REFERENCE PAGES - Hillsdale Community Schools

Transcripción

Reference Pages
Contents
Mini Almanac
R1
Foldables
R6
Skills Handbook
R12
Primary Sources & Literature Library
R32
English/Spanish Glossary
R58
Index
R93
Acknowledgments and Photo Credits
R120
Mini Almanac
(l) Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS, (r) Bettmann/CORBIS
A
n almanac is a book or table that
contains a variety of statistical, tabular, or
general information. The most common
almanacs in history have been those that
kept astronomical data or that gave weather
predictions and related advice to farmers.
In agricultural societies it was important
to keep accounts of natural phenomena so
that farmers would have an idea of when
to plant and harvest their crops. Ancient
Egyptians carved their almanacs on sticks
of wood and called them “fingers of the
sun.” The first printed almanac was
prepared in Europe in 1457. The Old
Farmer’s Almanac has been published
continuously since 1792. Because almanacs
are compact and concise, they are a popular
way of presenting a wide variety of
information.
Mini Almanac
R1
Population (in billions)
MINI ALMANAC
World Population, A.D. 1–2005
6
2005
6.46 billion
5
1999
6 billion
4
1974
4 billion
3
1927
2 billion
2
1650
500 million
1
200 million
1
1804
1 billion
0
A.D.
500
1
1000
1500
2000
Year
0OPULATIONBY#ONTINENT
Source: United Nations Population Division, 2005.
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R4
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Mini Almanac
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Mini Almanac
R5
Foldables
FOLDABLES
Dinah Zike’s Foldables™ are three-dimensional, interactive, graphic organizers
used to help organize and retain information. Every chapter in your text uses a Foldable to help
you identify and learn about the Big Ideas discussed in the chapter. The following pages provide
complete folding instructions for the nine different Foldables used throughout your Student
Edition text.
Table of Contents
Folded Table or Chart . . . . . . R7
Three-Pocket Book . . . . . . . . R9
Four-Tab Book. . . . . . . . . . . . R7
Three-Tab Book . . . . . . . . . R10
Four-Door Book . . . . . . . . . . R8
Trifold Book . . . . . . . . . . . . R11
Layered-Look Book. . . . . . . . R8
Two-Tab Book . . . . . . . . . . . R11
Shutter Fold . . . . . . . . . . . . . R9
>PF@ä$LIA>?IBä1E>MBP
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R6
Foldables
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Folded Table or Chart
1. Fold the number of vertical columns needed to make the table or chart.
2. Fold the horizontal rows needed to make the table or chart.
3. Label the rows and columns.
Remember: Tables are organized along vertical and horizontal axes, while charts
are organized along one axis, either horizontal or vertical.
Table
Chart
FOLDABLES
Four-Tab Book
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fold a sheet of paper (8½" × 11") in half like a hot dog.
Fold this long rectangle in half like a hamburger.
Fold both ends back to touch the mountain top or fold it like an accordion.
On the side with two valleys and one mountain top, make vertical cuts
through one thickness of paper, forming four tabs.
Use this book for data occurring in fours.
1
3
2
4
Foldables
R7
Four-Door Book
FOLDABLES
1. Make a shutter fold using 11" × 17" or 12" × 18" paper.
2. Fold the shutter fold in half like a hamburger. Crease well.
3. Open the project and cut along the two inside valley folds.
4. These cuts will form four doors on the inside of the project.
Use this fold for data occurring in fours. When folded in half like a hamburger, a
finished four-door book can be glued inside a large (11" × 17") shutter fold as
part of a larger project.
1
2
3
4
Layered-Look Book
1. Stack two sheets of paper (8½" × 11") so that the back sheet is one inch
higher than the front sheet.
2. Bring the bottom of both sheets upward and align the edges so that all of the
layers or tabs are the same distance apart.
3. When all tabs are an equal distance apart, fold the papers and crease well.
4. Open the papers and glue them together along the valley, or inner center fold,
or staple them along the mountain.
1
2
3
R8
4
Foldables
Shutter Fold
1. Begin as if you were going to make a hamburger but instead of creasing the
paper, pinch it to show the midpoint.
2. Fold the outer edges of the paper to meet at the pinch, or midpoint, forming a
shutter fold.
Use this book for data occurring in twos. Or, make this fold using 11" × 17"
paper and smaller books—such as the half-book, journal, and two-tab book—
that can be glued inside to create a large project full of student work.
FOLDABLES
1
2
Three-Pocket Book
1. Fold a horizontal sheet of paper (11" × 17") into thirds.
2. Fold the bottom edge up two inches and crease well. Glue the outer edges of
the two-inch tab to create three pockets.
3. Label each pocket. Use to hold notes taken on index cards or quarter sheets
of paper.
1
2
3
Foldables
R9
Three-Tab Book
FOLDABLES
1. Fold a sheet of paper like a hot dog.
2. With the paper horizontal, and the fold of the hot dog up, fold the right side
toward the center, trying to cover one half of the paper.
Note: If you fold the right edge over first, the final graphic organizer will open
and close like a book.
3. Fold the left side over the right side to make a book with three folds.
4. Open the folded book. Place your hands between the two thicknesses of paper
and cut up the two valleys on one side only. This will form three tabs.
Use this book for data occurring in threes, and for two-part Venn diagrams.
Variation A:
Draw overlapping circles on the three tabs to make a Venn diagram.
Variation B:
Cut each of the three tabs in half to make a six-tab book.
1
2
3
4
R10
Foldables
Trifold Book
1. Fold a sheet of paper (8½" × 11") into thirds.
2. Use this book as is, or cut into shapes. If the trifold is cut, leave plenty of fold
on both sides of the designed shape, so the book will open and close in three
sections.
Use this book to make charts with three columns or rows, large Venn diagrams,
and reports on data occurring in threes.
FOLDABLES
1
2
Two-Tab Book
1. Fold a sheet of paper like a hamburger. Make a second hamburger fold.
2. Cut up the valley of the inside fold toward the mountain top. This cut forms
two large tabs that can be used front and back for writing and illustrations.
The book can be expanded by making several of these folds and gluing them
side-by-side.
Use this book with data occurring in twos. For example, use it for comparing and
contrasting, determining cause and effect, finding similarities and differences,
and more.
1
2
Foldables
R11
Skills Handbook
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Critical Thinking Skills
Identifying the Main Idea
Determining Cause and Effect
Making Generalizations
Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
Formulating Questions
Analyzing Information
Evaluating Information
Making Inferences
Comparing and Contrasting
Detecting Bias
Synthesizing Information
Drawing Conclusions
Predicting
Problems and Solutions
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R19
R20
R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
Social Studies Skills
Reading a Map
Interpreting Graphs
Sequencing Events
Interpreting Political Cartoons
Analyzing Primary Sources
Chad Baker-Ryan McVay/Getty Images
R27
R28
R29
R30
R31
Identifying the Main Idea
Why Learn This Skill?
Finding the main idea in a reading passage will help you see the “big picture” by
organizing information and assessing the most important concepts to remember.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to identify the main idea.
Then answer the questions below.
2. As you read the
material, ask: What
is the purpose of this
passage?
3. Skim the material to
identify its general
subject. Look at
the headings and
subheadings.
Evidence indicates that all the victims were ritually
killed to consecrate successive stages of the [Pyramid
of the Moon’s] construction. . . . A wounded foreigner,
most likely a prisoner of war, was apparently buried
alive with his hands tied behind him. Animals representing mythical powers and military might surrounded
him—pumas, a wolf, eagles, a falcon, an owl, and
rattlesnakes. . . . Finely crafted offerings included
weapons of obsidian and a figurine of solid greenstone,
perhaps a war goddess to whom the burial was dedicated.
Each subsequent burial was different, but all had the
same aim: “Human sacrifice was important to control
the people,” says Sugiyanga, “to convince them to do
what their rulers wanted.”
—A. R. Williams, “Pyramid of Death,” National
Geographic, October 2006
4. Identify any details
that support a larger
idea or issue.
5. Identify the central
issue. Ask: What part of
the selection conveys
the main idea?
▲
Pyramid of the Moon, Mexico
SKILLS HANDBOOK
1. Determine the
setting of the
passage.
Practicing the Skill
1. Where did this article appear?
2. What is the main idea of the passage?
3. What details support the main idea?
Find an article about the city of Teotihuacán
and bring it to class. On a slip of paper, write
the main idea of the article and explain why it
is important. Display the article and the slip of
paper on a bulletin board.
Skills Handbook
Richard I’Anson/Lonely Planet Images
R13
Determining Cause and Effect
Determining cause and effect involves considering why an event occurred. A cause
is the action or situation that produces an event. What happens as a result of the
cause is an effect.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to identify cause-and-effect
relationships. Then answer the questions below.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
2. Decide whether one
event caused the other.
Look for “clue words”
such as because, led to,
due to, brought about,
produced, as a result
of, so that, since, and
therefore.
4. Identify the outcomes
of events. Remember
that some effects have
more than one cause,
and some causes lead
to more than one effect.
Also, an effect can
become the cause of
yet another effect.
3. Look for logical
Since the aftermath of the 1991 gulf war, nearly four
relationships between
million Kurds have enjoyed complete autonomy in the
events, such as “She
region of Iraqi Kurdistan—protected from Saddam under
overslept, and then
a “no-fly zone” north of the 36th parallel and behind the
she missed her bus.”
defensive wall of the Kurds’ highly disciplined army, the
peshmerga. They have held region-wide elections, formed
a legislature, and chosen a president, establishing a world
entirely apart from Baghdad—a de facto independent
state. For the first time in their long history, Kurds are
wielding significant political power, successfully negotiating for control over their own military forces and author- 1. Identify two or
more events or
ity over new oil discoveries in their own terrain. Under
developments.
the federated Iraq being called for by the international
community, they would have powers of autonomy that
match—or even exceed—what they now enjoy.
—Frank Viviano, “The Kurds in Control,”
National Geographic, January 2006
▲
An Iraqi Kurd
1. Based on the reading, why have the Kurds in
Iraq begun to enjoy complete autonomy?
2. What is the cause for this recent autonomy?
3. What is the cause-and-effect chain that could
lead to an even greater autonomy and international recognition of this autonomy?
R14
Thomas Dworzak/Magnum Photos
Skills Handbook
Use library or Internet sources to research
Kurdish culture under the rule of Saddam
Hussein. Then explain the causes and effects
of his dictatorship in a chart like the following:
Causes
Kurdish culture
Effects
Making Generalizations
Generalizations are judgments that are usually true, based on the facts at hand.
If you say, “We have a great soccer team,” you are making a generalization. If you
also say that your team is undefeated, you are providing evidence to support your
generalization.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to make a valid generalization.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
1. Identify the
subject matter.
Berbers live throughout North Africa, but nowhere
has denial of their identity been more systematic than
in Morocco, ethnically the most Berber of the region’s
2. Collect factual
countries. Although 60 percent of its population claim
information and
Berber descent and nearly 40 percent speak one of three
examples relevant
Berber languages, Morocco’s constitution declares the
to the topic.
country part of Arab North Africa, proclaims Arabic as
its official language, and makes no mention of the Berbers.
This is a legacy of the Arab nationalism that sparked
colonial-era independence movements in the region and,
in the name of unity, ignored or even suppressed the
cultures and languages of non-Arab peoples.
—Jeffrey Taylor, “Among the Berbers,”
National Geographic, January 2005
3. Identify similarities
among these facts.
4. Use these similarities to
form some general ideas
about the subject.
1. Based on the facts above, what generalization
can you make about the status of Berbers in
Morocco?
2. What evidence supports your generalization?
Use library or Internet resources to research
the status of Berbers in another country in
North Africa. Write a generalization based on
what you found. Provide details to support your
generalization.
Skills Handbook
R15
Distinguishing Fact From Opinion
Distinguishing fact from opinion can help you make reasonable judgments about
what others say and write. Facts can be proved by evidence such as records, documents, or historical sources. Opinions are based on people’s differing values and
beliefs.
Learning the Skill
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Follow these steps to learn how to identify facts and opinions.
▲
2. If a statement can be
proved by information
from a reliable source, it
is factual.
After decades of economic progress, Puerto Rico is
struggling, and the mainland has both missed this horrific
1. Identify the facts. Ask:
economic slide and contributed to it through benign
Can these statements
neglect.
be proved? Where
Poverty on the island is rampant. The per capita
would I find information
income is just about half that of the poorest state in the
to verify them?
United States. Nearly one-third of the population was
unemployed in 2000. And a good quarter of all employment is in government jobs . . .
The bleak picture is set out in a long-overdue, exhaustive study . . . from the Center for the New Economy,
3. Identify opinions by
a nonpartisan Puerto Rican research group, and the
looking for statements
Brookings Institution.
of feelings or beliefs.
Much of the blame can be put on Washington, which
They may contain
has been tone deaf to the island’s needs and has miscalcuwords like should,
lated where help was needed. . . .
would, could, best,
greatest, all, every, or
—New York Times, “Puerto Rico, an Island in
always.
Distress,” October 23, 2006
A street vendor, Puerto Rico
1. What are two factual statements in the editorial?
2. Which statements are opinions?
R16
Skills Handbook
Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions
Find a news article and an editorial about the
same issue. Identify two facts and two opinions
from these sources.
Formulating Questions
Asking questions helps you to process information and understand what you read.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to formulate questions.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
2. Ask who, what, when,
where, why, and how
about the main ideas,
places, and events.
1. Think about questions you
have. Often you can find
the answers in the next
paragraph or section.
Feudal Order
Kings
Land
(fief)
Fees, loyalty,
military support
Lords
Medieval knight
Fees, loyalty,
military support
Land
Knights
Protection
Fees, loyalty, labor
Serfs
3. Reread to find answers to
your questions.
1. What is the topic of the chart?
2. Select the parts of the chart you would like to
understand better.
3. Formulate two questions about these parts.
4. Where might you find answers to your questions?
Formulate two more questions about the information on this page. Then use Internet sources
to find answers to your questions.
Skills Handbook
SuperStock
R17
Analyzing Information
The ability to analyze information is important in deciding what you think about
a subject. Analysis requires a critical study of what an author or artist is trying to
get across.
Learning the Skill
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Follow these steps to learn how to analyze information.
Divided Germany and the Berlin Airlift
1. Identify the
topic that
is being
discussed.
60°N
FPO
SOVIET
UNION
Hamburg
British
NETH. Zone
0
POLAND
N
Berlin
Hannover
Brunswick
EAST
GERMANY
50°N
S
20°E
WEST
GERMANY
Am
LUX.
FRANCE French
Zone
SWITZ.
er
ic a
25°E
CZECH.
nZ
on AUSTRIA
e
British
French
Zone
Zone
10°E
200 miles
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
E
W
Frankfurt
2. Examine how the
information is
organized. What are
the main points?
0
200 kilometers
ITALY
YUGO.
15°E
Allied occupation zone
Soviet occupation zone
Routes of the Berlin
Airlift, 1948 –1949
Iron Curtain
Division of Allied zone
3. Summarize the information in your own words, and
then make a statement of your own based on your
understanding of the topic and what you already know.
1. Based on the title, what does the information on
the map represent?
2. How is the information organized? What are the
main points?
3. Summarize the information from the map, and
then provide your analysis based on the information and what you know about the Berlin Airlift.
R18
Skills Handbook
Find a news story about another airlift operation in history. Analyze the story and use your
analysis to summarize the similarities and
differences between this airlift and the Berlin
Airlift.
Evaluating Information
We live in an information age. The amount of information available can be overwhelming, and it is sometimes difficult to know when information is true and useful.
You need to evaluate what you read and hear to determine the reliability of the
information presented.
Learning the Skill
Source A
Oil prices are so high, becuz big oil companys
are trying to goug us. Greedy oil executives, are
driven up prices to get richer.
—published on an individual’s Internet blog
SKILLS HANDBOOK
When evaluating information to
determine its reliability, ask yourself
the following questions as you read:
• Is there bias? In other words, does
the source unfairly present just
one point of view, ignoring any
arguments against it?
• Is the information published in a
credible, reliable publication?
• Is the author or speaker identified?
Is he or she an authority
on the subject?
• Is the information up-to-date?
• Is the information backed up by
facts and other sources?
Does it seem to be accurate?
• Is it well-written and well-edited?
Writing that has errors in spelling,
grammar, and punctuation is likely
to be careless in other ways as well.
Source B
It’s certainly clear that high oil prices aren’t
dulling demand for energy products. According
to the Energy Dept.’s Energy Information
Administration (EIA), U.S. demand for gasoline
in June was 9.5 million barrels a day, a record.
—BusinessWeek, July 7, 2006
Source C
The single biggest factor in the inflation rate last
year was from one cause: the skyrocketing prices
of OPEC oil. We must take whatever actions are
necessary to reduce our dependence on foreign
oil—and at the same time reduce inflation.
—President Jimmy Carter, January 23, 1980
Look at the above statements about oil prices. Rank
them in order of most reliable to least reliable, and
then explain why you ranked them as you did.
Find an advertisement that contains text and
bring it to class. In a brief oral presentation, tell
the class whether the information in the advertisement is reliable or unreliable and why.
Skills Handbook
R19
Making Inferences
To infer means to evaluate information and arrive at a conclusion. When you
make inferences, you “read between the lines,” or use clues to figure something out
that is not stated directly in the text.
Learning the Skill
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Follow these steps to learn how to make inferences.
1. Read carefully
for stated facts
and ideas.
In Bamako I live in a guest house called the Centre
d’Acceuil, run by Spanish nuns. The rooms are cheap—
a bed, mosquito netting. The bad thing about the Centre
d’Acceuil is that although there are ten rooms for rent,
there is only one shower. Moreover, it is constantly
occupied these days by a young Norwegian, who came
here not realizing how hot it gets in Bamako. The African
interior is always white-hot. It is a plateau relentlessly
bombarded by the rays of the sun, which appears to be
suspended directly above the earth here: make one careless
gesture, it seems, try leaving the shade, and you will go
up in flames….The Norwegian, after several suffocating,
sweltering days, decided to leave everything and return
home. But he had to wait for the plane. And the only way
he could survive until then, he concluded, was by never
coming out from under the shower.
—Ryszard Kapus’cin’ski, The Shadow of the Sun
2. Summarize the
information and list
important facts.
3. Apply related
information that you
may already know.
4. Use your knowledge
and insight to
develop some logical
conclusions.
1. What facts are presented in the passage?
2. What can you infer from the presence of mosquito netting?
3. What can you infer about the availability of air
transportation in Bamako?
R20
Skills Handbook
Make inferences based on pictures of Africa
you find on the Internet, and write questions
based on your inferences. Exchange your pictures and questions with another student and
answer each other’s questions.
Comparing and Contrasting
When you make comparisons, you determine similarities among ideas, objects,
or events. When you contrast, you are noting differences between ideas, objects,
or events. Comparing and contrasting are important skills because they help you
choose among several possible alternatives.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to compare and contrast.
2. To compare, determine a common area or
areas in which comparisons can be drawn.
Look for similarities within these areas.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
1. Identify or decide what
two or more items will
be compared and/or
contrasted.
Life in Mesopotamia and Egypt
Mesopotamia
Geography
Egypt
Fertile Crescent (Southwest Asia) Africa
Rivers
Tigris and Euphrates
Nile
Natural Barriers
Flat plains
Deserts, seas, cataracts
Religion
Polytheistic
Polytheistic
Government
City-states; theocracy; large
bureaucracy; kings ruled
Rural villages; dynasties;
divine kings ruled
SocialStructure
Nobles, commoners, slaves
Upper classes, merchants,
artisans, peasants
Economy
Farming and trade
Farming and trade
Written Language Cuneiform
Hieroglyphics
3. To contrast, look for areas that are different.
These areas set the items apart from each other.
1. What characteristics does the table use to
compare and contrast life in Mesopotamia
and Egypt?
2. How was life in Mesopotamia similar to life
in Egypt?
3. How was life in Mesopotamia different from life
in Egypt?
With a partner, research life in the other three
early culture hearths—the Indus Valley, the
Huang He Valley, and Middle America. Use
your information to create a table like the one
above. Develop three questions based on your
table. Exchange your work with another pair of
students and answer the questions based on
their table.
Skills Handbook
R21
Detecting Bias
Most people have a point of view, or bias. This bias influences the way they
interpret and write about events. Recognizing bias helps you judge the accuracy of
what you hear or read.
Learning the Skill
4. Identify any expression
of opinion or emotion.
Look for words that
have positive or
negative overtones
for clues about the
author’s feelings on
The bourgeoisie . . . has put an end to all feudal,
the topic.
patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder
the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural
superiors,” and has left remaining no other nexus
5. Determine how
between man and man than naked self-interest, than
the author’s
callous “cash payment.” It has drowned the most
point of view is
heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous
reflected in the
enthusiasm . . . in the icy water of egotistical calculation.
work.
It has resolved personal worth into exchange value. And
in place of the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms,
has set up that single, unconscionable freedom—Free
Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious
and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, brutal
exploitation.
—Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
The Manifesto of the Communist Party
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Follow these steps to learn how to detect bias.
3. Determine the
author’s point
of view.
2. Identify
statements
of fact.
1. Examine the author’s identity,
especially his or her views and
particular interests.
▲
Karl Marx
1. Are there any statements of fact presented in this
passage? If so, what are they?
2. What opinions are stated?
3. What evidence of bias do you find? Do the
authors think it is a good thing or a bad thing that
the bourgeoisie have put an end to feudal ties?
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Imagno/Getty Images
Skills Handbook
Find written material about a topic of interest to
you. Possible sources include editorials, letters
to the editor, and political pamphlets. Apply the
steps for recognizing bias to the material. Write
a paragraph summarizing your findings.
Synthesizing Information
Synthesizing information involves combining information from two or more
sources. Information gained from one source often sheds new light upon other
information.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to synthesize information.
Then answer the questions that follow.
Source A
1. Analyze each source
separately to understand
its meaning.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
“Rome has been rising for 3,000 years,” says Darius Arya, an archaeologist and director of the
American Institute for Roman Culture. Much of Rome is situated in a floodplain, including the modern
city center, known in antiquity as Campus Martius, at a bend of the Tiber River. Although the Romans
put up levees, the city still flooded periodically, so they built upward, laying new structures and streets
on earlier ones. “It was cost-effective, and it worked,” Arya says. “We see the Romans jacking their city
up two meters at a time, raising themselves above the water but also burying their past.”
—Paul Bennett, “In Rome’s Basement,”
National Geographic, July 2006
2. Determine what
information each source
adds to the subject.
Source B
Of all the old saws about the Eternal City, at least one remains simply true: dig a deep hole almost
anywhere here, and you’ll unearth an archaeological artifact or two.
Yet a wave of public and private building projects is suddenly focusing unusual attention on Rome’s
rich subterranean world as one treasure after another emerges at a steady clip.
“We’re walking on the world’s largest untapped underground museum,” said Maria Antonietta
Tomei, a government official responsible for coordinating archaeological digs in Rome.
During the last week reports surfaced that 800 coins from the fourth and fifth centuries
BC had been unearthed during the reconstruction of a movie theater near the Trevi Fountain.
—“Treasures galore still emerging from underneath Rome,”
Taipei Times (online), December 27, 2006
3. Identify points of agreement and disagreement
between the sources. Ask: Can Source A give
4. Find relationships between the
me new information or new ways of thinking
information in the sources.
about Source B?
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the main subject of each passage?
What does Source A say about the subject?
What information does Source B add?
Sum up what you have learned from both
sources.
Find two sources of information on a topic dealing with archaeological excavations in Rome.
What are the main ideas in each? How does
each add to your understanding of the topic?
Skills Handbook
R23
Drawing Conclusions
A conclusion is a logical understanding that you reach based on details or facts
that you read or hear. When you draw conclusions, you use stated information to
figure out ideas that are unstated.
Learning the Skill
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Follow these steps to draw conclusions. Then answer the
questions below.
DARFUR FACTS
1. Read carefully
for stated facts
and ideas.
2. Summarize the
information and list
important facts.
1.8 million people currently live in
camps or makeshift settlements
in Darfur.
Political infighting prevents
250,000 Darfur refugees from
receiving humanitarian aid.
215,000 Sudanese have fled to
Chad because of continuing
violence.
300,000 people in Darfur have
been killed or died as a result of
the conflict.
The Sudanese government spent
$18 million on weapons in 2003.
Between 2000 and 2003, arms
and ammunition exports to Sudan
from China increased by a factor
of 30.
China, Russia, and France are
major suppliers of arms to Sudan
and permanent members of the
UN Security Council.
The UN Security Council agreed to
extend an existing arms embargo
to the Sudanese government in
March 2005.
Source: Amnesty International, Fall 2006.
3. Apply related
information that
you may already
know.
4. Use your
knowledge
and insight
to develop
some logical
conclusions.
1. Which facts from the table support the conclusion
that “the Sudanese government is trying to drive
out the people of Darfur”?
2. What conclusion might you draw about why the
UN Security Council waited so many years before
extending an existing arms embargo to Sudan?
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Skills Handbook
Find an article describing a current conflict
in Africa. Use the steps on this page to draw
conclusions about the causes of the conflict.
Summarize your conclusions in a paragraph.
Predicting
Predicting future events can be difficult and sometimes risky. The more information you have, however, the more accurate your predictions will be. Making good
predictions will help you understand what you read.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to make a prediction.
2. Use your
knowledge
about history
and human
behavior to
identify what
consequences
could result.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
1. Gather
information
about the
decision or
action.
There is little freedom to disagree with the determinations
of the authorities [in South Africa]. There is large scale
unemployment here because of the drought and the
recession that has hit most of the world’s economy. And
it is such a time that the authorities have increased the
prices of various foodstuffs and also of rents in black
townships—measures designed to hit hardest those least
able to afford the additional costs. . . .
The authorities have not stopped stripping blacks of
their South African citizenship. . . . The South African
government is turning us into aliens in the land of our
birth.
White South Africans are. . . .scared human beings,
many of them; who would not be, if they were outnumbered five to one? Through this lofty body I wish to appeal
to my white fellow South Africans to share in building a
new society, for blacks are not intent on driving whites
into the sea but on claiming only their rightful place in
the sun in the land of their birth.
—Bishop Desmond Tutu, speech on apartheid to the
United Nations Security Council, October 23, 1984
3. Analyze each
consequence by
asking: How likely
is this to occur?
1. What events does the passage describe?
2. Do you think what the author described changed
after his speech?
3. On what do you base this prediction?
4. What occurrences might have an effect on
changing these events?
5. What are the possible outcomes for all involved
in the appeal proposed by the author?
Find a newspaper or magazine article that
describes the current state of politics, economy,
or society in South Africa. Analyze the article,
and describe how the people of South Africa
are trying to solve the problem. Predict three
consequences of the actions described. On
what do you base your prediction?
Skills Handbook
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Problems and Solutions
Suppose you are not doing well in basketball. You wonder why you cannot do better since you always go to practice, try your best, and pay attention to the coach’s
instructions. In order to improve a situation such as this one, you need to identify a
specific problem and then take actions to solve it.
Learning the Skill
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Follow these steps to help you through the problem-solving
process. Then answer the questions below.
1. Identify the
problem.
2. Gather
information.
3. List possible
solutions.
In just two decades . . . China’s Northeast has gone from dynamo to
dinosaur, tracing virtually the opposite trajectory of the country’s
4. Consider the
thriving southern coastal regions. . . . The region’s industrial
advantages and
production has sagged to less than 9 percent of national output, while
disadvantages
its heavy reliance on state-owned enterprises—once a blessing, now a
of each solution.
curse—has made market-oriented reforms seem like all shock and no
therapy. The landscape left behind is . . . [t]housands of obsolete staterun factories, millions of laid-off workers, a growing gap between
rich and poor, rampant corruption, deadly human and environmental
disasters. . . .
5. Choose the best
Hoping to reverse this dangerous slide, Beijing has so far spent
solution to your
7.5 billion dollars to rehabilitate the region, closing or privatizing
problem and
old state-owned factories while retraining workers for industries
carry it out.
more suited to the 21st century. . . . The real key, however, will be
foreign investment. The region that once symbolized China’s drive for
self-sufficiency is now unabashedly courting foreign investors. . . . It
is too early to tell whether the rust belt can truly be revitalized.
—Brook Larmer, “The Manchurian Mandate,” National
6. Evaluate the
Geographic, September 2006
effectiveness of
the solution.
1. What problem does the writer present in this
selection?
2. What options are available to solve this problem?
Can you think of any other options?
3. Explain the solutions implemented according to
the selection. Were they successful? How do you
determine this?
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Skills Handbook
Select a current political problem that needs to
be solved. The problem can be anything from
the conflict between Israel and Palestine to the
agreement on a constitution by all members of
the European Union. Create a presentation in
which you identify the problem, list options with
their advantages and disadvantages, choose a
solution, and evaluate the chosen solution.
Reading a Map
Maps can direct you down the street, across the county, or around the world. An
ordinary map holds all kinds of information. Learn the map’s code, and you can read
it like a book.
Learning the Skill
0
Resources and the Civil War
400 kilometers
0
400 miles
Albers Equal-Area projection
1. Look at the title of the
map—it tells you what
kind of information the
map shows.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
5. Determine the
relationship between
map measurements
and actual distances
on Earth by using the
scale bar.
Follow these steps to learn how to read a map. Then answer the
questions below.
Boston
40°NUse lines of latitude
6.
and longitude to
determine the absolute
location of places on
the map.
New York City
i
our
Miss
Chicago
Philadelphia
Cincinnati
R.
Washington
R
.
2. Study the map key to
determine the meanings
of the symbols, colors,
and lines used on the
map.
io
Oh
St. Louis
Richmond
70°W
R.
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
R.
kan
sas
Mississippi
Ar
Charleston
Savannah
30°N
Mobile
3. Read the labels on the map
to learn where things such as
cities, groups of people, and
physical features are located.
Union
Confederacy
New Orleans
Gulf of Mexico
80°W
90°W
N
4. Find the compass rose
to learn the orientation
of the map.
W
Resources and Industries
E
S
Coal
Iron ore
Iron or steel mill
Cotton
Textiles
Flour mill
Corn and wheat
Rice and
sugarcane
1. What kinds of resources enabled the North to
triumph over the South?
2. Where are most cities located? Why?
Choose a map from your world history text and
work with a partner to write three questions
that can be answered by reading the map.
Then exchange questions with another pair
and answer each other’s questions.
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Interpreting Graphs
Graphs are visual representations of statistical data. Large amounts of information
can be condensed when presented in a graph. Studying graphs allows readers to see
relationships clearly. Bar graphs use bars of different lengths to compare different
quantities. Circle graphs show the relationship of parts to a whole as percentages.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to interpret graphs. Then answer
the questions that follow.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Age Composition of Mexican Population
1. Read the graph
title to identify
the subject.
80+: 1.2%
70–79: 2.7%
60–69: 4.7%
50–59: 7.4%
0–9:
20.0%
10–19:
20%
20–29:
17.3% 30–39:
15.2%
3. Study the information
presented and the use
of colors and patterns.
40–49: 11.5%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Database.
Literacy Rate for Adults Over 15 (2002)
Mexico
2. Study the labels
to understand
the numerical
information
presented.
4. Compare the lines,
bars, or segments, and
look for relationships
in order to draw
conclusions.
World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
Percent
Female
Male
Source: World Resources Institute.
1. How does the literacy rate in Mexico compare to
literacy in the rest of the world?
2. What percentage of the Mexican people are under
20 years of age?
3. What general population trends in Mexico do
these two graphs show?
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Skills Handbook
Poll your classmates about countries they
would like to visit. Use the data to design and
draw a line, bar, or circle graph.
Sequencing Events
Sequencing involves placing facts in the order in which they occurred. Sequencing
helps you deal with large quantities of information in an understandable way. In
studying history, sequencing can help you understand cause-and-effect relationships among events. This in turn helps analysts to predict outcomes of various
events or policies.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to sequence events.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
1. Look for dates or
clue words such as
in 1920, later that
year, first, then, and
in the late eighteenth
century.
When the new moon of the month Shawwal appeared in
the same year [1st September 1326], the Hijaz caravan
left Damascus and I set off along with it. At Bosra the
caravans usually halt for four days so that any who have
been detained at Damascus by business affairs may make
up on them. Thence they go to the Pool of Ziza, where
they stop for a day, and then through al-Lajjun to the
Castle of Karak. Karak, which is also called “The Castle of
the Raven,” is one of the most marvellous, impregnable,
and celebrated of fortresses. . . . The caravan stopped for
four days at a place called ath-Thaniya outside Karak,
where preparations were made for entering the desert.
—Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354
2. Arrange facts in the
order in which they
occurred.
3. Consider using an
organizational tool such
as a time line, which
makes it easy to see the
chronology, as well as
any cause-and-effect
relationships, between
events.
1. What dates or clue words in this selection can
help determine the sequence of events being
described?
2. Fill in a time line like the one below to show the
sequence of events as described in the selection.
First Event
Find a newspaper or magazine article about
a world event. Sequence the information presented in the article in a time line or chart.
Final Event
Skills Handbook
R29
Interpreting Political
Cartoons
Political cartoonists use art to express opinions. Their work appears in newspapers, magazines, books, and on the Internet. Political cartoons usually focus on
public figures, political events, or economic or social conditions. They can give you a
summary of an event or circumstance and the artist’s opinion in a quick, entertaining manner.
Learning the Skill
SKILLS HANDBOOK
To interpret a political cartoon, follow these steps.
2. Identify the characters
or people shown. They
may be caricatures, or
unrealistic drawings
that exaggerate the
characters’ physical
features.
3. Identify any symbols
shown. Symbols
are things that
stand for something
else. Commonly
recognized symbols
may not be labeled.
Unusual symbolism
will be labeled.
1. Read the title,
caption, or
conversation
balloons. They
help you identify
the subject of
the cartoon.
4. Examine the actions in
the cartoon—what is
happening and why?
5. Identify the
cartoonist’s purpose.
What statement or
idea is he or she trying
to get across? Decide
if the cartoonist wants
to persuade, criticize,
or just make people
think.
1. Who is depicted in the cartoon? What is he doing?
2. What do the stones along the path represent?
3. What overall message do you think the cartoonist
is trying to send?
R30
Jonathan Shapiro
Skills Handbook
Bring a newspaper or news magazine to class.
With a partner, analyze the message in each
political cartoon that you find.
Analyzing Primary Sources
An eyewitness account of a place or event is a primary source. The advantage
of a primary source is that it contains firsthand knowledge. Primary sources may
include diaries, letters, memoirs, interviews with eyewitnesses, photographs, news
articles, and legal documents. Often they provide detailed accounts of events, but
reflect only one perspective. For this reason, you must examine as many sources as
possible before drawing any conclusions.
Learning the Skill
Follow these steps to learn how to analyze a primary source.
2. Identify when and
where the document
was written.
SKILLS HANDBOOK
1. Identify the author of
the source. Note any
biases or opinions
expressed by the
author or creator of the
source.
The festivals generally conclude with an amusement
unknown in Europe—a combat between two elephants. . . .
A wall of earth is raised three or four feet wide and
five or six high. The two ponderous beasts meet one
another face to face, on opposite sides of the wall, each
3. Read the document
having a couple of riders. . . . The riders animate the
for its content and
elephants either by soothing words, or by chiding them as
try to answer the five
cowards, and urge them on with their heels, until the poor
“W” questions: Who
creatures approach the wall and are brought to the attack.
is it about? What is
The shock is tremendous, and it appears surprising that
it about? When did it
they ever survive the dreadful wounds . . . inflicted with
happen? Where did
their teeth, their heads, and their trunks. . . .
it happen? Why did it
The fight of these noble creatures is attended with
happen?
much cruelty. . . . [S]ome of the riders are trodden
underfoot; and killed on the spot. . . [T]his amusement . . .
does not always end with the death of a rider: . . . some
spectators are knocked down and trampled upon. . . .
—François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire
1656–1668
4. Determine what kind
of information may
be missing from the
primary source.
1. How can you tell the source contains firsthand
knowledge of the elephant fight?
2. Who has the author’s sympathy? How can
you tell?
3. What information from the source did you find
valuable? What about the topic of elephant fights
would you still like to learn?
Find a firsthand account of a recent event or a
historical event. Evaluate its validity and usefulness as a primary source.
Skills Handbook
R31
PRIMARY SOURCES
& Literature Library
LIBRARY
An Egyptian Father’s Advice to His Son
The Burning of Books
Plague in Athens
From the Iliad
Muhammad’s Wife Remembers the Prophet
A Woman May Need to Have the Heart of a Man
The Buddha’s Sermon
Five Poems
A Reformation Debate
The Silk Industry in China
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
and the Female Citizen
From Candide
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Imperial Decree to Free the Serfs
The Unfortunate Situation of Working Women
The Impact of British Rule in India
From Shooting an Elephant
An American Soldier Remembers World War I
Gandhi Takes the Path of Civil Disobedience
The Holocaust—The Camp Victims
From A Room of One’s Own
Progress Never Stops
An Ideal for Which I Am Prepared to Die
China’s Gilded Age
“Civil Peace”, from Girls at War and Other Stories
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What Is It and How Do I Use It?
Checking Your Sources
The primary sources as defined here are written
testimony or documents from a particular era in
history or about an important development. The
source may be the writings of a noted historian
or political leader, or it may be from the diary of
someone who lived at the time and recorded the
events of the day.
Reading primary sources is an excellent way
to understand how and why people believed and
acted as they did in the past. While many people
might have written down their stories or beliefs, the
sources chosen here are from witnesses who were
close to events or especially sensitive to them.
When you read primary or secondary sources,
you should analyze them to determine if they are
dependable or reliable. Historians usually prefer
primary sources to secondary sources, but both
can be reliable or unreliable, depending on the
following factors.
Time Span
With primary sources, it is important to consider how much time passed from the date the
event occurred to the date that the primary source
was written. Generally, the longer the time span
between the event and the account, the less reliable the account is. As time passes, people often
forget details and fill in gaps with events that
never took place. Although we like to think we
remember things exactly as they happened, the
fact is, we often remember them very differently
than they occurred.
Reliability
Another factor to consider when evaluating a
primary source is the writer’s background and reliability. When reading a historical document, try
to determine if the statements and information
can be proved. If the information can be verified
as true by independent sources, then it probably
is fact.
Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY
Opinions
When evaluating a primary source, you should
also decide whether or not the account has been
influenced by emotion, opinion, or exaggeration.
Writers sometimes distort the truth to suit their
personal purposes. Ask yourself: Why did the
person write the account? Do any words or expressions reveal the author’s emotions or opinions?
Again, you may wish to compare the account with
another primary source document about the same
event. If the two accounts differ, ask yourself why
they differ and then conduct your own outside
research to determine which account can be verified by other authoritative sources.
Interpreting Primary Sources
To help you analyze a primary source, use the
following steps:
• Examine the origins of the document.
▲
You need to determine if it is indeed a primary
source.
Prussian soldiers
• Find the main ideas.
LIBRARY
Read the document and summarize the main
ideas in your own words.
• Reread the document.
Difficult ideas and historical documents are
not always easily understood on the first
reading.
• Use a variety of resources.
Use a dictionary, an encyclopedia, and maps to
further your understanding of the topic. These
resources are tools to help you discover new
ideas and knowledge and check the validity of
sources.
▲
Polish children at Auschwitz
Primary Sources and Literature Library
(t) CORBIS, (b) Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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PRIMARY SOURCES
Reader’s Dictionary
fraud: deception
imperial: relating to the empire or the emperor
archives: official documents that are preserved
for historical or public use
LIBRARY
discourse: discussion
decree: an order that has the force of law
calamity: distress or misery
U
pper-class Egyptians enjoyed compiling
collections of wise sayings to provide guidance for leading an upright and successful life.
This excerpt from The Instruction of the Vizier
Ptah-hotep dates from around 2450 B.C.
Then he said to his son:
If you are a leader commanding the affairs
of the many, seek out for yourself every good
deed, until it may be that your own affairs are
without wrong. Justice is great, and it is lasting; it has been disturbed since the time of him
who made it, whereas there is punishment for
him who passes over its laws. Wrongdoing
has never brought its undertaking into port.
It may be that it is fraud that gains riches, but
the strength of justice is that it lasts . . . .
If you are a man of standing who is pleasing to god, if he is correct and inclines toward
your ways and listens to your instruction,
while his manners in your house are fitting,
and if he takes care of your property as it
should be, seek out for him every useful action. He is your son, . . . you should not cut
your heart off from him.
If he [the son] goes astray and does not carry
out your instruction, so that his manners in
your household are wretched, and he rebels
against all that you say, while his mouth runs
on in the most wretched talk, quite apart from
his experience, while he possesses nothing, you
should cast him off: he is not your son at all. He
was not really born to you . . . He is
one whom god has condemned
in the very womb.
This rendition of an Egyptian
father teaching his son is
on the wall of the Tomb of
Sennedjem.
▲
Prehistory–A.D. 500
AN EGYPTIAN FATHER’S ADVICE TO
HIS SON
Art Archive/Dagli Orti
The First
Civilizations
and Empires
PLAGUE IN ATHENS
THE BURNING OF BOOKS
L
i Su was a chief minister of the First Qin
Emperor. A follower of Legalism, he hoped
to eliminate all rival theories of government.
▲
hucydides (471–c. 400 B.C.)
is regarded as the first
scientific historian. In his
account of the plague that
broke out in Athens in 430 B.C.,
Thucydides simply presents the
facts, describing the disease’s
symptoms and impact on the
city itself.
. . . Externally, the body was not so very
warm to the touch; it was not pale, but reddish, livid, and breaking out in small blisters
and ulcers. But internally it was consumed by
such a heat that the patients could not bear to
have on them the lightest coverings or linen
sheets. . . .
The Athenians suffered further hardships
owing to the crowding into the city of the
people from the country districts; and this
affected the new arrivals especially. For since
no houses were available for them and they
had to live in huts that were stifling in the
hot season, they perished in wild disorder.
Bodies of dying men lay one upon another,
and half-dead people rolled about in the
streets and, in their longing for water, near
all the fountains. . . . The calamity which
weighed upon them was so overpowering
that men became careless of all law, sacred as
well as profane. And the customs which they
had hitherto observed regarding burial were
all thrown into confusion, and they buried
their dead each one as he could. . . .
LIBRARY
Your servant suggests that all books in
the imperial archives, save the memoirs of
Qin, be burned. All persons in the empire,
except members of the Academy of Learned
Scholars, in possession of the Book of Odes,
the Book of History, and discourses of the
hundred philosophers [including Confucius]
should take them to the local governors and
have them burned. Those who dare to talk to
each other about the Book of Odes and the
Book of History should be executed and their
bodies exposed in the market place. Anyone
referring to the past to criticize the present
should, together with all members of his family, be put to death. Officials who fail to report
cases that have come under their attention
are equally guilty. After thirty
days from the time of issuing
the decree, those who have
not destroyed their books are
to be branded and sent to
build the Great Wall. Books
not to be destroyed will
be those on medicine and
pharmacy, agriculture and
arboriculture [the cultivation of trees and shrubs].
People wishing to pursue
learning should take the
officials as their teachers.
T
Chinese scroll
1. Evaluating Does any part of the Egyptian father’s advice
have value today for sons or daughters? Be specific and
support your answer.
2. Drawing Conclusions Why did Li Su think that burning
books would eliminate all rival theories of government?
3. Listing What hardships did newcomers to Athens face
during the time of the plague?
(l) Réunion des Musées Nationaux /Art Resource, NY, (r) Scala/Art Resource, NY
R35
The First
Civilizations
and Empires
Prehistory–A.D. 500
World Literature
LIBRARY
▲
Homer
About the Author
Homer is probably one of the best known
figures to have emerged from Greek
antiquity. Writing in the eighth century B.C.,
Homer’s most famous works are the Iliad
and the Odyssey. These works mark the
beginnings of Greek literature and are
used as models even in contemporary
work. The Iliad is the story of the
Trojan War, and the Odyssey recounts
the challenges of one Greek
hero, Odysseus (also known
as “Ulysses”), in returning to
his homeland.
By Homer, translated by Samuel Butler
I
n the Iliad, Hektor was the Trojans’ hero and
son of King Priam. Achilles, the Greeks’ hero,
was the son of Peleus. Hektor killed Achilles’
friend Patroklos, and Achilles was determined to
avenge the death.
Hektor was first to speak. “I will no longer
flee you, son of Peleus,” said he, “as I have
been doing hitherto. . . .[Let] me either slay
or be slain, for I am in the mind to face you.
Let us, then, give pledges to one another by
our gods; . . . [that if] I take your life, I am
not to treat your dead body in any unseemly
fashion, but when I have stripped you of
your armor, I am to give up your body to the
Achaeans, And do you likewise.”
Achilles glared at him and answered, “Fool
. . . [there] can be no covenants between men
and lions, wolves and lambs can never be of
one mind, but hate each other out and out.
. . . Therefore there can be no understanding
between you and me . . . till one or other shall
fall. . . . You have no more chance, and Pallas
Athena will forthwith vanquish you by my
spear: you shall now pay me in
full for the grief you have caused
me on account of my comrades
whom you have killed in battle.”
He poised his spear as he spoke
and hurled it. Hektor saw it coming and avoided it; he watched
it and crouched down so that it
flew over his head and stuck in
the ground beyond; Athena then
snatched it up and gave it back to
Achilles without Hektor’s seeing
her; Hektor thereon said . . . “You
have missed your aim, Achilles. . . .
[And] now for your own part avoid
my spear if you can—would that
you might receive the whole of it into
▲
covenant: a binding agreement or promise
spoil: to plunder from an enemy in war
FROM THE ILIAD
R36
(t) Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b) Alinari/Art Resource, NY
Athena
you low. The Achaeans shall give him all due
funeral rites, while dogs and vultures shall
work their will upon yourself.”
Then Hektor said, as the life-breath ebbed
out of him, “I pray you . . . , let not dogs
devour me at the ships of the Achaeans, but
accept the rich treasure of gold and bronze
which my father and mother will offer you,
and send my body home, that the Trojans
and their wives may give me my
dues of fire when I am dead.”
Achilles glared at him and
answered, “Dog . . . [though]
Priam . . . should bid them offer
me your weight in gold, even
so your mother shall
never lay you out and
make lament over the
son she bore, but dogs
and vultures shall eat you
utterly up.”
Hektor with his dying
breath then said, “I know you
what you are, and was sure
that I should not move you, for
your heart is hard as iron. . . .”
When he had thus said the shrouds
of death’s final outcome enfolded
him, whereon his life-breath went
out of him and flew down to the house of
Hades, lamenting its sad fate that it should
enjoy youth and strength no longer.
LIBRARY
your body; if you were once dead the Trojans
would find the war an easier matter, for it is
you who have harmed them most.”
He poised his spear as he spoke and hurled
it. His aim was sure for he hit the middle of
Achilles’ shield, but the spear rebounded from
it, and did not pierce it. Hektor was angry
when he saw that the weapon had sped from
his hand in vain, and stood there in dismay
for he had no second spear.
. . . [Then] he said to himself,
“Alas! The gods have lured me
on to my destruction. . . . [Death]
is now indeed exceedingly near at
hand and there is no way out
of it. . . . My doom has
come upon me; let me
not then die ingloriously and without a
struggle, but let me first
do some great thing that
shall be told among men
hereafter.”
As he spoke he drew the
keen blade that hung so great
and strong by his side, and gathering himself together he sprang
on Achilles . . . . Achilles mad with
rage darted towards him. . . . He
eyed [Hektor’s] fair flesh over and over
to see where he could best wound it, but all
was protected by the goodly armor of which
Hektor had spoiled Patroklos after he had
slain him, save only the throat where the collar-bones divide the neck from the shoulders,
and this is the quickest place for the lifebreath to escape: here then did Achilles strike
him as he was coming on towards him, and
the point of his spear went right through the
fleshy part of the neck, but it did not sever his
windpipe so that he could still speak. Hektor
fell headlong, and Achilles vaunted over him
saying, “Hektor, you deemed that you should
come off scatheless when you were spoiling
Patroklos. . . . Fool that you were: for I, his
comrade, mightier far than he, was still left
behind him at the ships, and now I have laid
1. Describing How does Achilles plan to
avenge his friend Patroklos’ death
beyond killing Hektor?
2. Explaining Explain Achilles’ concern
with Hektor’s armor.
3. Interpreting What does Hektor’s last
request reveal about Greek attitudes
towards death?
Applications Activity
Outline a story for a modern epic. Who
would be your hero and why?
Hervé Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY
R37
New Patterns
of Civilization
A.D.
400–1500
PRIMARY SOURCES
cobble: to repair shoes
accrue: to happen as a direct result of some
LIBRARY
other action
err: to make mistakes
remonstrate: to scold or reproach
lamentation: an expression of mourning
▲ Woman
playing a lute
R38
Scala/Art Resource, NY
MUHAMMAD’S WIFE REMEMBERS
THE PROPHET
W
hat kind of man was Muhammad that he
could achieve such profound changes in
Arab civilization? This description comes from
his wife, Ayesha, the daughter of Abu Bakr.
When Ayesha was questioned about
Muhammad she used to say:
He was a man just such as yourselves. He
laughed often and smiled much. He would
mend his clothes and cobble his shoes. He
used to help me in my household duties; but
what he did oftenest was to sew. If he had the
choice between two matters, he would choose
the easiest, so long as no sin could accrue
therefrom. He never took revenge excepting where the honor of God was concerned.
When angry with anyone, he would say,
“What hath taken such a one that he should
soil his forehead in the mud.”
His humility was shown by his accepting
the invitation even of slaves. . . . He would
say: “I sit at meals as a servant does and I eat
like a servant. For I really am a servant.”
Muhammad hated nothing more than
lying. Whenever he knew that any of his followers had erred in this respect, he would
hold himself aloof from them until he was
assured of their repentance.
He did not speak rapidly, running the
words into one another, but enunciated each
syllable distinctly, so that what he said was
imprinted in the memory of everyone who
heard him.
He used to stand for such a long time at
his prayers that his legs would swell. When
remonstrated, he said: “What! Shall I not
behave as a thankful servant should?”
He refused to accept presents that had
been offered as alms. Neither would he allow
anyone in his family to use what had been
brought as alms. “For,” said he, “alms are the
impurity of mankind.”
C
hristine de Pizan was widowed at age 25.
She supported her three children by copying
manuscripts, compiling a manual of instructions
for knights, and writing books. The following is
from her 1405 work, The Treasure of the City
of Ladies.
A wandering
Buddhist sage
THE BUDDHA’S SERMON
S
iddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, gave
sermons in India, which were written down
after 250 B.C. An excerpt from one of these
follows.
1. Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of
pain: birth is painful, old age is painful,
sickness is painful, death is painful, sorrow, lamentation, dejection, and despair
are painful. Contact with unpleasant things
is painful, not getting what one wishes
is painful. In short the five khandhas of
grasping are painful.
2. Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the
cause of pain: that craving which leads to
rebirth, combined with pleasure and lust,
finding pleasure here and there, namely,
the craving for passion, the craving for
existence, the craving for non-existence.
the cessation of pain: the cessation without
a remainder of that craving, abandonment,
forsaking, release, non-attachment.
the way that leads to the cessation of pain:
this is the noble Eightfold Path. . . .
LIBRARY
It is the responsibility of every baron to
spend the least possible time at his manors
and his own estate, for his duties are to bear
arms, to attend the court of his prince and to
travel. Now, his lady stays behind and must
take his place. . . . Her men should be able to
rely on her for all kinds of protection in the
absence of their lord. . . . She ought to know
how to use weapons and be familiar with
everything that pertains to them, so that she
may be ready to command her men if the
need arises. She should know how to launch
an attack or to defend against one.
In addition she will do well to be a very
good manager of the estate. . . . She will busy
herself around the house; she will find plenty
of orders to give. She will have the animals
brought in at the right time [and] take care
how the shepherd looks after them. . . .
In the winter-time, she will have her men
cut her willow groves and make vine props
to sell in the season. She will never let them
be idle. . . . She will employ her women . . . to
attend to the livestock, . . . [and] to weed the
courtyards. . . . There is a great need to run an
estate well, and the one who is most diligent
and careful about it is more than wise and
ought to be highly praised.
▲
Peter Willi/SuperStock
A WOMAN MAY NEED TO HAVE
THE HEART OF A MAN
1. Describing According to Ayesha, what
kind of man was Muhammad? Did he
behave like a ruler?
2. Identifying What are some of the duties
and responsibilities of the medieval gentlewoman, according to Christine de Pizan’s
account?
3. Summarizing According to the Buddha,
what is the cause of pain?
R39
New Patterns
of Civilization
A.D.
400–1500
World Literature
FIVE POEMS
By Li Bo
I
n the following poems, Li Bo interprets
parting from a friend, life as a journey, and his
experience with his homeland.
Taking Leave of a Friend
Blue mountains to the north of the walls,
White river winding about them;
Here we must make separation
And go out through a thousand miles of
dead grass.
LIBRARY
▲
Mind like a floating wide cloud,
Sunset like the parting of old acquaintances
Who bow over their clasped hands at a
distance.
Our horses neigh to each other as we are
departing.
Li Bo
About the Author
Li Bo was born in A.D. 701 in western
China. People began praising his beautiful
poems even before he reached adulthood.
Throughout his life he traveled extensively
in China, amazing people with his ability
to compose insightful, touching poems. He
wrote about the world around him, the people
he met, and the emotions he felt. By the time
of his death in A.D. 762, he was regarded as
one of China’s greatest poets, a distinction he
still holds today.
Clearing at Dawn
The fields are chill, the sparse rain has
stopped;
The colours of Spring teem on every side.
With leaping fish the blue pond is full;
With singing thrushes the green boughs
droop.
The flowers of the field have dabbled their
powdered cheeks;
The mountain grasses are bent level at the
waist.
By the bamboo stream the
last fragment of cloud
Blown by the wind
slowly scatters away.
sparse: few and scattered
thrush: a type of small to medium sized bird
▲
that is an excellent singer
brooklet: a small brook or creek
R40
(t) Mary Evans Picture Library, (b) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Edward Elliott Family Collection. Purchase, The Dillon Fund Gift, 1982. 1982.2.2
This painting is titled Spring
Dawn Over Elixir Terrace.
Hard Is the Journey
Gold vessels of fine wines,
thousands a gallon,
Jade dishes of rare meats,
costing more thousands,
I lay my chopsticks down,
no more can banquet,
And draw my sword and stare
wildly about me:
Listening to a Flute in Yellow
Crane Pavilion
I came here a wanderer
thinking of home
remembering my far away Ch’ang-an.
And then, from deep in Yellow Crane
Pavilion,
I heard a beautiful bamboo flute
play “Falling Plum Blossoms.”
It was late spring in a city by the river.
Ice bars my way to cross
the Yellow River,
Snows from dark skies to climb
the T’ai-hang Mountains!
At peace I drop a hook
into a brooklet,
At once I’m in a boat
but sailing sunward . . .
So when a breeze breaks waves,
bringing fair weather,
I set a cloud for sails,
cross the blue oceans!
▲
Landscape of the Four Seasons
by Shen shih-Ch’ung
LIBRARY
(Hard is the Journey,
Hard is the Journey,
So many turnings,
And now where am I?)
In the Mountains on a Summer Day
Gently I stir a white feather fan,
With open shirt sitting in a green wood.
I take off my cap and hang it on a jutting
stone;
A wind from the pine-tree trickles on my
bare head.
1. Identifying What detail in “Taking Leave of a Friend”
reveals a custom in Li Bo’s times?
2. Interpreting What is the meaning of the last line of
“Listening to a Flute in Yellow Crane Pavilion”?
3. Drawing Conclusions Li Bo describes beauty and peace
and luxury in “Hard Is the Journey”. Why does he call the
journey “hard”?
Write a poem describing your hometown. Make sure to include
a description of something unique to that area.
Burstein Collection/CORBIS
R41
The Early
Modern
World
A REFORMATION DEBATE
I
n 1529 Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli
debated over the sacrament of the Lord’s
Supper, or Communion.
1350–1815
PRIMARY SOURCES
LIBRARY
contention: point made in an argument
Scripture: passage from the Bible
revered: honored or respected
hemp: a fiber from the mulberry bush
imprescriptible: cannot be taken away by law
▲
R42
▲
Ulrich Zwingli
Martin Luther
(t) Stock Montage, (b) Art Archive/University Library Geneva/Dagli Orti
LUTHER: Although I have no intention
of changing my mind, which is firmly made
up, I will nevertheless present the grounds of
my belief and show where the others are in
error. . . .Your basic contentions are these:
In the last analysis you wish to prove that
a body cannot be in two places at once, and
you produce arguments about the unlimited
body which are based on natural reason. I do
not question how Christ can be God and man
and how the two natures can be joined. For
God is more powerful than all our ideas, and
we must submit to his word.
