group of victims is no
longer prioritised? Hate crimes were for some years during the early
2000s a prioritised issue for the Swedish judicial system. In recent years,
the political priorities regarding victims’ rights have changed somewhat,
and other groups of vulnerable victims have come into focus.
This paper presents examples of how the Swedish police and prosecutors
have been working to guarantee the rights of victims of hate crimes
when they come into contact with the judicial system. Based on a study
of legislation and preparatory works, action plans and policy documents
in comparison with governmental directives, the aim of the paper is to
discuss the consequences of changing political priorities in the context of
victim’s rights.
129
Session: WED02
A model to enhance the relationship between the police and the public in
a country in transition – the Serbian example
improving practice
Speakers:
Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic, Stig Månsson, Jelena
Tomkovic and Randel Milosevic
Presentation title: A model to enhance the relationship between the
police and the public in a country in transition – the
Serbian example
During the past decades the situation of crime victims has increasingly
come into focus in the EU. As a result many member states have implemented a number of initiatives and reforms in order to improve victim
support, protection and assistance, for example, criminal injuries compensation and provision of legal counsel. In addition to these measures,
it has become clear that the police have an important role in victim support.
The contact between the police and the victim is, however, not only important for the victim’s recovery process. It is also important for the
police ability to investigate crime, the victim’s participation in the legal
process and, not least, for public confidence in the police.
To improve the police work with crime victims may thus be a fundamental way to enhance the relationship between the police and the public.
This applies to all countries, but are even more important for countries
in transition, on their road to the EU.
During the past years the NGO Safer Sweden Foundation (Stiftelsen
Tryggare Sverige), in co-operation with the OSCE, the Ministry of the
Interior and the Victimology Society of Serbia, has made a number of
activities for the benefit of victims of crime in Serbia. The activities include, among other things, identification of police obligations to victims
of crime, development of a textbook in victimology, and implementation
of a pilot training for experienced officers.
At the session, a number of important areas of how the police can participate in the provision of victim support in the local community will be
discussed. It includes victim referral system, risk and threat assessments
and co-operation between NGO:s, the police and international organizations. The session will also include other experiences from the process so
far between Sweden, the OSCE and Serbia.
130
Session: WED03
Social action groups – Strategic collaboration between municipalities, the
police and others
Theme: Contemporary Criminology
Speaker:
Peter Lindström
Presentation title: Youth crime in Stockholm and Sweden – an overview
Speaker:
Christina Kiernan
Presentation title: Social cooperation aimed at reducing juvenile crime –
working against recruitment and faciliating defection
Speaker:
Johan Ljunggren
Presentation title: Social media and the police
Speaker:
TBA
Presentation title: Evaluating our work to reduce youth crime
Session: WED04
Perspectives and legislation on crime victimization
improving practice
Speaker:
Anita Heber
Presentation title: Crime victims and criminals in Swedish criminal
justice bills
This study analyses how Swedish politicians discuss victims and criminals in political bills. The aim is to understand how crime victims and
criminals are constructed and to see what kind of victims and criminals
are acknowledged (and not) in the bills. The analysis also includes the
politicians’ views on punishment, rehabilitation and how criminals
should redress their wrongdoings towards their victims. The study explores the strict division between victims and offenders that exists within
crime policy and theorizes about why this separation is present in the
political bills.
Speaker:
Nina Peršak
Presentation title: Emotions and criminal law: Legislation practices
triggered by victims
In the USA, a recent case involving a parent who reported their missing
daughter Caylee not sooner than 31 days after her disappearance, has
spurred legislators to propose a statute (Caylee’s law) prohibiting parents’ failure to report their missing child within 24 hours. In the UK, in
the aftermath of a missing Madeleine McCann, an organisation peti131
tioned for ‘Madeleine’s law’, appealing to the Prime Minister to pass a
law making it a criminal offence to leave children under 12 on their
own, without a reasonable excuse.
Legislation, bearing the name of the victim whose victimisation triggered
it, is not rare, as examples of Megan’s law, Jessica’s, Ethen’s, Caylee’s
law, Chelsea’s law etc. attest to. It may be considered as an appropriate
social response in terms of paying respects to the victim and doing something about the victimisation that happened to her in order to prevent
such cases in the future. It may also be construed as a problem, however,
if or when such criminalisation represents a knee-jerk emotional reaction
to a complex situation or an overreaction to an atypical problem that
rarely occurs.
Considering that legislation named after victims or based on a concrete,
single case of victimisation is often emotion-driven and passed in the
heat of the moment, the presentation will address the question whether
there is a place for emotions in criminal policy and, if yes, which emotions should drive criminalisation and to what extent. Moreover, should
frequency of the harmful conduct also feature among considerations for
and against criminalisation? The presentation will, further, juxtapose the
legitimacy and scope of such criminalisation against some traditional
grounds for criminalisation and discuss its wider criminological and
victimological implications.
Speakers:
Wendy Schrama and Teun Geurts
Presentation title: Damage compensation for victims of crime in The
Netherlands: The importance of the civil procedure
Victim support policy in the Netherlands aims to promote damage compensation for crime victims. There are a number of ways through which
crime victims can recover damages, for instance via the criminal procedure, State compensation and the civil procedure. This study is the first
to examine the importance of the civil procedure for damage recovery by
crime victims. This research also explores problems victims may experience with the civil procedure and possible solutions.
The importance is assessed by examining case files from 17 out of the 19
district courts and by comparing compensation via the civil procedure
with other ways for damage recovery. Problems and solutions are assessed by interviewing professionals (six judges, five solicitors and two
legal scientists).
Our results indicate that of all civil court cases closed in 2010, about
483 were started by crime victims for compensation from the offender.
About 73% of these victims were legal entities (predominantly energy
132
companies) and 86% of the cases were started for the recovery of property damage. 13% of cases concerned damage as a result of violent
crime. Some claims were settled without a court order (23%), other
claims were fully granted (44%), partially granted (24%) or were dismissed (9%). Problems for victims identified by the professionals include
the high costs and long duration of a civil procedure, problems with
legal aid, emotional burden and enforcement of the court order. Suggested improvements include practical solutions, a better use of the criminal
procedure to get compensation, extending the coverage of insurances
and fundamental changes in the civil law system (e.g., free legal aid, state
execution of court orders). We tentatively conclude that the importance
of civil procedures is rather limited and that a better use of the criminal
justice arrangements might be more effective than changing the civil justice arrangements.
Session: WED05
Theme: Contemporary Criminology
Speakers:
Dilip Das, Ana Mijovic-Das and Mintie Das
Presentation title: International Police Executive Symposium (IPES), and
the link between police practitioners and the criminal
justice academic world
Dilip Das discusses the role of IPES in nurturing and facilitating comparative, cross-cultural, international and interdisciplinary exchanges and
research amongst police practitioners and criminal justice scholars. To
enrich the policing profession, the organisation presents current and
innovative academic police research as well as operational and administrative police practices from around the world. The focus is upon developments in policing, analysis of public order, and the state of safety and
security. In reference to the classic work of Herman Goldstein (1977),
the presentation encourages criminologists to view all police as leaders
and “thinkers” in their quest to develop public safety and security.
Ana Mijovic-Das MD will highlight the multidisciplinary approach in
IPES. She will present on evidence-based medicine making reference to
evidence based policing correlations.
Mintie Das will speak on the cultural aspects of the Swedish IPES meeting and how closely related it was it to our experiences of the Swedish
Police.
Speaker:
David Baker
Presentation title: Contemporary issues in public safety and security
133
The theme of the Twenty-First International Police Executive Symposium (IPES) held in Karlskona in August 2011 was “Contemporary Issues
in Public Safety and Security”. Considerable opportunities were provided
for the sharing of both research methodologies and practical endeavours
aimed at improving public safety and security. The IPES participants all
shared the desire to seek what works best in policing to establish and
ensure community safety, local and international. The meeting saw both
practitioners and academics collaboratively thinking and reflecting about
contemporary police policies, practices, challenges and strategies in relation to safety and security.
The debate focused on how to establish safer communities, but the general consensus was that this will always be a work-in-progress, and success would take time, persistence and commitment. Often the issue of
“trust” in police emerged as an essential ingredient for policing partnerships with communities to enhance public safety and security, and thus
quality of life. Evidence-based research methodologies, citizen surveys
and observations, best practice in public order policing, strategies to
combat internet crimes and rapid advances in technology were promoted
as vital instruments in improving safety of communities.
Delegates argued that there was a fundamental and pressing need to
combine research and practice to improve policing effectiveness and outcomes. Just as evidence-based policing is vital in the 21st century, so
also, evidence is the basis of much academic research. Practical policing
reforms stem from research, evidence gathering and analysis. Cybercrime
was one problem highlighted that requires such research and practical
analysis. I will use some case-studies (both from the IPES meeting and
Australia) to illustrate the importance of the research-practice nexus that
IPES participants advocated.
Speaker:
Per Svartz
Presentation title: Initiatives to improve police efficiency and
effectiveness: Lessons learnt from community policing
and operational use of citizen satisfaction studies
Per Svartz raises pertinent issues about public safety and public order
policing which covers the spectrum from the apparently solo extreme
right-wing terrorist attack in Oslo in July 2011 to public disturbances
that caused the abandonment of two soccer matches in Malmo, Sweden,
in 2011. He refers to the urban riots in Britain in August 2011, and
previous disturbances in Paris and Stockholm. Svartz argues that academics and practitioners need to pay due heed to both “old” and “new”
knowledge when planning appropriate crime prevention measures to
ensure public safety and security. Svartz’s presentation focuses on local
policing and its problem-oriented police operations on the streets. These
134
citizen satisfaction surveys, based on collective rather than individual
responses, featured local concerns, and the customers’ perspective of
police actions. The citizen surveys formed the base line for police action
in curbing alcohol-fuelled violence in the Karlskrona CBD.
Speaker:
Anders Wikander
Presentation title: Karlskrona ─ from a perceived unsafe city to a safer
city
This presentation stems from research that focused on crime statistics in
the Karlskona CBD municipality in 2005 and then again in 2011. In
2005, assault and battery incidents occurred in the outdoors; 19 such
incidents also occurred indoors. Police instituted a range of community
and collaborative strategies to meet the challenge of lessening crime in
the municipality. As a result of the customer surveys, police in Karlskrona identified and monitored “hot spots” of violence and aggression;
wore reflective yellow vests for high visibility at night around hotels and
discos; established voluntary night patrols; assisted environmental improvements such as security walks; used arrest powers in relation to
alcoholism and drunkenness as crime prevention tools to detain drunken
people for eight hours; and collaborated with stakeholders, both public
and private, including doormen at hotels and clubs. Wiklander details
how Karlskrona has been transformed from a perceived unsafe city to a
safe one, with considerably less assaults in the Karlskrona CBD in 2011
than in 2005. The evidence in terms of the lessening of assault and battery incidents is dramatic: in 2011, there were only 15 outdoor incidents
and only 9 indoor incidents. The paper argues that the success is due to a
number of factors: police have presented a clear message about targeting
aggression and violence; collaboration has developed between the Karlskona community and the local police; police have worked with stakeholders such as restauranteurs and hotel doormen; police have persisted
with their methods of crime prevention; hot-spots have been identified
and targeted; and all stakeholders have worked towards the same objective of curbing aggression and violence.
Session: WED06
Youth gangs and criminal groups
Speakers:
Tore Bjørgo and Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik
Presentation title: Processes of engagement, disengagement and
reintegration
This study addresses how and why individuals in Somalia get involved in
piracy activities, and how and why some of these individuals eventually
disengage from such criminal groups. Based on qualitative interviews
135
with 16 ex-pirates and pirate associates and a number of other locals
and experts, the study provides first-hand insights into some of the conditions, circumstances and processes which may serve to both encourage
and discourage involvement and continued engagement in piracy. Furthermore, it analyzes factors and circumstances which may encourage
and facilitate disengagement from these criminal activities and reintegration into non-criminal economic activities and social relationships. The
lack of employment and livelihood motivated individuals to engage in
piracy. However, disappointment about the lack of expected profit, coupled with the prospect of a licit income, influenced some to end their
piracy involvement. Another important factor were the strong statements
by local Muslim leaders that piracy was haram (forbidden). This was
often reinforced by family and community objections to their involvement in piracy. Family members also played important roles in facilitating their disengagement. The study is assessing some aspects of the “Alternative Livelihood to Piracy” project and its role in facilitating disengagement from piracy.
Speaker:
Inger-Lise Lien
Presentation title: Gangs, violence, communication barriers and trauma
In this paper a four level drug distribution system is described and analyzed as autopoiesis (Luhmann) – it is self-made and kept separate by
communication barriers. The study finds that recruitment into gangs is
followed by recruitment into the drug distribution system. The paper is
based on anthropological field work in Oslo, face to face interviews and
mental health screening of 50 incarcerated young criminals of whom 30
were currently, or had been gang members. The study shows that violence is important as a compensation for the lack of trust within the
system; it integrates the system and strengthens the barriers of it, but
leads to traumatization. Young persons, or gang members, that are recruited into the system are likely to suffer from symptoms of traumatic
stress, indicating that at the individual level treatment of depression and
PTSD could be important steps towards leaving it. In order to reduce
and shrink the system and the gang, efficient communication strategies
that break the barriers of the system seems to be needed.
Speaker:
Uberto Gatti
Presentation title: Deviant youth groups and their impact on offending:
Results from the second international self-report
delinquency study in 30 countries.
