Environmental Product Declaration

Transcripción

-
PCR 2007:08 CPC 171 & 173: Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold
Water Generation and Distribution.
Register number: S-P-00452
Validity period: 2016/07/22
Functional unit: “1 Kwh. Net electricity generated by onshore
wind farm GAMESA G90-2MW machines-78m on a European site
with wind class IEC-II and subsequently distributed to a
European power transmission grid”.
1
1. THE COMPANY
With over 19 years of experience, Gamesa Corporacion Tecnologica is a global technology leader in
the wind industry and has thirty production centers in Europe, USA, China, India and Brazil. Its
comprehensive response in this market includes the design, construction, installation and
maintenance of wind turbines, with more than 26,000 MW installed in 40 countries and 19,000 MW
under maintenance. Gamesa is also a world leader in the market for the development, construction
and sale of wind farms, with about 5,000 MW installed and a portfolio of over 18,000 MW in wind
farms in Europe, America and Asia. It also maintains a firm commitment to the off-shore and marine
segment, through technological and industrial development, which will evolve in the coming years
in parallel with market needs.
2. PRODUCT AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Multi-megawatt wind turbines of 2.0 MW Gamesa platform enable more competitive ratios per MW
installed investment cost and energy produced, thanks to the versatile combination of a wind
turbine of 2.0 MW each, and 5 different rotors of dimensions: 80, 87, 90, 97 and 114 meters in
diameter, to achieve peak performance in all kinds of locations and wind conditions.
Gamesa 2.0 MW bases its technology to control speed and variable pitch turn incorporating the
latest technologies to extract the maximum power from the wind with the greatest efficiency.
The Advantages of Gamesa 2.0 MW platform is:
Maximum production at any location
New generation of rotors 97 and 114 meters for low wind sites and media, along with the
rotors 80, 87 and 90 meters, makes this the most versatile platform market
Pitch and variable speed to maximize energy production
Technology tip blade manufacturing. New blade profiles optimized for maximum output and
low noise
Technological solutions to ensure compliance with the main requirements of international
networking
GAMESA active yaw system to ensure optimal adaptation to complex terrain orography
Aerodynamic design and GAMESA NRS ® control to minimize noise emissions
GAMESA WindNet ®: control and monitoring system access remote Web
GAMESA SMP own predictive maintenance system
The functional unit used in the LCA which supports this EPD ® is "1 Kwh. Net electricity generated
by a European onshore wind farm GAMESA G90-2MW-78m operating under average wind
conditions (IEC-II) and distributed to European consumers."
2
2.1. SUMMARY ANALYSIS CONCEPTS:
2.1.1. CORE
The core phase encompasses all the steps related to the construction, operation and
decommissioning of the wind farm from the cradle to the grave. This includes all the steps run from
the extraction of raw materials needed to build the wind turbine and the location, to the
dismantling of the Wind farm, transportation to each authorized entity and end of life treatments,
including the processes productive plants made GAMESA itself and those of its suppliers.
In this phase core are also included transports associated with such processes
3
2.1.2. UPSTREAM
The upstream block considered in the study, include the impacts of the production of all necessary
auxiliaries for proper operation and operation of the wind farm over the 20 year life of the same.
2.1.3. DOWNSTREAM
The downstream stage comprises everything that happens from the wind energy is connected to
the transmission grid until it reaches the final consumer. For this it is necessary to consider the
construction and dismantling of the transmission and distribution infrastructure and electrical
losses arising from the transformation and transmission of electricity, until it reaches the final
consumer.
3. THE EPD ® SYSTEM
The international EPD ® system run by the IEC (International EPD Consortium) is based on ISO
14025 on Type III Environmental Declarations. The documents on which this EPD ® based in
hierarchical order are:
PCR 2007:08 CPC 171 & 173: Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold Water Generation and
Distribution.
The ISO 14025
The ISO 14040 and 14044
Electricity generation belongs to the product category:
UNCPC Code 17, Group 171 - Electricity.
4. VERIFICATION OF INFORMATION
All necessary documentation for writing this EPD ® has been reviewed and certified by the EPD
individually accredited certifier Gorka Benito Alonso.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND ENERGY GENERATED BY GAMESA G90
The EPD ® has been made in accordance with the document of General Program Instructions
international EPD ® system for environmental product declarations, 2008-02-29 see. 1.0, published
by the IEC (International EPD ® Consortium) and PCR 2007:08 CPC 171 & 173: Electricity, Steam,
and Hot and Cold Water Generation and Distribution.
4
ECOPROFILE
USE OF RESOURCES
Wind Scenario IEC II - 20 years life time - European wind farm
UNIT UPSTREA
M
Material Resources Non-renewables
Gravel, in ground
g
Iron, 46% in ore, 25% in crude ore, in ground
g
Calcite, in ground
g
Clay, unspecified, in ground
g
Sodium chloride, in ground
g
Nickel, 1.98% in silicates, 1.04% in crude ore, in ground
g
Renewable material resources
Wood
g
Water consumption
Freshwater
m3
Saltwater
m3
Water, unspecified
m3
Energy resources non renewables
Nuclear
MJ
Crude oil
MJ
Lignite
MJ
Hard coal
MJ
Natural gas
MJ
Energy resources renewables
Converted potential energy in hydro power
MJ
Energy, in biomass
MJ
Converted kinetic energy in wind power
MJ
Converted solar energy
MJ
Energy consumption of Wind turbine
Energy consumed in the wind turbine generator
Kwh
Recycled material resources
Aluminium
g
Coper
g
Steel
g
Rest of Materials flow
Resto de flujos materiales no renovables (90 sustancias) g
4,424E-03
7,728E-04
6,267E-04
5,330E-04
5,120E-05
2,858E-05
CORE
CORE
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
infraestructure GENERATED
Infraestructure DISTRIBUTED
1,178E-02
9,232E-04
8,581E-04
2,224E-04
5,038E-04
1,437E-05
3,387E+01
1,832E+00
1,355E+00
5,035E-01
1,118E-01
1,668E-01
3,389E+01
1,834E+00
1,357E+00
5,043E-01
1,123E-01
1,668E-01
2,237E+00
1,210E-01
8,955E-02
3,328E-02
7,415E-03
1,101E-02
6,954E-01
3,782E-01
2,395E-01
1,109E-01
6,942E-02
7,653E-03
3,682E+01
2,333E+00
1,686E+00
6,484E-01
1,892E-01
1,855E-01
3,196E-04 1,193E-04
7,667E-02
7,711E-02
5,089E-03
2,069E-01
2,891E-01
9,842E-08 1,700E-07
5,028E-08 1,340E-08
5,291E-07 2,428E-07
3,053E-05
2,928E-06
1,706E-04
3,080E-05
2,991E-06
1,714E-04
2,033E-06
1,974E-07
1,131E-05
1,225E-05
4,524E-07
4,806E-05
4,509E-05
3,641E-06
2,308E-04
6,794E-05
1,709E-03
2,906E-05
4,309E-05
1,566E-04
6,843E-05
4,048E-04
1,133E-05
2,833E-05
5,305E-05
1,743E-02
3,637E-02
5,811E-03
3,870E-02
2,780E-02
1,756E-02
3,849E-02
5,851E-03
3,878E-02
2,801E-02
1,159E-03
2,540E-03
3,862E-04
2,559E-03
1,849E-03
3,383E-03
6,774E-03
1,109E-03
7,581E-03
4,322E-03
2,210E-02
4,780E-02
7,346E-03
4,892E-02
3,418E-02
8,671E-06
3,566E-06
1,204E-06
1,739E-08
1,348E-05
1,454E-06
5,070E-07
1,022E-08
4,630E-03
9,827E-04
5,762E-04
5,729E-05
4,652E-03
9,877E-04
5,779E-04
5,732E-05
3,071E-04
6,519E-05
3,814E-05
3,783E-06
1,486E-03
2,138E-03
3,861E-05
5,602E-07
6,445E-03
3,191E-03
6,546E-04
6,166E-05
5,800E-02
3,828E-03
6,183E-02
9,444E-03
6,474E-03
8,594E-01
9,444E-03
6,474E-03
8,594E-01
6,233E-04
4,273E-04
5,672E-02
1,007E-02
6,901E-03
9,161E-01
2,621E-01
2,625E-01
1,733E-02
5,800E-02
2,831E-04 1,384E-04
5
1,693E-01
4,492E-01
ECOPROFILE
CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS
UNIT
UPSTREA
M
CORE
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
CORE
Environmental impact analysis
Global warming potential (100 years)
g CO2 eq 2,864E-02 7,799E-02
Ozone depleting potential (20 years)
g CFC-11 eq 1,482E-08 4,295E-09
Acidifying gases
g SO2 eq 2,489E-04 1,148E-04
Formation of ground level ozone
g C2H4 eq 1,362E-05 5,303E-06
Eutrophying substances
g PO4 eq 2,532E-05 3,898E-05
Air emissions that contribute most to the environmental impact categories analyzed
Carbon dioxide, fossil
g
2,675E-02 7,667E-02
Methane, fossil
g
8,414E-05 4,273E-05
Dinitrogen monoxide
g
6,006E-07 1,094E-06
Carbon monoxide, fossil
g
4,503E-05 5,330E-05
Carbon monoxide, biogenic
g
1,189E-06 2,865E-06
Methane, chlorodifluoro-, HCFC-22
g
5,186E-10 1,437E-10
Methane, bromotrifluoro-, Halon 1301
g
1,289E-09 3,730E-10
Methane, bromochlorodifluoro-, Halon 1211
g
1,302E-10 3,432E-11
Methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10
g
2,692E-11 4,084E-11
Sulfur dioxide
g
1,663E-04 4,417E-05
Nitrogen oxides
g
9,478E-05 1,183E-04
Ammonia
g
5,941E-07 1,268E-06
Hydrogen chloride
g
7,234E-07 3,312E-07
Ethene
g
1,185E-07 4,662E-08
Pentane
g
2,803E-06 6,707E-07
Butane
g
2,264E-06 5,334E-07
Propene
g
1,036E-07 2,696E-08
Methane, tetrafluoro-, CFC-14
g
3,083E-09 7,720E-09
Water emissions that contribute most to the environmental impact categories analyzed
Phosphate
g
7,898E-07 1,418E-05
COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand
g
5,272E-04 3,991E-04
Nitrate
g
4,101E-07 5,019E-07
Ammonium, ion
g
2,084E-07 8,273E-08
Radioisotopes emissions to air
C-14
KBq
2,173E-07 2,285E-07
Rn-222
KBq
3,936E-03 3,912E-03
Kr-85
KBq
8,560E-08 4,614E-08
Biogenic carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide, biogenic
g
3,296E-04 1,285E-04
Other emissions of toxic
Particulates, <2,5 um to air
g
8,809E-06 1,123E-05
Particulates, >10 um to air
g
1,086E-05 9,227E-06
Particulates, >2,5 um, and <10 um to air
g
4,399E-06 5,617E-06
PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to air
g
3,559E-09 4,051E-09
PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water
g
1,388E-08 2,747E-09
Arsenic to air
g
4,884E-09 2,593E-09
Cadmium to air
g
2,755E-09 1,166E-09
Dioxins to air
g
8,990E-15 8,599E-14
Oil emissions
Oils, unspecified to water
g
1,610E-04 2,465E-05
Oils, unspecified to soil
g
1,700E-04 2,485E-05
ECOPROFILE
Waste streams and recycling material
Hazardous waste - No radioactive
Hazardous waste - To incineration
Hazardous waste - Radiactive
Volume for deposit of low-active radioactive waste
Volume for deposit of radioactive waste
Other waste
Non-Hazardous waste - To landfill
Non-Hazardous waste - To incineration
Non-Hazardous waste - To recycling
7,832E+00
1,153E-06
3,576E-02
2,839E-03
5,091E-03
7,939E+00
1,172E-06
3,612E-02
2,858E-03
5,155E-03
5,240E-01
