Chile`s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

Transcripción

Tamkang University
Graduate Institute of International Affairs and Strategic Studies
Master’s Thesis Proposal
Professor: 李大中 (Da-Jung Li), Ph.D.
Chile’s participation in the United
Nations Peacekeeping Operations: the
importance of the Mission in Haiti.
(2002-2012)
Maïa Renucci, 任玫雅
GIIASS, II year
600330442
Republic of China
November 7, 2012
RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL OUTLINE
I.
Title………………………………………………………..………... 3
II. Background……………………………………………. …...... 3 – 11
III. Research Motives …………………………………………………11
IV. Research Objectives ………………………………………............12
V. Research Scope …………………………………………………...12-13
VI. Literature Review……..………………………………………..13-16
VII. Hypothesis………………………………………………………...17
VIII. Methodology...................................................................................17
XI. Chapter Arrangement…………………………………………...18-19
XII. Bibliography in English………………………………………...20-24
XIII. Bibliography in Spanish…………………………………...…..24-30
2
I. Title:
“Chile’s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: the
importance of the Mission in Haiti (2002-2012).”
II. Background:
Why Chile participates in peacekeeping operations of the United Nations? How
has its participation evolved? Why has there been a change in Chile's participation in
peace operations since the mission in Haiti? What is Chile's national interest to be part
of this mission? What consequences have brought and will bring to Chile its
involvement in Haiti? This thesis will cover all these questions through the investigation
of one main objective: to analyze Chile's participation in the United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO) from 2002 to 2012, giving special attention to the
Importance of the Mission in Haiti for Chile; the variations in Chile's institutionalism
and Foreign Policy; and lessons learned from this operation for future engagement by
Chile's blue helmets.
Chilean peacekeeping operations have evolved along with the evolution of the
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Since its participation in the Multinational
Interim Force for Haiti and the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, Chile has
directed its institutions and objectives toward active participation in UNPKO, always in
accordance with its national interests.
Nowadays peace operations are an important focus of Chilean’s state policy.
Chile’s participation in the concert of nations is guided by the respect for the decisions
of the United Nations, the contribution to the maintenance and promotion of
international peace and security, and solidarity between states. The reasons leading
Chile to increase its involvement in UNPKO are diverse in nature, having historical,
political, economic, and strategic motives. Among the interests of Chile to participate in
these operations include a favorable projection of its international image; strengthen
multilateral relations; regional integration and cooperation; and the training of military
forces.
The mission in Haiti has brought an evolution in Chile’s institutions, as has been
the creation of Centro Conjunto para Operaciones de Paz de Chile (CECOPAC, The
Chilean Joint Peacekeeping Operations Centre), the creation of new laws, and an
increased regional cooperation. Consistent with its multilateral policy, Chile will
3
continue to participate in these operations, creating a network of cooperation with
neighboring countries and increasing their ties and contributions to the United Nations.
Always committed to the principles of international peace and security, Chile
has been a member state of the United Nations since its founding in 1945.
As we know, after the atrocities of World War II, the major nations met in order
to create an international organization that would ensure world peace and security for
those atrocities to never let them happen again. This organization is the United Nations
(UN). In the international order, the organ in charge to advocate the continuation and
maintenance of peace is the United Nations. The most important objective of the UN is
to maintain international peace and security. This objective is inferred from the UN
Charter dispositions.
The instrument by which the organization has been able to secure peace is the
peacekeeping operations (PKO). “The United Nations Peacekeepers provide security,
political and peace-building support to help countries make the difficult and early
transition from conflict to peace. UNPKO is guided by three basic principles: consent of
the parties; impartiality; and non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the
mandate.”1
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations began in 1948 with the deployment of
UN military observers to the Middle East. The mission's role was to monitor the
Armistice Agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors (United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization UNTSO).2
The main body responsible for ensuring international peace, security and the
peaceful settlement of disputes is the Security Council. The Security Council “has the
task of identifying any threat to peace, a breach of it, or any act of aggression and then
to call upon parties to settle a dispute peacefully.” 3 The laws authorizing these
measures are in Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes and Chapter VII: Action
with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression of the
UN Charter. The peacekeeping operations are based on these laws.
1
UN Peacekeeping Operations, Forming a new operation, accessed, accessed June 11, 2012,
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/newoperation.shtml
2
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, History of peacekeeping, accessed June 11, 2012,
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/history.shtml
3
Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1994), 47.
4
a. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.