Co-authors: Sandrine Haymoz (University of California, USA), Hans M.
A. Schadee (University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy)
136
In this study, we explored the link between Deviant Youth Group (DYG)
membership and antisocial behaviour, revealed by a large student survey
conducted through the same questionnaire in 62 cities and 30 countries.
The sample (N=40,678) was made up of 7th, 8th, 9th grade students,
both boys and girls, attending different types of schools. The definition
of DYG that we used was: “Any durable, street-oriented youth group
whose own identity includes involvement in illegal activity”. About
4.4% of youths were considered DYG members according to this definition, with large differences among different countries, from less than 1%
to more than 16%. In general, DYG membership implied a higher prevalence of delinquency, victimization and of alcohol and drug use. Differences between DYG members and non-members were greater for more
serious delinquency.
We also hypothesized that there is a continuum between a well socialized
group and a DYG; that there are groups with some, but not all, of the
characteristics of a DYG. To test this hypothesis, we used a Mokken
Scale Analysis. This technique assumes the existence of an underlying
latent (unobservable) attribute, which is represented by a set of items
related to the latent attribute. The hierarchical property of the items
means that they can be ordered by rank, so that any individual who
agrees with a particular item will also agree with all the items ranked
lower. The items that we used were the 6 questions that the Eurogang
group had elaborated to study youth gangs. On the basis of these items,
we constructed a scale of "gangness". An individual's score on the scale
is the total number of positive responses. We validated a scale of "gangness" for each of the 30 countries and correlated the scores of the scales
with offence behavior, victimization and alcohol and drug use.
Session: WED07
Analyzing trends of crime. Exploring crime victim surveys and other
data-sourses
improving practice
Speaker:
Andromachi Tseloni
Presentation title: Is burglary a household or national problem? Using
the international crime victims survey for advancing
theory and assisting policy.
The International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) was launched in 1989
and since then it has been an invaluable source of cross-national information on victimisation, fear of crime, other crime and criminal justice
related issues and attitudes. The data has allowed cross-national comparisons across the globe (with some sweeps covering more of it than others) owning to its consistency with respect to crime type definitions and
137
questionnaire wording both over time and cross-nationally. This feature
of the ICVS has enabled improving our understanding of victimisation
risk and frequency beyond national borders and outside the traditional
regional and cultural settings of victimisation research. In doing so it has
opened up new perspectives.
This paper employs burglary modelling results informed by the ICVS to
disentangle the risks and repetition of burglary victimisation between
high risk households and national socio-economic conditions. The findings evidence some counter-intuitive insights that warrant a revision of
the routine activities, lifestyle and social disorganisation victimisation
theories and /or their usual constructs in empirical research.
Speaker:
Anna Alvazzi del Frate
Presentation title: The crime drop in ‘non-western’ countries: A review
of homicide data
Longitudinal data series on homicide are available for a sample of 100
countries. Still, in many countries statistics are lacking or too poor for
providing sufficient information on trends over time. This chapter shows
that a crime drop has been observed in many non-Western countries.
The analysis is focussed on selected world regions and countries where a
marked decrease was observed. This was the case for example in Eastern
Europe and Asia. In some other cases, such as in the Caribbean, the drop
has just started recently after a period of prolonged increases. Even in a
region with high and apparently still rising homicide rates, such as Latin
America, countries like Colombia and El Salvador show a significant
decrease. These trends can be explained by different socio-political, economical and contextual dynamics. The chapter provides an in-depth
analysis of trends in homicide rates in the Western Balkan region, where
a major drop was observed over the past decade. This trend seems related to socio-political factors and, in particular, to the creation of fully
institutionalized democracies in those countries. An analysis of the democratization processes confirms that the drop in the regional homicide
rate by one-third, between 1999 and 2009, coincides with the consolidation of democratic governments. In other world regions (Africa, Asia and
Latin America), changes in homicide rates appear more related to contextual factors such as the availability of firearms and the presence of
organized crime.
Session: WED08
Cyber crime victimization: Beyond boundaries
Speaker:
K. Jaishankar
Presentation title: Cyber crime victimization: Typology and trends
138
Co-author: Debarati Halder (Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling
(CCVC), India)
As it is common with the public to think that cyber crime only means
hacking, it is to be noted that most of the scholars, excluding few, are of
the opinion, that, cyber crime victimization equals to cyber bullying /
cyber stalking victimization. A Google Scholar search will also make this
clearly evident. While someone searches for cyber victims or cyber victimization in Google Scholar, the studies shown are mostly on cyber
bullying and cyber stalking/harassment. Victimization is nothing but the
other side of the coin. It is like viewing from the other side of the river.
So branding only cyber bullying/stalking as victimization not including
other types of cyber crimes in victimization perspective is not correct.
Also it is found that, whenever cyber victimization is analyzed, it is only
examined from an individual perspective and not from a mass or system
perspective. Not only individuals can be victimized by cyber crime but
also the governments and corporations and society as well are victimized
by cyber crime. Our typology of cyber crime victimization tries to break
the conventional perception of scholars. This paper will present a new
typology of cyber crime victimization and it will analyse the contemporary trends of such victimization.
Speaker:
Debarati Halder
Presentation title: Cyber crime and victim turned offenders: An analysis
of impact of victimization and coping mechanisms of
women victims
Co-author: K. Jaishankar, (Manonmaniam Sundaranar University &
Executive Director at Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling, India)
In general, a woman can be a victim of three types of cyber crimes. i.e.,
(1) non sexual crimes, which may include hate crimes, emotional injuries
and hacking related crimes; (2) sexual crimes, which may include obscenity, “forced pornography”, cyber sexual defamation, hacking related
crimes and hacking and morphing; and (3) cyber assisted offline crimes,
which may include abetment to suicide, cyber assisted offline invasion of
privacy, cyber assisted offline physical harm, and cyber assisted murder
(Halder & Jaishankar, 2012, p. 20). While in first type of cyber crime,
many women victims may feel totally withdrawn and never come up for
reporting, in the second type of cyber crime, the majority of women victims become extremely cautious about their reputation as portrayed maliciously by the harasser/s and in type three victimisation, the women
victims or relatives of the women victims (who may also be women)
often tend to search for the original harasser. Notably, both type two
and three victimisations and also type one victimisation (to a certain
extent) can turn a woman victim into an offender. In this paper, we aim
139
to analyse the impact of such victimisation of women and their coping
mechanisms, with a special focus on the victim turned offenders. We will
discuss as why and how women victims actually turn offenders. The
paper will conclude with suggestions which may help in preventing
women victims of cyber crimes turning offenders.
Speaker:
Anna Burgard
Presentation title: Victims of Internet crime in Austria
At the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet is widely used among
all age categories. Worldwide, no matter the country or time zone, the
internet ist utilized for shopping, booking flights, online banking and
much more. For many people, live gets easier with the World Wide Web,
but it also involves different and new risks in regards to becoming a victim of crime.
In Austria, crime rates concerning the Internet are increasing. In Order
to obtain a better understanding of such crime within Austria, the KFV
(Austrian Road Safety Board) conducted a research project in this area in
2011. A representative population survey on personal experiences with
cyber crime was conducted. All respondents indicated that on some level,
they have had experiences with the spezific Internet crimes listed in the
study. Noticeably, there is a discrepancy between the survey results and
the official crime statistics.
The KFV has begun shedding light on the offense of Internet fraud (in
addition to the population survey). In cooperation with the Ministry of
Justice and the Federal Crime Police Office, qualitative Interviews were
conducted with people from Austria who have previously been victims of
Internet fraud. The goal of the interviews was to better understand what
types of people become victims of Internet crime, how the fraud occurred and what was the victim`s reaction after the incident. Furthermore, we asked the interviewd individuals how they felt after the offence
and if their approach towards the Internet had changed. It was also
asked what measures they find appropriate to ensure that such an offense is not so easy to commit and what factors could haveaverted the
victimization.
The aim is to identify areas of action, develop targeted prevention
measures and enhance the awareness of these types of offences.
Speaker:
Amos Saurombe
Presentation title: The context of cybercrime in South Africa
Cybercrime or online misdemeanour is understood to include any crime
carried out primarily by means of a computer on the internet. Examples
140
of such a crime can be hacking into or damaging a computer network,
the unauthorised access and stealing of electronic data. The dynamics of
cybercrime have been complicated by the development of new and complex accessible technologies as well as massive expansion of the internet.
This paper explores the trends of cybercrime in South Africa and beyond. The need to make specialised legislation to deal with the challenges of cybercrime can therefore never be overemphasised. Thus the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 is aimed at
inter alia provide for the facilitation and regulation of electronic communications and transactions in South Africa. A comparative study with
other jurisdictions will be undertaken to interrogate international best
practice in combating cybercrime.
Session: WED09
The dilemma of the victim-offender overlap
improving practice
Speaker:
Beulah Shekhar
Presentation title: Crime as the cause of Crime!
This empirical study will attempt to throw more light on the Victim
turned offender theory of Crime.This study revealed that out of 272
offenders, 194 had a previous history of victimization. Victim turned
offender is one class of victims as prescribed by Hans Von Henting’s
classification on the victims. A sample consisting of male inmates of a
prison in Tamil Nadu (South India), were assessed for past victimization
and the extent to which victimization contributed towards their incarceration. The paper concludes with the the statement 'Good Victim assistance is indeed great Crime prevention' while substantiating the statement with the findings of this study.
Speaker:
Yao-Chung Lennon Chang
Presentation title: The overlap of internet social networking between
adolescent cyber crime and victimization
Co-author: Susyan Jou (National Taipei University, Taiwan)
Is internet social networking pushing our adolescence in a dangerous
world, in terms of being a cyber crime offender or/and victim? Our
youth survey in Taiwan show that MSN was used most frequently
(81%) for youngsters’ social activities, following by online game rooms
(34%), blogs (33%), and emails (30%). In other words, internet social
network are so commonly used that we can’t really tell whether or not
these are the main risk factors or mediators to cyber crime or/and victim
any more. Revised routine activity theory and crime pattern theory ar141
gue that opportunities and routine activities are essential factors to trigger cyber crime and victim, especially for those frequent users or inappropriate website visitors. This paper examined whether or not there is
an overlap of using internet social networking between the adolescent
offenders and victims. We identified the overlaps of such social networking, if any, among the pure victim, the pure offender, offender/victim and not involved groups. The result indicated that the pure
offenders did not differ from offender/victim youth in their social networking usage. It fits the crime pattern theory that pure offenders and
offender/victim constantly search for suitable victims on the net. The
pure victim, however, is not naïve in their social networking usage.
They often overlap with the pure offender and the victim/offender when
visiting porn/drug/gun websites. The future cyber crime prevention policy should focus on victim-oriented rather than offender-oriented intervention.
Speaker:
Anthony Bottoms
Presentation title: The victim-offender overlap: Why it matters for
criminal policy
There is now very strong evidence that offenders are disproportionately
likely to become victims of crime, and a recent analysis (Bottoms and
Costello 2010) shows this to be true even of household offences such as
burglary. Yet policymakers in most jurisdictions have consistently ignored this phenomenon, preferring the simplicity of policy analyses that
treat offenders and victims as separate groups. This paper asks why we
are so reluctant to confront this phenomenon, and argues that the phenomenon should in fact be central to any adequate criminological theorization about social order.
Reference: Anthony Bottoms and Andrew Costello, ‘The Phenomenon of
Victim-Offender Overlap’, in Anthony Bottoms and Julian Roberts (eds)
(2010) Hearing the Victim, Willan Publishing
Session: WED10
The treatment and prevention of criminality
Speaker: David Farabee
We will present findings from a review of the correctional treatment
literature to estimate the average “inflation” of effect sizes when comparing outcomes of intent-to-treat, experimental designs with post-hoc
analyses that stray from the original design. In addition, we will present
data from a panel of graduate students asked to rate the perceived effectiveness of the evaluated interventions based on the title and abstracts
142
alone to quantify the extent to which authors’ conclusions tended to
reflect the post hoc analyses rather than the findings produced by the
original – more rigorous – study design. These results will be used to
provide context for the presenters' recent experimental evaluation of a
nationally-recognized re-entry program, and the widely disparate results
it produced relative to prior quasi-experimental efforts of the same program.
Speaker:
Adrian Raine
Presentation title: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
of omega-3 on aggression and delinquency.
Co-authors: Tashneem Mahoomed (University of Pennsylvania, USA and
Mauritius Child Health Project, Mauritius)
There is increasing evidence from brain imaging studies documenting a
significant brain basis to antisocial and violent behavior. Biological manipulations which improve brain structure and function could in theory
reduce delinquency and violence. One benign method of altering brain
function to reduce such behavior problems is through omega-3 supplementation which is known to have a beneficial effect on neurite outgrowth. This hypothesis was tested in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of omega 3 supplementation in children and adolescents. Participants were drawn from the Mauritius Child Health Project,
a longitudinal study of child health and development. One hundred children received one gram of omega-3 per day in the form of a 200 ml
Smartfish Recharge juice drink for six months, while 100 were randomized into the placebo control group which received the same juice drink
but lacking the omega-3. Parents rated their children’s behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist at baseline (0 months), end of
treatment (6 months), and post-treatment follow-up (12 months). Significant group x time interactions were observed for aggression (p = .003),
delinquency (p < .0001), and attention problems (p < .0001). Placebo
effects were observed such that both experimental and control groups
showed reduced behavior problems after 6 months of treatment. However, while the placebo control group returned to baseline at 6 months
follow-up, the omega-3 group continued to show declines in behavior
problems six months after termination of treatment. Results provide
initial support for the efficacy of omega-3 in reducing behavior problems
in children, a significant precursor of adult crime and violence.
