CO - Less CO2

CAPACITY
CAPACITY OF
OF CO
CO22 FIXATION
FIXATION OF
OF
MURCIAN
MURCIAN CROPS
CROPS
Prof. Micaela Carvajal
Profesora de Investigación
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC)
• Introduction
• Methodology applied
• Results
• Conclusions
• Introduction
• Methodology applied
• Results
• Conclusions
Atmospheric CO2
Atmosphere
Sun
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Compost
Organic material
(Biomass)
Soil
The burning of
plant material
Fossil fuels
El CO2 atmosférico
El suelo
Prediction that 100,000
ARTIFICIAL TREES in 2050 will
absorbe 330 mT of CO2 emissions.
(Image: artificial trees in the North Sea and
IMechE’s artist impression of UK in 2060 )
Photosynthesis
First stage
luz
H2O + NADP+ +Pi + ADP
O2 + H+ + NADPH + ATP.
Second stage
CO2 + NADPH + H+ + ATP
GLUCOSA + Pi + NADP+ + ADP
Different CO2 fixations
Plants C-3: Stomata opened during daylight for CO2 ,
fixation. This fact produces a continue water loss by
transpiration.
Plants C-4: Stomata opened during daylight . They have got
CO2 pump intermediaries in cells that allow stomata closing
and continue photosynthesis .
Plants CAM: Stomata opened during night . Reduction of
water loss by transpiration. They have got CO2 pump
intermediaries as pool.
ABIOTIC STRESS
CO2
CO 2
O2
H2 O
H 2O
Environmental
conditions that can
cause stress
•water-logging
•drought
•high or low temperatures
•excessive soil salinity
•inadequate mineral in the soil
•too much or too little light
minerals
N, P , K, S, Mg, Ca
H2 O
Growth
Yield
Fe Mo
Cu, Mn, Zn, B
CO2
Abiotic stress
CO2 fixation
Photosynthesis
CO
2
-CO2 fixation Æ
ƒStomata open.
ƒStomatal conductivity
-CO2 diffusionÆ
ƒInternal conductivity
Murcian agriculture
Excellent climatic conditions - High productivity
Non limiting factors – Optimisation of resources
Good crop practices - Sustainability of farms management
OBJECTIVE
In this scientific work the rate of CO2
fixation has been determined in the more
important crops in Region of Murcia.
•Crops whose irrigation surface › 1000 Ha
•Rate of CO2 fixation has been calculated
based in:
- Annual biomass.
- Carbon content in tissues
• Introduction
• Methodology applied
• Results
• Conclusions
Material vegetal y procesado
CO2 fixation
Production of annual biomass:
Plant
Three
Shoot (fruit)
Root
Total carbon was analysed from annual biomas
Horticultural plants
Tomato, pepper, watermelon, melon, lettuce and broccoli
•Three plants of each specie was collected
at the end of their growing cycle.
•Fruits, leaves, stems and roots were
separated and weighed to determine their
fresh weight.
•They were introduced in a hot air oven at
70 º C until constant weight to determine
dry weight.
•They were ground in a laboratory mill,
•Carbon was measured.
Fruit trees
Apricot, plum, peach, nectarine and table grape
•Three trees of each species were collected after fruit
harvesting
•Leaves, annual stems and annual roots were separated
and weighted to determine their fresh weight per year.
•The trunk and on annuals branches were weighed and
divided by n-years to determine their annual fresh
weight.
•Fruit samples were taken separately.
•A representative sample were introduced in a hot air
oven at 70 º C until constant weight to determine dry
weight.
•They were ground in a laboratory mill..
•Carbon was measured.
Citrus trees
lemon, orange and mandarin
•Three trees of each species were uprooted
•Leaf, non-wood branch and root were separated and
weighted to determine their fresh weight. For
calculating of total carbon captured per tree and per
year, it was found that leaf biomass is renewed every
3 years.
•The trunk and on annuals branches were weighed and
divided by n-years to determine their annual fresh
weight.