There are many definitions of peacekeeping. According to the United Nations
Department of Peacekeeping Operations, “Peacekeeping is a technique designed to
preserve the peace, however fragile, where fighting has been halted, and to assist in
implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers. Over the years, peacekeeping
has evolved from a primarily military model of observing cease-fires and the separation
of forces after inter-state wars, to incorporate a complex model of many elements –
military, police, and civilian – working together to help lay the foundations for
sustainable peace.”4
For Paul F. Diehl peacekeeping is “the imposition of neutral and lightly armed
interposition forces following a cessation of armed hostilities, and with the permission
of the state on whose territory these forces are deployed, in order to discourage a
renewal of military conflict and promote an environment under which the underlying
dispute can be resolved.”5 These interdisciplinary forces are used to achieve peace in a
hostile territory and create conditions to keep peace in time.
As Diehl clearly indicates, each peacekeeping operation is different, however,
we can find similar characteristics in the traditional peacekeeping operations: 1)
“peacekeeping operations inherently have been reactive to International conflict”6. In
order to intervene, the operations have to wait for the consent of the parties; 2) the
mission must be authorized by the Security Council; 3) peacekeeping formation
mechanisms (troops provided by member states and budget); 4) the size of
peacekeeping operations.”7
As a primarily function of the organism, “UN Peacekeepers provide security and
the political and peace-building support to help countries make the difficult, early
transition from conflict to peace. UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
Consent of the parties; Impartiality; and Non-use of force except in self-defence and
defence of the mandate.”8
4
Michael J. Butler, International Conflict Management (Routledge: London, 2009), 70.
Ibid., 69.
6
Diehl, International Peacekeeping, 11.
7
Ibid., 11-14.
8
“What is Peacekeeping?”, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, accessed April 30, 2012,
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/peacekeeping.shtml
5
5
b. Chile in the United Nations.
Chile, as a founding country of the United Nations, has proved its active
commitment to international peace and security, and their interest in involvement in
international affairs. However, due to historical-political oscillations experienced, its
role in the international arena has been changing.
After World War II, in 1964 was chosen as President of Chile Eduardo Frei
Montalva. His government had an open and integrative orientation towards the world
and especially to the region9. Participation in peacekeeping operations in this period was
minimal and mostly as an observer. During the Cold War, in 1970 was elected as
President the socialist Salvador Allende, who established relations with Cuba and the
Soviet bloc. Chile broke relations with the U.S. and its allies. Despite this, Allende was
willing to keep relations with all countries.
In 1973, with the military coup lead by Augusto Pinochet, Chile started to
experience tense relations with democratic countries. Throughout the nearly 20 years of
military rule with a clear anticommunist tendency and due to repeated human rights
violations, Chile was far away from international organizations, especially the United
Nations, also moving away from regional bodies such as the Organization of American
States (OAS). The return to democracy in 1990 with the election of Patricio Aylwin as
president, it was acknowledged the need to open the doors of Chile to the world and
from the isolation in which the country had fallen10.
Thus, the following presidents will continue with this policy of open state, in
respect to the mandates of the United Nations and the international law, and cooperation
of all kinds. This cooperation includes the participation of Chile in peacekeeping
operations of the United Nations, starting with this modernization during the
government of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle11. “As revealing fact, between 1945 and 1990,
there were 13 peacekeeping missions, while only in the early nineties there were already
more than 40 interventions”.12
Today, Chile plays an active role within the United Nations, being represented
by the Permanent Mission of Chile to the United Nations in that organism. The Mission
9
In 1969 Chile adheres to the Andine Pact (a union of South American countries), but in 1976 abandons
the pact under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.
10
Mariana Perry Fauré, “Las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile y su Proceso de Integración a las Operaciones de
Paz”, UNISCI Discussion Papers 21 (2009): 109-115.
11
During his government, Frei dictates the "National Policy for the State’s Participation in Peacekeeping
Operations", assigning to the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and National Defense the evaluation and
guidance to allow the participation of Chile in peacekeeping operations.
12
Perry, “Las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile”, 114.
6
has as its main function “representing Chile’s stance on multilateral policy matters to
United Nations. The bodies in which this work is developed are the six thematic
commissions that comprise the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic
and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International Court of Justice and other organs that
are part of the United Nations system.”13
Meanwhile, in Chile work independently eight organizations of the United
Nations14, under the command of a resident coordinator. Notably, the building of the
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
in Santiago was inaugurated in 1966, being Chile the host of the ECLAC headquarters
since then.
c. Chile’s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.