Speaker:
Leo Keidel
Presentation title: Everyone is a star – Give the calm pupils a voice
On the 11 of march in 2009 the albertville-school in Winnenden was the
crime scene of school shooting masacre with 14 victims, who died and
143
many pupils, which were hurted. Everyone was interested in new prevention projects to protect schools against school shootings. The great problem was to recognize, that all prevention work in the past has the aim, to
work with pupils, who were obvious. The reports about the school
shootings shows, that the actors are not noticeable or criminal before the
starting the school shooting. But leaking was often present at the end.
Many of them were calm and the teachers didn`t know anything about
there.
So the target of the prevention has to change into the calm pupils in the
classroom and not longer the obvious and criminal guys, which makes
problem hole the schoolday. One regulary school in the rems-murrdestrict started in 2011 the cooperation with the police department to
connect their ordinary school programm ”pupil portfolio” with the prevention programm ”Everyone is a star” from the FBI.
The main prevention work in the project is to recognize pupils, which
have no or less personal contacts to other pupils or be expected to be
typical victiom of bullying. This work is involved in the daily work of
pupil portfolio, where every pupil has to continue a personal report
starting in the 5. Class up to the leaving of the school in the 10. or 13.
School Year. By this way every pupil see, how grow up its portfolio and
strenght their confidance. After starting the project, 2-3 pupils in every
class have been identify as a target. They get attention and special offers
by the teachers. The police department give a training workshop for the
mediators about identify of victims in the class and how to organize help
for the pupils. The local project has been presented last Year on the
German prevention day, the greatest workshop for prevention experts in
Europe. The first results shows, that the violence in the classroom has
been reduced and some examples shows, that the pupils strength their
courage and intervene, if they identify violence/bullying in the classroom.
The teacher gets more contact and information to their class. In the next
school year the project will be extended of 10 schools in the Rems-Murrdistrict and will be evaluated by the local State education authority. The
finally aim is to implement the project as an official part of the school
curriculum.
Speaker:
Rameshwar Singh Jamwal
Presentation title: Yogic crime theory, the new way to fight crime
Complete prevention of crime is, of course, impracticable, and probably
quite impossible. But it is quite possible to bring down its level. Crime
can never be controlled unless we go into the reasons which force or
compel a man to commit crime. What are those forces, which put a man
on the path to criminality. Can we control forces, can human behavior
be modified. These are not simple questions. We have been studying
144
brain to find answers as to why human beings become criminal but we
have not been able to exactly pin point the part or component of brain,
responsible for such behavior. For that matter we will have to have some
understanding about human brain and also mind. Criminologists, Sociologists, Penologists and many others have tried to explain human behavior and causes of crime by presenting dozens of theories to explain
criminal behavior, but as per my studies, Yogic Crime theory can change
the way we have tried to study criminal behavior so far. But for that
matter we need to have some understanding about Yogic philosophy and
about Yoga.
What is Yoga; Yoga allows the yoking of all powers of body and mind
for a particular purpose and then disciplining those powers and those of
will, emotions etc.
Yoga is a timeless pragmatic science evolved over thousands of years of
research work in India. It deals with physical,moral,mental well being of
a man as a whole.It can be used to control all sorts of crime troughout
the world. Yoga is method by which restless mind is calmed and can
help in controlling one's mind and since mind is the place where the urge
to commit crime firstly generates, it will result in control of majority of
crimes.
Session: WED11
Features and consequences of penal law
Speaker:
Osuagwu Ugochukwu
Presentation title: Administering juvenile justice in Nigeria
This article seeks to analyse the state of the system of juvenile justice
administration in Nigeria against the background of international
framework and guidelines. The author finds the Nigerian setup to be
inadequate for ensuring juvenile justice because of inconsistencies and
ambiguities in municipal legislation – for example, the age of criminal
responsibility is different under various statutes, and the bail provisions
are capable of being abused. Further, policemen are known to have been
brutal in their dealings with juvenile offenders, and lack of specially
trained state officials makes the state machinery ill-equipped to facilitate
the process of rehabilitative justice. The author then explains that having
dedicated juvenile justice courts may be better than the current system
where magistrates in charge of ordinary criminal cases handle juvenile
justice matters as well. The article concludes with the observation that
juvenile custodial institutions have not been efficacious in rehabilitating
the juvenile offenders housed there, and makes recommendations to address these shortcomings.
145
Juvenile justice system is an integral part of the criminal justice system. It
is guided by a philosophy of concern, care and reformation for persons
under the age of seventeen years.Juvenile justice administration is a system of justice which is applicable to juveniles all over the world and
which is different from the justice system applicable to adults. Today,
there are more than one million children in detention worldwide, most
of whom have committed only minor offences.
The juveniles, like adults accused of crimes, have certain rights. These
rights are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria. Such rights include proper and prompt notification of charges,
private trial, impartial adjudication, adequate defence, examination of
prosecution witnesses, etc. The Nigerian juvenile justice system is grossly
inadequate in quantitative and qualitative terms to meet the rights of the
juveniles. These inadequacies impair the capacity of the courts, police,
remand homes, approved institutions and borstal to meet the United
Nations Rules and Guidelines as well as other international standards on
the treatment of juvenile offenders. The inadequacies, which are due to
policy defects, inadequate funding, incoherent and punitive programme,
reduce these institutions to fortresses of punishment instead of correctional and rehabilitation institutions. The article will examine these inadequacies in the juvenile justice system in Nigeria. It will focus on the
age and criminal responsibility of the juvenile, bail of juvenile offenders,
pre-trial custody and detention of the juvenile, the constitution and procedure of the juvenile courts, and the juvenile custodial institutions.
Speaker:
Fernando Tocora
Presentation title: Criminal law in the era of globalisation in LatinAmerica
Latin Americans countries have a European continental legacy in terms
of law. Initially, at the independence date, most of them continued enforcing the inquisitorial codes -spanish and portuguese-, that the metropolitan countries employed to dominate their vast empires. In the nineteenth century, the italian influence began to displace the spanish one,
with its theoretical schools; first by the classic one, well represented by
author Franceso Carrara and second by the positive school led by Enrico
Ferri. In the second post-war a 'garantist' tendency tried to preserve the
democratic warranties inside the penal law field, threated by the authoritarism and the dictatorships that overflowed the region.
Since the beginning of the XX century, Latin Americans republics continued through International Conferences, to introduce changes in their
legislations, for example in drug prohibition policy (from the Shanghai
Opium Conference of 1909 to the Vienna Convention of 1988) and in
other fields like corruption, environmental topics, human rights, laws
146
against several kinds of discrimination (women, children, ethnics groups,
sexual trends, and so on).
Recently the last watch-word north-south is the criminal procedure reform, wich run under the patronage of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, but more particularly for the region by the BID
(Inter-American Banck of Development) the AID (International Agency
of Development) and USA State Secretary. They seek to protect the investments, merchandises, contracts, more efficiently given the limited
capacity of the Latin Americans jurisdictions, making up certain standard of the substantive and procedural game rules.
Speakers:
Nicolas Trajtenberg and Ana Vigna
Presentation title: Age and gender biases in punitive tendencies in
Uruguay between 1985 and 2008
Incarceration rate is one of the most used indicators to compare punitiveness in different criminal justice systems. Uruguay exhibits high levels
of punitiveness in comparison to other societies. Its incarceration rate
has grown from 122 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1988 to 268 in 2011
(Ministry of Justice). In fact, Uruguay has reached the position 46 in the
world wide comparison in terms of rate of people imprisoned, and is
only superseded in Latin America by Chile (International Centre for
Prison Studies). The goal of this paper is to describe the evolution of
punitive tendencies in penal sentences in Uruguay. Kaplan Meier survival
models were applied to analyze information from the Ministry of Justice
between the years 1985 and 2008. The estimation of the probability of
being sentenced showed age and gender biases due to recent changes in
the criminal justice policies.
Speaker:
James C. Oleson
Presentation title: Reinventing broken wheels: Three strikes comes to
New Zealand
While habitual felon legislation is nothing new, throughout the last
twenty years it has assumed great penological significance. Following
Washington State’s 1993 legislation and California’s 1994 initiative,
between 1994 and 2006, half of the states in the USA enacted three
strikes laws. California’s law, responsible for the majority of all U.S.
convictions, is more draconian than most laws: it established broad classes of strike-eligible crimes, created robust second-strike provisions, and
authorized the stacking of third sentences; it counted any felony as third
strikes; restricted good-time credit; and prohibited probation, suspended
sentences, or diversion. While a number of legal challenges were lodged
against California’s three strikes law, and while a number of infamous
convictions resulted, state and federal courts upheld the constitutionality
147
of the legislation. While criminological research on the deterrent qualities of three strikes is equivocal, three strikes legislation may have contributed to California’s runaway prison crowding. This crowding is serious enough that in 2011, in Brown v. Plata (09-1233), the U.S. Supreme
Court affirmed an order to reduce California’s prison population by
40,000 persons. In light of California’s experience with three strikes, it
may seem bizarre that other jurisdictions would enact similar mandatory
sentencing policies, but in 1997, the United Kingdom and Australia’s
Northern Territory did just that, and in 2010, New Zealand passed three
strikes legislation in its Sentencing and Parole Reform Bill 2010, as well.
New Zealand has had only two years of experience with its three strikes
law, and little official data is available, but this paper outlines the available data and compares it to sentencing data from other jurisdictions.
Speaker:
Janusz Bojarski
Presentation title: Are juvenile offenders scapegoats?
Many different signals suggest that there is a following picture of place
of a juvenile in criminal law system: lack of protection against demoralization and treatment as an ordinary criminally responsible person, to
fulfill expectation of emotions of society.
The methodology used to check this theory was reviewing results of
works of Polish researchers regarding problems of Juvenile Delinquency,
justice system in this area, protection of youth and criminal law system
as whole.
The finding of this review is full confirmation of the theory presented
above. In the research concerned on details of this problem are presented
examples and explanation of present situation.
In the last years we observe penal populism significantly affecting situation in Poland. Single examples of dangerous crimes are brought up in
media in order to create social outrage and so called “moral panic”. As a
result politicians demanding higher criminal repression grins popularity.
This phenomena affects also juvenile cases.
According to Polish criminal law regulations juvenile is a person of age
under 17 with an exemption of the most serious crimes, when minimum
age of criminal responsibility is 15. Situations when juvenile committed
an act described as a criminal offense are regulated in Act on Procedure
in Juvenile Cases of 1982. The idea of this Act is to avoid criminal labeling of youth and adopt educational, therapeutic or corrective measures.
However in practice courts impose these measures as some equivalent of
criminal penalty.
148
On the other hand some wrongdoing in family, such as teaching children aggressive and offensive activities by their relatives, seems to be an
increasing problem. Unfortunately, such behavior of parents etc. is not
offense in Polish criminal law and juvenile are not protected in this
sphere.
Speaker:
Guido Leonardo Croxatto
Presentation title: Violence and intimacy: Where the law does not enter
The issue of this essay is directly related to the recent changes in the Argentine criminal law in a very sensitive aspect for feminism, which denounces the increase of gender-based violence in all its forms: the benefit
of house arrest for women complying with certain requirements (such as
being in charge of a minor) which seems to constitute, in most cases,
paradoxically, the assumption of a role (by women) related in fact to
gender-based violence (which the law would rather avoid): the mothercarer role. This seems to be the “price” that the Argentine woman must
pay in order to obtain the “benefit” of house arrest: the assumption of a
stereotype of woman that has children or elderly persons under her
charge.
The purpose of this essay is to analyse from the American critical, radical feminist point of view –of Mackinnon- the theoretical assumptions of
this Argentine rule (associated with cultural feminism or the difference
feminism of Carol Gilligan) and notice why this rule, which has been
introduced in Argentina as a great “recognition” (of women’s rights), is
not so, since it associates the “benefit” of house arrest with the practical
and symbolic assumption of a stereotype related in fact to the violence
historically suffered by women: the private role of the mother-carer
“locked” at home, a place from which women cannot escape: the domestic environment. Law locks her there again because women are more
useful there than in prison: their home. Home –the world of privacy- is
the real prison for women. That is why this prison does not represent,
for women, any benefit and solely helps increase the invisible violence
suffered by women in our society on a daily basis.
This will lead us to analyse the complex relationship of law and the private world (as Andrea Dworkin, Frances Olsen, or Ronda Copelon
would say).
Brief description of theory, methods and findings:
As I have already stated, the theoretical framework of this presentation
is based on the American radical feminism and the Argentine abolitionist
feminism (feminists against prostitution, who consider the prostitution
of women a rape and a violation of their dignity and rights).
149
The method used is the comparative analysis of regulations, comparing
them to gender-based violence statistics in Argentina, which show a noticeable increase in reports of rape (followed by death, to such extent
that the intention is to create the crime of femicide) with an outstanding
aspect to be underlined: most women who are rape victims in Argentina
personally know their rapist (they are relatives, friends, or their partner),
which makes it, paradoxically in many cases, much more difficult –and
not much easier- to denounce them and “prove” rape than if the rapist
was a complete unknown. This is due, among other things, to cultural
conceptions and archaic law concepts, such as the legal concept of
“agreement” (in the Argentine Criminal Code), which after many deaths
(of raped women who “forgive” their rapists after denouncing them) is
being questioned. But it is also due to the mentality of police, which do
not take part in the domestic “private world” and do not take rape or
sexual harassment reports filed against lovers or husbands seriously. Said
concept of “agreement” is part of this disdainful trend to underestimate
the report filed by a raped woman and it gives said raped woman the
opportunity to “regret” denouncing her rapist; that is to say, the opportunity to forgive her rapist (in many cases, to marry him or live with him
again), the rape remaining a mere –and forgettable- “private issue”. We
will briefly analyse this issue in our presentation.