Prove that Christ’s body is not there where
the Scripture says, “This is my body!” God is
beyond all mathematics and the words of God
are to be revered and carried out in awe. It is
God who commands, “Take, eat, this is my
body.” I request, therefore, valid scriptural
proof to the contrary.
ZWINGLI: I insist that the words of the
Lord’s Supper must be figurative. This is ever
apparent, and even required by the article of
faith; “taken up into heaven, seated at the right
hand of the Father.” Otherwise, it would be
absurd to look for him in the Lord’s Supper at
the same time that Christ is telling us that he
is in heaven. One and the same body cannot
possibly be in different places. . . .
LUTHER: I call upon you as before: your
basic contentions are shaky. Give way, and
give glory to God!
ZWINGLI: And we call upon you to give
glory to God and to quit begging the question! The issue at stake is this: Where is the
proof of your position?
LUTHER: It is your point that must be
proved, not mine. But let us stop this sort of
thing. It serves no purpose.
ZWINGLI: It certainly does! It is for you to
prove that the passage in John 6 speaks of a
physical meal.
LUTHER: You express yourself poorly. . . .
You’re going nowhere.
THE SILK INDUSTRY IN CHINA
D
uring the 1600s Sung Ying-Hsing
wrote a book on Chinese industry called
T’ien-kung K’ai-wu (Chinese Technology
in the Seventeenth Century), which included
sections on the production of silk.
▲
Emperor’s robe, Qing dynasty
O
lympe de Gouges composed her own
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
and the Female Citizen in 1791. Following are
excerpts.
1. Woman is born free and lives as equal to
man in her rights. Social distinctions can
be based only on the common utility.
2. The purpose of any political association
is the conservation of the natural and
imprescriptible rights of woman and
man; these rights are liberty, property,
security, and especially resistance to oppression. . . .
4. Liberty and justice consist of restoring all
that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of
woman are perpetual male tyranny; these
limits are to be reformed by the laws of
nature and reason. . . .
6. The law must be . . . the same for all: male
and female citizens. . . .
7. No woman is an exception; she is accused, arrested, and detained in cases
determined by law. Women, like men,
obey this rigorous law. . . .
11. The free communication of thoughts
and opinions is one of the most precious
rights of woman, since that liberty assured the recognition of children by their
fathers. . . .
1. Drawing Conclusions Was a conclusion reached in the
debate presented between Luther and Zwingli?
2. Listing According to Sung Ying-Hsing, from what two
sources was all clothing made?
3. Defending Olympe de Gouges states that free communication of thoughts is one of the most precious rights of
women. Do you agree or disagree?
Lowe Art Museum/SuperStock
LIBRARY
. . . Members of the aristocracy are clothed
in flowing robes decorated with patterns of
magnificent mountain dragons, and they are
rulers of the country. Those of lowly stations
would be dressed in hempen jackets and
cotton garments to protect themselves from
the cold winter and cover their nakedness in
summer, in order to distinguish themselves
from the birds and beasts. Therefore nature
has provided the materials for clothing. Of
these, the vegetable [plant] ones are cotton,
hemp, meng hemp, and creeper hemp; those
derived from birds, animals, and insects are
furs, woolens, silk, and spun silk. . . .
But, although silk looms are to be found in
all parts of the country, how many persons
have actually seen the remarkable functioning of the draw-loom: Such words as “orderly
government” [chih, i.e., the word used in silk
reeling], “chaos” [luan, i.e., when the fibers
are entangled], “knowledge or good policy”
[ching-lun, i.e., the warp thread and the woven
pattern] are known by every schoolboy, but is
it not regrettable that he should never see the
actual things that gave rise to these words?
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF
WOMAN AND THE FEMALE CITIZEN
R43
The Early
Modern
World
1350–1815
▲
LIBRARY
World Literature
Voltaire
About the Author
Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet
on November 21, 1694. He assumed the
pen name “Voltaire” in 1718. Voltaire was a
critical and satiric writer who used his wit
to attack both church and state. Candide
is one of Voltaire’s most brilliant and most
well-known works.
bulwark: strong support or protection
summarily: without delay or formality
R44
Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
FROM
CANDIDE
By Voltaire
C
andide has been taught that “everything
is for the best.” However, his adventures
usually prove the opposite. Here, he has just been
cast out of a castle. The “men in blue” he meets
are army recruiters for Frederick the Great, king
of Prussia, who was at war with the French when
Voltaire wrote Candide.
Candide . . . dragged himself into the
neighboring village, which was called
Waldberghofftrarbkdikdorff; he was penniless, famished, and exhausted. At the door
of a tavern he paused forlornly. Two men
dressed in blue [Prussian soldiers] took note
of him:
—Look, chum, said one of them, there’s
a likely young fellow of just about the right
size.
They approached Candide and invited him
very politely to dine with them.
—Gentlemen, Candide replied with charming modesty, I’m honored by your invitation,
but I really don’t have enough money to pay
my share.
—My dear sir, said one of the blues, people
of your appearance and your merit don’t have
to pay; aren’t you five feet five inches tall?
—Yes, gentlemen, that is indeed my stature,
said he, making a bow.
—Then, sire, you must be seated at once;
not only will we pay your bill this time, we
will never allow a man like you to be short
of money; for men were made only to render
one another mutual aid.
—You are quite right, said Candide; it is
just as Dr. Pangloss always told me, and I see
clearly that everything is for the best.
They beg him to accept a couple of crowns,
he takes them, and offers an I.O.U.; they won’t
hear of it, and all sit down at table together.
—Don’t you love dearly . . .?
—I do indeed, says he, I dearly love Miss
Cunégonde.
LIBRARY
ing for the third beating, Candide, who could
—No, no, says one of the gentlemen, we are
endure no more, begged as a special favor that
asking if you don’t love dearly the King of the
they would have the goodness to smash his
Bulgars [Frederick the Great].
head. His plea was granted; they bandaged
—Not in the least, says he, I never laid eyes
his eyes and made him kneel down. The King
on him.
of the Bulgars [Frederick the Great], passing
—What’s that you say? He’s the most
by at this moment, was told of the culprit’s
charming of kings, and we must drink his
crime; and as this king had a rare genius, he
health.
understood, from everything they told him
—Oh, gladly, gentlemen; and he drinks.
of Candide, that this was a young metaphy—That will do, they tell him; you are now
sician, extremely ignorant of the ways of
the bulwark, the support, the defender, the
the world, so he granted his royal pardon,
hero of the Bulgars; your fortune is made and
with a generosity which will be praised
your future assured.
in every newspaper in every age. A
Promptly they slip irons on his legs
worthy surgeon cured Candide in
and lead him to the regiment. There
three weeks with the ointments
they cause him to right face, left
described by Dioscorides. He alface, present arms, order arms,
ready had a bit of skin back and
aim, fire, doubletime, and they
was able to walk when the King
give him thirty strokes of the
of the Bulgars went to war with
rod. Next day he does the drill
the King of the Abares.
a little less awkwardly and gets
Nothing could have been so
only twenty strokes; the third
fine, so brisk, so brilliant, so wellday, they give him only ten, and
drilled as the two armies. The
he is regarded by his comrades as
trumpets, the fifes, the oboes, the
a prodigy.
drums, and the cannon produced
Candide, quite thunderstruck,
such a harmony as was never heard
did not yet understand very clearly
how he was a hero. One fine spring ▲ Frederick the Great, in hell. First the cannons battered
down about six thousand men on
morning he took it into his head to king of Prussia
each side; then volleys of musket fire
go for a walk, stepping straight out
removed from the best of worlds about nine
as if it were a privilege of the human race,
or ten thousand rascals who were cluttering
as of animals in general, to use his legs as he
up its surface.
chose. He had scarcely covered two leagues
when four other heroes [Prussian soldiers],
each six feet tall, overtook him, bound him,
and threw him into a dungeon. At the court1. Explaining Explain the irony of the solmartial they asked which he preferred, to be
diers’ statement, “your fortune is made
flogged thirty-six times by the entire regiment
and your future assured.”
or to receive summarily a dozen bullets in
2. Making Connections Why is Candide
the brain. In vain did he argue that the human
punished? How does this relate to the
will is free and insist that he preferred neither
philosophy of the Enlightenment?
alternative; he had to choose; by virtue of the
3. Analyzing What is Voltaire’s attitude
divine gift called “liberty” he decided to run
toward the “King of the Bulgars”?
the gauntlet thirty-six times, and actually
endured two floggings. The regiment was
composed of two thousand men. That made
Write a satirical piece criticizing something
four thousand strokes. As they were preparabout a television show or movie.
Remember that a satire does not directly
attack but criticizes by showing how
ridiculous something is.
Art Archive/Musée du Chateau de Versailles/Dagli Orti
R45
An Era of
European
Imperialism
1800–1914
PRIMARY SOURCES
autocrat: a monarch who rules with unlimited
LIBRARY
authority
close: an enclosed area of land
abject: existing in a low state or condition
infanticide: killing an infant
resuscitation: restoration or renewal
▲
R46
Czar Alexander II
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
IMPERIAL DECREE TO FREE THE SERFS
I
n 1861 the Russian czar Alexander II issued
the Emancipation Manifesto, an imperial
decree to free his country’s serfs.
By the grace of God, we, Alexander II,
Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias,
King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc.,
to all our faithful subjects, make known:
Examining the condition of classes and
professions comprising the state, we became
convinced that the present state legislation
favors the upper and middle classes, . . . but
does not equally favor the serfs. . . . These
facts had already attracted the attention of
our predecessors, and they had adopted
measures aimed at improving the conditions
of the peasants. But decrees on free farmers
and serfs have been carried out on a limited
scale only.
We thus came to the conviction that the
work of a serious improvement of the condition of the peasants was a sacred inheritance
bequeathed to us by our ancestors, a mission which, in the course of events Divine
Providence called upon us to fulfill. . . .
In virtue of the new dispositions above
mentioned, the peasants attached to the soil
will be invested within a term fixed by the
law with all the rights of free cultivators. . . .
At the same time, they are granted the
right of purchasing their close, and, with the
consent of the proprietors, they may acquire
in full property the arable lands and other
appurtenances [rights of way] which are allotted to them as a permanent holding. By the
acquisition in full property of the quantity of
land fixed, the peasants are free from their
obligations towards the proprietors for land
thus purchased, and they enter definitely into
the condition of free peasants-landholders.
THE UNFORTUNATE SITUATION
OF WORKING WOMEN
T
his article was published in L’Atelier, a
Parisian workingman’s newspaper, in 1842.
I
n 1871 Dadabhai Naoroji commented on the
benefits and the problems of British rule in
India.
Benefits of British Rule:
In the Cause of Humanity: Abolition of suttee and infanticide. Civilization: Education,
both male and female. . . . Resuscitation
of India’s own noble literature. Politically:
Peace and order. Freedom of speech and
liberty of the press. . . . Improvement of government in the native states. Security of life
and property. Freedom from oppression. . . .
Materially: Loans for railways and irrigation.
Development of a few valuable products,
such as indigo, tea, coffee, silk, etc. Increase
of exports. Telegraphs.
The Detriments of British Rule:
In the Cause of Humanity: Nothing.
Civilization: [T]here has been a failure to do
as much as might have been done. Politically:
Repeated breach of pledges to give the natives a fair and reasonable share in the higher
administration of their own country, . . . an
utter disregard of the feelings and views of
the natives. Financially: [N]ew modes of taxation, without any adequate effort to increase
the means of the people to pay.
Summary: British rule has been: morally, a
great blessing; politically, peace and order on
one hand, blunders on the other; materially,
impoverishment. . . . Our great misfortune is
that you do not know our wants. When you
will know our real wishes, I have not the least
doubt that you would do justice. The genius
and spirit of the British people is fair play and
justice.
LIBRARY
Although women’s work is less productive
for society than that of men, it does, nevertheless, have a certain value, and, moreover, there
are professions that only women can practice.
For these, women are indispensable. . . . It
is these very workers in all these necessary
trades who earn the least and who are subject
to the longest layoffs. Since for so much work
they earn only barely enough to live from day
to day, it happens that during times of unemployment they sink into abject poverty.
Who has not heard of the women silkworkers’ dirty, unhealthy, and badly paid work;
of the women in the spinning and weaving
factories working fourteen to sixteen hours
(except for one hour for both meals); always
standing, without a single minute for repose,
putting forth an enormous amount of effort.
And many of them have to walk a league or
more, morning and evening, to get home.
Nor should we neglect to mention the danger
that exists merely from working in these
large factories, surrounded by wheels, gears,
enormous leather belts that always threaten
to seize you and pound you to pieces.
The existence of women who work as day
laborers, and are obliged to abandon . . . the
care of their children to indifferent neighbors
is no better. . . . We believe that the condition
of women will never really improve until
workingmen can earn enough to support
their families, which is only fair. Woman is so
closely linked to man that the position of the
one cannot be improved without reference to
the position of the other.
THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE
IN INDIA
1. Explaining Why does Czar Alexander II free the serfs?
2. Identifying Points of View What is the attitude of the L’Atelier
writer toward women and women’s work? Is the author of the
article likely to be a woman or a man? What makes you think so?
3. Summarizing Summarize the benefits and problems of British
rule in India.
R47
An Era of
European
Imperialism
1800–1914
LIBRARY
World Literature
▲George
Orwell
About the Author
George Orwell was the pen name of English
author Eric Arthur Blair, who was born in
Motihari, India, on June 25, 1903. Although
born in India, he was educated in England.
He lived for 46 years, and during that time,
he wrote many influential essays, novels,
and newspaper articles. His two most
famous works are 1984 and Animal Farm,
both of which are commentaries against
totalitarianism.
mahout: a keeper and driver of an elephant
dominion: rule, control
sahib: title meaning “sir” or “master”
FROM
SHOOTING AN ELEPHANT
By George Orwell
G
eorge Orwell served for several years as
an assistant superintendent in the Indian
Imperial Police but resigned due to his distaste
of imperialism. In Shooting an Elephant, he
describes an incident that happened to him, and
he satirizes the problems of colonial rule.
I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw
the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that
I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter
to shoot a working elephant—it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece
of machinery—and obviously one ought not
to do it if it can possibly be avoided. And at
that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant
looked no more dangerous than a cow. I
thought then and I think now that his attack
of “must” was already passing off; in which
case he would merely wander harmlessly
about until the mahout came back and caught
him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to
shoot him. I decided that I would watch him
for a little while to make sure that he did not
turn savage again, and then go home.
But at that moment I glanced round at the
crowd that had followed me. It
was an immense crowd, two
thousand at the least and
growing every minute.
It blocked the road for a
long distance on either side.
I looked at the sea of yellow faces above the garish
clothes—faces all happy
and excited over this bit of
fun, all certain that the
elephant was going to
be shot. They were
watching me as
they would watch
a conjurer about to
perform a trick. They
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Hulton Archive/Getty Images
▲
Colonial hunter
Working elephants, 1890s
. . . But I did not want to shoot the elephant.
. . . The sole thought in my mind was that if
anything went wrong those two thousand
Burmese would see me trampled on, and
reduced to a grinning corpse. And if that
happened it was quite probable that some
of them would laugh. That would never do.
There was only one alternative. I shoved the
cartridges into the magazine and lay down
on the road to get a better aim.
The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low,
happy sigh, as of people who see the theater
curtain go up at last, breathed from innumerable throats. They were going to have their
bit of fun after all.
. . . When I pulled the trigger I did not hear
the bang or feel the kick—one never does
when a shot goes home—but I heard the
devilish roar of glee that went up from the
crowd. . . . You could see the agony of it jolt
[the elephant’s] whole body and knock the
last remnant of strength from his legs.
. . . In the end I could not stand it any longer
and went away. I heard later that it took him
half an hour to die. . . .
. . . I often wondered whether any of the
others grasped that I had done it solely to
avoid looking a fool.
LIBRARY
did not like me, but with the magical rifle in
my hands I was momentarily worth watching.
And suddenly I realized that I should have
to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could
feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward irresistibly. And it was at this moment,
as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that
I first grasped the hollowness, the futility of
the white man’s dominion in the East. Here
was I, the white man with his gun, standing
in front of the unarmed native crowd—seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in
reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed
to and fro by the will of those yellow faces
behind. I perceived in this moment that when
the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of
hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized
figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his
rule that he shall spend his life in trying to
impress the “natives,” and so in every crisis
he has got to do what the “natives” expect of
him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to
fit it. I had got to shoot the elephant. I had
committed myself to doing it when I sent for
the rifle. A sahib has got to act like a sahib; he
has got to appear resolute, to know his own
mind and do definite things. To come all that
way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people
marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly
away, having done nothing—no, that was
impossible. The crowd would laugh at me.
And my whole life, every white man’s life
in the East, was one long struggle not to be
laughed at.
1. Drawing Conclusions Why does the
narrator ultimately decide that he must
shoot the elephant?
2. Recognizing Bias What does this story
reveal about Orwell’s attitudes about
imperialism? How can you tell?
3. Explaining According to Orwell in this
piece, who held the power in colonial
India?
▲
Write a narrative account of an incident
when you felt people were pushing you to
act in opposition to your original intentions.
Mary Evans Picture Library
R49
The
TwentiethCentury
Crisis
1914–1945
PRIMARY SOURCES
parapet: wall of earth piled on top of a trench
snipers: people who shoot at exposed
individuals from a concealed location
civil disobedience: refusal to obey
LIBRARY
governmental demands
exploitation: unfair use for one’s own
advantage
disarmament: reducing or eliminating weapons
▲Battle
R50
Bridgeman Art Library
of the Somme
AN AMERICAN SOLDIER
REMEMBERS WORLD WAR I
A
rthur Guy Empey reflects upon his
experiences during World War I in the
trenches in France. This is an excerpt from his
book Over the Top.
Suddenly, the earth seemed to shake and
a thunderclap burst in my ears. I opened my
eyes,—I was splashed all over with sticky mud,
and men were picking themselves up from the
bottom of the trench. The parapet on my left
had toppled into the trench, completely blocking it with a wall of tossed-up earth. The man
on my left lay still. . . . A German “Minnie”
(trench mortar) had exploded in the [trench].
. . . Stretcher-bearers came up the trench on the
double. After a few minutes of digging, three
still, muddy forms on stretchers were carried
down the communication trench to the rear.
Soon they would be resting “somewhere in
France,” with a little wooden cross over their
heads. They had done their bit for King and
Country, had died without firing a shot. . . . I
was dazed and motionless. Suddenly a shovel
was pushed into my hands, and a rough but
kindly voice said: “Here, my lad, lend a hand
clearing the trench, but keep your head down,
and look out for snipers. . . .”
Lying on my belly on the bottom of the
trench, I filled sandbags with the sticky mud.
. . . The harder I worked, the better I felt.
Occasionally a bullet would crack overhead,
and a machine gun would kick up the mud on
the bashed-in parapet. At each crack I would
duck and shield my face with my arm. One
of the older men noticed this action of mine,
and whispered: “Don’t duck at the crack of
a bullet, Yank; the danger has passed,—you
never hear the one that wings you. Always
remember that if you are going to get it, you’ll
get it, so never worry.” . . . [Days later] we
received the cheerful news that at four in the
morning we were to go over the top and take
the German frontline trench. My heart turned
to lead.
GANDHI TAKES THE PATH OF
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
M
ohandas Gandhi explains why British rule
in India must end.
A
French doctor describes the victims of one
of the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau
during the Holocaust.
It is mid-day, when a long line of women,
children, and old people enter the yard. The
senior official in charge . . . climbs on a bench
to tell them that they are going to have a bath
and that afterwards they will get a drink of
hot coffee. They all undress in the yard. . . .
The doors are opened and an indescribable
jostling begins. The first people to enter the
gas chamber begin to draw back. They sense
the death which awaits them. The SS men put
an end to the pushing and shoving with blows
from their rifle butts beating the heads of the
horrified women who are desperately hugging their children. The massive oak double
doors are shut. For two endless minutes one
can hear banging on the walls and screams
which are no longer human. And then—not
a sound. Five minutes later the doors are
opened. The corpses, squashed together and
distorted, fall out like a waterfall. The bodies
which are still warm pass through the hands
of the hairdresser who cuts their hair and the
dentist who pulls out their gold teeth. . . .
1. Describing How did Arthur Empey feel
and act during his time in the trenches
of World War I?
2. Analyzing Why do you think Gandhi
believed that nonviolent civil disobedience would encourage the British to
free India?
3. Identifying Points of View What is
the French doctor’s point of view about
the events he describes at the
Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp?
Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
LIBRARY
Before embarking on civil
disobedience and taking the
risk I have dreaded to take
all these years, I would fain
approach you and find a
way out.
My personal faith is
absolutely clear. I cannot
intentionally hurt anything
that lives, much less fellow
human beings, even
▲ Mohandas Gandhi
though they may do
the greatest wrong to me and mine. Whilst,
therefore, I hold the British rule to be a curse,
I do not intend harm to a single Englishman
or to any legitimate interest he may have in
India.
I must not be misunderstood. Though I
hold the British rule in India to be a curse,
I do not, therefore, consider Englishmen in
general to be worse than any other people on
earth. I have the privilege of claiming many
Englishmen as dearest friends. Indeed much
that I have learned of the evil of British rule is
due to the writings of frank and courageous
Englishmen who have not hesitated to tell the
truth about that rule.
And why do I regard British rule as a curse?
It has impoverished the ignorant millions by
a system of progressive exploitation and
by a ruinously expensive military and civil
administration which the country can never
afford.
It has reduced us politically to serfdom. It
has sapped the foundations of our culture.
And, by the policy of cruel disarmament, it
has degraded us spiritually. Lacking the inward strength, we have been reduced . . . to a
state bordering on cowardly helplessness. . . .
THE HOLOCAUST—
THE CAMP VICTIMS
R51
The
TwentiethCentury
Crisis
1914–1945
World Literature
▲
LIBRARY
agog: full of intense interest or excitement
moon: to dream
Virginia Woolf
About the Author
Virginia Woolf was born in 1882 in London.
Her work changed the ways many modern
novels were written. She used an experimental narrative technique known as stream
of consciousness, in which characters are
portrayed through their inner lives and
thoughts without explanation from the writer.
She is also known for her feminist writings.
One of the most famous of these is A Room
of One’s Own. Its title reflects her belief that
a woman “must have money and a room of
her own” in order to write.
R52
Bettmann/CORBIS
FROM
A ROOM OF ONE’S OWN
by Virginia Woolf
V
irginia Woolf was a fervent supporter of
women’s rights. In A Room of One’s
Own, she responds to those who would question
the capabilities of women because there was no
“female Shakespeare.”
. . . Let me imagine, since facts are so hard
to come by, what would have happened had
Shakespeare had a wonderfully gifted sister,
called Judith, let us say. Shakespeare himself
went, very probably—his mother was an
heiress—to the grammar school, where he
may have learnt Latin—Ovid, Virgil and
Horace—and the elements of grammar and
logic. He was, it is well known, a wild boy
who poached rabbits, perhaps shot a deer, and
had, rather sooner than he should have done,
to marry a woman in the neighbourhood,
who bore him a child rather quicker than
was right. That escapade sent him to seek his
fortune in London. He had, it seemed, a taste
for the theatre; he began by holding horses at
the stage door. Very soon he got work in the
theatre, became a successful actor, and lived
at the hub of the universe, meeting everybody,
knowing everybody, practising his art on the
boards, exercising his wits in the street, and
even getting access to the palace of the queen.
Meanwhile his extraordinarily gifted sister,
let us suppose, remained at home. She was as
adventurous, as imaginative, as agog to see
the world as he was. But she was not sent to
school. She had no chance of learning grammar and logic, let alone of reading Horace and
Virgil. She picked up a book now and then,
one of her brother’s perhaps, and read a few
pages. But then her parents came in and told
her to mend the stockings or mind the stew
and not moon about with books and papers.
They would have spoken sharply but kindly,
for they were substantial people who knew
the conditions of life for a woman and loved
in a tavern or roam the streets at midnight?
Yet her genius was for fiction. . . . At last—for
she was very young, oddly like Shakespeare
the poet in her face, with the same grey eyes
and rounded brows—at last Nick Greene the
actor-manager took pity on her; [but] she . . .
killed herself one winter’s night and lies buried at some cross-roads where the omnibuses
now stop outside the Elephant and Castle.
That, more or less, is how the story would
run, I think, if a woman in Shakespeare’s day
should have had Shakespeare’s genius.
LIBRARY
their daughter—indeed, more likely than not
she was the apple of her father’s eye. Perhaps
she scribbled some pages up in an apple loft
on the sly, but was careful to hide them or set
fire to them. Soon, however, before she was
out of her teens, she was to be betrothed to
the son of a neighbouring wool-stapler. She
cried out that marriage was hateful to her, and
for that she was severely beaten by her father.
Then he ceased to scold her. He begged her
instead not to hurt him, not to shame him in
this matter of her marriage. He would give
her a chain of beads or a fine petticoat, he
said; and there were tears in his eyes. How
could she disobey him? How could she break
his heart? The force of her own gift alone
drove her to it. She made up a small parcel
of her belongings, let herself down by a rope
one summer’s night and took the road to
London. She was not seventeen. The birds
that sang in the hedge were not more musical
than she was. She had the quickest fancy, a
gift like her brother’s, for the tune of words.
Like him, she had a taste for the theatre. She
stood at the stage door; she wanted to act,
she said. Men laughed in her face. The manager—a fat, loose-lipped man—guffawed. He
bellowed something about poodles dancing
and women acting—no woman, he said
could possibly be an actress. He hinted—you
can imagine what. She could get no training
in her craft. Could she even seek her dinner
▲
Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were
performed at the Globe Theatre in London.
William Shakespeare
▲
1. Describing What were “the conditions
of life for a woman” that made Judith’s
parents scold her for attempting to read
and write?
2. Drawing Conclusions What is Woolf’s
conclusion about the possibility of a
woman becoming Shakespeare?
3. Analyzing Why does Virginia Woolf
have Shakespeare marry, but
Shakespeare’s sister run away from
marriage?
What does a person today need to succeed
as a writer or artist? Write a descriptive
account to illustrate your argument.
(l) Bettmann/CORBIS, (r) Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library
R53
Toward
a Global
Civilization
1945–Present
PRIMARY SOURCES
reserve: a reservation; land set aside for use by
a particular group
squatters: those who settle on public land
LIBRARY
without rights or permission
perturbation: major change or disturbance
▲
R54
Bettmann/CORBIS
John Glenn
PROGRESS NEVER STOPS
I
n 1962 John J. Glenn, Jr., was commander of
the first U.S. crewed spacecraft to orbit the
earth. Glenn spoke to a joint meeting of Congress
six days after he returned from orbit.
What did we learn from the flight? . . . The
Mercury spacecraft and systems design concepts are sound and have now been verified
during manned flight. We also proved that
man can operate intelligently in space and
can adapt rapidly to this new environment.
Zero G or weightlessness appears to be no
problem. As a matter of fact, lack of gravity is
a rather fascinating thing. Objects within the
cockpit can be parked in midair. For example,
at one time during the flight, I was using a
hand-held camera. Another system needed
attention; so it seemed quite natural to let go
of the camera, take care of the other chore,
then reach out, grasp the camera, and go back
about my business.
There seemed to be little sensation of speed
although the craft was traveling at about five
miles per second—a speed that I too find difficult to comprehend.
The view from that altitude defies description. The horizon colors are brilliant and sunsets are spectacular. It is hard to beat a day in
which you are permitted the luxury of seeing
four sunsets. . . .
Our efforts today and what we have done
so far are but small building blocks in a huge
pyramid to come.
But questions are sometimes raised regarding the immediate payoffs from our efforts.
Explorations and the pursuit of knowledge
have always paid dividends in the long run—
usually far greater than anything expected
at the outset. Experimenters with common,
green mold, little dreamed what effect their
discovery of penicillin would have.
We are just probing the surface of the
greatest advancements in man’s knowledge
of his surroundings that has ever been made.
. . . Knowledge begets knowledge. Progress
never stops.
AN IDEAL FOR WHICH
I AM PREPARED TO DIE
N
elson Mandela gave this speech during his
trial in South Africa in 1964. Following
the trial, he was sentenced to life in prison.
X
iao-huang Yin recounts his trip through
China in 1994.
Recently I took a six-week journey across
China. It was my first trip back since . . . 1985.
In the course of my visit I saw—I felt—the
perturbations of profound and chaotic social
change. China’s stunning hurtle from a centrally planned economy to a free market has
set off an economic explosion and generated
tremendous prosperity. Its economic growth
was 13 percent in 1993, and average personal
income in urban areas had doubled since 1985.
With the state-owned sector accounting for less
than 30 percent of total economic output, the
socialist system is becoming an empty shell.
Across China the lines between the state and
private economies are blurring. At the largest
national department store in Shanghai, a symbol of Chinese socialist business, customers
now bargain for better prices. The counters
within the store have been contracted out
to shop clerks, who decide the prices. Dual
ownership has in essence turned this state
enterprise into a private business. . . .
Not everyone gets rich quick, but the economic boom has brought most urban Chinese
a huge improvement in their standard of living. Color TV sets, refrigerators, and VCRs,
considered luxuries when I lived in China,
can be found in almost every working-class
urban household—at least in the prosperous
coastal cities.
LIBRARY
The whites enjoy what may well be the
highest standard of living in the world, whilst
Africans live in poverty and misery. Forty
percent of the Africans live in hopelessly
overcrowded and, in some cases, droughtstricken reserves, where soil erosion and
the overworking of the soil make it impossible for them to live properly off the land.
Thirty percent are labourers, labour tenants,
and squatters on white farms. The other
thirty percent live in towns where they have
developed economic and social habits which
bring them closer, in many respects, to white
standards. Yet forty-six percent of all African
families in Johannesburg do not earn enough
to keep them going.
The complaint of Africans, however, is not
only that they are poor and whites are rich, but
that the laws which are made by the whites
are designed to preserve this situation. . . .
During my lifetime I have dedicated my
life to this struggle of the African people. I
have fought against white domination, and I
have fought against black domination. I have
cherished the ideal of a democratic and free
society in which all persons live together in
harmony with equal opportunities. It is an
ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But my lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for
which I am prepared to die.
CHINA’S GILDED AGE
1. Identifying Central Issues What are
the immediate and long-term “payoffs”
of John Glenn’s 1962 space mission,
according to his report to Congress?
2. Explaining What ideal does Nelson
Mandela discuss?
3. Evaluating Why does Xiao-huang Yin
believe that socialism is becoming an
“empty shell” in China?
R55
Toward
a Global
Civilization
1945–Present
LIBRARY
World Literature
▲
Chinua Achebe
About the Author
Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria and
was christened Albert Chinualamogu. He
rejected his British name while studying at
the University College of Ibadan. Many of his
works deal with the impact of Western values
and culture on African society. He has done
more than almost any other author to spread
the understanding and influence of African
literature worldwide.
commandeer: to seize for military purposes
Biro: a British term for a ballpoint pen
raffia: fiber of a type of palm tree
R56
(l) Ho/Suhrkamp/AP Images, (r) Greg Stott/Masterfile
“CIVIL PEACE” FROM GIRLS
AT WAR AND OTHER STORIES
By Chinua Achebe
“C
ivil Peace” is one of the stories from Girls
at War and Other Stories in which
Achebe responds to the Nigerian civil war. The
story takes place in the forests of Nigeria in 1970,
just after the war has ended.
Jonathan Iwegbu counted himself extraordinarily lucky. “Happy survival!” meant so
much more to him than just a current fashion
of greeting old friends in the first hazy days of
peace. It went deep to his heart. He had come
out of the war with five inestimable blessings—his head, his wife Maria’s head and the
heads of three out of their four children. As a
bonus he also had his old bicycle—a miracle
too but naturally not to be compared to the
safety of five human heads.
The bicycle had a little history of its own.
One day at the height of the war it was commandeered “for urgent military action.” Hard
as its loss would have been to him he would
still have let it go without a thought had he
not had some doubts about the genuineness
of the officer. It wasn’t his disreputable rags,
nor the toes peeping out of one blue and one
brown canvas shoes, nor yet the two stars of
his rank done obviously in a hurry in Biro,
that troubled Jonathan; many good and heroic soldiers looked the same or worse. It was
LIBRARY
things. He got a destitute carpenter with one
rather a certain lack of grip and firmness in
old hammer, a blunt plane and a few bent and
his manner. So Jonathan, suspecting he might
rusty nails in his tool bag to turn this assortbe amenable to influence, rummaged in his
ment of wood, paper and metal into door and
raffia bag and produced the two pounds with
window shutters for five Nigerian shillings
which he had been going to buy firewood
or fifty Biafran pounds. He paid the pounds,
which his wife, Maria, retailed to camp ofand moved in with his overjoyed family carficials for extra stock-fish and corn meal, and
rying five heads on their shoulders.
got his bicycle back. That night he buried it in
the little clearing in the bush where the dead
of the camp, including his own youngest son,
were buried. When he dug it up again a year
later after the surrender all it needed was a
little palm-oil greasing. “Nothing puzzles
God,” he said in wonder.
He put it to immediate use as a taxi and accumulated a small pile of Biafran money ferrying camp officials and their families across
the four-mile stretch to the nearest tarred
road. His standard charge per trip was six
pounds and those who had the money were
only glad to be rid of some of it in this way.
At the end of a fortnight he had made a small
fortune of one hundred and fifteen pounds.
Then he made the journey to Enugu and
found another miracle waiting for him. It
▲ Children Dancing, c. 1948, by
was unbelievable. He rubbed his eyes and
Robert Gwathmey
looked again and it was still standing there
before him. But, needless to say, even that
monumental blessing must be accounted also
totally inferior to the five heads in the family. This newest miracle was his little house
in Ogui Overside. Indeed nothing puzzles
God! Only two houses away a huge concrete
edifice some wealthy contractor had put up
just before the war was a mountain
of rubble. And here was Jonathan’s
little zinc house of no regrets built
1. Drawing Conclusions What does Jonathan’s
with mud blocks quite intact! Of
encounter with the false officer reveal about the
course the doors and windows were
conditions of the war?
missing and five sheets off the roof.
2. Identifying Biafra lost the civil war. What
But what was that? And anyhow he
clues in the text indicate this outcome?
had returned to Enugu early enough
3. Evaluating Do you think it is effective for
to pick up bits of old zinc and wood
Achebe to discuss the war through an individand soggy sheets of cardboard lying
ual account rather than as a direct discussion
of the devastation created? Why or why not?
around the neighborhood before
thousands more came out of their
forest holes looking for the same
Choose a contemporary problem and describe it
through the effect it has on an individual or
family.
The Butler Institute of American Art.
R57
Glossary/ Glosario
•
•
•
•
Content vocabulary terms in this glossary are words that relate to world history content.
They are highlighted yellow in your text.
Los términos del vocabulario de contenido de este glosario son palabras relacionadas con el
contenido de historia mundial. Están resaltadas en amarillo en tu libro de texto.
Words below that have an asterisk (*) are academic vocabulary terms. They help you
understand your school subjects and are boldfaced in your text.
Las palabras que tienen un asterisco (*) son términos del vocabulario académico. Ellas te
ayudarán a comprender los temas escolares y están en negritas en tu libro de texto.
ENGLISH
ESPAÑOL
GLOSSARY
a
R58
*abandoned: deserted (p. 352)
*abandonado: desierto (pág. 352)
abbess: the head of a convent (p. 306)
abadesa: superiora de un convento (pág. 306)
abolitionism: a movement to end slavery (p. 637)
abolicionismo: movimiento para terminar con la
esclavitud (pág. 637)
absolutism: a political system in which a ruler holds
total power (p. 464)
absolutismo: sistema político en el que el gobernante
mantiene un poder total (pág. 464)
*abstract: a style of art, emerging around 1910, that
spoke directly to the soul and avoided visual reality by
using only lines and color (p. 676)
*abstracto: estilo de arte, surgido alrededor de 1910, que
habla directamente al alma y evita la realidad visual al
utilizar solamente líneas y colores (pág. 676)
*accurate: exact or right (p. 374)
*preciso: exacto o correcto (pág. 374)
*acquired: came into possession or control of (p. 273)
*adquirir: obtener la posesión o el control de (pág. 273)
acropolis: in early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering
place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of
temples and public buildings (p. 112)
acrópolis: en las ciudades-estado de la antigua Grecia,
lugar fortificado de reuniones en la cima de una
montaña, donde en ocasiones había templos y edificios
públicos (pág. 112)
*administrative: relating to the execution of public
affairs, as distinguished from policy making (p. 244)
*administrativo: relacionado con la ejecución de asuntos
públicos, a diferencia de la elaboración de políticas
(pág. 244)
*administrator: one who manages the affairs of a
government or a business (p. 494)
*administrador: el que dirige los asuntos de un gobierno
o negocio (pág. 494)
adobe: sun-dried brick (p. 371)
adobe: ladrillo secado al sol (pág. 371)
*advocate: support; speak in favor of (p. 662)
*abogar: apoyar; hablar en favor de (pág. 662)
Age of Pericles: the period between 461 B.C. and
429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics
and Athens reached the height of its power (p. 121)
Era de Pericles: el período entre 461 a.C. y 429 a.C.,
cuando Pericles dominaba la política ateniense y Atenas
alcanzó la cúspide de su poder (pág. 121)
agora: in early Greek city-states, an open area that
served as a gathering place and as a market (p. 112)
ágora: en las ciudades-estado de la antigua Grecia,
área abierta que servía como lugar de reunión y como
mercado (pág. 112)
agricultural society: a group of people whose economy
is largely based on farming (p. 294)
sociedad agrícola: grupo de personas cuya economía se
basa principalmente en la agricultura (pág. 294)
Glossary
*aid • armada
*ayuda: asistencia, ya sea en dinero o insumos (pág. 776)
AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; caused by
the HIV virus that is spread through bodily fluids and
weakens the body’s immune system; AIDS is a worldwide problem (p. 989)
sida: síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida; causado
por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), que
se transmite a través de los fluidos corporales y debilita
el sistema inmunitario del organismo; el sida es un
problema mundial (pág. 989)
Allah: Arabic for “God”; the supreme god of Islam
(p. 188)
Alá: dios en árabe; el dios supremo en el islam (pág. 188)
*amendment: an alteration proposed or effected by
parliamentary or constitutional procedure (p. 569)
*enmienda: alteración propuesta o realizada por
el parlamento o un procedimiento constitucional
(pág. 569)
anarchy: political disorder; lawlessness (p. 494)
anarquía: desorden político; sin leyes (pág. 494)
annexed: incorporated territory into an existing political
unit, such as a city or country (p. 692)
anexado: territorio incorporado a una unidad política
existente, como una ciudad o un país (pág. 692)
*annual: yearly (p. 791)
*anual: en un año, cada año (pág. 791)
annul: declare invalid (p. 420)
anular: declarar no válido (pág. 420)
anthropology: the study of human life and culture based
on artifacts and human fossils (p. 4)
antropología: el estudio de la vida y la cultura humanas,
basado en artefactos y fósiles humanos (pág. 4)
anti-Semitism: hostility toward or discrimination against
Jews (p. 353)
antisemitismo: hostilidad hacia o discriminación contra
los judíos (pág. 353)
apartheid: “apartness,” the system of racial segregation
in South Africa from the 1950s until 1991 (p. 987)
apartheid: “separación”, sistema de segregación racial
in Sudáfrica desde la década de 1950 hasta 1991
(pág. 987)
appeasement: satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and
stability (p. 857)
apaciguamiento: satisfacer demandas razonables de
potencias insatisfechas en un esfuerzo por mantener la
paz y la estabilidad (pág. 857)
apprentice: one who learns a trade by practical experience under skilled craftspeople (p. 341)
aprendiz: quien aprende un negocio mediante la
experiencia práctica bajo la guía de artesanos calificados
(pág. 341)
*approach: the way or method one examines or studies
an issue or a concept (p. 641)
*enfoque: la manera o el método en que uno examina o
estudia un asunto o un concepto (pág. 641)
arabesque: geometric patterns repeated over and over
to completely cover a surface with decoration (p. 207)
arabesco: patrones geométricos repetidos una y otra vez
para cubrir completamente una superficie con decorados
(pág. 207)
*arbitrary: at one’s discretion; random (p. 551)
*arbitrario: a la discreción de uno; aleatorio (pág. 551)
archaeology: the study of past societies through an
analysis of the items people left behind them (p. 4)
arqueología: estudio de sociedades pasadas mediante
el análisis de los objetos que las personas dejan tras sí
(pág. 4)
archipelago: a chain of islands (p. 290)
archipiélago: cadena de islas (pág. 290)
*area: a geographic region (p. 290)
*área: región geográfica (pág. 290)
arete: in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a
hero strives to win in a struggle or contest (p. 111)
arete: en la antigua Grecia, las cualidades de excelencia
que un héroe se esforzaba por alcanzar en una batalla o
competencia (pág. 111)
aristocracy: an upper class whose wealth is based on
land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another (p. 86)
aristocracia: clase superior, cuya riqueza se basa en la
posesión de tierras y cuyo poder pasa de una generación
a otra (pág. 86)
armada: a fleet of warships (p. 456)
armada: flota de barcos de guerra (pág. 456)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
*aid: assistance such as money or supplies (p. 776)
R59
GLOSSARY
armistice • *benefit
armistice: a truce or agreement to end fighting (p. 780)
armisticio: tregua o acuerdo para finalizar una guerra
(pág. 780)
arms race: building up armies and stores of weapons to
keep up with an enemy (p. 903)
carrera armamentista: aumento de los ejércitos y
almacenamiento de armas para igualar al enemigo
(pág. 903)
artifact: tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings,
and household items left behind by early people (p. 4)
artefacto: herramientas, artículos de alfarería, pinturas,
armas, edificaciones y artículos para el hogar dejados por
pueblos antiguos (pág. 4)
artisan: a skilled worker who makes products such as
weapons and jewelry (p. 16)
artesano: trabajador calificado que fabrica productos,
como armas o joyas (pág. 16)
Aryan: a term used to identify people speaking IndoEuropean languages; Nazis misused the term, treating it
as a racial designation and identifying the Aryans with
the ancient Greeks and Romans and twentieth-century
Germans and Scandinavians (p. 806)
ario: término utilizado para identificar a las personas que
hablan lenguas indo-europeas; los nazis abusaron de
este término, tomándolo como una designación racial
e identificando a los arios con los antiguos griegos y
romanos y con los alemanes y escandinavos del siglo XX
(pág. 806)
*assemble: to gather; to meet together (p. 112)
*ensamblar: unir; juntar (pág. 112)
*assembly: the fitting together of parts to make a
complete product (p. 813)
*ensamblaje: la unión de piezas para armar un producto
completo (pág. 814)
assembly line: pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a
manufacturing method that allowed much more
efficient mass production of goods (p. 655)
línea de ensamblaje: método de producción, introducido
por Henry Ford en 1913, que permitía producir artículos
masivamente con mucha mayor eficiencia (pág. 655)
astrolabe: an instrument used by sailors to determine
their location by observing the positions of stars
(p. 205)
astrolabio: instrumento usado por los navegantes para
determinar su ubicación según la posición de las
estrellas (pág. 205)
*attain: to gain or achieve (p. 408)
*lograr: ganar o alcanzar (pág. 408)
Australopithecus: the earliest humanlike creature that
flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million
years ago (p. 7)
australopiteco: primera criatura humanoide que floreció
en el este y sur de África hace tres o cuatro millones de
años (pág. 7)
*authority: power; person in command (p. 464)
*autoridad: poder; persona a cargo (pág. 464)
autonomous: self-governing (p. 939)
autónomo: con gobierno propio (pág. 939)
*available: ready for immediate use; accessible (p. 274)
*disponible: listo para su uso inmediato; accesible
(pág. 274)
b
R60
balance of trade: the difference in value beween what a
nation imports and what it exports over time (p. 440)
balanza comercial: la diferencia en valor entre lo que
una nación importa y lo que exporta en un período de
tiempo (pág. 440)
banners: in Qing China, separate military units made up
of Manchus; the empire’s chief fighting force (p. 513)
estandartes: en la China de los Qing, unidad militar
independiente constituida por manchúes y la principal
fuerza de combate de ese imperio (pág. 513)
baroque: an artistic style of the seventeenth century
characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation,
and contrasting elements (p. 473)
barroco: estilo artístico del siglo XVII caracterizado por
formas complejas, ornamentación audaz y elementos
contrastantes (pág. 473)
bazaar: a covered market in Islamic cities (p. 201)
bazar: mercado techado de las ciudades islámicas
(pág. 201)
*benefit: to be useful or profitable to (p. 517)
*benéfico: ser útil o dar beneficios (pág. 517)
Glossary
Bhagavad Gita, The • caste system
Bhagavad Gita, The: parte de la epopeya india
Mahabharata; el Gita es un sermón del dios Krishna en
vísperas de una importante batalla, establece un punto
clave de la cultura india: uno no debe preocuparse por
el éxito o fracaso de una acción, debe atender sólo lo
moralmente correcto de la acción misma (pág. 80)
bioterrorism: the use of biological and chemical
weapons in terrorist attacks (p. 1040)
bioterrorismo: uso de armas biológicas o químicas en
ataques terroristas (pág. 1040)
bishopric: a group of Christian communities, or parishes,
under the authority of a bishop (p. 304)
obispado: grupo de comunidades o parroquias cristianas
bajo la autoridad de un obispo (pág. 304)
blitz: the British term for the German air raids on British
cities and towns during World War II (p. 884)
blitz: término británico para referirse a los ataques aéreos
alemanes a ciudades y pueblos británicos durante la
Segunda Guerra Mundial (pág. 884)
blitzkrieg: German for “lightning war,” a swift and
sudden military attack; used by the Germans during
World War II (p. 864)
blitzkrieg: término alemán para “guerra relámpago”, una
táctica utilizada por los alemanes durante la Segunda
Guerra Mundial (pág. 864)
bloc: a group of nations with a common purpose
(p. 917)
bloque: grupo de naciones con un objetivo común
(pág. 917)
bourgeoisie: the middle class, including merchants,
industrialists, and professional people (pp. 339, 578,
656)
burguesía: clase media, incluye a los comerciantes,
industriales y profesionales (pp. 339, 578, 656)
boyar: a Russian noble (p. 468)
boyar: noble ruso (pág. 468)
Buddhism: a religious doctrine introduced in northern
India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddhārtha Gautama,
known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One” (p. 73)
budismo: doctrina religiosa introducida en el norte de
la India en el siglo VI a.C. por Siddhartha Gautama,
conocido como Buda (o “el Iluminado”) (pág. 73)
budget deficit: the state that exists when a government
spends more than it collects in revenues (p. 944)
déficit presupuestario: el estado que existe cuando
un gobierno gasta más de los ingresos que recibe
(pág. 944)
bureaucracy: an administrative organization that relies
on nonelective officials and regular procedures (pp. 37,
528)
burocracia: organización administrativa basada en
funcionarios no elegidos y procedimientos habituales
(pp. 37, 528)
Bushido: “the way of the warrior,” the strict code by
which Japanese samurai were supposed to live (p. 280)
bushido: “código del guerrero”, estricto código según el
cual debían vivir los samuráis japoneses (pág. 280)
GLOSSARY
Bhagavad Gita, The: part of the Indian epic
Mahabharata; the Gita, a sermon by the god Krishna
on the eve of a major battle, sets forth one key point of
Indian culture—one must not worry about the success
or failure of an action but should only be aware of the
moral rightness of the act itself (p. 80)
c
caliph: a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and
temporal leader of the Muslims (p. 192)
califa: sucesor de Mahoma como líder espiritual y
temporal de los musulmanes (pág. 192)
*capable: having or showing ability (p. 599)
*capaz: que tiene o demuestra habilidad (pág. 599)
capital: money available for investment (p. 614)
capital: dinero disponible para invertir (pág. 614)
carruca: a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
(p. 334)
carruca: pesado arado con ruedas y reja de hierro
(pág. 334)
cartels: groups of drug businesses (p. 977)
cártel: grupo de negociantes de drogas (pág. 977)
cash crop: a crop that is grown for sale rather than for
personal use (p. 712)
cultivos para vender: cultivo destinado para la venta y no
para su consumo personal (pág. 712)
caste system: a set of rigid categories in ancient India
that determined a person’s occupation and economic
potential, as well as his or her position in society,
based partly on skin color (p. 71)
sistema de castas: conjunto de categorías rígidas en la
antigua India que determinaba la ocupación de una
persona y su potencial económico, así como su posición
en la sociedad, parcialmente sobre la base del color de
la piel (pág. 71)
Glossary
R61
GLOSSARY
caudillo • Cold War
R62
caudillo: in post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong
leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with
the support of the landed elite (p. 711)
caudillo: en la América Latina post revolucionaria, líder
poderoso que gobernaba principalmente mediante la
fuerza militar, a menudo con el respaldo de la elite
hacendada (pág. 711)
*cease: to come to an end (p. 836)
*cesar: llegar al fin (pág. 836)
censorate: part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made
sure government officials were doing their jobs (p. 96)
censorado: parte de la burocracia china que vigilaba que
los funcionarios gubernamentales hicieran su trabajo
(pág. 96)
*challenge: a summons that is often stimulating, inciting,
or threatening (p. 317)
*reto: emplazamiento que con frecuencia estimula, incita
o amenaza (pág. 317)
chanson de geste: a type of vernacular literature, this
heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and
described battles and political contests (p. 351)
canción de gesta: tipo de literatura vernácula, epopeya
heroica popular en la Europa medieval, en la que se
describían batallas y contiendas políticas (pág. 351)
*chemical: produced by chemicals (p. 946)
*químico: producido mediante reactivos químicos
(pág. 946)
chivalry: in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of
ethics that knights were supposed to uphold (p. 313)
caballería: en la Edad Media, el ideal de comportamiento
civilizado que florecía entre la nobleza; era un código
ético que los caballeros debían mantener (pág. 313)
Christian humanism: a movement that developed in
northern Europe during the Renaissance combining
classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church (p. 412)
humanismo cristiano: movimiento que se desarrolló
en el norte de Europa durante el Renacimiento que
combinaba las enseñanzas clásicas (humanismo) con la
meta de reformar la Iglesia católica (pág. 412)
city-state: a state with political and economic control
over the surrounding countryside (p. 28)
ciudad-estado: ciudad con control político y económico
sobre los campos que la rodean (pág. 28)
*civil: involving the general public or civic affairs (p. 704)
*civil: relacionado con asuntos generales públicos o civiles
(pág. 704)
civil disobedience: refusal to obey laws that are considered to be unjust (p. 832)
desobediencia civil: rechazo a obedecer leyes que son
consideradas injustas (pág. 832)
civilization: a complex culture in which large numbers
of people share a number of common elements such
as social structure, religion, and art (p. 18)
civilización: compleja cultura en la que un gran número
de personas comparte ciertos elementos, como la
estructura social, la religión y el arte (pág. 18)
civil rights movement: began in 1954 when the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled that the practice of racial segregation (separation) was illegal; led to passage of Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act, which
created the means to end segregation and discrimination in the workplace and all public places and made it
easier for African Americans to vote in southern states,
respectively (p. 918)
movimiento por los derechos civiles: comenzó en 1954
cuando la Corte Suprema de los EE.UU. estableció que la
práctica de la segregación (separación) racial era ilegal;
provocó la aprobación de la Ley de los Derechos Civiles
de 1964 y de la Ley del Derecho al Voto, la primera
permitió poner fin a la segregación y discriminación en
los centros de trabajo y lugares públicos, y la segunda
facilitó el voto a los afronorteamericanos en los estados
sureños (pág. 918)
clan: a group of related families (pp. 370, 517)
clan: grupo de familias relacionadas (pp. 370, 517)
*classical: authoritative, traditional; relating to the
literature, art, architecture, or ideals of the ancient
Greek and Roman world (p. 121)
*clásico: documentado, tradicional; relacionado con la
literatura, el arte, la arquitectura o los ideales del mundo
antiguo griego y romano (pág. 121)
clergy: church leaders (p. 173)
clero: líderes de la Iglesia (pág. 173)
*code: a system of principles or rules (p. 280)
*código: sistema de principios y reglas (pág. 280)
Cold War: the period of political tension following
World War II and ending with the fall of Communism
in the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s (p. 886)
Guerra Fría: período de tensión política que siguió a la
Segunda Guerra Mundial y que culminó con la caída del
comunismo en la Unión Soviética a fines de la década
de 1980 (pág. 886)
Glossary
collaborator • *conflict
colaborador: persona que ayuda al enemigo (pág. 877)
*collapse: to break down completely; to suddenly lose
force or effectiveness (p. 174)
*colapsar: desplomarse completamente; perder
súbitamente la fuerza o efectividad (pág. 174)
collective bargaining: the right of unions to negotiate
with employers over wages and hours (p. 794)
convenio colectivo: derecho de los sindicatos a negociar
con los empleadores acerca de remuneraciones y
horarios (pág. 794)
collectivization: a system in which private farms are
eliminated and peasants work land owned by the
government (p. 800)
colectivización: sistema en el cual se eliminan las granjas
privadas y los campesinos trabajan la tierra perteneciente
al gobierno (pág. 800)
colony: a settlement of people living in a new territory,
linked with the parent country by trade and direct
government control (p. 440)
colonia: asentamiento de personas que están viviendo
en un nuevo territorio enlazado a la madre patria por el
comercio y el control directo del gobierno (pág. 440)
Columbian Exchange: the extensive exchange of plants
and animals between the Old and New Worlds, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
(p. 436)
Intercambio Colombino: extenso intercambio de
plantas y animales entre el Nuevo Mundo y el Viejo,
especialmente durante los siglos XVI y XVII (pág. 436)
*commentary: an explanatory treatise (p. 204)
*comentario: tratado explicatorio (pág. 204)
commercial capitalism: economic system in which
people invest in trade or goods to make profits
(pp. 338, 516)
capitalismo comercial: sistema económico en el cual la
gente invierte en el comercio y en bienes con el fin de
obtener ganancias (pp. 338, 516)
commodity: a marketable product (p. 735)
artículo de consumo: producto que se puede
comercializar (pág. 735)
common law: a uniform system of law that developed in
England based on court decisions and on customs and
usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law
codes that varied from place to place (p. 317)
derecho común: sistema uniforme de leyes desarrollado