7,735E-08
2,384E-03
1,886E-04
3,402E-04
1,366E+00
7,781E-08
3,067E-02
1,470E-03
1,482E-03
9,829E+00
1,327E-06
6,918E-02
4,516E-03
6,977E-03
7,233E+00
1,866E-02
2,954E-04
5,542E-02
2,905E-03
3,362E-06
2,859E-08
2,695E-08
1,134E-07
1,964E-02
2,134E-02
5,650E-04
4,365E-04
4,955E-05
8,000E-05
5,898E-05
1,819E-05
7,833E-06
7,336E+00
1,878E-02
2,971E-04
5,551E-02
2,909E-03
3,363E-06
3,025E-08
2,712E-08
1,134E-07
1,985E-02
2,156E-02
5,669E-04
4,375E-04
4,972E-05
8,347E-05
6,178E-05
1,832E-05
7,844E-06
4,842E-01
1,240E-03
1,961E-05
3,664E-03
1,920E-04
2,219E-07
1,997E-09
1,790E-09
7,486E-09
1,310E-03
1,423E-03
3,741E-05
2,888E-05
3,281E-06
5,509E-06
4,077E-06
1,209E-06
5,177E-07
1,404E+00
3,161E-03
5,845E-05
1,181E-02
1,390E-03
1,305E-08
4,150E-09
3,209E-09
2,888E-09
2,202E-02
6,287E-03
6,202E-04
6,965E-05
1,437E-05
1,218E-05
8,790E-06
2,051E-06
3,718E-06
9,224E+00
2,318E-02
3,752E-04
7,099E-02
4,490E-03
3,598E-06
3,640E-08
3,212E-08
1,238E-07
4,317E-02
2,927E-02
1,224E-03
5,361E-04
6,737E-05
1,012E-04
7,465E-05
2,158E-05
1,208E-05
1,357E-03
2,836E-02
5,758E-04
9,680E-05
1,372E-03
2,929E-02
5,767E-04
9,709E-05
9,052E-05
1,933E-03
3,806E-05
6,408E-06
3,010E-04
5,957E-03
4,456E-05
1,322E-05
1,763E-03
3,718E-02
6,594E-04
1,167E-04
5,281E-05
9,589E-01
1,646E-05
5,326E-05
9,667E-01
1,659E-05
3,515E-06
6,380E-02
1,095E-06
8,224E-06
1,504E-01
2,757E-06
6,500E-05
1,181E+00
2,044E-05
1,041E-01
1,046E-01
6,903E-03
1,791E-01
2,906E-01
5,943E-03
1,177E-02
8,657E-03
4,402E-06
1,064E-06
7,258E-06
2,055E-06
1,947E-11
5,963E-03
1,179E-02
8,667E-03
4,409E-06
1,081E-06
7,266E-06
2,059E-06
1,957E-11
3,936E-04
7,783E-04
5,720E-04
2,910E-07
7,133E-08
4,795E-07
1,359E-07
1,292E-12
2,441E-03
2,509E-03
2,963E-03
1,540E-06
4,477E-08
3,265E-05
1,116E-05
1,724E-11
8,798E-03
1,508E-02
1,220E-02
6,241E-06
1,197E-06
4,039E-05
1,336E-05
3,810E-11
2,212E-03
2,156E-03
2,398E-03
2,351E-03
1,582E-04
1,551E-04
4,464E-04
4,567E-04
3,002E-03
2,963E-03
UNIT
UPSTREA
M
g
m3
m3
CORE
CORE
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
2,460E-02
9,291E-03
3,389E-02
2,237E-03
2,374E-02
5,987E-02
2,498E-13 2,482E-13
6,294E-14 5,768E-14
6,061E-11
1,514E-11
6,111E-11
1,526E-11
4,033E-12
1,007E-12
9,510E-12
2,397E-12
7,465E-11
1,866E-11
7,726E+00
1,955E-04
1,924E+00
7,726E+00
1,955E-04
1,924E+00
5,099E-01
1,290E-05
1,270E-01
3,388E-01
1,686E-01
5,495E-01
8,575E+00
1,688E-01
2,601E+00
g
g
g
6
6. CONCLUSIONS:
Manufacturing phase of the machine is the life cycle stage of the turbine which has almost all
of the environmental impacts. In the transport infrastructure and electricity distribution
GAMESA has not the capability of actuation because is out of our business and this is the next
phase of greater environmental relevance. The environmental impact of the wind turbine G90
over the 20 years is in its operational phase is almost negligible, as shown in the "core"
column.
7
Content
1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................8
1.1 PRODUCT DECLARED ..........................................................................................8
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM EPD ® .8
1.3 GAMESA, LCA and EPD ........................................................................................9
2. THE COMPANY AND PRODUCT .............................................................................. 10
2.1 GAMESA CORPORACION TECNOLOGICA ......................................................... 10
2.2 PRODUCT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ...................................................................... 10
2.2.1 The GAMESA WIND TURBINE G90-2MW .................................................... 10
2.2.2 THE WIND FARM ........................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 LINE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION ............................... 16
2.2.4 THE LIFE CYCLE OF ENERGY ..................................................................... 17
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ................................................................ 19
3.1 THE METHODOLOGY OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ........................................ 19
3.2 LIMITS OF THE SYSTEM AND DATA SOURCES ASSIGNMENT .......................... 19
3.2.1 CORE - INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................... 21
3.2.2 CORE - PROCESS ......................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 UPSTREAM ................................................................................................... 24
3.2.4 DOWNSTREAM .................................................................................................... 24
3.3 ECOPROFILE ...................................................................................................... 25
3.4 ANALYSIS OF DOMINANCE AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................. 30
4. ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ............................................................... 31
4.1 IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................... 31
4.1.1 FLORA ......................................................................................................... 31
4.1.2 FAUNA ........................................................................................................ 32
4.2 LAND USE .......................................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 Description of land use ............................................................................. 32
4.2.2 Land use - Classification of Corine ........................................................... 33
4.2.3 Number of years of occupation of areas ................................................. 34
4.2.4 Description of the infrastructure in the areas occupied ......................... 34
4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS .................................................................................... 34
4.3.1 Risks inventory .......................................................................................... 34
4.3.2 Results ........................................................................................................ 35
4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS............................................................................... 35
4.5 NOISE ................................................................................................................. 35
4.5.1.Noise Calculation....................................................................................33
4.6 VISUAL IMPACT .................................................................................................. 36
8
5. MANDATORY CERTIFICATION BODY AND STATEMENTS ..................................... 37
5.1 INFORMATION ON THE CERTIFICATION BODY ............................................... 37
5.2 MANDATORY STATEMENTS ............................................................................. 37
5.2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 37
5.2.2 LIFE CYCLE PHASES OMITTED ................................................................... 37
5.2.3 WAYS TO GET EXPLANATORY MATERIAL ................................................. 37
5.2.4 VERIFICATION INFORMATION ................................................................... 38
6. LINKS AND REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 39
7. ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... 40
9
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. PRODUCT DECLARED
This document represents the Environmental certified Product Declaration (EPD ®), of electricity
generated by GAMESA G90-2MW wind turbine with 78m tower and wind class IEC-II (moderate
winds) for a European type location, and then distributed to consumers in a European scenario.
Gamesa is dedicated to both the design and manufacture of its wind turbines as the installation and
assembly of the product itself at the wind farm, so it is fully aware of the entire life cycle of their
products are from the cradle to the grave.
The verified EPD is "1 Kwh. Net electricity generated by an onshore wind farm GAMESA G90-2MW
machines-78m on a European site with wind class IEC-II and subsequently distributed to a European
power transmission grid."
The model G90-2MW wind turbine Gamesa has been successfully used throughout the world for
more than seven years.
The wind is a solid renewable energy and effective response to growing energy demand of the
foreseeable depletion of traditional energy resources (fossil) and nonrenewable. Furthermore,
guarantee of competitiveness, since, in most countries, is among those responsible for the lowering
of the energy pool price.
Wind energy, although it has features in common with other renewable energies avoids CO2
emissions, is an inexhaustible resource and reduces energy vulnerability-countries, however,
remains notable differences compared to other renewables. These differences are based on two
concepts: its industrial character, as there is a national industry and proprietary technology, longer
periods of maturation -8 years for the promotion of a wind farm-and higher levels of investment,
and being a mature technology with a developed technological learning curve, which can achieve
competitive prices.
1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM EPD ®
An environmental statement is defined in ISO 14025 as the quantification of environmental data for
a product with categories and parameters specified in the ISO 14040 series of standards, but not
excluding additional environmental information.
The international EPD ® system has as main goal, the ambition to help and support organizations to
communicate the environmental performance of their products (goods and services) in a credible
and understandable.
Therefore, it offers a complete program for any organization interested in developing and
communicating EPDs according to ISO 14025 and other programs supporting environmental
statement (e.g., national, sector, etc..), in seeking cooperation, harmonization and helps
organizations to expand the use of environmental claims in the international market.
Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) added a new dimension to the market, getting
information on the environmental performance of products and services. The use of EPDs, leads to
a number of benefits for organizations developing environmental declarations of their own
products as well as for those who make use of the information contained in the Environmental
Product Declarations.
