Ocean Acidification
Transcripción
Ocean Acidification
1 Department of Aquatic System, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile & Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO), Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile 2 Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Chile 3 Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile Principal fuente de carbono, ha sido en la forma de CO2 eyectado por volcanes. Volcanes han liberado ca. 60 ✕ 109 tons de CO2 a la atmósfera. Hoy en día 0.04 ✕ 109 tons El plancton ha secuestrado cerca de un 99.5% del C liberado a la atmósfera, formando rocas sedimentarias y materia orgánica en sedimentos. Si los océanos no existieran, la concentración de CO2 sería muy alta, y la temperatura de la Tierra sería cercana a la de Venus 461 ºC !!! Venus: Altísima concentración de CO2, y alta temperatura no permite la presencia de líquidos. Hoy en día las emisiones de CO2 antropogénico son cerca de 130 veces mayores que las emisiones volcánicas Emisiones anuales de CO2 por la quema de combustibles fósiles y cambio de uso del suelo (70 millones de tons diarias) Emisiones anuales de CO2 desde volcanes O C CO2 O 1. Se disuelve en el agua HCO3- CO2 + CO32- + H2O O H O H2O H 2. Reacciona con el agua para formar bicarbonato y un ión hidrógeno H + O O 3. Casi todos los iones hidrógeno reaccionan con el ión carbonato O para formar más bicarbonato incremento bicarbonato también la concentración de iones hidrógeno incrementa: HCO3- + C disminuye carbonato O H CO3- H C O incremento CO2 disuelto 2HCO3- i.e., pH = -log [H+] disminuye O H C O O y la saturación de carbonato de calcio disminuye: Ω = [Ca+ ][CO32− ] Ksp La absorción de CO2 por el océano a llevado que durante los últimos ca. 200 años el pH se reduzca en ca. 0.1 Que el pH descienda 0.1, representa cerca del 30% del incremento total de la acidez del océano. A la fecha la mayor parte de los experimentos han sido realizados con moluscos, equinodermos, crustáceos, y corales, con diferente tipo de respuestas y costos socio-económicos. SOLAS – IMBER WG on Ocean Acidification (SIOA WG) • In 2012: SIOA WG and the international Ocean Acidification Reference User Group (iOA-RUG) recommend the establishment of a international platform. • In response to this recommendation and concerns expressed by Member States, the IAEA announced at the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development the launch of the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) Communicating, promoting and facilitating global actions in a changing ocean world Advisory Board SOLAS IMBER WG on OA • Objective: act as a hub to communicate, promote and facilitate overarching activities on ocean acidification • End users: scientific community and science users (e.g., policy makers, media, general public) CAPACITY BUILDING ‘Help train tomorrow’s experts on ocean acidification’ Training courses Lisa Robbins, USA Participation of scientists from developing countries in key international meetings CAPACITY BUILDING SCIENCE ‘Promote activities to help advance ocean acidification research’ Global observing network R. Feely, USA & L. Jewett, USA Joint platforms & experiments P. Siveri, Spain & N. Lagos , Chile The human dimension J. Bijma, Germany & S. Cooley, USA Inter-comparison exercises M. Dai, China Best practices U. Riebesell, Germany & J.-P. Gattuso, Fran On-line bibliographic database J.-P. Gattuso, France Data management F. Gazeau, France SCIENCE COMMUNICATION ‘Serve as a hub of information for different audiences (scientists, policy makers, media…)’ Exhibits, side events, publications (in cooperation with the Ocean Acidification International Reference User Group; OA-iRUG) D. Laffoley, UK & C. Turley, UK Web site & news stream Distribution of material COMMUNICATION OA-ICC key online resources OA-ICC web site iaea.org/ocean-acidification OA-ICC news stream news-oceanacidification-icc.org OA-ICC data compilation http://tinyurl.com/oaicc-data OA-ICC bibliographic database http://tinyurl.com/oaicc-biblio Ocean Acidification The „other CO2 problem“ The GOA-ON-related efforts are the main IOCCP contribution to our understanding of this multidisciplinary, multi-scale, global phenomenon. The community behind long term large scale OA observations have developed a Requirements and Governance Plan which provides details on required observing strategy, data accuracy, data handling and sharing procedures and data information products development. The plan was published in September 2014 and is available from the GOA-ON website as .pdf and as hard copy on request. Ocean Acidification The „other CO2 problem“ Two major