•Fruit samples were taken.
•A representative sample were introduced in a hot air
oven at 70 º C until constant weight to determine dry
weight.
•They were ground in a laboratory mill.
•Carbon was measured.
Hot air oven at 70oC
Carbon analyzer
Total carbon content was measured in subsamples (about 2-3 mg PS) of leaves, stems,
fruits and roots with an N-C analyzer.
NC analyzer-Thermo Finnigan 1112 EA. Basic Analizer
(Thermo Finnigan-, Milán, Italia).
• Introduction
• Methodology applied
• Results
• Conclusions
Tables of results
Fresh
weight
TOMATO
Root
Stem
Leaves
Fruit
Total
Dry weight
-1
(g plant )
134
1.434
866
3.394
5.827
%C
%
83,23
79,30
80,40
84,95
(% D.W.)
38,96
40,36
40,99
46,05
-1
(g plant )
22,5
296,8
169,7
510,8
1.000
Fresh
weigth
APRICOT TREE
Root
Branches
Leaves
Fruits
Trunk
Total
Humidity
-1
(g tree )
25.217
10.185
12.081
125.000
10.297
182.780
Dry weight
-1
(g tree )
15.130
6.057
5.074
18.588
6.134
50.983
Humidity
%
40,00
40,53
58,00
85,13
40,53
Total C
-2
Total C
-1
-1
TOTAL PLANT
-1
-1
(g m year ) (T ha year )
17,5
0,2
240
2,4
139
1,4
470,4
4,7
867
8,7
%C
(% dry weight)
43,04
46,74
45,13
64,5
46,74
Total C
-2
g C Plant
8,8
120
69,6
235,2
433
Total C
1
(g m year )
132,8
57,8
46,7
174,3
58,5
470,1
-1
-1
g CO2 Plant
32,3
440
255
862
1.590
TOTAL TREE
-1
(T ha year )
1,3
0,6
0,5
1,7
0,6
4,7
-1
g C tree
6.512
2.831
2.290
8.545
2.867
23.045
-1
g CO2 Tree
23.870
10.381
8.396
31.331
10.512
84.498
Total annual Carbon fixed by each crop express by surface units (m2)
1200
C fixed annual (g m-2)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
i
lón hugea oculli hofea liflorr vena bada
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Total annual Carbon fixed by each crop express by plant or tree
35000
600
-1
C annual fixed (g plant-1)
25000
C annual fixed (g tree )
30000
500
400
20000
300
15000
200
10000
100
5000
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Total Carbon (%) accumulated in soils
in each of the studied crop field
Type of soil
C TOTAL
(%)
Horticultural crops
6.05
Cereals
6.36
Fruit trees
7.15
Citrus
7.13
Non crop fields
5.77
Pathways
5.79
Samples taken at 30 cm from the surface
Comparison with literature results
1200
C annual fixed (g m-2)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
i
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• Introduction
• Methodology applied
• Results
• Conclusions
•All crops studied are
highly efficient in CO2
fixation
Biomass development
CO2
Fixation
• Better crop conditions will
optimise the CO2 efficient
•The byproducts should be
taken into account
Nutrient uptake
Water uptake
Acknowledgements
Technical assisant and harvesting
LANGMEAD FARMS,
Experimental farm of CEBAS-CSIC,
JOSÉ PEÑALVER FERNÁNDEZ,
CDTA EL MIRADOR,
MORTE QUILES,
FRUTAS ESTHER,
FRUTAS TORERO,
APROEXPA
FECOAM
Dept. Plant Nutrition CEBAS-CSIC
Group of Aquaporins
Estomata analysis
Proteín identification
CO2 exchange
Prof. Micaela Carvajal
Dr. M. Carmen Martínez-Ballesta
Dr. Carlos Alcaraz
Beatriz Muries- PhD student
María Iglesias -PhD student
Cesar Mota- PhD student
M. Carmen Rodriguez- PhD student
Celia Gutierrez-PhD student
Eva Morales-Technician
Carbon Analysis