Even before the creation of the United Nations, Chile has participated in
peacekeeping operations. Their involvement extends since 1935 to present days. In
“1935 Chile together with Argentina, Brazil, the United States, Peru and Uruguay,
participated in the Neutral Military Commission for the Boreal Chaco, designed
to monitor the observance of the peace agreements between Bolivia and Paraguay that
ended the war that confronted them between 1924 and 1932.” 15 Subsequently, the
missions of Chile increased since 1991, producing a considerable increase since 2004
“on occasion of the deployment of a Light Battalion as part of the Multinational Interim
Force for Haiti (MIFH) and later with its participation at MINUSTAH.”16
Peacekeeping missions in which Chile has participated have evolved, passing
through a classic period, characterized by sending military observers to monitor areas of
conflict
(from 1935);
operational developments,
a
transition
period
increasing missions
and
characterized
“adding
by legal
to their
and
individual
13
Permanent Mission of Chile to the UN, “Objectives and Functions”, accessed November 5, 2012,
http://chileabroad.gov.cl/onu/en/sobre-la-mision/objetivos-y-funciones/
14
The agencies of the UN system in Chile are: The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Office of the
High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Food and Agriculture organization of the United
Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the
International Labour Organization (ILO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) a regional
office of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
15
Valentín Segura Flores, “Chile en el marco de la Cooperación Internacional: siete décadas en
Operaciones de Paz”, Academia Nacional de Estudios Políticos y Estratégicos: Revista Política y
Estrategia 115 (2010): 122.
16
Ibid., 123.
7
participation specialist
units at
squad
level”
17
(from 1990);
and the
robust
integrated and multi-agency period (from 2000) which is derived from the changes that
emerged internationally in the Peacekeeping Operations because of the Brahimi Report
that revealed the weaknesses and flaws in the system. Chile also initiated a phase
of capacity building and integration. In 2004 the country integrates the Multinational
Interim Force for Haiti18.
Between 1945 and 1989 under the supervision of the UN, 14 peacekeeping
operations were established; Chile deployed personnel in the following missions: in
India-Pakistan UNMOGIP since 1949; UNTSO10 in the Middle East since 1954 and
uninterrupted since 1967 and UNFICYP since 2003. 19 Chile has also contribute in:
UNOGIL Observer Group in Lebanon (1958) in which Chile provided with observers;
UNSAL UN Observer Mission in El Salvador in which from the year 1991, Chile
participated with 23 policemen; UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration
Mission in Kosovo in which Chile provides, since 2000, with a liaison officer between
the NATO force (K-FOR) and UNMIK; MINUGUA Verification Mission of Human
Rights in Guatemala, was advised in the field of Criminal Investigation and Internal
Affairs for the Chile’s Investigations Police.
In the United Nations Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina (UNMIBIH), Chile
contributed with policemen between June 1997 and December 2002; UNMOVIC
United Nations Commission for Supervision and Inspection between October 2000 and
late 2003, Chile contributed with a weapons Inspector; UNMISET (Mission of Support
in East Timor), Chile contribute with policemen. Chile has also contributed in other
kind of missions as the Military Observer Mission in El Salvador-Honduras in 1975,
which was a mission of the OAS.20
Currently, Chile participates in the following peace operations: UNMOGIP
United Nations Military Observer Group India-Pakistan conflict (1949 to present);
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine (1967 to date );
UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (2000 to present);
UNFICYP United Nations Mission in Cyprus (2001-present); EUFOR-ALTHEA
Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2004 to date ) MINUSTAH United Nations
17
Marcelo Péndola Brondi, “Chile y las operaciones de paz: de la participación individual a Haití”,
Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad 1 (2005): 77.
18
Segura, “Chile en el marco de la Cooperación Internacional”, 127-135.
19
Ibid., 127-128.
20
Péndola, “Chile y las operaciones de paz”, 74-77.
8
Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti (2004-present); UN Logistics Base, Brindisi, Italy.
A Commissioner of Police Research and Training Service instructor. (2007 to date).21
d. The participation of Chile in the Haiti Mission.
As
mentioned
above,
Chile joins
the MIFH in Haiti in
2004 with
331 troops, along with Canada, USA and France. At the end of this mission, Chile is the
only one of these countries that remains in Haiti to give the command to the United
Nations Mission for Stabilization in Haiti MINUSTAH in June 2004, this participation
marks the
beginning
of the
Chile’s
robust and
multinational operations.
22
Chile continued its participation in MINUSTAH under direct control of the UN. 23 A
mixed mission is carried out between Chile and Ecuador; Chile provided 578 people
and Ecuador 66. 24
“Given the magnitude and complexity of Chile in Haiti, it was
necessary to create an organization of national command to support this operation, a
situation that was materialized with the appointment of the Chief of National Defense as
the “National Military Authority” and the creation of “Joint Headquarters” under the
leadership of the newly created National Military.”25
Within this process of organization, in 2008, Chile redrafted the Law 19,067 of
Departure of Troops by the Law 20,297 referring to “The departure of troops
to participate in peace operations.”