GOA-ON activities developed with IOCCP leadership over the past 12 months are: Ocean Acidification Data Portal A small technical working group lead by Benjamin Pfeil (IOCCP Data Manager) was established to investigate possibilities to create a dedicated portal for ocean acidification observing data. A workplan and initial goals of this group were turned into an agenda for a small workshop held in Monaco in June 2015. The group works on the report that will incorporate the recommendations made by the OA-ICC Advisory Board, the GOA-ON Executive Council and workshop participants. This document will be distributed across the community for comments and will serve as a baseline for a data portal implementation plan, which will be hopefully developed before May 2016. Ocean Acidification Data Synthesis Products As a global approach similar to SOCAT was deemed not feasible at the moment for such a fragmented and mostly coastal community, it was suggested that effort might initially be directed at a regional synthesis for the western Pacific (primarily involving China, Taiwan, Japan and Rep Korea), and for the NE Atlantic/European seas (expanding on a UK/North Sea synthesis that has just been finished by NERC/Defra and ICES). Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) Science Workshop 8-10 May 2016, Hobart, Australia The 3rd Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network Science Workshop will be held in Hobart, Australia, following the 4th International Symposium on the Oceans in a High CO2 World (3-6 May 2016). GOA-ON is guiding the development of an integrated network for the detection and attribution of ocean acidification and ecosystem response, and has engaged with over one hundred participants from 30 nations to formulate its Requirements and Governance Plan. GOA-ON has also served to focus funding bodies and international research programs to integrate within a shared vision that extends from the coastal to open ocean domains. The 3rd GOA-ON science workshop aims to further the development of the network. Issues to be covered are: 1. GOA-ON national and regional status, linkages to other global programs 2. New developments for weather and climate quality OA observations 3. Essential biological variables and integration with other observations 4. Data management and synthesis plans from regional to global scales 5. Developing regional hubs to facilitate national programs and capacity building Organisers: Prof. Fei Chai, University of Maine, USA Prof. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University, China Prof. Sam Dupont, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Dr. Richard Feely, NOAA-PMEL, USA (IOCCP SSG member for OA) Dr. Kirsten Isensee, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO Dr. Libby Jewett, NOAA Ocean Acidification Program Director, USA Dr. Wajih Naqvi, CSIR-National Institution of Oceanography, India Dr. Jan Newton, University of Washington, USA Dr. Maciej Telszewski, IOCCP Director, SCOR and IOC-UNESCO Dr. Bronte Tilbrook, CSIRO, Australia Dr. Phil Williamson, NERC/University of East Anglia, UK The IOCCP Approach to Coordination aligned with the Framework for Ocean Observing Establishment of societal or scientific requirements for observations and monitoring Providing the stakeholders community with information allowing to meet the requirements and verify the fitnessfor-purpose of the system Developing data synthesis products Developing strategies for observing network implementation Brokering international agreements on measurements standards and procedures Developing and implementing data quality control procedures Today Latin America appears as one of the regional nodes with relatively scarce information on Ocean Acidification over whole world. But ... that's the reality? Only 20 papers in whole the OA community in LatinAmerica, 12 in Chile and 8 in Mexico. What about Brasil, Argentina, Perú, and so on…? Is this a lack in the exchange of information with the worldwide community ? Result of previous meetings among colleagues from Brazil (Leticia Da Cunha & Rodrigo Kerr), Mexico (José-Martin Hernández Ayón) and Chile (Nelson Lagos & Cristian Vargas) during the 3rd International Symposium Effects of Climate Change on the World's Ocean and during the meeting of the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) held in St. Andrews, UK, need arises to create a network to coordinate research efforts that are being developed in the LA region, with focus on ocean acidification, and generation of information for decision-makers. 