GCSE Spanish Student Guides

A Student’s Guide
to the AQA GCSE
Spanish
Specifications
2003 onwards
A Student’s Guide
to the AQA GCSE
Spanish
Specifications
2003 onwards
Further copies of this booklet are available from:
Aldon House, 39, Heald Grove, Rusholme, Manchester, M14 4NA.
Tel: 0161 953 1170 Fax: 0161 953 1177
or downloaded from the AQA Website : www.aqa.org.uk
© Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 2001
COPYRIGHT
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications including this Student Guide. However, registered centres for
AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important
exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre.
Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance.
Printed in Great Britain by Nuffield Press, 21 Nuffield Way, Ashville Trading Estate,
Abingdon, Oxon OX14 1RL.
The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales
3644723 and a registered Charity 1073334.
Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8, Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ.
The AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board (AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and the
Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB).
Kathleen Tattersall, Director General.
Welcome to your help-yourself guide to
the AQA GCSE Spanish Specifications
This guide will help you with
•
Vocabulary
All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extra words,
arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. We’ve given you the
meanings too.
•
Language Tasks
A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/Module, and
how - listening, speaking, reading or writing, with room for your own notes.
•
Communication Strategies
How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words! Lots of
useful hints and tips on how to get by without needing a dictionary.
•
Grammar
Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions –
how to make sentences that make sense.
The contents page will tell you where to find the information you need – the rest is up to
you!
3
4
CONTENTS
Pages
•
Vocabulary
7
•
Language Tasks Record
63
•
Communication Strategies
93
•
Grammar
107
5
6
VOCABULARY
All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extra
words, arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. We’ve
given you the meanings too.
7
RUBRICS AND INSTRUCTIONS
actividad, la
afirmación, la
anuncio, el
activity
statement
anouncement;
advertisement
añade
add
apropiado
appropriate
artículo, el
article
breve
brief
busca
look for
cambia
change
casilla(s) correcta(s), correct box(es)
las
carta, la
letter
cierto / falso
true / false
cinta, la
tape
compara
compare
completa
complete
contesta
answer
conversación, la
conversation
corresponder
to correspond
da
give
decide
decide
describe
describe
descripción, la
description
detalle, el
detail
dibuja
draw
dibujo, el
drawing
diferencia, la
difference
diseña
design
ejemplo, por __
example, for __
empareja
match
encuentra
find
entrevista, la
interview
escribe
write
escoge
choose
escucha
listen
espacio (en blanco), (blank) space
el
estudia
study
explica
explain
ficha, la
(index) card
formulario, el
form
frase, la
phrase; sentence
graba
record
habla
speak
haz
do
he aquí
here you have
imagina
imagine
incluye
include
indica
indicate
__ con una equis (X) __with an X
__ con una marca (!)__with a tick
información, la
information
justifica
lee
letra, la
lista, la
marca, la
menciona
mira
noticias, las
número, el
opina
opinión, la
palabra, la
persona, la
pide
plano, el
pon en orden
pon una equis (X)
pon una señal (!)