As a result, the Book of National Defense 2010 refers to Chile's participation in
peacekeeping operations as one of the mechanisms through which Chile meets
the guidelines of its national defense policy. 26 The new legal framework established
within peace
operations in
the
framework of
international
cooperation, “the
following modalities of employment of military and police contingents:

International Cooperation: Peacekeeping, peace enforcement, multidimensional
peacekeeping operations and appeasement of humanitarian crises.

National operations of protection: Protection or evacuation of national troops;
and protection, rescue and evacuation.
21
Chilean Joint Peacekeeping Operations Center CECOPAC, Antecedentes Generales Contribución
Nacional
a
las
Operaciones
de
Paz,
accessed
November
5,
2012,
http://www.cecopac.cl/chile_en_opaz/contribucion.html
22
Segura, “Chile en el marco de la Cooperación Internacional”, 136.
23
Péndola, “Chile y las operaciones de paz”, 80.
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.
26
9

National humanitarian aid operations: Humanitarian assistance and disaster
mitigation.”27
In
this
context,
in
the
year
2002
is
created
the Chilean Joint Peacekeeping Operations Center (CECOPAC), which “is an agency
dependent of the Ministry of Defence through its General Staff, of joint character,
which not only prepare and train the Armed Forces of Public Order and Security
staff and the civil power; but also power the different skills and knowledge of civil,
military and police in an integrated manner, confirming the current global trend
towards the
interaction
of
these social
strata in
the
process
of planning,
28
implementation and evaluation of these Peace Operations.” Therefore, CECOPAC is a
center of joint and integrated nature, which considers the civil, military and police
areas of the country in an integrated way, being a pioneer in Latin America, and
cooperating with other nations and nongovernmental organizations.29
In short, the mission in Haiti caused a change in Chile's foreign policy,
fortifying its commitment to peacekeeping operations and making major changes to its
domestic law and structure of its bodies.
e. Evaluations of Chile’s Participation in the Haiti Mission.
As a UN member state, Chile is governed by the principles outlined in the UN
Charter, therefore it strictly adheres to the principle of international cooperation
between states. Chile has a defense policy based on peaceful vocation of the country;
hence it only wants to maintain the territorial status quo in Latin America. However, the
State’s foreign policy is consistent with the permanent interests of Chile, responding to
the demands of its insertion in a globalized and interdependent world. In this sense, the
armed forces engaged in missions of peace and cooperation abroad, made under the
United Nations favor.
The defense policy of the State of Chile is fundamentally committed to world
peace through the principle of international cooperation, because of this principle Chile
develops an intense multilateral diplomacy and actively participates in peacekeeping
operations.
27
“Antecedentes CECOPAC”, Chilean Joint Peacekeeping Operations Center, accessed April 30, 2012,
http://www.cecopac.cl/cecopac/somos.html
29
Ibid.
28
10
Haiti’s mission meant to Chile an evolution to a participation in peacekeeping
operations of a multidisciplinary and robust character. The domestic legislation of Chile
was gradually accommodating to changes and international demands for participation
and response to the crisis faced by vulnerable countries.
Peace and global and regional stability are essential for Chile. National
development, given its economic policy is directly linked to the international context, so
any overall effect added to the high degree of integration and globalization, have direct
effects in the nation.
Chile’s interest in international law and conventions in this field has allowed it
to insert internationally by actively participating in United Nations and other forums.
But the interests are not only to participate and be an international major player, but also
ensuring stability in areas of confluence which form an essential part of national
interests.
Finally, peace operations achieve deterrence and linking cooperation and enable
its coexistence. Deterrence is very useful for the defense policy of a country, and in the
case of Chile has meant an internal and external stability, a prerequisite for its insertion
at the international level.
Chile uses, in accordance with its national interests, peacekeeping operations as
a useful instrument of international integration, in line with its economic development
experienced in recent years.
III. Research Motives:
The main reason for initiate this investigation is my personal interest on Chile’s
participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. I've done some research
on the subject, and I will like to go deeper on the historical evolution of the Chilean
foreign policy and the reasons why Chile has been adapting its institutional system to
meet new requirements for peace operations.