27 formal members… but 20 scientists agreed, but they still do not sign their affiliation = 47 members Lines of action includes: (i) the study of the carbonate system in coastal, oceanic and estuarine waters, and its ecological and biogeochemical implications, (ii) modelling and projection of local and regional scenarios of ocean acidification for Latin America based on monitoring at high spatial and temporal resolution, (iii) the experimental evaluation of the biological responses of marine organisms against these scenarios of ocean acidification and its interaction with other climatic and anthropogenic stressors, and (iv) the effect on socio-ecological systems of the participating countries. We are already working in the establishment of a governance plan and basic protocols focused on some requirements to be part of this network, e.g.: Researchers actively working in one of the lines of action in LAOCA (i.e. demonstrated in publications, projects and training students), and Demonstrate an interest in developing and improving the quality of research on ocean acidification at the regional level, beyond personal interests. Interest for cooperation and assist those regions with significant research gaps. This December 15th, 2015, in the city of Concepcion, Chile, it was officially established the Latin-American Ocean Acidification Network (LAOCA Network). A group of 24 scientists from seven Latin-American countries, including two representatives from; Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, and Chile, worked all together on a regional workshop, which was funded by Chilean research centers, Centre for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), and the Millennium Institute of Oceanography (IMO) in Chile, and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC-UNESCO, OA-ICC. During this meeting we have analysing the “state of the art” regarding our knowledge about carbon chemistry and the impact of ocean acidification on different biological/ecological models. COUNTRY COLOMBIA ARGENTINA BRASIL MEXICO pH Alkalinity DIC pCO2 X X X X X X X X X Reference Material Yes Buoys/timeseries/cruises X (pCO2) Data quality Notimplemented Capacities Lack of capacitation ECUADOR PERU CHILE X X X X X X X X X X Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes X X X X X X X X Weather (pH) Climate (pCO2, alkalinity) Weather (pH) Climate (pCO2, alkalinity) Weather (pH) Climate (Alkalinity) Weather Weather (pH) Climate (Alkalinity) Lack of capacitation Lack of capacitation Lack of capacitation Human resources Lack of capacitation Human resources Lack of capacitation EQUIPMENTS No-scientists working in carbon chemistry We have defined a common criteria for LAOCA’ members, which is to share and make available “protocols” and “data”, including all information on ocean chemistry after two years of collecting the data, and in the same way, we will make available the data generated by experiments with local species. This information will be available through PANGEA. Data from buoys and sensors will be free to use, from the respective websites of observation programs. Along with this analysis it was defined the mission and goals of LAOCA Network, including ten main objectives; (i) (ii) (iii) to synthesize the information about ocean acidification impacts in Latin-American, to encourage the implementation, maintenance, and calibration of long-term data-set of carbonate chemistry in Latin-America, training of LAOCA members in the different action lines (e.g. observation, experimentation, and modelling), (iv) to standardize chemical analytical techniques and protocols for experimentation in order to enhance data quality, (v) to establish a regional node for the articulation and communication between local, regional, and global research programs (e.g. GOA-ON and IOCCP), (vi) to determine and evaluate local and regional scenarios of Ocean Acidification for different types of marine ecosystems (e.g. estuaries, coastal area, open ocean, etc), (vii) to enhance student exchange and to facilitate access to infrastructure and equipment among institutions and LAOCA member countries, (viii) to design an outreach strategy for communicate the problematic of ocean acidification to society, (ix) to promote the development of cooperation projects between member countries of LAOCA, and (x) to promote the inclusion of the problematic of Ocean Acidification on the political agenda of member countries, and even through the pursuit of cooperation agreements among LAOCA members. Co-Chairs Leticia Da Cunha & Nelson Lagos GOA-ON / IOCCP Cristian A. Vargas BRASIL CHILE Rodrigo Kerr Patricio Manríquez ECUADOR Patricia Castillo ARGENTINA COLOMBIA PERÚ MEXICO Alejandro Bianchi Alberto Acosta Michelle Graco Hernández-Ayon