10
This Environmental Product Declaration has been made in accordance with the standards of the IEC
(International EPD Consortium), www.environdec.com, EPD ® is a system for international use Type
III Environmental Declarations, according to ISO 14025. The international EPD ® system and its
applications are described in the General Program Instructions (GPI).
The documents on which this EPD ® is based are, in order of importance:
Product Category Rules, PCR 2007:08 CPC 171 & 173: Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold
Water Generation and Distribution.
General Programme Instructions for Environmental Product Declarations, EPD, Version 1.0
ISO 14025 - Type III environmental declarations
ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 on life cycle assessment (LCA).
This EPD ® contains a statement of LCA-based environmental behavior. It also contains additional
environmental information, in accordance with the corresponding PCR:
Information
Information
Information
Information
Information
Information
on the impact on biodiversity
on land use classification based on CORINE land uses
on environmental hazards
on the electromagnetic fields generated
on Product Noise
about the visual impact wind farm
1.3. GAMESA CORPORACION TECNOLOGICA, LCA AND EPD
Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica as a designer of renewable energy sources it considers essential
to know the main environmental impacts of its product, which are lower than those generated by
traditional energy sources and also have the potential for improvement and can be minimized since
the design of their products. The tool used for reduce these impacts is the detailed analysis of the
product life cycle. This will get identify environmental impacts from the extraction of raw materials
to the dismantling of the product, analyzing each phase in a project design and development with
the goal of eliminating or minimizing environmental impacts and avoid moving them from one
phase of project to another.
From here, a further step is the certification by an Environmental Product Declaration EPD of energy
generation and distribution of Gamesa G90 wind turbine, ensuring the reliability of the data entered
into the analysis as well as transparency about the environmental performance of our products.
11
2. THE COMPANY AND PRODUCT
2.1. GAMESA CORPORACION TECNOLOGICA
With over 19 years of experience, Gamesa is a global technology leader in the wind industry. Its
comprehensive response in this market includes the design, construction, installation and
maintenance of wind turbines, with more than 26.000 MW installed in 40 countries and 19.000 MW
under maintenance. Gamesa is also a world leader in the market for the development, construction
and sale of wind farms, with about 5.000 MW installed and a portfolio of over 18.000 MW in wind
farms in Europe, America and Asia. It also maintains a firm commitment to farm-marine segment,
through technological and industrial development, which will evolve in the coming years in parallel
with market needs.
Gamesa has around thirty production centers in Europe, USA, China, India and Brazil.
The annual equivalent of the production of its more than 26.000 MW represents more than 5.7
million tons of petroleum (TEP) / year and prevents the emission into the atmosphere of an amount
close to 40 million tons of CO2 per year.
Result of the commitment that Gamesa has with the environment and sustainability implicit in their
identity, comes the need to conduct a thorough analysis of our activity, which identify the
environmental impacts generated by it. This is the only way to better focus the efforts of the
Company trying to minimize the impact of their activities. Additionally GAMESA is certified
according the standard ISO14001 Environmental Management System and ISO14006 Eco-design
Management, and verify their Foot-print emissions annually according ISO14064 Greenhouse gases.
2.2. PRODUCT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The system under study is an On-shore wind farm in a location of wind class IEC-II (moderate
winds), on a European level geographical location, comprising GAMESA G90 2 MW of power each,
with towers of 78 meters. In the system of product also includes all internal wiring and the own
substation of wind farm and overhead power lines need to build from the substation out of the
wind farm to its connection to the overall transportation electric network. As the functional unit of
the study is 1Kwh generated and distributed to the final consumer, is also included within the
boundaries of the product system to study the infrastructure of transport and distribution of
electricity, as well as the inevitable losses that will occur in the transport electric.
2.2.1. THE GAMESA WIND TURBINE G90-2MW
The multi-megawatt wind turbine GAMESA G9X-2MW bases its technology to the speed and variable
pitch control incorporating the latest technologies to extract the maximum power from the wind
with the greatest efficiency.
The G90 is a two-megawatt turbine rated power, has a three-blade rotor diameter of 90 m and a
swept area of 6,362 m2, has both aerodynamic braking system and hydraulic lightning protection
in accordance with IEC 61024-1 , pitch angle control for each of its blades and this supported by a
tapered tower height of 78 meters consists of four sections.
AEP = annual gross power generation = 8119 MWh / year
Availability of the machine = 0.97%
Lifetime = 20 years
12
Advantages of GAMESA Wind Turbine G90-2MW:
Maximum production at any location
Pitch and variable speed to maximize energy production
Technology tip blade manufacturing. New blade profiles optimized for maximum output and
low noise
Composites reinforced with fiberglass and carbon to achieve lighter blades while
maintaining the rigidity and strength
Technological solutions to ensure compliance with the main requirements of international
transmission grid connection.
GAMESA active yaw system to ensure optimal adaptation to complex terrain
Aerodynamic design and GAMESA NRS ® control to minimize noise emissions
GAMESA WindNet ®: control and monitoring system remote web access
GAMESA SMP own predictive maintenance system
13
2.2.2. THE WIND FARM
Since Gamesa initiated the LCA that was the base of this EPD ®, it found interesting the concept that
the results would be extrapolated to the possible extent, to a typical case of a European wind farm
and not to a specific site. The reason is to make the extracted information from this environmental
statement to be useful to a wider audience. To achieve this goal, it has become necessary to get a
generic model of a wind site, from the information of known data of installed wind farms GAMESA
G90-2MW. The differences between the environmental impacts caused by the erection of various
wind farms rely primarily on two variables, the location and size of the site, which will be discussed
in detail in the following sections.
After analyzing the variations in existing environmental aspects for different types of location it was
assigned the average requirement of materials and civil works required for each wind turbine is
being installed. Thus, the environmental impact of the construction of the wind farm is referred to
each turbine installed and not limited to a particular wind farm size.
As the current study relates to an average wind farm of wind turbines G90, for the common
elements of the wind farm has been used the average power for this type installed at European wind
farms for Gamesa, which according to internal data are 28.5 MW.
2.2.2.1. LOCATION
To define the locations worth bearing in mind that the LCA can be considered representative of the
real situation, which initially consulted are the European locations in which Gamesa has installed
more powerful G90-2MW wind turbine. Results were as follow:
Country
Nª
Windfarms
Model
Nominal power
( KW)
Nr WTG installed
MWs installed
Relevance
(%)
SPAIN
95 G90
2000
1097
2194
57,49%
POLAND
17 G90
2000
246
492
12,89%
FRANCE
35 G90
2000
172
344
9,01%
9 G90
2000
120
240
6,29%
10 G90
2000
91
182
4,77%
RUMANY
3 G90
2000
70
140
3,67%
BULGARY
5 G90
2000
45
90
2,36%
PORTUGAL
3 G90
2000
32
64
1,68%
TURKEY
1 G90
2000
15
30
0,79%
SWEDEN
3 G90
2000
10
20
0,52%
CIPRUS
1 G90
2000
10
20
0,52%
ITALY
HUNGARY
From this table, is extracted that 85.7% of the installed capacity of 2MW G90-focuses on four
countries, Spain, Poland, France and Italy. The other European countries, in which Gamesa has
presence, represent each less than 5% of the total power. Therefore, when calculating the distances
of transportation of the components of the wind turbine to the wind farm, there have been four
transport scenarios (one for each country) taking into account the actual distances from production
plants of Games to destination of each country in which more power is installed.
14
These regions are for each country studied:
SPAIN
REGION
Andalucía
Castilla y León
Castilla – La mancha
Cataluña
INSTALLED CAPACITY
36.71%
36.71%
17.17%
6.31%
POLAND
REGION
Warmia-Masuria
Gran Polonia
Pomerania
Masovia
INSTALLED CAPACITY
26.83%
24.39%
14.63%
10.98%
FRANCE
REGION
Meuse
Aisne
Morbihan
Ardennes
INSTALLED CAPACITY
38.37%
19.19%
13.95%
9.30%
ITALY
REGION
Sicilia
Calabria
Toscana
INSTALLED CAPACITY
66.67%
25.00%
8.33%
Finally, we have applied a weight to each transport scenario, as the installed power in each country.
In view of alternative scenarios analyzed by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica from the initial LCA,
we can say that the variation of the final location of the wind farm will not represent an
environmental issue relevant to the case study, as it has a lower condition to 2% of the total impact
of the energy generated in all impact categories analyzed.
2.2.2.2.
WIND FARM SIZE
The other aspect of relevance to the wind farm is related to the size of the location. The
environmental impact of the energy generated by wind turbines is directly dependent on the size of
the wind farm, as there are parts of the infrastructure of the wind farm that are common to all wind
turbines such as electrical substation, underground cabling or wind farm air lines through a
transmission grid connection. Also, activities such as vials conditioning to allow access to the wind
farm machinery, are carried out in the same manner when a wind turbine or multiple turbines are
erected.
In this way, it becomes obvious to think that in general, will be a more sustainable performance
made in building larger wind farms, because the impact of common infrastructure of the site
eventually delivering just between all wind turbines installed. A greater number of wind turbines per
kWh generated less impact.
To remain in the study represented, the difference between the environmental impacts of the wind
farm according to the dimensions commonly used by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica, we have
analyzed the data of the environmental impacts caused by the civil and common infrastructure of a
wind farm, for sites built by GAMESA, of different dimensions.
15
Data on material requirements and civil works that have been studied for modeling the location in
the LCA which supports this EPD ®, are extracted from the works of the following locations.
WIND FARM
LOCATION
Nº OF
WINDGENERATORS
INSTALED
CAPACITY
BUILDING
YEAR
Alto de la
degollada
Castrojeriz (Spain)
25
50 MW
2010
24
48 MW
2010
14
28 MW
2011
6
12 MW
2011
Los Lirios
Barchín
Les Forques II
San Silvestre de
Guzmán (Spain)
Barchín del hoyo
(Spain)
Passanant (Spain)
Although all analyzed sites are in Spain, the techniques used for the construction at the site and the
materials used can be considered representative for a European wind farm case, according to
experts in civil engineering from the Technical Office Building of GAMESA. To assign loads of items
that are always in the wind farm at the same rate, regardless of the size of it, for example the
building of the substation, has taken the average size of a wind farm installed by Gamesa at
European level , which is 28.5 MW of installed capacity.