11
IV. Research Objectives:
The structure of this research is based on one main objective and five specific
objectives.
a. Main Objective:
Analyze Chile’s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
(UNPKO) from 2002 to 2012, giving special attention to the importance of the Mission
in Haiti for Chile, the variations in Chile’s institutionalism and foreign policy, and
lessons learned from this operation for future engagement by Chile’s blue helmets.
b. Specific Objectives:
1. Define the concept of peacekeeping and its evolution through history, the United
Nations and its role for the coordination of Peacekeeping Operations, the process of
formation of an operation, and the current operations around the world.
2. Describe the history of Chile in the United Nations, the current interactions, the
relation of Chilean foreign policy towards international organizations in general, and to
the United Nations in particular.
3. Illustrate Chile’s participation in the UN Peacekeeping Operations, the evolution of
its participation, the reasons for that evolution, and the missions, former and current, in
which Chile has participated.
4. Examine the importance of the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Mission in
Haiti for Chile, and the variations in Chile’s institutionalism and foreign policy.
5. Evaluate the consequences that the Mission in Haiti meant for Chile, and lessons
learned from this operation for future engagement of Chile in United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations.
V. Research Scope:
1. Although all the peacekeeping operations missions in which Chile has participated
will be mentioned, the focus will be on modern missions, as in the case of Haiti, which
involves greater participation, complexity and specialization of the Chilean forces.
2. The timeframe of this investigation is the first decade of the 21st century, from 2002
to 2012, commensurate period of analysis. It is in this period that the mission in Haiti
was initiated and corresponds to the time when Chile made the most important changes
12
in terms of cooperation and participation in UNPKO. In the last ten years, Chile has
included peacekeeping operations as part of its state policy, institutionalizing its
domestic structure.
VI. Literature Review:
This research will use a considerable amount of primary and secondary sources
dealing basically with these subjects: United Nations Peacekeeping Operations; Chile
and the United Nations; and Chile’s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping
Operations and its participation in the Haiti Mission. Let’s review the most significant
secondary sources now.
1. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.
The seminal work by David J. Whittaker, United Nations in the Contemporary
30
World gives a comprehensive general background for the understanding of the United
Nations operation and role in today's world, it is essential for the smooth finish of this
research, because
the UN is
the international
organization of
which derive
Peacekeeping Operations and so on which this research is structure. This monograph
will be used in order to reveal the different institutions and primary ideas around the
United Nations as a contemporary international organization.
Michael J. Butler in International Conflict Management
31
provides an
accessible overview of the logic, evolution, application and outcomes of the five major
approaches of the growing field of international conflict management, been one of them
the traditional peacekeeping. This book gives an amazing quantity of excellent
information related to the understanding of peacekeeping operations. This piece is an
important tool that provides excellent information related to peacekeeping and security
in general see it form a global conflict management point of view. It also provides
numerous points of comparison with the dominant causes, types, strategy, and
prosecution of warfare in other eras to understand the modernization and entrainment of
the contemporary peacekeeping.
Lastly, in a much deeper context, Paul F. Diehl presents in his International
Peacekeeping32 a substantial review of peacekeeping operations, structure and evolution.
Even though this volume was written before the various peacekeeping debacles of 1993
30
David J. Whittaker, United Nations in the Contemporary World (London: Routledge, 1997).
Michael J. Butler, International Conflict Management (London: Routledge, 2009).
32
Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Blatimore: Johns Hopkins, 1994).
31
13
in Somalia and Haiti, its analysis stands up remarkably well. The author covers what is
mandatory to know regarding peacekeeping such as the genesis and development of
peacekeeping, some cases of international peacekeeping, some critiques to the
peacekeeping conflict resolution, and the prospects for international peacekeeping.
2. Chile in the United Nations.
Joaquín Fermandois in his Mundo y fin de mundo: Chile en la política mundial,
1900-200433 delivers an exceptional research and analysis of the evolution of Chile on
the international stage, interpreting its history in the twentieth century by saying that
Chile has not been isolated from global politics. Chilean society has reflected the events
of world politics more than other Latin American societies. This piece will give a wide
range of knowledge about the foreign policy of Chile and its evolution, providing a
foundation for this research.
José Miguel Insulza in his Ensayos sobre política exterior de Chile34 explains
about the global international order and the objectives and priorities of the foreign
policy of Chile in the democratic era. The current Secretary of the Organization of
American States’s work will give us another look of the foreign policy of Chile, which
help to explain its political history and the impact on its look to the international arena.