posibilidad, la
pregunta
prepara
razón, la
reacción, la
rellena
respuesta, la
según la información
señal, la
sigue
siguiente
subraya
sugiere
tabla, la
verdad / mentira /
no se sabe
te toca a ti
8
justify
read
letter
list
mark
mention
look
news
number
give your opinion
opinion
word
person
ask
plan
put in order
put an X
put a tick
possibility
ask
prepare
reason
reaction
fill in
reply
according to the
information
tick
continue
following
underline
suggest
table
true / false /
not known
it's your turn
Vocabulary in the Specification – by Themes/Modules
GENERAL VOCABULARY
1
hallarse
abajo (de)
aislado
adentro
afuera
ahí
allá
allí
alrededor (de)
aquí
arriba (de)
centro, en el _ (de)
contra
debajo (de)
delante (de)
dentro (de)
derecha, a la _ (de)
detrás (de)
donde
en
en/por todas partes
encima (de)
enfrente (de)
entre
exterior, el
extranjero, el
final, al
fondo, el
fuera (de)
izquierda, a la _ (de)
interior, el
lado, al __ (de)
próximo
siguiente
sobre
Existential
(a) Existence, non-existence
hay
ser
there is; there are
to be
(b) Presence, absence
afuera
aparecer
aquí
ausente
desaparecer
estar
faltar
pertenecer
presente
outside
to appear
here
absent
to disappear
to be
to lack; to be absent
to belong
present
(c) Availability, non-availability
alcanzar
hacer falta
hay
necesitar
quedar
tener
to reach; to be
enough
to need; to require
there is; there are
to need
to be left; to remain
to have
(d) Occurrence, non-occurrence
a lo mejor
ocurrir
pasar
quizá(s)
realizar
tener lugar
maybe
to happen
to happen
maybe, perhaps
to achieve; to make;
to carry out
to take place
(b) Distance
cerca (de)
near
cercano
nearby
estar a (X) (kiló)metros
it's (X) (kilo)metres
away
estar a (X) minutos it's (X) minutes
away
kilómetro, el
kilometre
lejano
far away
lejos (de)
far (from)
(e) Demonstration
aquel
ese
eso
este
esto
that
that
that
this
this
2 Space
(c) Motion
(a) Location
a
a pie
andar
andando
atravesar
encontrarse
estar (situado)
to be situated
under
isolated
inside
outside
there
over there
there
around
here
on; over; above
in the middle (of)
against
under
in front (of)
inside
to the right (of)
behind
where
in; on
everywhere
on; on top of; above
opposite
between
outside
abroad
at the end
bottom; back
outside; except
to the left (of)
inside
next to
next
following
on; on top of
to be situated
to be situated
9
to; towards
on foot
to walk
walking
to cross
bajar (de)
caer(se)
cambiar
coger
con destino a
correr
cruzar
de
detener(se)
dirección, la
dirigir(se) (a)
doblar
empujar
en autobús
en autocar
en avión
en coche
en metro
en tren
entrar (en)
hacia
hasta
ir (a / en )
irse
llegar (a / de)
llevar
marcharse
para
parar(se)
pasar (por)
paseo, dar un __
por
procedente de
salir (a / de)
subir (a)
tirar
tomar
torcer
traer
venir
viajar
viaje, el
volver (a / de)
vuelta, dar una ___
to go down; to get
off
to fall down
to change
to take
going to
to run
to cross
from
to stop
direction
to go towards;
to turn; to fold
to push
by bus
by coach
by plane
by car
by underground
by train
to go in
towards
until
to go (to/by)
to go away
to arrive (at / from)
to take; to wear
to go away
for
to stop
to go past, through
to go for a walk
through; by; per
coming from
to leave (at / from)
to go up
to throw; to pull
to take
to turn
to bring
to come
to travel
journey
to return (to / from)
to go for a walk / ride
oeste, el
por aquí / allí
recto, todo __
sur, el
(e) Origin
de
¿de dónde?
ser de __
from; of
where from?
to be from
(f) Motion with person or thing
acompañar
conducir
ir a buscar
ir con __
llevar
poner
to accompany
to drive; to lead
to fetch
to go with
to take
to put
(g) Places
aldea, la
alrededores,los
barrio, el
ciudad, la
lugar, el
mundo, el
país, el
por aquí
pueblo, el
región, la
sitio, el
village
outskirts
neighbourhood
city
place
world
country
around here
town
region
place
(h) Dimensions
alto
altura, la
ancho
bajo
(centí)metro, el
corto
delgado
estatura, la
estrecho
gordo
grande
grueso
largo
mediano
medida, la
medir
pequeño
pesar
peso, el
(d) Direction
derecha, a la __
derecho, todo __
este, el
izquierda, a la __
norte, el
west
through here / there
straight ahead
south
to the right
straight ahead
east
to the left
north
10
tall; high
height
wide
short; low
(centi)metre
short
slim
height
narrow
fat
big; large
thick; stout
long
medium; average
measurement
to measure
small; little
to weigh
weight
talla, la
tamaño, el
size
size
fiesta, la
fin de semana, el
3 Time
(b) Clock
(a) Calendar
¿a qué hora ...?
¿Qué hora es?
a la una
a las dos, etc.
a medianoche
a mediodía
... y / menos cinco
... y media
... y / menos cuarto
a eso de la(s) __
cuarto de hora, un
de la mañana
de la tarde
fecha, la
date
¿A cuántos estamos? What's the date?