Session: WED12
Contemporary studies on policing
Speaker:
Quiet Mabunda
Presentation title: Police brutality in South Africa and need for
administrative review
Speaker:
Evi Schroyen
Presentation title: Policing by risks or risky policing? The
implementation of intelligence led policing in Belgium
Co-author: Dirk van Daele (Belgium)
Intelligence Led Policing (ILP) may simply be viewed as a police management model but in light of contemporary risk theories becomes a
practical translation of society’s will to manage social threatening phenomena. Information management -or the lack thereof- proved to be one
of the biggest incentives for the drastic reorganization of the Belgian
police in 1998. The new structure, consisting of a federal and local level,
proves to be a challenge for a coherent implementation of ILP. This research project focuses on the exploration of operational information
management and ILP within the integrated police structure. Two research questions, respectively focusing on the implementation of infor150
mation management and ILP within the integrated police and the internal or external risks created by the institute police with regard to information management and ILP, are formulated. The first question requires
a multiple embedded case-study consisting of two research phases. 480
documents and 118 websites were thematically analyzed. Following the
first coding, the blinds spots, were remedied by questioning 118 police
forces by means of an a-synchronized e-mail interview. After gathering
this additional information, a sample was generated. In the second phase
the units of analysis are thoroughly explored by means of semistructured interviews and focus-groups. The second research question
will be answered by means of a narrative literature review wherein the
risk society paradigm is used as a macro theoretical framework. The
results from the case-study will be related to the international state of the
art concerning (risks connected to) operational information management
and ILP and the role of the institute ‘police” within the risk society. This
paper will consider the implementation of ILP in Belgium on three levels
– structural, technological and cultural – on the basis of the first research
phase with special attention for the risks arising from the actual implementation.
Speaker:
David Baker
Presentation title: Improving police practice: Strengths and drawbacks
of police and protester dialogue
This paper argues that a negotiated management approach, although
limited, plays a significant role in preventing violence between police and
protesters. Such dialogue sets parameters and expectations for behaviour
of both sides, limits surprises and establishes some rapport for future
events. The “dialogue police” in Sweden are arguably the exemplar of
this approach.
“Negotiated management”, as opposed to repressive 1960s policing,
entails a general respect for the right to protest, on-going communication, under-enforcement of the law, and force used only as a last resort.
Police remain dominant in the process because the “soft” response of
police is based on the compliance of demonstrators. Police determine
acceptable behaviour, rally permits, times and places and thus limit the
risk of violent disruption. Liaison between police and protest organizers
can sometimes adopt the form of ritualistic dialogue as each seek information first-hand about the other’s likely tactics.
Dialogue has significantly decreased the number and intensity of street
clashes between police and demonstrators in Australia and elsewhere.
Despite considerable militaristic capabilities, riot personnel and technology in Australia have only been deployed on a very limited basis to date.
However, negotiated management fails if protesters engage in direct ac151
tion by assailing institutions, threatening basic infrastructure or taking
over the streets (Seattle 1999, G20 in Melbourne 2006). Sydney APEC
2007 is an example of police utilization of exclusionary tactics and prearrest strategies in a less violent setting than many European countersummit confrontations.
Ideally, the negotiated management model demands transparent communication, whenever expedient, and trust of both police and protesters
to facilitate peaceful protest without excluding or dispersing protesters.
This research explores theoretical concepts in relation to the policeprotester dynamics. The methodology incorporates a number of casestudies from Australia and elsewhere. The findings highlight some aspects of best practice in preventing violence during police-protester encounters.
Speaker:
Faiza Qureshi
Presentation title: Routine activity and the risk of police stops – findings
from the British crime Survey
Co-author: Louise Grove, Loughborough University, UK
The overarching aim of the paper is to demonstrate that issue that police
Stops have patterns of repeats in much the same way as repeat victims.
That is, it is an analysis of ‘repeat Stops’. Repeat Stops is an underresearched area. However, it is acknowledged that police Stop and
Search powers are socially and spatially focused. This has the potential
to increase the risk of a person experiencing a repeat Stop. The risk can
also be increased through lifestyle such as: employment status and residential location. The paper focuses on four sweeps from the British
Crime Survey (1988 1994; 2000; and 2008) to explore the relationship
between routine activity and repeat Stops.
Session: WED13
Wire and internet tapping
Speaker:
Christianne J. de Poot
Presentation title: The use of the telephone and internet tap in the
Netherlands
In the past decades, telecommunications traffic has grown explosively.
There has been an enormous expansion of the use of mobile phones, and
the ways in which these phones are used has changed as well. An ever
growing number of mobile phones is connected to the Internet, and a
growing share of communications take place through the Internet.
152
Communication gets increasingly fragmented, because of the different
ways and channels that are used (VoIP, mail, chatting, forums, games,
social media, etc). We expect these changes to have major implications
for the way in which the telephone tap can be used as an investigative
tool during a criminal investigation.
In this presentation we will give an overview of a study on the current
use of the telephone and internet tap in The Netherlands. This study was
conducted in 2011 by collecting quantitative and qualitative information
on the use of the telephone and internet tap during criminal investigations. A general picture that emerges from this study is that the interception of communications is still a useful investigation method, which is
highly appreciated by the police and the judiciary in the Netherlands.
Interception of communications is used in different ways, with different
goals and with different results depending on the nature of the crimes
that are being investigated. During this presentation, we will discuss
these findings in the light of the development in communications traffic
outlined above.
Speaker:
Bas van der Leij
Session: WED14
Organizing trust and safety: Sustainable networks and process additives
improving practice
Speaker:
Ylva Mühlenbock, Joakim Forsemalm, Lotta Jofjord
and Lena Salo
Presentation title: Organizing trust and safety: Sustainable networks and
process additives
In recent decades a lot of people have come to Sweden from different
countries. Many of them are now pensioners or approaching retirement
age. In Sweden the proportion of elderly people in population as a whole
is steadily growing. There is a great need for information on matters of
security. Discussing elderly people and their safety is important in helping to spread knowledge of crime prevention, how to avoid accidents
and where to obtain important information, and in creating involvement
and combating isolation and loneliness.
This is a brief background to the broad-based collaboration underlying
not only the script but also the production of the film “The bag – a film
not to be afraid of”. The origin to this collaboration is the network Elderly People and Security which was formed in the autumn of 2003.
Over the years the work of the network has included examination of the
concept of trust, safety and security as aspects of ageing and of quality of
153
life. A part of the work has been to create dialogue and joint activities to
increase understanding between different cultures. The co-operation
eventually led to the decision to make a film. The breadth of the co-operation
is striking and includes representatives from about twenty organizations e.g.
National Pensionerśorganization, Gothenburg City Crime Prevention Council,
Co-ordinating Body for Ethnic Organizations in Västra Götaland and
Västra Götaland Police Authority. The filmmaker Nasrin Pakkho was
engaged and has taken part in many meetings, adapted the ideas and
written the script and been responsible for direction and shooting. The
actors were amateurs.
The seminar will highlight the evaluation of this broad-based cooperation and the process making the film. We will also show the film
(19 min.) – a black-and-white silent film which is available in twelve
languages.
Session: WED15
Cybercrime. Hackers, bullies and molesters
Speaker:
M. Marcoux Faiia
Presentation title: Hackers, scammers and perverts: College students’
experiences and perceptions of Internet crime: Ten
years later
This paper presents research that was conducted in two phases ten years
apart. The aim of the studies was to describe student experiences as victims of Internet crime and to identify student perceptions of Internet
crime. A qualitative research design was utilized. Phase one was conducted during 2001/ 2002. Phase two was conducted during 2011/2012.
The initial interest in this topic was generated by a personal experience
of being infected with the "I Love You" virus back in 2001. Phase two
was initiated to see if there were significant differences today in student
perceptions. Do the digital natives, who have grown up with the technologies of cyber communication, perceive Internet crime as more or less
of a social threat? This research was conducted in New England in the
United States of America. The theory that informed this study was social
interactionism. The emphasis was on the attachment of meaning. The
methodology in each phase followed the same two prong approach 1)
description of various types of internet crime and 2) interviews. The
interviews followed a victimization survey design and utilized an eight
question interview guide administered to a select sample. Each interview
lasted approximately 20 minutes. A total of fifty Interviews were analyzed in phase one and eighty interviews were analyzed in phase two.
Some interviews were conducted with the help of students in criminology/ sociology courses. Findings indicate that in phase one (2001/2002)
154
students perceived "hacking" to be the biggest threat to them, though it
was not considered a serious crime. The student Interviewees in 2011
stated that "cyber bullying" was the greatest threat and it was considered serious. Child Pornography, Identity Theft and Fraud continue to
be identified as the most serious Internet crimes.
Key Words: Victims, Cybercrime, Identity Theft
Speakers:
David Décary-Hétu and Anna Leppänen
Presentation title: Online reputation in the hacking underground:
A study of the symbolic capital of carders
The Internet is known to host many gray and black markets that trade
anything and everything from stolen goods to confidential data. A very
interesting subset of this criminal underground is the carding scene
where its members, the carders, illegally trade credit card information.
Given the unreliable setting in which the transactions take place, members of the carding underground have adopted a reputation index that
reflects the trustworthiness of buyers and sellers based on their past
transactions. The carders with the highest levels of reputation are regarded as very reliable. They can take advantage of their reputation to
reap higher rewards than others by having access to other trustworthy
partners and by eliminating some of the inherent friction of such illegal
transactions. This paper will apply Bourdieu’s notion of capital to the
carding scene. Bourdieu states that each agent (or individual) accumulates a certain level of capital be it economic, cultural, social or symbolic.
The agents can then use his capital to obtain the rewards they are looking for. This paper will analyze how a specific type of capital – the symbolic capital – is earned by carders. In order to do so, we analyzed the
characteristics of all the members of an online carding forum as well as
their social interactions. This data includes all the public messages they
exchanged with each other as well as their online profile such as length
of activity and status on the board.
Speaker:
Füsun Sukullu-Akinci
Presentation title: Cyber bullying among university students in Turkey
Co-authors: Nuran Bayram (Uludag University Turkey, Turkey) and
Serpil Aytac (Uludag University Turkey, Turkey)
Whilst advances in technology have made our lives easier in many ways,
they have also created a number of problems. The fact that mobile
phones and the internet are nowadays the most commonly used means
of communication has increased the incidence of bullying. As it occurs in
cyberspace it is called cyber-bullying; it is defined as the deliberate insulting, humiliation, alienation, threatening, exposure or disturbance of
victims by others through the use of modern means of communication in
155
a virtual environment. Although it is typically carried out through the
internet via email, facebook, instant messaging systems, social networks
or by uploading videos onto websites, it may also take place by means of
mobile phones in the form of SMS messages or nuisance telephone calls.
Studies carried out thus far reveal that the bully, who in the majority of
cases conceals their identity, continues these behaviours over a long period of time. Further, most common victims of cyber-bullying behaviours
are young people, whose quality of life is negatively affected, as they
have to cope with anxiety and fear, in a world that is becoming a virtual
global village. The aim of this research is to reveal the extent to which
cyber-bullying behaviours are present among young people at a university in Turkey. The study sample was made up of 612 university students.
In the study it is ascertained that 30.6% of the students were exposed at
least once to cyber harassment intended to threaten or humiliate them. It
is established that the most common form of cyber harassment is carried
out via email and more specifically through chatrooms and message
boards on commentary and social networking sites. In the research it is
revealed that male students carry out cyber-bullying more often than do
female students. Moreover, it is established that female students are
more often exposed to cyber-bullying. Victims of virtual harassment
stated that most of all they kept away and blocked the perpetrators.
Key words: Cyber bullying, bullying, university students
Speaker:
Sebastien Prat
Presentation title: Criminological aspects of child pornography
Co-author : Carol Jonas (University Hospital Center of Tours, France)
Child pornography involves the realization of deviant fantasies. It is
important to be able to identify people who use illegal pornography. The
scope and potential of the Internet complicates the understanding of the
child pornography phenomenon. There are several possible classifications of child pornography. It is important to be able to locate people
who use illegal pornography. It is possible to expose networks, but identifying individuals is more complicated. One way of doing this is to track
Internet discussions. The number of convictions rose between 2000 and
2006, possibly because of better detection of the phenomenon via the
Internet. However, it also seems that specific groups can be targeted. For
example, prioritization of three groups of individuals has been described:
suspects known to be pedophiles or to have contact with a child; suspects possessing authority within the society; suspects without particular
interaction with children. It is important to monitor access to all means
of telecommunications, including the Internet, by people accused of child
pornography. All the criminological aspects described here have resulted
in political actions to prevent child pornography, but work is needed to
improve law enforcement actions. Child pornography is a complex phe156
nomenon. It cannot just be seen as the mere gratification of deviant fantasies. We first need to gain a better understanding of it, before dealing
with people who use pornographic material.