To analyze the evolution of foreign policy in Chile’s history, its focus to the
United Nations and peacekeeping operations; is imperative to study the three books of
National Defence of the Republic of Chile, the “Libro de la Defensa Nacional de Chile
de 1997” 35 (Book of National Defense of Chile of 1997); the “Libro de la Defensa
Nacional de Chile de 2002”36 (Book of National Defense of Chile of 2002); and the
“Libro de la Defensa Nacional de Chile de 2010”37 (Book of National Defense of Chile
of 2010). All made by the Ministry of Defense, among other things these three books
explain Chilean’s national defense policy, its objectives, features, backbones, and
Chile’s cooperation in defense and security.
33
Fermandois, Joaquín. Mundo y fin de mundo: Chile en la política mundial, 1900-2004. Santiago:
Universidad Católica de Chile, 2005.
34
Insulza, José Miguel. Ensayos sobre política exterior de Chile. Santiago: Editorial Los Andes, 1998.
35
Ministry of Defense of Chile, ed. “Libro de la Defensa Nacional de Chile” (1997) (Book of National
Defense
of
Chile).
http://www.defensa.cl//wp-content/uploads/LIBRO-DE-LA-DEFENSANACIONAL_1997.pdf
36
Defense of Chile). http://www.defensa.cl/
37
Defense of Chile). http://www.defensa.cl/
14
“Las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile y su Proceso de Integración a las Operaciones
de Paz” 38 (Chile's armed forces and its integration process to Peace Operations) by
Mariana Perry Fauré gives an amazing quantity of excellent information related to the
introduction and evolution of Chile and its armed forces in peacekeeping missions of
the United Nations, explaining the positive interactions of the armed forces with the
Executive after the return to democracy. Thanks to these advances Chile has established
its participation in peacekeeping operations as a state policy. This information will help
to understand the reasons for the inclusion of Chile in peacekeeping missions and give
light to elucidate further developments.
3. Chile’s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and its
participation in the Haiti Mission.
The work of Paulina Le Dantec Valenzuela, Chile y las Operaciones de Paz.
Estudio comparado de la política exterior de los tres gobiernos concertacionistas. De la
reinserción internacional a la participación en Haití 39 (Chile and Peacekeeping
Operations. Comparative study of the foreign policy of the three Concertación
governments. From international reintegration to the participation in Haiti) makes a
comparative study of the governments of Presidents Patricio Aylwin, Eduardo Frei and
Ricardo Lagos on their foreign policy agendas in the context of peacekeeping operations.
Explains how Chile was reinserting in the United Nations multilateral politics, reaching
maximum participation so far, with the mission in Haiti. This has been achieved by the
establishment of long-term policy, having as a main objective the international
cooperation.
“Chile en el marco de la Cooperación Internacional: siete décadas en
Operaciones de Paz”
40
(Chile in the framework of International Cooperation:
seven decades of Peacekeeping Operations) by Valentín Segura Flores is quite a
reference in the Chile’s participation in the Peacekeeping Operations topic. Col. Segura
led the Chilean Joint Peacekeeping Operations Center (the Chilean aid to the United
Nations); the force was present in many situations, including parts of the Afghanistan
38
Perry Fauré, Mariana. “Las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile y su Proceso de Integración a las Operaciones de
Paz”. UNISCI Discussion Papers 21 (2009): 106-119.
39
Le Dantec Valenzuela, Paulina. Chile y las Operaciones de Paz. Estudio comparado de la política
exterior de los tres gobiernos concertacionistas. De la reinserción internacional a la participación en
Haití. Santiago: ANEPE, 2006.
40
Valentín Segura Flores, “Chile en el marco de la Cooperación Internacional: siete décadas en
Operaciones de Paz”, Academia Nacional de Estudios Políticos y Estratégicos: Revista Política y
Estrategia 115 (2010): 122-140.
15
War.
Therefore
it
This article navigates through 6
is a
piece
decades
that gives first-hand
of Chilean Peacekeeping
information.
Operations,
by
explaining its history, missions, periods of evolution and the restructuring and
modernization of Chilean Peacekeeping Operations. It also refers with emphasis on the
importance of the Mission in Haiti for the Chilean peacekeeping operations.
Related to the text mentioned above, “Chile y las operaciones de paz: de la
participación individual a Haití” 41 (Chile and peacekeeping operations: from the
individual participation to Haiti) by Marcelo Péndola Brondi delivers an exceptional
research and analysis of the evolution of Peacekeeping Operations in Chile and how is
complemented by the international peacekeeping modernization. In this article the
author describes the evolution of peacekeeping operations in Chile, and explores how
those operations relate to broader foreign policy goals in recent years. Is a must read to
fully understand the Chilean participation in peacekeeping operations.