en Inglaterra, basado en las decisiones de las cortes y
en las costumbres y usos, en vez de en códigos de leyes
escritas; sustituyó los códigos legales que variaban de un
lugar a otro (pág. 317)
commonwealth: a republic (p. 461)
mancomunidad: una república (pág. 461)
commune: in China during the 1950s, a group of collective farms, which contained more than 30,000 people
who lived and worked together (p. 1013)
comuna: grupo de granjas colectivas de China durante
la década de 1950, cada una de las cuales contenía
más de 30,000 personas que vivían y trabajaban juntas
(pág. 1013)
*community: a group of people with common interests
and characteristics living together within a larger society
(p. 522)
*comunidad: grupo de personas con intereses y
características comunes que viven juntas en una
sociedad mayor (pág. 522)
*compensation: payment (p. 829)
*compensación: pago (pág. 829)
*compiled: collected and edited into a volume (p. 202)
*compilado: reunido y editado en un volumen (pág. 202)
*complex: having many intricate parts (pp. 196, 759)
*complejo: que tiene muchas partes complicadas
(pp. 196, 759)
*complexity: the state of being complex or of having
many intricate parts (p. 267)
*complejidad: estado de ser complejo o de tener muchas
partes complicadas (pág. 267)
concentration camp: a camp where prisoners of war,
political prisoners, or members of minority groups are
confined, typically under harsh conditions (p. 806)
campo de concentración: campamento donde se confina
a prisioneros de guerra, prisioneros políticos o miembros
de grupos minoritarios, por lo general bajo severas
condiciones (pág. 806)
concession: a political compromise (p. 738)
concesión: compromiso político (pág. 738)
*conflict: opposition; a fight, battle, or war (p. 454)
*conflicto: oposición; pelea, batalla o guerra (pág. 454)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
collaborator: a person who assists the enemy (p. 877)
R63
GLOSSARY
Confucianism • cooperative
R64
Confucianism: the system of political and ethical ideas
formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius
toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it was intended
to help restore order to a society that was in a state of
confusion (p. 90)
confucianismo: sistema de ideas políticas y éticas
formuladas por el filósofo chino Confucio hacia fines de
la dinastía Zhou; fue concebido para restaurar el orden
en una sociedad que estaba en estado de confusión
(pág. 90)
conquistador: a Spanish conqueror of the Americas
(p. 434)
conquistador: se refiere a los conquistadores españoles
de las Américas (pág. 434)
conscription: military draft (p. 759)
conscripción: llamado obligatorio al servicio militar
(pág. 759)
*consent: approval (p. 961)
*consentimiento: aprobación (pág. 961)
*consequence: the effect or result of an action (p. 353)
*consecuencia: efecto o resultado de una acción
(pág. 353)
conservatism: a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political
authority and organized religion (p. 624)
conservadurismo: filosofía política basada en la tradición
y estabilidad social sobre la base de la obediencia a la
autoridad política y a la religión organizada (pág. 624)
*constitution: the basic principles and laws of a nation,
state, or social group that determine the powers and
duties of the government and guarantee certain rights
to the people in it (p. 626)
*constitución: principios básicos y leyes de una nación,
estado o grupo social, que determina los poderes y los
deberes del gobierno y garantiza ciertos derechos al
pueblo (pág. 626)
*construction: manner or method of building (p. 348)
*construcción: manera o método de construir (pág. 348)
consul: a chief executive officer of the Roman Republic;
two were elected each year, one to run the government and one to lead the army into battle (p. 148)
cónsul: jefe ejecutivo de la República Romana; se elegían
dos cada año: uno para llevar el gobierno y el otro para
dirigir el ejército en las batallas (pág. 148)
consulate: government established in France after the
overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as
first consul in control of the entire government (p. 598)
consulado: gobierno establecido en Francia después del
derrocamiento del Directorio en 1799, con Napoleón
como primer cónsul y en control de todo el gobierno
(pág. 598)
*consumer: relating to one who consumes or uses
economic goods (p. 577)
*consumidor: relativo al que consume o usa un bien
(pág. 577)
consumer society: a society preoccupied with buying
goods (p. 920)
sociedad de consumo: sociedad preocupada en comprar
bienes (pág. 920)
*context: the circumstances surrounding a situation or
event (p. 743)
*contexto: circunstancias que rodean una situación o
evento (pág. 743)
*contract: a binding agreement between two or more
people or parties (p. 311)
*contrato: acuerdo vinculante entre dos o más personas o
partes (pág. 311)
*contractor: one who contracts or is a party to a contract
to perform work, provide supplies, or erect buildings
(p. 164)
*contratista: el que contrata o es parte en un contrato
para realizar un trabajo, suministrar algo o construir
edificios (pág. 164)
contras: rebels financed by the United States who began
a guerrilla war against the Sandinista government in
Nicaragua (p. 971)
contras: rebeldes financiados por los Estados Unidos que
entablaron una guerra guerrillera contra el gobierno
sandinista en Nicaragua (pág. 971)
*controversy: a dispute or quarrel (p. 673)
*controversia: disputa o querella (pág. 673)
*conversion: the change from one belief or form to
another (p. 76)
*conversión: cambio de una creencia o forma a otra
(pág. 76)
*convert: to change over from one belief to another
(p. 462)
*convertir: cambiar de una fe a otra (pág. 462)
*cooperation: common effort (p. 780)
*cooperación: esfuerzo común (pág. 780)
cooperative: a farm organization owned by and
operated for the benefit of the farmers (p. 975)
cooperativa: sociedad agrícola perteneciente a
agricultores y administrada para su beneficio (pág. 975)
Glossary
*corporation • *debated
*corporación: forma de organizar los negocios que tiene
una entidad legal independiente con todos los derechos
y responsabilidades de un individuo, incluso el derecho
a comprar y vender la propiedad, establecer contratos
legales y demandar o ser demandados judicialmente
(pág. 350)
cottage industry: a method of production in which tasks
are done by individuals in their rural homes (p. 615)
industria casera: método de producción en el que
las tareas las realizan las personas en sus hogares
(pág. 615)
coup d’état: a sudden overthrow of the government
(p. 593)
golpe de estado: súbito derrocamiento del gobierno
(pág. 593)
*created: made or brought something new into
existence (p. 46)
*crear: hacer o dar existencia a algo nuevo (pág. 46)
*creative: imaginative (p. 475)
*creativo: imaginativo (pág. 475)
creole: a person of European descent born in the New
World and living there permanently (pp. 444, 708)
criollo: descendiente de europeos nacido en el Nuevo
Mundo y que vive permanentemente allí (pp. 444, 708)
*crucial: essential; important (p. 334)
*crucial: esencial; importante (pág. 334)
Crusades: military expeditions carried out by European
Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land
from the Muslims (p. 325)
Cruzadas: expediciones militares llevadas a cabo por
cristianos europeos en la Edad Media para reconquistar
la Tierra Santa de manos de los musulmanes (pág. 325)
cultural imperialism: referring to Western nations’
control of other world cultures similar to how they
had controlled colonial governments (p. 949)
imperialismo cultural: se refiere al control ejercido por
los países occidentales sobre otras culturas del mundo,
similar a como controlaban los gobiernos coloniales
(pág. 949)
culture: the way of life a people follows (pp. 18, 254)
cultura: forma de vida que siguen las personas (pp. 18,
254)
cuneiform: “wedge-shaped,” a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create
wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet (p. 30)
cuneiforme: “en forma de cuña”, sistema de escritura
desarrollado por los sumerios utilizando un punzón de
lengüeta para crear impresiones en forma de cuña en
una tableta de arcilla (pág. 30)
*currency: coins, for example, that are in circulation and
used as a medium of exchange (p. 940)
*moneda: dinero, por ejemplo, el que se encuentra
en circulación y se usa como medio de intercambio
(pág. 940)
*cycle: a series of events that recur regularly and usually
lead back to the starting point (p. 88)
*ciclo: serie de eventos que se repiten regularmente y que
por lo general llevan al punto de partida (pág. 88)
czar: Russian for “caesar,” the title used by Russian
emperors (p. 468)
zar: “césar” en ruso; título adoptado por los emperadores
rusos (pág. 468)
GLOSSARY
*corporation: form of business organization that has a
separate legal entity with all the rights and responsibilities of an individual, including the right to buy and sell
property, enter into legal contracts, and sue and be
sued (p. 350)
c
d
daimyo: “great names,” heads of noble families in Japan
who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection (pp. 281, 520)
daimyo: “grandes nombres”, líderes de familias nobles en
Japón, que controlaban vastas propiedades y confiaban
su protección a los samuráis (pp. 281, 520)
Dao: “Way,” the key to proper behavior under
Confucianism (p. 87)
tao: “Camino”, la clave para la conducta apropiada bajo el
confucianismo (pág. 87)
Daoism: a system of ideas based on the teachings of
Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed
through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its
course (p. 92)
taoísmo: sistema de ideas basado en la doctrina de Laozi;
enseña que la verdadera manera de seguir la voluntad
del Cielo es la inacción, dejando a la naturaleza seguir su
curso (pág. 92)
*debated: discussed by considering opposing viewpoints
(p. 109)
*debatido: discutido mediante la consideración de los
puntos de vista contrarios (pág. 109)
Glossary
R65
GLOSSARY
*decline • disarmament group
R66
*decline: a change to a lower state or level (p. 398)
*declinar: cambio a un estado o nivel más bajo
(p. 398)
deficit spending: when a government pays out more
money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt (p. 795)
gastos deficitarios: gastos gubernamentales que exceden
a lo que se recibe a través de los impuestos y otros
ingresos, por lo que se endeuda (pág. 795)
deforestation: the clearing of forests (p. 1042)
deforestación: tala de bosques (pág. 1042)
deism: an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based
on reason and natural law (p. 548)
deísmo: filosofía religiosa del siglo XVIII basada en la
razón y en la ley natural (pág. 548)
demilitarized: elimination or prohibition of weapons,
fortifications, and other military installations (p. 857)
desmilitarizar: eliminar o prohibir las armas,
fortificaciones y otras instalaciones militares (pág. 857)
democracy: “the rule of the many,” government by the
people, either directly or through their elected representatives (p. 114)
democracia: “gobierno de la mayoría”, gobierno por
personas elegidas directamente o a través de sus
representantes elegidos (pág. 114)
*demonstration: a public display of group feeling toward
a person or a cause (p. 936)
*demostración: muestra pública de los sentimientos
colectivos hacia una persona o causa (pág. 936)
depression: a period of low economic activity and rising
unemployment (p. 792)
depresión: período de baja actividad económica y
aumento del desempleo (pág. 792)
*derived: process of obtaining a product from a parent
substance (p. 616)
*derivado: proceso de obtención de un producto a partir
de una sustancia progenitora (pág. 616)
desertification: formation of degraded soil, turning
semi-arid lands into nonproductive deserts (p. 1042)
desertificación: formación de suelos degradados,
que convierte los terrenos semiáridos en desiertos
improductivos (pág. 1042)
de-Stalinization: the process of eliminating Stalin’s more
ruthless policies (p. 911)
desestalinización: proceso de eliminación de las políticas
más crueles de Stalin (pág. 911)
détente: a phase of relaxed tensions and improved
relations between two adversaries (p. 930)
détente: fase de relajamiento de las tensiones y
mejoramiento de las relaciones entre dos adversarios
(pág. 930)
deterrence: during the Cold War, the U.S. and Soviet policies of holding huge arsenals of nuclear weapons to
prevent war; each nation believed that neither would
launch a nuclear attack since both knew that the other
side could strike back with devastating power (p. 905)
disuasión: durante la Guerra Fría, las políticas de los
EE.UU. y de los soviéticos de mantener enormes
arsenales de armas nucleares para evitar la guerra; cada
país creía que ninguno lanzaría un ataque nuclear ya que
ambos sabían que la otra parte podía responder con un
ataque devastador (pág. 905)
dharma: in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma;
it requires all people to do their duty based on their
status in society (p. 73)
dharma: en el Hinduismo, ley divina que gobierna el
karma; exige que todas las personas cumplan con su
deber según su estatus en la sociedad (pág. 73)
dictator: an absolute ruler (p. 154)
dictador: gobernante absoluto (pág. 154)
dictatorship: a form of government in which a person or
small group has absolute power (p. 656)
dictadura: forma de gobierno en el que una persona o un
pequeño grupo tiene el poder absoluto (pág. 656)
direct democracy: a system of government in which the
people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings (p. 121)
democracia directa: sistema de gobierno en el que las
personas participan directamente en las decisiones del
gobierno mediante asambleas masivas (pág. 121)
direct rule: colonial government in which local elites are
removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country (p. 690)
gobierno directo: gobierno colonial en el que se le retira
el poder a la elite local y se lo dan a nuevos funcionarios
traídos de la metrópoli (pág. 690)
disarmament group: a nongovernmental group that
works to limit the size of military forces and weapons
stocks (p. 1053)
grupo de desarme: grupo no gubernamental que trabaja
para limitar el tamaño de las fuerzas armadas y de las
reservas de armamentos (pág. 1053)
Glossary
discrimination • elector
discriminación: tratamiento prejuiciado, generalmente
por la raza, la religión, la clase social, el género o la edad
(pág. 1023)
dissident: a person who speaks out against the regime
in power (p. 930)
disidente: persona que critica abiertamente al régimen
que tiene el poder (pág. 930)
*diverse: varied and not alike (p. 988)
*diverso: variado o que no se parece (pág. 988)
divine right of kings: the belief that kings receive their
power from God and are responsible only to God
(p. 461)
derecho divino de los reyes: creencia de que los reyes
reciben su poder de Dios y de que responden sólo ante
Dios (pág. 461)
diviner: a person who is believed to have the power to
foretell events (p. 253)
adivino: persona de quien se cree tiene el poder de
predecir eventos (pág. 253)
*document: an original or official paper that gives proof
of or support to (p. 317)
*documento: papel original u oficial que prueba o apoya
algo (pág. 317)
*domain: where one has absolute ownership of land or
other property (p. 486)
*dominio: donde alguien tiene la propiedad absoluta de
la tierra u otro bien (pág. 486)
*domestic: relating to or originating within one’s country
(pp. 79, 588)
*doméstico: relativo al país de uno u originado en él
(pp. 79, 588)
*domesticated: adapted to life with and to the advantage of humans (p. 46)
*domesticado: adaptado a vivir con las personas y para su
beneficio (pág. 46)
domestication: adaption for human use (p. 14)
domesticación: adaptación para el uso de las personas
(pág. 14)
*dominate: influence or control (p. 856)
*dominar: influir o controlar (pág. 856)
domino theory: idea that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall (p. 907)
teoría del domino: idea de que si un país cae ante el
comunismo, los países colindantes también lo harán
(pág. 907)
dowry: a gift of money or property paid at the time
of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife
(pp. 203, 269, 403)
dote: dinero o bienes pagados en el momento del
matrimonio por los padres de la novia a su esposo,
o en sociedades islámicas, por el marido a su esposa
(pp. 203, 269, 403)
*draft: to select for some purpose; to conscript (p. 446)
*reclutar: seleccionar para algún propósito; alistar
(pág. 446)
*drama: a composition that tells a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue
and typically designed for the theater (p. 474)
*drama: composición que cuenta una historia, por lo
general implicada con conflictos y emociones, a través
de la acción y el diálogo, diseñada habitualmente para
el teatro (pág. 474)
*dramatic: remarkable; notable; amazing (p. 1024)
*dramático: considerable; notable; sorprendente
(pág. 1024)
Duma: the Russian legislative assembly (p. 670)
Duma: la asamblea legislativa rusa (pág. 670)
dynasty: a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed
on within the family (p. 36)
dinastía: familia de gobernantes cuyo derecho a gobernar
se transmite dentro de la familia (pág. 36)
GLOSSARY
discrimination: prejudicial treatment usually based on
race, religion, class, sex, or age (p. 1023)
ce
ecology: the study of the relationships between living
things and their environment (p. 1042)
ecología: estudio de las relaciones entre los seres vivos y
su ambiente (pág. 1042)
*economic: relating to the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services (p. 174)
*económico: relativo a la producción, distribución y
consumo de bienes y servicios (pág. 174)
elector: an individual qualified to vote in an election
(p. 593)
elector: persona calificada para votar en una elección
(pág. 593)
Glossary
R67
GLOSSARY
*element • *estimate
R68
*element: a distinct group within a larger group (p. 824)
*elemento: un grupo particular dentro de un grupo mayor
(pág. 824)
emancipation: the act of setting free (p. 636)
emancipación: acción de dejar en libertad (pág. 636)
empire: a large political unit or state, usually under a
single leader, that controls many peoples or territorities
(p. 32)
imperio: gran unidad política, comúnmente bajo un
solo líder, que controla a muchos pueblos o territorios
(pág. 32)
*enabled: made possible (p. 309)
*posibilitar: hacer posible (pág. 309)
enclosure movement: in Great Britain during the 1700s,
the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of
common lands, forcing many peasants to move to
town (p. 614)
movimiento de cerramiento: durante los años 1700,
un decreto del parlamento británico autorizó a cercar
terrenos públicos, lo que obligó a muchos campesinos a
marcharse a las ciudades (pág. 614)
encomienda: a system of labor the Spanish used in the
Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted
by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers
(p. 435)
encomienda: sistema de trabajo empleado por los
españoles en las Américas; los terratenientes españoles
tenían el derecho, otorgado por la reina Isabel, a
emplear a los nativoamericanos como peones (pág. 435)
*enhanced: improved (p. 910)
*mejorado: perfeccionado (pág. 910)
enlightened absolutism: a system in which rulers tried
to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers (p. 554)
absolutismo ilustrado: sistema en el cual los gobernantes
trataban de gobernar por medio de principios de la
Ilustración mientras mantenían todos sus poderes reales
(pág. 554)
*enormous: huge; vast; immense (p. 324)
*enorme: tremendo; vasto; inmenso (pág. 324)
*ensure: to make sure (p. 307)
*asegurar: estar seguro (pág. 307)
entrepreneur: a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits
(p. 614)
empresario: persona interesada en hallar nuevas
oportunidades de negocios y nuevas formas de obtener
ganancias (pág. 614)
*environment: the complex factors—climate, soil, and
living things—that act upon an ecological community
and determine its form and survival (p. 1041)
*medioambiente: complejos factores—clima, suelo y seres
vivientes—que actúan sobre una comunidad ecológica y
determinan su forma y supervivencia (pág. 1041)
ephor: one of the five men elected each year in ancient
Sparta who were responsible for the education of
youth and the conduct of all citizens (p. 116)
éforo: cada uno de los cinco hombres elegidos cada año
en la antigua Esparta, responsables de la educación de
los jóvenes y de la conducta de todos los ciudadanos
(pág. 116)
epic poem: a long poem that tells the deeds of a great
hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer
(p. 111)
poema épico: extenso poema que cuenta las hazañas de
un gran héroe, como la Iliada y la Odisea, de Homero
(pág. 111)
Epicureanism: school of thought developed by the
philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that
happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to
achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure (p. 139)
epicureanismo: escuela del pensamiento desarrollada
por el filósofo Epicuro en la Atenas helenística; sostenía
que la felicidad es la principal meta en la vida y que el
medio para lograr la felicidad era la búsqueda del placer
(pág. 139)
*eroded: diminished or destroyed by degrees (p. 203)
*erosionado: reducido o destruido gradualmente
(pág. 203)
*establish: to set up permanently; to found (p. 847)
*establecer: fijar permanentemente; fundar (pág. 847)
estate: one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First
Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate) (pp. 319, 576); a landed property
usually with a large house on it (p. 707)
estado: cada una de las tres clases en las que se dividía
la sociedad francesa medieval: el clero (primer estado),
los nobles (segundo estado) y la plebe (tercer estado)
(pp. 319, 576)
*estimate: to make a rough determination of (p. 374)
*estimar: calcular aproximadamente (pág. 374)
Glossary
eta • feudal contract
eta: la clase más baja de la sociedad japonesa, cuya forma
de vida era estrictamente regulada por el Tokugawa
(pág. 523)
*ethical: conforming to accepted standards of conduct;
moral (p. 90)
*ético: de acuerdo con los estándares aceptados de
conducta; moral (pág. 90)
*ethics: moral principles; generally recognized rules of
conduct (p. 129)
*ética: principios morales; reglas de conducta
generalmente aceptadas (pág. 129)
*ethnic: relating to people who have common racial,
religious, or cultural origins (p. 874)
*étnico: relativo a las personas que tienen el mismo
origen racial, religioso o cultural (pág. 874)
ethnic cleansing: a policy of killing or forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands; used by the Serbs
against the Muslim minority in Bosnia (pp. 824, 939)
limpieza étnica: política de matar o expulsar por la
fuerza a un grupo étnico de sus territorios; usada por
los serbios contra las minorías musulmanas en Bosnia
(pp. 824, 939)
*eventually: in the end (p. 837)
*finalmente: al final (pág. 837)
*excluded: not counted or included (p. 302)
*excluido: no contado o incluido (pág. 302)
*exclusion: barred from inclusion or participation in
(p. 581)
*excluir: impedir incluirse o participar en algo (pág. 581)
*exclusive: limited to a single indivdual or group
(p. 729)
*exclusivo: limitado a un sólo individuo o grupo
(pág. 729)
*expand: to enlarge or to spread (p. 484)
*expandir: ampliar o extender (pág. 484)
*exploit: to make use of meanly or unfairly for one’s
own advantage (p. 690)
*explotar: utilizar cruel o injustamente para provecho
propio (pág. 690)
*export: to send a product or service for sale to another
country (p. 690)
*exportar: enviar en venta un producto o servicio a otro
país (pág. 690)
*external: relating to dealings or relationships with
foreign countries (p. 588)
*externo: relativo a tratos o relaciones con países
extranjeros (pág. 588)
extraterritoriality: living in a section of a country set
aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws (p. 726)
extraterritorialidad: vivir en una sección de un país
apartada para extranjeros, pero no sujeta a las leyes del
país anfitrión (pág. 726)
GLOSSARY
eta: Japan’s outcast class, whose way of life was strictly
regulated by the Tokugawa (p. 523)
cf
faction: a dissenting group (p. 587)
facción: grupo de disidentes (pág. 587)
*factor: a contributing part (p. 243)
*factor: elemento que contribuye (pág. 243)
fascism: a political philosophy that glorifies the state
above the individual by emphasizing the need for a
strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler
(p. 797)
fascismo: filosofía política que glorifica al estado por
sobre el individuo y enfatiza la necesidad de tener un
gobierno central fuerte encabezado por un gobernante
dictatorial (pág. 797)
federal system: a form of government in which power
is shared between the national government and state
governments (p. 569)
sistema federal: forma de gobierno en la cual el poder es
compartido entre el gobierno nacional y los gobiernos
estatales (pág. 569)
feminism: the movement for women’s rights (p. 662)
feminismo: movimiento a favor de los derechos de las
mujeres (pág. 662)
feudal contract: under feudalism, the unwritten rules
that determined the relationship between a lord and
his vassal (p. 311)
contrato feudal: reglas no escritas que determinaban la
relación entre un señor y su vasallo en el feudalismo
(pág. 311)
Glossary
R69
feudalism • global economy
feudalism: political and social system that developed
during the Middle Ages when royal governments were
no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered
protection and land in return for service (p. 310)
feudalismo: sistema político y social que se desarrolló
durante la Edad Media cuando los gobiernos reales ya
no podían defender a sus pueblos; los nobles ofrecían
protección y tierras a cambio de servicios (pág. 310)
fief: under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal;
the vassal held political authority within his fief (p. 310)
feudo: concesión de tierras hecha a un vasallo en el
feudalismo; el vasallo tenía autoridad política dentro de
su feudo (pág. 310)
filial piety: the duty of family members to subordinate
their needs and desires to those of the male head of
the family, a concept important in Confucianism (p. 89)
respeto filial: deber de los miembros de la familia de
subordinar sus necesidades y deseos a los del cabeza
de familia, un concepto importante en el confucianismo
(pág. 89)
*final: the last in a series, process, or progress (p. 1013)
*final: el último de una serie, proceso o progreso
(pág. 1013)
*financial: relating to the management of funds (p. 152)
*financiero: relativo al manejo de fondos (pág. 152)
*financier: one who deals with finance and investment
on a large scale; one who specializes in raising and
expending public monies (p. 652)
*financista: persona que maneja las finanzas e
inversiones a gran escala; persona especializada en
colectar y gastar los fondos públicos (pág. 652)
fossil: a remnant or impression of an organism from
a past geologic age that has been preserved in the
earth’s crust (p. 4)
fósil: residuo o impresión de un organismo de una era
geológica pasada que se ha preservado en la corteza
terrestre (pág. 4)
*founder: one who founds or establishes (p. 139)
*fundador: quien funda o establece algo (pág. 139)
*founding: originating; beginning (p. 253)
*fundar: originar; comenzar (pág. 253)
fresco: a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with waterbased paints (p. 409)
fresco: pintura hecha en yeso fresco y húmedo con
pinturas a base de agua (pág. 409)
*function: operate (p. 1039)
*funcionar: operar (pág. 1039)
*fund: to provide money for (p. 977)
*financiar: aportar dinero para algo (pág. 977)
GLOSSARY
cg
R70
gender parity: a policy by which women have to make
up either a certain number of the candidates in an
election or a certain number of those elected (p. 948)
paridad de género: política mediante la cual las
mujeres deben contar con un determinado número
de candidatos en las elecciones o con un determinado
número entre los elegidos (pág. 948)
gender stereotyping: restricting what a person could do
just because of the person’s gender (p. 948)
estereotipia de género: la restricción en el juicio de lo
que una persona puede hacer, basándose sólo en su
género (pág. 948)
*generation: a group of individuals born and living at
the same time (p. 548)
*generación: grupo de individuos que nacen y viven en
una misma época (pág. 548)
genocide: the deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group
(pp. 824, 876)
genocidio: matanza masiva deliberada o extinción física
de un grupo racial, político o cultural en particular
(pp. 824, 876)
geocentric: literally, earth-centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving
around it (p. 540)
geocéntrico: literalmente, centrado en la Tierra; sistema
de movimiento planetario que ubica a la Tierra como
el centro del universo, con el Sol, la Luna y los otros
planetas girando en torno a ella (pág. 540)
global economy: an economy in which the production,
distribution, and sale of goods take place on a worldwide scale, as in a multinational corporation (p. 1043)
economía global: economía en la cual la producción,
distribución y venta de bienes se realiza a escala
mundial, como en una corporación multinacional
(pág. 1043)
Glossary
globalization• heresy
globalization: the movement toward a more integrated
and interdependent world economy (pp. 949, 1051)
globalización: movimiento hacia una economía mundial
más integrada e independiente (pp. 941, 1051)
*goal: an aim or a purpose (p. 986)
*meta: objetivo o propósito (pág. 986)
grand vizier: the Ottoman sultan’s chief minister who
carried the main burdens of the state and who led the
council meetings (p. 487)
gran visir: ministro principal de los sultanes otomanos,
que se ocupa de los principales problemas del estado y
encabezaba las reuniones del consejo (pág. 487)
grassroots level: community level (p. 1053)
nivel de base: nivel comunitario (pág. 1053)
greenhouse effect: global warming caused by the
buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (p. 1042)
efecto invernadero: calentamiento global causado por
la acumulación de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera
(pág. 1042)
griot: a special class of African storytellers who help
keep alive a people’s history (p. 255)
griot: tipo especial de narradores africanos de cuentos
que contribuían a mantener viva la historia de un pueblo
(pág. 255)
*guaranteed: assured the fulfillment of a condition
(pp. 168, 569)
*garantizado: que asegura el cumplimiento de una
condición (pp. 168, 569)
guerrilla tactics: the use of unexpected maneuvers like
sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy (p. 838)
tácticas de guerrilla: uso de maniobras inesperadas,
como sabotajes y subterfugios para luchar contra un
enemigo (pág. 838)
guild: a business association that is associated with a
particular trade or craft; guilds evolved in the twelfth
century and played a leading role in the economic life
of medieval cities (p. 341)
gremio: asociación comercial relacionada con un oficio o
artesanía en particular; los gremios evolucionaron en el
siglo XII y desempeñaron un papel importante en la vida
económica de las ciudades medievales (pág. 341)
gunpowder empire: an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered
through their mastery of firearms (p. 486)
imperio de pólvora: imperio formado por conquistadores
extranjeros que unificaron regiones conquistadas gracias
a su habilidad con las armas de fuego (pág. 486)
ch
hajj: peregrinación a La Meca; uno de los requisitos de los
Cinco Pilares del Islam (pág. 190)
hans: approximately 250 domains into which Japan was
divided under the Tokugawa (p. 522)
han: cada uno de los aproximadamente 250 dominios en
los que se dividió Japón bajo los Tokugawa (pág. 522)
harem: “sacred place,” the private domain of an
Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided
(p. 486)
harén: “lugar sagrado”, dominio privado del sultán
otomano, donde residían él y sus esposas (pág. 486)
heavy industry: the manufacture of machines and
equipment for factories and mines (p. 910)
industria pesada: manufactura de máquinas y equipo
destinadas a fábricas y minas (pág. 910)
heliocentric: literally, sun-centered; the system of the
universe proposed in 1543 by Nicolaus Copernicus,
who argued that the earth and planets revolve around
the sun (p. 540)
heliocéntrico: literalmente, centrado en el Sol; sistema
del universo propuesto en 1543 por Nicolás Copérnico,
quien sostuvo que la Tierra y los planetas giraban en
torno al Sol (pág. 540)
Hellenistic Era: the age of Alexander the Great; period
when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the
non-Greek world (p. 137)
Era Helenística: era de Alejandro Magno; período en el
cual los griegos llevaron su idioma y sus ideas fuera del
mundo griego (pág. 137)
helot: in ancient Sparta, a captive person who was
forced to work for the conqueror (p. 115)
ilota: en la antigua Esparta, persona cautiva que era
forzada a trabajar para su conquistador (pág. 115)
heresy: the denial of basic Church doctrines (p. 346)
herejía: negación de las doctrinas básicas de la Iglesia
(pág. 346)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
hajj: a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of
the Five Pillars of Islam (p. 190)
R71
GLOSSARY
hieratic script • imperator
hieratic script: simplified version of hieroglyphics used
in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life (p. 43)
escritura hierática: versión simplificada de los jeroglíficos
usada en el antiguo Egipto para las transacciones
comerciales, registros y las necesidades generales de la
vida cotidiana (pág. 43)
hieroglyph: a picture or symbol used in a hieroglyphic
system of writing (p. 375)
caracteres jeroglíficos: dibujos o símbolos usados en el
sistema jeroglífico de escritura (pág. 375)
hieroglyphics: “priest-carvings” or “sacred writings,” a
complex system of writing that used both pictures and
more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and
Mayans (p. 42)
jeroglíficos: “grabados sacerdotales” o “escrituras
sagradas”, complejo sistema de escritura que utilizaba
tanto dibujos como formas más abstractas; empleado
por los antiguos egipcios y mayas (pág. 42)
*highlighted: centered attention on (p. 725)
*resaltar: centrar la atención en algo (pág. 725)
Hijrah: the journey of Muhammad and his followers to
Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official
calendar of Islam (p. 190)
hégira: viaje de Mahoma y sus seguidores a Medina en el
año 622, que pasó a ser el año 1 del calendario oficial
del islam (pág. 190)
Hinduism: the major Indian religious system, which had
its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who
settled India after 1500 B.C. (p. 72)
hinduismo: principal sistema religioso de la India, que
tuvo sus orígenes en las creencias religiosas de los
arios que se establecieron en la India después del año
1500 a.C. (pág. 72)
hominid: humans and other humanlike creatures that
walk upright (p. 6)
homínido: humanos y otras criaturas similares a los
humanos que caminaban erectos (pág. 6)
Homo sapiens sapiens: “wise, wise human,” a species
that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000
years ago; they were the first anatomically modern
humans (p. 7)
Homo sapiens sapiens: “ser humano sabio sabio”,
especie que apareció en África entre 150,000 y 200,000
años atrás; desde el punto de vista anatómico fueron los
primeros humanos modernos (pág. 7)
hoplite: in the early Greek military system, a heavily
armed foot soldier (p. 113)
hoplita: en el sistema militar de la antigua Grecia, soldado
de infantería fuertemente armado (pág. 113)
hostage system: a system used by the shogunate to
control the daimyo in Tokugawa Japan; the family of a
daimyo lord was forced to stay at their residence in the
capital whenever the lord was absent from it (p. 522)
sistema de rehén: sistema utilizado por el shogunado
para controlar al daimyo en el Japón de los Tokugawa;
la familia de un daimyo estaba obligada a permanecer
en su residencia en la capital mientras él se encontrara
ausente (pág. 522)
humanism: an intellectual movement of the Renaissance
based on the study of the humanities, which included
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history (p. 406)
humanismo: movimiento intelectual del Renacimiento
basado en el estudio de las humanidades, que incluía
gramática, retórica, poesía, filosofía moral e historia
(pág. 406)
*hypothetical: assumed but not known (p. 621)
*hipotético: supuesto, pero no comprobado (pág. 621)
ci
R72
*identifying: believing that one is the same or very
similar to another (p. 36)
*identificar: considerar que uno es igual o muy similar a
otro (pág. 36)
ideograph: a character that combines two or more pictographs to represent an idea; used in ancient Chinese
script (p. 90)
ideograma: carácter que combina dos o más pictogramas
para representar una idea; usado en la antigua escritura
china (pág. 90)
*ideological: based on a set of beliefs (p. 886)
*ideológico: basado en un conjunto de convicciones
(pág. 886)
*ideology: a set of beliefs (p. 96)
*ideología: conjunto de convicciones (pág. 96)
*ignorant: unaware; lacking knowledge of (p. 414)
*ignorante: desinformado; falto de conocimientos sobre
algo (pág. 414)
imperator: commander in chief; the Latin origin of the
word emperor (p. 156)
emperador: comandante en jefe; el origen latino de la
palabra es “imperator” (pág. 156)
Glossary
imperialism • *intensity
imperialismo: extensión del poder de una nación hacia
otras tierras (pág. 686)
*implies: expresses indirectly through reference or
association (p. 114)
*implica: expresa indirectamente mediante una referencia
o asociación (pág. 114)
*impose: to establish or apply (p. 529)
*imponer: establecer o aplicar (pág. 529)
*inadequate: not sufficient (p. 149)
*inadecuado: que no es suficiente (pág. 149)
*incentive: something that motivates (p. 518)
*incentivo: algo que motiva (pág. 518)
indemnity: payment for damages (p. 731)
indemnización: pago por daños (pág. 731)
indigenous: native to a region (p. 696)
indígena: nativo de una región (pág. 696)
indirect rule: colonial government in which local rulers
are allowed to maintain their positions of authority
and status (p. 690)
dominio indirecto: gobierno colonial en el que los
gobernantes locales pueden mantener sus posiciones de
autoridad y estatus (pág. 690)
*individuality: a total character that distinguishes an
individual from others (pp. 95, 638)
*individualidad: conjunto total de caracteres que
distinguen a un individuo de los otros (pp. 95, 638)
inductive reasoning: the doctrine that scientists should
proceed from the particular to the general by making
systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that
will lead to correct general principles (p. 545)
razonamiento inductivo: doctrina de que los científicos
debían proceder de lo particular a lo general,
mediante observaciones sistemáticas y experimentos
cuidadosamente organizados para probar las hipótesis
o teorías, proceso que conduciría a principios generales
correctos (pág. 545)
indulgence: a release from all or part of punishment for
sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory
after death (p. 414)
indulgencia: perdón de todo o parte de un castigo por
pecar otorgado por la Iglesia católica, reduciendo el
tiempo en el purgatorio tras la muerte (pág. 414)
industrial capitalism: an economic system based on
industrial production or manufacturing (p. 620)
capitalismo industrial: sistema económico basado en la
producción industrial o la manufactura (pág. 620)
infidel: an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims
during the Crusades (p. 325)
infiel: persona no creyente; término aplicado a los
musulmanes durante las Cruzadas (pág. 325)
inflation: a rapid increase in prices (pp. 176, 458)
inflación: rápido aumento de los precios (pp. 176, 458)
*innovation: a new idea, method, or device (p. 30)
*innovación: idea, método o dispositivo nuevos (pág. 30)
*insecure: uncertain, shaky; not adequately covered or
sustained (p. 671)
*inseguro: que no es cierto, convulsivo; que no está
cubierto o sostenido adecuadamente (pág. 671)
*instability: not steady; wavering (pp. 152, 398)
*inestabilidad: que no está estático; que se balancea (pp.
152, 398)
*instituted: put into action (p. 96)
*instituido: puesto en marcha (pág. 96)
*institution: an organization for the promotion of a
cause (p. 148)
*institución: organización para la promoción de una causa
(pág. 148)
*instructed: taught or trained (p. 384)
*instruido: enseñado o entrenado (pág. 384)
insulae: Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden beam floors (p. 165)
insulae: bloques de apartamentos romanos construidos
de concreto con piso de vigas de madera (pág. 165)
*intelligent: having a high degree of understanding and
mental capacity (p. 498)
*inteligente: que tiene una alto grado de comprensión y
capacidad mental (pág. 498)
*intensity: extreme degree of strength, force, energy, or
feeling (p. 679)
*intensidad: grado de fortaleza, fuerza, energía o
sentimiento (pág. 679)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
imperialism: the extension of a nation’s power over
other lands (p. 686)
R73
interdict • knight
interdict: a decree by the pope that forbade priests
to give the sacraments of the Church to the people
(p. 344)
interdicción: decreto papal que prohibía a los sacerdotes
impartir los sacramentos de la Iglesia a la gente
(pág. 344)
*intervention: involvement in a situation to alter the
outcome (p. 711)
*intervención: involucrarse en una situación para alterar
el resultado (pág. 711)
intifada: “uprising,” militant movement that arose during
the 1980s among supporters of the Palestine Liberation
Organization living in Israel (p. 999)
intifada: “levantamiento”, movimiento militante surgido
en la década de 1980 entre quienes respaldaban a la
Organización para la Liberación de Palestina y vivían en
Israel (pág. 999)
*investor: a person or entity that commits money to
earn a financial return (p. 844)
*inversor: persona o entidad que compromete su dinero
para obtener una ganancia económica (pág. 844)
*involvement: a commitment or a connection to
(p. 866)
*implicación: compromiso o conexión con algo (pág. 866)
Islam: monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian
Peninsula during the seventh century A.D. (p. 190)
islam: religión monoteísta que surgió en la Península
Arábiga en el siglo VII d.C. (pág. 190)
isolationism: a policy of national isolation by abstention
from alliances and other international political and economic relations (p. 866)
aislacionismo: política de aislamiento nacional mediante
la abstención de establecer alianzas y relaciones políticas
y económicas internacionales (pág. 866)
*issue: a vital or unsettled matter (p. 996)
*asunto: cuestión vital o no acordada (pág. 996)
GLOSSARY
cj
janissary: a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman
Turks (p. 484)
jenízaro: soldado de la guardia elite de los turcos
otomanos (pág. 484)
jihad: “struggle in the way of God” (p. 192)
jihad: “lucha en el camino de Dios” (pág. 192)
journeyman: a worker who has learned a trade and
works for wages for other masters (p. 341)
jornalero: trabajador que ha aprendido un oficio y trabaja
por un salario para un patrón (pág. 341)
*justification: the process of being justified, or deemed
worthy of salvation, by God (p. 419)
*justificación: proceso de ser justificado o juzgado digno
de la salvación por Dios (pág. 419)
c
k
R74
kaiser: German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of
the Second German Empire (p. 633)
káiser: término alemán para “césar”, título de los
emperadores del Segundo Imperio Alemán (pág. 633)
kamikaze: Japanese for “divine wind”, a suicide mission
in which young Japanese pilots intentionally flew their
airplanes into U.S. fighting ships at sea (p. 883)
kamikaze: término japonés para “viento divino”,
misión suicida en la que jóvenes pilotos japoneses
intencionalmente estrellaban sus aviones contra los
buques de guerra de los EE.UU. (pág. 883)
karma: in Hinduism, the force generated by a person’s
actions that determines how the person will be reborn
in the next life (p. 73)
karma: en el Hinduismo, la fuerza generada por las
acciones de una persona, lo que determina cómo
renacerá esta persona en la próxima vida (pág. 73)
khanate: one of the several separate territories into
which Genghis Khan’s empire was split, each under the
rule of one of his sons (p. 270)
kanato: cada uno de los diversos territorios
independientes en los que se dividió el imperio de
Genghis Khan y que estaban bajo el gobierno de uno de
sus hijos (pág. 270)
knight: under feudalism, a member of the heavily
armored cavalry (p. 310)
caballero: en el feudalismo, miembro de la caballería
fuertemente acorazado (pág. 310)
Glossary
*labor • magic realism
cl
*mano de obra: personas con todas sus habilidades y
esfuerzo (pág. 444)
laissez-faire: literally, “let [people] do [what they want]”;
the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone
(p. 550)
laissez-faire: literalmente, “dejar [a las personas] hacer
[lo que quieran]”; el concepto de que el estado no debe
imponer regulaciones gubernamentales, sino que debe
dejar la economía andar sola (pág. 550)
laity: regular church members (p. 173)
laicado: miembros regulares de una Iglesia (pág. 173)
lay investiture: the practice by which secular rulers both
chose nominees to church offices and gave them the
symbols of their office (p. 342)
investidura secular: práctica mediante la cual los líderes
seculares elegían a los nominados a cargos en la Iglesia
y los investían con los símbolos de su cargo (pág. 342)
*legal: relating to law; founded on law (p. 322)
*legal: relativo a la ley; basado en la ley (pág. 322)
Legalism: a popular philosophy developed in China
toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it proposes that
human beings are evil by nature and can only be
brought to the correct path by harsh laws (p. 93)
legalismo: filosofía popular desarrollada en China hacia
fines de la dinastía Zhou; postula que los seres humanos
son malvados por naturaleza y sólo pueden ser llevados
a la senda correcta mediante leyes fuertes (pág. 93)
*legislature: an organized body that makes laws
(p. 822)
*legislatura: cuerpo organizado que hace las leyes
(pág. 822)
*liberal: broad-minded; associated with ideals of the
individual, especially economic freedom and greater
participation in government (p. 601)
*liberal: de mente amplia; asociado con los ideales del
individuo, especialmente la libertad económica y una
mayor participación en el gobierno (pág. 601)
liberalism: a political philosophy originally based largely
on Enlightenment principles, holding that people
should be as free as possible from government restraint
and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people—
should be protected (p. 626)
liberalismo: filosofía política originalmente basada en
gran medida en los principios de la Ilustración, que
sostenía que las personas deben estar lo más libres
posible de las restricciones gubernamentales y que las
libertades civiles—los derechos básicos de las personas—
deben protegerse (pág. 626)
*liberated: freed (p. 900)
*liberado: independizado (pág. 900)
lineage group: an extended family unit that has combined into a larger community (p. 251)
grupo de linaje: unidad extendida de una familia que se
ha mezclado en una comunidad mayor (pág. 251)
literacy: the ability to read (p. 665)
alfabetización: capacidad de leer y escribir (pág. 665)
longhouse: Iroquois house about 150 to 200 feet (46 to
61 m) long built of wooden poles covered with sheets
of bark and housing about a dozen families (p. 370)
vivienda comunal: vivienda de los indios iroqueses,
de aproximadamente 150 a 200 pies (46 a 61 m)
de longitud, construida sobre pilares de madera
cubiertos con láminas de corteza y que albergaba a
aproximadamente una docena de familias (pág. 370)
Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that Martin Luther
developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine
of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved
by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the
first Protestant faith (p. 416)
luteranismo: doctrina religiosa que desarrolló Martín
Lutero; difiere del catolicismo en cuanto a la doctrina de
salvación, que Lutero consideraba que podía alcanzarse
mediante la fe sola, no por buenas acciones; el
luteranismo fue la primera fe protestante (pág. 416)
GLOSSARY
*labor: people with all their abilities and efforts (p. 444)
m
c
magic realism: a form of expression unique to Latin
American literature; it combines realistic events with
dreamlike or fantasy backgrounds (p. 964)
realismo mágico: singular forma de expresión de la
literatura latinoamericana; combina elementos realistas
sobre un fondo de sueños o fantasía (pág. 964)
Glossary
R75
GLOSSARY
Magna Carta • mestizo
R76
Magna Carta: the “Great Charter” of rights, which King
John was forced to sign by the English nobles at
Runnymede in 1215 (p. 318)
Carta Magna: “Gran Carta Real” de derechos que el rey
Juan Sin Tierra fue obligado a firmar por los nobles
ingleses en Runnymede en 1215 (pág. 318)
Mahayana: a school of Buddhism that developed in
northwest India, stressing the view that nirvana can be
achieved through devotion to the Buddha; its followers
consider Buddhism a religion, not a philosophy, and
the Buddha is a divine figure (p. 284)
Mahayana: escuela de budismo que se desarrolló en
el noroeste de la India y que enfatiza la visión de que
se puede alcanzar el nirvana a través de la devoción
a Buda; sus seguidores consideran al budismo una
religión, no una filosofía, y a Buda como una figura
divina (pág. 284)
mainland states: part of a continent, as distinguished
from peninsulas or offshore islands (p. 529)
territorio continental: parte de un continente, a diferencia
de las penínsulas o las islas (pág. 529)
*maintain: to keep in an existing state of repair or
efficiency (p. 1024)
*mantener: conservar un estado existente de compostura
o eficiencia (pág. 1024)
maize: corn (p. 383)
maíz: cultivo nativo de las Américas (pág. 383)
*major: great; significant in size or importance (p. 36)
*principal: significativo en tamaño o importancia (pág. 36)
mandate: a nation governed by another nation on behalf
of the League of Nations (p. 783)
mandato: nación gobernada por otra en nombre de la
Liga de Naciones (pág. 783)
Mandate of Heaven: claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou
dynasty that they had direct authority from heaven to
rule and to keep order in the universe (p. 87)
Mandato del Cielo: reivindicación de los reyes de
la dinastía Zhou de China de que ellos recibieron
directamente del cielo la autoridad para gobernar y
mantener en orden el universo (pág. 87)
Mannerism: an artistic movement that emerged in Italy
in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the
Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation (p. 472)
manierismo: movimiento artístico surgido en Italia en las
décadas de 1520 y 1530; marcó el fin del Renacimiento
al romper los principios de balance, armonía y
moderación (pág. 472)
manor: in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a
lord ran and peasants worked (p. 336)
feudo: en la Europa medieval, propiedad agrícola
administrada por un señor y trabajada por campesinos
(pág. 336)
mass production: production of goods in quantity
usually by machinery (p. 655)
producción masiva: producción de bienes en grandes
cantidades, generalmente con el empleo de máquinas
(pág. 655)
masterpiece: piece created by a journeyman who
aspires to be a master craftsperson; it allowed the
members of a guild to judge whether the journeyman
was qualified to become a master and join the guild
(p. 341)
obra maestra: obra creada por un aprendiz que aspira
a ser maestro artesano; permitía a los miembros de
un gremio juzgar si un aprendiz estaba calificado para
convertirse en maestro e integrar el gremio (pág. 341)
matrilineal: tracing lineage through the mother rather
than the father (p. 252)
matrilineal: que traza el linaje a través de la madre y sus
ancestros, no a través del padre (pág. 252)
*media: channels or systems of communication (p. 798)
*medios: canales o sistemas de comunicación (pág. 798)
megacity: a city that has grown so fast in population that
it cannot provide regular urban services (p. 962)
megaciudad: ciudad cuya población ha crecido tan
rápidamente que no puede garantizar los servicios
urbanos habituales (pág. 962)
mercantilism: a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that
the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply
of gold and silver (p. 440)
mercantilismo: conjunto de principios que dominaban el
pensamiento económico en el siglo XVII; sostenía que la
prosperidad de una nación dependía de tener grandes
cantidades de oro y plata (pág. 440)
mercenary: a soldier who sells his services to the highest
bidder (p. 400)
mercenario: soldado que vende sus servicios al mejor
postor (pág. 400)
mestizo: a person of mixed European and native
American Indian descent (pp. 444, 709)
mestizo: persona que desciende de un progenitor
europeo y uno nativoamericano (pp. 444, 709)
Glossary
*method • mosque
*método: plan sistemático para hacer algo (pág. 129)
Middle Passage: the journey of enslaved persons from
Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the
middle portion of the triangular trade route (p. 442)
Paso Central: viaje de los africanos esclavizados a las
Américas, llamado así porque era la porción intermedia
de la ruta del comercio triangular (pág. 442)
*migration: the movement of people from one country,
place, or locality to another (p. 1050)
*migración: flujo de personas de un país, lugar o localidad
a otra (pág. 1050)
militant: combative (p. 454)
militante: persona combativa (pág. 454)
militarism: reliance on military strength (p. 632)
militarismo: dependencia de la fuerza militar (pág. 632)
*military: relating to the armed forces or to soldiers,
arms, or war (pp. 174, 759)
*militar: relativo a las fuerzas armadas o a los soldados,
las armas o la guerra (pp. 174, 759)
minaret: the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin
calls the faithful to prayer five times a day (p. 207)
minarete: torre de las mezquitas desde la cual el muecín
llama a los fieles a orar cinco veces al día (pág. 207)
*minimal: barely adequate (p. 916)
*mínimo: escasamente adecuado (pág. 916)
ministerial responsibility: the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative
body and not to the king or president (p. 668)
responsabilidad ministerial: concepto de que el primer
ministro es responsable ante el poder legislativo electo
por el pueblo y no ante el rey o el presidente (pág. 668)
missionary: a person sent out to carry a religious
message (p. 306)
misionero: persona enviada para llevar un mensaje
religioso (pág. 306)
mita: a labor system that the Spanish administrators in
Peru used to draft native people to work in the Spanish
landowners’ silver mines (p. 446)
mita: sistema de trabajo usado por los funcionarios
españoles en Perú para reclutar nativos para trabajar
en las minas de plata de los terratenientes españoles
(pág. 446)
mobilization: the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war (pp. 761, 880)
movilización: proceso de agrupar tropas y suministros y
prepararlos para la guerra (pp. 761, 880)
modernism: a movement in which writers and artists
between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated
European cultural life since the Renaissance (p. 674)
modernismo: movimiento en el que escritores y artistas
se rebelaron entre 1870 y 1914 en contra de los estilos
literarios y artísticos tradicionales que habían dominado
la vida cultural europea desde el Renacimiento
(pág. 674)
monarch: a king or queen who rules a kingdom by
organizing armies to protect their populations and
making laws to regulate subjects’ lives (p. 18)
monarca: rey o reina que gobierna un reino mediante
la organización de ejércitos para la protección de la
población y la elaboración de leyes que regulan la vida
de sus súbditos (pág. 18)
monarchy: government by a soverign ruler such as a
king or queen (p. 57)
monarquía: gobierno encabezado por un soberano, como
un rey o una reina (pág. 57)
monasticism: practice of living the life of a monk
(p. 305)
monacato: práctica de vivir la vida de un monje
(pág. 305)
money economy: an economic system based on money
rather than barter (p. 338)
economía monetaria: sistema económico basado en el
dinero y no en el trueque (pág. 338)
monk: a man who separates himself from ordinary
human society in order to dedicate himself to God;
monks live in monasteries headed by abbots (p. 305)
monje: hombre que se aparta de la sociedad humana
ordinaria con el fin de dedicarse a Dios; los monjes viven
en monasterios dirigidos por abades (pág. 305)
monotheistic: having one god (p. 50)
monoteísta: que tienen un solo dios (pág. 50)
monsoon: a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that
blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the
summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from
the northeast during the winter (p. 66)
monzón: patrón estacional de vientos en el sur de Asia
que soplan aire cálido y húmedo desde el suroeste
durante el verano, con fuertes lluvias, y traen aire frío y
seco desde el noreste en el invierno (pág. 66)
mosque: a Muslim house of worship (p. 199)
mezquita: templo musulmán (pág. 199)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
*method: a systematic plan for doing something (p. 129)
R77
*motive • *nuclear
*motive: a reason to take action (p. 735)
*motivo: razón para una acción (pág. 735)
muezzin: the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer
from the minaret of a mosque (p. 207)
muecín: voceador que llama a los fieles a orar desde el
minarete de una mezquita (pág. 207)
mulatto: a person of mixed African and European
descent (p. 444)
mulato: persona descendiente de un progenitor europeo
y otro africano (pág. 444)
multinational corporation: a company with divisions in
more than two countries (pp. 960, 1051)
corporación multinacional: compañía con divisiones en
más de dos países (pp. 960, 1051)
multinational state: a state in which people of many
nationalities live (p. 629)
estado multinacional: estado en el que viven personas
de diversas nacionalidades (pág. 629)
mummification: a process of slowly drying a dead body
to prevent it from decaying (p. 37)
momificación: proceso consistente en secar lentamente
un cadáver para evitar su descomposición (pág. 37)
GLOSSARY
cn
R78
nationalism: the unique cultural identity of a people
based on common language, religion, and national
symbols (p. 602)
nacionalismo: singular identidad cultural de un pueblo
basada en un idioma, una religión y símbolos nacionales
en común (pág. 602)
natural rights: rights with which all humans are born,
including the rights to life, liberty, and property (p. 477)
derechos naturales: derechos con los que todos los
humanos nacen, entre ellos el derecho a la vida, la
libertad y la propiedad (pág. 477)
natural selection: the principle set forth by Charles
Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the
environment than others; in popular terms, “survival of
the fittest” (p. 642)
selección natural: principio establecido por Charles
Darwin de que algunos organismos son más
adaptables al medio que otros; en términos populares,
“supervivencia de los más aptos” (pág. 642)
Nazi: shortened form of the German Nazional, or the
National Socialist German Workers’ Party; a member of
such party (p. 804)
nazi: forma abreviada de la palabra alemana Nazional o
Partido Nacionalsocialista Alemán del Trabajo; miembro
de ese partido (pág. 804)
neo-Confucianism: a revised form of Confucianism that
evolved as a response to Buddhism and held sway
in China from the late Tang dynasty to the end of the
dynastic system in the twentieth century (p. 273)
neoconfucianismo: forma modificada de confucianismo
que evolucionó como respuesta al budismo y mantuvo
su dominio en China desde fines de la dinastía Tang
hasta fines del sistema de dinastías en el siglo XX
(pág. 273)
*network: an interrelated or interconnected group or
system (p. 526)
*red: grupo o sistema interrelacionado o interconectado
(pág. 526)
neutrality: refusal to take sides or become involved in
wars between other nations (p. 866)
neutralidad: rechazo a tomar parte o involucrarse en
guerras entre otras naciones (pág. 866)
new monarchy: in the fifteenth century, government
in which power had been centralized under a king or
queen, i.e., France, England, and Spain (p. 357)
nueva monarquía: en el siglo XV, gobierno en el que el
poder se había centralizado bajo un rey o reina, como en
Francia, Inglaterra y España (pág. 357)
New Testament: the second part of the Christian Bible,
it provides a record of Jesus’ life and teachings (p. 170)
Nuevo Testamento: segunda parte de la Biblia cristiana;
contiene un registro de la vida y enseñanzas de Jesús
(pág. 170)
nirvana: in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the
self and a reunion with the Great World Soul (p. 74)
nirvana: en el budismo, la realidad final, el fin del yo y
reunión con el Gran Alma Mundial (pág. 74)
nongovernmental organization: an organization that
has no government ties and works to address world
problems (p. 1053)
organización no gubernamental: organización que no
tiene lazos con el gobierno y trabaja en la solución de
problemas mundiales (pág. 1053)
*nuclear: being a weapon whose destructive power
comes from a nuclear reaction (p. 903)
*nuclear: arma cuyo poder destructivo proviene de una
reacción nuclear (pág. 903)
Glossary
nuclear proliferation • “out-of-Africa” theory
nuclear proliferation: the spread of nuclear weapons
production technology and knowledge to nations
without that capability (p. 1049)
proliferación nuclear: extensión de la tecnología y el
conocimiento para la producción de armas nucleares a
países que no tienen esa capacidad (pág. 1049)
nun: a woman who separates herself from ordinary
human society in order to dedicate herself to God;
nuns live in convents headed by abbesses (p. 306)
monja: mujer que se aparta de la sociedad humana
ordinaria para dedicarse a Dios; las monjas viven en
conventos encabezados por abadesas (pág. 306)
co
*ocupación: fuerza militar que ocupa un país o las
políticas llevadas a cabo por ella (pág. 875)
occupied: held by a foreign power (p. 1024)
ocupado: poseído por un poder extranjero (pág. 1024)
oligarchy: “the rule of the few”, a form of government
in which a select group of people exercises controls
(pp. 114, 847)
oligarquía: literalmente, “gobierno de pocos”, forma de
gobierno en el que un grupo selecto de personas ejerce
el control (pp. 114, 847)
one-child policy: China’s effort, beginning in 1979, to
control population growth; incentives such as education benefits, child care, and housing are offered to
couples who limit their families to one child (p. 1016)
política de un solo hijo: esfuerzo realizado por China
a partir de 1979 para controlar el crecimiento de su
población; se ofrecen beneficios, como la educación,
guarderías y viviendas a las parejas que tengan solo un
hijo (pág. 1016)
*ongoing: continuing (p. 961)
*en curso: que continúa (pág. 961)