After analyzing the different types of wind farm, and in view of the relative representation of each
wind farm size, the results are extrapolated to create theoretical values of the environmental
impacts of site civil works and common infrastructure for each G90 2 MW installed. Thus, the model
created in the LCA to calculate the environmental impacts of the wind farm represents a generic
wind farm in Europe.
16
2.2.3.
LINE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Once the wind is converted into electricity by G90 wind generator, this electricity is turned over to
the transmission grid to be distributed to each consumer. At this stage of transport, there are also
some environmental impacts that we cannot leave out.
On one hand, we must consider the environmental impacts associated with the construction and
dismantling of the infrastructure needed to transport all electricity generated by wind turbines. The
materials used to construct these airlines, depend on each voltage level of the electricity being
transported in each of the different phases from the phase of power generation until later
consumption.
Furthermore, we cannot avoid the electrical losses which inevitably occur as a result of heating of
the electric wires during transport and in the successive transformations of tension that occur up to
each consumer. All these impacts have also been taken into account in the system under study.
Remarkably, GAMESA is not a company dedicated to the distribution of energy, but the manufacture
of wind turbines, so that the environmental impacts of this stage are outside the direct range
GAMESA performance. Also, the data needed for modeling this phase are external to the company,
so have been based on studies and statistics made by other sources.
2.2.4.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF ENERGY
The life cycle of electricity generation from wind resources, includes various stages from the cradle
to the grave, from the extraction of the first raw material for the construction of the wind turbine,
the wind site or electrical transmission lines and distribution, to decommissioning and end of life
treatment of all these components, through all the production processes and GAMESA perform
multiple suppliers, as well as 20-year phase of operation of wind farms or all transport of materials.
As shown in the below diagram, the life cycle of energy is a complex system in which it is necessary
to clearly establish the boundaries between phases to don`t make mistakes.
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2.2.4.1.
CORE
The core phase encompasses all the steps related to the construction, operation and
decommissioning of the wind farm from the cradle to the grave. This includes all the steps run from
the extraction of raw materials needed to build the wind turbine and the location, to the
dismantling of the wind farm, transportation to each authorized entity and end of life treatments,
including the processes made at the productive plants of Gamesa and those of its suppliers. Also,
the core phase also includes the maintenance phase of the wind farm, either preventive (travel from
maintenance and operating waste management) as the large correctives (spare parts of
components, repair of components, and transportation from the repair plants to the end of life
management of scrapped components.
In this phase the core, including transport are also associated with raw materials, parts and
components from suppliers to Gamesa plants and between different plants of Gamesa to final
destination at the wind farm. Also part of this stage the transport phase from the decommissioning
of the wind farm and its components to the authorized agent of end of life.
A vital part of this paragraph is the technical performance of GAMESA G90. Factors such as the
annual energy generation, the availability of the machine, the electrical losses during operation or
the actual energy consumption of the turbine auxiliary systems, a direct influence on the functional
unit of the system, having an impact turn direct environmental impact end of our product
throughout its life.
2.2.4.2.
UPSTREAM
The upstream block considered in the study, including the impacts of the production of all
necessary auxiliaries for proper operation and operation of the wind farm over the 20 year life of
them. Mainly include the required parts of hydraulic oil, lubricating oils and greases, as well as
emissions from the transport phase needed to carry these substances from Gamesa suppliers to the
wind farm.
2.2.4.3.
DOWNSTREAM
The downstream stage comprises everything that happens from that wind energy is dumped to the
electricity grid transmission until it reaches the final consumer. For this it is necessary to consider
the construction and dismantling of the transport infrastructure and power distribution and
electrical losses inherent in the transportation and electrical conversion.
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3.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
3.1. THE METHODOLOGY OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
As stated in ISO 14025:2010 (environmental labeling and declarations. Type III environmental
declarations - Principles and procedures), environmental impact data as outlined in this
Environmental Impact Statement EPD ®, are part of the results obtained from a study following the
methodology of LCA.
The LCA methodology followed for the conduct of this study is a procedure based on the
international standards ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the Product Category Rules for PCR-CPC 171.
From a LCA we are able to obtain an inventory of the inputs and outputs of our product and from
nature in the form of raw material consumption and emissions from a life cycle approach. Also, the
LCA methodology also allows us to obtain the environmental impacts associated with different
environmental impact categories as "global warming potential" or "Acidification potential" through
the use of different calculation methodologies.
LCA quantifies only information on environmental impacts, apart from social and economic
indicators. In the same way, some environmental impacts associated with the product life cycle as
land use, impact on biodiversity, electromagnetic fields, noise, visual impact or accidental risks
cannot be quantified from the LCA. For this reason, these environmental impacts will be analyzed in
section 4 of this Environmental Impact Statement, "Additional Environmental Impact".
3.2. SYSTEM LIMITS, ASSIGNMENT AND DATA SOURCES
This Environmental Impact Statement reflects the impacts of the energy generated by GAMESA G902MW-78m and then distributed to the final consumer from the perspective of life cycle from cradle
to grave. This phase includes the extraction of raw materials necessary for the construction of the
machine, transport from suppliers to final destination at wind farm and to the authorized end of life
waste authorized Company, the production processes both of Gamesa and its suppliers,
construction and dismantling of the wind farm, its operation during the 20 year life of each turbine
and the management of end of life of the machine. Additionally it is also within the boundaries of
the system stage distribution of electricity output from wind farm substation to the end consumer.
The following chart provides a simplified representation of the boundaries of the system studied,
taking into account the life cycle distribution required by PCR.
19
The blocks at the graph above, whose boundary is a dashed line, have not been taken into account
in the LCA, as it is permitted by the associated PCR. The arrows represent the different stages of
transport of materials, parts or components.
The data to create models of the life cycle phases described in the diagram above have been
obtained directly from GAMESA data or using as a source the suppliers. These data are fully
traceable and are the basis for ensuring that the results of the LCA correspond to the reality of the
analysis.
In principle, we have included all data on the system described where Gamesa has had access, in
order to have the fullest possible analysis. However, given the multitude of data to analyze, also
established at the beginning of the cutting criteria as required to comply, to ensure the
representativeness of the results. Cutoff criteria inventory was:
-
The sum of all material flows not taken into account in the analysis should be less than 1%
of the total weight of all material flows.
The sum of all energy flows not taken into account in the analysis should be less than 1% of
the total energy of all energy flows.
No corrections have studied the large wind turbine components that have a lower failure
rate of 0.009 failures per machine during its entire life cycle
Finally, it has been surveying a 99.94% of all materials flows, (99,06% from the materials of the
turbine and 100% of civil works), as well as all the energy flows incurred in GAMESA production
plants analyzed.
From the flow diagrams studied on wind generator life cycle G90, data on the life cycles of
necessary materials, energy supplies, transport and processing for end of life have been used in the
database of LCA inventories Ecoinvent.
20
The Ecoinvent database is an initiative arising from several institutions and departments "Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology" which provides data on life cycle inventories reliable, with proven
quality, consistent and transparent traceability.
All data used for the modeling of the life cycle of the energy generated by the G90-2MW-78m, is the
technology currently used by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica and are considered representative
for the period of validity of this EPD ®.
3.2.1. CORE - INFRASTRUCTURE
Data on the materials needed for construction and subsequent decommissioning of each GAMESA
G90-2MW-78m wind turbine, represent the technology currently used by Gamesa Corporación
Tecnológica for the manufacturing of this turbine model. It can be considered that the data will
remain representative, provided that no significant technological changes in functionality or
manufacturing processes of major components such as wind turbine tower foundation, the
gearbox, generator or wind turbine rotor.
Data on the materials needed for construction and subsequent decommissioning of the wind farm,
the substation of the site and the internal wiring of the wind farm, were obtained from data and
inventories of real building projects of wind farms G90 with Gamesa technology, for different sizes
and types of wind farms. The information of the analyzed wind farms was discussed in paragraph
2.2.2. This data can be considered representative of the technology used by Gamesa Corporación
Tecnológica, provided that no significant technological changes in the methods of construction of
wind farms with respect to actual methodology.
Gamesa Technology Corporation is a manufacturer of most of the major components of the wind
turbine. Data on Gamesa production processes have been obtained from measurements and
records obtained in the own Gamesa plants during 2008-2010. These data are based on the
technology currently used by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica and are considered representative
while no substantial changes in manufacturing technologies for each component.
In the case of a G90 onshore wind farms located in a European location, production facilities
involved in the manufacture of wind turbine are all in Spain. Own production plants analysed were
as follows:
PRODUCTIVE PLANTS ANALYZED
Nº
1
2
3
4
NAME
Gamesa Ágreda
Gamesa Cantarey
Gamesa Componentes
eólicos Albacete
Gamesa Componentes
eólicos Cuenca
PLACE
Ágreda (Soria)
Reinosa (Cantabria)
COMPONENT
Nacelles Assembly
Generator Manufacturing
Albacete (Albacete)
Blades Manufacturing
Cuenca (Cuenca)
Blade roots Manufacturing
5
Gamesa Echesa
Asteasu (Guipuzcoa)
6
Gamesa FNN Burgos
Gamesa MADE Medina
del Campo
Gamesa TRELSA Lerma
Gamesa Valencia Power
Converters
Apoyos y Estructuras
Metálicas Olazagutía
Burgos (Burgos)
Medina del Campo
(Valladolid)
Lerma (Burgos)
7
8
9
10
Benissanó (Valencia)
Olazagutía (Navarra)
21
Machining of Gearbox
components
Foundry
Rotor assembly
Assembly of gearbox
Manufacturing of Electrical
cabinet and converter
Manufacturing of Towers
Although “Apoyos y Estructuras Metalicas Olazagutía (Windar)”, is not inside the Gamesa
Organization, this Company is in charge of Tower´s manufacturing. Because the tower is designed
by Gamesa to ensure the integrity of the product design, and a complete picture of the
environmental impacts of the whole product, “Apoyos Metalicos” is included in this study, despite
being a supplier.
Below are listed the main suppliers that were considered for the LCA:
CONCEPT
Cabinet Envelope
Rear Frame
Front Frame
Low speed coupling
High speed coupling
Oil
Transformer
Yaw bearing
Sonic Anemometer
Anemometer
Vane
Paint
Hydraulic group and Pitch System
Cover and nose
Bearings
Pre-preg
SUPPLIER
HERCOR
ARAÍN
SAKANA - LAKBER - GOILAK
STÜWE
ZERO MAX
SHELL
ABB
REDUCEL
ADOLF THIES
NRG
NRG
HEMPEL - MANKIEWICZ
HINE
IMPRE
ROLLIX
GURIT
For all of them, have been inventoried all environmental aspects of each stage of the production
process during the period. From these records and the annual production of each plant, has made
the relevant allocation of the environmental impacts of production processes for each kWh
generated and distributed to the end consumer. In cases where it has been necessary some
additional allocation because the same plant harboring different production technologies Gamesa,
they have been made based on the weight distribution of units produced.