Session: WED16
Crime Victims – UN standards, implementation and challenges
improving practice
Speaker:
Jan van Dijk
Presentation title: The UN declaration on basic principles of justice for
victims of crime and abuse of power: Survey-based
performance management
Speaker:
Kristina Kangaspunta
Presentation title Victims of trafficking – technical assistance in
transitional countries
Speaker:
Anna Giudice Saget
Presentation title: Crime victims – UN standards, implementation and
challenges
UN conventions and standards and norms provide a framework for protecting and assisting victims of crime. The United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime is mandated to support implementation of such standards in developed and developing countries. The session will focus on the
role of UNODC in developing standards, measuring implementation and
providing technical assistance in the implementation of both general
standards and standards specific to certain offences or victims. One or
several examples of programmes implemented in Latin America, Africa
and/or Asia will be presented with focus on challenges around sustainability, resources and transferability of good practices. (Speakers to be
confirmed).
Session: WED17
Alternative treatments for offenders
Speaker:
Waldemar Ryggmark
Presentation title: Treatment induced turning points
I would like to make a presentation about the treatment we offer to
chemically dependent criminal offenders at Skyddsvärnet treatment center in Gothenburg. We offer a relapse preventive motivation treatment,
for males with a relapse history that has been trough the prison and
treatment system several times, and where traditional treatment methods
157
have not been effective. Many of our clients have a long history of relapse and it has been proven, trough our work based on the principles of
CENAPS model, that these clients need a different approach in treatment.
The treatment method we use is based on the CENAPS treatment model
developed by Terence T. Gorski. (www.tgorski.com)
The CENAPS model has a wider and more nuanced explanation of the
concept of relapse. The model presents relapse as a process that moves
trough stages and have visible predictable warning signs before the actual relapse, and therefore it’s possible to teach offender to identify warning signs, manage them more effective and break their relapse dynamic.
The CENAPS model explains chemical dependency (addiction) and antisocial personality from a biological - psychological and social perspective, and suggests that a total treatment is necessary to be effective. The
CENAPS model also suggest that chemical use disorders and a criminal
personality are coexisting disorders that must be treated together, and
that this dynamic relationship is marked by mutual predisposition,
symptom reinforcement and mutual relapse.
Our treatment sees effective crime prevention as a matter of redefining
the concept of relapse and having a non confrontative treatment approach.
We take the offenses, our clients has committed, very seriously and see it
as a big responsibility to offer a treatment that witch can contribute help
the clients to stop the relapse pattern and drug related criminal behavior.
Speaker:
Julian M Somers
Presentation title: Drug treatment court in Vancouver Canada:
Do outcomes vary between subgroups?
Co-authors: Akm Moniruzzaman (Simon Fraser University, Canada),
Stefanie N. Rezansoff (Simon Fraser University, Canada), Lauren Currie
(Simon Fraser University, Canada)
Introduction. Drug treatment courts (DTC) are guided by the theory of
therapeutic jurisprudence and are designed to facilitate the treatment of
substance use disorders and diversion from incarceration. Recent research with the DTC in Vancouver, Canada (DTCV) adds to a growing
body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of these programs. The
present study examines whether recidivism outcomes differ on the basis
of gender, ethnicity, prior sentencing, program completion status and
presence of a concurrent mental disorder.
158
Methods. Participants were followed for one year following involvement
with DTCV and regardless of program status (i.e., graduated, discharged, withdrawn). Data were drawn from comprehensive administrative records spanning the civil health care system in combination with
justice and social services. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to model the independent associations between
participant characteristics and recidivism.
Results. The cohort (N=400) had a mean age of 34 years, was 39% female, with 36% reporting Aboriginal ethnicity. In the five years prior to
entering DTCV participants had been convicted of an average of 8 offenses, and 73% had been diagnosed with a mental disorder. Participants were engaged with DTCV for an average of 255 days, and 18%
were deemed to have graduated. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals indicate that recidivism following DTCV was significantly associated with: male gender (2.00 (1.18, 3.39)); Caucasian ethnicity
(2.44 (1.21, 4.92)) and non-completion of program (discharged: 3.06
(1.34, 6.97); withdrew 2.68 (1.01, 7.15)). Neither prior offending nor
the presence of a concurrent mental disorder was significantly associated
with recidivism.
Conclusion. Results reinforce the potential for DTCs to reduce recidivism among complex and under-served subgroups of offenders. Future
research is needed to clarify practices that promote retention of participants and to isolate the components within programs that are most responsible for achieving improvements in health and public safety.
Speaker:
Carlotta Pirnat
Presentation title: Unpaid work as an alternative to imprisonment for
fine default – A comparison of Austria and Scotland
Co-authors: Christian Grafl (University of Vienna, Austria), Gillian
McIvor (University of Stirling, Austria) and Carlotta Pirnat (University
of Vienna, Austria)
Many jurisdictions have introduced other non-custodial measures to
decrease the usage of fines nevertheless they are still a popular sanction.
Although the majority of offenders fined pay their fine, some are unable
or unwilling to do so and as a consequence can be imprisoned. At a time
when prisons are overcrowded and short term sentences are a substantial
administrative endeavour, with little to no re-socializing potential, many
jurisdictions have implemented other measures to prevent imprisonment
for fine default such as unpaid work. Both Austria and Scotland have
implemented the possibility of unpaid work as an alternative to imprisonment for fine default. While Scotland has almost 20 years of experience, Austria has just recently implemented the option of community
159
work for fine defaulters in 2008. The article examines the experience of
unpaid work as an alternative to imprisonment for fine default in these
two contrasting jurisdictions and analyses the differences. These include
the fine system itself, with Austria having a day fine system already taking the financial means of the convicted person into account, while Scotland failed to gain political support for the introduction of unit fines in
1990 and introduced the supervised attendance order as an alternative to
imprisonment for fine default instead. The differences continue in the
implementation of unpaid work as an alternative to imprisonment. In
Scotland an order is issued by the court and the offender is punished in
the event of a breach. In Austria, on the other hand, unpaid work is an
option the convicted person can use to fully or partly pay of the fine and
non-compliance would ‘only’ result in imprisonment for the original fine
default, without an additional penalty. This paper will consider whether
the implementation of unpaid work as an alternative to imprisonment
for fine default fulfilled the original policy intentions in each jurisdiction
and what the two jurisdictions can learn from each other’s experiences
of unpaid work in response to fine default.
Session: WED18
Treaties and legislation. Impact on offender behavior and law enforcement
Speaker:
Frederick Desroches
Presentation title: The use of conspiracy laws in the investigation and
prosecution of criminal organizations
This paper examines the use of conspiracy laws in the investigation and
prosecution of criminal organizations including higher level drug traffickers and terrorist groups. These groups are typically cautious, insular,
and make use of extensive security strategies and technology. Higher
level operatives often direct activities from above and avoid committing
overt criminal acts themselves.
The challenge for the police and prosecutors is to prove the involvement
of various participants within a criminal enterprise by demonstrating
their connections to others above and below them within the organization. This can be accomplished through conspiracy charges the essential
element being an agreement by two or more people to engage in criminal
activities.
The paper analyzes the central role of agents/informants, undercover
officers, and physical and electronic surveillance in the gathering of
intelligence and evidence about the composition and modus operandi of
criminal syndicates. Evidence gathered from wiretaps and physical sur160
veillance is used to link offenders to one another and outline the role
each member plays within the organization. The charge of conspiracy is
presented in court as a theory that is used to explain the actions of different suspects whom the prosecution alleges are connected together in a
criminal enterprise. Conspiracy laws are enabling in that they allow the
prosecution to use evidence gathered over an extended period of time to
draw inferences of a common purpose and obtain convictions of higher
level operatives occasionally in the absence of hard evidence.
Speaker:
Christian Thomann
Presentation title: The Role of SEC Funding in Enforcing Financial
Regulations
Co- authors: Tim Lohse, Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB),
Germany and Razvan Pascalau, State University of NY, Plattsburgh,
USA
This paper examines how the securities industry adjusts its compliance
to financial market rules in accordance to the resources available to the
U.S.’s Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Adapting Cremer and
Gahvari’s (1993) model on firms’ compliance, we characterize the decision problem faced by a corporation under SEC supervision. The model
predicts first that increases in the regulator’s resources deter firms from
misbehaving. Second, the model predicts that an increase in the regulator’s resources leads to a (temporary) decrease of observed compliance.
We test these hypotheses using data on the SEC’s funding and its enforcement actions over the period from 1946 until 2010. Using VAR
analysis we find sup-port for our theory. Increases in the SEC’s resources
result in better compliance with SEC rules.
Speaker:
Nils Duquet
Presentation title: The illegal possession and acquisition of firearms and
ammunition in Belgium
Co-author: Maarten Van Alstein (Flemish Peace Institute, Belgium)
In 2006 Belgian arms legislation was tightened drastically following a
lethal public shooting in Antwerp by a teenager with a legally bought
firearm. This new legislation includes a clear distinction between the
legal and illegal possession of firearms and ammunition. Our previous
analyses demonstrate that two main groups of illegal firearms possessors
can be distinguished in Belgium: (1) a large group of individuals that
have not regularised their (previously legal) firearms after the change in
arms legislation and (2) a smaller group of criminals using firearms for
illegal activities. This poses specific policy challenges for targeting illegal
firearms possession. Following a deadly shooting in December 2011 in
161
Liège, several additional policy initiatives have been taken to tackle the
illegal acquisition of firearms. In this paper we provide the most recent
statistics on illegal firearms possession and analyse the illegal acquisition
of firearms and ammunition in Belgium. We will focus both on domestic
procurement (leakage from the legal circuit) as well as the illegal importation of these weapons. The different acquisition methods will be analyzed and compared. We will also describe the role of Belgium as a
source of illegal firearms in other European countries.
Session: WED19
Police approaches to crime victims
improving practice
Speaker:
Silke Meyer
Presentation title: Integrated responses to intimate partner violence –
what role do perpetrators play?
Responses to intimate partner violence vary greatly across cultures and
jurisdictions. The last few decades have seen a range of different approaches, including the criminalization of IPV, the implementation of
zero tolerance policies when dealing with perpetrators, and a greater
focus on victim support and protection. More recently, a shift towards
integrated rather than individual authority responses to IPV have
emerged in a number of Western jurisdictions. With a disproportionately
large number of women affected by IPV, victims often find themselves
trapped between conflicting demands arising from criminal justice, family law and child safety matters once the experienced abuse becomes
known to authorities. A great level of responsibility and accountability
for their own and their children personal safety and wellbeing is placed
on women.
This presentation is based on exploratory data derived from an evaluation of a police-led integrated response to IPV in an Australian jurisdiction. Findings reveal that women often find themselves in a position
where the responsibility to protect themselves as well as their children
eventually lies with them. While the integrated nature of the response
had a positive effect on women’s overall wellbeing from the time of the
initial intervention, findings also show that existing measures to protect
victims and children affected by IPV are often ineffective in the long run.
This raises the question whether the movement of victim empowerment
has led to an attitude of victim accountability for their own and their
children’s safety among certain authorities responding to matters of IPV.
While the importance of integrated victim support and protection is undeniable, responses are likely to require a greater focus on the role of
162
perpetrators to achieve the long-term goal of improved victim safety and
wellbeing.
Speakers:
Nankabirwa Irene and Nankya Shamim
Presentation title: The role of police in protection and promotion of
children’s rights
Co-authors: Aisha Namutebi (YCWU, Uganda), Nanteza Solome
(YCWU, Uganda)
It’s the duty of all police officers in general to champion the protection
of the rights of children. Education, empowerment and networking with
all stake holders are key components in enabling this to happen. It
should be done with the determination of a bulldozer because of the
importance of the children in the society. Their innocence makes them
vulnerable to so many dangers hence the need to protect them. It should
be remembered that children are the pillars unto which any society, any
generation, any culture will thrive.
Police officers out not to take this as a duty but also as a calling by protecting and promoting the rights of children, this goes to all officers given the fact that the functions of police including among others is to protect life and property. But to the officers in charge of child and family
affairs, it is bestowed unto them to champion the rights of children
which they out to do with a smile on their faces.
This paper provides some of the neglected roles which the police is called
upon to perform. It is in this spirit that officers in this category appreciate the impact of their action or inaction in as far as the child’s physical,
emotional, psychological and cognitive development is concerned.
Speaker:
Karen Rich
Presentation title: Police officers’ gender, rape myth acceptance and
collaboration with advocates; relationships to
conducting rape victim interviews
Secondary victimization may occur when rape victims make police reports. This can compromise the quality of official statements, jeopardize
criminal cases and impede victim recovery. Victim advocates may minimize secondary trauma during a police interview. Because of their sensitive role in taking rape complaints, officers assigned should be chosen
wisely; however there are no formal guidelines for this purpose. Officers
vary in their levels of collaboration with advocates, victim interviewing
skills, and rape myth acceptance. Often female officers are assigned to
rape cases on the presumption that they will do the best job. After discussing the issues, new research will be presented which discusses police
officer characteristics associated with (a) effectiveness with rape com163
plaints, and (b) collaboration with victim advocates, both of which may
reduce secondary victimization.
Speaker:
Karen Rich
Presentation title: Police officers conducting sexual assault victim
interviews: Do attitudes matter?
Rape victims are often reluctant to report crimes to formal agencies,
including the police. When they do, the responding officer’s behavior can
affect the quality of information obtained. Rape myth acceptance
(RMA), or the proclivity to blame victims of sexual assault, is widespread in the general population and may affect police officers as well as
other helping professionals. In addition, crime reporters’ trauma-based
behavior may elicit skepticism. On the other hand, it is often assumed
that “professionalism” precludes the influence of personal biases on job
performance. This quantitative study of 440 officers evaluated the relationship between their attitudes and interviewing competency with victims. Specific behaviors associated with RMA were identified. Additional
demographic and experiential variables were considered. After the background, method and results are disseminated, implications for officer
selection and training will be addressed. Audience participation will be
encouraged.