¿Qué día es hoy?
What day is it
today?
¿Qué fecha es (hoy)? What's the date
(today)?
Es el (primero) de __ It's the (1st) of __
Estamos a (dos) de __It's the (2nd) of __
día, el
day
domingo, el
Sunday
lunes, el
Monday
martes, el
Tuesday
miércoles, el
Wednesday
jueves, el
Thursday
viernes, el
Friday
sábado, el
Saturday
semana, la
week
año, el
year
estación, la
season
invierno, el
winter
otoño, el
autumn
primavera, la
spring
verano, el
summer
mes, el
month
enero
January
febrero
February
marzo
March
abril
April
mayo
May
junio
June
julio
July
agosto
August
se(p)tiembre
September
octubre
October
noviembre
November
diciembre
December
Año Nuevo, el
New Year's Day
Carnaval, el
Mardi Gras; Carnival
Día de Reyes, el
Epiphany; 6th
January
Navidad, la
Christmas
Nochebuena, la
Christmas Eve
Nochevieja, la
New Year's Eve
Semana Santa, la
Holy Week; Easter
Viernes Santo, el
Good Friday
celebrarse
to celebrate; to take
place
día festivo, el
holiday
de la noche
en punto
es la una
son las dos etc.
hora, la
horario, el
minuto, el
festival
weekend
at what time ...?
What time is it?
at one o'clock
at two o'clock, etc.
at midnight
at midday
five past / to
half past
quarter past / to
around ... o'clock
a quarter of an hour
in the morning
in the afternoon /
evening
at night
exactly
it's one o'clock
it's two o'clock, etc.
hour; time
timetable
minute
(c) Point in time
a principios (de)
a mediados (de)
a fines (de)
actualidad, la
ahora (mismo)
anoche
anteayer
at the beginning (of)
in mid
at the end (of)
present
(right) now
last night
day before
yesterday
antes (de)
before
año pasado, el
last year
año próximo, el
next year
año que viene, el
next year
año siguiente, el
the following year
ayer
yesterday
cuando
when
después (de)
after
durante
during
lunes pasado, el etc. last Monday, etc.
mañana
tomorrow
noche, la
night
pasado, el
past
pasado mañana
day after tomorrow
por la(s) mañana(s) in the morning
por la(s) noche(s)
at night
por la(s) tarde(s)
in the afternoon/
evening
11
(f) Sequence
principio, al
at the beginning
semana pasada, la etc. last week
primero - décimo
antes (de)
después (de)
entonces
finalmente
luego
por fin
siguiente
último
(d) Length of time
¿cuánto tiempo hace que …?
how long ...?
pasar (+ time)
to spend
quedarse (+ time)
to stay
dentro de (diez)
within (ten) minutes
minutos
de
from
desde
from
desde hace
for
durante
during
durar
to last; to take
en (una) hora
within / in (one) hour
hace
it's been
hasta
until
mucho tiempo
a long time
ocho días
eight days; a week
quince días
fortnight
rato, un
a while
(g) Imminence
a tiempo
al / en un momento
apenas
en seguida
pronto
tarde
temprano
ya
(e) Frequency
algunas veces
a menudo
a veces
cada (diez) minutos
de nuevo
de vez en cuando
dos veces, etc.
generalmente
jamás
los lunes, etc.
muchas veces
normalmente
nunca
otra vez
pocas veces
por año, __
por día
por noche, etc.
por lo general
raramente
siempre
tiempo, el
todas las semanas
todo el tiempo
todos los días /
meses, etc.
una vez más
vez, la
first - tenth
before
after
then
finally
then
finally
following
last
in / on time
in a moment
scarcely; as
soon as
straight away
soon
late
early
already
(h) Rapidity
sometimes
often
sometimes
every (ten) minutes
again
from time to time
twice, etc.
generally
never
Mondays, etc.
many times
normally
never
again
a few times
a/per year,
a/per day
a/per night, etc.
generally
rarely
always
time
every week
all the time
every day / month, etc.