In cases in which it has been possible to make a correct separation of the data, we have omitted the
energy consumption due to general services of production plants related to lighting, heating and
offices. The electricity mix used to model the power consumption of these production centers, has
been included the information of the year 2010 in Spain, and that is where these centers are
located. The data used for the electricity mix environmental indicator, were obtained from the
Spanish “Red Electrica” source. They have also been omitted from the study water consumption
Gamesa plants that are not directly related to production tasks.
The production processes of the suppliers of Gamesa have been studied by using inventory records
lifecycles ecoinvent generic production processes and data provided from the suppliers.
All G90 wind turbine components are designed to have a useful life equal to or greater than the
turbine. However, the reality is that sometimes there are situations that differ from the normal
operation of the machine that can make these parts will break down or will have a reduced lifetime.
22
To have a good overview of the environmental impact caused by these unexpected failures and the
need for reinvestment in components in the LCA which supports this EPD ® has modeled the impact
of performing large correctives of G90 machine from statistics failure rates obtained from studies
by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica. For an overview of the environmental importance of the reuse
and repair of components in this technology, have been also taken into account from the large
correctives, the recovery rates obtained from Gamesa components repair plants.
The maintenance resulting from large corrective at wind farms includes transportation to and from
the components to their repair facility and the rate of recovery of components obtained by Gamesa
repair plants.
Data on failure rates of major turbine components G90 have been obtained from an internal
analysis conducted by Gamesa Technology Corporation in 2008. The data on recovery rates in
repair of components were obtained from data of repairs carried out in Gamesa plants between
2008 and 2011.
As for the end of life and because there are no real data, we have estimated the percentage
allocations of waste end of life by estimation according to the sources:
- Manual turbines recycling HANGE 2005
- Dismantling Wind farm Igea- South Colnago, Source: GER
- Analysis of end of life options of wind turbine blades. Gaiker.
For the LCA have assumed the following hypotheses;
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
98% is recycled for metal (either ferrous or not)
90% is recycled for plastics
50% is recycled for the electrical / electronic
99% is recycled for cable
0% is recycled for lubricants, greases and oils (100% Energy Recovery)
0% is recycled for carbon fiber and glass (100% Landfill)
0% is recycled for paints and adhesives
3.2.2. CORE - PROCESS
Within this process, we have taken into account all the environmental impacts associated with the
operation of the wind farm, given his 20 years of life. One of the clear advantages of wind power is
its independence of fuels when converting wind energy, which will be reflected at this stage.
In the core-processing phase we have considered the following:
-
-
Preventive maintenance required during the life of the wind farm, including trips to the wind
farm maintenance staff.
Data on the need for consumables machine maintenance and the frequency of these have
been obtained from maintenance manual and lubrication instructions of Machine GAMESA
G90-2MW. This document is currently used as a guide for the maintenance of the machine
and is considered representative for the period of validity of the EPD ®.
The proper waste management generated during operation and maintenance of the wind
farm, including transportation stager to the authorized entity for later waste treatment.
23
The data used in the LCA on the technical performance of the system during its operational phase,
have been obtained from internal documents of Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica. This includes
aspects such as wind turbine power generation, machine availability, energy losses in the wind farm
maintenance protocols, etc.
These data represent the technologies currently used by Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica and are
considered representative provided no substantial technical changes are introduced in the behavior
of the machine during operation and maintenance phase.
3.2.3. UPSTREAM
Since wind power requires no fuel for equipment operation, the upstream block includes the
production of auxiliary substances that are necessary for the proper functioning of the energy
conversion plant. Therefore, this section has been taken into account:
- Production of hydraulic oil, lubricating oils and greases by Gamesa suppliers.
- All transports associated with the need to get these maintenance supplies from each supplier to
the Gamesa wind farm end.
As directed by the PCR, the required amounts of auxiliary substances as well as the distances
covered by them are the specifications of a wind farm GAMESA G90 machine. Replacement needs
lubricating oil, hydraulic oil and grease due to preventive maintenance, were obtained from the
instruction of lubrication and maintenance manuals of G90 wind turbine. These documents are
currently specify the maintenance of this equipment and are considered representative has
provided no substantial variations related to the maintenance of the wind turbine.
The data of production processes of suppliers and emissions from transport were obtained from
the database EcoInvent.
The infrastructure and equipment of the suppliers for auxiliary substances necessary for the
operation of the wind farm has been excluded from the analysis, as allowed by the corresponding
PCR.
3.2.4. DOWNSTREAM
The amount of energy to the transmission grid for each GAMESA G90-2MW annually, has been
obtained from the actual data generation GAMESA G90-2MW machine in locations with wind class
IEC-II
For the value of the electrical losses from transmission and distribution, the source used has been
the statistics compiled annually by the industry association Eurelectric. Is the trade association that
represents the common interests of the entire electrical industry at European level, as well as its
partners and affiliates in other continents. This association is aware of the current situation at the
European electricity market and has extensive experience in statistical studies on the current and
future of this sector. According Eurelectric half the electrical losses due to transport and
distribution in the European Union countries, amounting to 6.6% of the total energy generated in
2010, and there is forecast to remain almost constant until 2020. Note that these losses depend on
the voltage level that connects the consumer.
Due to the difficulties of Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica to separate the energy consumed by
each type of consumer at European level has been taken as representative data for this study 6.6%
of estimated electrical losses Eurelectric.
24
Because of this provision, this 6.6% loss is the data that was used for the study, given the European
geographical boundaries of the study. We consider that this data is representative of the current
situation and will remain so while not substantially improve the technology used for the energy
efficiency of the electrical network infrastructure of countries in which the losses are very high.
Despite being a relevant factor for the European study, in cases where it is desired to extrapolate
the impact of electrical losses to individual European countries, readers are referred to statistics on
country-specific losses, since variations each other are quite high. These loss values, they can
fluctuate between 3.5% and 15% of the total power generated, depending on the country in which
we look.
With regard to network infrastructure, lack of comprehensive data to Europeans, we analyzed the
length of both transport networks of power distribution for the four European countries considered
representative of the situation of wind farms from Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica. From these
lengths and the total energy demand in each of these countries, we calculated the number of miles
of grid for electric transmission is necessary to include in the simulation to have this environmental
impact considered.
The data used for the life cycle of the infrastructure of electric transmission lines and distribution
lines have been obtained from the inventory life cycle database of Ecoinvent.
3.3. ECOPROFILE
In the Following tables, it is shown the environmental behavior G90-2MW wind turbine from a life
cycle perspective, in the separated phases Described above.
The EPD ® certifier has had access to all information Necessary to carry out the LCA which supports
this statement and from which to extract the results tables. The functional unit, to Which refer all
outcomes is 1 kWh net electricity generated by a European onshore wind farm GAMESA G90-2MW
machines-78m located at a construction wind IEC-II (Medium Wind) and then distributed to
European electricity network. IEC 61400-1 Wind Turbine generator Systems Part 1.
25
ECOPROFILE
USE OF RESOURCES
UNIT UPSTREA
M
Material Resources Non-renewables
Gravel, in ground
g
Iron, 46% in ore, 25% in crude ore, in ground
g
Calcite, in ground
g
Clay, unspecified, in ground
g
Sodium chloride, in ground
g
Nickel, 1.98% in silicates, 1.04% in crude ore, in ground
g
Renewable material resources
Wood
g
Water consumption
Freshwater
m3
Saltwater
m3
Water, unspecified
m3
Energy resources non renewables
Nuclear
MJ
Crude oil
MJ
Lignite
MJ
Hard coal
MJ
Natural gas
MJ
Energy resources renewables
Converted potential energy in hydro power
MJ
Energy, in biomass
MJ
Converted kinetic energy in wind power
MJ
Converted solar energy
MJ
Energy consumption of Wind turbine
Energy consumed in the wind turbine generator
Kwh
Recycled material resources
Aluminium
g
Coper
g
Steel
g
Rest of Materials flow
Resto de flujos materiales no renovables (90 sustancias) g
4,424E-03
7,728E-04
6,267E-04
5,330E-04
5,120E-05
2,858E-05
CORE
CORE
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
1,178E-02
9,232E-04
8,581E-04
2,224E-04
5,038E-04
1,437E-05
3,387E+01
1,832E+00
1,355E+00
5,035E-01
1,118E-01
1,668E-01
3,389E+01
1,834E+00
1,357E+00
5,043E-01
1,123E-01
1,668E-01
2,237E+00
1,210E-01
8,955E-02
3,328E-02
7,415E-03
1,101E-02
6,954E-01
3,782E-01
2,395E-01
1,109E-01
6,942E-02
7,653E-03
3,682E+01
2,333E+00
1,686E+00
6,484E-01
1,892E-01
1,855E-01
3,196E-04 1,193E-04
7,667E-02
7,711E-02
5,089E-03
2,069E-01
2,891E-01
9,842E-08 1,700E-07
5,028E-08 1,340E-08
5,291E-07 2,428E-07
3,053E-05
2,928E-06
1,706E-04
3,080E-05
2,991E-06
1,714E-04
2,033E-06
1,974E-07
1,131E-05
1,225E-05
4,524E-07
4,806E-05
4,509E-05
3,641E-06
2,308E-04
6,794E-05
1,709E-03
2,906E-05
4,309E-05
1,566E-04
6,843E-05
4,048E-04
1,133E-05
2,833E-05
5,305E-05
1,743E-02
3,637E-02
5,811E-03
3,870E-02
2,780E-02
1,756E-02
3,849E-02
5,851E-03
3,878E-02
2,801E-02
1,159E-03
2,540E-03
3,862E-04
2,559E-03
1,849E-03
3,383E-03
6,774E-03
1,109E-03
7,581E-03
4,322E-03
2,210E-02
4,780E-02
7,346E-03
4,892E-02
3,418E-02
8,671E-06
3,566E-06
1,204E-06
1,739E-08
1,348E-05
1,454E-06
5,070E-07
1,022E-08
4,630E-03
9,827E-04
5,762E-04
5,729E-05
4,652E-03
9,877E-04
5,779E-04
5,732E-05
3,071E-04
6,519E-05
3,814E-05
3,783E-06
1,486E-03
2,138E-03
3,861E-05
5,602E-07
6,445E-03
3,191E-03
6,546E-04
6,166E-05
5,800E-02
3,828E-03
6,183E-02
9,444E-03
6,474E-03
8,594E-01
9,444E-03
6,474E-03
8,594E-01
6,233E-04
4,273E-04
5,672E-02
1,007E-02
6,901E-03
9,161E-01
2,621E-01
2,625E-01
1,733E-02
5,800E-02
2,831E-04 1,384E-04
1,693E-01
4,492E-01
The reported non-renewable resources are a list of those who represent individually more than 0.4%
of the total weight of the inflow of raw materials.