Speaker:
Andis Rinkevics
Presentation title: Understanding police thinking to reduce secondary
victimization
Co-authors: Dace Landmane (State Police of Latvia, Latvia) and Inta
Poudžiunas (Latvia)
In many cases police is the first one having the first contact with crime
victims. Psychologists have stressed that first contact between victim and
police most likely will influence on how victim recovers. Therefore
knowledge of police can’t be underestimated to decrease secondary victimization.
Researchers have mostly concentrated on studying victims, their needs
and consequences of secondary victimization. Many proposals and strategies have been developed based predominantly on victim needs and
victimization survey data, arguing police lucks understanding of victims
and suggesting training police officers on soft skills. No doubt, in most
cases police is the root of secondary victimization. Therefore understanding police is vital to reduce secondary victimization. We need to understand why police thinks different? This would be a key for effective
training strategy.
164
Research conducted in State Police of Latvia is one of the first attempts
to answer that question and understand the needs of both involved parties i.e., crime victims and police. January – May 2012 two parallel surveys are running – crime victim survey and police officer’s survey. Crime
victim’s survey will determine the level of secondary victimization and
police officers survey will provide insight into police understanding of
victims needs. Data on what police thinks is important to victims will be
applied to construct police model of victims needs and compared to victims needs model to see the gaps. Gaps will be correlated with victimization data.
Although research will be finalized in the beginning of May 2012, initial
data gained so far suggests that roots of secondary victimization is not
only the lack of knowledge but also different understanding of victims
needs. To reduce gap one understanding should be achieved.
Session: WED20
Todays victims tomorrow offender?
improving practice
Speakers:
Ann Hellströmmer
Ulf Brännström
Marcus Andréasson
Presentation title: About Support center for young victims support
Her visitor has his cap pulled down over his eyes and keeps his jacket on.He
doesńt need to talk to one of those social worker women, he doseńt have a
problem. In actual fact, he scacely dares go out and reluctant even to
watch TV alone in the basement. He is 15 years old and he has been
mugged.
It was then – 1999. In the first three winter months, police were notified
about 90 muggings in downtown Stockholm, where well-victim offenders were assumed to be under 20 years. Somewhere I got enough.
The first Support centre for young victims of crime started in Stockholm
1999, in local cooperation between the police and the social welfare
administration
The suport center and the police was and are located in the same building, the police house.
This means that there are daily contact beween the police and the socialworker and it facilitates close collaboration in tasks that involve
both.
165
The first contact takes place when the young vicitim report the incident
to the police.
It is open for crime victims under age of 20 years, after crimes in public
spheres, as streets and parks. This means that the centres have met many
youngsters after assault, robbery and rape. Suport center also work with
parents.
All assistance is provided free at charge and those turning to the suport
centre are entitled to complete anonmymity.
The centers have developed a special methodology in giving suport.
Among the principle objectives of the suport centre is to makes special
resources available for the work conducted with young victims, and thus
to take their experiences of crime seriously, so that they do not lose faith
in either the community of wich they are a part, the adult world or the
justice system.
The good experiences have resulted in about 27 centres in Sweden and
one in Norway as well
About the movie:
When the first ‘Support Centre for young victims of crime“ was started
in downtown Stockholm in 1999 as a collaboration between social services and police, Ann Hellströmer knew that it was just the way she
wanted it. Away from the feeling of bureaucracy and receiving, from
treeless areas and designation. What need had the young victims? What
did they talk about? What were their feelings out? Ann describes in a
vivid manner the situation of young victims and the social services, police, schools and others to develop their work with victims in general and
youth crime in particular.
BROKEN is a 30 min. film about Ann Hellströmer method of counselling young crime victims. The film includes interviews with Ann Hellströmer, her colleagues, parents and young victims. The movies is subtitle
After the movie BROKEN are we going to have a discussion with Jakob
and Ylva from the movie.
Break
After the break , the policeofficer Ulf Brännström talk about why the
police should work with young victims of crime.
166
After this discussion, we will talk about how you work with young victims of crime in your countries.
Speaker:
Hanne Haugen
Presentation title: Experiences from the crime victim support centre in
Norway
The presentation intents to show the success of Psycho-social Services
for Criminal Victims and Police living together. The Crime Victim Support Centre is community based together with other support- and treatment institutions, but placed in the Police House as a part of the Police`s
offer to victims of serious crime. The Centre’s primary client groups are
victims of domestic violence, sexual assault including incest, and young
victims. The presentation will show a way to prevent trauma and secondary trauma, by giving psychosocial and informative support all way
long from the inquiring stage to preparation for court if necessary. Prevention of Youth Crime is an issue as well.
The presentation also include the results of studies from The University
of Trondheim, telling about the victims in meeting police and the criminal proceeding, their needs of support and their evaluating of the treatment from The Crime Victim Support Centre. Secondly the experiences
of this way to drift victim support seen from the police and the prosecutors, the community administration and other supporting organisations.
167
Poster session
Day: Monday June 11
Time: 17:00–19:00
Room: the Atrium
Speaker:
Beulah Shekhar (Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, India)
Presentation title: The role of NGOs in complementing the role of the
criminal justice system in providing victim assistance
and services.
Theme:
Focusing on victims of crime – Comparing crime
patterns and improving practice
Though we are on the threshold of almost two decades since countries
have ratified the UN Declaration on Victims, the harsh reality is that
most countries have not enacted legislations to enforce these rights. As a
result of this the Victims of Abuse of Power, Victims of Crime and Victims of Natural Disasters are depended on the knee jerk reactions of the
Political leaders for Assistance and This paper will focus on the Role of
NGOs in providing Victim assistance and services in the absence of Victim laws. An attempt i made to highlight the Role of civil societies in all
the four wings - Legislative, Enforcement, Judiciary & the Correctional
wing, in making the process Victim Friendly. Networking of the CJS
with the NGOs and the role of corporates and their commitment to
Corporate Social Responsibility will be elucidated. The paper will reveal
how the gaps in victim services are filled by the work of the
NGOs.Recommendations will be made to highlight the rights perspective
of the victims' needs in lieu of the charity mode that still exists in most
developing countries as far as Victim services are considered.
Speaker:
Ana Vigna (Universidad de la Republica del Uruguay,
Uruguay)
Presentation title: How universal is the age-crime curve? A comparison
considering gender and type of offense
Theme:
Contemporary criminology
Even though literature has widely accepted the existence of the “agecrime curve” from aggregate data, there is still debate not only about the
interpretations of this phenomenon, but also about the strength and
universality of this relationship. This paper discusses the consequences of
considering the age-crime relationship from an aggregate level, and
shows, based on data from the Ministry of Justice of Uruguay, the way
in which, under a general pattern, underlie extremely diverse behaviors if
gender and type of offense are taken into account.
168
Speaker:
Annemarie ten Boom (Dutch Ministry of Security and
Justice, The Netherlands)
Presentation title: Victim–offender relationship and the needs and
experiences of victims of crime
Theme:
This presentation will outline a study into the question what the substantive differences in the victim experience between victims of stranger and
known offenders are, and what needs and interests addressed to police
and judiciary primarily seem to stem from them. There are several indications that the experience of being the victim of a crime committed by a
known offender differs from the experience of being the victim of a
stranger-offender. For instance the first group experiences more often
serious emotional problems. This is not only the case with personal violent crimes but also with, for instance, ones car being damaged (Lamet
& Wittebrood, 2009). Other indications are the difference in reporting
behavior (e.g. Felson, 1999) and the partly different needs that victims
express (ten Boom & Kuijpers, 2012). The crime or ‘transgression’ clearly has a different symbolic meaning (Wenzel & Okimoto, 2012). Victims
who know their offender might experience more victim blaming by others and they also might stronger blame themselves for their part in what
happened. Whereas in rape research the victim-offender relationship is
frequently investigated (e.g. Ullman et al, 2006), and in intimate partner
violence it is a sine qua non, in other victimological work it is not really
a subject. In this study it is assumed that victims of known offenders
prioritize different elements in the reactions of the criminal justice system. Does the criminal justice system meet the needs of victims of known
offenders on an equal level as it does with the needs of their partners
who do not know ‘their’ offender? As this study is ‘work in progress’,
ideas and suggestions are much appreciated.
Speaker:
Anna Leppänen (Police College of Finland,
Finland)
Presentation title: Exploring corruption in a country of “no corruption”
Theme:
Co- authors: Johanna Peurala (Police College of Finland, Finland, and
University of Helsinki, Finland) Vesa Muttilainen (Police College of Finland, Finland)
According to the definition used by the global anti-corruption organisation Transparency International (TI), the corruption is abuse of entrusted power for private gain. The definition is substantially diverse compared to statutory offence of bribery. However, it helps to understand
forms of corruption in countries considered relatively free of corruption.
169
Our research material includes legislation, police reports, court cases and
pre-trial investigation materials in Finland. The approach of this study is
based on the social sciences and science of law, depending on the empirical data studied and the theoretical approach used.
In Finland, relatively few cases of bribery have been recorded by police.
Thus, regarding the crimes of bribery, there are only few court precedents and the effective investigation process is not yet well established.
Finland has also been criticised by Greco and the United Nations not
have taken certain essential measures against corruption. For example,
the trading in influence is not criminalised, neither do we have protection of witnesses programme nor legislation regulating disclosure of corruption by reporting persons (whistle-blowers protection). We argue that
the corruption-free image of Finland and the lacking political will are the
main reasons hindering the tackle against corruption in Finland.
In the study concerning the police recorded corruption, we found that
when compared to TI’s corruption definition, also other crimes than
mere bribery, involve features of corruption. To evaluate this finding a
monitoring method for crimes featured by corruption was developed. In
our study the reports of suspected crimes between years 2007 - 2010
were picked from the National Police Information System on the basis of
types of offences and also by using certain keywords. Almost 6000 reports were found and after the analysis, there were 469 police reports
recognised as possibly involving corruption. Only 29 of them were bribery.
Speaker:
Irit Ein-Tal (The Max Stern Yexreel Valley College,
Israel)
Presentation title: Victimization classification of genocide survivors:
A victimological examination
Theme:
Despite the fact that genocide is a multi-victim criminal event, it has
barely been analyzed from the approach of victimology. Most studies to
date have been based in the historical and political sciences. The goal of
this study is to examine the survivors of the destruction of European
Jewry using a victimological approach common in criminology. This
research examined the social construction of victimization among Holocaust survivors and its effect on their coping with life thereafter.
By interviewing 20 Holocaust survivors and 13 of their relatives (which
constitutes a heterogeneous group in terms of ethnicity, age, and past
experiences) using a biographical method and categorical-content analy170
sis, this study introduces a new analysis group to the study of victimology ¡X victims of genocide.
The most significant contribution of this study is the creation of a new
victimization classification that divides genocide victims into four groups
on a continuum: from those whose sense of victimhood is strong to those
who not only feel they are not victims, but are also classified as heroes.
The resulting continuum is as follows:
Chronic victim „³ Renewed victim „³ Survivor ¡V Non-victim „³ Survivor-hero
The new victimization classification provides us with a deeper understanding of the coping strategies of different victims with different victimhood experiences. Findings demonstrate that these coping strategies
are related to the socio-demographic characteristics of the victims and
their approach to life after the war. Development of this continuum will
hopefully stimulate future studies of genocide victims from a victimological perspective.
Speakers:
Dietrich Oberwittler (Max Planck Institute Freiburg,
Germany)
Julia Kasselt (Max Planck Institute
Freiburg, Germany)
Presentation title: Honor killings in Germany – Findings from a
systematic empirical study
Theme:
Honor killings are an extreme form of gendered domestic violence, based
on an unwritten honor code of societies dominated by patrilinear family
clans. The (mainly female) victims are perceived to have violated traditional behavioral norms, especially sexual chastity and submission under
patriarchal rule. Some highly publicized cases in Western Europe during
the early 2000s sufficed to galvanize public awareness against the backdrop of debates about the integration of migrants particularly from Islamic countries. However, there is little systematic knowledge on honor
killings in Europe, their frequency and characteristics, as well as their
delineation from other forms of lethal domestic violence, i.e. intimate
partner killings.
A large empirical study targeted at analyzing all honor killings which
occurred in Germany between 1996 and 2005 and which were adjudicated in German courts. We present the major findings of this study
based on 78 cases. Honor killings are a rare event in Germany, with an
estimated number of twelve per year applying a wide definition including
intimate partner homicide, but only at three cases if the definition is
171
restricted to murders of young women by their blood relatives. More
than 40% of the victims are male. Cases often relate to arranged or
forced marriages. Second-generation migrants who were born and completely socialized in Germany do not play a significant role as perpetrators. There is no clear-cut sentencing pattern but the current case-law of
the Federal Supreme Court to convict the perpetrators of murder and to
apply the “cultural defense” as a mitigating factor only under exceptional circumstances has yet to be consistently translated into practice by the
regional courts.