Elsa Llenderrozas in her article“Argentina, Brasil y Chile en la reconstrucción
de Haití: Intereses y motivaciones de la participación conjunta”42 (Argentina, Brazil and
Chile in rebuilding Haiti: Interests and motivations of joint participation) offer a
comparative draft of the participation of Argentina, Chile and Brazil in the mission in
Haiti in the light of recent regional developments. The author analyze the highs and
lows of the inner experience of each of the countries in this operation, how they evolved
its institutions and structures to fulfill the requirements of this mission, and in that sense
the cooperation that the countries have reached and joint activities. Finally illustrates the
interest of each country to participate in peacekeeping operations and the progress made.
All these works, ranging from the general to the particular, will give me a broad
knowledge of the United Nations and its peacekeeping operations; Chilean foreign
policy; and Chile’s participation in the mission in Haiti. Although all these works are
brilliant and very important academically speaking, it has not been possible to find a
work that describes the relationship of the political history of Chile, the evolution of its
foreign policy; and its influence on current peace operations, in particular in Haiti. I
hope to contribute with my work in this area, specifically in the topic of Chile’s
interests, and objectives of its foreign policy, former and current.
41
Marcelo Péndola Brondi, “Chile y las operaciones de paz: de la participación individual a Haití”,
Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad 1 (2005): 73-84.
42
Llenderrozas, Elsa. “Argentina, Brasil y Chile en la reconstrucción de Haití: Intereses y motivaciones
de la participación conjunta”. Latin America Studies Association: XXVI International Congress (2006)
http://www.resdal.org/producciones-miembros/art-llenderrozas-lasamar06.pdf
16
VII. Hypothesis:
Chilean peacekeeping operations have evolved along with the evolution of the
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Since its participation in the Multinational
Interim Force for Haiti and the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, Chile has
directed its institutions and objectives toward active participation in UNPKO, always in
accordance with its national interests.
Nowadays peace operations are an important focus of Chilean’s state policy.
Chile’s participation in the concert of nations is guided by the respect for the decisions
of the United Nations, the contribution to the maintenance and promotion of
international peace and security, and solidarity between states. The reasons leading
Chile to increase its involvement in UNPKO are diverse in nature, having historical,
political, economic, and strategic motives. Among the interests of Chile to participate in
these operations include a favorable projection of its international image; strengthen
multilateral relations; regional integration and cooperation; and the training of military
forces.
VIII. Methodology:
A qualitative approach will be used on this research. Most of the analysis will be
carried out through documents and books on the specific topics. It will rely on primary
sources from the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations; the Chilean Joint
Peacekeeping Operations Center; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of
Defense of Chile statements, working documents, declarations, treaties, reports, etc.
This research will also use secondary sources such as textbooks, specialized
books, journals, magazines, newspapers and website analysis.
The investigation will be complemented with interviews from experts on the
field of peacekeeping operations in Chile, through telephonic conversations, Skype, and
email messages.
The Chicago Manual Style of citation will structure the format of the recurrent
sources and footnotes along the pages of this research. For the elaboration of the main
objective and secondary objectives it was used the Bloom’s Taxonomy of Measurable
Verbs43.
43
B. S. Bloom et. al., “Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of First educational goals”,
Handbook I: Cognitive Domain (New York: Longmans, Green, 1956).
17
XI. Chapter Arrangement:
I.
INTRODUCTION.
The introduction will cover the background and motivations of the research, the
objectives to be achieved with this thesis, its scope, hypothesis intended to test, and
the methodology.
1. Background.
2. Research Objectives.
3. Research Scope.
4. Hypothesis.
5. Methodology.
6. Chapter Arrangement.
II.
CHAPTER I. PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS.
This first chapter will introduce to the United Nations mission and its role as the
foundation of peace operations, the concept and evolution of its scope through the
history; and finally on how to form an operation and which peace operations are
taking place in the world today.
1. The United Nations and its role in peacekeeping operations.
2. Concept and evolution of peacekeeping operations.
3. Formation of a peacekeeping operation and current operations.
III. CHAPTER II. CHILE IN THE UNITED NATIONS.
Chapter two will describe the history of Chile in the United Nations; the current
relationship; and the relation of Chilean foreign policy towards international
organizations in general, and the United Nations peace operations in particular.
1. History of Chile and the United Nations.
2. Current interactions of Chile and the United Nations.
3. Chilean foreign policy and its relationship with the United Nations Peace
Operations.
18
IV. CHAPTER III. CHILE AND PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS.
This chapter illustrates the participation of Chile in UNPKO, its evolution and
missions in which Chile has participated.
1. History of Chile in the Peacekeeping Operations.
2. Mechanisms to constitute an operation.
3. Faces of evolution of the Chilean participation.
4. Current Operations.
V. CHAPTER IV. CHILE AND ITS PARTICIPATION IN THE HAITI
MISSION.