(cien) kilómetros
por hora
darse prisa
de prisa
de repente
despacio
inmediatamente
lentamente
lento
rápidamente
rápido
tener prisa
(100)
kilometres an hour
to hurry up
quickly
suddenly
slowly
immediately
slowly
slow
quickly
quick; fast
to be in a hurry
(i) Contemporaneousness
ahora
en ese momento
mientras (que)
mientras tanto
todavía
now
at that moment
while
meanwhile
still
(j) Begin, continue and end
a partir de
acabar
comenzar
continuar
dejar (de + infin)
desde
once again;
one more time
time
12
from
to finish
to begin; to start
to continue
to stop (+ gerund)
since
empezar
final, el
hasta
llevar (+ time) +
gerund
parar
ponerse a + infin
seguir
terminar
to begin; to start
end
until
to do sth. for
(+ length of time)
to stop
to start to ……
to continue
to finish
santo,el
vida, la
viejo
(c) Appearance
aspecto, el
bello
bonito
castaño
feo
guapo
horrible
igual
(k) Change and permanence
acabar de + infin
cambiar
encontrarse
hacerse
ponerse
quedar(se)
volverse
to have just (done)
to change
to meet; to find
oneself
to become
to become
to stay; to remain
to become
limpio
moreno
pálido
parecer
parecerse a
parecido
roto
rubio
sucio
típico
tranquilo
4 Qualities and Characteristics
(a) Size
alto
bajo
grande
mediano
pequeño
profundo
Saint's day
life
old
tall; high
short; low
big; large
medium; average
small; little
deep
look; appearance
beautiful
pretty
chestnut; brown
ugly
good-looking
horrible
like; equal; the
same
clean
dark-coloured;
brown
pale
to seem
to look like
looks like
broken
blond
dirty
typical
calm; peaceful;
quiet
(d) Quantity
Cardinal numbers:
bolsa, la
bote, un
botella, una
cada
caja, la
cantidad, la
cartón, el
cuarto, un
doble
docena, una
exactamente
gramos
kilo, el
lata, una
litro, el
loncha, una
máximo, el
mayoría, la
medio
mínimo, el
mitad, la
nada
nada más
paquete, un
(b) Age
¿Cuántos años tiene(s)How old are you /
/ cumple(s)?
today?
tener __ años
to be __ years old
adolescente
adolescent
adulto
adult
antiguo
old; ancient; former
anciano
old
bebé, el
baby
cumpleaños, el
birthday
cumplir
to have a birthday
edad, la
age
joven
young
joven, el
young person
mayor
elder
menor
younger
moderno
modern
morir
to die
muchacho, el
lad
muerto
dead
nacer
to be born
nacimiento, el
birth
nuevo
new
13
0 - 1.000.000
bag
can; pot; jar
bottle
each
box
quantity
carton
quarter
double
dozen
exactly
grammes
kilo
tin
litre
slice
maximum
majority
half
minimum
half
nothing
nothing else
packet
par, el
parte, la
pedazo, un
ración, una
solamente
solo
sólo
suficiente
tarro, un
trozo, un
pair
part
piece
portion
only
alone
only
enough
jar; pot
piece
pobre
regular
sobresaliente
terrible
único
ventaja, la
(h) Access
abierto
abrir
cerrado
cerrar
completo
entrada, la
entrar (en)
libre
lleno
ocupado
poder
prohibido
prohibir
salida, la
salir
vacío
(e) Shape
cuadrado
rectangular
redondo
triangular
triángulo, el
square
rectangular
round
triangular
triangle
(f) Temperature
calor, el
caliente
caluroso
fresco
frío, el
grado, el
temperatura, la
templado
tener calor
tener frío
tibio
heat
hot
hot; very warm
fresh
cold
degree
temperature
mild
to be (feel) hot
to be (feel) cold
lukewarm
open
to open
closed
to close
full
entrance
to enter; to come in
available
full
occupied; taken
to be able; can
forbidden
to ban; to forbid
exit
to go out; to leave
empty
(i) Value
¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? How much does it /
do they cost?
¿Cuánto vale(n)?
How much does it /
do they cost?
¿Cuánto es?