Open Door policy: a policy, proposed by U.S. secretary
of state John Hay in 1899, that stated all powers with
spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving
an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country
(p. 731)
política de puertas abiertas: política propuesta por el
secretario de estado de los EE.UU. John Hay en 1899,
que establecía que todas las potencias con esferas
de influencia en China respetarían las oportunidades
comerciales equitativas con China y no establecerían
tarifas que dieran ventajas injustas a los ciudadanos de
sus países (pág. 731)
oracle: in ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god
or goddess was said to reveal the future through a
priest or priestess (p. 124)
oráculo: en la antigua Grecia, templo sagrado donde,
según se decía, un dios o una diosa revelaba el futuro a
través de un sacerdote o una sacerdotisa (pág. 124)
ordeal: a means of determining guilt in Germanic law,
based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused
person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she
was presumed innocent (p. 304)
ordalía: medio para determinar la culpabilidad en la ley
germánica basándose en la idea de una intervención
divina: si el acusado no resultaba dañado luego de una
prueba física, se asumía que era inocente (pág. 304)
organic evolution: the principle set forth by Charles
Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or
changed, over a long period of time from earlier,
simpler forms of life to more complex forms (p. 642)
evolución orgánica: principio establecido por Charles
Darwin de que cada planta o animal ha evolucionado,
o cambiado, durante un largo periodo, de formas más
primitivas y simples de vida a formas más complejas
(pág. 642)
*oriented: directed toward the interests of a particular
group (p. 192)
*orientado: dirigido a los intereses de un grupo particular
(pág. 192)
orthodoxy: traditional beliefs, especially in religion
(p. 494)
ortodoxia: creencia tradicional, especialmente en religión
(pág. 494)
ostracism: in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily
banning ambitious politicans from the city by popular
vote (p. 121)
ostracismo: en la antigua Atenas, proceso para prohibir
temporalmente, mediante el voto popular, el acceso de
políticos ambiciosos a la ciudad (pág. 121)
“out-of-Africa” theory: also called the replacement
theory; this theory refers to when homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the
world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia (p. 7)
teoría “desde África”: también llamada teoría de
reemplazo; se refiere que el Homo sapiens sapiens
comenzó a expandirse desde África hacia otras partes
del mundo hace alrededor de 100,000 años y reemplazó
las poblaciones de los homínidos primitivos en Europa y
Asia (pág. 7)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
*occupation: the military force occupying a country or
the policies carried out by it (p. 875)
R79
*overseas • per capita
*overseas: movement or transport over the sea; land
beyond the sea (p. 430)
*ultramar: movimiento o transportación por mar; tierras
allende los mares (pág. 430)
GLOSSARY
cp
R80
Pan-Africanism: the unity of all black Africans, regardless
of national boundaries (pp. 830, 988)
panafricanismo: movimiento unitario de toda el África
negra, independientemente de las fronteras nacionales
(pp. 830, 988)
Pan-Arabism: Arab unity, regardless of national
boundaries (p. 998)
panarabismo: unidad árabe, independientemente de las
fronteras nacionales (pág. 998)
Parliament: in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of
two knights from every county, two people from every
town, and all of the nobles and bishops throughout
England (p. 318)
parlamento: en la Inglaterra del siglo XIII, el gobierno
representativo que surgió; estaba compuesto por dos
caballeros de cada condado, dos personas de cada
pueblo y todos los nobles y obispos de Inglaterra
(pág. 318)
*participate: to take part (p. 106)
*participar: tomar parte (pág. 106)
*participation: having a part in or sharing in something
(p. 931)
*participación: tener una parte en algo o compartir algo
(pág. 931)
partisan: a resistance fighter in World War II (p. 871)
partisano: luchador de la resistencia en la Segunda
pasha: an appointed official in the Ottoman Empire who
collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was
directly responsible to the sultan’s court (p. 486)
pachá: oficial designado en el Imperio otomano que
cobraba impuestos, mantenía la ley y el orden y era
directamente responsable ante la corte del sultán
(pág. 486)
*passive: not active (p. 665)
*pasivo: no activo (pág. 665)
pastoral nomad: a person who domesticates animals for
food and clothing and moves along regular migratory
routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for
those animals (p. 46)
pastor nómada: persona que domestica animales para
alimentarse y vestirse y se traslada a lo largo de las
rutas migratorias regulares para proporcionar una fuente
estable de comida a sus animales (pág. 46)
paterfamilias: in the Roman social structure, the dominant male head of the household, which also included
his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried
daughters, and slaves (p. 162)
paterfamilias: jefe de familia, en la antigua estructura
social romana, el hombre dominante que encabezaba
el hogar, en el que se incluían su mujer, sus hijos y las
mujeres de estos con sus niños, las hijas solteras y los
esclavos (pág. 162)
patriarch: the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church,
originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor (p. 323)
patriarca: líder de la Iglesia ortodoxa oriental,
originalmente designado por el emperador bizantino
(pág. 323)
patriarchal: dominated by men (p. 33)
patriarcal: dominado por los hombres (pág. 33)
patrician: wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed
the ruling class in the Roman Republic (pp. 148, 340)
patricio: rico y poderoso terrateniente; formaban la clase
dominante en la República Romana (pp. 148, 340)
patrilineal: tracing lineage through the father (p. 252)
patrilineal: que traza su linaje a través del padre
(pág. 252)
peacekeeping forces: military forces drawn from neutral
members of the United Nations to settle conflicts and
supervise truces (p. 1048)
fuerzas de paz: fuerza militar formada por miembros
neutrales de las Naciones Unidas para resolver conflictos
y supervisar treguas (pág. 1048)
peninsulare: a person born on the Iberian Peninsula;
typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided
temporarily in Latin America for political and economic
gain and then returned to Europe (pp. 444, 708)
peninsular: persona nacida en la Península Ibérica; por lo
general, un funcionario español o portugués que residía
temporalmente en América Latina para obtener ganancia
política y económica y luego regresar a Europa (pp. 444,
708)
per capita: per person (p. 1014)
per cápita: por persona (pág. 1014)
Glossary
*percent • pogrom
*porcentaje: parte de un todo dividido en 100 partes
(pág. 432)
perestroika: fundamental restructuring of the Soviet
economy; policy introduced by Gorbachev (p. 932)
perestroika: reestructuración fundamental de la economía
soviética; política introducida por Gorbachov (pág. 932)
*period: an interval of time (p. 266)
*período: intervalo de tiempo (pág. 266)
permanent revolution: an atmosphere of constant
revolutionary fervor favored by Mao Zedong to enable
China to overcome the past and achieve the final stage
of communism (p. 1014)
revolución permanente: atmósfera constante de fervor
revolucionario apoyada por Mao Zedong para permitir
a China vencer su pasado y lograr la etapa final del
comunismo (pág. 1014)
*perspective: viewpoint (p. 512)
*perspectiva: punto de vista (pág. 512)
phalanx: a wall of shields created by foot soldiers
marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular
formation (p. 113)
falange: muralla de escudos creada por soldados de
infantería que marchaban hombro con hombro en
formación rectangular (pág. 113)
pharaoh: the most common of the various titles for
ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant
“great house” or “palace” (p. 37)
faraón: el más común de los diversos títulos que existían
para los monarcas del antiguo Egipto; el término
originalmente significaba “gran casa” o “palacio”
(pág. 37)
*phase: a part in the development cycle (p. 733)
*fase: parte de un ciclo de desarrollo (pág. 733)
philosophe: French for “philosopher”; applied to all
intellectuals—i.e., writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers—during the Enlightenment
(p. 548)
philosophe: término francés para “filósofo”, se aplicaba
a todos los intelectuales—escritores, periodistas,
economistas y reformadores sociales—durante la
Ilustración (pág. 548)
*philosopher: a person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or a thinker (p. 538)
*filósofo: persona que busca la sabiduría o la iluminación;
estudioso o pensador (pág. 538)
philosophy: an organized system of thought, from the
Greek for “love of wisdom” (pp. 90, 128)
filosofía: sistema organizado del pensamiento, del griego
“amor a la sabiduría” (pp. 90, 128)
photomontage: a picture made of a combination of
photographs (p. 814)
fotomontaje: imagen compuesta de una combinación de
fotografías (pág. 814)
*physical: relating to the body (p. 37)
*físico: relativo al cuerpo (pág. 37)
pictograph: a picture symbol, or character, that represents an object; used in ancient Chinese script (p. 90)
pictograma: símbolo dibujado o carácter que representa
un objeto; usado en la escritura de la antigua china
(pág. 90)
pilgrim: a person who travels to a shrine or other holy
place (p. 79)
peregrino: persona que viaja a un santuario u otro lugar
sagrado (pág. 79)
plague: an epidemic disease (p. 174)
peste: enfermedad epidémica; también llamada plaga
(pág. 174)
planned economies: economic systems directed by
government agencies (p. 767)
economía planificada: sistema económico dirigido por
agencias gubernamentales (pág. 767)
plantation: a large agricultural estate (p. 441)
plantación: propiedad agrícola grande (pág. 441)
plateau: a relatively high, flat land area (p. 236)
altiplano: terreno relativamente alto y llano (pág. 236)
plebeian: in the Roman Republic, a social class made
up of minor landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and
small farmers (p. 148)
plebeyos: en la República Romana, clase social
compuesta de terratenientes menores, artesanos,
mercaderes y pequeños granjeros (pág. 148)
plebiscite: a popular vote (p. 635)
plebiscito: voto popular (pág. 635)
pogrom: organized persecution or massacre of a minority group, especially Jews (p. 679)
pogromo: persecución organizada o masacre de un grupo
minoritario, especialmente judíos (pág. 679)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
*percent: a part of a whole divided into 100 parts
(p. 432)
R81
GLOSSARY
*policy • *process
R82
*policy: an overall plan embracing the general goals and
acceptable procedures of a governmental body (p. 455)
*política: plan global que comprende las metas
generales y los procedimientos aceptables de un cuerpo
gubernamental (pág. 455)
policy of containment: a plan to keep something, such
as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves (p. 902)
política de contención: plan para mantener algo, como
por ejemplo el comunismo, dentro de sus fronteras
geográficas existentes e impedir posteriores acciones
agresivas (pág. 902)
polis: the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or
town and its surrounding countryside (p. 112)
polis: ciudad-estado de la antigua Grecia, que consistía
en una ciudad o pueblo y los campos circundantes
(pág. 112)
polytheistic: having many gods (p. 27)
politeísta: que tiene muchos dioses (pág. 27)
pope: the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman
Catholic Church (p. 304)
papa: obispo de Roma y líder de la Iglesia católica romana
(pág. 304)
popular culture: entertainment created for a profit and
for a mass audience (p. 949)
cultura popular: entretenimiento creado para obtener una
ganancia y para un público de masas (pág. 949)
porcelain: a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very
high temperatures (pp. 275, 519)
porcelana: cerámica hecha de arcilla fina horneada a
temperaturas muy altas (pp. 275, 519)
postmodernism: an artistic movement that emerged in
the 1980s; its artists do not expect rationality in the
world and are comfortable with many “truths” (p. 949)
postmodernismo: movimiento artístico que surgió en la
década de 1980; los artistas no esperan que el mundo
sea razonable y aceptan muchas “verdades” (pág. 949)
praetor: an official of the Roman Republic in charge of
enforcing civil law (p. 148)
pretor: oficial de la República Romana encargado de
hacer cumplir la ley civil (pág. 148)
*precise: exact or sharply defined (p. 413)
*preciso: exacto o bien definido (pág. 413)
predestination: the belief that God has determined in
advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be
damned (the reprobate) (p. 419)
predestinación: creencia de que Dios ha determinado
anticipadamente quién se salvará (el elegido) y quien se
condenará (el réprobo) (pág. 419)
prefecture: in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory
governed by its former daimyo lord (p. 740)
prefectura: en la Restauración Meiji japonesa, territorio
gobernado por el anterior daimyo (pág. 740)
prehistory: the period before writing was developed
(p. 4)
prehistoria: periodo anterior a que se creara la escritura
(pág. 4)
priest: in early urban civilizations, an important and
powerful person who supervised rituals aimed at
pleasing the gods and goddesses (p. 19)
sacerdote: en las civilizaciones urbanas primitivas,
persona importante y poderosa que supervisaba los ritos
dirigidos a complacer a los dioses y las diosas (pág. 19)
*primary: most important (pp. 162, 441)
*primordial: de la mayor importancia (pp. 162, 441)
*principle: a fundamental law or idea; when said of
people (e.g., someone is highly principled), it means a
devotion to high codes or rules of conduct (p. 501)
*principio: ley o idea fundamental; dicho de una persona
(por ejemplo, alguien de elevados principios), significa
su devoción a elevados códigos o reglas de conducta
(pág. 501)
principle of intervention: idea that great powers have
the right to send armies into countries where there are
revolutions to restore legitimate governments (p. 625)
principio de intervención: idea de que las grandes
potencias tienen el derecho de enviar ejércitos a países
donde existen revoluciones a fin de restaurar los
gobiernos legítimos (pág. 625)
principle of nonalignment: Jawaharlal Nehru’s refusal to
align India with any bloc or alliance (p. 1018)
principio de no alineamiento: rechazo de Jawaharlal
Nehru de alinear a la India en algún bloque o alianza
(pág. 1018)
privatization: the sale of government-owned companies
to private firms (p. 966)
privatización: venta de compañías del estado a firmas
privadas (pág. 966)
*process: a series of actions or operations necessary to
meet a specified end (p. 520)
*proceso: serie de acciones u operaciones necesarias para
lograr un fin dado (pág. 520)
Glossary
procurator • rationalism
procurador: en el Imperio romano, oficial a cargo de una
provincia (pág. 169)
*prohibit: to prevent or to forbid (p. 809)
*prohibir: impedir o proscribir (pág. 809)
*projection: an estimate or a calculation (p. 1050)
*proyección: estimación o cálculo (pág. 1050)
proletariat: the working class (p. 656)
proletariado: clase trabajadora (pág. 656)
propaganda: ideas spread to influence public opinion
for or against a cause (p. 762)
propaganda: ideas que se difunden para influir en
la opinión pública a favor o en contra de una causa
(pág. 762)
protectorate: a political unit that depends on another
government for its protection (p. 688)
protectorado: unidad política que depende de otro
gobierno para su protección (pág. 688)
provincial: local; of or relating to a province (p. 732)
provincial: local; de una provincia o relativo a ella
(pág. 732)
psychoanalysis: a method by which a therapist and
patient probe deeply into the patient’s memory;
by making the patient’s conscious mind aware of
repressed thoughts, healing can take place (p. 677)
psicoanálisis: método mediante el cual un terapeuta y
un paciente indagan profundamente en la memoria del
paciente; al hacer que la mente consciente del paciente
tome consciencia de pensamientos reprimidos se puede
llegar a la cura (pág. 677)
*psychological: mental; directed toward the will or
mind (p. 778)
*psicológico: mental; dirigido hacia la voluntad o la
mente (pág. 778)
*published: printed for distribution (p. 418)
*publicado: impreso para su distribución (pág. 418)
puddling: process in which coke derived from coal is
used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce
high quality iron (p. 616)
pudelación: proceso en el cual se utiliza coque derivado
del carbón para extraer impurezas del hierro bruto
mediante el fuego y producir un hierro de alta calidad
(pág. 616)
pueblo: a multi-storied structure of the Anasazi that
could house up to 250 people (p. 371)
pueblo: estructuras de múltiples pisos de los anasazi y
que podían albergar hasta 250 personas (pág. 371)
*pursue: to follow up or proceed with (p. 342)
*perseguir: seguir o ir en pos de algo (pág. 342)
GLOSSARY
procurator: in the Roman Empire, an official in charge
of a province (p. 169)
cq
queue: the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn
by Chinese males (p. 513)
coleta: cola de pelo trenzado usada tradicionalmente por
los hombres en China (pág. 513)
quipu: a system of knotted strings used by the Inca
people for keeping records (p. 385)
quipu: sistema de cuerdas con nudos usado por los incas
para mantener sus registros (pág. 385)
Quran: the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam
(p. 190)
Corán: escrituras sagradas del islam (pág. 190)
cr
racism: the belief that race determines a person’s traits
and capabilities (p. 687)
racismo: creencia de que la raza determina los rasgos y la
capacidad de las personas (pág. 687)
*radical: relating to a political group associated with
views, practices, and policies of extreme change
(p. 628)
*radical: relativo a grupos políticos asociados con puntos
de vista, prácticas y políticas de cambios extremos
(pág. 628)
*ratio: proportion (p. 792)
*relación: proporción (pág. 792)
rationalism: a system of thought expounded by René
Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief
source of knowledge (p. 545)
racionalismo: sistema del pensamiento, expuesto por
René Descartes, basado en la creencia de que la razón
es la fuente principal del conocimiento (pág. 545)
Glossary
R83
GLOSSARY
realism • *revelations
R84
realism: mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected
romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middleclass life as it actually was (p. 643)
realismo: movimiento de mediados del siglo XIX, que
rechazaba al romanticismo y buscaba retratar la vida de
las clases media y baja tal como eran (pág. 643)
real wages: the actual purchasing power of income
(p. 917)
salario real: poder adquisitivo real de los ingresos
(pág. 917)
*recovery: an upturn (p. 914)
*recuperación: mejoría (pág. 914)
*redistribution: alteration in the distribution of; reallocation (p. 712)
*redistribución: alteración en la distribución de algo;
reasignación (pág. 712)
redistribution of wealth: the shifting of wealth from a
rich minority to a poor majority (p. 841)
redistribución de las riquezas: cambio de las riquezas
de las manos de una minoría rica a las de una mayoría
pobre p. 841)
*regime: the government in power (pp. 96, 635)
*régimen: gobierno en el poder (pp. 96, 635)
*region: a broad geographic area distinguished by
similar features (p. 290)
*región: amplia área geográfica distinguida por
características similares (pág. 290)
*regulation: a governmental rule or order that controls
activities (p. 967)
*regulación: pauta u orden gubernamental que controla
las actividades (pág. 967)
reincarnation: the rebirth of an individual’s soul in a
different form after death (p. 73)
reencarnación: renacimiento del alma de una persona en
una forma diferente después de la muerte (pág. 73)
relic: bones or other objects connected with saints;
considered worthy of worship by the faithful (p. 347)
reliquia: huesos u otros objetos relacionados con santos,
considerados dignos de adoración por los creyentes
(pág. 347)
*remove: to eliminate (p. 343)
*eliminar: suprimir (pág. 343)
reparation: a payment made to the victor by the
vanquished to cover the costs of a war (p. 781)
reparación: pago hecho a los victoriosos por los
derrotados para cubrir los costos de una guerra
(pág. 781)
republic: a form of government in which the leader is
not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote
(p. 148)
república: forma de gobierno en la cual el líder no es
un rey y ciertos ciudadanos tienen derecho a votar
(pág. 148)
*require: to demand as being necessary (p. 809)
*requerir: demandar por necesidad (pág. 809)
*resident: one who resides in a place (p. 384)
*residente: quien reside en un lugar (pág. 384)
*resolution: an expression of opinion or intent (p. 996)
*resolución: expresión de opinión o intento (pág. 996)
*resolve: determination; a fixed purpose (p. 866)
*decisión: determinación; propósito establecido
(pág. 866)
*resources: available means for economic or political
development (p. 239)
*recursos: medios disponibles para el desarrollo
económico o político (pág. 239)
*responsive: quick to respond or react to (p. 932)
*sensible: que responde o reacciona rápidamente a algo
(pág. 932)
*restoration: a bringing back to a former position or
condition (p. 462)
*restauración: restablecer algo a una posición o condición
anterior (pág. 462)
*restraint: a controlling force (p. 56)
*freno: fuerza que controla (pág. 56)
*retained: kept in possession or use (p. 284)
*retener: mantener la posesión o uso (pág. 284)
*reveal: show; to make known (p. 70)
*revelar: mostrar; hacer público (pág. 70)
*revelations: divine truths (p. 189)
*revelaciones: verdades divinas (pág. 189)
Glossary
*revenue • satrap
*revenue: the yield of sources of income that a nation
or state collects and deposits into its treasury for public
use (p. 279)
*renta: producto de las fuentes de ingreso que un país o
estado recibe y deposita en su tesorería para uso público
(pág. 279)
revisionist: a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary
approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic
means to achieve the goal of socialism (p. 657)
revisionista: marxista que rechazó el enfoque
revolucionario y cree en cambio en una evolución
por medios democráticos para lograr los objetivos del
socialismo (pág. 657)
*revolution: a sudden, complete change; an overthrow
of government (pp. 14, 774)
*revolución: cambio completo y brusco; derrocamiento de
un gobierno (pp. 14, 774)
*rigid: inflexible, unyielding (p. 556)
*rígido: inflexible, inquebrantable (pág. 556)
ritual: a ceremony or a rite (p. 124)
ritual: ceremonia o rito (pág. 124)
rococo: an artistic style that replaced baroque in the
1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm,
and gentle action (p. 562)
rococó: estilo artístico que sustituyó al barroco en la
década de 1730; era muy secular, hacía énfasis en la
gracia, el encanto y las acciones nobles (pág. 562)
*role: a socially expected behavior pattern (pp. 16, 1019)
*papel a desempeñar: patrón de comportamiento
esperado por la sociedad (pp. 16, 1019)
romanticism: an intellectual movement that emerged
at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the
ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing (p. 638)
romanticismo: movimiento intelectual que surgió a
finales del siglo XVIII como respuesta a las ideas de la
Ilustración; hacía énfasis en los sentimientos, la emoción
y la imaginación como fuentes del conocimiento
(pág. 638)
cs
sacramento: rito cristiano (pág. 344)
salon: the elegant drawing rooms of great urban
houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers,
artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy
middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of
the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the
Enlightenment (p. 552)
salón: elegantes salas de las grandes casas urbanas
donde, en el siglo XVIII, escritores, artistas, aristócratas,
funcionarios gubernamentales y personas acomodadas
de la clase media se reunían para discutir las ideas de
los philosophes, con lo que ayudaban a divulgar las
ideas de la Ilustración (pág. 552)
salvation: the state of being saved (that is, going to
heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good
works (p. 414)
salvación: estado de ser salvado (es decir, ir al cielo) a
través de la fe sola o de la fe y buenas obras (pág. 414)
samurai: “those who serve”, Japanese warriors similar to
the knights of medieval Europe (p. 280)
samuráis: “aquellos que sirven”, guerreros japoneses
similares a los caballeros de la Europa medieval
(pág. 280)
sanctions: restrictions intended to enforce international
law (p. 861)
sanciones: restricciones impuestas para obligar a cumplir
la ley internacional (pág. 861)
sans-culottes: “without breeches”, members of the Paris
Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of
fine knee-length breeches of the nobles) (p. 583)
sans-culottes: “sin pantalones”, miembros de la Comuna
de París que se consideraban patriotas ordinarios (en
otras palabras, usaban calzones largos en vez de finos
pantalones hasta la rodilla) (pág. 583)
Sanskrit: the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C. (p. 70)
sánscrito: primer sistema de escritura de los arios, creado
alrededor del año 1000 a.C. (pág. 70)
satellite state: a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country (p. 902)
estado satélite: país que depende económica y
políticamente de otro (pág. 902)
satrap: “protector of the Kingdom”, the governor of a
province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius
(p. 57)
sátrapa: “protector del Reino”, gobernador de una
provincia (satrapía) del Imperio persa durante el
gobierno de Darío (pág. 57)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
sacrament: Christian rites (p. 344)
R85
GLOSSARY
satrapy • Shia
R86
satrapy: one of the 20 provinces into which Darius
divided the Persian Empire (p. 57)
satrapía: cada una de las 20 provincias en las que Darío
dividió el Imperio persa (pág. 57)
savanna: broad grassland dotted with small trees and
shrubs (p. 237)
sabana: tierras de pastoreo amplias, dotadas de pequeños
árboles y arbustos (pág. 237)
schism: the separation between the two great branches
of Christianity that occurred when the Roman Pope
Leo IX and the Byzantine patriarch Michael Cerularius
excommunicated each other in 1054 (p. 324)
cisma: ruptura entre las dos grandes ramas del
cristianismo que tuvo lugar cuando el papa romano
León IX y el patriarca bizantino Miguel Cerularius se
excomulgaron mutuamente en 1054 (pág. 324)
scholar-gentry: in China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the
candidates for the civil service (p. 269)
aristocracia intelectual: en China, grupo de personas que
controlaba gran parte de las tierras y proveían la mayor
parte de los candidatos para el servicio civil (pág. 269)
scholasticism: a medieval philosophical and theological
system that tried to reconcile faith and reason (p. 350)
escolasticismo: sistema filosófico y teológico medieval
que trataba de conciliar la fe y la razón (pág. 350)
scientific method: a systematic procedure for collecting
and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world (p. 545)
método científico: procedimiento sistemático para
recolectar y analizar evidencias, fue crucial para la
evolución de la ciencia en el mundo moderno (pág. 545)
secede: withdraw (p. 637)
secesión: separación (pág. 637)
secular: worldly (p. 398)
secular: mundano (pág. 398)
secularization: indifference to or rejection of religion or
religious consideration (p. 641)
secularización: indiferencia o rechazo a la religión o la
consideración religiosa (pág. 641)
*security: freedom from danger or invasion; safety
(p. 245)
*seguridad: liberación de un peligro o invasión; condición
de seguro (pág. 245)
self-strengthening: a policy promoted by reformers
toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China
would adopt Western technology while keeping its
Confucian values and institutions (p. 728)
autofortalecimiento: política promovida por reformadores
hacia fines de la dinastía Qing, bajo la cual China
adoptaría la tecnología occidental, aunque mantendría
sus valores e instituciones confucianos (pág. 728)
separation of powers: a form of government in which
the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit
and control each other through a system of checks and
balances (p. 548)
separación de poderes: forma de gobierno en la cual
las ramas ejecutiva, legislativa y judicial se limitan y
controlan entre sí a través de un sistema de controles y
balances (pág. 548)
sepoy: an Indian soldier hired by the British East India
Company to protect the company’s interests in the
region (p. 702)
cipayo: soldado indio contratado por la Compañía
Británica de la India Oriental para proteger los intereses
de esa compañía en la región (pág. 702)
serf: in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the
land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and
be subject to the lord’s control (p. 336)
siervo: en la Europa medieval, campesino confinado
legalmente a la tierra y que tenía que proporcionar
servicios, pagar rentas y estar sujeto al control del señor
(pág. 336)
*series: a group of related things or events (p. 511)
*serie: grupo de cosas o eventos relacionados entre sí
(pág. 511)
shah: king (used in Persia and Iran) (p. 492)
sha: rey (se usaba en Persia e Irán) (pág. 492)
shari’ah: a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after
Muhammad’s death; it provided believers with a set of
practical laws to regulate their daily lives (p. 191)
sharia: código legal formulado por eruditos musulmanes
después de la muerte de Mahoma; ofrece a los
creyentes un conjunto de leyes prácticas para regular sus
vidas cotidianas (pág. 191)
sheikh: the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of
the leading families by a council of elders (p. 188)
jeque: soberano de una tribu árabe, elegido de una de
las familias dominantes por un consejo de ancianos
(pág. 188)
Shia: a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants
of Muhammed’s son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of
Islam (p. 194)
shií: grupo musulmán que acepta sólo a los
descendientes del yerno de Mahoma, Alí, como el
verdadero líder del islam (pág. 194)
Glossary
*shift • stalemate
*cambio: variación en la dirección o la actitud (pág. 940)
Shinto: “the Sacred Way” or “the way of the Gods”,
the Japanese state religion; among its doctrines are
the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the
Japanese nation (p. 282)
sintoísmo: “el Camino Sagrado” o “el Camino de los
Dioses”, religión de estado en Japón; entre sus doctrinas
están la divinidad del emperador y la santidad de la
nación japonesa (pág. 282)
shogun: “general”, a powerful military leader in Japan
(p. 281)
shogun: “general”, poderoso líder militar de Japón
(pág. 281)
Silk Road: a route between the Roman Empire and
China, so called because silk was China’s most valuable
product (p. 78)
Ruta de la seda: ruta entre el Imperio romano y China, se
llamaba así porque la seda era el producto más valioso
de China (pág. 78)
*so-called: commonly named; popularly termed (p. 236)
*así llamado: comúnmente llamado; popularmente
llamado (pág. 236)
social contract: the concept proposed by Rousseau that
an entire society agrees to be governed by its general
will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by
the general will since it represents what is best for the
entire community (p. 551)
contrato social: concepto propuesto por Rousseau de
que una sociedad completa accede a ser gobernada
por su voluntad general y que todos los individuos
deben ser forzados a someterse al deseo general, ya
que representa lo mejor para la comunidad completa
(pág. 551)
Social Darwinism: theory used by Western nations in
the late nineteenth century to justify their dominance; it
was based on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, “the survival of the fittest”, and applied to modern
human societies (p. 678)
darwinismo social: teoría utilizada en las naciones
occidentales a finales del siglo XIX para justificar su
dominio; se basaba en la teoría de la selección natural
de Charles Darwin, “la supervivencia de los más aptos”,
aplicada a las sociedades humanas modernas (pág. 678)
socialism: a system in which society, usually in the form
of the government, owns and controls the means of
production (p. 621)
socialismo: sistema en el cual la sociedad, por lo general
en la forma de un gobierno, posee y controla los medios
de producción (pág. 621)
Socratic method: the method of teaching used by the
Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-andanswer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason (p. 129)
método socrático: método de enseñanza utilizado por
el filósofo griego Sócrates; emplea un formato de
preguntas y respuestas para llevar a los alumnos a
ver las cosas por sí mismos usando su propia razón
(pág. 129)
*sole: being the only one (p. 910)
*solo: ser el único (pág. 910)
*sought: made an attempt; tried (p. 56)
*intentar: hacer un intento; tratar (pág. 56)
*source: a document or primary reference book that
gives information (p. 1014)
*fuente: documento o libro de referencia primaria que
ofrece información (pág. 1014)
soviets: Russian councils composed of representatives
from the workers and soldiers (p. 774)
soviet: consejo ruso, compuesto de representantes de los
trabajadores y los soldados (pág. 774)
*sphere: any of the concentric, revolving, spherical transparent shells in which, according to ancient astronomy,
the stars, sun, planets, and moon are set (p. 540)
*esfera: cualquiera de las capas esféricas, transparentes,
concéntricas y giratorias en las que, según la astronomía
antigua, estaban las estrellas, el Sol, los planetas y la
Luna (pág. 540)
spheres of influence: areas in which foreign powers
have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such
as trading rights and mining privileges (p. 729)
esferas de influencia: áreas en las que a una potencia
extranjera se le han garantizado derechos y privilegios
exclusivos, como derechos comerciales y privilegios de
minería (pág. 729)
*stability: the state of being stable; strong enough to
endure (p. 464)
*estabilidad: propiedad de estable; suficientemente fuerte
como para resistir (pág. 464)
stalemate: the condition that exists when neither of
two opposing sides is able to make significant gains
(p. 1021)
estancamiento: condición que existe cuando ninguno
de las dos partes opuestas puede obtener ventajas
significativas (pág. 1021)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
*shift: a change in direction or attitude (p. 940)
R87
GLOSSARY
state capitalism • Swahili
R88
state capitalism: an economic system in which the
central government plays an active role in the economy,
establishing price and wage policies and subsidizing
vital industries (p. 1026)
capitalismo de estado: sistema económico en el cual el
gobierno central desempeña una función activa en la
economía, mediante políticas de precios y salarios y el
subsidio de industrias vitales (pág. 1026)
stateless society: a group of independent villages
organized into clans and led by a local ruler or clan
head without any central government (p. 249)
sociedad sin estado: grupo de aldeas independientes
organizadas por clanes y lideradas por un soberano local
o líder de un clan sin un gobierno central (pág. 249)
Stoicism: a school of thought developed by the teacher
Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can
be achieved only when people gain inner peace by
living in harmony with the will of God and that people
should bear whatever life offers (p. 139)
estoicismo: escuela de pensamiento creada por el
profesor Zenón en la Atenas helenística; sostenía que
solo se puede lograr la felicidad cuando las personas
consiguen la paz interior, mediante una vida en armonía
con los deseos de Dios y que las personas deben
soportar todo lo que la vida les depare (pág. 139)
*strategy: a plan or method (p. 123)
*estrategia: plan o método (pág. 123)
*structure: an arrangement in a definite pattern of
organization (p. 173)
*estructura: disposición en un patrón de organización
definido (pág. 173)
*style: having a distinctive quality or form (p. 409)
*estilo: tener una cualidad o forma distintiva (pág. 409)
*submission: act of submitting to the control or authority
of another (p. 190)
*sometimiento: acto de someterse al control o autoridad
de otro (pág. 190)
*subsidizing: aiding or promoting with public money
(p. 138)
*subsidiar: ayudar o promover con recursos públicos
(pág. 138)
*subsidy: government payment to encourage or protect
a certain economic activity (pp. 440, 741)
*subsidio: pago gubernamental para estimular o proteger
cierta actividad económica (pp. 440, 741)
subsistence farming: the practice of growing just
enough crops for personal use, not for sale (p. 247)
agricultura de subsistencia: práctica de sembrar sólo la
cosecha suficiente para uso personal, no para la venta
(pág. 247)
*successor: one that follows, especially one who
succeeds to a throne or an office (p. 494)
*sucesor: el que sigue, especialmente el que sigue en el
trono o en un cargo (pág. 494)
suffrage: the right to vote (p. 663)
sufragio: derecho a votar (pág. 663)
sultan: “holder of power”, the military and political
head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans
(pp. 197, 486)
sultán: “poseedor del poder”, líder militar y político
del estado bajo el gobierno de los turcos seléucidas y
otomanos (pp. 197, 486)
Sunni: a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam
(p. 194)
suníes: grupo musulmán que sólo acepta a los
descendientes de los Omeya como los verdaderos
gobernantes del islam (pág. 194)
surrealism: artistic movement that seeks to depict the
world of the unconscious (p. 814)
surrealismo: movimiento artístico que trata de representar
la vida del inconsciente (pág. 814)
*survive: to remain alive or in existence (pp. 8, 368)
*sobrevivir: mantenerse vivo o en existencia (pp. 8, 368)
sustainable development: economic development that
does not limit the ability of future generations to meet
their basic needs (p. 1042)
desarrollo sostenible: desarrollo económico que no
limita la capacidad de generaciones futuras de satisfacer
sus necesidades básicas (pág. 1042)
*sustained: supported or held up (p. 57)
*sostenido: apoyado o mantenido (pág. 57)
suttee: the Hindu custom of cremating a widow on her
husband’s funeral pyre (p. 501)
suttee: costumbre hindú de incinerar a la viuda en la pira
funeraria de su esposo (pág. 501)
Swahili: a mixed African-Arabic culture that developed
along the east coast of Africa; also, the major language
used in that area, combining Bantu with Arabic words
and phrases (p. 248)
swahili: cultura mixta africana y árabe que se desarrolló a
lo largo de la costa oriental de África; también la lengua
principal que se emplea en esa región, que combina el
bantú con palabras y frases árabes (pág. 248)
Glossary
*symbol • *traditions
*symbol: something that stands for something else by
way of association; a visible sign of something invisible
(p. 938)
*símbolo: algo que sustituye a algo más por asociación;
signo visible de algo invisible (pág. 938)
systematic agriculture: the keeping of animals and the
growing of food on a regular basis (p. 14)
agricultura sistemática: el mantenimiento de animales y
la siembra de alimento de modo regular (pág. 14)
ct
taille: impuesto directo anual, por lo general sobre la
tierra o la propiedad, que generaba una fuente regular
de ingresos para la monarquía francesa (pp. 357, 576)
*target: something or someone marked for attack
(p. 765)
*blanco: algo o alguien marcado para ser atacado
(pág. 765)
*task: a duty or function (p. 975)
*tarea: deber o función (pág. 975)
*technology: the science or study of the practical or
industrial arts; applied sciences (pp. 46, 334)
*tecnología: ciencia o estudio de las artes prácticas o
industriales; ciencia aplicada (pág. 46, 334)
*temporary: lasting for a limited time; not permanent
(p. 368)
*temporal: que dura un tiempo limitado; no permanente
(pág. 368)
tepee: a circular tent made by stretching buffalo skins
over wooden poles (p. 371)
tepee: tienda circular hecha de pieles de búfalo estiradas
sobre postes de madera (pág. 371)
Thatcherism: the economic policy of British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher, which limited social welfare
and restricted union power (p. 943)
thatcherismo: política económica de la primera ministra
británica Margaret Thatcher, que limitaba el bienestar
social y restringía el poder de los sindicatos (pág. 943)
theocracy: government by divine authority (p. 29)
teocracia: gobierno por autoridad divina (pág. 29)
theology: the study of religion and God (p. 350)
teología: estudio de la religión y de Dios (pág. 350)
*theory: hypothesis or unproved assumption (p. 4)
*teoría: hipótesis o suposición no demostrada (pág. 4)
Theravada: “the teachings of the elders”, a school of
Buddhism that developed in India; its followers view
Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion, centered on
individual salvation (p. 284)
Theravada: “las enseñanzas de los ancianos”, escuela
del budismo creada en la India; sus seguidores ven el
budismo como un estilo de vida centrado en la salvación
del individuo, no como una religión (pág. 284)
totalitarian state: a government that aims to control the
political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives
of its citizens (p. 796)
estado totalitario: gobierno que aspira a controlar la vida
política, económica, social, intelectual y cultural de sus
ciudadanos (pág. 796)
total war: a war that involves the complete mobilization
of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from
the battlefields (p. 767)
guerra total: guerra que implica la movilización completa
de recursos y personas, afecta a las vidas de todos los
ciudadanos en los países en guerra, incluso de aquellos
alejados de los campos de batalla (pág. 767)
tournament: under feudalism, a series of martial activities such as jousts designed to keep knights busy during peacetime and help them prepare for war (p. 312)
torneo: bajo el feudalismo, serie de actividades marciales,
como justas, diseñadas para mantener a los caballeros
ocupados durante los tiempos de paz y ayudarlos a
preparase para la guerra (pág. 312)
trade embargo: a policy prohibiting trade with a particular country (p. 969)
embargo comercial: política que prohíbe el comercio con
un país en particular (pág. 969)
trading society: a group of people who depend primarily on trade for income (p. 294)
sociedad comercial: grupo de personas cuyos ingresos
dependen principalmente del comercio (pág. 294)
*traditional: established; customary (p. 289)
*tradicional: establecido; habitual (pág. 289)
*traditions: established customs of a people (p. 698)
*tradiciones: costumbres establecidas de un pueblo
(pág. 698)
Glossary
GLOSSARY
taille: an annual direct tax, usually on land or property,
that provided a regular source of income for the French
monarchy (pp. 357, 576)
R89
GLOSSARY
tragedy • *unique
tragedy: a form of drama that portrays a conflict
between the protagonist and a superior force and having a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme
sorrow, especially as a result of a fatal flaw (p. 126)
tragedia: forma de drama que representa un conflicto
entre el protagonista y una fuerza superior y que tiene
un protagonista que es llevado a la ruina o un dolor
extremo, en especial como resultado de un error fatal
(pág. 126)
*transfer: to take over the control of (p. 1020)
*transferir: transmitir el control de algo (pág. 1020)
*transform: to change the form or appearance of
(p. 207)
*transformar: cambiar la forma o apariencia de algo
(pág. 207)
*transformation: conversion; change in character or
condition (p. 170)
*transformación: conversión; cambio en el carácter o
condición (pág. 170)
*transition: changeover; the move toward one form,
stage, or style to another (p. 655)
*transición: conversión; el cambio de una forma, estado o
estilo a otro (pág. 655)
*transport: the moving of goods or people (p. 29)
*transportar: trasladar bienes o personas (pág. 29)
*transportation: means of travel from one place to
another (p. 440)
*transporte: medio de viajar de un lugar a otro (pág. 440)
trench warfare: fighting from ditches protected by
barbed wire, as in World War I (p. 763)
guerra de trincheras: combate desde trincheras
protegidas por alambres de púa, como en la Primera
*trend: a pattern or general tendency (p. 814)
*tendencia: patrón o inclinación general (pág. 814)
triangular trade: a pattern of trade that connected
Europe, Africa, and the American continents; typically,
manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa,
where they were exchanged for enslaved persons, who
were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged
for raw materials that were then sent to Europe (p. 442)
comercio triangular: patrón comercial que conectaba
a Europa y África con las Américas, por lo general se
enviaban manufacturas de Europa a África, donde
las intercambiaban por esclavos que enviaban a las
Américas y donde los cambiaban por materias primas
que enviaban a Europa (pág. 442)
tribute: goods or money paid by conquered peoples to
their conquerors (p. 378)
tributo: bienes o dinero pagado por pueblos conquistados
a sus conquistadores (pág. 378)
triumvirate: a government by three people with equal
power (p. 154)
triunvirato: gobierno de tres personas con igual poder
(pág. 154)
tyrant: a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the
poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers
and fighting tactics (p. 114)
tirano: gobernante que quitó el poder a los aristócratas
por la fuerza, ganó el apoyo de los nuevos ricos y de los
pobres y mantiene el poder mediante el uso de soldados
contratados y tácticas de combate (pág. 114)
cu
R90
ulema: a group of religious advisers to the Ottoman
sultan; this group administered the legal system and
schools for educating Muslims (p. 487)
ulema: grupo de consejeros religiosos del sultán otomano;
este grupo administraba el sistema legal y las escuelas
para educar a los musulmanes (pág. 487)
uncertainty principle: the idea put forth by Heisenberg
in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is
uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based on uncertainty (p. 815)
principio de incertidumbre: idea establecida por
Heisenberg en 1927 de que el comportamiento de las
partículas subatómicas es incierto, lo que sugiere que
todas las leyes físicas que rigen el universo se basan en
la incertidumbre (pág. 815)
*uncharted: not mapped; unknown (p. 695)
*ignoto: que no aparece en el mapa; desconocido
(pág. 695)
*unification: the act, process, or result of making into
a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being
unified (p. 631)
*unificación: acción, proceso o resultado de convertir algo
en un entero coherente o coordinado; estado de estar
unificado (pág. 631)
*unique: distinctive; unequaled (p. 562)
*único: distintivo; sin igual (pág. 562)
Glossary
universal law of gravitation • war communism
universal law of gravitation: one of the three rules of
motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir
Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary
bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun because every
object in the universe is attracted to every other object
by a force called gravity (p. 541)
ley de la gravitación universal: una de las tres reglas
del movimiento que rigen los cuerpos planetarios
establecida por sir Isaac Newton en su Principia; explica
que los cuerpos planetarios no se mueven en línea recta,
sino que continúan en órbitas elípticas alrededor del
Sol, porque cada objeto en el universo es atraído hacia
todos los otros objetos por una fuerza llamada gravedad
(pág. 541)
universal male suffrage: the right of all males to vote in
elections (p. 628)
sufragio universal masculino: el derecho de todos los
hombres a votar en elecciones (pág. 628)
*unprecedented: having nothing that has been done or
said in the past to compare to (p. 796)
*sin precedentes: que no se ha hecho o dicho algo
similar en el pasado (pág. 796)
*unreliable: not dependable (p. 969)
*desconfiar: que no se puede confiar (pág. 969)
*unrestricted: having no restrictions or bounds (p. 767)
*irrestricto: que no tiene restricciones ni límites
(pág. 767)
urban society: a system in which cities are the center of
political, economic, and social life (p. 398)
sociedad urbana: sistema social en el cual las ciudades
son el centro de la vida política, económica y social
(pág. 398)
cv
vasallo: en el feudalismo, hombre que servía a un señor
en calidad de militar (pág. 310)
Vedas: the earliest known Indian literature, which contain religious chants and stories that were originally
passed down orally from generation to generation
and then recorded in Sanskrit after writing developed
(p. 80)
Vedas: primeros escritos literarios conocidos de la India,
contienen cantos religiosos e historias que inicialmente
pasaron oralmente de generación en generación y se
registraron en sánscrito una vez desarrollada la escritura
(pág. 80)
vernacular: the language of everyday speech in a
particular region (pp. 351, 407)
vernácula: lengua que se habla cotidianamente en una
región particular (pp. 351, 407)
*via: by way of (p. 69)
*vía: por medio de (pág. 69)
viceroy: a governor who ruled as a representative of a
monarch (p. 704)
virrey: gobernador que regía como representante de un
monarca (pág. 704)
*violation: a disregard of rules or agreements (p. 856)
*violación: desacato de las reglas o acuerdos (pág. 856)
*virtually: almost entirely; nearly (p. 148)
*virtualmente: casi enteramente; aproximadamente
(pág. 148)
*vision: the way of seeing or believing (p. 275)
*visión: forma de ver o creer (pág. 275)
vizier: a high government official in ancient Egypt or in
Muslim countries (pp. 37, 196)
visir: alto funcionario gubernamental en el antiguo Egipto
o en países musulmanes (pp. 37, 196)
*volunteer: one who enters the military voluntarily
(p. 828)
*voluntario: quien entra voluntariamente al ejército
(pág. 828)
GLOSSARY
vassal: under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a
military capacity (p. 310)
w
c
war communism: in World War I Russia, government
control of banks and most industries, the seizing of
grain from peasants, and the centralization of state
administration under Communist control (p. 777)
comunismo de guerra: en la Rusia de la Primera Guerra
Mundial, el control gubernamental de los bancos y la
mayoría de las industrias, la confiscación de granos a
los campesinos y la centralización de la administración
estatal bajo el control comunista (pág. 777)
Glossary
R91
war of attrition • Zionism
war of attrition: a war based on wearing the other side
down by constant attacks and heavy losses, such as
World War I (p. 765)
guerra de desgaste: guerra que se basa en desgastar al
otro bando con constantes ataques y grandes pérdidas,
como en la Primera Guerra Mundial (pág. 765)
welfare state: a state in which the government takes
responsibility for providing citizens with services such
as health care (p. 916)
estado de bienestar: estado en el que el gobierno asume
la responsabilidad de proveer a los ciudadanos de
servicios como la atención sanitaria (pág. 916)
wergild: “money for a man”, the value of a person in
money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the
person he or she had injured or killed (p. 304)
wergild: “dinero por un hombre”, indemnización; el valor
de una persona en dinero, dependiendo de su estatus
social; en la sociedad germánica, una multa pagada por
un malhechor a la familia de la persona a quien dañó o
mató (pág. 304)
*whereas: although (p. 159)
*mientras: en tanto que (pág. 159)
*widespread: widely extended or spread out (p. 880)
*generalizado: ampliamente extendido o diseminado
(pág. 880)
women’s liberation movement: the renewed feminist
movement of the late 1960s, which demanded political
and economic equality with men (p. 921)
movimiento de liberación de la mujer: movimiento
feminista renovado de finales de la década de 1960, que
exigía la igualdad política y económica con los hombres
(pág. 921)
y
yoga: a method of training developed by the Hindus that
is supposed to lead to oneness with God (p. 72)
yoga: método de ejercitación creado por los hindúes que
se supone conduce a la unidad con Dios (pág. 72)
GLOSSARY
z
R92
zaibatsu: in the Japanese economy, a large financial and
industrial corporation (p. 834)
zaibatsu: en la economía japonesa, gran corporación
financiera e industrial (pág. 834)
zamindar: a local official in Mogul India who received a
plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government (p. 499)
zamindar: oficial local en la India de los mogoles, que
recibía un lote de terreno para su uso temporal a cambio
de cobrar impuestos para el gobierno central (pág. 499)
Zen: a sect of Buddhism that became popular with
Japanese aristocrats and became part of the samurai’s
code of behavior; under Zen Buddhism, there are different paths to enlightenment (p. 282)
Zen: secta del budismo que se hizo popular entre los
aristócratas japoneses y se volvió parte del código de
conducta de los samuráis; según el budismo Zen, existen
diferentes vías para llegar a la iluminación (pág. 282)
ziggurat: a massive stepped tower on which was built
a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a
Sumerian city (p. 29)
ziggurat: torre escalonada en la cual se construía
un templo dedicado al dios o diosa principal en las
ciudades sumerias (pág. 29)
Zionism: an international movement originally for the
establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern
Israel (p. 679)
sionismo: movimiento internacional que originalmente
abogaba por el establecimiento de una comunidad
nacional o religiosa judía en Palestina y después por el
apoyo al Israel moderno (pág. 679)
Glossary
Index
Abbas, Mahmoud—Antigone (Sophocles)
The following abbreviations are used in the index: m = map;
f = feature (photograph, picture, painting, cartoon, chart); t = table; q = quote
a
Abbas, Mahmoud, 999
Abbasid dynasty, 196. See also
Arab Empire; decline and division,
196; empire of, 197m; gold
dinar from, 201f; rule, 196
‘Abbās (shāh of S·afavid
Empire), 493–495, 504
abbess(es), 306
‘Abd ar-Rah·mān (caliph of
Arab Empire), 195f
Abdülhamıˉd II (Ottoman
ruler), 822
abolitionism, 637
absolutism, 464; in Central
and Eastern Europe, 467–469;
and crisis in Europe, 452–481;
enlightened, 554–558, 555m;
Louis XIV and, 465f, 478; response to crises, 464–469, 478
abstract painting, 676
Abū al-‘Abbās (caliph of
Arab Empire), 196
Abū Bakr, 192
Achebe, Chinua, 993
Acheson, Dean, 902q
acid rain, 1042
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS), 989,
1041, 1041f
acropolis, 112
Acropolis, 113f, 126
Act of Supremacy: of 1534,
421
Actium, Battle of, 155
Adenauer, Konrad, 915–916,
916f
troops, 896–897f; invasion
by Soviet Union, 931; Soviet
occupation of, 1001; Taliban in,
1001; U.S. invasion of, 1001,
1047
Afonso I (king of the Congo),
442, 442f, 442q
Africa, 151. See also Central
Africa; East Africa; individual
states; West Africa; North Africa;
African society and culture,
250–255; Atlantic slave trade,
440–443; changing names of
African National Congress
(ANC), 986–987, 990, 991f
African socialism, 988
African Union (AU), 988
Afrikaners (Boers), 693m,
696–697, 986–987
Agamemnon (Aeschylus),
127f
Agamemnon (king of
Mycenae), 109, 111, 140f
Age of Pericles, 121
Agincourt, Battle of, 356
agora, 112
Agra, 501
Agricultural Revolution, 238
agriculture. See also farming;
systematic agriculture: agricultural societies, 294; during
the Columbian Exchange, 436;
development of systematic, 17m;
Green Revolution, 1041; growing
of crops, 15; humans begin to
practice systematic, 20; in India,
288; in Middle Ages, 334–335;
number of farms in the U.S.,
15f; plantations, 441–442; systematic, 3,14–18, 17m; today’s
agricultural revolution, 15f
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 689
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud,
1001
Ahuizotl (Aztec king), 386q
Ahuramazda, 57
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 989,
1041, 1041f
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of,
558
Aiyar, G. S., 707
Akbar (shāh of India), 498,
500f, 500q, 504, 609f; expansion of Mogul rule in India, 452;
reign of, 498–500
Akkadian Empire, 32–33
Akkadians, 32
Al-Bakri, 242q
Albania, 912; transition from
communism, 937m
Albany Congress, 561f
Alberti, Leon Battista, 398
Albert (Prince of Great
Britain), 645q
Aldrin, Buzz, 1040
Alexander II (czar of Russia),
636
Alexander III (czar of Russia),
636
Alexander Nevsky (prince of
Novgorod), 321
Alexander the Great, 82–83f,
134, 140, 183f, 188; army of,
136f; conquest of Egypt, 40;
conquests of, 135–136; empire
of, 135m; Hellenistic Era and,
134–139; legacy of, 136
Alexandra (empress of
Russia), 772
Alexandria, Egypt, 135, 137,
183f
Alexius I (Byzantine
emperor), 198, 324, 325
al-Fatah, 999
Alfonsín, Raúl, 974
Algeria: French colony in, 694;
independence of, 986
Allah, 188, 210
Allegory of the Planets and
Continents (Tiepolo), 562
Allende, Salvador, 972
Allied Powers: division of
Germany into four zones, 902;
help to Communists’ enemies
during Russian Revolution, 777;
United States as arsenal of, 881;
in World War I, 766
Allied Reparations
Commission, 791
Alps, 151
al-Qaeda, 944f, 945, 1001
Alsace, 633, 782
Alvarado, Juan Velasco, 975
Amazon Basin: deforestation
in, 1043f
Amenhotep IV (Egyptian
pharaoh), 40
American Civil War, 443, 637,
663, 671
American Federation of
Labor, 671
American Red Cross, 636f
American Revolution,
566–568, 570; land claims after,
567m; surrender of British at
Yorktown, 570f
Americas, 368
Amin, Idi, 990
amphora, 116f
Amritsar massacre, 832
Anabaptist(s), 419m, 421;
persecution of an, 424f
Analects (Confucius), 90
anarchy, 494
Anasazi, 371; center in Chaco
Canyon, 388f; early people of
North America, 388
Anatolian Peninsula, 484,
824, 846f
Angkor, 292. See also Khmer
Empire
Angkor Wat, 294f, 295
INDEX
Adhai-Din-Ka Jhonpra, 287f
adobe, 371
Adoration of the Magi
(Dürer), 411
Adrianople, 177
The Adventures of the Ten
Princes (Dan·d·in), 289
Aegean Sea, 107, 170
Aeneid (Virgil), 161
Aeschylus, 126, 127f
Afghanistan, 931, 945; Afghan
nations, 1059f; cities, 992–993;
climate and geography of Africa,
237, 237m; colonial legacy in,
990, 992, 992f; David Livingstone arrives in, 695; development of African civilizations,
236–239; dictatorships ended
in, 990; economic problems
of, 988–989, 992f; on the eve
of colonialism, 700–701m;
expansion of Ottoman Empire in,
485–486; Great Britain annexes
west coastal states of, 692;
health problems of, 988–989;
imperialism in, 686, 692–699,
693m, 829m; independent
nations of, 986, 987m; infection
of cattle, 753f; influenced by
nationalism, 850; kingdoms and
states of, 242–249; kinship with
ancestors in African societies,
251f; leaders of independent
states, 987–988; malaria
outbreak, 1059f; nationalism
in, 698–699, 828–830, 829m,
846f; new imperialism and, 718;
number of Africans who fought
in World War II, 895f; number
of languages spoken in, 1059f;
percentage of Africa controlled
by colonial powers, 753f;
political challenges in, 989–990,
1045; religion in, 253m;
religious beliefs, 253–254;
scramble for, 701f; society and
culture of, 992–993; sources
of enslaved Africans, 442; trade
networks from East Africa to
Asia, 240–241m; two centers of
trade in, 238t; women’s roles in,
251–252, 993
African Americans: civil rights
movement, 582f, 918; enslaved,
637; music, 254f; as part of the
military during World War II, 882;
post-Civil War, 671; relocation to
northern cities during World War
II, 882; segregation becomes
illegal in U.S. public schools, 924f
Anglican Church (Church of
England), 419m, 420–421,
422f
Anglo-Saxons, 302, 316
Angola, 986
anime, 1027f
Anjou, France, 358
An Lushan: starts civil war in
China, 266f
Annam, 688
Annan, Kofi, 1052f, 1052q
annexed, 692
annul, 420
Anson’s Bay, China, 727f
anthropology, 4; archaeology
and, 4
Antigone (Sophocles), 127
Index
R93
anti-Semitism—Azikiwe, Nnamdi
anti-Semitism. See also
Holocaust; Jews; Nazi Germany:
Black Death and, 353; during
Crusades, 327; of Hitler, 804,
805f; Kristallnacht, 808f, 809; of
Nazi Germany, 806, 807f, 808f,
809, 816f; 890f; Nuremberg
laws, 809; during Reformation,
422; roots of, 679; Zionism and,
678f, 679
Antoninus Pius (Roman
emperor), 157
Antony, Marc, 155
ANZUS defensive alliance,
1029
apartheid, 986–987, 990, 991f
APEC (Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation), 1052
Apollonius, 138
appeasement, 857
apprentice, 341
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 350,
350f
Aquino, Benigno, 1023
Aquino, Corazon, 1023
Aquitaine, France, 356
Arab Empire: Arab rule, 193;
campaigns into France, 195m;
conquests, 192–193; creation
of, 192–193; end of expansion in Europe, 195f; how it
succeeded, 198f; Islamic society,
202–203; its successors and,
192–199; prosperity in the
Islamic world, 200–201; role of
cities, 200–201; Seljuk Turks
and the Crusades, 197–198;
a split in Islam, 194; Umayyad
dynasty, 194
arabesques, 207
Arabia, 192, 239, 254; independence of, 823
The Arabian Nights (The
1001 Nights) (Khayyám),
206
INDEX
Arabian Peninsula, 188
Arab-Israeli conflict, 940
Arab-Israeli disputes, 996,
997m, 998–1000
Arab nationalism, 826–827
Arabs, 188–189. See Arab Empire
Arafat, Yasir, 999
Aragon, Spain, 358–359
Aramco, 827
Arandora Star, 878
Arbenz, Jacobo, 971
Arc de Triomphe, 574
archaeology, 4; archaeological
finds, 5m; discovery of King Tut’s
tomb, 895f; field archaeology, 9f
Archimedes, 139, 538
archipelago, 290
architecture, 207; of ancient
Egypt, 43; of ancient India, 81;
the baroque period, 473–474;
Bauhaus, 894f; classical Greek,
126; Doric columns, Greek, 125f;
early Indian, 289; of Enlighten-
R94
Index
ment, 561–562; functionalism
in, 676; Gothic, 348–349,
349f; Islamic, 207, 287f; Latin
American, 965; modernism in,
676; neo-Gothic style, 638;
in the Ottoman Empire, 488;
Palace of Versailles, 470–471f;
Renaissance, 409–410; Roman
arch, vault, and dome, 160;
Romanesque, 348; romanticism in, 638; Southeast Asian,
295; Washington, D.C., 161f;
what significance a building can
convey, 684–685f
Ardennes Forest, 864
arete, 111
Argentina, 960, 973; authoritarian rule in, 847; caudillos and,
712; export economy of, 715,
844; Great Depression in, 845f,
846; independence of, 710,
711; major developments in
since 1945, 963m; move toward
democracy, 974; nationalism in,
846f; new strategy in, 973–974;
political events in, 973m; teenage life in, 978–979f
Argonautica (Apollonius),
138
Aristarchus, 138
aristocracy, 86
Aristotle, 113, 130, 130–131,
131q, 182f, 204, 350, 538, 540
armada, 456
Armenia, 776
Armenian genocide, 823–824,
824f
armistice, 780
arms race, 903–904
Armstrong, Neil, 1040
Arno River, 410f
Arouet, François-Marie.