This chapter will address the participation of Chile in MIFH and MINUSTAH,
the reasons why Chile joins the mission; the changes that the mission brought to
Chile; and the results of its participation.
1. Background and overview.
2. The creation of special organizations.
3. The reasons of the evolution and specialization.
4. Regional cooperation in Peacekeeping Operations.
VI. CHAPTER V. EVALUATIONS OF CHILE’S PARTICIPACION IN THE
HAITI MISSION.
In this final chapter, and having a global view of the mission, will be evaluated
the mission’s impact on Chile; the evolution of its state policy; and the lessons
learned from this operation.
1. Consequences of the Haiti Mission for Chile.
2. Chilean Foreign Policy’s evolution.
3. Challenges for Chile in this mission.
VII. CONCLUSIONS.
VIII. ANNEXES.
19
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http://www.cecopac.cl/actualidad/actual/2012/enero/ejercito_haiti.pdf
- Memoria Chilena. “El impacto de la Guerra Fría en Chile”. Biblioteca Nacional
Digital
de
Chile.
October
31,
2012,
http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/index.asp?id_ut=impactodelaguerrafriaenchile
- Ministry of Defense of Chile. “Chile puede ser el primer país latinoamericano que se
sume a las Misiones de Paz de la Unión Europea”. October 16, 2012.
http://www.defensa.cl/2012/10/16/%E2%80%9Cchile-puede-ser-el-primer-paislatinoamericano-que-se-sume-las-misiones-de-paz-de-la-union/
- Observatorio de Política Exterior de Chile de la Universidad de Chile. “Informe de
Política Exterior de Chile N°3 01/05/2010 a 31/05/2010”. November 3, 2012.
http://www.gedes.org.br/downloads/40c15820690738aa4024acf8534ec5d7.pdf
http://www.gedes.org.br/downloads/40c15820690738aa4024acf8534ec5d7.pdf
http://www.gedes.org.br/downloads/77a3a9947ff6f4cac127838a19c35a5d.pdf
- Permanent Mission of Chile to the UN. “Canciller Moreno expone ante Asamblea
General
de
Naciones
Unidas”.
September
28,
2012.
http://chileabroad.gov.cl/onu/en/2012/10/02/canciller-moreno-expone-ante-asambleageneral-de-naciones-unidas/
- Robledo Hoecker, Marcos. “La política exterior de Chile: 1990-2010 y la construcción
social de la política internacional: análisis preliminar y perspectivas”. Universidad
Diego
Portales.
http://www.icso.cl/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Marcos-Robledo-
Working-Paper-ICSO-Taller-1.pdf
- Vignolo, Paulo. “Política Exterior de la Administración de Michelle Bachelet”.
November
3,
2012.
http://es.scribd.com/doc/49742098/Politica-Exterior-de-la-
Administracion-de-Michelle-Bachelet
- Vignolo, Paulo. “Política Exterior de la Administración de Ricardo Lagos”. November
3, 2012. http://es.scribd.com/doc/49742104/Politica-Exterior-de-la-Administracion-deRicardo-Lagos
29
- Vignolo, Paulo. “Políticas Exteriores Latinoamericanas Comparadas: República de
Chile”.
Universidad
del
Salvador.
November
3,
2012.
http://es.scribd.com/doc/50415324/Trabajo-Final-Politica-Exterior-CHILE
d. Websites.
- Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile (Library of the National Congress of Chile),
Treaties
signed
between
Chile
and
the
United
Nations,
http://www.leychile.cl/Consulta/tratados_por_pais?pais=Naciones%20Unidas
- Centro de Estudios Públicos, http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/lang_1/home.html
- Chilean Army Official website, www.ejercito.cl
- Estado Mayor Conjunto de Chile, http://www.emc.mil.cl/
- Government of Chile, Official website, http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/
- International Cooperation Agency of Chile, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official
website, http://www.agci.cl/
-
Latin
American
Association
of
Peacekeeping
Operations
Centers,
Official
website,
http://www.alcopaz.org/
-
Ministry
of
Foreign
Affairs
of
Chile
http://www.minrel.gob.cl/prontus_minrel/site/edic/base/port/home.php
- Ministry of National Defense of Chile Official website, http://www.defensa.cl/
- National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies, Ministry of National Defense of
Chile, Official website, http://www.anepe.cl/
- Sistema de las Naciones Unidas en Chile (United Nations System in Chile) website,
http://www.onu.cl/index_net.html
30

Chile`s participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

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