The remaining non-renewable material flows are reported in aggregate, are the sum of 90
substances and represent 1% of the inflow of raw materials.
26
ECOPROFILE
CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS
UNIT
UPSTREA
M
CORE
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
CORE
Environmental impact analysis
Global warming potential (100 years)
g CO2 eq 2,864E-02 7,799E-02
Ozone depleting potential (20 years)
g CFC-11 eq 1,482E-08 4,295E-09
Acidifying gases
g SO2 eq 2,489E-04 1,148E-04
Formation of ground level ozone
g C2H4 eq 1,362E-05 5,303E-06
Eutrophying substances
g PO4 eq 2,532E-05 3,898E-05
Air emissions that contribute most to the environmental impact categories analyzed
Carbon dioxide, fossil
g
2,675E-02 7,667E-02
Methane, fossil
g
8,414E-05 4,273E-05
Dinitrogen monoxide
g
6,006E-07 1,094E-06
Carbon monoxide, fossil
g
4,503E-05 5,330E-05
Carbon monoxide, biogenic
g
1,189E-06 2,865E-06
Methane, chlorodifluoro-, HCFC-22
g
5,186E-10 1,437E-10
Methane, bromotrifluoro-, Halon 1301
g
1,289E-09 3,730E-10
Methane, bromochlorodifluoro-, Halon 1211
g
1,302E-10 3,432E-11
Methane, tetrachloro-, CFC-10
g
2,692E-11 4,084E-11
Sulfur dioxide
g
1,663E-04 4,417E-05
Nitrogen oxides
g
9,478E-05 1,183E-04
Ammonia
g
5,941E-07 1,268E-06
Hydrogen chloride
g
7,234E-07 3,312E-07
Ethene
g
1,185E-07 4,662E-08
Pentane
g
2,803E-06 6,707E-07
Butane
g
2,264E-06 5,334E-07
Propene
g
1,036E-07 2,696E-08
Methane, tetrafluoro-, CFC-14
g
3,083E-09 7,720E-09
Water emissions that contribute most to the environmental impact categories analyzed
Phosphate
g
7,898E-07 1,418E-05
COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand
g
5,272E-04 3,991E-04
Nitrate
g
4,101E-07 5,019E-07
Ammonium, ion
g
2,084E-07 8,273E-08
Radioisotopes emissions to air
C-14
KBq
2,173E-07 2,285E-07
Rn-222
KBq
3,936E-03 3,912E-03
Kr-85
KBq
8,560E-08 4,614E-08
Biogenic carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide, biogenic
g
3,296E-04 1,285E-04
Other emissions of toxic
Particulates, <2,5 um to air
g
8,809E-06 1,123E-05
Particulates, >10 um to air
g
1,086E-05 9,227E-06
Particulates, >2,5 um, and <10 um to air
g
4,399E-06 5,617E-06
PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to air
g
3,559E-09 4,051E-09
PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water
g
1,388E-08 2,747E-09
Arsenic to air
g
4,884E-09 2,593E-09
Cadmium to air
g
2,755E-09 1,166E-09
Dioxins to air
g
8,990E-15 8,599E-14
Oil emissions
Oils, unspecified to water
g
1,610E-04 2,465E-05
Oils, unspecified to soil
g
1,700E-04 2,485E-05
ECOPROFILE
Waste streams and recycling material
Hazardous waste - No radioactive
Hazardous waste - To incineration
Hazardous waste - Radiactive
Volume for deposit of low-active radioactive waste
Volume for deposit of radioactive waste
Other waste
Non-Hazardous waste - To landfill
Non-Hazardous waste - To incineration
Non-Hazardous waste - To recycling
7,832E+00
1,153E-06
3,576E-02
2,839E-03
5,091E-03
7,939E+00
1,172E-06
3,612E-02
2,858E-03
5,155E-03
5,240E-01
7,735E-08
2,384E-03
1,886E-04
3,402E-04
1,366E+00
7,781E-08
3,067E-02
1,470E-03
1,482E-03
9,829E+00
1,327E-06
6,918E-02
4,516E-03
6,977E-03
7,233E+00
1,866E-02
2,954E-04
5,542E-02
2,905E-03
3,362E-06
2,859E-08
2,695E-08
1,134E-07
1,964E-02
2,134E-02
5,650E-04
4,365E-04
4,955E-05
8,000E-05
5,898E-05
1,819E-05
7,833E-06
7,336E+00
1,878E-02
2,971E-04
5,551E-02
2,909E-03
3,363E-06
3,025E-08
2,712E-08
1,134E-07
1,985E-02
2,156E-02
5,669E-04
4,375E-04
4,972E-05
8,347E-05
6,178E-05
1,832E-05
7,844E-06
4,842E-01
1,240E-03
1,961E-05
3,664E-03
1,920E-04
2,219E-07
1,997E-09
1,790E-09
7,486E-09
1,310E-03
1,423E-03
3,741E-05
2,888E-05
3,281E-06
5,509E-06
4,077E-06
1,209E-06
5,177E-07
1,404E+00
3,161E-03
5,845E-05
1,181E-02
1,390E-03
1,305E-08
4,150E-09
3,209E-09
2,888E-09
2,202E-02
6,287E-03
6,202E-04
6,965E-05
1,437E-05
1,218E-05
8,790E-06
2,051E-06
3,718E-06
9,224E+00
2,318E-02
3,752E-04
7,099E-02
4,490E-03
3,598E-06
3,640E-08
3,212E-08
1,238E-07
4,317E-02
2,927E-02
1,224E-03
5,361E-04
6,737E-05
1,012E-04
7,465E-05
2,158E-05
1,208E-05
1,357E-03
2,836E-02
5,758E-04
9,680E-05
1,372E-03
2,929E-02
5,767E-04
9,709E-05
9,052E-05
1,933E-03
3,806E-05
6,408E-06
3,010E-04
5,957E-03
4,456E-05
1,322E-05
1,763E-03
3,718E-02
6,594E-04
1,167E-04
5,281E-05
9,589E-01
1,646E-05
5,326E-05
9,667E-01
1,659E-05
3,515E-06
6,380E-02
1,095E-06
8,224E-06
1,504E-01
2,757E-06
6,500E-05
1,181E+00
2,044E-05
1,041E-01
1,046E-01
6,903E-03
1,791E-01
2,906E-01
5,943E-03
1,177E-02
8,657E-03
4,402E-06
1,064E-06
7,258E-06
2,055E-06
1,947E-11
5,963E-03
1,179E-02
8,667E-03
4,409E-06
1,081E-06
7,266E-06
2,059E-06
1,957E-11
3,936E-04
7,783E-04
5,720E-04
2,910E-07
7,133E-08
4,795E-07
1,359E-07
1,292E-12
2,441E-03
2,509E-03
2,963E-03
1,540E-06
4,477E-08
3,265E-05
1,116E-05
1,724E-11
8,798E-03
1,508E-02
1,220E-02
6,241E-06
1,197E-06
4,039E-05
1,336E-05
3,810E-11
2,212E-03
2,156E-03
2,398E-03
2,351E-03
1,582E-04
1,551E-04
4,464E-04
4,567E-04
3,002E-03
2,963E-03
UNIT
UPSTREA
M
g
m3
m3
CORE
CORE
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM
2,460E-02
9,291E-03
3,389E-02
2,237E-03
2,374E-02
5,987E-02
2,498E-13 2,482E-13
6,294E-14 5,768E-14
6,061E-11
1,514E-11
6,111E-11
1,526E-11
4,033E-12
1,007E-12
9,510E-12
2,397E-12
7,465E-11
1,866E-11
7,726E+00
1,955E-04
1,924E+00
7,726E+00
1,955E-04
1,924E+00
5,099E-01
1,290E-05
1,270E-01
3,388E-01
1,686E-01
5,495E-01
8,575E+00
1,688E-01
2,601E+00
g
g
g
27
The emissions reported as the largest contributor to the impact categories, are those that represent
individually a greater impact 0.5% of the total impact on any of the impact categories analyzed.
Below are the environmental impacts of the life cycle of the energy generated and distributed by the
wind turbine G90, differentiating each of the impact categories analyzed and specific phases of the
life cycle. The processes that contribute most to the environmental impact will be analyzed in
Section 3.4 - Analysis of dominance.
Global warming potential (100 years) - g CO2 eq
ELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE
LOSSES BY ELECTRICAL TRANSPORTATION
END OF LIFE
LARGE CORRECTIVES
USE AND MAINTENANCE
CIVIL WORKS
TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
WTG PRODUCTION
0,00E+00
5,00E-01
1,00E+00
1,50E+00
2,00E+00
2,50E+00
3,00E+00
3,50E+00
4,00E+00
4,50E+00
5,00E+00
Ozone depleting potential (20 years) - g CFC-11 eq
END OF LIFE
LARGE CORRECTIVES
USE AND MAINTENANCE
CIVIL WORKS
WTG PRODUCTION
0,00E+00
1,00E-07
2,00E-07
3,00E-07
28
4,00E-07
5,00E-07
6,00E-07
7,00E-07
8,00E-07
9,00E-07
Acidifying gases - g SO2 eq
END OF LIFE
LARGE CORRECTIVES
USE AND MAINTENANCE
CIVIL WORKS
WTG PRODUCTION
0,00E+00
5,00E-03
1,00E-02
1,50E-02
2,00E-02
2,50E-02
3,00E-02
3,50E-02
Formation of ground level ozone - g C2H4 eq
END OF LIFE
LARGE CORRECTIVES
USE AND MAINTENANCE
CIVIL WORKS
WTG PRODUCTION
0,00E+00
5,00E-04
1,00E-03
1,50E-03
2,00E-03
2,50E-03
Eutrophying substances - g PO4 eq
END OF LIFE
LARGE CORRECTIVES
USE AND MAINTENANCE
CIVIL WORKS
WTG PRODUCTION
0,00E+00
5,00E-04
1,00E-03
29
1,50E-03
2,00E-03
2,50E-03
3,00E-03
3,50E-03
3.4.