See Voltaire
Arroyo, Gloria, 1023
Arthasastra (Mauryan), 76
Articles of Confederation,
569
artifacts, 4; Bronze Age, 18f;
dating fossils and, 4–5
artisans, 16
art(s). See also architecture;
drama; literature; music;
painting; poetry; sculpture;
theater: African, 993; after the
Renaissance, 472–474; artistic
hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt,
42f; baroque period, 473–474;
Chinese, 519; classical Greek,
126–128; dadaism, 814; in the
Dark Age of ancient Greece,
110f; Egyptian, 43, 59f; of
Enlightenment, 561–563;
Etruscan, 178f; everyday art in
ancient Athens, 116f; golden
age, 274–275, 474–476; Han
dynasty, 99; Hellenistic Era,
137–138, 140f; Hindu gods in
art, 72f; Hindu temple art, 289;
Islamic, 207; Japanese theater,
524; Latin American art and architecture, 965; Latin American
literature, 964–965; Mannerism,
472; of Nazi Germany, 815;
Northern Renaissance, 411;
in the Ottoman Empire, 488;
Paleolithic, 11; Phoenician,
52–53f; photomontage, 814;
postmodernism, 949; realism
in, 642f, 643; Renaissance,
409–411; rock paintings in early
Africa, 255; rococo style, 562,
562f; Roman, 160; romanticism
in, 638–639, 639f; surrealism,
814–815; in the Tokugawa Era
in Japan, 523–524; trends in
after World War II, 949
Aryabhata, 81
Aryans: arrival of the, 69–70;
giving up nomadic life for
farming, 70; Nazi German view
of, 678–679, 805f, 806, 807,
807f, 809
ascetics, 74
Ashanti, 253
Ashurbanipal (king of
Assyrian Empire), 55f, 55q
Asia. See also Southeast Asia;
South Asia; Southwest Asia;
Western Asia: Asian theater during World War II, 869, 871; Cold
War in, 1017; ethnic and religious
conflicts in, 1044; imperialism in,
686–687; nationalism in, 831,
846f, 850; New Order in, 879;
political challenges in, 1045;
women in, 1023; World War II in,
1941–1945, 868m
Asia Minor, 118, 153, 194;
founding of Christian communities in, 170
Asian tigers, 1027–1029
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 1052
Aśoka (ruler of Mauryan
Empire), 76, 77q
assembly line, 655, 813
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Henry VIII), 420f
Assisi, 345
Assyrian Empire, 54–55
Assyrians, 54
astrolabe, 205, 433f; Islamic,
208–209f
astronomy: Hellenistic Era, 138;
Muslim masters of the sky,
208–209f; Scientific Revolution
and, 540–541, 542f
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal),
824–825, 846f
Athens, city-state of, 113f,
117; compared to Sparta, 182f;
daily life in, 121; economy and
society, 121–122; everyday art
in, 116f; “Maiden Porch,” 1f
Atlantic Ocean, 236
Atlantic slave trade, 440–443
atoms, 676, 815
Attlee, Clement, 916
Augsburg, Peace of, 413m,
417, 418, 424, 460
Augustus (Roman emperor),
155f, 156; Age of, 155, 156;
revival of Roman state religion,
168
Aum Shinrikyo, 1040
Aung San, 1021
Aung San Suu Kyi, 1021
Aurangzeb (shāh of India),
501
Auschwitz, 876; the Final Solution at, 877f
Australia, 1032; recent years,
1029
Australopithecus, 7; flourish in
Africa, 2; “Lucy,” 7
Austria, 467, 782; AustroPrussian War, 632; authoritarian
rule in, 802–803; Congress
of Vienna, 624–625; Crimean
War, 630–631; expansion of,
467m; German unification and,
632, 858; Italian unification and,
631–632; in late Middle Ages,
359; Austrian Empire, 467–468;
right to vote for women, 920;
Seven Years’ War, 558–559;
succession of Maria Theresa in,
558; war with France, 583
Austria-Hungary: anti-Semitism
in, 679; Balkans and, 673;
creation of, 635; end of AustroHungarian Empire, 780; government of, 670; industrialization
in, 655; nationalities in, 628m,
629; as part of Central Powers
in World War I, 766; response
to assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand, 760; Triple Alliance,
672; in Triple Alliance, World
War I, 758, 763, 764, 768, 780
Austrian Empire: enlightened
absolutism in, 555m, 556–557;
nationalism in, 635; nationalities
in, 628m, 629; revolutions of
1848 and, 629
Austrian Succession, War
of, 558
Austro-Prussian War, 632
authoritarian governments,
816
authoritarian states, 802;
Eastern Europe, 802–803;
Spain, 803
autonomous, 939
Autumn (Ba Jin), 737
Avignon, France, 355
Axis Powers, 869, 890, 900
Axum kingdom (Africa),
238f, 239
Ayacucho, Battle of, 711
Azerbaijan, 492; independence
from Soviet Union, 932
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 830
the Aztec—Bush, George W.
the Aztec, 376, 377–379; culture
of, 379; destruction of civilization, 434–435; early people of
Mesoamerica, 388; education
of, 378f; political and social
structures of, 378–379; practice
of human sacrifice, 387f; religion
of, 379, 386–387f; rise of,
377–378; role of religion in
Aztec society, 386–387f
b
Bābur (shāh of India), 498
Babylon, 33
Babylonia, 56
Babylonian Empire, 32–33
Bacciochi, Elisa, 600f
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 563
Bacon, Francis, 539m, 544q,
545
Bagehot, Walter, 634f
Baghdad, Iraq, 196, 197, 197m,
Barrios de Chungara,
Domitila, 1045q
Barton, Clara, 636f, 663
Baseball Player at Bat, 664f
Basescu, Traian, 938
Basho, Matsuo, 524
basilicas, 348
Basque region, 951
Bastille, 580
Batista, Fulgencio, 968, 968f
Bauhaus School, 894f
Bay of Pigs, 905–906, 968f
bazaar(s), 201; S·afavid,
496–497f
Beccaria, Cesare, 550
bedouin, 190
Beer Hall Putsch, 804
Beethoven, Ludwig van,
639–640
Begin, Menachem, 999
731, 1015, 1015f; Red Guards
parade in, 1032f
Belarus: independence from
Soviet Union, 932
Belgian Congo, 986
Belgium: artistic Renaissance
in, 411; Hitler’s victory against,
864; imperialism by, 693m, 695,
829m; independence of, 627;
industrialization in, 619, 655
Bell, Alexander Graham, 653
Bellarmine (Cardinal), 541q
Benedictines, 344
Benin, 255, 443
Berbers, 194, 243
Bering Strait, 368
Berlin Airlift, 903f, 903m
Berlin Conference, 695, 701f
Berlin Wall, 905, 908–909f,
924f; destruction of, 954f; fall
of, 938f
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint,
326, 344, 362f
Berners-Lee, Tim, 1058f
Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 678
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 473
Beslan, 935
Beveridge, Albert, 689q
The Bhagavad Gita, 73, 80
Bhopal chemical disaster,
1042
Bible: comparison of views on,
422f; Gutenberg’s, 402f
Bill of Rights: American, 568f,
569, 626; English, 463; English,
enactment of, 453
bin Laden, Osama, 944–945,
944f, 1001
bioethics, 1040
biological weapons, 1040
bioterrorism, 1040
biowarfare, 1040
birth control, 662
Birth of a Nation, 812
bishopric, 304
Bismarck, Otto von, 632–633,
633f, 670, 672, 672f, 695; at
Berlin Conference, 701f; William
II fires, 650
Black Death, 352–353, 354f,
360–361f; impact of, 353,
354f; number of Muslims killed
by year 1349, 393f; spread of,
352, 353m
Black Dragon Society, 835
Blackfriars, 474
“Black Hole of Calcutta”, 503
The Black Man’s Burden
(Morel), 698q
Black Sea, 107, 352
Blackshirts, 816f
Black Stone, 189
Blair, Tony, 943
Blake, William, 641
blitz, 884, 894f; London’s finest
hour, 888–889f
blitzkrieg, 864
bloc, 917
Bloody Mary, 421
“Bloody Sunday”, 670, 951; in
St. Petersburg, Russia, 651
Blucher, 617
Blue Mosque: in ∙Istanbul,
394–395f
The Body of Civil Law (The
Justinian Code), 322
Boer republics, 696–697
Boers (Afrikaners), 693m,
696–697
Boer War, 697
Boff, Leonardo, 976f
Bohemia, 355, 417, 460, 629
Boissy d’ Anglas salutes
the head of the deputy
Feraud, May 20, 1795
(Fragonard), 595f
Bojaxhiu, Agnes Gonxha.
See Mother Teresa
Boleyn, Anne, 420, 421
Bolívar, Simón, 710–711, 710f
Bolivia, 711, 844, 962; political
events in, 973m
Bologna, Italy, 350
Bolsheviks, 774, 784, 800;
Lenin and the, 774–775; Old,
801; seize power in Russia,
775–776
Bombay (Mumbai), India, 705
Bonaparte, Charles Louis
Napoleon. See Louis-Napoleon
Bonaparte, Jerome, 600f
Bonaparte, Joseph, 600f
Bonaparte, Louis, 600f
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See
Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor
of France)
Boniface VIII (pope), 355
Bonivard, François, 639f
Book of Hours, 337f
The Book of the City of
Ladies (de Pizan), 408
The Book of the Courtier
(Castiglione), 402
Book of the Dead (Egyptian),
42f
Borghese, Pauline, 600f
Bosnia, 760, 954; annexation of,
673; wars in, 939
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 939
Bosnian Crisis, 673
Bosnian War, 824
Bosporus, 114, 175, 484
Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne,
465q
Botswana, 989
Boulding, Elise, 1053
Bourbon dynasty, 632
bourgeoisie (burghers), 339,
578, 620, 656
Boxer Rebellion, 731, 733m,
734f
Boxers, 731
boyars, 468
Boyle, Robert, 539m, 542
Boyle’s Law, 542
Brahmasputha Siddhanta
(Brahmagupta), 393f
Brahma the Creator, 72
Brahmins, 70, 71t
Brandt, Willy, 916, 941
Brasília, Brazil, 965
Brazil, 444, 960, 975, 980;
authoritarian rule in, 847;
“economic miracle”, 975; export
economy of, 712, 715, 844;
Great Depression in, 845f, 846,
847; harvesting coffee in, 718f;
independence of, 711; major
developments in since 1945,
963f; nationalism in, 846f; as
part of Portuguese Empire,
435; political events in, 973m;
Portuguese control of, 447;
return to democracy, 975; silver
mines in, 448f
Brazzaville, 992
Brezhnev, Leonid, 930;
Brezhnev Era, 930–931
Brezhnev Doctrine, 930
Brezhnev Era, 930–931
Briand, Aristide, 792
Britain, Battle of, 866–867
British East India Company,
503, 702, 703, 726
British India. See also India:
splits into India and Pakistan,
1032
Brittany, 951; Fest Noz, 951
Bronze Age, 16, 108; artifacts,
18f; begins, 3
Brownshirts (SA) (Storm
Troops), 804
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 401f,
409–410
Brussels, 473
bubonic plague, 352–353,
353m, 354f, 360–361f
Budapest, Hungary, 635, 913
Buddha, 73, 284
Buddhism, 73, 216–217f; in
ancient India, 73–74; in China,
273; decline of, 284; Four Noble
Truths, 75, 75f; in India, 285f;
introduction of in Korea, 283;
Mahayana, 284; principles of,
74–75, 75t; stupas show spread
of, 80f; Theravada, 284
budget deficits, 943
Bulgaria, 673, 802–803; transition from communism, 937m
bureaucracy, 37, 528
burghers, 339, 403
INDEX
205, 339; center of Arab trade
empire, 196; destruction of by
Mongols, 199
Baines, Edward, 623f
Ba Jin, 737, 737q
balance of power: Congress of
Vienna and, 624–625
balance of trade, 440
Balfour, Arthur James, 826f,
827
Balfour Declaration, 826f, 827
Balkans, 323; Crimean War,
630–631; crises in, 673, 760;
expansion into by Ottomans,
504f; first war of the, 680f
Bande Mataram, 707
Bangladesh, 285; creation of,
1020
banners, 513
Bantu(s), 247; migration of,
246m, 247; spread iron working,
246f
baroque period, 473–474
baroque style, 562, 563
barrel vault, 348
Beguines, 346f
Beijing, China, 271, 510, 727,
Burma (modern Myanmar),
292–293; British control of, 688,
690, 729; independence of,
1021; resistance to colonial rule
in, 690f, 691
Burundi, 990
Bush, George, 944, 971
Bush, George W., 944, 1001,
1002, 1046–1047; 9/11,
944–945; war on terror, 944f
Index
R95
Byzantine Empire—children
Byzantine Empire, 177,
322–324, 485; attack by
Umayyads on Constantinople,
194; conflicts with Arab Empire,
192–193; conquered by the
Ottomans, 327, 504; Crusades
and, 325–327; heights of and
problems in, 324; life in Constantinople, 324; Macedonian
emperors, 324; pressure from
Seljuk Turks, 197; religious
issues in, 324
Byzantium, 114, 175
c
Cabot, John, 433
Caesar, Julius, 154, 155, 155f
Caffa, 352
Cahokia, 370
Cairo, Egypt, 196, 339; as center of Islamic civilization, 199
Cairo Trilogy (Mahfouz), 1003
Calcutta (Kolkata), India,
503, 705, 1019, 1020f
Calderón, Felipe de Jesús,
967
calendar: French revolutionary,
590; Mayan, 374, 375–376,
376f
Caligula (Roman emperor),
156, 183f
caliph, 192
Caliph al-Ma’mūn, 209f
Caliph al-Mutawakkil, 206f
Calvin, John, 418–420, 422,
422f, 424, 460
Cambodia: French control of,
688; Pol Pot regime in, 1021
Cambyses (king of Persia),
56
Cameroon, 692
Camp David Accords, 999
Canada, 945; AmericanCanadian relations, 919; NAFTA
and, 1052; Official Languages
Act, 945; Quebec secession
issue, 945; Seven Years’ War
and, 560–561, 566; U.S. and,
943–945
INDEX
696, 992
capital, 614
capitalism, 340f; commercial,
338, 516; industrial, 620
Caracalla (Roman emperor),
159
Caral, 382, 388
Caravaggio, 474
caravansaries: S·afavid,
496–497f
caravel, 433f
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 846f,
847–848
Caribbean, 442; economic
dependence of, 712; export
economy of, 844; political events
in, 967m; U.S. role in, 845
Carnegie Steel Company, 671
Carolingian Empire, 306m,
306–307, 307, 319; Charlemagne as emperor, 307; end
of the, 308–309; Renaissance
of, 307
Carolingian Renaissance,
307
carruca, 334–335
Carson, Rachel, 1042
cartels, 977; in Colombia, 980
Carter, Howard, 895q
Carter, Jimmy, 92f, 931, 943,
971, 999
Carthage, 150; destruction by
Rome, 151
457
Calvinism, 418–420, 419m,
Candra Gupta (king of Gupta
Empire), 79
Candra Gupta II (king of
Gupta Empire), 79
Cannae, 151
Canning, Charles, 703f
cannons: Hundred Years’ War
and, 356, 362f
The Canon of Medicine (Ibn
Sıˉnā), 205f
Canterbury, England, 407–408
The Canterbury Tales
(Chaucer), 407
Can Vuoug, 691
Cao Xuein: The Dream of the Red
Chamber, 519
R96
Cape Colony, 696, 696f, 697
Cape of Good Hope, 236
Capetian dynasty, 319
Cape Town, South Africa,
Index
Carthaginians: Hannibal, 151;
Punic Wars with Rome, 150–151
Cartwright, Edmund, 616
cash crops, 712
Caspian Sea, 200, 492
caste system, 70–71; in India,
1019
Castiglione, Baldassare, 402,
402q
Castile, Spain, 358–359
Castle of Chillon, 639f
Castro, Fidel, 905, 968, 980f;
Cuban Revolution, 968f; rise to
power, 968
Castro, Raúl, 968
Çatalhüyük, Turkey, 12–13f,
16
Catherine II (Catherine the
Great) (Russian ruler),
555m, 557–558, 557f, 558,
570f
Catherine of Aragon, 420, 421
Catholic Church. See also
Catholicism: Anglican Church
and, 420–421; Beguines, 346f;
beliefs of, 422f; Benedictines,
344; Black Death’s effects on,
354f; Cistercians, 344; decline
of power of, 355; Dominicans,
345–346; in Europe, 1600,
419m; in fascist Italy, 799;
Franciscans, 345–346; French
Revolution and, 576, 577f,
581; Galileo versus, 540–541,
541q; Great Schism of, 355,
362; Henry II and the, 316–317;
Inquisition, 346, 346f; liberation
theology, 976f; Martin Luther
versus, 415–416; in medieval
Europe, 342–347; monks
and monasteries, 305–306;
Napoleon Bonaparte and, 599;
organization of the, 304–306;
Peace of Augsburg and, 417;
reformation of, 412–414, 423;
role of the Church after fall
of Roman Empire, 304–306;
in Slavic Europe, 320–321;
Spirituals, 346f; state and
Church in colonial Latin America,
446–447; women in, 344–345
Catholicism. See also Catholic
Church: in the Middle Ages, 362;
Spain’s militant, 454
Catholic Reformation, 423
caudillos, 711–712
Cavaliers, 461
Cavendish, Margaret, 539m,
543, 543q
cave paintings, 2–3f
Cavour, Camillo di, 631–632
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 938
cell phones, 1039f
censorate, 96
Central Africa: Hutu versus Tutsi
in, 990; imperialism in, 695
Central America, 969–971. See
also individual states; economic
dependence of, 712; economic,
social, and political issues in,
980; export economy of, 715,
844; independence of, 711; as
part of Spanish Empire, 435;
political events in, 967m; U.S.
role in, 845
Central Europe, 320–321. See
also individual states; absolutism
in, 467–469; governments of,
670; in late Middle Ages, 359;
literacy and, 665; revolutions
of 1848 in, 629; Slavic peoples
of, 320m
Central Powers: in World War
I, 766
Central Treaty Organization
(CENTO), 905
ceramics: Chinese, 275
Cercle Social, 594f
Cervantes, Miguel de, 475
Cezanne, Paul, 675
Chacabuco, Battle of, 711
Chaco Canyon, 371; Anasazi
center in, 388f
Chaeronea, Battle of, 134
Chaldeans: defeat of the Kingdom of Judah, 49
Chamberlain, Houston
Stewart, 678–679
Chamorro, Violeta Barrios
de, 971
Champa, kingdom of, 292
Changan, 268
Chang Jiang (Yangtze River),
84, 85, 94, 264, 266, 726,
836, 839
chanson de geste, 351
Chao K’uang-yin, 267f
Charlemagne (Charles
the Great) (king of the
Franks), 306, 306f; as Roman
emperor, 307
Charles I (king of England),
461, 462f; execution of, 478f
Charles I (king of Spain),
400, 417
Charles II (king of England),
462
Charles V (Holy Roman
emperor), 415, 417
Charles V (king of Spain),
386f
Charles VII (king of France),
356, 357f
Charles VIII (king of France),
400
Charles X (king of France),
627
Charles the Great (king
of the Franks). See
Charlemagne
Charter Oath, 740
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 407
Chauvet, Jean-Marie, 11
Chauvet Cave, 10m, 10f, 11
Chávez, Hugo, 977
Chavin: early culture of South
America, 388
Chavin culture, 382
Chechnya, 934f; ongoing turmoil
in, 935; Yeltsin’s use of force
against, 934
checks and balances, 548,
569
Cheka, 777
chemical wastes, 1042
chemical weapons, 1040
chemistry: classification of elements, 641; Scientific Revolution
and, 542
Chennai (Madras), India, 503
Chernobyl nuclear accident,
1042
Chiang Kai-shek, 842f; attempt
to build a republic, 850; versus
Communists, 837m, 837–839,
1012; flight to Taiwan, 1012;
as leader of China, 839–841;
as leader of Republic of China
(Taiwan), 1028–1029; losing
control of China, 903; New Life
Movement of, 840f, 841; seeks
to appease Japan, 860–861
Chichén Itzá, 377
children: Aztec, 378–379, 378f;
in China, 1016; labor performed
by, 616, 617f, 619, 621; in
Chile—command economy
Chinese empires, 94–99; rivers
and mountains, 84; rural in the
1930s, 843f; sale of British
goods in, 748f; Shang dynasty,
86–87; Shanghai Massacre,
837; Song dynasty, 266; spheres
of influence in, 725m, 748;
Sui dynasty, 264; systematic
agriculture develops in, 14; Tai
Ping Rebellion, 726–727; Tang
dynasty, 264–266; urban in the
1930s, 842f; war with Japan,
729, 743, 860–861; Zhou
dynasty, 87–90
chinampas, 378
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP), 836, 838f, 843f; is
formed, 836
Chirac, Jacques, 941
chivalry, 313, 314–315f; nobility
and, 311–313
chlorofluorocarbons, 1042
Choshu, Japan, 739
Chrétien, Jean (prime minister of Canada), 945
Christian Democratic Union
(CDU), 915; in West Germany,
942
Christian humanism,
412–413, 414f
Christianity, 218–219. See also
Catholic Church: development of,
168–173; in early Africa, 239;
in Middle Ages, 342–347; rise
of, 170–173; Roman Empire
adopts, 172–173; Roman persecution of Christians, 171–172;
spread of, 171m, 172f; teachings of Jesus, 170; Theodosius I
makes official religion of Empire,
172f
Chulalongkorn (king of
Thailand), 688
Churchill, Winston, 870, 886,
887, 888–889f
Church of England (Anglican
Church), 419m, 420–421,
422f, 424
Church of Saint Thomas, 563
Church of the Fourteen
Saints, 562
Cicero, 168, 182q, 406
Cincinnatus (Roman ruler),
148, 162
World War II, 884–885; Chinese,
267; living conditions in ancient
Rome, 165; medieval, 339–341;
public health and sanitation in,
658–659; rise of cities during
Neolithic period, 18; role of
cities in Arab Empire, 200–201;
in Roman Empire, 159, 161f;
Sumerian, 28–29
city-state(s), 28. See also
polis; of ancient Mesopotamia,
28–29; Athens, 117; community
of the, 112–113; organization
of the, 112; Sparta, 115–117;
Sumerian cities, 28–29; two
rival city-states, 114; tyranny in
ancient Greek, 114; Ur, ziggurat
at, 28f
Civil Code (Napoleonic
Code), 599
Civil Constitution of the
Clergy, 581
civil disobedience, 832; Gandhi and, 706, 706f, 832, 833f
civilization, 18, 204; begins in
Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and
China, 20, 26–33; development of African, 236–239; early
Chinese, 84–93; early Greek,
106–111; early Indian, 66–75;
Egyptian, 34–43; emergence
of, 18–19; Greco-Roman, 159,
160; Indus River valley, 68–69,
68m; Islamic, 200–203; Minoan,
108–109; Neolithic Revolution
and rise of, 14–19; centers of,
46–51; patterns of, 184–393;
Southeast Asian, 290–295;
toward a global, 896–1059;
Western values, 170; what it
is, 2
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 661f,
918, 919f
civil rights movement, 582f,
918, 924; 1960s and, U.S., 918
civil service: exam during
Tang dynasty (China), 265;
merit-based, 91f; reform in the
U.S., 92f
Civil Service Act of 1883, 92f
Civil War: in the U.S., 443, 637,
663, 671
civil wars: as ongoing challenge,
1044
Circus Maximus, 164f, 165
Cistercians, 344
cities, growth of: in Africa,
Ci Xi (Chinese empress
dowager), 728f, 729, 732,
989; in Industrial Revolution,
619–620; mass society and,
658; in Middle Ages, 339–341;
in United States, 671
citizen, 594f
citizenship: views of, in revolutionary France, 594–595f; who
should be a citizen, 594–595f
city(ies). See also cities, growth
of; city-state(s): African,
992–993; bombing of during
clan(s), 370, 517
classical Greece. See Greece,
734f
ancient
classical music, 563
classless society, 656, 656f
Claudius (Roman emperor),
156
Clay, Lucius, 903f
Cleisthenes (king of Athens),
117
Clemenceau, Georges, 781,
781f
Clement III (antipope), 343f
Clement V (pope), 355
Clement VII (pope), 417
Cleopatra VII (Egyptian
pharaoh), 40; alliance with
Marc Antony, 155
Clermont, 619
Clinton, Bill, 943, 999, 1000f
Clive, Sir Robert, 502f, 503
cloning, 1040, 1059f
clothing: of France, 584–585f
The Cloud Messenger
(Kālidāsa), 81
Clovis (ruler of the Franks),
302–303
Clytemnestra, 127f
coal industry, 616, 620–621
Code of Hammurabi, 32f, 33
coke, 616
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 466
Cold War, 886, 949; arms
race, 903–904; in Asia, 1017;
Berlin Wall, 905; confrontation
of the superpowers, 900–902;
Cuban Missile Crisis, 905–907;
development of, 900–907,
904t; division of Germany,
902; intensifies, 931; Marshall
Plan, 902; military alliances,
904–905; political division and
conflict during, 924; in Southeast
Asia, 1022f; Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe during, 924;
spread of, 903–907, 904f;
Truman Doctrine, 901–902;
Vietnam and the domino theory,
907; Western Europe and North
America during, 924
collaborators, 877
collective bargaining, 657,
794
collectivization, 800–801,
1012–1013
Colombia, 962, 976; coffee and
cocaine, 976–977; drug cartels
in, 980; independence movement in, 710, 711; independence of Panama, 971; major
963f; political events in, 973m;
U.S. intervention in, 713
colonial rule. See imperialism
colony, 440
Colosseum: in ancient Rome,
166f, 183f
INDEX
Renaissance Italy, 403; in World
War II, 877–878
Chile, 960, 972; art of, 849;
cultures of, early, 384–385;
export economy of, 844; Great
Depression in, 846; independence of, 710–711; major developments in since 1945, 963f;
number of governments between
1931 and 1932, 895f; political
events in, 973m; protest of brutal
rule of Augusto Pinochet, 980f;
toward economic stability in, 972
Chimor, kingdom of, 384
China, 78, 532. See also People’s
Republic of China; ancient
culture compared to India, 100t;
beginning of Southern Song
period, 267f; Boxer Rebellion,
731; Chiang Kai-shek. See
Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese philosophy, 90–93; Chinese society
and culture, 269, 516–518;
civilization begins in, 20f;
civil war in, 735; climate, 85;
Confucianism, 90–93; cultural
changes in, 735–737, 736f;
Daoism, 93; development of
printing in, 274f; development of
written language, 90; dynasties
of, 266–267f; early Chinese
civilizations, 84–93; early dynasties of, 88t; economic changes
in, 517f; economy of, 735–736;
empires in, 265m; Europeans in,
515; first contacts with the West,
512; Five Dynasties Era begins,
267f; goes to war with Japan
over Korea, 650f; golden age
in literature and art, 274–275;
government and economy,
267–268; Great Wall, 95–96,
97f, 100f; Han dynasty, 98m,
98–99; impact of geography
on, 84–85, 85m; imperialism in,
728–731, 736, 748; influenced
by nationalism and revolution,
850; isolation of, 514f; at its
height, 510–515; Legalism, 93;
Lord Macartney leads British
trade mission to, 509f; martial
arts, 524f; under the Ming and
Qing dynasties, 1368–1911,
511m; the Ming dynasty, 510–
512; Mongol dynasty in, 272m;
Mongol Empire, 271m; Mongols
and, 270–275; Neolithic farming
villages in, 16; Open Door Policy,
730–731, 730f, 835; Opium
War, 726, 727f; population
growth, 960–1933, 517t; Qin
dynasty, 94–96; Qing dynasty,
513–515. See Qing dynasty of
China; religion and government,
273; reunified by Sui dynasty,
264–269; revolution and transition in, 748; revolution of 1911,
732–735; rise and fall of
Columbian Exchange,
435–436, 438–439f; international trade and, 436f
Columbus, Christopher,
432, 436f, 438f; arriving in the
Americas, 448f, 609f
Comintern (Communist
International), 831, 836
command economy: comparison of market and command
economies, 911f, 911t
Index
R97
commercial capitalism—Darwin, Charles
commercial capitalism, 338,
516
Committee of Public Safety,
588, 589, 590f, 593
Committee of Union and
Progress (CUP), 824f
commodities, 735
common law, 317
commonwealth, 461
communes, 1013
communism, 655; in art, 848f,
849; in Asia, 831, 831f; in
China, 836–839, 1012–1017;
in Europe, 1930s, 797m;
Great Depression and, 793;
in North Korea, 1017; revolts
against, 913; in Russia, 776f;
in Southeast Asia, 831, 831f,
1021, 1022f; in Soviet Union,
799–801; transition of Eastern
Europe from, 937m; U.S. fighting
spread of in Latin America,
962–963; U.S. intervention in
Central American politics, 980
Communist China. See
People’s Republic of China
Communist International. See
Comintern
The Communist Manifesto
(Marx), 655, 656f, 848f
Communist National Liberation Front (NLF), 1022f
Communist Party, 911, 1012.
See Communist(s)
Communist People’s Liberation Army, 900
Communist(s), 775; celebra-
INDEX
tions in Moscow, 850f; in China,
850; complacent and corrupt in
Soviet Union, 930; in Czechoslovakia, 912, 913; fear of
infiltration in the U.S., 917–918;
in Hungary, 913; number of current Communist states, 1059f;
patterns of control in Eastern
Europe, 912–913; in Poland,
913; Red Terror, 777; triumph in
Russia, 777
Compromise of 1867, 635
computer-aided imaging,
1040
computers, 1038–1040
concentration camps, 806
Concert of Europe, 625; breakdown of, 630–631
concessions, 738
Concordat of Worms,
343–344
The Condition of the
Working-Class in England
in 1844 (Engels), 622f
Coney Island, 664f
Confederate States of
America, 637
Confederation of the Rhine,
601
R98
Index
Confucianism, 90, 90–93,
Cortés, Hernán, 386q, 431,
220–221f, 840f; rule of merit,
91f
Confucius, 90, 91f, 92q, 182q
Congo: Belgian colonies in, 695;
Democratic Republic of, 986,
988, 990
Congo River, 236, 695
Congress of Vienna, 624–625;
Europe after, 625m
Congress Party, 1018, 1020
conquistadors, 434; seizing of
land ruled by Aztec and Inca,
448
434–435, 436f; description of
Aztec temple, 386q
Costa Rica, 711
cottage industry, 615, 617f,
621, 623f
cotton industry, 615–616, 620,
621, 623f, 637
Conrad III (emperor of Germany), 326
conscription, 759
conservatism, 624–625
Conservative Party, 668, 795;
Great Britain, 943
Consistory, 420
Constance, Switzerland, 355
Constantine (Roman emperor), 173, 174–176, 490f;
conversion to Christianity, 172f
Constantinople, 175, 322, 339,
485, 491m. See also ∙I stanbul,
Turkey: as center of commerce,
324; crusaders sack of, 327; fall
of, 491f; life in, 324; rebuilding
of, 324
Constitution: American, 569,
637, 661f, 671; Austrian, 670;
French, of 1791, 582; French,
of 1795, 593; French, of 1875,
668–669; German, 670;
Iroquois, 370f; Japanese, 1024,
1025; Meiji, 740; Mexican, of
1917, 714f, 715; Turkish, 822
Constitutional Convention,
569
consulate, 598
consuls, 148
consumer society, 920
Continental Army, 568
Continental Congress,
567–568
Continental System, 601, 602
contras, 971
Convention People’s Party,
988f
conversos, 358f
cooperatives, 975
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 539,
539m, 540, 542f, 570f
Coral Sea, Battle of the, 869
Corday, Charlotte, 588f
Córdoba. See also Fatimid
dynasty
Cornwallis (General), 568,
570f
The Coronation of the
Emperor Napoleon I
(David), 597f
Cort, Henry, 616
Cortázar, Julio, 965
Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (COMECON),
902
council of the plebs, 149
Council of Trent, 423
coup d’état, 593
Courbet, Gustave, 642f, 643
Cranmer, Thomas, 420
Crassus, 154
The Creation (Haydn), 563
Crécy, Battle of, 356
Creditanstalt Bank, 792
creoles, 444, 448, 708, 710
Crimean War, 630–631, 636f,
646, 663
On Crimes and Punishments
(Beccaria), 550
Croatia, 939
Croats, 628m, 629
Croesus (king of Lydia), 125
Cromwell, Oliver, 461, 462,
462f
crossbow(s), 356, 362f
cross vault, 348
Cruikshank, George, 592f
Crusades, 198, 325, 325–327,
326m; anti-Semitism during,
327; early, 325–327; later, 327
Crystal Palace, 644–645f
Cuba, 432, 905; Cuban
Revolution, 968–969; decline of
Cuban economy, 980; economic
dependence of, 712; economic,
social, and political issues in,
980; Great Depression in, 845f;
major developments in since
1945, 963f; political events in,
967m; as protectorate of United
States, 713; relations with the
U.S., 969
Cuban missile crisis,
905–907, 906f, 924, 969
Cuban Revolution, 968–969;
Cuban revolutionaries seize Havana, 980f; Fidel Castro’s, 968f
cubism, 676
cultural imperialism, 949
Cultural Revolution (China),
1014; Red Guards parade in
Beijing, 1032f
culture, 18; African society
and, 250–255; Chavin, 382;
Chinese, 516–519; of classical
Greece, 124–131; distinctive
Korean, 525; in early India, 289;
in early Japan, 282; of High
Middle Ages, 348–351; identity
and, 949–951; Inca, 385; of
Islam, 204–207; Latin America,
964–965; mass, 812–813,
814f; Moche, 383; Nazca, 388;
popular, 949; regional identity in
Western Europe, 950m; Roman,
160–165; spread and transformation of Western, 954; Western
culture and society, 946–951;
world of European, 472–477
culture of modernity, 674–676
cuneiform, 30
Curie, Marie, 676, 680; Nobel
Prize for Chemistry, 753f
currency. See also euro: S·afavid
use of coins, 496–497f
Cuzco, 384, 385
Cyrus (Cyrus the Great)
(king of Persia), 56
czar, 468
Czechoslovakia, 782, 913,
936–937; Communist control
of, 912; democracy in, 803;
Dubc̆ek’s “socialism with a
human face”, 913; Hitler’s
destruction of, 858; invasion by
Soviet Union, 913; Nazi invasion
of, 754–755f; right to vote for
women, 920; split into Czech
Republic and Slovakia, 937;
transition from communism,
937m
Czech Republic, 934, 937
Czechs: in Austrian Empire,
628m, 629, 670; revolution in
Bohemia of, 355
d
Dacia, 158
dadaism, 814
d’Aelders, Etta Palm: citizenship for women, 594q
da Feltre, Vittorino, 409q
da Gama, Vasco, 240–241m,
432; lands in Calicut, 508f
Daily Mail (London), 665
daimyo, 281, 520
Dakar, 992
Dalai Lama, 1044
de Albuquerque, Afonso, 432
Dalí, Salvador, 815
Damascus, Syria, 194, 339
dancing cabinet, 743
Dan·d·in, 289
d’Anglas, Boissy, 595f
Dante Alighieri, 407, 407f
Danton, Georges, 586, 588
Danube River, 158, 177
Dao, 87, 91, 92
Daoism, 93, 275; in China, 273
Dardanelles, 484, 630
Darfur, Sudan, 990, 1044
Darius (king of Persia), 136f
Darius III (king of Persia),
56–57, 118, 136f
Dark Age: changes of the,
110–111; early Greek civilizations, 110–111; Homer: poet of
the, 111
Darwin, Charles, 641–642
da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula—Edo (Tokyo), Japan
da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula,
975
David, Jacques-Louis, 578f,
588f, 597f
David Copperfield (Dickens),
643
da Vinci, Leonardo, 398, 410,
410f, 609f
Dawes Plan, 792
D-Day, 870, 870f; the five
beaches, 870m; invasion, 872f;
Normandy invasion, 872–873m
death camps, 807, 876; Auschwitz, 876, 877f
The Death of Marat (David),
588f
de Beauharnais, Eugène,
600f
de Beauharnais, Hortense
de, 600f
de Beauvoir, Simone, 920f,
921
De Beers mining company,
696f
Deccan Plateau, 66, 69, 500
de Cervantes, Miguel, 475
de Chamorro, Violeta
Barrios, 971
Declaration of Independence, 568; U.S., 476f
Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen, 581,
589, 594f
the Negro Peoples of the
World (Garvey), 830
Woman and the Female
Citizen (Gouges), 581q
Defender of the Faith, 420f
deficit spending, 795
de Firmont, Henry, 588q
deforestation, 1042, 1043f,
1054
Deganawida, 370
Degas, Edgar, 742f
de Gaulle, Charles, 914, 915,
986
552–553
de Gortari, Carlos Salinas,
967
de Gouges, Olympe, 581,
581q, 589; writes declaration of
rights for women, 509
deism, 548
de Klerk, F. W., 990, 991f
Delacroix, Eugène, 639, 639f
de la Cruz, Sor Juana Inés,
447
de las Casas, Bartolomé,
446q
de Lesseps, Ferdinand, 693
Delhi, India, 498, 501; the siege
of, 718f
Delian League, 121
Delos, 121
Delphi, 124
794f
demilitarized, 857
demilitarized zone (DMZ),
1028f
democracy, 114; Argentina’s
move toward, 974; Brazil’s
return to, 975; Chinese movement for, 1013m, 1014–1015,
1015f; comparing Athenian to
U.S., 120t; direct, 121; early
Greece and the polis, 140; in
Europe, 1930s, 797m; Latin
America’s move toward, 961;
mass society and, 650–679;
ministerial responsibility and,
668; Pericles expands Athenian,
120f; in Southeast Asia, 1023; in
Western Europe, 668–669
Democracy Wall, 1015f
Democratic Republic of
Congo, 986, 988, 990
Deng Xiaoping (leader of
China), 1014, 1015, 1032
Denmark: adoption of gender
parity policies, 948; Latin American colonies of, 709m
de Pizan, Christine, 408, 408q
depression, 792
de Rosas, Juan Manuel, 712
Descartes, René, 539m,
544–545, 544q
The Descent of Man
(Darwin), 642
desertification, 1042
de Staël, Anne-LouiseGermaine, 599
de-Stalinization, 911
détente, 930, 931
deterrence, 905
de Vega, Lope, 476
developed nations, 1043
developing nations, 1043;
population trends in, 1050;
women entrepreneurs in, 1044f
development: sustainable, 1042;
United Nations goals for, 1052f
Dewey, Commodore George,
688
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 827
dharma, 73
Díaz, Porfirio, 714
Dickens, Charles, 643
dictatorship, 656
Diderot, Denis, 549, 557, 557f,
570f
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 1021, 1022f
Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam, 1021
Diocletian (Roman
emperor), 173, 174–176;
reforms by, 174–176
direct democracy, 121
the Directory, 593
direct rule, 690, 698
disarmament groups, 1053
Discourse on Method
(Descartes), 544
Discourse on the Origins of
the Inequality of Mankind
(Rousseau), 551
discrimination, 1023
Disraeli, Benjamin, 634f
dissidents, 930
Divine Comedy (Dante), 407,
407f
divine right of kings, 461
diviners, 253
documentaries, 813, 813f
doge, 400
Domesday Book, 316
domestication: of animals, 14
Dominican Republic, 713,
713f
Dominican(s), 345–346; missionaries in the Spanish Empire,
447
domino theory, 907; Vietnam
and, 907
Donatello, 401f, 409
Don Giovanni (Mozart), 563
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 475
Dorian Greeks, 110
Doric columns, 125f
Doryphoros, 126
dowry, 203, 269, 403
drama. See also literature: Greek
classical, 126–127; Kabuki,
530–531f
Dravidians, 69, 72
Drawn in Color (Jabavu), 993
The Dream of the Red
Chamber (Xuein), 519
Dresden, Germany, 884
Dreyfus, Alfred, 678f, 679
Dreyfus Affair, 678f, 679
Duarte, José, 970
Dubc̆ek, Alexander, 913
Dublin, Ireland, 815
Du Bois, W.E.B., 830
Du Fu, 274, 275q; “Spring Prospect”, 275
Duke of Wellington, 603
Duma, 670, 774
Dürer, Albrecht, 411
Dutch, 529. See the Netherlands
Dutch East India Company,
437, 690
Dutch East Indies, 688, 690;
Japanese invasion of, 867
Dutch Republic: American
Revolution, 568; Belgium
annexed by, 627
dynasty, 36
e
The Early History of Rome
(Livy), 162
Early Middle Ages: development of feudalism, 310–311;
population in, 334
East Africa. See also individual states: imperialism
in, 695; Indian Ocean trade
ports, 247–248; societies in,
247–248; trade networks from
to Asia, 240–241m
East Asia. See also individual states: East Asian world,
508–535
Eastern Europe, 320–321,
912–913, 936–939. See also
individual states: absolutism
in, 467–469; after World War
I, 783; authoritarian states in,
802–803; Black Death spread
to, 352; during the Cold War,
924; Communist patterns of
control, 912–913; conflict
of superpowers over, 900;
economic and political change
in, 954; Gorbachev stops giving
Soviet military support to, 932;
governments of, 670; in late
Middle Ages, 359; revolutions
in, 936–938; Slavic peoples
of, 320m; Soviet Union and,
910–913; ten countries join the
European Union, 940; transition
from communism, 937m
Eastern Front: World War I,
763–764
Eastern Orthodox Church,
321, 323, 359, 419m; patriarch,
323
Eastern Roman Empire,
322–323. See also Byzantine
Empire
Eastern Woodlands peoples,
369–371
East Germany, 941–942; Berlin
Wall, 905; creation of, 902
East Jerusalem, 999
Eastman, George, 675
East Timor, 1044
Ebert, Friedrich, 780
Echeverría, Luis, 966
ecological disasters, 1042
ecology, 1042
economic imperialism in
Latin America, 712
economic interdependence,
1051f, 1052
INDEX
de Geoffrin, Marie-Thérèse,
demand-side economics,
economics: laissez-faire, 549f,
550, 550f; Smith on, 549–550;
supply-side versus demand-side,
794f
economy(ies): colonial, 690;
global, 655, 1043, 1051–1052,
1051f; keiretsu, 834f; money,
338; zaibatsu, 834, 834f, 1026
Ecuador, 383, 384, 710; political
events in, 973m
Eden, Fanny, 752q
Edict of Milan, 172f, 173
Edict of Nantes, 457
Edict of Worms, 415
Edison, Thomas, 650f,
652–653
Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), 738,
744f, 748f
Edo (Tokyo), Japan, 520, 740
Index
R99
education—Exploration, Age of
education: in ancient Egypt,
42–43; in ancient Rome, 162;
Aztec, 378f; community
education and initiation in
African society, 252; humanist,
408–409; in Japan, 742;
universal, 664–665
Education for All program,
1049f
Edward I (king of England),
318
Edward III (king of England),
356
Edward VI (king of England),
421
INDEX
Edwards, Jorge, 965
ego, 677f
Egypt: Camp David Accords, 999;
potamia, 32–33; Athenian, 121–
123; Carolingian, 306–307; in
China, 265m; first civilizations
and, 1–183; Gupta, 79; Holy
Roman, 319–320; Khmer, 292;
Kushān, 78–79; Mauryan,
76–77; Mogul, 498–503; Ottoman, 484–489; rise and fall of
Chinese, 94–99; rise of, 54–57;
Roman, 152–159; S·afavid,
492–495
Enabling Act, 806
enclosure movement, 614
encomienda, 435; system, 446f
imperialism in, 693; independence of, 692–693; Islamic revivalism and, 1003; literature in,
1003; Napoleon’s plans for, 597;
Palestine Liberation Organization
and, 999; Pan-Arabism in, 998;
Six-Day War, 997f, 998–999;
Suez Canal, 693–694, 694f;
Suez War, 997, 997f; in United
Arab Republic, 998; Yom Kippur
War, 997f, 999
Egypt, ancient, 68, 137;
accomplishments of, 42–43;
civilization, 20f, 34–43; daily life
in, 41; discovery of King Tut’s
tomb, 895f; Egyptian kingdoms,
36–40, 38–39f; fall of the
Empire, 40; geography of, 35m;
life in, 41; Middle Kingdom,
38–39; Neolithic farming villages
in, 16; New Kingdom, 39–40;
Old Kingdom, 37–38; society
of, 41; systematic agriculture
develops in, 14
Egyptians. See also Egypt; Egypt,
creation myths of, 59f; mummification, 44–45f, 183f
Einsatzgruppen, 876
Einstein, Albert, 541, 676–677,
680, 815, 895f, 1058q
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 870,
917q
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 313
electors, 593
electricity, 641, 652–654
Elements (Euclid), 138
El Greco, 472
elite class, 660
Encyclopedia, or Classified
Dictionary of the Sciences,
Arts, and Trades (Diderot),
Elizabeth I (queen of England), 421, 455, 461; at the
enlightened absolutism,
Globe Theater, 475f
Elizabeth Tudor. See Elizabeth I
(queen of England)
El Salvador, 711, 969, 969–970,
971; political events in, 967m
Elvis: number of No. 1 hits, 1059f
e-mail, 1039–1040
emancipation, 636
Enlightenment, 570; absolutism
Emancipation Proclamation,
637
R100
Embarkation for Cythera
(Watteau), 562
Émile (Rousseau), 551
empire(s), 32; in ancient Meso-
Index
549, 557f
endangered species, 1042
Engels, Friedrich, 622q, 655,
656f
England. See also Great Britain:
Bill of Rights, 463; Black Death
spread to, 352; British control
of India, 502f; city population of,
658; civil war and commonwealth, 461; defeat of the
Spanish Armada, 452f, 456m;
Elizabethan education, 608f;
English explorers and settlements, 437; establishment of
Parliament, 318; Glorious
Revolution, 463; Great Schism
and, 355; Hadrian’s Wall, 157f,
158; in High Middle Ages,
316–318; Hundred Years’ War,
356, 357f; monarchy in, 358;
Norman conquest of, 316;
population of, 1750–1851, 615f;
Protestantism in, 455; the Restoration, 462–463; revolutions in,
461–463; Bath, England, 156f;
Shakespeare’s, 474; the Stuarts
and divine right, 461; surrender of British to Americans at
Yorktown, 570f; United Kingdom
formed with Scotland, 566; War
of the Roses, 358
The English Constitution
(Bagehot), 634f
English Reformation,
420–421
554–558, 555m
and, 554–558, 555m; arts of,
561–563; Europe in age of,
547m; French Revolution and,
578, 581; influence of Locke
and Newton on, 546–547; liberalism and, 626; philosophes of,
548–549, 551; reading in, 552;
religion in, 553; romanticism
and, 638; salons in, 552–553;
Scientific Revolution and, 542f,
546; social contract of, 551;
social sciences of, 549–550;
women’s rights and, 551, 662
entrepreneurs, 614
Enûma elish, 58f
environmental crisis, 1042,
1043f
ephors, 116
The Epic of Gilgamesh
(Sumerian), 30
epic poem, 111
Epicureanism, 139
Epicurus, 139
Equal Pay Act of 1963, 661f,
948
Erasmus, Desiderius,
412–413, 414f, 424
Eratosthenes, 138
Erhard, Ludwig, 916
Eşfahān, 493; center of S·afavid
economic power, 496–497f
Esmā‘ıˉl (shah of S·afavid
Empire), 492–493, 504
Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (Locke),
546
Essenes, 169
estates, 319, 576–578, 584–585f
Estates-General, 319, 578–580
Estonia, 782; independence from
Soviet Union, 932
eta, 523
Ethiopia, 239, 697, 989, 990; defeat of Italy by, 694; Mussolini’s
invasion of, 858
ethnic cleansing, 824, 939; in
Bosnia, 824, 1044
ethnic conflicts: as ongoing
challenge, 1044
Etruscan(s), 146, 147; art, 178f;
influence development of early
Rome, 147; Rome’s defeat of,
148
Euclid, 138
Euphrates River, 26
Euripides, 126
euro, 940, 1052; debut of, 1059f
Europe. See also Central Europe;
Eastern Europe; individual
states; Western Europe: in 1871,
669m; in 1923, 791m; in
1930s, 797m; after Peace of
Augsburg, 413m; after Peace of
Westphalia, 460m; after World
War I, 779m; after World War
II, 886m; alliances in, 1914,
759m; anti-Semitism in, 679;
arrival of Europeans in Southeast
Asia, 528–529; average height
of a European during Middle
Ages, 393f; Congress of Vienna,
624–625, 625m; crisis and
absolutism in, 452–481; development of systematic agriculture
in, 14–18; domination of world
economy by early 1900s, 680;
education in, 664–665; era of
European imperialism, 610–751;
Europeans in China, 515; Europeans in Japan, 520–522; European theater during World War II,
869, 870; European voyages of
discovery, 431m; European rivals
during Age of Exploration, 437;
feudalism, 522f; imperialism of.
See imperialism; Industrial Revolution in, 618–621; invasions
of, 309m; Jewish population in
Europe before and after World
War II, 875f; leisure in, 665;
liberalism and, 626; in Middle
Ages, 317m, 332–359; migration in, 942f; Neolithic farming
villages in, 16; Napoleonic,
600m; nationalism in, 626,
634–636; national unification
in, 630–633; the New Order in,
874–875; new social structure,
919–921; North America and,
940–945; population growth
of, 659m; population trends
in, 1050; reform in, 634–636;
religious conflicts in, 478;
revolutions in, 626–629; rivalry
of superpowers during Cold War,
900; road to World War I, 680,
758–761; Seven Years’ War in,
559, 559m; Slavic, 320–321,
320m; social structure of, 660;
systematic agriculture develops
in, 14; Thirty Years’ War, 460;
urban environment of, 658–659;
the Wars of Religion, 454–457;
witchcraft trials, 458–459;
women in, 661–663, 920–921;
world of European culture,
472–477; World War II and,
865m; World War I in, 763m
European Community (EC),
940
European Economic
Community (ECC), 940;
1957, 915m; move toward
unity, 917
European kingdoms: growth
of, 316–321
European Recovery
Program. See Marshall Plan
European Union (EU), 940,
954; euro, 940; euro as currency of, 1052; expansion of,
1957–2007, 941m; as trading
bloc, 1052
Evans, Arthur, 108, 108q
Evening News (London), 665
evolution: organic, 642
Exploration, Age of, 430–447;
Atlantic slave trade, 440–443;
early exploration of West Africa,
India, and the Americas, 448;
European rivals, 437; European
voyages of discovery, 431m;
motives and means to explore,
430–431; new lands to explore,
433; Portuguese explorers, 432;
extraterritoriality—Freud, Sigmund
race for riches, 432–433; Spanish Empire, 434–436; Spanish
explorers, 432–433; technology
and exploration, 433f
extraterritoriality, 726
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1042
‘Ezānā (king of Axum), 239
f
Facing Mount Kenya
(Kenyatta), 830q
factions, 587
Factory Act of 1833, 621
Falkland Islands, 974
family: bond of in Germanic
kingdoms, 304; changes in the
Western culture, 947; family
life in ancient Rome, 162–163;
lineage in African society, 251;
in nineteenth century, 662; in
Renaissance Italy, 403
Family (Ba Jin), 737
Famous Places on the
Tokaido: a Record of the
Process of Reform (Hiroshige III), 742f
Fanning, Shawn, 1058f
Faraday, Michael, 641
farming: Agricultural Revolution
Fascio di Combattimento,
797
fascism, 797; in Europe, 1930s,
797m; in Italy, 796–799, 798f
Fatimid dynasty, 196, 197, 198
Fatimids. See also Fatimid
dynasty
Faucher-Gudin, 587f
Faxian, 79, 79q
Federalists, 637
Federal Republic of
Germany, 902
federal system, 569
Female Association for the
Care of the Poor and Sick,
663
feminism, 662
760f, 784f
Ferdinand (king of Spain),
358f, 359
Fertile Crescent, 13f, 26
Fest Noz, 951
feudal contract, 311, 336
feudalism, 308–313, 310, 311f;
aristocratic women’s roles, 313;
Church and, 342; comparing
Japanese and European, 522t;
development of, 310–311;
feudal society, 311–313; impact
of Crusades on, 327; Japanese
and European, 522f; manorial
system and, 336–338; nobility
and chivalry, 311–313
fief, 310, 336
Fielding, Henry, 563
Fifteenth Amendment, 671
Fifth Modernization, 1014,
1015f
Fillmore, Millard, 738
film. See movies
Final Solution. See also Holocaust: at Auschwitz, 877f; Nazi
Germany’s, 876
Finland, 776, 782; women’s
suffrage in, 663
fire: early humans learn to make,
20f
Firmont, Henry de, 588q
First Battle of the Marne, 762
First Continental Congress,
567
First International, 657
First Punic War, 150–151
First Republic of France, 586
First Triumvirate, 154
First War of Independence in
India, 702–703, 703f
Five Pillars of Islam, 190f, 191
Five Women Who Loved
Love (Saikaku), 523
Five-Year Plans, 800
Flanders, 338, 411
Flaubert, Gustave, 643
Florence, Italy, 339, 399, 400,
401f, 407f, 409, 410, 410f, 424
Florus, 155q
flying buttress, 349, 349f
flying shuttle, 615
footbinding, 268f, 518, 726
Forbidden City. See Imperial City
Ford, Edsel, 654f
Ford, Gerald, 943
Ford, Henry, 654f, 655
Formosa. See Taiwan
fossils, 4; dating artifacts and,
4–5
Four Modernizations, 1014,
1015f
Four Olds, 1014
“Fourteen Points”: Woodrow
Wilson’s proposal, 780
Fourteen Saints, Church of
the, 562
Fourteenth Amendment, 671
Fox, Vicente, 967, 980
Fragonard, Alexandre, 595f
France: American Revolution,
568; anti-Semitism in, 679;
Arab campaigns into, 195m;
bans wearing of headscarves
by Muslims, 942f; Black Death
spread to, 352; Boxer Rebellion
and, 731; city population of,
658; Congress of Vienna, 624,
625m; Crimean War, 630;
declares war on Germany,
859; de Gaulle and, 914–915;
democracy in, 668–669; explorers, 431m; Franco-Prussian War,
633, 635; French explorers and
settlements, 437, 445m; French
Wars of Religion, 457; German
unification and, 632–633; Great
Depression and, 794; Great
Schism and, 355; Hitler’s victory
against, 864–866; Hundred
Years’ War, 356, 357f; imperialism by. See France, colonial
interests of; impressionism and
postimpressionism in, 674–675;
industrialization in, 619, 655;
Italian unification and, 632; Italian wars, 400; Laos occupied by,
729; under Louis XIV, 464–466;
in Middle Ages, 319; National
Assembly, 940; monarchy in,
357–358; Ottoman territories
controlled by, 826; Popular Front
government in, 794; reacts to
Hitler’s aggression, 858; reparation demands by, 790–791;
response to German expansion,
856; right to vote for women,
920; Ruhr Valley occupation by,
791, 791m; Second Empire of,
635; Seven Years’ War, 558–
561; spheres of influence in
China, 729; Suez War, 997; Third
Republic of, 668–669; three
estates of, 576–578, 577f; Triple
Entente, 672, 758; uncertainties
in, 940–941; Vichy France, 866;
vying for trade in India, 503; war
with Austria, 583
France, colonial interests of:
in Africa, 692–694, 693m, 695,
698, 828, 829m, 986; in Latin
America, 708–709, 709m; in
Middle East, 823m, 824, 826;
in Southeast Asia, 687m, 688,
716–717f, 831, 831f, 1021,
1022f
France, First Republic of, 586
France, revolutionary: army
of, 591; the Directory, 593; radicalization of, 586–588; Reign
of Terror, 574, 585f, 589–590,
590–591f, 592, 592f; revolution
of 1848 in, 627–628
France, Second Republic
of, 628
Franciscan(s), 345–346;
missionaries in the Spanish
Empire, 447
Francis I (king of France),
417
Francis Joseph (ruler of
Austria-Hungary), 635, 670
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 345,
345f
Franco, Francisco, 803, 803q
Franco-Prussian War, 633,
635
Frankenstein, Victor, 752q
Frankenstein (Shelley), 640,
640f, 641
Frankfurt, Germany, 659
Frankfurt Assembly, 628, 632
Franklin, Benjamin, 370f,
549f, 561f
Franks: kingdom of, 302–303
Frederick Barbarossa
(emperor of Germany), 326
Frederick I (emperor of the
Romans), 319
Frederick I (king of Prussia),
467
Frederick II (emperor of the
Romans), 319–320
Frederick II (Frederick the
Great) (king of Prussia),
555, 555m, 556, 556f, 558,
559
Frederick the Wise (elector
of Saxony), 414, 415
Frederick William I (king of
Prussia), 555
Frederick William IV (king of
Prussia), 628
Frederick William the Great
Elector, 467, 478
French and Indian War, 560m,
560f
French Empire, 601
French Guiana: political events
in, 973m
French Indochina, 688, 690,
716–717f, 831, 831f, 1021,
1022f
French New Deal, 794
French Republic: Fifth, 914;
Fourth, 914
French Revolution: background
to, 576–578; beginning of, 574,
576–583; causes of the, 604;
clothing of, 585f; long-term
effects of, 604; Napoleon and
ideals of, 598–599, 600f, 601;
radicalization of, 586–588;
short-term effects of, 604;
spread of ideals of, 600f, 601
French Wars of Religion, 457.