How much is it?
barato
cheap
caro
expensive
costar
to cost
deber
to owe
económico
cheap; economical
gratis
free (of charge)
gratuito
free (of charge)
libra (esterlina), la
pound (sterling)
peseta, la
peseta
precio, el
price
rich
wealthy
(g) Quality
bien
bueno
desventaja, la
especial
estupendo
excelente
extraordinario
fantástico
fatal
genial
ideal
igual
importante
inconveniente, el
mal
malo
mejor
mejorar
necesario
peor
perfecto
poor
regular; so-so;
average
outstanding
terrible; awful
only; unique
advantage
well
good
disadvantage
special
great; fantastic
excellen
extraordinary
great; fantastic
awful
brilliant
ideal
similar; (the) same
important
disadvantage
badly
bad
better; best
to improve
necessary
worse; worst
perfect
(j) Correctness
correcto
dar igual
deber + infin
estar bien / mal
equivocarse
estar equivocado
14
correct
to be all the same
to have to; must
to be well; right/bad;
incorrect; to suit
to make a mistake
to be wrong, to be
mistaken
falso
mentir
mentira, la
tener razón
¡Vale!
verdad, la
verdadero
false
to tell a lie
lie
to be right
OK
truth
true
país, el
Portugal
portugués
sudamericano
country
Portugal
Portuguese
South American
(l) Facility
ayuda, la
ayudar
difícil
éxito, el
fácil
fracasar
imposible
inútil
posible
problema, el
tener éxito
tratar de + infin
útil
(k) Nationality
¿De dónde eres / es? Where are you
from?
ser + adjective
to be + adjective of
nationality
ser de + place
to be from + place
vivir
to live
alemán
German
Alemania
Germany
América del Sur
South America
Andalucía
Andalusia
andaluz
Andalusian
Australia
Australia
Austria
Austria
Bélgica
Belgium
británico
British
castellano
Castillian
catalán
Catalan
Cataluña
Catalonia
Escocia
Scotland
escocés
Scot; Scottish
España
Spain
español
Spanish
Estados Unidos,
United States; U.S
los / EEUU
Europa
Europe
europeo
European
francés
French
Francia
France
Gales
Wales
galés
Welsh
Galicia
Galicia
gallego
Galician
Gran Bretaña
Great Britain
Grecia
Greece
Inglaterra
England
inglés
English
Irlanda
Ireland
irlandés
Irish
Italia
Italy
italiano
Italian
latinoamericano
Latinamerican
Londres
London
mejicano (mexicano) Mexican
Méjico (México)
Mexico
nacionalidad, la
nationality
norteamericano
Northamerican
help
to help
difficult
success
easy
to fail
impossible
useless
possible
problem
to be successful
to try to
useful
(m) Interest
aburrido
aburrirse
aguantar
animado
atención, la
callado
dar igual
detestar
divertido
emocionante
encantar
favorito
fenomenal
gustar
interesante
interesar(se)
odiar
pasarlo bien
popular
preferir
raro
tener ganas
(de + infin)
valer la pena
boring
to be bored
to put up with; to
bear
lively; bustling; busy
attention
quiet
to be all the same;
not to matter
to detest; to hate
entertaining;
amusing; funny
exciting; thrilling
to delight; to love
favourite
great
to like
interesting
to be interested
to hate
to have a good time
popular
to prefer
rare; odd; strange
to feel like
(doing something)
to be worthwhile
(n) Emotion
actitud, la
afortunadamente
alegrarse de
15
attitude
fortunately
to be glad
alegre
alegría, la
cansado
contento
desafortunado
enfadado
enfadarse
estar a favor (de)
estar de acuerdo
estar en contra (de)
feliz
felicidad, la
independiente
injusto
justo
llorar
negativo
optimista
pesimista
positivo
reírse
sonreírse
sorprender
sorpresa, la
susto, el
tener miedo
tolerante
(p) Taste and smell
cheerful; happy
happiness
tired
happy
unfortunate
angry
to get angry
to be in favour (of)
to agree
to be against
happy
happiness; joy
independent
unfair; unjust
fair; just
to cry; to weep
negative
optimistic
pessimistic
positive
to laugh
to smile
to surprise
surprise
fear, fright
to be frightened
tolerant
amargo
dulce
olor, el
picante
rico
sabor, el
salado
(r) Colour
¿de qué color?