Speaker:
Git Olofsson (The National Board of Forensic
Medicine, Sweden)
Anna-Kari Sjödin (The National Board of Forensic
Medicine, Sweden)
Presentation title: Risk assessment with the LSI-R in a forensic
psychiatric sample
Theme:
The Level of Service Inventory – Revised (LSI-R) is a risk assessment
instrument, with a theoretical base in social learning theory and cognitive psychology. Considerable research has demonstrated good predictive
validity in the LSI-R, both for criminality in general and violent crimes
specifically.
The current study aims to i) examine the predictive validity of the LSI-R
for both general and violent recidivism in a swedish forensic psychiatric
sample, ii) examine possible differences in predictive validity between
offenders sentenced to prison and offenders sentenced to forensic mental
health care, and iii) compare the LSI-R to other risk assment instruments
(the HCR-20). The study is a retrospective study, using information
from The Gothenburg Forensic Neuropsychiatric Project. This sample
consists of 148 mentally disordered offenders who underwent forensic
psychiatric assessment between 1997 and 2001 and later were convicted
of serious violent and/or sexual offenses. About half of the offenders
were sentenced to prison, the other half to forensic mental health care.
Data on recidivism were obtained from UPPRÄTT (a series of follow-up
studies on forensic psychiatric patients) and The Swedish National
Council for Crime Prevention. The study is actuarial, no new clinical
assessments will be made.
172
Speaker:
Urvo Klopets (Estonian Ministry of Justice, Estonia)
Presentation title: How to make court procedure in criminal cases
faster? Estonian example
Theme:
Pursuant to article 6 § 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial
tribunal established by law in the determination of his civil rights and
obligations or of any criminal charge against him. Pursuant to the Estonian Code of Criminal Procedure members of the court panel of a county court hearing of a criminal matter pursuant to the general procedure
shall not participate in the court hearing of another criminal matter sent
to court pursuant to the general procedure before a decision is made in
this matter. Although there are several exceptions to the rule the provision has been a subject to criticism after it came into force in 2008.
The aim of the presentation is to find out how the right to speedy proceedings is implemented in an uninterrupted criminal proceedings in the
first instance courts.
Case law, statistics and legislation was analysed to find out whether the
provision has brought about speedier proceedings or the opposite.
A thorough review is given of the criminal cases sent to court in 2010.
More than 800 cases were analysed to find out which problems stem
from the regulation of uninterrupted criminal proceedings.
Speakers:
Theme:
Noël J. Klima (European Crime Prevention Network
(EUCPN)
Maria Bislev (EUCPN National Representative
Denmark, Denmark and Det Kriminalpreventive Råd,
Denmark
The European Crime Prevention Network (EUCPN) was set up by
Council Decision 2009/902/JHA on 30 November 2009 repealing the
establishing Council Decision 2001/427/JHA. The Network consists of a
Board and a permanent Secretariat as well as contact points which are
designated by each Member State. The European Crime Prevention
Network contributes to developing the various aspects of crime prevention at the Union level, taking account of the European Union crime
preventive strategy, and supports crime prevention activities and good
practices at the national and local level. In line with the Council Decision
173
a Multiannual Strategy sets out long-term orientations for the European
Crime Prevention Network.
The goals of the Network are:
a) To be a point of reference for the target groups of the Network.
b) To disseminate qualitative knowledge on crime prevention.
c) To support crime prevention activities at national and local level.
d) To develop the EU policy and strategy of crime prevention and to
develop various aspects of crime prevention at EU level in respect of the
strategic priorities of EU. Concrete actions and projects to reach the
goals are planned in annual Work Programmes and reported in Annual
Reports.
The target groups of the Network are:
1) Practitioners and policymakers at local level.
2) Practitioners and policymakers at national level.
3) Relevant EU and international agencies, organisations, working
groups, etc.
The EUCPN also organises each year a Best Practice Conference and
rewards the best European crime prevention project with the European
Crime Prevention Award (ECPA).
More information on good practices, research, crime prevention strategies and policies can be retrieved from the EUCPN website:
www.eucpn.org
Speaker:
Laidi Surva (Estonian Ministry of Justice, Estonia)
Presentation title: Domestic homicide in Estonia
Theme:
Co-author: Jako Salla (Estonian Ministry of Justice, Estonia)
In Estonia, the general level of homicide is one of the highest in Europe.
The share of domestic homicide cases is approximately 20% of all homicide cases. Therefore, homicides between intimate partners and/or family
members are not rare and the number is in conjunction with the high
level of domestic violence in general. In 2011, domestic violence cases
were more thoroughly analysed to better understand what lies behind
the general statistics and how are domestic violence cases managed by
police, prosecutor’s office and the courts. Now the aim was to look more
specifically at domestic homicide cases, with a thorough review given on
the characteristics of domestic homicide cases (with a somewhat closer
view on instrumental violence cases, among others), the role of alcohol
and the use of weapons, criminal history of offenders, and sentencing
practice.
174
The presentation is based on a quantitative analysis of domestic homicide cases in Estonia between 2007 and 2011. Explanations for the high
number of homicide cases include the role of alcohol and cultural habits
and norms in Estonian society and Russian community within it in particular.
Speaker:
Jako Salla (Estonian Ministry of Justice, Estonia)
Presentation title: Police in Estonia – trust towards the institution and
doubts on capability
Theme:
Surveys show that Estonians have high levels of confidence towards police, it is one of the most trusted institutions in the country. In comparison to other European nations general trust indicators towards Estonian
police are also remarkably high.
On the other hand crime reporting to police in Estonia is low in comparison to European standards which is said to be one of the main chraracteristics of trust to police.
This and some other relevant controversies will be discussed in my
presentation. Presentation is based on the European Social Survey Justice
module data.
Speakers:
Nankabirwa Irene (Youth Crime Watch Uganda,
Uganda) and Nankya Shamim (Youth Crime Watch
Uganda, Uganda)
Presentation title: Crimes and trends of violence and conflicts in modern
society
Theme:
Contemporary Criminology
Co-author: Aisha Namutebi (Youth Crime Watch Uganda, Uganda)
There are some different and specific forms of crimes in the world today,
especially domestic violence and sexual violence. This paper focuses on
the trends of crime. Today we have difficulty in defining what violence
exactly is. It is a category of behavior to be defined first, then remedies
can be found as to minimize it in a community. Generally legal categories such as homicide, gang fights, wounding, sexual and domestic violence, assault, battery and street robbery, any crimes using bodily force
are crimes considered as violent. There is a tendency to include harassment and non physical violence in this concept. “Violent crime” is a
slippery term and covers a wide variety of physical and emotional behaviors. Some negligent crimes may also be considered as violent crimes, for
example deaths and injuries caused by aggressive or careless driving or
175
because of breach of health and safety regulations in mines, factories and
railways, food poisoning and polluting the environment.
This presentation is aimed at providing a detailed insight on the forms of
crime, violence, conflicts and their causes in society today. Just as there
are many forms of violence not only in society but even in politics, there
are also different reasons to explain violence: socio-biological, psychoanalytical, psychological, sub cultural theories, as will be seen in this
presentation.
Speaker:
Stockholm County Police (Stockholm County Police,
Sweden)
Presentation title: Safer Stockholm – Police initiatives for reducing
Crime
Theme:
Speaker:
Jenny Eklund (Centre for Health Equity Studies,
Sweden)
Presentation title: Does the effect of impulsive and sensation-seeking
traits on adolescent delinquency interact with
school-level characteristics? A multilevel study
Theme:
Research on crime shows that neighbourhoods characterised by low
socioeconomic status, high poverty, and ethnic diversity have increased
crime rates. According to the social disorganization theory, such factors
increase criminality by decreasing social cohesion and social control.
Theories on contextual effects on crime have also been applied to the
school setting. Studies show that factors related to the organization and
social structure at school, such as student-teacher ratio, parental socioeconomic status and ethnic characteristics, are associated with adolescent delinquency. Although parts of these aggregated associations are
due to the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals most research
finds contextual effects over and above the compositional effects. It is
reasonable to assume, however, that contextual effects are not the same
for all individuals. Indeed, research suggests that neighbourhood effects
on crime are stronger for certain adolescents. The results indicate that
those with low self-control are particularly affected by an environment
with low levels of social control. The aim of the study is to investigate
school effects on adolescent delinquency and test if school-level factors
interact with individual-level factors. The main questions addressed are
whether the effect of impulsive and sensation-seeking personality traits
on delinquency varies between schools, and if so, what school characteristics can explain this variation. The study is based on the Stockholm
School Survey and include adolescents attending 9th grade in 2008
(n=approx. 5200 students nested in 93 schools). Self-reported crimes,
176
impulsivity and sensation-seeking traits, and school-level factors such as
student-teacher ratio, teachers’ education, mean grades and proportion
of students with foreign background are used. Preliminary results from
multilevel analysis with cross-level interactions suggest that there is a
significant variation in adolescent delinquency between schools, even
after controlling for adolescents’ social background. Further, the effect
of impulsive and sensation-seeking traits on adolescent delinquency differs significantly between schools and is higher in schools with a higher
proportion of non-native students and in schools with lower mean
grades.
Speaker:
Christina Scheffel Birath (Karolinska Institutet,
Sweden)
Presentation title: Forced to perform criminal acts – male violence
against women with substance abuse problems
Theme:
Co-authors: Britt af Klinteberg (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden and
Stockholm University, Sweden) Ulla Beijer (Karolinska Institutet,
Sweden)
Background: To examine the occurrence and influence of male violence
against women with substance abuse, those with housing and homeless
women.
Methods: A descriptive study of 79 women in Stockholm with substance
misuse, (35 with housing, 44 homeless) was carried out from April 2010
to March 2011. Structured interviews were conducted regarding lifetime
experience of male violence, type of violence, and own criminal acts.
Results: More than half of the women (59%) had ever been prosecuted
for crimes, where the homeless women had three times higher risk (RR
3.4) than women with housing. Illicit drugs were dominating among the
homeless and alcohol among the women with housing. In total, 91% (72
of 79 women) had experienced male violence. Of those 99% reported
experiences of emotional/psychological violence, 90% physical, and
61% sexual violence. “Countless occasions of violent events” were reported by 71%, where homeless women had a significantly higher risk
(RR 1.62) compared to women with housing. Most common perpetrator
was former partner (88%). Over a third (36%) had been forced by a
man to perform criminal acts, where the homeless women had nearly
four times higher risk (RR 3.7) than women with housing.
Conclusions: Swedish women with substance abuse problems are extremely exposed to male violence during life, regardless of the differences
in their life situation. Furthermore, the homeless women had higher risk
to be forced to perform criminal acts. They also had higher risk to ever
177
been prosecuted for crimes, which might be associated with their overall
exposed life situation. The male violence seriously affected the women
emotionally, and we therefore conclude that there is of utmost importance to address exposure to male’s violence in treatment planning
for all women with substance abuse.
Speakers:
My Lilja (University of Gävle, Sweden)
Theme:
Presentation title: A study about fire-settings in Swedish highschools
The presentation will focus on a study about fire-setting in Swedish high
schools. The aim of the study was to analyze how high school students
and teachers regarded arson fires in schools. The data material included
semi-structured interviews and focus groups interviews with teachers and
students in seventh to ninth grade. The material revealed that most high
school students regarded arson as a serious crime. However, many students argued that arson was not common in their schools. Instead of
discussing arson many students began to talk about fire setting (playing
with fire) in their schools and many said that this was a very common
phenomenon. They argued that students’ “playing with lighters” was
especially common. Many respondents said that both boys and girls are
playing with fire in schools. The teachers argued, as the students, that
arson was a serious crime. However, also several teachers said that there
had been students playing with fire in their schools. Most respondents
had a positive attitude towards the work by the rescue services and said
that they have generally good knowledge about how to extinguish a fire.
Many teachers mentioned that time constraints was a problem in the
preventative work against arson and several said that this work take a
lot of time. The respondents also discussed whether the preventative
work against arson is expected to be included in their work. One main
finding of the study was that many of the interviewed high school students regarded arson and playing with fire in schools as two separate
issues.
Speakers:
Karoline Ellrich (Criminological Research Institute of
Lower Saxony, Germany) Dirk Baier (Criminological
Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Germany)
Presentation title: Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in
victimized police officers
Theme:
Numerous studies identified factors which influence psychological problems of people experiencing traumatic events. In this context characteristics such as sex, previous traumatization or interpersonal brutality have
been found to be relevant predictors. However in case of police officers
little is known about such factors, although this group is often confront178
ed with potentially traumatic situations in their work (e. g. life threatening violence). Based on a sample of 808 police officers the poster will
present the influence of demographic factors as well as factors of the
situation, the assaulters and the police organization in explaining posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. All of the police officers experienced
at least one assault in 2009 that resulted in not less than one sick leave
day. The analyses show that the officers symptoms are multifactorial
determinate. Relevant factors also concern organizational aspects of the
police as an institution. Therefore police itself is able to reduce psychological problems due to violent victimization at least to some degree.
Speaker:
Paul Jesilow (University of California, USA)
Presentation title: Is Sweden Doomed to Repeat U.S. Errors? Fraud in
Sweden’s Health Care System
Theme:
Frauds committed by recipients of public insurance and providers of
health care are stealing millions of kronor from Swedish taxpayers each
year. Privatization in Sweden’s health care will likely increase the losses
from fraud. Vardval, Sweden’s latest method to transfer the delivery of
health services from public entities to private ones, focuses on primary
care and is an attempt to secure ‘‘seamless’’ treatment for patients at a
nearby location and hopefully reduce health care costs. But the new policy also creates numerous opportunities for unscrupulous providers and
patients to steal from Sweden’s taxpayer-supported programs. The intent
of the current research was to explore the impacts of privatization on the
regulation of Swedish health care. One of those impacts, it is argued, will
be a need for Swedish officials to attend to a growing crime problem.