See also Wars of Religion; Battle
of Ivry, 478f; beginning of, 452
French West Africa, 692
fresco, 409, 411, 562
Freud, Sigmund, 674, 677,
677f, 680, 815
Index
INDEX
in Africa, 238; ancient Athenian
economy and, 121–122; in Arab
Empire, 201; Aryans give up
nomadic life for, 70; average annual precipitation in three Indian
cities, 67f; creation of iron plow,
70; debates over organic, 946;
decline in 1950s Europe, 920;
growing of crops in Neolithic
period, 15; importance of in Arab
Empire, 201; in Mesopotamia,
26; Neolithic farming villages,
16; in the Nile Valley, 34; number of farms in the U.S., 15f;
revival in ancient Greece, 110; in
Roman Empire, 159; in Roman
Republic, 152; subsistence, 247;
in Zhou dynasty, 90
farming, development of. See
also farming: in Neolithic Revolution, 14–16
Ferdinand, Archduke
Francis, 760; assassination of,
R101
Friend of the People (Marat)—Great Britain, colonial interests of
Friend of the People (Marat),
586
566
Froissart, 356
Führer, 806
fuji, 995f
Fujimori, Alberto, 961, 976
Fulton, Robert, 619
functionalism, 676
fundamentalist militants,
1047
Fuyo, 834f
g
Soviet Union, 932
German Communist Party,
780
German Confederation, 628;
North, 632, 633
German Democratic Republic, 902
German East Africa, 692
Germanic kingdoms: new,
302–304, 303m; society in, 304
German Reformation, 417
German Social Democratic
Party, 656f, 657
German Southwest Africa,
609f; Catholic Church versus,
540–541, 541q; Church condemns teachings of, 509
Gallipoli, 766
Gandhi, Indira, 1019–1020,
1020f
German Workers’ Party, 804
Germany, 319. See also East
833f, 846f, 850, 1018; revives
India’s movement for independence, 706; Salt Walk, 895f
Gandhi, Rajiv, 1020
Gandisê (Kailas), 289
Ganges River, 66, 70
Garcia, Anastasio Somoza,
970
Garfield, James, 92f
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 632, 633f
Garvey, Marcus, 830
Gascony, France, 356
Gasparovic, Ivan, 937
GATT (General Agreement on
Trade and Tariffs), 1052
Gaul, 154
gender parity, 948
gender stereotyping, 948
General Agreement on Trade
and Tariffs (GATT), 1052
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
(Keynes), 794f, 795
General War Commissariat,
INDEX
Georgia: independence from
Gabriel, 189
Gaelic, 951
Galen, 542
Galilee, 170
Galilei, Galileo. See Galileo
Galileo, 539, 539m, 542f,
Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), 706, 706f, 718, 832,
467, 478
Genesis: book of, 58f
genetic engineering, 1040
Geneva, Switzerland, 420
Geneva Peace Accords, 1022f
Genghis Khan, 199, 267f, 270,
271, 273f, 276–277f
genocide, 824, 876, 878f. See
also Holocaust; ethnic cleansing;
Armenian, 823–824, 824f; in
Darfur, 1044; in Rwanda, 990
Gentiles, 170
Gentileschi, Artemisia, 474
gentlemen’s agreement, 744
geocentric, 540
George, David Lloyd, 781
R102
George I (king of England),
Index
692
German states: industrialization
in, 619
Germany; Nazi Germany; Nazi
Germany; West Germany:
1950–1961, 908–909m; antiSemitism in, 353, 679; Bauhaus
architecture, 894f; Black Death
spread to, 352; Bosnian Crisis
and, 673; Boxer Rebellion and,
731; collapse and armistice,
World War I, 779–780; divided
Germany and the Berlin Airlift,
903m; division of, 887, 902;
Great Depression and, 792–793,
793f, 794, 805; imperialism by.
See Germany, colonial interests
of; industrialization in, 655;
inflation in, 791–792, 794; in
late Middle Ages, 359; German
offensive during World War I,
778–779; old order in, 670;
political change in postwar, 916f;
provisions of Treaty of Versailles,
782, 790–791; racism in,
678–679; religious warfare
in, 417; reparations for World
War I, 781, 791, 792; results of
peace treaties after World War I,
784f; reunification of, 932, 938,
941–942; revolutionary forces
in, 780; right to vote for women,
920; sinking of the Lusitania,
766f, 767; Spanish Civil War
and, 802f, 803; spheres of influence in China, 729; transition
from communism, 937m; Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk with Russia,
776; Triple Alliance, 672, 758;
unification of, 631m, 632–633;
Weimar Republic, 794
Germany, colonial interests
of: in Africa, 692, 693m, 695,
828, 829m; in China, 730; in
Southeast Asia, 687m
germ theory of disease, 641
Gerzso, Gunther, 849, 849q
Ghana, 242; economy of the
kingdom of, 243f; independence
of, 986, 988f; kingdom of,
242–243; Nkrumah’s leadership
in, 988, 988f
Ghazna (Ghaznıˉ), 286
ghettos: Jewish, 679
Gill, Irving, 894f
Giovanni Arnolfini and His
Bride (van Eyck), 411
Girondins, 587, 588
Giza, Egypt, 37
gladiator(s), 166–167f; gladiatorial shows, 165;
global economic organizations, 1051
global economy, 1043, 1051–
1052; economic interdependence, 1054; interdependence
of, 1051f; Second Industrial
Revolution and, 655
globalization, 949, 1051;
economic, 1051–1052, 1051f;
global challenges, 1054; global
solutions, 1054; political and
social, 1053
global warming, 947f, 1042,
1058f
Globe Theater, 474, 475f
Glorious Revolution: England,
463
Gobi Desert, 95, 266, 270
gods: Olympian, 125t
Goebbels, Joseph, 812–813
Golan Heights, 999
Gold Coast, 692, 986, 988f
The Golden Lotus (Chinese),
519
Gómez, Juan Vicente, 845
Gomułka, Władysław, 913
Good Friday Peace Pact, 1045
Good Neighbor policy, 845,
848, 962
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 932, 933f,
934, 936, 954
Gordon, Charles, 694
Gordon, George (Lord
Byron), 639f; death of, 753f
Gospels, 170
Gothic architecture, 348–349,
349f
Gothic literature, 640–641
Government of India Act,
832, 846f
government(s): absolutism,
464; autonomous, 939; citystate, 28; democracy, 114; dictatorship, 656; direct democracy,
121; monarchy, 57; oligarchy,
114, 847; republic, 148; socialism, 621; totalitarian, 816
Gozzoli, Benozzo, 401f
Gracchus, Gaius, 152, 153f
Gracchus, Tiberius, 152, 153f
Graceland (Paul Simon), 949
Grameen Bank, 1044f
Granada, Spain, 207, 358f
Gran Colombia, 710f
Grand Alliance: World War II,
868–869, 886, 890
Grand Army of Napoleon,
601–603
Grand Canal (of China), 264,
510; Sui Yangdi completes
construction of, 266f
Grand Empire of Napoleon,
601
grand vizier, 487
grassroots level, 1053
gravitation: universal law of, 541
Great Britain. See also England:
abolishment of slavery in British
Empire, 753f; alliance with
Japan, 729; American Revolution, 566–568; annexes west
coastal states of Africa, 688;
Balfour Declaration, 826f, 827;
Battle of Britain, 866–867; blitz,
888–889f, 894f; Boer War, 697;
bombing of cities during World
War II, 884; Boxer Rebellion
and, 731; China and, 725–726;
conflict in Falkland Islands, 974;
creation of, 566; Crimean War,
630; declares war on Germany,
859; decline of, 916–917;
democracy in, 668; explorers,
431m; fight for control in
Greece, 900; Great Depression
and, 793, 795; imperialism
by. See Great Britain, colonial
interests of; Indian words into
English language, 753f; Industrial Revolution in, 614–618,
622–623f, 655; industry in, by
1850, 615m; Irish nationalism
in, 634; London Paddington
station, 610–611f; Napoleon
and, 601; Opium War, 726, 727f;
Ottoman territories controlled by,
826; Parliament of, 566; as part
of the Grand Alliance, World War
II, 868, 869; political reform in,
634, 634f; reacts to Hitler’s
aggression, 857, 858; right to
vote for women, 920; Royal
African Company, 609f; Salt
Acts, 832, 833f; siege of
Delhi, 718f; Seven Years’ War,
558–561; spheres of influence
in China, 729; Suez War, 997;
Tehran Conference, 886;
Thatcherism and, 943; trade
unions in, 657; Triple Entente,
672, 758; War of 1812, 637;
women’s rights in, 662–663,
663f; Yalta Conference, 886–887
Great Britain, colonial interests of: in Africa, 692–698,
693m, 828–830, 829m, 986; in
Hong Kong, 726, 1029; in India,
702–707, 705m, 832, 833f,
846f; in Latin America, 709m,
711, 712, 844; in Middle East,
822–823, 823m, 824, 826,
827, 996; in Southeast Asia,
687m, 688, 1021
Great Depression—Hitler, Adolf
Great Depression: causes of,
792; effects of, 793–795, 793f;
“Hoover Village”, 816f; impact
of global depression, 816; in
Latin America, 845–846, 845f,
847; responses to, 792–793;
unemployment during, 793f
Great Enclosure, 249
Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere, 867
Great Exhibition of 1851,
644–645f
Great Leap Forward,
1012–1013
Great Mosque of Kilwa, 240f,
247
Great Mosque of Sāmarrā’,
206f, 207
Great Peace of the Iroquois,
370
Great Peloponnesian War,
123
Great Plains peoples, 371
Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution, 1014
Great Pyramid: at Giza, 36f, 37,
45f, 183f, 370
Great Rebellion in India,
702–703, 703f
Great Retreat of Napoleon,
603
Great Rift Valley, 236
Great Schism, 355, 362
Great Sphinx, 38
Great Wall of China, 95–96,
97m, 100f; in history and
legend, 97f
Great War for Empire,
559–561
Great Zimbabwe, 240–241m,
247, 249
Greco-Roman, 159
Greece. See also Athens, city-
Gregory I (Gregory the Great)
(pope), 304
Gregory VII (pope), 342–344,
343f
Gregory XI (pope), 355
griot(s), 255, 256–257f; becoming a, 256f; many roles of, 257f;
in West Africa today, 257f
Gropius, Walter, 894f
Group of United Officers
(GOU), 846f, 847
Guam, 671
Guang Xu (Chinese emperor), 728f, 729, 734, 734f
Guangzhou (Canton), China,
94, 512, 725, 726, 736
Guatemala, 711, 713, 849, 971;
massacre of indigenous people,
Guernica, Spain, 802f, 803
Guernica (Picasso), 802f, 803
guerrilla tactics, 838
Guevara, Ernesto Ché, 969
guilds, 340f, 341
guillotine, 588
Guinea, 988
Gulf of Aqaba, 998
Gulf of Mexico, 369
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,
1022f
Hammurabi (king of
Babylon), 33; Code of, 32f, 33
Handel, George Frideric, 563
Han dynasty, 98m, 98–99, 264,
267; fall of the, 99, 177; political
and social structures, 98–99;
technology and culture, 99
Hangul: Korean writing system,
525
Hangzhou, 266
Hannibal (Carthaginian
general), 151
Hanoi, Vietnam, 688, 1021
Hanoverians, 566
hans, 522
Han Wudi (emperor of
China), 98
Hapsburg dynasty, 359, 417,
473, 629, 635
Harappa, India, 68; rulers and
the economy, 69
harem, 486
Hargreaves, James, 615
Harris, Betty, 622q
Harris, Townsend, 738
Hārūn a-Rashıˉd (caliph of
Arab Empire), 196
Harvey, William, 539m, 542,
609f
Hatshepsut (Egyptian
pharaoh), 40, 40f
Havana, 968; Cuban revolutionaries seize, 980f
Havel, Václav, 937
Hawaiian Islands, 671, 671f
Hay, John, 730, 730f
Haydn, Franz Joseph, 563
health care: advances in,
1040–1041
gunpowder: Chinese invention,
267, 271; Hundred Years’ War
and, 356
gunpowder empire, 486
Guptas: empire, 79; India after
the, 284–289
Gutenberg, Johannes, 402f
Gutenberg’s press, 402f
Gutierrez, Gustavo, 976f
Guzmán, Dominic de, 346
h
The Habits of Good Society,
660
Hadith, 207
Hadrian (Roman emperor),
157
Hadrian’s Wall, 157f, 158
Hagia Sophia (Church of the
Holy Wisdom), 324, 325f,
488
Haiti, 709, 713, 845; first independent state in Latin America,
hajj, 190
Hamas, 997f, 1000
Hamburg, Germany, 663
Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace, 726
heavy industry, 910
Heian period (in Japan), 280
Heisenberg, Werner, 815
Helen of Troy, 111, 140f
heliocentric, 540f
heliocentric system, 570f
Hellenistic Era, 137, 137–139;
Alexander and the, 134–139;
kingdoms of, 137; Rome’s battle
with Hellenistic states, 151, 168
Hellespont Strait, 114
helots, 115
Hemingway, Ernest, 894q
Henderson, Hazel, 1053,
1053q
Henry II (king of England),
313; Church and, 316–317
Henry IV (king of France)
(Henry of Navarre), 457,
478f
Henry IV (king of Germany),
343, 343f
Henry V (king of England),
356
Henry VII (king of England),
358
Henry VIII (king of England),
420–421, 420f, 424
Henry Pu Yi (emperor of
China), 860
heresy, 346, 346f
hermit kingdom: Korea, 525
Herodotus, 37–38, 127
heroic epic, 351
heroic epic poems, 362
Herzegovina: annexation of, 673
Herzl, Theodor, 678f, 679q
Hesse, Hermann, 815
Heydrich, Reinhard, 808q, 876
Hezbollah, 997f, 1000
Hiawatha, 370
Hidalgo, Miguel, 575f, 709,
709q
hieratic script, 43
hieroglyphics, 42, 42f
hieroglyphs, 375–376
High Middle Ages: architecture
of, 348–349, 349f; England in,
316–318; heresy in, 346; nuns
in, 344–345; population growth
in, 334; religion in, 347; society
in, 362; universities of, 350;
vernacular literature of, 351
High Renaissance, 410
hijab: understanding the, 202f
Hijrah, 190
Hilda (abbess of Whitby), 306
Hildegard of Bingen, 345, 345f
Himalaya, 66
Himmler, Heinrich, 807, 807f,
874, 876, 878q
Hindenburg, Paul von, 806
Hinduism, 72, 72–73, 222–223f;
Angkor Wat, 294f; Hindu gods in
art, 72f; in India, 285f; principles
of, 73; temple at Khajuraho, 288f
Hindus, See also Hinduism: Indian
National Congress and, 705;
migration to India of, 1018,
1019m; rivalry with Muslims in
India, 702–703, 705–706, 832,
1018, 1020; Sepoy Mutiny and,
702–703
Hiroshige III, 742f
Hiroshima, 871, 884, 885m;
destruction in, 1945, 885f
Hispanic Americans: growing
population in U.S., 964f
Hispaniola, 435, 708–709
INDEX
state of; Greece, ancient: civil
war in, 900; classical Greece,
118–123, 140; early civilizations in, 106–111; failure of
Mussolini’s invasion of, 867;
independence of, 673, 822;
invasion of Turkey, 824; Olympic
games and festivals, 132–133f;
the Truman Doctrine, 901
Greece, ancient, 113f; Athenian
Empire, 121–122; challenge of
Persia to, 118–119; classical
Greece, 118–123, 140; colonies
of, 114; culture of classical,
124–131; Dark Age, 110–111;
Greek colonies and expansion,
114, 115m; Greek religion,
124–125; Hellenistic Age, 140;
Macedonians invade, 134–136;
Minoans and Mycenaeans,
108–109; Mycenae: first
Greek city-state, 109; Nike of
Samothrace, 140f; Olympian
gods, 125t; Parthenon, 113f,
140; Peloponnesian War, 122m,
123; philosophy, 128–131;
Phoenician alphabet, 110; polis
as center of Greek life, 112,
113f, 140; writing of the history,
127–128
Greek tragedies, 126
greenhouse effect, 1042
Green Revolution, 1041
Gregorian chant, 345
History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain
(Baines), 623f
History of the Persian Wars
(Herodotus), 127
The History of Tom Jones, a
Foundling (Fielding), 563
Hitler, Adolf, 793f, 799, 804,
806q, 856, 859f, 869q. See also
Nazi Germany; annexes Austria,
858; attacks Soviet Union, 867;
demands the Sudetenland, 858;
early victories in World War II,
864–866; economic policies
of, 808; forms alliance with
Index
R103
Hitler Youth—Industrial Revolution
Mussolini, 857–858; German
path to war and, 856–859;
Hitler Youth, 810–811f; invades
Poland, 859; propaganda of,
812–813, 813f; resettlement
plans for Slavic peoples, 874;
rises to power, 805–806; signs
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact,
858–859; Spanish Civil War and,
802f, 803; SS and, 807; suicide
of, 871; Third Reich, 856; views
of, 804, 809; violates Treaty of
Versailles, 856–857
Hitler Youth, 805f; future of a
doomed state, 810–811f
Hittite Empire, 47m
Hittites, 47, 70; first to use iron,
47; Hittite Empire, 47m
HIV, 989, 1041, 1041f
Hobbes, Thomas, 476–477
Höch, Hannah, 814
Ho Chi Minh, 831, 831f, 1021
holistic health-care
movement, 1040
Holocaust, 876–878, 877,
INDEX
890. See also Final Solution;
death camps, 876; death toll,
876–877; Einsatzgruppen, 876;
Jewish population in Europe before and after World War II, 875f;
New Order and the, 874–878;
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 878f
Holstein, 632
Holtzendorf, Admiral, 767
Holy Land (Palestine), 325
Holy Roman Empire, 319–320,
359, 417, 460, 555m; effects of
struggles on, 320
Homeland Security, Department of, 1046f, 1047
Homer, 109, 110, 136, 140f, 161;
poet of the Dark Age, 111
hominid, 6; hominids to homo
sapiens, 6–7
Homo erectus, 7, 9; appears, 2;
fire and, 9–10
Homo habilis, 7
Homo sapiens, 7; hominids to,
6–7; species develops, 2
Homo sapiens sapiens, 7
Honduras, 711, 713
Honecker, Erich, 938
Hong Kong: British control of,
726; returned to Chinese control,
1029
Hong Xiuquan, 726
“Hoover Village”, 816f
Hopewell, 369
hoplites, 113
Horace, 161–162
hostage system, 522
Hourani, Albert, 198q, 203q
House of the Chosen
Women, 388f
House of the Ladies, 703
“House of Wisdom”, 209f
R104
Index
Huang He (Yellow River), 84,
86, 264
Huayna Inca (Inca ruler), 384
Hubble Space Telescope,
1040; repairing the, 1054f
Hugh Capet (king of France),
319
Huguenots, 457
Huitzilopochtli, 377, 379, 386f,
387f; Aztec god, 386f
Hülegü Khan (emperor of
China), 199
humanism, 406, 424; Christian,
412–413; development of, 406;
in education, 408–409; vernacular literature and, 407–408, 407f
human rights movement,
1045
Hume, David, 549f
Hundred Years’ War, 356,
357f, 362f; effects of, 357–358
Hungarians, 629, 635
Hungary, 308, 417, 782, 913,
934; authoritarian rule in,
802–803; Hungarian uprising of
1956, 924f; in late Middle Ages,
359; nationalism in, 635; right
to vote for women, 920; Soviet
Union attack on Budapest, 913;
transition from communism,
937m
hunger, world, 1043–1044
Huns, 176
Hurricane Katrina, 945
Hus, John, 355
Husák, Gustav, 913
Hussein, Saddam, 944f,
1001–1002
Hussein (king of Jordan),
1000f
Hussein (of Umayyad dynasty), 194
Hutu, 990
hydrogen bomb, 910
Hyksos, 39
hypertext transfer protocol
(http), 1040
i
Iberian Peninsula, 358, 358f
IBM, 1038–1039
Ibn Battuta, 247, 392f
Ibn-Khaldūn, 205
Ibn-Rushd, 204
Ibn Sa‘ūd, 827, 846f
Ibn Sıˉnā, 205f
Ibsen, Henrik, 674
Ice Ages, 2, 10; systematic agriculture begins after the, 20
Iceland: reduction of dependence
on fossil fuels, 947f
id, 677f
ideographs, 90
Ife, 255
Ignatius of Loyola, 423
Ile-de-France. See Paris, France
Iliad (Homer), 111, 136, 140f
imperator, 156
Imperial City, 508–509f,
510–511, 519. See also Forbidden City
imperialism: in Africa, 692–699,
986; in China, 728–731, 836;
defined, 686; economic, in Latin
America, 712; effects of, in Africa, 697–699; era of European,
610–751; height of, 688–717;
in India, 702–707; by Japan,
739m, 743–744, 744f, 835; in
Latin America, 708–711, 709m;
motives for, 686–687; new,
686–687, 689f, 698f; resistance
to, 691; in Southeast Asia,
688–691; trade and imperialism
in Japan, 748
imperialism, new, 718
Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 835
impressionism, 674, 675f, 742f
Impression Sunrise (Monet),
675f
the Inca, 384–385; building and
culture of, 385; conquest of
the, 435; House of the Chosen
Women, 388f; Machu Picchu,
184–185f; Pachacuti builds
empire in South America, 508f;
political structures of, 384; social
structure of, 385
indemnity, 731
India: after the Guptas, 284–289;
ancient culture compared to
China, 100t; arrival of the
Aryans, 69–70; average annual precipitation in three Indian
cities, 67f; British colonial rule
in, 704, 705m; British gain
control of, 502f; Buddhism in,
73–74, 285f; caste system,
70–71; caste system in,
1019; change comes to India’s
culture, 71f; civilization begins
in, 20f; culture in early, 289;
culture of, 706–707; daily life
in ancient, 70; early civilizations in, 66–75; empire of the
Guptas, 79; empires in, 76–81;
Europeans come to, 503;
Gandhi revives the movement for
independence, 706; Hinduism
in, 285f; impact of geography
on, 67m; impact of religion on
India’s development, 284–286;
incorporation of Indian words
into English language, 753f;
independence of, 832, 833f;
Indian accomplishments, 80–81;
Islam in, 285f, 287; Kushān
Empire, 78–79; mass migration
to, 1032f; Mauryan Empire,
76–77; migration, 69–71, 1018,
1019m; monsoons, 66–67;
mountains, rivers, and plains, 66;
nationalism in, 705–706, 832,
833f, 846f; Neolithic farming
villages in, 16; new imperialism
and, 718; nuclear test by, 1049;
number of people who died of
famine between 1800 and 1900,
753f; partition of, 1018–1020,
1019m; population growth in,
1019, 1043, 1050; religions of,
72–75, 1019f; Sepoy Mutiny
in, 702–703, 703f, 718f; Seven
Years’ War in, 559m, 559–560,
566; split of British India, 1032;
systematic agriculture develops
in, 14; three Indian empires,
76–79, 77m; Victoria Memorial,
684–685f
Indian National Congress
(INC), 705, 832, 833f, 1018;
forms, 650
Indian Ocean, 236, 247;
crossing the, 240–241m; trade,
248m
Indian subcontinent, 66
indigenous, 696; massacre of indigenous peoples of Guatemala,
971; religions, 230–232f
indirect rule, 690, 697
Indochinese Communist
Party, 831f
Indo-Europeans, 46; move into
Italy, 146; Persians, 56
Indonesia: independence of,
1021; recent years, 1023
Indonesian archipelago, 293,
526, 528
inductive reasoning, 545
indulgence, 414
Indus River valley, 66; change
comes to India’s culture, 71f;
civilization, 68–69; civilization
and trade, 68m; end of the civilization, 69; Harappa and Mohenjo
Daro, 68m; Indus writing, 69f
industrial capitalism, 620
industrial middle class, 619,
620
Industrial Revolution: cities
and, 619–620; coal industry
and, 616; cotton production and,
615–616; cultural movement
arising from the, 646; electricity and, 652–654; an English
factory worker tells all, 752f;
in Europe, 618–621, 653m;
factories and, 616; in Great
Britain, 614–618, 615m; ideologies arising from the, 646; iron
industry and, 616; population
growth and, 619; railroads and,
617–618; reform and, 655; romanticism as response to, 640f,
641; Second. See Industrial
Revolution, Second; a showcase
for industry and progress,
644–645f; social classes of,
620–621; socialism and, 621,
655–657; spread of, 618–619;
steam engine and, 616, 618f;
Industrial Revolution, Second—jihad
steel industry and, 652; workers’
lives during, 622–623f
Industrial Revolution, Second, 652; economic causes
and effects, 680; education and,
664–665; improvements for
London’s working class, 666f;
leisure and, 664f, 665; London’s
industrial owners, 667f; new patterns of, 654–655; new products
of, 652–654; reform and, 655;
social effects of, 680; socialism
and, 655–657; social structure
of, 655, 660; trade unions and,
655, 657; urban environment
of, 658–659; women and,
661–663; World’s Fair in Paris,
650–651f
industrial working class,
619, 620–621, 655–657
infidels, 325
inflation, 176, 458; in Weimar
Germany, 792, 794
influenza: the epidemic of 1918,
768f
Innocent III (pope), 327, 344,
344q, 362
Inquisition, 346, 346f, 358f
Institutes of the Christian
Religion (Calvin), 419
Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI), 847, 966
insulae, 165
interdict, 344
International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), 1049
International Monetary Fund
(IMF), 1051
Internet, 1038, 1039–1040;
world wide wonder, 1058f
The Interpretation of Dreams
(Freud), 677
intervention: principle of, 625
Inti, 384, 385
intifada, 997f, 999
Inuit, 368; early people of North
America, 388
Investiture Controversy,
with Iraq, 1001; Islamic society
in, 1000–1001, 1047; nuclear
program of, 1001, 1049; oil in,
825, 1000; Persia becomes,
825–826, 846f; women in,
1003
Iraq: British control of, 826; conflicts with Iran, 1001; invasion
of Kuwait, 1001; United States
invasion of, 1001–1002
Iraq War, 944f, 945, 1002
Ireland, 456
Irigoyen, Hipólito, 847
Irish nationalism, 634
Irish potato famine, 619, 620f
Irish Republican Army (IRA),
620f, 1045
of North America, 388
Iroquois League, 370, 370f
Irrawaddy River, 292
Isabella (queen of Spain),
358–359, 358f, 435
Islam, 190, 210, 224–225f; in
Afghanistan, 1001; culture of,
204–207; eastward expansion of, 285; in Europe, 1600,
419m; Five Pillars of, 190f;
focuses all aspects of Muslim
life, 210; in India, 285f, 287;
Indian society and, 287; in Iran,
1000–1001; Islamic advancements, 204–205; Islamic trade
network, 526; movements based
on, 1000, 1003, 1047; Muslims
in United States, 494f; rise of,
188–191; rise of Islam in Africa,
239; rise of Islam in Eastern
Roman Empire, 322; a split in,
194; spread of, 193m; spread of
in Africa, 254
Islamic militants, 1047
Islamic revivalism, 1003
Ismā’īl, Khedive, 694f
isolationism, 866; cultural isolation, 525
Israel, 678f, 679; Arab-Israeli disputes, 996, 997m, 998–1000;
Balfour Declaration, 826f, 827;
Camp David Accords, 999;
creation of, 996, 997f; Lebanon
invasion by, 997f, 1000; Oslo
Accords, 997f, 999, 1000f; SixDay War, 997f, 998–999; Yom
Kippur War, 997f, 999
Israel, kingdom of, 49, 827
Israelites, 49, 49–51; divided
kingdom of, 49–50; united
kingdom of, 49
∙
Istanbul, 485; Blue Mosque,
394–395f; Topkapi Palace, 487f
∙
Istanbul, Turkey, 114, 490m.
See also Constantinople
Isthmus of Corinth, 106
Italian Renaissance. See
Renaissance, Italian
Italian wars, 400
Italy, 147m. See also Renaissance,
Italian; alliance with Germany,
857–858; Black Death spread
to, 352; city-states of, 399–400;
democracy in, 669; fascism in,
796–799, 798f; Great Depression and, 793f; imperialism
by, 693m, 694, 829m, 830,
846f; industrialization in, 655;
Italian expansion, 1935–1939,
857m; land and peoples of
early, 146–147; Napoleon’s
campaigns in, 597; as one of the
Allies during World War I, 781;
Renaissance, 399m; revolts of
1830 in, 627; revolts of 1848
in, 629; right to vote for women,
920; Spanish Civil War and,
803; struggles during the Middle
Ages, 319–320; Triple Alliance,
672, 758; unification of, 631m,
631–632
Ito Hirobumi (ruler of
Japan), 740
Iturbide, Agustín de, 710
Itzamna, 375
Ivan III, 359
Ivan IV (czar of Russia), 468
Ivanhoe (Scott), 640
Ivry, Battle of, 478f
j
Jabavu, Noni, 993
Jacobins, 587, 592
Jahān (shāh of India),
500–501; building of Taj Mahal,
501–502, 608f
Jahāngıˉr (shāh of India), 500
Jains, 287f
James, Apostle, 347
James I (king of England),
461
James II (king of England),
462
janisarries, 484, 504f
Japan, 532. See also Japan,
postwar; after World War II,
1032; alliance with Britain, 729;
anime of, 1027f; bioterrorism
in, 1040; bombing of cities 871,
884; Chinese influences, 279;
collapse of central rule, 281;
colonial policies of, 879; conquest of Manchuria, 859–860;
cooperation with Nazi Germany,
861; culture in early, 282; early,
278–281, 279m; economics of
Meiji, 740–741; feudalism, 522f;
foreign trade by, 739f, 741f;
fortunes fading during World
War II, 869; goes to war with
China, 650; Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere, 867; great
unifiers of, 520; Heian period,
280; impact of geography on
Japanese societies, 278; imperialism by, 739m, 743–744, 744f,
835; invasion of China, 863f;
invasion of Korea, 525; isolation
ends in, 738–739; Japanese
expansion, 860m; Japanese
isolation, 280f; Japanese path
to war, 859–861; Japanese war
policy in Asian areas, 879; Kabuki performances, 530–531f;
Kamakura shogunate, 281;
keiretsu economy of, 834f; and
Korea, 521m; Korea controlled
by, 744, 1017; launches attack,
861; life in early, 281–282;
Manchuria and, 835; martial
arts, 524f; Meiji Restoration,
739, 740–743; militarism in,
835; mobilization during World
War II, 883; Nara period, 279;
new Asian order, 861; new
“community”, 867; plan to seize
Soviet Siberia, 861; political
changes in, 520–522; politics of
Meiji, 740; religion in early, 282;
Sat-Cho alliance, 739; spheres
of influence in China, 729; sumo
as national sport, 746–747f;
teenagers in, 1030–1031f;
Tokugawa, 520–524; Tokugawa
shogunate in, 738; Toyota factory in Miyazaki, 1032f; trade
and imperialism in, 748; United
States’s relations with, 744; war
with China, 729, 860–861; war
with Russia, 743–744, 744f;
Westernization of, 742f; World
War II and, 867–868; zaibatsu
economy of, 834, 834f, 1026
Japan, postwar, 1025m; Allied
occupation of, 1024–1025,
1026; economy of, 1025f, 1026;
politics and government of,
1025–1026, 1025f; society and
culture of, 1025f, 1026–1027
Japanese Americans: internment in the United States, 882f
jati, 70
Jayavarman II (founder of
Khmer Empire), 292, 292f
Jefferson, Thomas, 370f, 568,
598f
Jen-Tsung (emperor of
China), 91f
Jeria, Michelle Bachelet, 972
Jerusalem, 49, 347, 486, 999;
during Crusades, 325–326;
destruction of by Chaldeans, 49;
destruction of temple by Romans, 169; invasion by Saladin,
198, 326
Jesuits (Society of Jesus),
423; missionaries in the Spanish
Empire, 447; mission states in
Latin America, 445m
Jesus, 170, 190, 303, 304;
teachings of, 170
The Jewish State (Herzl), 679
Jews, 50. See also anti-Semitism;
Holocaust; Judaism; Nazi Germany; Zionism; anti-Semitism
during Crusades, 327; expulsion
from Spain, 358f, 359; hostility
toward. See anti-Semitism; immigration to Palestine, 679, 996;
immigration to United States,
679; Inquisition and, 346f; Jewish population in Europe before
and after World War II, 875f;
Jewish traditions, 50f; Judaism,
50–51; Judaism in the Roman
Empire, 169; Romans force to
leave Palestine, 50f
Jiangxi, China, 838, 839
jihad, 192
Index
INDEX
342–344, 343f
Ionia, 110
Iran. See also Persia: conflicts
Irnerius, 350
iron, 90, 246f, 247, 334, 616, 671
Iron Age, 16
Iroquois, 370–371; early people
R105
Jingdezhen, China—Lenin, V. I.
Jingdezhen, China, 518f
Joan of Arc, 356, 357f
Joao (king of Portugal), 442f
Jobra, Bangladesh, 1044f
Johanson, Donald, 7, 7q
John (king of England), 317;
signs Magna Carta (1215), 318f
John of Plano Carpini, 270q
John Paul II (pope), 936
Johnson, Lyndon B., 907, 917,
918, 1021, 1022f
Jordan: British control of, 826;
independence of, 996; Israel
recognized by, 997f, 999, 1000f
Joseph II (ruler of Austria),
555m, 556–557, 558
journeymen, 341
Joyce, James, 815
Juárez, Benito, 712
Judaea, 169
Judah, kingdom of, 49, 169
Judaism, 50–51, 226–227f;
in Europe, 1600, 419m; in the
Roman Empire, 169
Julius II (pope), 410f, 414
junk science, 678
Juno (Roman god), 168
Jupiter (Roman god), 168
Justinian (Byzantine
emperor), 322, 324, 392q,
488; Justinian Code, 323f
Justinian Code, 323f
Juvenal, 165q
k
ka: spiritual body in ancient Egyptian religion, 37
Kaaba, 189, 189f
Kabuki, 530–531f; inside a
theater, 532f
Kabul, Afghanistan, 1001
Kaczynski, Lech, 936
kaiser, 633
Kajinosuke, Tanikaze,
746–747f
INDEX
Kalahari Desert, 237
Kālidāsa, 81
Kamakura shogunate, 281
kamikaze, 280f, 883
Kanagawa, Treaty of, 738, 740
Kandinsky, Wassily, 676
Kangxi (emperor of China):
reign of, 514–515
Kanpur (Cawnpore), India,
703
karma, 73
Kashmir, 1020
Katsav, Moshe, 916f
keiretsu, 834f
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 792
Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk),
824–825, 846f
Kennan, George, 902
Kennedy, John F., 917, 918,
946; Bay of Pigs, 969; Cuban
Missile Crisis, 905–907, 906f
R106
Index
Kent State University: student
protest, 918
Kenya: independence of, 986;
Kenyatta’s leadership in, 988,
988f; nationalism in, 829–830,
846f
Kenyatta, Jomo, 830, 830q,
846f, 988, 988f
Kepler, Johannes, 539, 539m,
540, 542f
Kepler’s First Law, 540
Kerensky, Aleksandr, 774
Kesari (Tilak), 707
Keynes, John Maynard, 794f,
795
Khadija, 189
Khafre (king of Egypt), 36f,
38, 44–45f
Khajuraho, 289; temple at, 288f
khanates, 270
Khatemi, Mohammed, 1001
Khatoon, Sophia, 1044f
Khmer, 526
Khmer Empire, 292
Khmer Rouge, 1021
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah,
943, 1000, 1003
Khrushchev, Nikita, 905,
906q, 912f, 913, 924, 930; the
Khrushchev Era, 911–912
Khufu (king of Egypt), 36f, 37,
44–45f; burial site in the Great
Pyramid at Giza, 44–45f
Khyber Pass, 498
Kibaki, Mwai, 1058q
Kiel, 780
Kiev, 321
Kikuyu Association, 829–830
Kilwa, 247
Kim Il Sung, 1027
kimono, 1030f
Kim Tae-jung,, 1028
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (Dr.),
582f, 918, 919f; assassination
of, 918
The King and I, 688
Kingdom of Piedmont, 629,
631–632
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies,
629, 632
Kipling, Rudyard, 698q
Kirch, Gottfried, 543, 543q
Kirchner, Nestor, 974
Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 963
Kisaburo, Onogawa, 746–747f
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina,
654
Klaus, Václav, 937
knights, 310; tournaments, 312
Knossos, 108; the Palace at,
108f
Kodak, 675
Kohl, Helmut, 938f, 942
Kolkata (Calcutta), India,
503, 705, 1019, 1020f
Kongfuzi, 90
Korea, 532. See also North Korea;
South Korea: distinctive culture
of, 525; division of, 1017;
emergence of, 283; hermit
kingdom, 525; independence of,
743; Japan and, 1560–1600,
521m; Japanese annexation of,
744; Japanese influence in, 729,
743; Korean War, 1016m, 1017;
martial arts, 524f; Russian designs on, 728–729, 743; United
Nations’ role in, 1028f
Korean War, 905, 1016m, 1017,
1022f, 1028f, 1032
Kosovo, 939, 954; wars in, 939
Kosovo Liberation Army
(KLA), 939
Kosygin, Alexei, 930
Kovác, Michal, 937
Kowloon Peninsula, China,
727
Kraft durch Freude (Strength
through Joy), 813
krater, 116f
Kremlin, 933f
Kristallnacht, 808f, 809
Kshatriyas, 70, 71f
Kublai Khan (emperor of
China), 199, 267f, 271, 280f,
430
kufi, 994f
Kukulcan, Pyramid of, 376f
Kurds, 1001, 1002
Kushān Empire, 78–79
Kushites, 238
Kush kingdom (Africa),
238–239, 238f
Kuwait, 1001
Kwasniewski, Aleksander,
936
kylix, 116f
Kyoˉto, Japan, 278, 282, 520,
739, 740, 1042
Kyoto Protocol, 947f, 1042,
1058f
l
labor union. See trade unions
Labour Party, 668, 795; Great
Britain, 916, 943
La Fête Champêtre
(Watteau), 562f
Lagos, 992
Lagos Weekly Record
(Macaulay), 829
laissez-faire, 549f, 550, 550f
Lake Baikal, 729
Lake Tanganyika, 695
Lake Texcoco, 377
Laos: communism in, 1021;
French control of, 688, 729
Laozi, 92–93
Lascaux, France, 2–3f, 11
Late Middle Ages: Black
Death, 352–353, 353m, 354f;
decline of Church power in, 355;
disruptive forces of the, 362;
Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f;
monarchies of, 357–359
latifundia, 159
Latin America. See also Central
America; individual states, South
America: in 1939, 845m;
authoritarian rule in, 846–848;
colonial, 444–447, 448, 445m;
culture of, 848f, 849, 964–965;
economic imperialism in, 712;
economic instability, 960;
economies of, 715, 844; Great
Depression in, 845–846, 845f;
gross domestic product per
capita, 961f; Haiti, 709;
inequality in, 712; influenced by
nationalism, 850; main exports
in the 1990s, 961m; major
963m; move toward democracy,
961; nationalism in, 708–711,
844–849, 846f; nation building
in, 711–712; new imperialism
and, 712, 718f; political
challenges in, 1045; population,
962, 961f; social classes in,
444–445; society, 962; state
and church, 446–447; U.S. and,
962–963; U.S. fighting spread of
communism in, 962–963; U.S.
role in, 713, 713f, 844–845
Latin language, 351, 407f;
classical, 406, 407
Latins, 146
Latvia, 782; independence from
Soviet Union, 932
La Venta, 372
Lavoisier, Antoine, 539m, 542
Law of Nations: Roman law,
150
Law of 22 Prairial, 591f, 592
Lawrence, T. E., 822
Lawrence of Arabia, 766
lay investiture, 342–344, 343f
League of Combat, 797
League of Nations, 781, 863f;
African territories supervised by,
828, 829m; European territories
supervised by, 791m; Germany
joins, 792; Ottoman territories
supervised by, 826; weakness
of, 790
Leakey, Louis, 6f
Leakey, Mary, 6f
Leakey, Richard, 6q
Lebanon: French control of, 826;
independence of, 996; Israeli
invasion of, 997f, 1000
lebensraum, 804
Legalism, 93, 96
Legislative Assembly
(French), 582, 586
legitimacy, principle of, 624
leisure, 664f, 665, 813
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 161f
Lenin, V. I., 772, 774, 775q,
776q; Bolsheviks and, 774–775;
Comintern created by, 831;
Diego Rivera’s portrait of, 849;
embalming of, 895f; Ho Chi
Minh influenced by, 831f; New
Leningrad—Marshall Plan
Economic Policy of, 799–800;
Soviet Union created by, 799
Leningrad, 880
Leonidas, 182f
Liu Pang (emperor of China),
Leopold II (king of Belgium),
rives in Africa, 695
Livy, 148, 162, 162q
Li Zicheng, 512
Lloyd, Charles, 254f
695
Leo X (pope), 415, 420f
Lepidus, 155
Lesbos, 110
Lesotho, 989
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 693
Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes),
476
Liaodong Peninsula, 729,
743, 744
liberalism, 626
Liberal Party, 668
liberal studies, 350, 408–409
liberation theology: new role
for the Catholic Church, 976f
Liberia, 697, 989, 990
Liberty Leading the People
(Delacroix), 639
Li Bo, 274, 275q; “Quiet Night
Thoughts”, 274
Libya: Italian control of, 694;
nationalism in, 830, 846f
Liebknecht, Karl, 780
Life and Death in Shanghai
(Nien Cheng), 1014
life expectancy, 1050
light bulb: invention of, 652
“lightning war”, 864
Liliuokalani, Queen, 671, 671f
Lima, Peru, 435, 711
Lincoln, Abraham, 637
lineage groups, 251
Linear B, 108f
Lin Zexu, 726q, 727f
The Lion Hunt (Delacroix),
639
Lisbon, Portugal, 436f
literacy: Enlightenment and,
Little Red Book (Mao
Zedong), 1014, 1032f
Liverpool, England, 617
Livingstone, David, 695; ar-
Lobengula (southern African
king), 699q
Locarno, Treaty of, 792
Locke, John, 476f, 477,
546–547, 546q, 549f; writes
Two Treatises of Government,
453
Lombardy, 400, 629, 632
London, England, 884; the
blitz, 888–889f; newspapers in,
552, 665; population of, 339,
619, 658
longbow(s), 356, 362f
Long Count, 375–376
longhouses, 370, 370f
Long March, 837m, 838f, 839
loom: water-powered, 616
Loong, Lee Hsien, 1029
Lord Chamberlain’s Men, 474
Lord of the Rings, 949
Lord Tokitaka, 521, 521q
Lorraine, 633, 782
Louisiana Purchase, 574, 598f
Louis VII (king of France),
313, 326
Louis IX (king of France), 319
Louis XI (king of France),
357–358
Louis XIV (king of France)
(Sun King), 464, 465f; and
absolutism, 465f; begins absolute rule of France, 453; comes
to power, 465–466; France
under, 464–466; legacy of, 466;
Palace of Versailles, 452–453f,
470–471f; signing of Treaty of
Nijmegen, 478f
Louis XV (king of France):
statute of replaced by guillotine
then by obelisk, 604f
Louis XVI (king of France),
578, 586; concession of, 580f,
581; Estates-General and,
578–579; execution of, 574f,
587–588, 587f, 590f; fall of
Bastille and, 580; flight of, 582
Louis XVIII (king of France),
603
Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon
III, Emperor of France),
628, 631, 635
Louis Philippe (king of
France), 627, 627f, 628
Low Countries, 417; artistic
Renaissance in, 411; Black
Death spread to, 352
Lower Egypt, 34
Ludendorff, Erich, 778, 779q
Luftwaffe, 866–867
Luoyang, 99
Lusitania: the sinking of, 766f,
767
Makkah (Mecca), 189, 189f,
191, 210, 486, 827
Luther, Martin, 412, 414f,
415–417, 418, 420f, 608q;
excommunication of, 415, 424f;
on Jews, 422; Ninety-five Theses
of, 415, 416f; on women’s role,
422
Lutheranism, 416–417, 419m,
422f, 424
Luxembourg: artistic Renaissance in, 411
Luxemburg, Rosa, 780
Lyon, France, Reign of Terror
in, 589, 590f
m
MacArthur, Douglas, 869,
1024
Macartney, Lord George,
514f, 515; leads British trade
mission to China, 509
Macaulay, Herbert, 829
Macaulay, Lord Thomas,
704q
Maccabees, Judas, 154q
Macedonia, 123, 134, 137,
1020f. See also Alexander the
Great; under Roman rule, 151
Macedonians: emperors, 324;
invade Greece, 134–136
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 401,
410f, 424, 608q
machine guns, 764f, 770f
Machu Picchu, 184–185f, 385,
393f
Madame Bovary (Flaubert),
643, 646, 646f
Madero, Francisco, 714–715
Madinah (Medina), 190, 194,
486, 827
Madras (Chennai), India, 503,
558, 559, 705
Madrid, Spain, 473, 803
Magellan, Ferdinand,
432–433
The Magic Flute (Mozart),
563
magic realism, 964
Maginot Line, 864–865
Magna Carta, 317–318, 318f
Magyars, 308, 628m, 629
Mahabharata (Indian), 80–81
Mahatma. See Gandhi, Mohandas
(Mahatma)
Mahayana, 284
Mahayana Buddhism. See also
Buddhism
Mahfouz, Naguib, 1003
Mah·mūd of Ghazna, 286
“Maiden Porch”: in Athens, 1f
Maine, France, 358
mainland states: emerging,
526–528, 529
maize, 383
Majapahit, kingdom of, 293
Major, John, 943
Malaya, 1021
Malay Peninsula, 290, 528
Malaysia, 1029
Mali, 989
Mali kingdom (Africa), 244,
255
Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of the Witches), 459f
Mamluks, 199
Manchester, England, 617
Manchukuo, 860
Manchuria, 512; Japanese
control of, 835, 859–860, 863f;
Russian control of, 728–729
Manchus, 512. See Qing dynasty
of China
Mandate of Heaven, 87;
dynastic cycles and the, 88f
mandates, 783
Mandela, Nelson, 986, 990,
991f, 991q, 993
manga, 1027f
Mannerism, 472
manor, 336; organization of, 335f
manorial system, 336–338,
337f
Mansa Mūsā (king of Mali),
244
Mao Dun, 737
Mao Zedong, 838, 894q, 903,
1032; Cultural Revolution, 1014;
death of, 1014; forms People’s
Republic of China, 903; Great
Leap Forward, 1012–1013;
Little Red Book, 1014; Long
March, 837m, 838f, 839, 850f;
rise to power of, 1012; society
under, 1016
Marat, Jean-Paul, 586, 588f
Marconi, Guglielmo, 653,
653q, 812
Marco Polo, 269, 272q, 392f,
430, 512
Marcos, Ferdinand, 1023
Marcus Aurelius (Roman
emperor), 157, 174
Maria Theresa (ruler of Austrian Empire), 556, 556f, 558
Marie Antoinette (queen of
France), 578, 589
Marius (Roman general), 153
market economy: comparison
INDEX
552; public education and, 665;
rates of, 1049m; United Nations
programs for, 1049f
literature: African, 993; chanson
de geste, 351; Chinese, 519;
classical Greek, 126–128;
early Japanese, 282; of
Enlightenment, 563; golden
age, 274–275, 474–476;
Gothic, 640–641; Hellenistic Era,
137–138; Indian, 80–81, 289;
Islamic, 206; Latin American,
964–965; Middle Eastern, 206,
1003; modernism in, 674; Roman, 160–162; romanticism in,
640–641; Spanish, 475–476;
stream of consciousness in, 815;
Sumerian, 30; symbolist writers,
674; Tokugawa Era, 523–524;
vernacular, 351, 407–408, 407f
Lithuania, 782; independence
98
of market and command economies, 911f, 911t
Marlborough, duke of, 660
Marne: First Battle of, 762;
Second Battle of, 778
Márquez, Gabriel García, 964
marriage: in nineteenth century,
662; in Renaissance Italy, 403
The Marriage of Figaro
(Mozart), 563
Mars exploration, 1040
Marshall, George C., 902
Marshall Plan, 902, 914; aid,
1948–1951, 915f
Index
R107
Martel, Charles—Mogul Empire
Martel, Charles (“Charles
the Hammer”) (mayor of
Austrasia), 195f, 306
Marx, Karl, 621, 655–657, 656f,
831, 848f
Marxism, 622f, 655–657; in
China, 836; Great Depression
and, 793, 793f; spread of, 831
Marxist Social Democratic
Party, 670
Mary (mother of Jesus), 347
Mary (queen of England),
420, 421
Masaccio, 409
Massachusetts Bay Colony,
437; founding by English, 452
The Massacre of the
Armenians, 824f
mass culture, 812–813, 814f
Mass in B Minor (Bach), 563
mass media, 798
mass production, 655, 813;
mass-produced goods, 645f
mass society: education in,
664–665; emergence of, 658;
leisure in, 664f, 665, 813;
movies in, 812–813; radio in,
812; social structure of, 660;
urban environment of, 658–659;
women in, 661–663
mastabas, 44–45f
masterpiece, 341
Masurian Lakes, Battle of,
763
Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy
(Newton), 541
mathematics: advancements in,
INDEX
204–205, 208–209f; of ancient
Egypt, 43; in ancient India, 81;
Hellenistic Era, 138; Pythagorean
theorem, 128; Scientific Revolution and, 538–539
matrilineal, 252
Matta, Roberto, 849
Mau Mau uprising, 988f
Maurya, Chandragupta, 76
Mauryan Empire, 76–77
the Maya, 373, 374–376; calendar of, 374, 375–376, 376f;
early people of Mesoamerica,
388; massacre of in Guatemala, 971; political and social
structures of, 375; Pyramid of
Kukulcan, 376f; writings of,
375–376
Mazarin, Cardinal, 465
mbaqanga, 949
McCarthy, Joseph R., 918
McCay, Winsor, 863f
McKinley, William, 688–689
Medici, Cosimo de’, 400, 401f
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 400, 401f
Medici, Piero de’, 401f
Medici family: patronage of,
401f
medicine, 205; annals of in
Medieval Europe, 393f; germ
R108
Index
theory of disease, 641; Ibn Sıˉnā’s
medical encyclopedia, 205f;
Scientific Revolution and, 542;
women in, 663
Meerut, India, 702
megacity, 962
Megasthenes, 76
Mehmed II (sultan of
Ottoman Empire), 485, 491f
Meiji Restoration, 739, 748;
economics of, 740–741; education of, 742; military of, 742;
politics of, 740; social structure
of, 742–743
Mei-ling Soong, 840, 840f
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 804
Meir, Golda, 999
Mekong Delta, 526
Melaka, 294, 432, 526
Mendeleyev, Dmitry, 641
Menelik (emperor of
Ethiopia), 701f
Menes (king of Egypt), 36
Meng Jiangnu, 97f
Menkure (king of Egypt), 36f
mercantilism, 440; laissez-faire
versus, 550f; trade, colonies,
and, 440–442
mercenaries, 400
Merida, Carlos, 849
merit. See also civil service: the
rule of, 91f
Merkel, Angela, 942
Meroë, 239
Mesa Verde, 371
Mesoamerica, 372; cultures of,
early, 372–379, 374m; early
people of, 388; Neolithic farming villages in, 16; systematic
agriculture develops in, 14
Mesoamericans, 15
Mesopotamia, 26, 68; Akkadian
and Babylonian Empires, 32–33;
ancient, 27m; city-states of ancient, 28–29; civilization begins
in, 20, 26–33; economy and
society, 29; empires in ancient,
32–33; geography and religion,
26–27; Hammurabi’s code, 32f,
33; religion and rulers, 29; withdrawal of Roman forces, 158
Messiah (Handel), 563
mestizos, 444, 448, 708, 709
Methodism, 553
Metternich, Klemens von,
624, 629
Mexican Revolution, 714–715,
714f, 847, 966
Mexican War, 711–712
Mexico, 966–967; art of, 848f,
849; authoritarian rule in,
847–848; caudillos, role of,
711–712; Constitution of 1917,
714f, 715; early cultures of,
372–379, 374m; debt crisis,
966–967; Great Depression in,
845f, 846; Hidalgo’s revolt in,
709–710; Independence Day in,
710; inequality in, 712; Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI),
847, 966; Laws of Reform, 712;
1945, 963f; Mexican Revolution,
966; NAFTA and, 945, 967,
846f; oil industry in, 844, 846,
846f, 848, 850f; as part of
Spanish Empire, 435; political
events in, 967m; protests in,
966; revolution in, 714–715,
714f; U.S. intervention in, 713;
war with United States, 711–712
Mexico City, 373, 376, 377
Mexico Today and Tomorrow
(Rivera), 848f
Michelangelo Buonarroti,
401f, 410, 410f; Sistine Chapel,
410, 410f, 424f
microcredit, 1044f
microprocessor, 1039
Middle Ages. See also Early
Middle Ages; feudalism; High
Middle Ages; Late Middle Ages:
agriculture in, 334–335; average
height of an European during
Middle Ages, 393f; average life
expectancy of a English person,
393f; Catholicism, innovations,
and intellectual revival in the,
362; Christianity in, 342–347;
cities in, 339–341; disruptive
forces of the Late, 362; Europe,
317m; food and drink in, 338;
France in, 319; Justinian
Code, 323f; manorial system
in, 336–338; medieval castle,
312f; noble men and women,
404f; peasants and the middle
class, 405f; population growth
in, 334; society in the High,
362; struggles in Italy during,
319–320; trade in, 338, 339m
Middle Ages, Early: population
in, 334
Middle Ages, High: architecture
of, 348–349, 349f; heresy in,
346, 346f; nuns in, 344–345;
population growth in, 334;
religion in, 347; universities of,
350; vernacular literature of, 351
Middle Ages, Late: Black
Death, 352–353, 353m, 354f;
decline of Church power in, 355;
Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f;
new monarchies of, 357–359
middle class(es): industrial,
619, 620; mass society and,
660
middle class(es): in China of
the 1930s, 842f; in Middle Ages,
405f
Middle East. See also individual
states: of 1919–1935, 823m;
after World War I, 779m; ArabIsraeli disputes, 996, 997m,
998–1000; influenced by
nationalism and revolution, 850;
modern, 998m; nationalism in,
822–826, 846f; society and culture of, 1003; women in, 1003
Middle Kingdom: of ancient
Egypt, 38–39
Middle Passage, 442
Midnight (Dun), 737
Midway Island, 869; Battle
of, 869
migration(s): of Bantus, 247;
diversity and, 434f; in Europe,
942f; global, 1050; mass
migration to India and Pakistan,
1032f; Yugoslavians migrate to
Germany, 942
Milan, Italy, 339, 399, 400,
417, 424
militant, 454
militarism, 632, 759; in Japan,
835
Miloševic, Slobodan, 939
Minamoto Yoritomo
(Japanese ruler), 281
minaret, 207
Mindanao, Philippines, 1023
Ming, 510. See Ming dynasty of
China
Ming dynasty of China,
510–512; China under, 511m;
fall of the, 512; is overthrown,
509
Ming Hong Wu (emperor of
China), 510
Ming porcelain, 518f
ministerial responsibility,
668
Minoan, 108
Minoan civilization, 108–109
Minos (king of Crete), 108
Mir Jaffier: Battle of Plassey,
502f
Missionaries of Charity, 1020f
missionary(ies), 306
Mississippian culture,
369–370
Mistral, Gabriela, 965
mita, 446
Mitsubishi, 834, 834f
Mitsui, 834, 834f
Mitterrand, François,
940–941
mobilization, 761, 880; of workforce during World War II, 881f
Mohács, Battle of, 486
Moche, 383, 384; early culture of
South America, 388
Modena, 632
Modern Devotion, 414
modernism, 674; in architecture,
676; in literature, 674; in music,
676; in painting, 674–676
Mogadishu, 247
Mogul Empire: expansion of,
1530–1707, 499m; life in Mogul
India, 501–502; Mogul dynasty,
498–501
Moguls—Nazi Germany
Moguls. See also Mogul Empire:
decline of the, 500–501;
grandeur of Moguls, 498–503;
history and culture, 504; rise of
the, 498
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
(shah of Iran), 826, 1000
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, 832
Mohammed Khatemi, 1001
Mohenjo Daro, India, 68
Moldavia, 630; independence
Moluccas (Spice Islands),
529. See also spice trade: spice
trade in the, 532f
Mombasa, 247
monarchies: new, 357–359
monarchs, 18
monarchy, 57, 357–359
monasticism, 305; monastic
life, 305f
Monet, Claude, 674, 675f, 742f
money economy, 338
Mongkut (king of Thailand),
688
Mongol Empire, 199, 271m;
dynasty in China, 272m; rule of
Russia, 321
Mongolia, 270, 728
Mongols, 198, 199, 270–272,
359. See also Mongol Empire;
campaigns of, 280m; and China,
270–275; Kublai Khan defeats
Song dynasty, 266, 267f; on the
move, 276–277f; Mongol tumen,
276f; seize northern Korea, 283
monk, 305; daily timetable, 305t
Monk, George, 462
Monkey Brigade, 1020f
monotheistic, 50, 191
Monroe, James, 711, 713f
Monroe Doctrine, 711, 713f
monsoon, 66–67
Montcalm (General), 561
Montenegro, 673, 939
Monterey Jazz Festival, 254f
Montesquieu, baron de, 548,
569
386f, 434, 436f
Montt, Rios, 971
Moo-hyun, Roh, 1028
moon landing, 946, 1040; U.S.
astronauts first to walk on the
moon, 954f
Moors, 358f
More, Sir Thomas, 420f, 421,
621
Morel, Edward, 698q
Morgan, J. P., 653
Morisot, Berthe, 674
Morocco, 200; French protectorate in, 694; independence of,
986
Moses, 49, 50, 190, 191
Moses Maimonides, 392q
mosques, 199; Great Mosque of
Sāmarrā’, 206f, 207
people of North America, 388
the Mountain, 587–588
Mount Parnassus, 124
movies: in mass culture, 812,
814f; for propaganda, 798,
812–813, 813f
Mozambique, 695, 986
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus,
563
Mu‘āwiyah, 194
muezzin, 207
Muhammad, 189, 192; his
vision, 210; life of, 189–190;
Southwest Asia in his time, 189f;
teachings of, 191
Muhammad Ahmad (the
Mahdi), 694
Muhammad Ali, 693
Muhammad Ture (king of
Songhai), 245
“Mukden incident”, 859
Mukhtar, Omar, 830, 846f
mulattoes, 444, 448
Muller, Herbert J., 198q
Mulroney, Brian, 945
multinational corporation(s),
960, 1051–1052
multinational state, 629
mummification, 37, 183f; preparing for the afterlife, Egyptian,
44–45f
Munich, Germany, 804, 949;
1972 Olympic Games, 949
Munich Conference, 858
Munich Olympic Games:
terrorism at, 1046
Muqaddimah (Introduction
to History) (Ibn-Khaldūn),
205
Murakami, Haruki, 1027
Murasaki Shikibu, 282, 282f
Murat, Caroline, 600f
Murat, Joachim, 600f
Murrow, Edward R., 894f
Museveni, Yoweri, 989
music: of Enlightenment, 563;
global exchange of popular,
953f; modernism in, 676;
rock and roll, 254f, 952–953f;
romanticism in, 639–640
Muslim League, 705–706, 832
Muslims, 190; in France,
951; France bans wearing of
headscarves by, 942f; migration
to Pakistan of, 1018, 1019m;
number killed by Black Death by
year 1349, 393f; occupation of
Spain by, 358–359, 358f; rivalry
with Hindus in India, 702–703,
705–706, 832, 1018, 1020;
Sepoy Mutiny and, 702–703;
Shia, 210, 1001, 1002; spread
the faith, 210; Sunni, 210, 1001,
1002; teenagers in Nigeria,
994–995f
Mussolini, Benito (Il Duce),
793f, 797–799, 798f, 816f,
857–858, 867, 870, 871
Mutsuhito (emperor of
Japan), 740
Myanmar, 1021. See also Burma
(modern Myanmar)
Mycenae: first Greek city-state,
109
Mycenaean(s), 109; attack on
Troy, 111; conquest of Minoans,
109; Greek dialect, 108f
n
NAFTA (North American Free
Trade Agreement), 945,
967, 1052
Nagasaki, Japan, 738, 743,
871, 884, 885m, 885f
Nagy, Imre, 913
Nairobi, Kenya, 992, 992f
Namibia, 989
Nanjing, China, 726–727, 837
Nanjing, Treaty of, 726, 727f
Nantes, France, Reign of Terror
in, 589
Napier, John, 539
Naples, Italy, 400, 417, 629,
632
Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor of France): 277q, 307,
604; Arc de Triomphe and, 574;
coronation of, 597f; coup d’état
by, 574, 593, 598; defeat of, at
Waterloo, 575, 603; domestic
policies of, 598–599; empire
of, 601–602; fall of, 602–603;
family of, 600f; on Frederick the
Great, 556f; invasion of Russia
by, 575, 602m, 602–603;
Louisiana Purchase and, 598f;
revolutionary ideals spread by,
600f, 601; rise of, 596–598
Napoleonic Code (Civil
Code), 599
Napoleonic Europe, 600m
Napoleonic Wars: number of
people killed, 609f
Napoleon II, 635
Napoleon III. See Louis-Napoleon
Nara period (in Japan), 279
NASA (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration), 1040
Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
997–998, 998, 999
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
(NASA), 1040
National Assembly, 579–581,
586; of France, 940
National Citizenship Day,
434f
National Convention, 586,
588, 590, 593
nationalism, 602; in Africa,
698–699, 828–830, 829m,
846f; Africa and Asia influenced
by, 850; and alliances of World
War I, 758; Arab, 826–827;
in Argentina, 846f; Armenian,
823–824; in Asia, 831, 846f; in
Brazil, 846f; in China, 732–735,
836–839; in Europe, 626, 634–
636; extreme, 678–679; fascism and, 798; Hitler and, 804;
in India, 705–706, 832, 833f,
846f; in Iran (Persia), 825–826,
846f; Irish, 634; Jewish, 826f,
827; in Kenya, 829–830, 846f;
in Latin America, 708–711,
844–849, 846f; Latin America
influenced by, 850; in Libya,
830, 846f; in Mexico, 709–710,
846f; in Middle East, 822–826,
846f; Middle East and China
influenced by, 850; Napoleon
and, 602; in Saudi Arabia, 827,
846f; in Southeast Asia, 691; in
Turkey, 822–825, 846f; in the
United States, 637; in Vietnam,
691, 716–717f, 831
Nationalist Party (Guomindang), 733, 735, 836–839,
1012
National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (NSDAP).