ANALYSIS OF DOMINANCE AND CONCLUSIONS
The environmental impact results for the impact categories analyzed in the study,
According to the life cycle stages of the turbine is as follows.
As shown in the table above, the environmental impact of the energy generated by G90 and later
distributed to final consumers in Europe, is divided in three main phases of the life cycle analysis.
Almost half of the environmental impact is due to the production of the wind turbine in all
categories analyzed. This is logical, because as the wind energy that needs no fuel for its operation,
its use or service phase has a very low environmental impact during production and machinery
where we see most of the environmental. The bulk of these environmental impacts associated with
the production of raw materials and subsequent treatments and machining operations are carried
out with the steel parts of the turbine. This makes sense, since steel is the main material of which
occur turbine components. Different types of steel are used to produce the tower, the foundation
rebar, steel concrete reinforcement bar, and the different components that are housed in the
nacelle of the wind turbine.
Two other phases of the life cycle to take into account are the infrastructure of the transmission
and distribution of electricity and construction of wind site. The transportation network has very
variable impact categories, but in all their contribution is substantial. The impacts are mostly
related to the raw materials used in the wiring of high voltage overhead lines (copper, aluminum,
steel, and polymers) and associated transport in bringing raw materials to European countries since
its inception.
As to structures related to wind site, this represents an impact of about 20% of total, depending on
the category of impact. The most important aspects associated with this phase are first foundation
materials of wind turbine (Reinforced), followed by the underground wiring of wind farm and
connecting lines is necessary to build up the transmission grid connection with the overall electric
transportation network. Finally, also noteworthy is the environmental contribution associated with
the gravel that is necessary for the construction of ancillary infrastructure such as platforms and
vials.
The remaining phases of the life cycle have impacts a lower order effect. For example, the transport
phase has a relative about 5%, as the impact category. The transmission and distribution losses
have a similar contribution to the entire lifecycle.
Finally, we found major corrective phases, use and maintenance and end of life with a relative
contribution to the overall impact of less than 2% of the total each.
30
4.
ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
4.1. IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY
Gamesa conducts an Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) for the wind farm projects for which it
is required by the public administration. Nevertheless when such a study is not required by the
public administration, Gamesa applies internal controls in order to ensure compliance with legal
and internal environmental requirements.
Source: Gamesa Sustainability report 2012, http://www.gamesacorp.com
4.1.1. FLORA
The vegetation may be affected by the need to eliminate it for wind farm installation and its
degradation because of civil works, building accesses, roads, foundations and other elements of
the site. Therefore, and to minimize these effects, at the time of the election of where the wind
farm is going to be erected Gamesa will take a number of measures listed below.
-
-
-
Staking of all areas affected by the project prior to the start of construction to avoid a
physical condition than is strictly necessary.
Proper gathering of land or peat extracted in excavations and dumps for reuse in the
restoration work.
Designation and protection of areas designated for use or handling of substances which
may pose accidental spill pollution of soil and surface water and groundwater.
Reuse of waste material during the execution of the works for laying underground power
lines as well as in the embodiment of shoes, for conditioning and landscape restoration
works.
Restoration of vegetation affected by the work, so that the surfaces are not occupied by
road or fixed infrastructure is pasture and scrub repopulate with similar characteristics to
those in the area.
No location of any element as the wind farm where it can affect any protected species.
Replacement of woodland and scrub, on the assumption that forest land is inevitable your
condition, on land adjacent to the affected areas.
Creating and road access to the maximum adjusting the existing path. Of not being well,
rethinking trying not to affect these woodlands.
Removal of all temporary facilities and all waste, debris and equipment used or generated
during the execution of the works.
31
4.1.2. FAUNA
Furthermore, the alteration of the natural environment has consequences on the fauna of the area,
which also take certain measures to reduce this impact mode.
During the execution of the works for laying underground power lines, the intention is to
close the trenches as soon as possible, to avoid the falling of animals.
Looking for the location of wind turbines in non-forested areas where the presence of
animals is reduced.
Planting shrubs with fruit to offset the reduction in the usable area of the preserve and
promote the refuge for several species.
Installation underground all wind farm internal lines, thereby avoiding electrocution of
birds by contact with electrical power conductors.
In case of any unavoidable outside line installation, proceed to placing diverters on power
lines to prevent electrocution of birds.
Study of the potential impact of the wind farm on wildlife in the area, if it is apparent from
this study that the location of a wind turbine or other facility that integrates wind farm
brings a risk not eligible for fauna is proceeds to the removal or installation as applicable.
Monitoring of collisions of birds with the goal of establishing corrective measures.
Considering all measures performed quantitative studies of the impacts based on different
indicators. To analyze the impact on vegetation using indicator percentage of surface covered (PSC)
which is calculated before and after the execution of works in order to determine the variation of it.
This index suffers insignificant variations so that the work is concluded only affect vegetation units
lower ecological value, respecting the other units.
Regarding the impact on wildlife, especially the birds, it is determined that the measures taken the
impact is small because the wind farms are placed in situations studied to affect as little as possible
and that the risk of collision of birds on the blades is reduced since they quickly become
accustomed to the turbines.
4.2. LAND USE
The wind farms chosen for land use are those in which Gamesa holds the promotion of the wind
farms, with wind turbines of 2Mw and tower of 78m.
Although all analyzed sites are located in Spain, the techniques used for the civil works at the site
and the materials used, can be considered representative for a European wind farm case, according
to experts experience in civil engineering from the Technical Office Building Gamesa, we used the
average size of wind farms G90 European level, which is 28.5 MW of installed capacity.
4.2.1. Description of Land use
An analysis of soil condition before park development and land use after the installation. Below is
shown the land use of the Wind farms that have been selected as representative of the activity in
the Life Cycle Assessment of the machine.
32
4.2.1.1. Wind farm “Los Lirios”:
The wind farm “Los Lirios” is located in the province of Huelva at the township of San Silvestre de
Guzmán, in the area known as Los Lirios, Cabeza del Llano, Los Llanos, Cabeza del Rato, Loma de la
Carnicera and Colmenar de Nuestra Señora. It lies west of the region of Andévalo, and is
surrounded by Villanueva de Castillejos north, south Villablanca, Sanlucar de Guadiana to the
northwest and west Portugal. The wind farm consists of 24 wind turbines, amounting to a total
power of 48 MW.
4.2.1.2. Wind farm “Alto de la Degollada”:
The complex “Alto de la Degollada” is located at the township of Castrojeriz and Los Balbases,
(Burgos). The wind farm has 25 wind turbines with a total power of 50 Mw, arranged in three rows
of NW-SE direction. The nearest population center is Vallunquera, 1.7 miles east of the wind farm.
“Pedrosa del Principe”, which is 2.7 km away from the nearest wind generator. The wind farm is
located at a distance of approximately 2.5 km of the Site of Community interest "Riberas de la
subcuenca del río Pisuerga."
4.2.1.3. Wind farm “Barchín del Hoyo”:
The wind farm of Barchin, located in the townships of Alcala de la Vega and Algarra, in the province
of Cuenca, consists of 14 turbines with a capacity to develop up to 28 MW. Wind farm consists of
14 wind turbines of 2,000 kW unit and generating a voltage of 690 V, located in the municipality of
Barchín del Hoyo (Cuenca), consisting of tapered tubular steel towers of 78 meters high, with triple
rotor 45 meter radius, making a total capacity of 28 MW generation. Each turbine is fitted inside the
mast 2,100 kVA transformer. 0.69 / 20 kV. The turbines will be connected to the collecting system
consists HPREZ1 conductors 12/20 kV buried trench depth of 1.20 m with sections 400 mm2.
Media Network Voltage (20 kV) evacuated by three circuits, the power generated to the substation
of “Barchin del Hoyo” wind farm.
4.2.1.4. Wind Farm Les Forques II:
The wind farm of Les Forques II, located in Catalonia, in the place known as "Les Vilars" lining the
top of the left side ditch Fores (Obaga the Comet). The access road is a path out of the T-222 to
about 1.250 m in the township of Passanant. It consists of 6 G90 2 MW, with a total power of 12
MW and include the access roads and internal roads, maneuvering areas and transformation
substation (transformer and control building). The total balance in the earthmoving is 16.727 m2.
In the rustic soil physical environment predominantly agricultural activity that occupies most of the
land
4.2.2.
Land use - Corine classification
There has been a land classification based on the Corine Land Cover (CLC). The occupied areas are
shown in m2.
For the specific case of the wind farm "Les Forques 2" the EIA documentation don`t shows specific
data of before and after land use, not to be detailed in the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)
of the wind farm. EIAs are carried out by specialized environmental companies at the location of the
wind farm and therefore there are differences on editing contents, depending on the location, and
specific regulations.
33
4.2.2.1. Previous Land Use
Below it is represented the land use of the mentioned wind farms prior to their installation.
Los Lirios
Barchin
Alto de la
Degollada
Total
0
0
0
0
160.047
41.600
151.400
353.047
18.467
22.400
0
40.867
Wetlands
0
0
0
0
Water
0
0
0
0
178.514
64.000
151.400
547.516
BEFORE USE
Artifial surfaces
Farming
Forest and semi-natural
areas
Total
4.2.2.2.
Soil after use
Below is the occupation of land, with the surface strictly occupied by the selected wind farms after
installing them. The data of projects occupancy are therefore "real ground uses", not administrative
uses. They are taken from the work units thereof and which are by roads, foundations, platforms,
trenches for connections and control building
Los Lirios
Barchin
Alto de la Degollada
Total
Artificial Surfaces
AFTER USE
138.745
64.000
151.400
354.145
Farming
Forest and seminatural areas
21.302
0
0
21.302
18.467
0
0
18.467
Wetlands
0
0
0
0
Water
0
0
0
0
Total
178.514
64.000
151.400
393.914
4.2.3. Number of years of occupation of the areas
WIND FARM
STARTING ACTIVITY
2010
2010
2011
Los Lirios
Alto de la Degollada
Barchin
YEARS ON ACTIVITY TILL
2012
2
2
1
It is considered that the lifetime of wind farms is 20 years.
4.2.4. Description of Infrastructure in the occupied areas.
The four Wind farms mentioned under study on this report consist of the following facilities:
34
-
Towers
Foundations and base of the towers
Roads
4.3.
EVIRONMENTAL RISKS
GAMESA risk analysis according to the criteria in the Standard ISO15008, Analysis and
environmental risk assessment. Although in general the probability and severity of undesirable
events is generally low, include those most representative events
This section includes all those undesirable events that can occur by chance but will produce
relevant environmental impact. The following lists those events.