Lessons from the United States suggest that government attention to the
problem at this early stage is needed to prevent the thefts from growing
and becoming a major drain on Sweden’s budget, as they are in the
United States.
179
Speakers index
LAST NAME
FIRST NAME
SESSION(S)
Akhgar
Alvazzi del Frate
Andersson
Andersson
Andersson Ek
Andréasson
Angel
Ask
Baier
Baker
Barba
Barredo Capelot
Basten
Beckley
Bellander Todino
Bislev
Bjørgo
Bjørnebekk
Boisnard
Bojarski
Bottoms
Brax
Brorsson
Brännström
Buelens
Burgard
Carlsson
Ceccato
Chang
Croxatto
Das
Das
Davidson
de Poot
de Waard
Debarati
Décary-Hétu
Desroches
Donkin
Duquet
Edmunds
Babak
Anna
Jacob
Jan
Mia
Marcus
Caroline
Beatrice
Dirk
David
Davide
Eduardo
Mariëlle
Amber L.
Ingrid
Maria
Tore
Ragnhild
Stéphanie
Janusz
Anthony
David
Gustav
Ulf
Bart
Anna
Christoffer
Vania
Yao-Chung Lennon
Guido Leonardo
Dilip
Minitie
Julia
Christianne J.
Jaap
Halder
David
Frederick
Susan
Nils
Alan
TUE12
TUE05, WED07
WED20
TUE07
MON16
WED20
MON03
MON01, MON02
Poster session
WED05, WED12
MON15
TUE11
TUE14
MON20
TUE07
Poster session
WED06
MON21
MON15
WED11
MON19, WED09
TUE17
MON18
WED20
TUE11
WED08
MON18
TUE04
WED09
WED11
WED05
WED05
TUE03
WED13
TUE01, TUE14
WED08
WED15
WED18
MON12
WED18
MON07
180
Ein-Tal
Eklund
Ellrich
Elonheimo
Eman
Eneman
Eriksson
Ezendam
Faiia
Fanny
Farabee
Farrington
Fattah
Forsemalm
Fortune
Funnell
Gatti
Gerell
Geurts
Giannini
Gill
Giuseppina Muratore
Goodey
Goossens
Granström
Groenhuijsen
Grove
Guariglia
Giudice Saget
Guzy
Hadjijevska
Hagit
Haisma
Halder
Hall
Hanbert
Hanslmaier
Hardie
Harne
Haugen
Hayes
Heber
Hedlund
Hein
Heinke
Helga
Irit
Jenny
Karoline
Henrik
Katja
Marie
Li
Helga
M. Marcoux
Klerx –van Mierlo
David
David P.
Ezzat
Joakim
Dave
Corinne
Uberto
Manne
Teun
Anna Maria
Charlotte
Maria
Joanna
Ludo
Görel
Marc
Louise
Cecilia
Anna
Nathalie
Sofka
Turjeman
Ida
Debarati
Matthew
Ann
Michael
Beth
Lynne
Hanne
Hennessey
Anita
Gun
Amadeus
Daniel
Ezendam
181
Poster session
Poster session
Poster session
MON09
TUE12
MON05
MON12
TUE14
WED15
MON14
WED10
MON11
TUE08
WED14
TUE12
TUE17
WED06
TUE10
WED04
MON15
MON04
TUE18
TUE07, TUE18
TUE06
WED01
TUE07,WED01
MON07
MON15
WED16
TUE11
MON13
TUE10
TUE15
WED08
MON10
MON21
MON23
MON19
TUE19
WED20
TUE09
WED04
TUE19
MON23
MON22
TUE14
Hellströmmer
Hirtenlehner
Hjerppe
Hollari
Hopkins
Hosoi
Hultblad
Hunhold
Huygen
Huys
Högberg Eriksson
Ingves
Ingvild
Irene
Ann
Helmut
Ulf
Solveig
Kathryn
Yoko
Anna
Daniela
Nina
Harry
Elisabeth
Katinka
Magnæs Gjelsvik
Nankabirwa
Irit
Jammers
Ein-Tal
Victor
Jesilow
Jofjord
Jaishankar
Paul
Lotta
K.
Kangaspunta
Kasselt
Keidel
Kerner
Khodyreva
Kiernan
Klerx-van Mierlo
Klima
Klopets
Kool
Korsell
Leitgoeb
Leppänen
Kristiina
Julia
Leo
Hans-Jürgen
Natalia
Christina
Fanny
Noël J.
Urvo
Renée
Lars
Heinz
Anna
Letschert
Lewakowski
Lien
Lilja
Lindeberg
Lindgren
Lindström
Liu
Ljunggren
Lösel
Rianne
Bridget
Inger-Lise
My
Jörgen
Magnus
Peter
Jianhong
Johan
Friedrich
182
WED20
MON06
TUE06
MON16
MON09
MON17
TUE19
TUE16
TUE06
TUE18
TUE19
TUE19
WED06
WED19
Poster session
Poster session
MON02, TUE01,
TUE14
Poster session
WED14
MON02, MON17,
WED08
TUE12, WED16
Poster session
WED10
MON19, TUE08
MON08
WED03
MON14
Poster session
Poster session
MON05
WED13
TUE11
WED15,
Poster session
TUE01
TUE04
WED06
Poster session
TUE03
MON07, MON15
WED03
MON17
WED03
MON11
Mabunda
Magneas Gjelsvik
Manchin
Martellozzo
Masters
McGee
Menzies Munthe-Kaas
Meyer
Mijovic-Das
Milosevic
Moriyama
Mork Lomell
Muys
Mühlenbock
Månsson
Nevala
Neyroud
Nikolic-Ristanovic
Nivala
Noonan
Oberwittler
Quiet
Ingvild
Robert
Elena
Arjun
Tara Renae
Heather
Silke
Ana
Randel
Tadashi
Heidi
Marjolein
Ylva
Stig
Sami
Peter
Vesna
Johanna
Eamoon
Dietrich
Obsuth
Oleson
Olofsson
Parmar
Parmentier
Pavsic Mrevlje
Peršak
Persson
Persson
Pettersson
Pirnat
Pisklakova-Parker
Prat
Pridemore
Querol Viñas
Qureshi
Raine
Ransley
Rezansoff
Rich
Rinkevics
Rizk
Roché
Rock
Ingrid
James C.
Git
Alpa
Stephan
Tinkara
Nina
Mareike
Olga
Karl-Åke
Carlotta
Marina
Sebastien
William Alex
Nuria
Faiza
Adrian
Janet
Stefanie N.
Karen
Andis
Cyril
Sebastian
Paul
183
WED12
WED09
TUE05
TUE03
TUE09
MON12
TUE15
WED19
WED05
WED02
MON17
MON05
TUE17
WED14
WED02
TUE05
MON04, TUE15
MON02, WED02
MON 15
TUE15
MON19, TUE16,
Poster session
MON06
WED11
Poster session
TUE16
TUE01, TUE08
MON15
WED04
MON22
MON08
WED02
WED17
MON08
WED15
TUE10
MON06
WED12
WED10
MON20
MON09
WED19
WED19
TUE11
TUE16
MON03
Rossi
Rossner
Rubing
Ryggmark
Rypi
Rönnmark
Salla
Salo
Sarnecki
Saurombe
Scheffel Birath
Schrama
Sebba
Sevdiren
Sgalla
Shamim
Carlo
Meredith
Per
Waldemar
Anna
Lars
Jako
Lena
Jerzy
Amos
Christina
Wendy
Leslie
Oznur
Roberto
Nankya
Shannon
Shapland
Shekhar
David
Joanna
Beulah
Sherman
Lawrence
Schroyen
Shryane
Singh Jamwal
Sivertsson
Sjödin
Sokullu-Akinci
Evi
Therese
Rameshwar
Fredrik
Anna-Kari
Füsun
Solome
Somers
Spapens
Stewart
Strang
Surva
Svartz
Sybesma
Teixeria da Cruz
ten Boom
Thomann
Tocora
Tomkovic
Trajtenberg
Treiber
Tseloni
Nanteza
Julian M
Toine
Anna
Heather
Laidi
Per
Ineke
Paula
Annemarie
Christian
Fernando
Jelena
Nicolas
Kyle
Andromachi
184
MON15
TUE02
TUE06
WED17
TUE09
MON21
Poster session
WED14
MON18
WED08
Poster session
WED04
MON10
TUE09
MON15
WED19
Poster session
MON15, TUE03
MON10
WED09, Poster
Session
MON03, MON19,
TUE02, TUE08
WED12
TUE12
WED10
MON18
Poster session
MON13, TUE08,
WED15
WED19
WED17
MON13
MON12
MON03, TUE02
Poster session
WED05
TUE14
MON02
TUE14, Poster session
WED18
WED11
WED02
WED11
MON19
WED07
Tsutomi
Ttofi
Turjeman
Ugochukwu
Uittenbogaard
van Dijk
Hiroshi
Maria M.
Hagit
Osuagwu
Adriaan
Jan
van der Leij
Vetterfalk
Vigna
Bas
Vidar
Ana
Vynckier
Gerwinde
Waggoner
Kimberlee G.
Walklate
Sandra
Webster
Stephen
Weisburd
David
Wennerström
Erik
Wergens
Anna
Wikander
Anders
Wikström
Per-Olof H
Wilhelmsson
Mats
Zagrodzki
Mathieu
Örnemark Hansen
Helén
Stockholm County Police
185
MON06
MON11
TUE10
WED11
TUE04
MON02, MON14,
TUE06, TUE13
TUE18, WED16
TUE13
WED13
MON08
WED11, Poster
Session
MON13
MON20
MON02
TUE03
MON04
MON01, TUE08
WED01
WED05
MON19
TUE04
TUE16
MON22
Poster session
Notes
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
186
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
187
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
188
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
189
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
190
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
191
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
192
Amendments to the program
••• Stockholm Criminology Symposium 2012
Session: MON 04
Comment: New title on David Weisburd’s presentation: Can the police prevent crime? What
has been learned from systematic reviews in policing
Session: MON 13
Comment: Sven-Erik Alhem will present in this session. The title of his presentation is: Why is it
so important to have high quality in a criminal investigation?
Marina Malish Sazdovska and Sofka Hadjijevska will not present in this session
Session: MON 15
Comment: Stephanie Boisnard will not present in this session.
Comment: Pierre Avrillon, Maria Grazia Ruggerini, Emanuela Tizzani and Francesca Baralla
will present in this session.
Session: MON 16
Comment: The method has been elaborated by the City of Gothenburg’s cental crime
prevention council, entitled Tryggare och Mänskligare Göteborg (A more Secure and
More Humane Gothenburg)
Session: MON 17
Comment: Tadashi Moriyama will not present in this session
Session: POSTER SESSION
Comment: Vesa Muttilainen will present together with Anna Leppänen
Comment: Irene Nankabirwa, Shamim Nankya and Ana Vigna will not present posters.
Session: TUE 08
Comment: Ezzat Fattah will not present in this session
Session: TUE 09
Comment: Arjun Masters will not present in this session
Session: TUE 17
Comment: Marjolein Muys will not present in this session
Session: WED 02
Comment: Karl-Åke Pettersson will not chair this session. Magnus Lindgren will chair this
session.
Mailing address: Brottsförebyggande rådet.
Box 1386, 111 93 Stockholm, Sweden.
Phone: +46 (0) 8 401 87 82. Fax: +46 (0) 8 411 90 75
E-mail: [email protected]
www.criminologysymposium.com
Session: WED 04
Comment: Teun Geurts will not present in this session
Session: WED 06
Comment: Correct title of Tore Bjørgo and Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik abstract: Ex-Pirates in
Somalia: Processes of engagement, disengagement and reintegration.
Session: WED 08
Comment: Amos Saurombe will not present in this session
Session: WED 10
Comment: Rameshwar Singh Jamwal will not present in this session
Session: WED 11
Comment: Carlotta Pirnat will present in this session
Comment: Nicolas Trajtenberg. Ana Vigna, Fernando Tocora and Osuagwu Ugochukwu will
not present in this session
Session: WED 12
Comment: Quiet Mabunda will not present in this session
Session: WED 17
Comment: Carlotta Pirnat will not present in this session
Comment: Waldemar Ryggmark is a delegate from Skyddsvärnet Treatment Center, not from
Criminal’s Return into Society Sweden.
Session: WED 18
Comment: Marcella Granick will present together with Frederick Desroches
Session: WED 19
Comment: Karen Rich will not present in this session
Comment: Silke Meyer will chair this session
Mailing address: Brottsförebyggande rådet.
Box 1386, 111 93 Stockholm, Sweden.
Phone: +46 (0) 8 401 87 82. Fax: +46 (0) 8 411 90 75
E-mail: [email protected]
www.criminologysymposium.com

Program 2012 - Criminology Symposium

Transcripción

Documentos relacionados

Factoring Malware and Organized Crime in to Web

Police Annual Report - City of Garden Grove

Summer 2014 - Royal Gibraltar Police

Untitled - Fundación de los Colegios Médicos para la Cooperación

Understanding Crime Trends - Workshop Report, NAS

in english - PinchukArtCentre

Making it Harder for the Bad Guys

worldreport | 2011 - Human Rights Watch

Neighborhood Watch - Berwyn Police Department

Internet matters: The Net`s sweeping impact on growth, jobs, and