See Nazi Party
national unification: of Germany, 631m, 632–633; of Italy,
631m, 631–632
Native Americans. death from
European diseases, 448f; effect
of the missionaries on, 447;
encomienda system, 435, 446f;
in French and Indian War, 560;
as labor source in Latin America,
445–446; in Mexican revolt,
709–710; mita system and,
446; population, 445m; Queen
Isabella’s rules regarding, 435;
working silver mines in Brazil,
448f
natural rights, 477, 554
natural selection, 642
Nazca: early culture of South
America, 388
Nazca culture, 382
Nazca Lines, 382
Nazi, 804
Nazi Germany. See also Germany; Hitler, Adolf: of 1933–1939,
806–809; alliance with Italy,
857–858; anti-Semitism of,
806, 807f, 808f, 809; attacks
Denmark and Norway, 864; attacks the Netherlands, Belgium,
and France, 864; bombing of
cities during World War II, 884;
breaks through British defenses
in Egypt, 869; changing attitudes
toward women’s roles, 883;
demands for the Sudetenland,
Index
INDEX
Montezuma (Aztec ruler),
Mothers of the Plaza de
Mayo, 974f
Mother Teresa, 1019, 1020f
Mound Builders, 369; early
R109
Nazi Party—One Hundred Days of Reform
858; economic policies of, 808;
Enabling Act, 806; Final Solution, 876; German expansion,
1935–1939, 857m; German
path to World War II, 856–859;
Hitler Youth members, 878;
Holocaust, 876–878; invades
Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia,
858; invades Poland, 859;
invades the Soviet Union, 867;
invasion of Czechoslovakia,
754–755f; launches the Battle
of Britain, 866–867; leisure in,
813; liberates Mussolini, 867;
major Nazi death camps, 875m;
mobilization during World War II,
883; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression
Pact, 858–859; propaganda in,
812–813, 813f; resettlement
of Poland, 874; rise of, 816;
Schlieffen Plan, 761; slave labor
in, 875; spectacles used by,
808; terror used in, 807, 807f;
union with Austria, 858; women
in, 809
Nazi Party, 805, 816, 816f
Nazi(s), 816. See also Nazi
Germany; Nazi Party
Nazism. See also Nazi Germany:
message of, 805f; origin of, 804;
rise of, 805–806
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression
Pact, 858–859, 859f
Neanderthals (Neandertals),
7; living in Germany, 3
Nebuchadnezzar (king of
Chaldean Empire), 56
Nefertari (Egyptian
pharaoh), 42f
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 832, 850,
1018
Nehru, Motilal, 832
neo-Confucianism, 273
neo-Gothic style, 638
Neolithic Revolution, 14,
INDEX
14–19, 17f; effects of, 16; end
of the Neolithic Age, 16; humans
practice burial rituals, 3f; Neolithic farming villages, 16; and
the rise of civilization, 14–19
neo-Nazis, 942
Nero (Roman emperor), 156,
157, 165, 172
Neruda, Pablo, 1059f
Nerva (Roman emperor), 157
the Netherlands, 454; artistic
Renaissance in, 411; the Dutch
at Batavia, 528f; Dutch colonies
in Latin America, 445m; Dutch
explorers and settlements, 437;
explorers, 431m; Hitler’s victory
against, 864; imperialism by.
See the Netherlands, colonial
interests of; industrialization in,
655; as a power in Southeast
Asia, 529; resistance during
Wars of Religion, 454–455
R110
Index
the Netherlands, colonial
interests of: in Cape Town,
696; in Latin America, 709m; in
Southeast Asia, 687m, 1021
Neumann, Balthasar, 562
Neutra, Richard, 894f
neutrality, 866
Neva River, 773
New Deal, 795, 917
New Economic Policy (NEP),
799–800
New Granada (Colombia),
710
New Harmony, Indiana, 621
New Kingdom: of ancient Egypt,
39–40
New Lanark, Scotland, 621
New Life Movement, 840f, 841
new monarchies, 357–359
New Order: Japan’s, 861
newspapers: in Fascist Italy,
798; first daily, 552; in India,
707; literacy and, 665
New State, 846f, 847
New Stone Age. See Neolithic
Revolution
New Testament, 170
“New Thinking”: Gorbachev’s,
932
Newton, Sir Isaac, 539, 539m,
541, 542f, 547, 549f, 608q,
676
New York, New York, 671
New Zealand, 1032; recent
years, 1029
NGOs (nongovernmental
organizations), 1053
Nicaragua, 970, 970–971;
independence of, 711; major
963f; political events in, 967m;
U.S. intervention in, 713
Nice, Italy, 631, 632
Nicholas, Saint, 347
Nicholas II (czar of Russia),
670, 761, 772; death of, 777
Nicholas of Cologne, 327
Niemeyer, Oscar, 965
Nien Cheng, 1014
Niépce, Joseph, 753f
Niger, 989
Nigeria, 253; British control of,
692; civil war in, 990; independence of, 986; nationalism in,
829, 830; oil in, 989; teenagers
in, 994–995f
Niger River, 245, 247
Nightingale, Florence, 636f,
663
Nike of Samothrace, 140f
Nile River, 34–35, 236
Nineteenth Amendment, 661f
Ninety-five Theses (Luther),
415, 416f
nirvana, 74
Nixon, Richard M., 907, 918,
943, 954; Chinese relations and,
1017; Vietnam War and, 1021;
Watergate scandal, 943, 954
Nkrumah, Kwame, 986, 988,
988f
nobility: and chivalry, 311–313;
in France, 576, 577f; of Italian
Renaissance, 402–403
nomads, 8; Berbers, 243;
early Arabs, 188; Mongols, 199;
pastoral, 46; role of nomadic
peoples, 46–47; Seljuk Turks,
197; temporary settlements
of, 12f
nuclear age, 885f
Nuclear Nonproliferation
Treaty, 1049
nuclear proliferation, 1001,
1017, 1020, 1028f, 1040, 1049
nun(s), 306, 344–345
Nūr Jahān, 500
Nuremberg laws, 809
Nuremberg rallies, 805f, 808,
813f
nursing profession, 636f, 663
Nyerere, Julius, 988
o
nonalignment, principle of,
1018
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 1053, 1054
nonviolence. See civil
disobedience
Noriega, Manuel, 971
Normandy, 309, 870; Allied
troops land at, 890f; invasion,
872–873m, 873f
Normandy, France, 356
North Africa: imperialism in,
692–694; World War II in Europe
and, 1939–1941, 865m
North America. See also
individual states: during the
Cold War, 924; early people of,
368–371, 388; 369m; Europe
and, 940–945; imperialism in,
686; Industrial Revolution spread
to, 619; Seven Years’ War in,
560–561, 560f; Western Europe
and, 914–921
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 945,
967, 1052
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 900, 904,
917, 924; member nations,
1949, 901m; nations joining as
of 1955, 901m
Northern Expedition, 836,
837m
Northern Ireland, 951; “Bloody
Sunday”, 951; conflict in, 943;
Good Friday Agreement, 951;
Protestants and Catholics clash
in, 954f
Northern Renaissance art,
411
Northern Renaissance
humanism, 412–413
North German Confederation, 632, 633
North Korea. See also Korea:
Communist rule in, 1027;
creation of, 1017; Korean War,
1016m, 1017; nuclear test by,
1028f, 1049
North Vietnam, 1021, 1032
Norway: adoption of gender parity
policies, 948; women’s suffrage
in, 663
Notre Dame cathedral, 590
Novotný, Antonín, 913
Nubia, 38, 238
The Oath of the Tennis Court
June 20th 1789 (David),
578–579f
Obadina, Tunde, 992f
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
(Cavendish), 543
occupied country, 1024
The Ochre People (Jabavu),
993
Octavian, 15. See Augustus, 156
(Roman emperor)
Oda Nobunaga, 520; seizure of
Kyoˉto, Japan, 452
Odysseus, 111
Odyssey (Homer), 111
Oedipus Rex (Sophocles),
126
Official Languages Act:
Canada, 945
oil: in Argentina, 846; in Iran, 825,
1000; in Mexico, 844, 846,
846f, 848; in Middle East, 998,
999, 1047; in Nigeria, 989; in
Saudi Arabia, 827
oil painting, 411
Old Kingdom: of ancient Egypt,
37–38
Old Stone Age. See Paleolithic
Age
Olduvai Gorge, 6
Oleg (Viking ruler), 321
oligarchy, 114, 847
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 643
the Olmec, 372–373, 373f; early
people of Mesoamerica, 388
Olson, Culbert, 882q
Olympia, 132–133f
Olympian gods, 125t
Olympic games: athletes of
ancient world, 132–133f; first
held, 183f; number of athletes
competing in first modern, 753f
Olympus, 106, 124
Omari, Lulua Abdullah al-,
1058q
Omar Khayyám, 206, 206q
Ometeotl, 379
one-child policy, 1016, 1043
One Day in the Life of Ivan
Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 911–912
One Hundred Days of
Reform, 729
One Hundred Years of Solitude (Márquez)—Peter (Christian leader)
One Hundred Years of
Solitude (Márquez), 964
The 1001 Nights (Arabian
Nights) (Khayyám), 206
Onondaga people, 370
On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 641–642
OPEC (Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries), 999
Open Door Policy, 730–731,
730f, 835
Opium War, 726, 727f
Opportunity, Mars rover, 1040
oracle, 124
Orange Free State, 696
ordeal, 304
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 126,
127f
organic evolution, 642
organic farming, 946, 1041
Organization of African Unity
(OAU), 988
Organization of American
States (OAS), 962
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC), 999
Orléans, Battle of, 356
Ortega, Daniel, 971
orthodoxy, 494
Oˉsaka, 278, 520
Oslo Accords, 997f, 999, 1000f
Ostia, 159
ostracism, 121
Ostrogoths, 302
Oswald, Saint, 347
Otto I (king of Germany), 319
Ottoman Empire, 484–489,
p
Pacal (Maya ruler), 376
Pachacuti (Incan ruler), 384,
384f, 388; builds empire in
South America, 508f
Pacific, 78; after World War
II, 1032; World War II in,
1941–1945, 868m
Pagan, kingdom of, 292
painting, 275; abstract, 676;
Chinese, 275; cubism in, 676;
of Enlightenment, 562; fresco,
409, 562; of High Renaissance,
410; impressionism in, 674,
675f, 742f; Latin American, 965;
Mannerism, 472; modernism in, 674–676; of Northern
Renaissance, 411; oil, 411;
postimpressionism in, 675, 675f;
realism in, 642f, 643; of Renaissance, 409; rococo style, 562,
562f; romanticism in, 638–639,
639f; surrealism in, 814–815
Pakistan, 285; Afghanistan and,
1001; Bangladesh separates
from, 1020; creation of, 832,
1018; migrations, 1018, 1019m,
1032f; nuclear test by, 1049;
split of British India, 1032
Palace at Knossos, 108f
Palace of Versailles,
452–453f, 470–471f
Palenque, 375, 376
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone
Age), 2f, 8, 9
Palestine, 50, 322; British control
of, 826; conflict in, 996, 997m,
998–1000; Jewish immigration
to, 679, 827; Lebanon and,
999–1000; nationalism of Arabs
and Jews in, 827; Oslo Accords,
997f, 999, 1000f
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 997f, 999,
1000f
Palestinian Authority, 999
Pan-Africanism, 830, 988
Panama, 971; break from Colombia, 971; independence of, 713;
1945, 963f; U.S. intervention
in, 713
Panama Canal, 713; opens,
651f; Panama’s control of, 971;
Treaty, 970m
Pan-Arabism, 998
Panel of Ashurbanipal, 55f
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 663,
663f
pantelons, 585f
Pantheon, 161f
papacy: in Avignon, 355; Great
Schism of, 355; in Middle Ages,
342–344; reform of, 342–344,
413–414, 423
Papal States, 304, 319, 342,
414, 596, 629
Paraguay, 711; political events
in, 973m
Paris, France, 319, 551; liberation by Allied troops, 871, 873f;
modernization of, 635; University
of, 350
Paris, Treaty of: of 1763, 560,
561; of 1783, 568; of 1856,
630
Paris Commune, 583, 586, 588
Paris Peace Accords, 1021
Paris Peace Conference, 781
Paris (prince of Troy), 111
Paris Telephone Exchange,
680f
Park Chung Hee, 1028
Parliament: English, 318
Parma, 632
Parthenon, 113f, 125f, 126, 140f
Pasha, Enver, 824q
pashas, 486
Pasteur, Louis, 641
pastoral nomads, 46
paterfamilias, 162
patriarch, 323
patriarchal, 33
patricians, 148, 340
patrilineal, 252
Patriot Act, 1047
Paul (Christian leader), 170,
347
Paul III (pope), 414f, 423, 424
Pax Romana, 157
peacekeeping forces, 1048
Peace of Augsburg, 413m,
417, 418, 424, 460
Peace of Westphalia, 460;
Europe after, 460m
Pearl Harbor: Japanese attack
of, 868, 890
Pearson, Lester, 919
peasant(s): in France, 577, 577f,
580, 588; of Italian Renaissance, 403; in medieval Europe,
336–338, 337f; in Russia, 636;
Wheel of Life of, 337f
Peisistratus (king of
Athens), 117
Peloponnese, 110
Peloponnesian War, 122m;
Great, 123
PEMEX, 846f, 848
peninsulares, 444, 448, 708,
710
Pentagon: 9/11 attack, 945;
terrorist attack on, 1046
People’s Liberation Army
(PLA), 838f, 839, 1012
People’s Republic of China:
after World War II, 1032; civil war
in, 1012; Cultural Revolution,
1014; democracy movement in,
1013m, 1014–1015, 1015f;
Deng Xiaoping, 1014–1015;
enters Korean War, 1016m,
1017, 1032; Four Modernizations, 1014, 1015f; Great Leap
Forward, 1012–1013; Hong
Kong returned to, 1029; Long
March, 837m, 838f, 839; Mao
Zedong. See Mao Zedong; Nationalist-Communist alliance in,
836–837; New Life Movement,
840f, 841; Northern Expedition,
836, 837m; one-child policy,
1016, 1043; population growth
in, 1012, 1016, 1043, 1050;
Red Guards, 1013m, 1014;
since 1945, 1013m; Taiwan,
claims on, 1028, 1029; Tibet
conflict, 1044; U.S. relations
with, 1017; Vietnam War, 1022f;
World Trade Organization membership, 1017
People’s Republic of Korea.
See North Korea
Pépin (king of the Franks),
306
per capita, 1014
perestroika, 932
Pérez, Alan García, 976
Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 977
Pergamum, 137; under Roman
rule, 151
Pericles, 120f, 120q, 121, 123;
Age of, 121
permanent revolution, 1014
Perón, Eva, 974
Perón, Juan, 847, 973–974
Perry, Matthew, 738, 744f;
arrives in Japan, 738, 748f
Persia. See also Iran: Iran develops from, 825–826; nationalism
in, 825–826, 846f; oil discovered in, 825; Persian Wars,
119m; Qājār dynasty, 825
Persian carpets, 504f
Persian Empire, 56m, 56–57.
See also Persia, Iran. Alexander
the Great defeats, 135; challenge of Persia to Greece,
118–119; conquest by Arab
Empire, 193; fall of the, 57;
revival of Kingdom of Judah, 50;
rise of the, 56–57
Persian Gulf, 1001
Persians, 56, 118
Persian Wars, 119m
Peru, 962, 975; Communist
guerrillas in, 980; cultures of
early, 382–385; export economy
of, 715; independence of, 711;
military and civilian rule in,
975–976; political events in,
973m; U.S. role in, 844
pesticides, 1042
Pétain, Marshal Henri, 866
Peter (Christian leader), 304,
347
Index
INDEX
823m. See also Ottoman
Turks; in the 1450s, 490–491f;
advance against S·afavids, 492,
493t; Armenian genocide,
823–824, 824f; break up of the,
783; Crimean War and, 630;
destruction of, 766; division of,
826; Egypt and, 692–693; end
of, 850; expansion into Europe,
486; expansion into Western
Asia and Africa, 485–486;
expansion of, 484, 485m; fall
of, 822–824; nature of Ottoman
rule, 486; Palestine and, 679;
problems in the, 489; religion
in the, 487; society and the role
of women, 488; Topkapi Palace,
487f; World War I impact on,
822–823
Ottoman Turks: control of Western Asia and Africa, 485–486;
expansion into Europe, 486;
rise of the, 484–486; siege of
Constantinople, 485
“out-of-Africa” theory, 7
OVRA, 798
Owen, Robert, 621
Oxford, England, 350
ozone layer, 1042
R111
Peter III (czar of Russia)—Quebec
Peter III (czar of Russia), 557,
557f, 559
Peter the Great (czar of Russia), 469, 478; becomes czar
of Russia, 453
Petrarch, 355q, 406
Petrograd, Russia, 773
phalanx, 113
pharaoh, 37
Pharisees, 169
Pheidippides, 118
Philip Augustus (king of
France), 344
Philip II Augustus (king of
France), 319, 326
Philip II (king of Macedonia),
134
Philip II (king of Spain), 454,
478; height of Spanish power
under, 455m
Philip IV (king of France),
355
Philip IV (Philip the Fair)
(king of France), 319
Philip VI (king of France),
356
Philippines, 527; acquisition by
INDEX
United States, 671, 688–689;
democracy in, 1045; independence gained by, 1021; independence movement by, 689; recent
years, 1023; Spanish, 689
philosophes, 548–549, 551
philosophy, 128; Chinese, 90–
93; classical Greek, 128–131;
Epicureanism, 139; Hellenistic
Era, 138–139; Stoicism, 139
Phoenicia: its colonies and, 52m
Phoenician alphabet, 48,
48f, 110
Phoenicians, 48, 48f, 52–53f;
Punic Wars with Rome, 150–151
photography, 675
photomontage, 814
Physiocrats, 549
Picasso, Pablo, 675–676, 802f,
803
pictographs, 90
Piedmont, Kingdom of, 629,
631–632
pig iron, 616
Pilate, Pontius, 170
pilgrims, 79
Pincevent, France, 12–13f
Pinel, Philipe, 587q
Pinochet, Augusto, 972;
protest of his brutal rule of Chile,
980f
Pisa, Italy, 410f
Pi Sheng, 274f
Pitt, William (the Elder), 560,
566
Pizarro, Francisco, 435
plague, 174; Black Death,
352–353, 353m, 354f
Plains Indians, 371; early
people of North America, 388
planned economies, 767
R112
Index
plantations, 441
Plassey, Battle of, 502m, 504
Plataea, 119
plateaus, 236
Plato, 128f, 129–130, 130q,
182f, 204, 538
Plaza de Mayo: mothers of,
974f
plebeians, 148
plebiscite, 635
Pliny the Younger, 182f, 182q
PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organization), 997f, 999,
1000f
Poe, Edgar Allan, 641
poetry: Chinese, 274–275; epic
poem, 111; heroic epic poems,
362; troubadour poetry, 351,
362
pogroms, 679
Poland, 782, 874, 913, 934, 936;
German invasion of, 859, 890f;
Jews flee to, 353; in late Middle
Ages, 359; nation-state, 782;
revolution crushed in, 627; right
to vote for women, 920; transition from communism, 937m
Poles: in Austrian Empire, 628m,
629, 670
policy of containment, 902
polis, 112. See also city-state(s);
center of Greek life, 113f; early
Greece and, 140
Politburo, 800
political democracy. See
democracy
Politics (Aristotle), 131
Pol Pot, 1021
Polyclitus, 126
polytheistic, 27, 188
Pompeii: eruption of Vesuvius,
182f
Pompey, 154
Pope, Alexander, 549f
popes, 304. See papacy
popular culture, 949. See also
youth culture: global exchange
of popular music, 953f; rock and
roll around the world, 952–953f;
U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s,
922–933f
Popular Front government in
France, 794
population: of Africa, 989; Black
Death and, 354f; of China,
1012, 1016, 1043, 1050; city,
658, 671; current trends, 1050;
in developing nations, 1043;
environmental effects of growth,
1042; in Europe, 659m; of India,
1019; industrialization and, 619;
of Japan, 834; in Middle Ages,
334; world, 393f, 1043, 1050
porcelain, 240–241m, 275, 519;
Ming, 518f
Port Arthur, Manchuria, 743,
744f
Portillo, José López, 966
Portugal, 432; arrival in
China, 512; imperialism by. See
Portugal, colonial interests of;
industrialization in, 655; Portuguese colonies in Latin America,
445m; Portuguese explorers,
431m, 432; Portuguese occupy
Moluccas and are pushed out,
528–529; trading with Japan,
520–521
Portugal, colonial interests
of: in Africa, 693m, 695, 829m,
986; in Latin America, 708,
709m, 711, 712; in Southeast
Asia, 687m
postimpressionism, 675, 675f
postmodernism, 949
Potsdam Conference, 887
praetorian guard, 156
praetors, 148
Prague, Czechoslovakia, 473,
629, 858
“Prague Spring”, 913
The Praise of Folly
(Erasmus), 413, 414f
predestination, 419
prefectures, 740
prehistory, 4
priests, 19
PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), 847, 966
The Prince (Machiavelli), 401
The Princess (Tennyson), 662
Princip, Gavrilo, 760
Principia (Newton), 541
principle of intervention, 625
principle of legitimacy, 624
principle of nonalignment,
415–416, 416f; reasons for,
412–414; spreading of, 424
Provence, France, 358
provincial, 732
Prussia, 467; army in, 555–556;
Austro-Prussian War, 632;
bureaucracy in, 555–556; city
population of, 658; Congress
of Vienna, 624–625; the
emergence of, 467; enlightened
absolutism in, 555m, 555–556;
expansion of, 467m; FrancoPrussian War, 633; German
unification and, 632–633; Seven
Years’ War, 558–559
psychoanalysis, 677, 677f
Ptolemaic system, 540
Ptolemy, 538, 540
public health, 636f, 658–659
puddling, 616, 646f
Pueblo Bonito, 371
pueblos, 371
Puerto Rico, 671, 713
Pugachov, Yemelyan, 557
Punic Wars, 150m, 150–151;
First, 150–151; Second, 151;
Third, 151
Punjab, India, 1019
Puritans, 461
Puteoli, 159
Putin, Vladimir, 934; Chechnya
policy, 935; Russia under,
934–935
Pu Yi, Henry (infant emperor
of China), 734
Pyramid of Kukulcan, 376f
Pyramid of the Sun, 373
Pythagoras, 128
q
1018
printing: development of printing
in China, 274f; Gutenberg’s
press, 402f; Scientific Revolution
and, 538; woodblock printing,
274f
The Prisoner of Chillon
(Byron), 639f
Prisoner of Chillon
(Delacroix), 639f
privatization, 966
procurator, 169
proletariat, 656
propaganda, 762; in Fascist
Italy, 798, 798f; in Nazi Germany,
812–813, 813f
protectorate, 688
Protestantism. See also Protestant Reformation: Anabaptists,
421; Anglicans, 420–421;
Calvinism, 418–420; in England,
455; Lutheranism as start of,
416, 416f; society and, 422;
Zwinglians, 418
Protestant Reformation,
412. See also Protestantism;
beginning of, 424; in England,
420–421; in Germany, 417;
Martin Luther and, 412, 414f,
Qājār dynasty of Persia, 825
Qianlong (emperor of China),
514q, 515
Qin dynasty, 89, 94–96, 98m,
267; the emperor’s army,
94–95, 95f; fall of, 96; Great
Wall, 95–96; political changes,
96
Qing, 512. See Qing dynasty of
China
Qing dynasty of China, 512,
513–515, 748; begins, 509;
China under, 511m; decline
of, 724–731; empire of 1911,
733m; fall of, 732–735; imperialism in China and, 728–731;
Opium War, 726, 727f;
pressures on, 724–725; Qing
adaptations, 513; reform efforts
of, 727–728, 732; Revolution of
1911 brings an end to the, 748f;
Tai Ping Rebellion, 726–727
Qin Shihuangdi (emperor of
China), 94, 96
Quakers. See Society of Friends
Quebec: secession issue, 945,
954
Quechua language—Roosevelt, Theodore
Quechua language, 384
Quetzalcoatl, 377, 379
queues, 513, 736f
“Quiet Night Thoughts” (Li
Bo), 274
quipu, 385
Quo Vadis, 812
Quran, 190, 190f, 191, 192,
203, 210f, 244; calendar of,
208–209f
r
Rabin, Yitzhak, 916f, 1000f
racism: in Germany, 678–679; of
Hitler, 804; imperialism and, 687
Radical Party, 847
Radical’s Arms
(Cruikshank), 592f
radio, 653, 798, 812, 814f
radium, 676
Raffles, Sir Thomas
Stamford, 688
railroads, 617–618, 619
rajas, 70
Rajputs, 286
Ramadan, 191
Ramayana (Indian), 80–81
Ramses II (Egyptian
pharaoh), 40, 40f
Raphael, 406f, 410
Rasputin, Grigory, 772–773
rationalism, 544–545
reading: growth of during Enlightenment, 552
Reagan, Ronald, 931, 943,
944, 969
Reagan Revolution, 944
realism, 643, 646; in art, 642f,
643; in literature, 643
realpolitik, 632
real wages, 917, 920
Reconquista of Spain,
358–359, 358f
Red Army, 772, 777
Red Cross, 1053; helps famine
victims in Sudan, 1054f
parade in Beijing, 1032f
redistribution of wealth, 841
Red River. See Yuan River
“Red Scare”, 917–918, 924
Red Sea, 236, 239
Red Shirts, 632
Red Square, 933f
Red Terror, 777
Reform Act of 1832, 634f, 663f
Reform Act of 1867, 634f, 668
Reform Act of 1884, 668
Reformation. See Protestant
Reformation
regime, 96, 635
regional identity: nationalism
and, 951; in Western Europe,
950m
Reichstag, 670, 805, 806
590–591f, 604; beginning of,
574; clothing during, 584–585f;
clothing worn during, 585f; decapitation of Feraud, 595f; end
of, 592; victims, by class, 592f
reincarnation, 73
relativity, theory of, 676–677
relics, 347, 414
religion(s), 18–19. See also individual religions: African, 253m,
253–254; ancient Egyptian,
35–36, 59f; ancient Persian, 57;
ancient societies’ belief about
creation, 58–59f; Aztec, 379,
386–387f; Buddhism, principles
of, 74–75, 216–217; Calvinism,
460; Confucianism, 90–93,
220–221f; Daoism, 93; development during Neolithic Revolution,
18–19; development of Christianity, 168–173, 218–219f; in
early Japan, 282; Enlightenment
and, 553; in Europe, 1600,
419m; French Revolution and,
590; Greek, 124–125, 125f;
growth of religion in ancient
Egypt, 35–36; growth of religion
in Mesopotamia, 27; Hinduism,
72–73f, 222–223; indigenous,
230–232f; of India, 72–75,
284–286, 285t, 1019f; Islam,
210, 224–225f; Judaism,
50–51 226–227f; in medieval
Europe, 342–347; monotheistic,
50; neo-Confucianism, 273;
Olympian gods, 125t; in Ottoman world, 487; Persian, 57;
polytheistic, 27; religious trends,
950–951; rise of Islam in Africa,
239; Roman, 168–169, 169f;
Sikhism, 228–229f; Shinto, 282;
in Southeast Asia, 295, 527;
spread of Christianity, 171m,
172f; Sumerian, 29; trends in
Western culture, 950–951;
Zen, 282
religious orders: Cistercians,
344; Dominicans, 345–346;
Franciscans, 345–346; women
in, 344–345
Renaissance: Carolingian, 307
Renaissance, Italian,
398–399, 399m; art after the,
472–474; art of, 409–411;
education of, 408–409; High
Renaissance, 410; humanism
of, 406–408; Italian city-states
of, 399m, 399–400; Italian wars
of, 400; in Italy and Northern
Europe, 424; in northern Europe,
411; popes of, 413–414; Scientific Revolution and, 538; society,
402–403, 404–405f
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 674
reparations, 781, 791, 792
republic, 148
Republicans, 637
Republic of China. See Taiwan
(Formosa)
Republic of Korea. See South
Korea
Republic of Virtue, 589–590,
592
The Republic (Plato), 129–130
Restoration, 462–463
The Return of the King, 949
revisionists, 657
Revive China Society, 732
revolution: permanent, 1014
Revolutionary Alliance, 733
Revolution of 1911, 734–735
On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres
(Copernicus), 540
Revolutions of 1830, 626–627
Revolutions of 1848, 627–629
Reza Shah Pahlavi (shāh of
Iran), 825–826, 846f
Rhee, Syngman, 1027–1028
Rhineland, 857
Rhodes, Cecil, 696f, 697
Rhodesia, 697
ribbed vault, 348, 349f
Richard I (Richard the
Lionhearted) (king of
England), 326
Richelieu, Cardinal, 464
Riefenstahl, Leni, 813f
Rio de Janeiro, 980f
Riou, Edouard, 694f
The Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 676
rituals, 124
Rivera, Diego, 848f, 849
Riza-i-Abbasi, 495
Robespierre, Maximilien,
588, 588f, 589q, 590, 591f,
592, 594q
Rockefeller, Nelson, 849
Rocket, 617–618, 618f
rococo style, 562, 562f
Rodriguez, Simon, 710f
Roe v. Wade, 948
Roma, 877
Roman Catholic Church. See
Catholic Church
Roman Confederation, 148
Roman Empire, 78, 194, 268;
Christianity, 168–173, 172f;
beginning of the, 156–159;
Charlemagne, 307; decline
and fall of the Western Empire,
178; the decline of, 174–176;
Eastern Empire, 322–323. See
also Byzantine Empire; economy
and society, 159; emperors and
Early Empire, 156–157; empire
replaces republic, 178; expansion of, 158–159; Germanic
tribes migrate into, 176–177;
Holy Roman Empire, 319–320;
invasion of Sassanid Persians,
174; invasions into the, 176m;
Judaism in, 169; Justinian, 322;
Pax Romana, 157; persecution
of Christians, 171–172; political
structure of, 148–149; problems
and upheavals in, 174; reforms
by Diocletian and Constantine,
174–176; religion in the,
168–169; Roman religion, 169f;
under the Tetrarchs, 175m; trade
and expansion, 158m; trade with
China, 78–79
Romanesque architecture,
348
Romania, 158, 782, 938;
independence of, 673; transition
Romanians, 628m, 629
Roman law, 149–150, 149f;
Twelve Tables, 149f
Romanov, Michael (czar of
Russia), 468
Roman Republic, 148–150;
end of the, 152–155; First Punic
War, 150–151; First Triumvirate,
154; growing unrest in, 152;
Law of Nations, 150; role of
Roman army, 153–154; Roman
law, 149–150; Rome creates an
expansive republic, 178; Second
Punic War, 151; Second Triumvirate, 155; struggle of the two
orders, 149; successful strategies of, 148; Third Punic War,
151; war and conquest, 148
Romansch, 628m
Roman Senate, 148–149, 168
romanticism, 638, 646; in art
and music, 638–640; in literature, 640–641
Rome, ancient, 146. See also
Roman Empire; Roman Republic:
games of death in, 166–167f;
gladiators in Roman society,
166–167f; influence of the
Etruscans, 147; influence of the
Greeks, 147; life in, 162–163,
163f; living conditions in, 165;
the rise of, 146–151; Roman
bath in Bath, England, 156f;
slavery and slave revolts in, 164;
Vandals sack, 177; Visigoths
sack, 177
Rome, Italy, 632; as papal
residence, 355; as pilgrimage
center, 347; sack of, 400; Sistine
Chapel in, 410, 410f
INDEX
Red Guards, 1013m, 1014;
Reign of Terror, 589–590,
Romero, Oscar (Archbishop),
969
Rommel, Erwin, 869
Romulus Augustulus (Roman emperor), 177
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano,
866; Executive Order 9066,
882f; Good Neighbor policy, 845,
848, 962; New Deal, 795, 917;
United Nations supported by,
1048; Yalta Conference, 886
Roosevelt, Theodore, 713,
713f, 744
Index
R113
Roosevelt Corollary—Siddhārtha Gautama
Roosevelt Corollary, 713f
Rosetta Stone, 608f
Rothschild, Lord, 826f
Rothwell, Richard, 640f
Roundheads, 461
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
551
Royal Road: in Persian Empire,
57
Rubaiyat (Khayyám), 206
Rubens, Peter Paul, 474
Rubicon River, 154
Rudel, Jaufré, 351q
Ruhr Valley, 791, 791m
Russia, 321, 797. See also Soviet
Union; Balkans and, 673; Black
Death spread to, 352; Boxer Rebellion and, 731; city population
of, 658; civil war in, 776–777;
communism in, 775, 776f;
Crimean War, 630–631;
enlightened absolutism in,
555m, 557–558; expansion of,
1505–1725, 468m; government
of, 670; independence from
Soviet Union, 932; industrialization in, 655; Kievan Rus, 321;
the March Revolution, 773–774;
mobilization of, 761; Mongols,
321; 359; Napoleon’s invasion
of, 575, 602m, 602–603; the
new, 934–935, 934f; New
Economic Policy in, 799; Peter
the Great, 468–469; under
Putin, 934–935; reform in,
635–636; the Russian Revolution, 772–777, 773m; Seven
Years’ War, 559; spheres of
influence in China, 728–729;
Triple Entente, 672, 758; using
resources as political lever, 935;
war with Japan, 743–744, 744f;
under Yeltsin, 934
Russian Revolution, 772–777,
775f, 784
Russo-Japanese War,
INDEX
743–744, 744f
Ruthenians, 628m, 629
Rutherford, Ernest, 815
Rwanda, 990, 1045; number of
Rwandans killed during TutsiHutu conflict in 1994, 1059f
Ryukyu Islands, 743
s
sacraments, 344, 415, 422f
Sadat, Anwar el-, 999, 1003
Sadducees, 169
S·afavid dynasty of Persia,
492–494. See also S·afavid
Empire; S·afavids; at the crossroads of trade and of history,
496–497f; life under, 495; rule
of the, 492–495
S·afavid Empire. See also
S·afavid dynasty of Persia;
R114
Index
S·afavids: 1501–1722, 493m;
advance against Ottoman Turks,
492; compared to Ottoman
Empire, 493t; glory and decline,
494
S·afavids, 492–495. See also
S·afavid dynasty of Persia;
S·afavid Empire; history and
culture, 504
S·afıˉ od-Dıˉn (Turkish leader),
492
Sahara Desert, 236
Saigon, Vietnam, 688, 1021
Saikaku, Ihara, 523
Saint Benedict, 305; daily
timetable for monks, 305t
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux,
326, 344, 362f
Saint Domingue, Hispaniola,
708
Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome,
416f, 473, 473f
Saint Petersburg, Russia,
469, 670
Saint Thomas, Church of, 563
Sakhalin Island, 744
Saladin (sultan of Egypt),
198, 326
Sallust (Roman historian),
154q
salons, 552–553, 564–565f
Salt March, 832, 833f; number
of miles walked, 895f
salvation, 414, 422f
Salween River, 292
Samarqand, 286
Sāmarrā’, 207
Samoan Islands, 671
Samudra Gupta (king of
Gupta Empire), 79
samurai, 280; attacking a Mongol
ship, 280f
San, Aung, 1021
Sánchez Navarro family, 712
sanctions, 861
Sandinistas, 971
sanitation, 658–659
San Lorenzo, 372
San Martin, José de, 710–711,
710f
sans-culottes, 583, 585f
Sanskrit, 70, 289
Santa Anna, Antonio López
de, 711–712
Santiago de Compostela,
Spain, 347
Santo Domingo, 713f
Sarajevo: assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in, 760
Sardinia, 631
Sargon (king of Akkadians),
32
Sassanid Persians, 174
SA (Storm Troops) (Brownshirts), 804
Sat-Cho alliance, 739, 740
satellites, 1038, 1039f, 1040
satellite states, 902
Satires (Horace), 162
satrapies, 57
Satsuma, Japan, 739
Saudi Arabia: creation of, 827,
846f; nationalism in, 827, 846f;
oil discovered in, 827
savannas, 237
Savonarola, Girolamo, 400
Savoy, Italy, 631, 632
Saya San, 690f, 691
Say’s Law, 794f
Scandinavia, 352
Schindler, Oscar, 894q
schism, 324
Schleswig, 632
Schlieffen Plan, 761, 763m
Schliemann, Heinrich, 109
scholar-gentry, 269
scholasticism, 350
School of Athens (Raphael),
410
Schröder, Gerhard, 916f
Schutzstaffeln. See SS
science: advancements in,
204–205; in ancient Egypt, 43;
in ancient India, 81; Hellenistic
Era, 138–139; junk, 678;
nineteenth century, 641–642,
676–677; technology and science in Western culture, 946
scientific method, 544f, 545,
546
Scientific Revolution, 542f,
570; astronomy and, 540–541,
542f; causes of, 538–539;
chemistry and, 542; intellectuals of, 539m; medicine and,
542; rationalism and, 544–545;
women’s contributions to, 543
Scivias (Hildegard of
Bingen), 345f
Scotland, 456; United Kingdom
formed with England, 566
Scott, Sir Walter, 640
sculpture: African, 255; classical
Greek, 126; Hellenistic Era, 137;
of Michelangelo, 410f; modernism in, 675; Renaissance,
409–410; Roman, 160
Sea of Marmara, 484
The Seasons (Haydn), 563
secede, 637
Secondat, Charles-Louis de.
See Montesquieu, baron de
Second Battle of the Marne,
778
Second Continental Congress, 568
Second Empire of France,
635
Second German Empire, 633
Second International, 657
Second Punic War, 151
Second Republic of France,
628
The Second Sex (de
Beauvoir), 920f, 921
Second Triumvirate, 155
secular, 398
secularization, 641
Seko, Mobutu Sese, 988
self-strengthening, 728
Selim I (sultan of Ottoman
Empire), 485, 486
Selim II (sultan of Ottoman
Empire), 489
Seljuk Turks, 197; Crusades
and, 198; pressures on Byzantine Empire, 324
Seneca Falls, New York, 661f
Senegal, 830, 988
Senghor, Léopold, 830, 988
Seoul, South Korea, 525, 1028
separation of powers, 548,
569
sepoy, 702
Sepoy Mutiny (Great
Rebellion) (First War of
Independence), 702–703,
703f, 718f
September 11, 2001, 1001,
1002f, 1046–1047
Septimius Severus (Roman
emperor), 174
Serbia, 760, 782, 939; Bosnian
Crisis and, 673
Serbs: in Austrian Empire, 628m,
629
serfs, 336; Black Death’s effects
on, 353, 354f; in manorial system, 336–338; in Russia, 636
Seven Years’ War, 558–561,
559m, 560m, 560–561f
Sforza, Francesco, 400
shah, 492; role of the, 495
Shaka Zulu, 696f, 697
Shakespeare, William, 474,
475q
Shandong Peninsula, 729
Shang dynasty, 86, 86m,
86–87
Shanghai, China, 736, 736f,
836, 837, 838, 1014
Shanghai Massacre, 837
shantytown(s): slums in Rio de
Janeiro, 980f
shari’ah, 191
Sharpeville Massacre, 987,
991f
sheikh, 188
Shelley, Mary, 640, 640q, 641
Shia Muslims, 194, 210, 493,
493t, 494, 501,1001, 1002
Shikibu, Murasaki, 393f
Shining Path, 976
Shinto, 282
Shiva the Destroyer, 72
shogun, 281
Shoˉtoku Taishi (Japanese
ruler), 279–280
Siberia, 728, 776, 801, 911
Sicily: Black Death spread to,
352; first Roman province, 151;
kingdom of, 629, 632
Siddhārtha Gautama, 73–75,
74f
Siddhārtha (Hesse)—Stalin, Joseph
Siddhārtha (Hesse), 815
Sieveking, Amalie, 663
The Signing of Peace in the
Hall of Mirrors, Versailles,
28th June 1919, 782f
Sikhs, 1019, 1019m, 1020
Sikhism, 228–229f
Sikkim, 729
Silent Spring (Carson), 1042
Silesia, 558, 559
silicon chip, 1039
silk: in history, 82–83f
Silk Road, 78, 188, 268; famous
fabric, 82–83f
Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da,
975
Sima Qian, 96q
Simon, Paul, 949
Simon Peter (Christian
leader), 170
Sinai Peninsula, 158, 999
Sinan, 488
Singapore, 1032; colony of, 688;
recent years, 1029
Sistine Chapel, 410, 410f, 424f
Six-Day War, 997f, 998–999
slavery: abolishment in British
The Social Contract
(Rousseau), 551
Social Darwinism, 678, 678f,
687, 804
Social Democratic Party:
emergence of German, 650
Social Democrats: in West
Germany, 941–942
socialism, 621; African, 988;
early, 621; industrialization and,
655–657; utopian, 420f, 621
socialist parties, 655, 657, 670
Socialists: in France, 940
social sciences: of the Enlightenment, 549–550
classless, 656, 656f; consumer,
920; mass, 658–665; matrilineal, 252; patrilineal, 252;
stateless, 249; trading, 294;
urban, 398
Society of Friends: condemnation of slavery, 443
Society of Harmonious Fists
(Boxers), 731
Society of Jesus (Jesuits),
423
Socrates, 128f, 129
Socratic method, 129
Sokoto, 697
Solomon (king of Israelites),
49
Solon, 117
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 911
Somalia, 989, 990
Song dynasty, 266; begins, 267f
Songhai kingdom (Africa),
245
Song of Roland, 351
Songs of Experience (Blake),
641
Songs of Innocence (Blake),
641
Sophists, 129; art of debate and,
130f
Sophocles, 126, 182q
South Africa: apartheid in,
986–987, 990, 991f; democratic elections in, 990, 991f;
imperialism in, 696–697; societies in, 249; Zimbabwe, 249
South African Republic
(Transvaal), 696
South America. See also
individual states: early people of,
382–385, 383m, 388; imperialism in, 686; nationalist revolts in,
710–711; nations of, 972–977;
number of countries under
colonial power, 753f; as part of
Spanish Empire, 435; political
events in, 973m
South Asia: after World War II,
1032
South China Sea, 98
Southeast Asia, 291m, 526;
after independence, 1021; after
World War II, 1032; civilization
in, 290–295; conflicts in, 526;
democracy in, 1023; ethnic
and religious conflicts in, 1044;
impact of geography on, 290;
imperialism in, 687m, 688–691;
Japanese colonial policies,
879; life in early, 294–295;
nationalism in, 691, 879; new
imperialism and, 718; religious
and political systems, 527–528,
527m; society, 295; during
the spice trade, 526–529,
532f; states of, 293t; trade in,
294–295; women in, 1023
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 905
Southern Song period (of
China), 267f
South Korea, 1032. See also
Korea; creation of, 1017; democracy in, 1045; Korean War,
1016m, 1017; recent years,
1027–1028, 1028
South Vietnam, 1021, 1032
Southwest Asia: impact of
Crusades, 198; in Muhammad’s
time, 189f; trade in, 201m
soviets, 774
Soviet Union, 910. See also
Russia; by 1939, 801m;
Afghanistan occupation by,
1001; aid to Cuba, 969; attacks Budapest, 913; Battle of
Kursk, 871; biological weapon
agreement, 1040; blockade of
West Berlin, 902; breakup of,
931m, 933f; China and, 836,
1017; during the Cold War,
900–907, 924; collectivization
in, 800–801; creation of, 799;
decline of, 930–935; decline of
Cuban economy, 980; Eastern
Europe and, 910–913; economic
and political change in, 954;
explodes its first atomic bomb,
905; Five-Year Plans of, 800;
former Soviet republics, 933t;
German-Soviet war, 880; Hitler
and the Soviets, 858–859, 867;
industrialization in, 800, 801m;
invades Czechoslovakia, 913;
Korea and, 1017; mobilization
during World War II, 880–881;
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression
Pact, 858–859, 859f; part of
the Grand Alliance, World War
II, 869; policy of deterrence,
905; postwar Soviet leaders,
910–912; refusal to participate
in 1984 Los Angeles Olympic
Games, 949; role of women in
the war effort, 881; Spanish Civil
War and, 803; Stalin,800–801;
under stress, 930–931; Suez
War, 997; Tehran Conference,
886; Yalta Conference, 886–887
space exploration: Hubble
Space Telescope, 1040; Mars
missions, 1040; moon landing,
946, 1040; satellites, 1038,
1039f, 1040
space race, 946; U.S. astronauts
first to walk on the moon, 954f;
U.S. landing on moon, 946
Spain: American Revolution,
568; authoritarian rule in, 803;
conflicts during Wars of Religion,
454–456; conquest of the Inca,
435; defeat of the Spanish
Armada, 456m; destruction of
Aztec civilization, 434–435;
height of Spanish power under
Philip II, 455m; imperialism by.
See Spain, colonial interests of;
industrialization in, 655; Italian
wars, 400; as a Muslim state,
194; monarchy in, 358–359;
Reconquista of, 358–359, 358f;
Second Republic of, 803; Seven
Years’ War, 561; Spanish-American War, 671, 688; Spanish Civil
War, 802f, 803; Spanish colonies
in Latin America, 445m; Spanish
Empire, 434–436; Spanish
explorers, 431m, 432–433
Spain, colonial interests of:
in Africa, 693m, 829m; in the
Americas, 375; in Latin America,
386f, 708–711, 709m, 712
Spanish-American War, 671,
688, 713
Spanish Armada: defeat of the,
452f, 456, 456m
Spanish Civil War, 802f, 803
Spanish Empire, 434–436
Sparta, city-state of, 115,
115–117; compared to Athens,
182f
Spartacus, 164
Speer, Albert, 883
Spencer, Herbert, 678, 678f
spheres of influence, 725m,
729, 730–731, 748f
Spice Islands, 528, 529, 532.