Oíl Leaks
Fires
Affection to flora
Affection to wildlife
Affection to archaeological remains
Burst
Concrete Spill
Spill of hazardous substances and chemicals
4.3.1. Risk inventory
4.3.1.1.
Transport
In the phase of road transportation by trucks, accidents may occur that result in loss of oil and fuel
or even in fire and loss of goods been transported. Wildfire emits a large amount of contaminating
substances, and loss of oil, fuel and lubricants can cause local impacts on water and
environmentally sensitive areas.
4.3.1.2.
Construction and Decommissioning
During construction of the wind farm, cranes and other vehicles used for the assembly and erection
of wind turbine may suffer a fire and loss of fuel and oil.
It could also generate a fire during the manufacture of the towers and other elements at the factory,
however, given that the plants have emergency plans and fire towers and other machinery are made
of steel and contain minimal amounts of hazardous substances therefore not included impacts.
4.3.1.3.
Operation
In the operating phase, it is extremely unlikely, but fires could be generated by combustion of
materials or oil spills in the nacelle.
Also, at preventive maintenance at the change of oil operation substances could be spilled
accidentally. The impact of the spills would be included in the leaks produced in above point related
to transportation.
4.3.2.
Results
It can be said that the potential risks are oil spill of trucks during transport and the fire in the
nacelle or transformer. In the following table are quantized such impacts, where, by way of
comparison, in the right column represent the emissions under normal conditions.
35
Potencial
Risks
Oil spills at
transport
Fire at Nacelle
or transformer
Substances
emmited to
the air
Substances
emmited to
the land
Potential
emissions at
incidents in
the process
“Core”
(g/kWh)
-
Diesel
<10
CO2
-
10
-6
-6
Potential emissions
at incidents in the
process “Coreinfrastructure”
(g/kWh)
-5
Emissions at
normal conditions
(g/kWh)
-3
10
10
0
10
1
In conclusion, it is seen that the impact produced by the potential risks are considerably less than
those produced in normal conditions.
4.4.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
The international Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), an independent body
consisting of international experts, has published recommendations regarding acute health
problems. The recommendations are based on knowledge about acute health problems due to
changing magnetic fields and propose a limit of 500µT for working environment and for the general
public a limit of 100 µT a 50 Hz.
Additionally and coming from the EMC Directive (2004/108/EC) (Electromagnetic Compatibility
Directive), it is worth noting that EN 62311 and EN 62479 (included in the harmonised standards
list for the LV Directive) cover human exposure restrictions for electromagnetic fields, and are
relevant to WTG design; these two standards were taken into account in the specifications of the
machine whose design is validated against these requirements, so we can say that although
electromagnetic fields are generated, they will not cause harm to the health of people, being lower
than those issued by the ICNIRP recommendations.
4.5. NOISE
The noise produced by a wind turbine is twofold, one mechanics and other aerodynamics. The first
comes from the generator, the gearbox and the connections, and can easily be reduced by
conventional techniques. Aerodynamic noise produced by the air flows on the blades tends to
increase with the speed rotation of the blades; in turbulent conditions of wind flow may cause an
increase in noise.
Depending on the model of wind turbine and the height of the tower are five modes of operation,
low noise, with a reduced rotor speed and a change in the optimum angle of the blade to reduce
the noise level emitted, although this means less power generation.
Depending on your location the level of noise produced by wind turbines varies.
The GAMESA G90 works with wind speeds of 3-25 m / s. These wind turbines, in the most
unfavorable conditions, produce a maximum noise of 100 dB at 800 Hz inside the Nacelle, noise
level is reached wind speeds of 7-12 m / s. This includes noise level as high risk at distances
greater than 300 m the perception of noise is greatly reduced and wind facilities are located in
sparsely populated areas so do not significantly affect the population.
The current trend is to manufacture wind turbines increasing. This model have higher power and
allows installation in areas with less wind to rotate at a slower speed, so it can be inferred that
every time the wind turbines will be quieter. Increased height of the towers also causes the sound
pressure decreases.
36
4.5.1. Calculation of noise
All turbines produce noise, which can be classified into two categories:
- Aerodynamic. Produced by the air flows on the blades.
- Mechanical. Produced by the machine components.
There is an international standard that establishes both methods measure the noise levels to
declare:
- IEC 61400-11 (Ed. 2002): Wind turbine generator systems - Acoustic noise measurement
techniques. Definition of how to perform noise measurements of a wind turbine.
- IEC 61400-14 (Ed. 2005): Wind turbines - Declaration of apparent sound power level.
Definition of how to declare the noise generated by an AEG.
Based on this standard defines Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica the noise levels of the G90 2.0 MW
platform, for standard and low temperature versions of its wind turbines, which only produce
aerodynamic noise. The noise generated by a wind turbine in its high temperature model, which
produces both aerodynamic and mechanical noise is defined based on the noise generated by both
standard and low temperature by increasing the dB of the machine.
Also noteworthy is that wind farms are located in uninhabited areas and distances greater than 300
m the noise level is greatly reduced and is considered negligible to be lower than the ambient noise
threshold in nature, wind, etc.
4.6. VISUAL IMPACT
The landscape impact caused by the presence of wind turbines and power lines is a subjective
aspect, which affects differently, depending on the location of the wind farm. The location of wind
farms is also determined by analyzing the different points from which they are visible to, thereby
causing minimal visual impact. Each wind farm prior to the decision to its location has had an
environmental impact assessment has been approved by the relevant environmental authority.
37
5.
CERTIFICATION AND REQUIRED DECLARATIONS
5.1. CERTIFICATION INFORMATION
The verification of this environmental product declaration have been carried on by Gorka Benito
Alonso, independent approved verifier by the international EPD System, which verifies that the
attached Environmental Product Declaration complies with the applicable reference documents and
also certifies that the data presented by the manufacturer are complete and traceable in order to
provide supporting evidence of the environmental impacts declared in the EPD document, according
to the EPD-System General Programme Instructions.
The EPD ® has been made in accordance with the document of General Program Instructions
international EPD ® system for environmental product declarations, 2008-02-29 see. 1.0, published
by the IEC (International EPD) and PCR 2007:08 CPC 171 & 173: Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold
Water Generation and Distribution. The verifier Gorka Benito Alonso has been accredited by the
International EPD ® System to certify Environmental Product Declarations, EPD ®. This certification is
valid until the year 2016.
5.2. MANDATORY STATEMENTS
5.2.1. GENERAL
Keep in mind that EPDs made from different EPD programs cannot be directly comparable.
5.2.2. LIFE CYCLE PHASES OMITTED
PCR according to the phase of use of electricity has been omitted, since the use of electricity has
several functions in different contexts.
5.2.3. WAYS TO GET EXPLANATORY MATERIAL
The ISO 14025 standard requires that the explanatory material should be available if the EPD ® will
be communicated to end users. This EPD ® is oriented to industrial consumers and communication
is not intended for B2C (Business-to-consumer).
38
5.2.4. INFORMATION ABOUT VERIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAM OF EPD
EPD PROGRAMME AND PROGRAMME OPERATOR
The international EPD System
Vasagatan 15-17 SE-111 20
Stockholm Sweden l
[email protected]
INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION OF DECLARATION AND DATA
□ Internal
 External
□ Certification process
Gorka Benito Alonso
IK Ingeniería S.L.
[email protected]
PRODUCT CATHEGORY RULES
CPC 171 and 173,
PCR 2007:8, Versión 2.01, Date 2011-12-05
Product Category Rules (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product
Declaration (EPD®) for Electricity, Steam, and Hot and Cold Water Generation
and Distribution
REVIEW OF PCR
Product Category Rules (PCR) review was conducted by: The Technical
Committee of the International EPD® System. Chair: Massimo Marino. Contact
via [email protected]. PCR Moderator: Caroline Setterwall, ABB.
VALIDITY PERIOD
REGISTER NUMBER
2016/020722016/07/22
S-P-00452
COMPANY INFORMATION
Registered office:
Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Ed. 222 48170 Zamudio (Vizcaya)-Spain
Phone number: +34 944 317 600
e-mail: [email protected] web: http://www.Gamesacorp.com
Contact: Comunicación Corporativa
Postal code: C/ Ramírez de Arellano, 37, C.P.: 28043 Madrid, España
Phone number: + 34 91 503 17 00
39
e-mail: [email protected]
6.
LINKS AND REFERENCES
Additional information about Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica:
www.gamesacorp.com
Additional information about the EPD® international system:
www.environdec.com
-
Introduction, usage and key elements of the programme:
http://www.environdec.com/documents/pdf/EPD_introduction_080229.pdf
-
General instructions of the programme:
http://www.environdec.com/documents/pdf/EPD_instructions_080229.pdf
-
Annexes: http://www.environdec.com/documents/pdf/EPD_annexes_080229.pdf
The international EPD ® system is based on a hierarchical approach using the following
international standards:
-
ISO 9001, Quality management systems
-
ISO 14001, Environmental management systems
-
ISO 14040, LCA - Principles and procedures
-
ISO 14044, LCA - Requirements and guidelines
-
ISO 14025, Type III environmental declarations
Data base used for ACV:
-
Data base EcoInvent, published by,
Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories http://www.ecoinvent.org
Other references:
-
Iberdrola – www.iberdrola.es
Red eléctrica española – www.ree.es
Comisión Nacional de la Energía – www.cne.es
Eurelectric – www.eurelectric.org
Réseau de transport d’électricité – www.rte-france.com
Électricité Réseau Distribution France – www.erdfdistribution.fr
Terna Group - www.terna.it
PSE Operator – www.pse-operator.pl
Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) – www.energy-regulators.eu
Abb – www.abb.com
Worldsteel Association – www.worldsteel.com
Copper Development Association – www.copper.org
40
-
7.
International Aluminum Institute - www.world-aluminium.org
European Steel Association - www.eurofer.org
Censa – www.censa.es
General cable – www.generalcable.es
Asociación empresarial eólica – www.aeeolica.org
European Wind Energy Association – www.ewea.org
German Wind Energy Institute – www.dewi.de
IEC 61400-1 Wind Turbine generador system
ACRONYMS:
-
EPD: Environmental Product Declaration
PCR: Product Catergory Rules
IEC: International EPD Consortium
IEC: International Electrotechnical commission
LCA: Life cycle analysis
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
GPI: General Programme Instructions
41

Environmental Product Declaration

Transcripción

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