See also Moluccas (Spice
Islands); spice trade
spice trade: arrival of Europeans,
528–529; the Dutch at Batavia,
528f; impact on the mainland,
529; Islamic trade network, 526;
in the Moluccas, 532f; Portuguese occupy Moluccas and are
pushed out, 528–529; Southeast
Asia during the, 526–529
the Spider (Louis XI), 357
spinning jenny, 615
Spirit, Mars rover, 1040
The Spirit of the Laws
(Montesquieu), 548
Spirituals, 346f
sports: as leisure activities,
INDEX
Empire, 753f; in Africa, 252; in
ancient Rome, 164; Dutch merchants’ charge for one enslaved
African, 609f; enslaved Africans
working on a sugarcane plantation, 448f; in Islamic society,
202–203; sources of enslaved
Africans, 442; in United States,
443, 637, 671
slave trade, 441–442; African
slave trade of Europe, Asia, and
the Americas, 448; Atlantic,
440–443, 441m; effects of,
443; growth of, 442; Middle
Passage, 442; the Royal African
Company, 609f; triangular trade,
442, 448; in West Africa, 692
Slavs, 320; in Austrian Empire,
670
Slovakia, 858, 937
Slovaks, 628m, 629
Slovenes, 628m, 629
Slovenia, 939
Smith, Adam, 549–550, 549f,
550f
social contract, 551
Social Security Act, 795
Society for Revolutionary
Republican Women, 590
society(ies): agricultural, 294;
664f, 665, 813
Spring (Ba Jin), 737
“Spring Prospect” (Du Fu),
275
Sputnik I, 905, 910, 946, 1059f
SS (Schutzstaffeln), 807, 807f
stained glass windows, 349,
349f
stalemate, 1021
Stalin, Joseph, 816, 858,
859f, 912, 924; creating a new
industrial base in the Soviet
Union, 910; death of, 911; effects of, on Soviet Union, 801;
fear of capitalist West, 900; Five
Year Plans of, 800; Korean War
and, 1017; Potsdam Conference,
Index
R115
Stalingrad—Tigris River
887; reign of, 910–911; rise of,
800; Yalta Conference, 886
Stalingrad, 869
Stamp Act, 567
Standard Oil, 827
Stanley, Henry, 695
The Starry Messenger
(Galileo), 540
The Starry Night (van Gogh),
675f
state capitalism, 1026
stateless societies, 249
steamboats, 619
steam engine, 616, 618f
steam locomotive, 617, 618f
steel industry, 652, 671
stem-cell research, 1040
Stephenson, George, 617
Steppenwolf (Hesse), 815
Stevin, Simon, 539
stock market crash, 792, 816
Stockton & Darlington, 617
Stoicism, 139
Stonebreakers (Courbet),
642f
Storm Troops (SA) (Brownshirts), 804
Strait of Bosporus, 114
Strait of Hellespont, 114
Strait of Hormuz, 1001
Strait of Malacca, 293
Strait of Shimonoseki, 739
Stravinsky, Igor, 676
Stresemann, Gustav, 792
strike, 657
student revolts, 921; Kent State
INDEX
488f, 489, 504
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (Roman general), 153; seize of
Rome, 154
Sullivan, Louis H., 676
sultan, 197, 486
sultanate of Delhi, 286
Sumerian cities, 28–29
Sumerians, 26. See also Mesopotamia; cities, 28–29; creativity
of, 30–31; discovery of bronze,
29; invention of the wheel, 29;
technology, 31; writing and
literature, 30
Sumitomo, 834
Summa Theologica
(Aquinas), 350
sumo: ceremony of, 746–747f;
wrestlers, 746–747f
Sumptuary Laws, clothing
and, 584–585f
Sundiata Keita (king of
Mali), 244, 244f, 255
Sun Fo, 841q
Sunni Ali (king of Songhai),
245, 393f
Sunni Baru (king of Songhai),
393f
Sunni Muslims, 194, 210, 493,
493t, 504, 1001, 1002
Sun Yat-sen (Chinese
nationalist), 732–735,
University, 918; in Mexico, 966
stupa, 81; stupas show spread of
Buddhism, 80f
subsidies, 440, 741
subsistence farming, 247
733q, 734f, 734q, 748, 752q;
836–837, 839q
superego, 677f
supergerms, 1040
supply-side economics, 794f
surrealism, 814–815
Sudan: British control of,
sustainable development,
694; Darfur conflict, 990, 1044;
drought in, 989; Red Cross helps
famine victims in, 1054f
Sudetenland, 858
Sudras, 70, 71f
Suez Canal, 693, 694, 694f,
700f, 997; inauguration of the,
718f
Suez Canal Company, 997,
997f
Suez War, 997, 997f
suffrage, 663; African American,
671; universal male, 628, 668,
669, 670
suffrage movement, 663, 663f
suffrage movement,
women’s, 661f
Suharto, General, 1023
Sui dynasty, 264; begins, 266f
Sui Wendi: reunites China, 266f
Sui Yangdi (emperor of
China), 264, 266f
Sukarno, Achmed, 1021
sukiyaki, 1031f
R116
Süleyman I (Süleyman the
Magnificent) (sultan of
Ottoman Empire), 486,
Index
1042
suttee, 70, 501
Suu Kyi, Aung San, 1021
Swadeshamitram (Aiyar),
707
Swahili, 248
Swan, Joseph, 652
swastika, 805f
Swaziland, 989
Sweden: right to vote for women,
920
Swift, Jonathan, 549f
Switzerland: Calvinism in,
418–420; voting rights in, 794;
Zwinglian Reformation in, 418
symbolist writers, 674
Syncom-IV satellite, 1039f
Syria, 137, 193, 322; French
control of, 826; independence
of, 996; in United Arab Republic,
998; Yom Kippur War, 997f, 999
systematic agriculture, 14;
development of, 17m; develops,
3; humans begin to practice
after Ice Age, 20
t
Tabrıˉz, 492
tabula rasa, 546
Tagore, Rabindranath, 706f,
707, 707q
taille, 357, 576
Taipei, Taiwan, 1028
Tai Ping Rebellion, 726–727
T’ai Tsu (emperor of China),
267f
Taiwan (Formosa), 513, 1032;
democracy in, 1045; Japanese
control of, 729, 743, 835; Nationalist Chinese settle on, 1012,
1028; recent years, 1028–1029
Taj Mahal, 501–502, 504f, 608f,
704
The Tale of Genji (Shikibu),
282, 282f, 393f
Taliban, 944f, 945, 1001
Tang dynasty, 264–266; begins,
266f; collapses, 267f; gains
control of Korea, 283
Tang Xuanzang (emperor of
China), 265
Tannenberg, Battle of, 763
Tanzania, 247, 988
Tao Te Ching (The Way of
the Dao), 93
Taylor, Keith W., 291q
technological revolution,
1054
technology: environment and,
947f; exploration and, 433f;
during Han dynasty, 99; and
horror of war, 770–771f; impact
on industrialization, 646; of
Industrial Revolution, 615–618,
618f; of Middle Ages, 334;
Scientific Revolution and,
538–539; of Second Industrial
Revolution, 652–655; since the
1970s, 1038–1041, 1039f;
spread and transformation of
Western, 954; Sumerian, 31;
technological revolution, 1054;
and Western culture, 946; of
World War I, 764f
Tehran, Iran, 825
Tehran Conference, 886
telephone: cell, 1039f; invention
of, 653; satellite, 1039f
television: satellites and, 1039f;
terrorism and, 1002f, 1046
Ten Commandments, 50
Tennis Court Oath, 578–579f,
579
Tennyson, Lord, 662q
Tenochtitlán, 377, 379, 387f
Teotihuacán, 373–374, 377
tepees, 371
terror: war on, 944f
terrorism, 1054; in Afghanistan,
1001; car bomb, 1054f; in Iraq,
1002; Islamic militants and,
1047; modern, 1046; nuclear,
1049; in Philippines, 1023; in
the United States, 1001, 1002f,
1046–1047, 1046f; weapons of
mass destruction, 1040
Tetrarchs, 175m
Tetzel, Johann, 415, 416f
Texas: independence of, 711
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 644q
Thai, 292
Thailand (Siam), 292; independence maintained by, 688
Thatcher, Margaret, 943,
1058q
Thatcherism, 943
theater: Japanese Kabuki, 524,
530–531f; Shakespearean, 474
Thebes, 123, 134
Themistocles, 118
theocracy, 29
Theodosius I (Theodosius the
Great) (Roman emperor),
172f, 173
theology, 350
theory of relativity, 676–677,
895f
Thera, 109
Theravada, 284
Theravada Buddhism. See
also Buddhism
Thermopylae, 119
Things Fall Apart (Achebe),
993
Third Punic War, 151
Third Reich, 805f, 806, 856
Third Republic of France,
668–669
Third Symphony
(Beethoven), 640
Thirteenth Amendment, 671
Thirty Years’ War, 460, 478;
start of the, 452
Thomas à Becket, 317
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 350,
350f
Thrace, 57, 114
Three People’s Principles,
734
Throne of Saint Peter
(Bernini), 474
Thucydides, 127, 128q
Thuku, Harry, 830, 830q, 846f
Thutmose III (Egyptian
pharaoh), 40
Tiananmen Square, 1015,
1015f
Tianjin, China, 736
Tianjin, Treaty of, 727
Tiberius (Roman emperor),
156
Tiber River, 146
Tibet, 265, 729, 1044
Tientsin, 748f
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista,
562
Tigris River, 26, 196
Tikal—United States
Tikal, 375
Tilak, Balwantrao
Gangadhar, 707
Timbuktu, Mali, 244
Timur Lenk (Tamerlane),
empire, 492, 498
Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)
(ruler of Samarqand), 286,
286f, 492
Title IX Education Amendment, 661f
Title VII of Civil Rights Act of
1964, 661f
Tito (Josip Broz), 912
Togo, 692
Toˉjoˉ, Hideki, 883
Tokitaka, Lord, 521, 521q
Tokugawa Era, 523–524, 532.
See also Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu, 520; takes
title of shogun in Japan, 508
Tokugawa shogunate, 738
Tokyo, 278; earthquake of 1923,
278, 895f
Tokyo Bay (Edo Bay), 738
Tokyo (Edo), Japan, 740;
teenagers in, 1030–1031f
Toledo, Alejandro, 976
the Toltec, 376–377; early
people of Mesoamerica, 388
Tonkin, 688
tools: early humans learn to make,
20f; humans use simple stone,
8; Paleolithic humans carve with
stone, 2f
Topa Inca (Incan ruler), 384,
384f
Topiltzin (Toltec ruler), 377
Topkapi Palace, 487, 487f
totalitarian governments,
816
totalitarian state, 796
total war, 767; the impact of,
767–769; and women, 769
Toudouze, Georges, 766f
Touré, Sékou, 988
tournaments, 312
Tours, Battle of, 194, 195f
708–709
townspeople: of Italian Renaissance, 403
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 520, 525,
608q
trade: in ancient Greece, 114; in
Arab Empire, 196, 200; Arab
traders, 240–241m; Atlantic
slave, 441–443, 441m; balance
of, 440; Black Death and, 352,
353; colonies and mercantilism,
440–442; Columbian Exchange
and international trade, 436f;
Commodore Perry and Japan,
748f; during Dark Age in Greece,
110; effects of the slave, 443;
global, 1052; Greek colonies
and, 115m; growth of medieval
Trudeau, Pierre, 945
Truman, Harry S., 871, 884,
United Arab Republic (UAR),
917; Korean War and, 1017;
Potsdam Conference, 887; Truman Doctrine, 901–902
Truman Doctrine, 901–902
tsetse fly, 237
Tudor dynasty, 358
Tugendhat House, 894f
Tula, 376–377
Tunisia: French protectorate in,
694; independence of, 986
Turing, Alan, 1038
Turkey, 197; Islamic revivalism
and, 1003; modernization of,
846f; Republic of, 824, 846f;
the Truman Doctrine, 901; Young
Turks, 822, 824f
Turkish Republic, 824, 846f
Tuscany, 400, 632
United Fruit Company, 844
United Kingdom of Great
Britain. See also Great Britain:
transnational organizations,
Two Treatises of Government
(Locke), 477; John Locke
1053
Trans-Siberian railway, 729
Transvaal (later South African Republic), 696, 697
Treatise on Toleration (Voltaire), 548
Treaty of Kanagawa, 738, 748
Treaty of Nijmegen: signing
of, 478f
Treaty of Tordesillas, 433,
609f
Treaty of Versailles, 782f, 784
trench warfare, 763, 764f, 784;
tactics of, 765; during World War
I, 770–771f
Trent, 423
Trés Riches Heures, 337f
Trevithick, Richard, 617
triangular trade, 442, 448
tribunes, 149
tribute, 378
Triple Alliance, 672, 680, 758
Triple Alliance (Aztec), 379
Triple Entente, 672, 680, 758
Triplicane Literary Society,
707
Tripoli: Italian control of, 694
Triumph of the Will
(Riefenstahl), 813f
tropical rain forest destruction, 1042, 1043f
Trotsky, Leon, 775, 777, 799q,
800
troubadour poetry, 351, 362
Troy, 109, 111, 140f
Tutankhamen (Egyptian
pharaoh), 40, 44f
Tut (king of Egypt), 895f
Tutsi, 990
Tutu, Desmond, 990
Twelve Tables, 149–150; Roman law, 149f
twentieth-century: crisis,
754–893
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the,
629, 632
writes, 453
tyrants, 114
Tyre: in ancient Phoenicia, 52–53f
u
Uganda, 989, 990
Uighurs, 266
ukiyo-e, 742f
Ukraine, 321, 776; independence
Ukrainians, 629
ulema, 487
ultra-Catholics, 457
Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich. See
V. I. Lenin
Ulysses (Joyce), 815
Umayyad dynasty, 194. See
also Arab Empire
Umbria, Italy, 340f
uncertainty principle, 815
unconscious mind, 677, 677f,
815
UNESCO (United Nations
Education, Scientific and
Cultural Organization),
1049f
Union of French Indochina,
688
Union of South Africa, 697
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). See
Soviet Union
unions. See trade unions
998
creation of, 566
United Nations, 1054; AIDS
initiatives of, 1041; creation
of, 1048; General Assembly of,
1048; Iraq war and, 1002; Israeli
statehood and, 996; in Korea,
1016m, 1017, 1028f, 1028f;
literacy programs of, 1049f; Millennium Development Goals of,
1052f; NGOs and, 1053; nuclear
proliferation and, 1049; peacekeeping role of, 1048; plans for
establishing at the Yalta Conference, 887; Security Council of,
1048; sustainable development
promoted by, 1042; Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,
1045; view of colonialism, 986;
Yom Kippur War and, 999
United Nations Education,
Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO),
1049f
United States: 1960s and civil
rights, 918; Afghanistan invasion
by, 1001, 1047; after World War
II, 917–919; American-Canadian
relations, 919, 943–945; architecture in, 116f, 676; Articles
of Confederation, 569; Bill of
Rights, 568f, 569, 626; Boxer
Rebellion and, 731; Camp David
Accords, 999; China and, 726,
1017; civil rights movement in,
582f, 918; Civil War, 443, 637,
663, 671; Cold War and, 900–
907; Constitution, 569; control
of Panama Canal, 971; economy
of, 671; entry into World War
I, 767; entry into World War II,
868; fear of communism, 900;
Good Neighbor policy, 845, 848,
962; Great Depression and,
795; growing Hispanic American
population, 964f; Guam and,
671; Hawaiian Islands and,
671, 671f; Homeland Security,
Department of, 1046f, 1047;
imperialism by, 671, 687m,
688, 689f, 730–731; Industrial
Revolution spread to, 619; intervention in Central American
politics, 980; Iran hostage
crisis, 1001; Iraq invasion by,
1001–1002; Iraq invasion
of Kuwait and, 1001; “island
hopping” to Japan in World War
II, 869; Japanese anime and,
1027f; Japanese expansion and,
835; Japanese isolation and,
738–739; Japanese products in,
741f, 834f; Japanese relations
with, 744; Korean War, 1016m,
Index
INDEX
Toussaint-Louverture,
François-Dominique,
cities and, 362f; during Han
dynasty, 99; imperialism and
trade in Japan, 748; in India,
289; Indian Ocean, 240–241m,
247–248, 248m; Islamic trade
network, 526; in kingdom of
Ghana, 243; Kush and Axum
kingdoms in Africa, 238t; medieval, 338, 339, 339m; Minoan,
108–109; networks from East
Africa to Asia, 240–241m; Phoenician, 48, 52–53f; Portuguese
take control of, 240–241m;
Roman Empire, 158m; between
Roman Empire and China,
78–79; S·afavid, 496–497f; sale
of British goods in China, 748f;
Silk Road, 82–83f; in Southeast
Asia, 294–295; in Southwest
Asia, 201m; during Tang dynasty,
268; trade routes of the ancient
world, 78m; trading societies,
294; triangular trade, 442, 448;
in West Africa, 245m
trade embargo, 969
trade fairs, 338
trade unions, 655, 657, 671
trading societies, 294
Trafalgar, Battle of, 601
tragedies, 126
Trajan (Roman emperor), 157
transistor, 1039
R117
United States Capitol—women
1017, 1028f; Kyoto Protocol
and, 947f; Latin America and,
711, 712, 713, 713f, 844–845,
962–963; League of Nations
and, 790; Louisiana Purchase,
574, 598f; mass culture of,
814f; Mexican War, 711–712;
Mexico and, 848; mobilization
during World War II, 881–882;
Monroe Doctrine, 711, 713f;
NAFTA and, 945, 967, 1052;
nationalism in, 637; new social
structure, 919–921; Open Door
Policy, 730–731, 730f, 835;
as part of the Grand Alliance,
868–869; Philippines and, 671,
688–689, 1021; policy of deterrence, 905; population trend in,
1050; Puerto Rico and, 671,
713; revolution, 566–568; right
to vote for women, 920; sanctions on Japan, 861; slavery in,
443, 637, 671; social upheaval,
918; Samoan Islands and, 671;
Spanish-American War, 671,
688, 713; stock market crash in,
792, 816; Suez War, 997; Tehran
Conference, 886; terrorism
in, 1001, 1002f, 1046–1047,
1046f; U.S. astronauts first to
walk on the moon, 954f; Vietnam
War, 1021, 1022f; War of 1812,
637; war on terror, 944f; wind
farms, 947f; women in the postwar world, 920–921; women’s
rights in, 661f, 662–663; Yalta
Conference, 886–887
United States Capitol, 161f
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, 1045
universal law of gravitation,
541
universal male suffrage, 628,
INDEX
668, 669, 670
universities: of High Middle
Ages, 350
Untouchables, 71
Upper Egypt, 34
Ur: the Standard of, 31f; ziggurat
at, 28f
Urals, 777, 880
Urban II (pope), 325
Urban VI (pope), 355
urban society, 398. See city(ies)
Uribe, Alvaro, 977
Urubamba River, 385
Uruguay, 711
Uruk, 28
U.S. Holocaust Memorial
Museum, 878f
U.S. Office of Personnel
Management, 92f
USSR (Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics). See
Soviet Union
Utopia (More), 420f, 621
utopian socialists, 420f, 621
R118
Index
Uzbekistan: independence from
Soviet Union, 932
v
Vaisyas, 70, 71t
Vandals, 177; sack of Rome, 177
Vanderbilt, Consuelo, 660
van Eyck, Jan, 411
van Gogh, Vincent, 675, 675f
Vargas, Getúlio, 846f, 847
varnas, 70
Varus (Roman general), 156
vassal(s), 310, 336, 342
Vatican City, 473, 799
vault: barrel, 348; cross, 348;
ribbed, 348, 349f
Vedas, 70, 80
Venetia, 629, 632
Venezuela, 973m, 977; Chávez
rules in, 977; dependence on
oil reserves, 980; independence
of, 710, 711; political events in,
973m; U.S. role in, 845
Venice, Italy, 338, 339, 399,
400; as center of Renaissance,
424
Verdun, France, 765
vernacular, 351, 407
vernacular literature, 351,
407–408, 407f
Versailles: Palace of Louis XIV,
452–453f, 470–471f
To Versailles, to Versailles,
580f
Versailles, Treaty of: French
demands for enforcement of,
790–791
Vesalius, Andreas, 539m, 542
Vespucci, Amerigo, 433, 433f
Vesuvius, 182f
viceroy, 704
Vichy France, 866
Victor Emmanuel II (king of
Piedmont), 631, 632
Victor Emmanuel III (king of
Italy), 798, 799, 870
Victoria Memorial, 684–685f
Victorian Age, 634
Victoria (queen of England),
634, 699, 703, 726, 727f
Vienna, Austria, 473, 624, 629,
635, 677, 804
Viet Cong, 1021
Viète, François, 538–539
Vietminh, 1021
Vietnam, 291, 291–292. See also
North Vietnam; South Vietnam:
communism in, 831, 831f;
conquered by Kublai Khan, 271;
domino theory and, 907; French
control of, 688, 716–717f;
nationalism in, 691, 716–717f,
831; Vietnam War, 918, 921,
1021, 1022f; Vietnamese
“March to the South,” 526
Vietnam War, 918, 921, 1021,
1022f
Vikings, 308–309; move into
Russia, 321; softer side of, 392f
Villa, Pancho, 714f, 715
A Vindication of the Rights
of Women (Wollstonecraft), 551
Virgil, 161, 161q, 406, 407f
Visconti family, 400
Vishnu the Preserver, 72, 73f
Visigoths, 176, 302; sack of
Rome, 177
vizier, 37, 196
Vladimir (Kievan Rus ruler),
321
Volga River, 776, 869
Voltaire, 548, 549f, 556
von Richthofen, Manfred
(the Red Baron), 765f
von Schlieffen, Alfred, 761
von Wegerer, Alfred, 782q
Voting Rights Act of 1965,
918, 919f
w
wabenzi, 989
Wagner, Richard, 813f
Walachia, 486, 630
Walesa, Lech, 936
Walpole, Robert, 566
Wang Anshi, 392q
war communism, 777
warfare: reality of modern,
784; trench, 763, 764f, 765,
770–771f, 784
“War Girls”, 769
war of attrition, 765
War of Austrian Succession,
558
War of 1812, 637
Warren, Earl, 918
Warsaw Pact, 900, 904, 913,
924; members as of 1955,
901m
Wars of Religion. See French
Wars of Religion
Wars of the Roses, 358
Washington, George, 560f,
568, 574
Watergate, 943, 954
Waterloo, Battle of, 575, 603
water-powered loom, 616
Watt, James, 616
Watteau, Antoine, 562, 562f
Watts riots, 918
The Wealth of Nations
(Smith), 550, 550f
weapons of mass destruction, 1040, 1054
Web browsers, 1040
Wei Jingsheng, 1015q
Weimar Republic, 794
Weldon, Fay, 1058q
welfare state, 916
Wellington, Duke of, 603
Wells, H. G., 764q
wergild, 304
Wesley, John, 553
West Africa: Ghana as first great
trading state of, 242; griot(s),
256–257f; imperialism in, 692;
kingdom of Mali, 244; trade in,
245m
The West African Pilot
(Azikiwe), 830
West Bank, 999
Western Asia: Ottoman Empire
in, 485–486
Western Europe. See also
individual states: during the
Cold War, 924; democracy and,
668–669; invasion by Muslims,
308; new unity, 914–917;
North America and, 914–921;
regional identity in, 950m; winds
of change in, 940–943
Western Front: World War I,
762–763
West Germany, 915, 916f,
941–942; Berlin Airlift, 903f;
Berlin Wall, 905; creation of,
902; its economic miracle,
915–916
white-collar workers, 660,
661
“white man’s burden,” 687,
689f
The White Man’s Burden
(Kipling), 698f
Wilberforce, William, 608q
A Wild Sheep Chase
(Murakami), 1027
William I (emperor of
Germany), 646f
William I (king of Prussia),
632, 633
William II (emperor of
Germany), 650, 670, 672,
672f, 673, 731q, 760, 780
William of Normandy, 316
William the Silent (prince of
Orange), 455, 463
Wilson, Woodrow, 768, 780,
790, 794, 831f, 863f; “Fourteen
Points”, 780; League of Nations,
781
wind farms, 947f
Winkelmann, Maria, 539m,
543
Winter Palace: Bolsheviks seize,
775f
witchcraft, 458; hysteria, 459f;
trials, 458–459
Witches’ Sabbath: The
Conjurers, 459f
Wittenberg, Germany, 415,
416f
Wolfe (General), 561
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 551
women. See also women, rights
of; in Africa, 993; in ancient
Egypt, 41; in ancient India, 70;
aristocratic in Middle Ages,
313; Aztec, 379; changes
in women’s lives in Western
culture, 947–948; in China,
women, rights of—Zwinglian Reformation
women’s liberation movement, 921
women’s movement, 948, 954
Women’s Social and Political
Union, 663, 663f
“Wonders of the Ancient
World”, 183f
Wordsworth, William, 592q,
641, 641q
workforce: number of women in,
1975–2001, 948f
working class(es): industrial, 619, 620–621; in London,
1890, 666f; mass society and,
660; Second Industrial Revolution and, 655–657
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 795
World Bank, 1051
World Health Organization,
1041
World’s Fair: in Paris, 650–651f
World Trade Center: 9/11
attack, 945; terrorist attacks on,
1002f, 1046
World Trade Organization
(WTO), 1052; China joins,
1017
World War I, 762–769;
aftermath of, 816; alliances in
Europe, 759m; Balkans and,
673; begins, 651; causes of,
758–759, 784; Eastern Front,
763–764; end of, 778–783,
784; entry of United States in,
767; in Europe, 763m; German
offensive, 778–779; the great
slaughter, 764–765; illusions
and stalemate, 762–764; impact
of total war, 767–769; international rivalries set the stage for
war, 680; last year of the war,
778–780; legacies of the war,
782–783; manipulation of public
opinion, 768; new technology of,
764f; number killed (combined
with World War II figures), 895f;
Ottoman Empire and, 822–823;
outbreak of war, 760–761;
peace settlements, 780–783;
road to, 758–761; total war and
women, 769; trench warfare,
763, 764f, 765, 770–771f, 784;
war in the air, 765; Western
Front, 762–763; widening of the
war, 766–767
World War II: advance of the Allies, 868–869; Allied troops land
at Normandy, 1944, 890f; in Asia
and the Pacific, 1941–1945,
868m; Asian theater, 869, 871;
balance of power after, 901m;
Battle of Britain, 866–867;
beginning of, 890; blitz of Great
Britain, 884, 894f; bombing of
cities, 884; bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 871, 885f;
causes of, 862–863f; children
in the war, 877–878; course of,
864–871; D-Day, 870, 870f;
in Europe and North Africa,
1939–1941, 865m; European
theater, 869, 870–871; Europe
at war, 864–867; German path
to war, 856–859; Grand Alliance,
868–869; Hitler’s attack on the
Soviet Union, 867; Hitler’s early
victories, 864–866; home front,
880–887, 881f; Japan at war,
867–868; Japanese path to war,
859–861; Jewish population in
Europe before and after World
War II, 875f; last years of the
war, 870–871; lives affected
by war, 890; Nazi invasion of
Czechoslovakia, 754–755f;
Normandy invasion, 872–873f;
number killed (combined with
World War I figures), 895f;
number of Africans who fought
in, 895f; paths to war, 856–861;
peace and a new war, 886–887;
Tehran Conference, 886; turning
of the tide, 869; U.S. after,
917–919; Yalta Conference,
886–887
World Wide Web, 1038
Worms, Edict of, 415
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 676
Wright, Orville, 654
Wright, Wilbur, 654
writing: ancient Egyptian, 42–43;
development of during Neolithic
Revolution, 19; Hangul, 525;
Phoenician alphabet, 48, 48f;
Sumerian, 30
Wuhan, China, 736, 836
Würzburg: palace of, 562
Wu Zhao (emperor of China),
266f, 268f, 269
x
Young Kikuyu Association,
830, 846f
Young Turks, 822, 824f
Yousef, Ramzi, 1002f
youth culture: of the 1950s,
U.S., 922f; of the 1960s,
U.S.,933f
Yuan dynasty, 271; Kublai Khan
founds, 267f
Yuan River (Red River), 94
Yuan Shigai (ruler of China),
734–735, 734f
Yucatán Peninsula, 374, 377,
966
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 1023
Yugoslavia, 782, 912; authoritarian rule in, 802–803; conflicts
in Bosnia and Kosovo, 939, 954;
disintegration of, 939; ethnic
conflict in, 1045; migrants in
Germany, 942; split into Serbia
and Montenegro, 939; transition
Yunus, Muhammad, 1044f
z
zaibatsu economy of Japan,
834, 834f, 1026
Zaire, 986
Zama, Battle of, 151
Zambezi River, 249
zamindars, 499, 704
Zapata, Emiliano, 714f, 715,
752q
Xerxes (king of Persia), 118
Xia dynasty, 86
Xi’an, 268
Xianyang, 94
Xiongnu, 95–96, 98
y
Yadong, Tibet, 729
Yahweh, 50
Yalta Conference, 886–887
Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang
Yarmūk, 192, 322
Yasuda, 834
Yekaterinburg, Russia, 777
Yellow River. See Huang He
Yellow Sea, 84
Yeltsin, Boris, 932, 934, 934f,
934q; Russia under, 934
Yi Sǒng-gye (emperor of
Korea), 283, 525
yoga, 72
Yokohama: earthquake of 1923,
895f
Yom Kippur War, 997f, 999
Yongan, China, 726
Yong Le (emperor of China),
510, 519
Zealots, 169
Zen, 282
Zend Avesta, 57
Zeno, 139
zepplelins, 765
Zhang Heng, 183f
Zhang Zhidong, 724q
Zheng He, 510; the voyages of,
510–512; voyages of, 1405–
1433, 513m
Zhou dynasty, 86m, 87, 87–90,
96
INDEX
517–518, 1016; Civil Code and,
599; in colonial Latin America,
447; contributions to the Nazi
war effort, 883; in early Japan,
281; in early Southeast Asia,
295; Enlightenment and rights
of, 551; as entrepreneurs in
developing world, 1044f; equality
challenges today, 1045; as factory workers, 619, 621; family
and, 662; in fascist Italy, 799;
in French Revolution, 589–590;
Inca, 385; in Islamic society,
203; in Japan, 742–743,
1026; Japan during World
War II mobilization, 883; jobs
and, 661–662, 680f; marriage
and, 662; in medieval Europe,
338, 341; in Mesopotamian
society, 33; in Middle Eastern
society, 1003; in Mogul India,
501; Nazism and, 809; as nuns
and abbesses, 306, 344–345;
opportunities during Second
Industrial Revolution, 661–663,
680f; in Ottoman Empire, 488;
in Paleolithic Age, 8; portion
of athletes at 2004 Summer
Olympics, 1059f; in the postwar
world, 920–921; Reformation
and, 422; in religious orders,
344–345; in Renaissance, 409;
role in African society, 251–252,
993; role in ancient Athens, 122;
role in ancient Sparta, 116; role
in the Tang and Song dynasties
of China, 268f; roles in ancient
Rome, 162–163; roles in Japan
after World War II, 1032f; salon
hosting by, 552–553, 565f;
Scientific Revolution and, 543; in
South and Southeast Asia, 1023;
in Soviet Union during the war
effort, 881; in Tokugawa Japan,
523; total war and, 769; in Turkey, 825; in Zhou dynasty, 89
women, rights of: American
movement, 920f; citizenship for,
Etta Palm d’Aelders, 594q; Equal
Pay Act of 1963, 661f, 948;
movement for, 661f, 662–663,
663f; right to vote, 794, 920;
Roe v. Wade, 948; women’s
movement, 948–954; in the
workforce, 948f
Zhoukoudianzhen Cave,
China, 12–13f
Zhu Yuanzhang (emperor of
China), 272
ziggurat, 29; at Ur, 28f
Zimbabwe, 249, 990
Zionism, 678f, 679, 826f, 827,
996
Zola, Émile, 674
Zoroaster, 57
Zoroastrianism, 57
Zulu, 696–697, 696f
Zunyi, China, 838f
Zürich, Switzerland, 418
Zwingli, Ulrich, 418
Zwinglian Reformation, 418
Yorktown, Battle of, 568
Yoruba, 253
Index
R119
Acknowledgments
and Photo Credits
Acknowledgments
PHOTO CREDITS
58: From Tablets IV and VI from “Enuma Elish” from The Babylonian
Genesis: The Story of Creation by Alexander Heidl. Copyright ©
1942, 1951 by The University of Chicago. Reprinted by permission.
58: Scripture taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version.
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Used by
permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. 163: “Pear Patina” recipe,
from A Taste of Ancient Rome by Ilaria Gozzini Giacosa, translated by
Anna Herklotz. Copyright © 1992, The University of Chicago Press.
Reprinted by permission. 386: Aztec prayer, from The History of
the Indies of New Spain by Frey Diego Duran, translated by Doris
Heyden. Copyright © 1994 by the University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. 833: Reprinted
with permission from M.K. Gandhi, Hind Swataj, or Indian Home Rule
(Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust, 1946). 927: “The Times They Are AChangin’” by Bob Dylan. Copyright © 1963; renewed 1991 Special
Rider Music. All rights reserved. International copyright secured.
Reprinted by permission. R13: from “Pyramid of Death” by A.R.
Williams, National Geographic, October 2006. Copyright © 2006
National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R14: from
“The Kurds in Control” by Frank Viviano, National Geographic, January
2006. Copyright © 2006 National Geographic Society. Reprinted by
permission. R15: from “Among the Berbers” by Jeffrey Taylor, National
Geographic, January 2005. Copyright © 2005 National Geographic
Society. Reprinted by permission. R23: from “In Rome’s Basement”
by Paul Bennett, National Geographic, July 2006. Copyright © 2006
National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R26: from
“The Manchurian Mandate” by Brook Larmer, National Geographic,
September 2006. Copyright © 2006 National Geographic Society.
Reprinted by permission. R34: “An Egyptian Father’s Advice to His
Son,” from Pritchard, James; Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to
the Old Testament- Third Edition with Supplement. © 1950, 1955,
1969, renewed 1978 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by
permission of Princeton University Press. R35: from “Li Su, on the
Destruction of Books” from Sources of Chinese Tradition by William
de Bary. Copyright © 1960 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted
by permission. R39: “A Woman May Need to Have the Heart of a
Man” from The Treasure of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pisan,
translated with an introduction by Sarah Lawson (Penguin Classics,
1985). This translation copyright © Sarah Lawson, 1985. Reprinted
by permission. R40: “Taking Leave of a Friend” by Rihaku, Translated
by Ezra Pound, from Personae, copyright © 1926 by Ezra Pound.
Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corp.
R41: “Hard is the Journey” from Li Po and Tu Fu, selected and
translated with an introduction and notes by Arthur Cooper (Penguin
Classics, 1973). Copyright © Arthur Cooper, 1973. Reprinted by
permission. R44: From Candide: A Norton Critical Edition, Second
Edition by Voltaire, translated by Robert A. Adams. Copyright © 1991,
1966 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Used by permission of W.W.
Norton & Company, Inc. R51: Reprinted with permission from M.K.
Gandhi, “Letter to Lord Irwin” (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust, 1946).
R52: Excerpt from A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf, copyright
1929 by Harcourt, Inc. and renewed 1957 by Leonard Woolf, reprinted
by permission of the publisher. R55: From “China’s Gilded Age” by
Xiao-huang Yin (Atlantic Monthly, April 1994). Reprinted by permission
of the author R56: “Civil Peace” by Chinua Achebe. Copyright ©
1972, 1973 by Chinua Achebe. Reprinted by permission of the Emma
Sweeney Agency
Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies that
participated in illustrating this program: American Artists Reps Inc.;
Deborah Wolfe Ltd/illustrationOnLine.com; GeoNova LLC; Mendola
Artist Representatives.
Photo Credits
Cover (tl)Jacques M. Chenet/CORBIS, (tcl)Oliver Lang/AFP/Getty
Images, (tc)Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy, (tcr)Keren Su/CORBIS, (tr)
SuperStock, (b)Antonio M. Rosario/The Image Bank/Getty Images;
Endsheet (b)photolibrary.com/Index Open, (bkgd)Getty Images;
ii iii Antonio M. Rosario/The Image Bank/Getty Images; iv Art Archive/
Heraklion Museum/Dagli Orti; v Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; vi Ed
Kashi/CORBIS; vii Hu Weibiao/Panorama/The Image Works; viii CORBIS;
x Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works; xiii Philip Wolmuth/Alamy
Images; xiv Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; xv Private Collection/
Dinodia/Bridgeman Art Library; xvi PA/Topham/The Image Works;
xvii Shepard Sherbell/CORBIS; xviii Chip East/Reuters/CORBIS;
R120
xxii Comstock/PictureQuest; xxiii Stockbyte/Punchstock Images;
xxiv Getty Images; A28 (t to b)Michael Von Ruber/Imagestate, (2)David
S. Boyer/Getty Images, (3)John Lamb/Getty Images, (4)Panoramic
Images/Getty Images; GH2 BananaStock/PictureQuest; GH13 Copyright
© 2008 by David W. Boles. All Rights Reserved.; GH14-1 age fotostock/
SuperStock; 2 (l)Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS, (r)Pascal
Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers; 2–3 Sissie Brimberg/National
Geographic/Getty Images; 3 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS;
6 (l)Topham/The Image Works, (r)Robert Campbell/CORBIS SYGMA;
9 (l)Ira Block/National Geographic/Getty Images, (tr)photolibrary.com/
Index Open, (br)Cordelia Molloy/Photo Researchers; 10 Jean Clottes;
15 Gail Mooney/Masterfile; 18 (l)Art Archive/Heraklion Museum/Dagli
Orti, (c)Jean-Louis Nou/akg-images, (r)O Louis Mazzatenta/National
Geographic/Getty Images; 24 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 24–
25 David S. Boyer/Getty Images; 25 (l)Art Archive/Bibliothèque Musée
du Louvre/Dagli Orti, (r)Roger Wood/CORBIS; 28 Topham/The Image
Works; 31 British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 32 Art
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Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Werner Foreman/Topham/The Image
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CORBIS, (r)Werner Forman/CORBIS; 48 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY;
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McGraw-Hill Companies; 201 The British Museum/HIP/The Image
Works; 202 (l)Atlantide Phototravel/CORBIS, (c)Françoise De Mulder/
Roger-Viollet/The Image Works, (r)Paula Bronstein/Getty Images; 205
Art Archive/Pharaonic Village, Cairo/Dagli Orti; 206 Topham/The Image
Works; 208 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 209 Art
Archive/National Museum, Damascus, Syria/Dagli Orti; 210 (t)Art
Archive/Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo/Dagli Orti, (c)Art Archive/Turkish
Resource, NY, (c b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 428 The Granger Collection, New
York; 428–429 Elk Photography; 429 Scala/Art Resource, NY;
433 (l)Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Dagli Orti, (r)Bettmann/
CORBIS; 434 Shannon Stapleton/Reuters/CORBIS; 436 (t)Art Archive/
Musée de la Marine, Paris/Dagli Orti, (b)The Granger Collection, New
York; 438 (cw from top)Punchstock, (2)Alamy Images, (3)Getty Images,
(4)C Squared Studios/Getty Images, (5)Punchstock, (6)PhotoAlto/Getty
Images; 438–439 Art Archive/Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs Paris;
439 (cw from top)Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images, (2)CORBIS,
(3)Artvillle/Getty Images, (4)Brand X Pictures/Punchstock, (5)Artvillle/
Getty Images, (6)Punchstock; 442 Mary Evans Picture Library; 446 The
Granger Collection, New York; 448 (t)Charles Walker/Topham/The
Image Works, (c)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY,
(b)North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images; 452 (t)Charles
Dixon (1924)/Mary Evans Picture Library, (b)Private Collection/Dinodia/
Bridgeman Art Library; 452–453 Gail Mooney/Masterfile; 453 Stock
Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 459 Giraudon/Bridgeman Art
Library; 462 (l)Private Collection/Christie’s Images/Bridgeman Art
Library, (r)Topham/The Image Works; 465 (l)Art Archive/Dagli Orti,
(r)Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 470 (t)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./
CORBIS, (b)Gian Berto Vanni/CORBIS; 471 (t)Author’s Image/Alamy
Images, (b)Tony Craddock/Getty Images; 473 (t)Alinari Archives/
CORBIS, (b)Joseph Martin/Bridgeman Art Library; 475 Victoria & Albert
Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; 476 Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit;
478 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art
Library, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 482 (l)Erich Lessing/Art
Resource, NY, (r)Bridgeman Art Library; 482–483 Manish Swarup/AP
Images; 483 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art
Resource, NY; 487 (inset)Age Fotostock/SuperStock, (bkgd)ArthusBertrand/CORBIS; 488 Ali Meyer/CORBIS; 490 Araldo de Luca/CORBIS;
491 (t)HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY;
493 age fotostock/SuperStock; 494 Ed Kashi/CORBIS; 500 (l)Private
Collection/Dinodia/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Stapleton Collection/
Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 502 National
Portrait Gallery, London; 504 (t)Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art
Library, (c)The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY, (b)David
Ball/Spectrum Colour Library/Imagestate; 508 (l)Collection of the New
York Historical Society/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)National Museum of
Ancient Art, Lisbon/Bridgeman Art Library; 508–509 Yann Layma/The
Image Bank/Getty Images; 509 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY;
514 Visual Arts Library, London/Alamy Images; 517 Free Library,
Philadelphia/Bridgeman Art Library; 518 Museum of East Asian Art/HIP/
The Image Works; 522 (l)Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images,
(r)Christie’s Images/SuperStock; 524 Chris Ware/The Image Works;
528 The British Library/Heritage Images/Imagestate; 532 (t)Historical
Picture Archive/CORBIS, (c)Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art
Resource, NY, (b)Bridgeman Art Library; 536 Galleria Palatina, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library; 536–537 Scott Gilchrist/
Masterfile; 537 (t)Joseph Sohm/Jupiter Images, (b)Hu Weibiao/
Panorama/The Image Works; 541 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Galleria
Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library; 542 Johann
Brandst/akg-images; 549 (l)Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee
Carnavalet, Paris/Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Bettmann/
CORBIS; 550 Bettmann/CORBIS; 552 Art Archive/City Temple, London/
Eileen Tweedy; 556 (l)Kurpfalzisches Museum, Heidelberg, Germany/
Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Art Archive/Museum der
Stadt, Vienna/Dagli Orti; 557 (l)Art Archive/Russian Historical Museum,
Moscow/Dagli Orti, (r)Louvre, Paris/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library;
561 CORBIS; 562 Erich Lessing/Private Collection/Art Resource, NY;
564 565 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 568 Joel
Page/AP Images; 570 (t b) North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images,
(c)Bettmann/CORBIS; 574 Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 574–
575 John Lamb/Getty Images; 575 (l)Art Archive/Antochiw Collection,
Mexico/Mireille Vautier, (r)Art Archive/Musée de L’Armée, Paris/Dagli
Orti; 577 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 578–579 akg-images;
580 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 582 Bob Adelman/Magnum Photos;
587 Mary Evans Picture Library; 588 (l)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY,
(r)Explorer/E.S. Collection/Mary Evans Picture Library; 590 (l)Musée
Carnavalet, Paris/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture
Library; 591 (l)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Archivo
Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 592 George Cruikshank, The Radical’s Arms,
November 13, 1819. Etching with hand coloring. Published by George
Humphrey, London, England. Collection of the Grunwald Center for the
Graphic Arts, Hammer Museum, UCLA. Richard Vogler Cruikshank
Collection; 595 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 597 Art Archive/Dagli
Orti; 598 Kress Collection, Washington, D.C./Bridgeman Art Library;
604 (t)Musée des Beaux-Arts, France/Giraudon/Art Resource,
NY, (c)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY;
607 The Granger Collection, New York; 610–611 Adoc-photos/Art
Resource, NY; 612 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 612–613 Keith
PHOTO CREDITS
and Islamic Art Museum, Istanbul/Dagli Orti, (b)age fotostock/
SuperStock; 216 (t)Will & Deni McIntyre/CORBIS, (b)David Samuel
Robbins/CORBIS; 217 (t)Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images, (b)ML
Sinibaldi/CORBIS; 218 (t)CORBIS, (b)Ace Stock Limited/Alamy Images;
219 (t)Atlantide Phototravel/CORBIS, (b)Denis Sinyakov/AFP/Getty
Images; 220 (t)Michel Setboun/CORBIS, (bl)Bettmann/CORBIS, (br)Blank
Archives/Getty Images; 221 (t)STR/AFP/Getty Images, (b)Jack
Hollingsworth/Getty Images; 222 (t)Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS, (b)CORBIS;
223 (t)Deshakalyan Chwodhury/AFP/Getty Images, (b)Sebastian
D’Souza/AFP/Getty Images; 224 (t)Aaron Horowitz/CORBIS, (c)Kenneth
Garrett/Getty Images, (b)CORBIS; 225 (t)Muhannad Fala’ah/Getty
Images, (b)Madaree Tohlala/AFP/Getty Images; 226 (t)Hardy/zefa/
CORBIS, (bl)CORBIS, (br)Comstock Images/Alamy Images; 227 (t)Quique
Kierszenbaum/Getty Images, (b)Ted Spiegel/CORBIS; 228 (t)Ashley
Cooper/CORBIS, (c)Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images, (b)ArkReligion.com/
Alamy Images; 229 (t)Maynard Owen Williams/National Geographic/Getty
Images, (b)Don MacKinnon/Getty Images; 230 (t)Beth Wald/Aurora/Getty
Images, (bl)Ralph A. Clevenger/CORBIS, (br)Martin Harvey/Alamy Images;
231 (t)Nicholas DeVore/Getty Images, (cl)CORBIS, (cr)Paul Chesley/Getty
Images, (b)Penny Tweedie/Wildlight; 232 (t)Pete Saloutos/CORBIS,
(c)David Ball/CORBIS, (b)age fotostock/SuperStock; 234 Dave Bartruff/
CORBIS; 234–235 age fotostock/SuperStock; 235 (t)HIP/Art Resource,
NY, (b)AAAC/Topham/The Image Works; 240 (l)Werner Forman/Art
Resource, NY, (r)Chris Howes/Wild Places Photography/Alamy Images;
241 (t)Sonia Halliday Photographs, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art
Library; 243 (l)Charles O’Rear/CORBIS, (r)Art Archive/Musée des Arts
Africains et Océaniens/Dagli Orti; 244 Illustration by David Wisniewski;
251 (l)Michael Graham-Stewart/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Charles &
Josette Lenars/CORBIS; 254 Craig Lovell/CORBIS; 258 (t)Picture
Contact/Alamy Images, (c b)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY;
262 Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 262–263 Stuart Dee/Getty
Images; 263 (l)National Museum, Tokyo/SuperStock, (r)Nik Wheeler/
CORBIS; 266 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Burstein Collection/
CORBIS; 267 (t)akg-images, (b)Roger-Viollet/The Image Works;
268 Musee Guimet, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 273 Superstock;
274 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)The British Library/HIP/The Image Works;
280 AAAC/Topham/The Image Works; 282 Réunion des Musées
Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 285 (l)Dinodia Photo Library, (c)Pascal
Deloche/Godong/CORBIS, (r)Markus Matzel/Das Fotoarchiv/Peter
Arnold, Inc.; 286 Stapleton Collection/CORBIS; 287 Anil Dave/Dinodia
Photo Library; 288 Robert Preston/Alamy Images; 292 Gérard
Degeorge/akg-images; 294 Christophe Loviny/CORBIS; 296 (t)Burstein
Collection/CORBIS, (c)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (b)Steve Vidler/
Superstock; 300 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 300–301 age
fotostock/SuperStock; 301 (t)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image
Works, (b)Heini Schneebeli/Bridgeman Art Library; 314 Bridgeman Art
Library; 315 (tl)Visual Arts Library (London)/Alamy Images,
(tr)Bridgeman Art Library, (bl)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art
Resource, NY, (br)Giraudon/Musée Conde, Chantilly, France/Bridgeman
Art Library; 318 Bettmann/CORBIS; 323 Christel Gerstenberg/CORBIS;
325 (t)Atlantide Phototravel/CORBIS, (b)age fotostock/SuperStock;
326 Art Resource, NY; 328 (t)Art Resource, NY, (c)age fotostock/
SuperStock, (b)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 332 (t)Erich Lessing/
Art Resource, NY, (b)AAAC/Topham/The Image Works; 332–333 Jason
Hawkes/CORBIS; 333 Stapleton Collection/CORBIS; 337 Réunion des
Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 340 Art Archive/Museo dell’Opera
del Duomo Orvieto/Dagli Orti; 343 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 345 (l)Michael
Teller/akg-images, (r)akg-images; 346 akg-images; 349 (inset)Andrea
Pistolesi/Getty Images, (bkgd)Art Kowalsky/Alamy Images; 350 The
Granger Collection, New York; 354 The British Library/Topham-HIP/The
Image Works; 357 akg-images; 358 The Art Archive/CORBIS;
362 (t)Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS, (c)Chateau de Versailles,
France/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)The Granger Collection, New
York; 365 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 366 (t)Jose Fuste Raga/CORBIS,
(b)Pirozzi/akg-images; 366–367 Panoramic Images/Getty Images;
367 Collection of the New York Historical Society/Bridgeman Art
Library; 373 (l)Kimbell Art Museum/CORBIS, (r)Martha Cooper/Peter
Arnold, Inc.; 376 Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS; 378 HIP/Art Resource, NY;
384 Stock Montage; 387 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 388 (t)George H. H.
Huey/CORBIS, (c)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works,
(b)Topham/The Image Works; 391 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 394–
395 Danny Lehman/CORBIS; 396 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 396–
397 Paul Hardy/CORBIS; 397 (t)HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b)Bildarchiv
Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY; 401 402 Erich Lessing/Art
Resource, NY; 407 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 408 (l)Francis G. Mayer/
CORBIS, (r)Art Archive/Galleria Brera Milan/Dagli Orti; 410 (l)Biblioteca
Reale, Turin/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)akg-images; 414 (l)Private
Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 416 Foto
Marburg/Art Resource, NY; 420 (l)Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS, (r)Art
Archive/Musée Granet Aix-en-Provence/Dagli Orti; 424 (t)Scala/Art
R121
PHOTO CREDITS
Levitt/Index Stock Imagery; 613 (t)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art
Library, (b)Archives Charmet, Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris,
France/Bridgeman Art Library; 617 Mary Evans Picture Library;
618 Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works; 620 Mary Evans Picture
Library; 623 Bettmann/CORBIS; 627 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/The
Bridgeman Art Library; 633 (l)SuperStock, (r)Art Archive/Museo Civico
Cremona/Dagli Orti; 634 HIP-Archive/Topham/The Image Works;
636 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 639 Giraudon/Art
Resource, NY; 640 (t)SuperStock, (b)MEPL/The Image Works;
642 Galerie Neue Meister, Dresden/Staatliche Kunstsammlungen
Dresden, Germany/Bridgeman Art Library; 644–645 Time & Life
Pictures/Getty Images; 646 (t)Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon
Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Archives Charmet, Musee de la
Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Musee
des Beaux-Arts, Rouen/Bridgeman Art Library; 650 Bettmann/CORBIS;
650–651 ND/Roger Viollet/Getty Images; 651 (t)Swim Ink 2/CORBIS,
(b)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 654 AFP/Getty Images;
656 Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY;
661 Michelle D. Bridwell/PhotoEdit; 663 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/
CORBIS; 664 (inset)Bettmann/CORBIS, (bkgd)Lake County Museum/
CORBIS; 671 672 Bettmann/CORBIS; 675 (l)Digital Image © The
Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource, NY,
(r)Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 677 Bettmann/
CORBIS; 678 (l)Michael Nicholson/CORBIS, (r)Imagno/Getty Images;
680 (t)Imperial Cadett School/Scherl/SV-Bilderdienst/The Image Works,
(c b)Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 683 CORBIS; 684 (l)Private
Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Chicago Historical Museum/
Bridgeman Art Library; 684–685 Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty
Images; 685 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 689 Library of
Congress, LC-USZ62-52583; 690 694 Mary Evans Picture Library;
696 (l)Topham/The Image Works, (r)The British Library/HIP/The Image
Works; 698 (l)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS, (r)Library of Congress,
Prints & Photographs Division, NYWT&S Collection, LC-USZ62-130451;
700 Mary Evans Picture Library; 701 (t)akg-images, (b)Alinari Archives/
The Image Works; 703 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 706 (l)Time
& Life Pictures/Getty Images, (r)DPA/The Image Works; 710 (l)Bettmann/
CORBIS, (r)Private Collection/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library;
713 Bettmann/CORBIS; 714 Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS;
718 (t)Art Archive/Museo Civico Revoltella Trieste/Dagli Orti, (c)British
Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Royal Geographical Society,
London/Bridgeman Art Library; 722 (t)Topham/The Image Works,
(b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 722–723 GP Bowater/Alamy Images;
723 rochaphoto/Alamy Images; 727 Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy;
728 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (r)Hu Weibiao/
Panorama/The Image Works; 730 734 Bettmann/CORBIS; 736 Mary
Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 741 Twphoto/CORBIS;
742 Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS; 744 Bettmann/CORBIS;
748 (t)Ann Ronan Picture Library/HIP/The Image Works, (c)Hulton
Archive/Getty Images, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library;
751 Bettmann/CORBIS; 754–755 Three Lions/Getty Images;
756 Bettmann/CORBIS; 756–757 Topham/The Image Works;
757 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)CORBIS; 760 Bettmann/CORBIS;
764 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 765 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS,
(r)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 766 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Mary
Evans Picture Library; 768 Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS; 775 RIA
Novosti/Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow/Bridgeman Art Library; 776 Snark/
Art Resource, NY; 781 Lebrecht Music & Arts/The Image Works;
782 Imperial War Museum/akg-images; 784 (t)Private Collection/
Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Delaware Art Museum/Bridgeman Art Library,
(b)Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 788 Ann Ronan
Picture Library/Heritage-Images/The Image Works; 788–789 Bettmann/
CORBIS; 789 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS;
793 (t)akg-images, (b)Art Archive/Imperial War Museum;
794 Bettmann/CORBIS; 798 (l)akg-images, (r)Underwood &
Underwood/CORBIS; 802 (t)Art Archive/Reina Sofia Museum, Madrid,
(b)akg-images; 805 807 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works;
808 (t)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b)Bettmann/
CORBIS; 810 Stapleton Collection/CORBIS; 811 CORBIS; 813 (l)CORBIS,
(r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 814 Najlah Feanny/CORBIS; 816 (t)Bettmann/
CORBIS, (c)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b)HultonDeutsch Collection/CORBIS; 819 CORBIS; 820 Mary Evans Picture
Library/The Image Works; 820–821 Bettmann/CORBIS; 821 Mary
Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 824 Private Collection/
Bridgeman Art Library; 831 (l)Tim Page/CORBIS, (r)Hulton-Deutsch
Collection/CORBIS; 833 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Margaret Bourke-White/
Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 834 Myrleen Ferguson Cate/
PhotoEdit; 838 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 840 Time &
Life Pictures/Getty Images; 846 Bettman/CORBIS; 848 Schalkwijk/Art
Resource, NY; 850 (t)S.M./SV-Bilderdienst/The Image Works, (c)State
R122
Russian Museum, St. Petersburg/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)SSPL/The
Image Works; 853 Bettmann/CORBIS; 854 (t)David J. & Janice L. Frent
Collection/CORBIS, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 854–855 CORBIS;
855 Bettmann/CORBIS; 859 CORBIS; 863 Bettmann/CORBIS; 865 Fox
Photos/Getty Images; 870 Bettmann/CORBIS; 872 (l)AP Images,
(r)Hulton Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 873 (t)Three Lions/Getty Images,
(b)Peter J. Carroll/AP Images; 877 dpa/CORBIS; 878 Evan Vucci/AP
Images; 881 (l)CORBIS, (r)Laski Diffusion/Getty Images; 882 CORBIS;
885 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Peace Memorial Museum/epa/CORBIS;
888 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Fox Photos/Getty Images; 889 (t)Hulton
Archive/Getty Images, (b)NRM/SSPL/The Image Works; 890 (t)Bettmann/
CORBIS, (c)Jeffrey Markowitz/CORBIS, (b)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/
CORBIS; 896–897 Patrick Robert/CORBIS SYGMA; 898 Science
Museum/SSPL/The Image Works; 898–899 Bettmann/CORBIS;
899 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Walter Dhladhla/AFP/Getty Images;
903 Bettmann/CORBIS; 904 AP Images; 906 Library of Congress, LCUSZ62-130423; 908 909 AP Images; 911 akg-images; 912 Bettmann/
CORBIS; 916 Johannes Eisele/AFP/Getty Images; 919 Francis Miller/Time
&Life Pictures/Getty Images; 920 NASA/Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS;
922 Michael Ochs Archive/CORBIS; 923 Harry Diltz/CORBIS;
924 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (c)Look and Learn/Bridgeman Art Library,
(b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 928 Bettmann/CORBIS; 928–929 Tom Stoddart/
Getty Images; 929 Digital Vision/Getty Images; 933 Peter Turnley/
CORBIS; 934 (t)Patrick Chauvel/Sygma/CORBIS, (b)Steve Raymer/
CORBIS; 938 Lynne Fernandes/The Image Works; 942 Philip Wolmuth/
Alamy Images; 944 Ali Al-Saadi/AFP/Getty Images; 947 (inset)Matthias
Rietschel/AP Images, (bkgd)Marco Cristofori/CORBIS; 948 Shepard
Sherbell/CORBIS; 952 (l)Getty Images, (r)Michael Ochs Archives/CORBIS;
953 (t)Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Images, (b)Robert Grossman/
Africaphotos.com; 954 (t)Tom Stoddart/Getty Images, (c)Alan Lewis/
CORBIS SYGMA, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 958 Lester Cole/CORBIS; 958–
959 Alejandro Ernesto/epa/CORBIS; 959 (t)Susana Gonzalez/Bloomberg
News/Landov, (b)Boris Yurchenko/AP Images; 968 970 CORBIS;
974 Carlos Carrion/Sygma/CORBIS; 976 Bernard Bisson/CORBIS
SYGMA; 980 (t)Rika/dpa/CORBIS, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Diego
Goldberg/Sygma/CORBIS; 984 (t)Rick Barrentine/CORBIS, (b)Adam
Woolfitt/CORBIS; 984–985 CORBIS; 985 Martin H. Simon/CORBIS;
988 (l)Al Fenn/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, (r)PA/Topham/The
Image Works; 991 Peter Turnley/CORBIS; 992 David Turnley/CORBIS;
1000 David Brauchli/CORBIS SYGMA; 1002 Chao Soi Cheong/AP
Images; 1005 Jonathan Shapiro; 1006 (t)Gideon Mendel/CORBIS,
(c)Reuters/CORBIS, (b)Charles O. Cecil/The Image Works;
1010 Bettmann/CORBIS; 1010–1011 Michael Von Ruber/Imagestate;
1011 Francoise Demulder/CORBIS; 1015 Bettmann/CORBIS;
1020 (l)Henri Bureau/Sygma/CORBIS, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS;
1022 Christian Simonpietri/Sygma/CORBIS; 1027 Steve & Ghy
Sampson/Getty Images; 1028 Kim Kyung-Hoon/Reuters/CORBIS;
1032 (t)Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS; (b)Michael
S. Yamashita/CORBIS; 1036 (l)Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/
Getty Images, (r)Caroline Penn/CORBIS; 1036–1037 Jorgen Schytte/
Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1037 Reuters/CORBIS; 1039 Bettmann/CORBIS;
1043 Mark Edwards/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1044 Phillipe Lissac/Godong/
CORBIS; 1046 Kim Kulish/CORBIS; 1049 Ron Giling/Peter Arnold, Inc.;
1051 Reed Saxon/AP Images; 1052 Chip East/Reuters/CORBIS;
1054 (t)CORBIS, (c)Radar Bali/AP Images, (b)Viviane Moos/CORBIS;
1057 Kjell Nilsson-Maki/CartoonStock; R1 (l)Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS,
(r)Bettmann/CORBIS; R12 Chad Baker-Ryan McVay/Getty Images;
R13 Richard I’Anson/Lonely Planet Images; R14 Thomas Dworzak/
Magnum Photos; R16 Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions;
R17 SuperStock; R22 Imagno/Getty Images; R30 Jonathan Shapiro;
R32 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; R33 (t)CORBIS,
(b)Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy
of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; R34 Art Archive/
Dagli Orti; R35 (l)Réunion des Musées Nationaux /Art Resource, NY,
(r)Scala/Art Resource, NY; R36 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY,
(b)Alinari/Art Resource, NY; R37 Hervé Lewandowski/Réunion des
Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; R38 Scala/Art Resource, NY;
R39 Peter Willi/SuperStock; R40 (t)Mary Evans Picture Library, (b)The
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Edward Elliott Family Collection. Purchase,
The Dillon Fund Gift, 1982. 1982.2.2; R41 Burstein Collection/CORBIS;
R42 (t)Stock Montage, (b)Art Archive/University Library Geneva/Dagli
Orti; R43 Lowe Art Museum/SuperStock; R44 Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art
Resource, NY; R45 Art Archive/Musée du Chateau de Versailles/Dagli
Orti; R46 R48 Hulton Archive/Getty Images; R49 Mary Evans Picture
Library; R50 Bridgeman Art Library; R51 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/
CORBIS; R52 Bettmann/CORBIS; R53 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Private
Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; R54 Bettmann/CORBIS; R56 (l)Ho/
Suhrkamp/AP Images, (r)Greg Stott/Masterfile; R57 The Butler Institute
of American Art.

REFERENCE PAGES - Hillsdale Community Schools

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