amarillo
azul
blanco
claro
color, el
gris
marrón
morado
naranja
negro
oscuro
pálido
rojo
rosa
rosado
verde
violeta
(n) Strength
débil
durable
duro
enérgico
flojo
fuerte
suave
(o)
weak
durable
hard
forceful; vigorous
slack
weak
soft; smooth
what colour?
yellow
blue
white
light
colour
grey
brown
purple
orange
black
dark
pale
red
pink
pink
green
violet
(s) Personal characteristics
¿Cómo se(te)
llama(s)?
apellido, el
dirección, la
estado civil, el
identidad, la
nombre, el
señas, las
sexo, el
activo
agradable
alegre
amable
capaz
contento
cortés
desagradable
elegante
famoso
femenino
gracioso
inteligente
Materials
algodón, el
cerámica, la
cuero,el
hierro, el
lana, la
madera, la
oro, el
papel, el
piel, la
plástico, el
plata, la
plomo, el
seda, la
tela, la
vidrio, el
bitter
sweet
smell
spicy
tasty
taste
salty
cotton
pottery
leather
iron
wool
wood
gold
paper
skin; fur; leather
plastic
silver
lead
silk
fabric; material
glass
16
What's your name?
surname
address
marital status
identity
name
personal details
sex
active
pleasant; nice
happy; cheerful
kind
able
happy
polite
unpleasant
elegant
famous
feminine
funny
intelligent
ver
llamarse
masculino
normal
práctico
responsable
sencillo
simpático
tonto
trabajador
triste
(b) Communication
to be called
masculine
normal; usual
practical
responsible
simple; natural
nice; pleasant; kind
silly
hard-working
sad
artículo, el
carta, la
charlar
contar
contestación, la
contestar
conversación, la
conversar
correspondencia, la
decir
diálogo, el
article
letter
to chat
to count; to tell
answer; reply
to answer
conversation
to talk; to chat
correspondence
to say
dialogue;
conversation
escribir
to write
hablar
to speak
hacer una pregunta to ask a question
leer
to read
llamar (por teléfono) to call; to ring
palabra, la
word
pregunta, la
question
preguntar
to ask
repetir
to repeat
responder
to answer; to reply
respuesta, la
reply
sugerir
to suggest
telefonear
to phone
(t) Audibility
alto
bajo
callar(se)
fuerte
ruido, el
ruidoso
silencio, el
silencioso
sonar
sonido, el
high
low
to shut up
loud
noise
noisy
silence
silent
to sound; to ring
sound
(u) Degree, manner
bastante
bastar
casi
demasiado
más
muy
menos
mucho
poco, un
suficiente
tan
tanto
¡Qué + adjective!
to see
quite; sufficient(ly)
to be enough
nearly
too
more
very
less
a lot
a little
enough
so
so much
How + adjective!
(c) Expression
acordarse
creer
decidir
desear
olvidar
opinar
pensar
querer
quisiera
recordar
to remember
to believe
to decide
to wish
to forget
to think; to have an opinion
to think
to want
I'd like
to remember
5 Mental Notions
6 Relations
(a) Senses
(a) Logical
buscar
escuchar
estar bueno / malo
gustar
mirar
oír
oler
probar
sentir
tener hambre
tener sed
tocar
to look for
to listen
to taste good / bad
to like
to look
to hear
to smell
to taste; to try
to feel
to be hungry
to be thirsty
to touch
entonces
o/u
para
pero
por eso
porque
pues
si
sin
también
tampoco
17
then
or
for; in order to
but
for that reason
because
(well) then
if
without
also
neither
todavía
y/e
(b) Actions
still
and
andar
to walk; to work
(machine)
to walk
to take
to buy
to achieve; to get
to give
to leave
to wait
to spend
to do; to make
to need
to get; to obtain
to organize
to take part; to
participate
to put; to put on; to
start to
to practise
to prepare
to collect; to pick up
to take out
to sit
to take
to work
to use
to use
caminar
coger
comprar
conseguir
dar
dejar
esperar
gastar
hacer
necesitar
obtener
organizar
participar
poner(se)
practicar
preparar
recoger
sacar
sentarse
tomar
trabajar
usar
utilizar
muy
nadie
ninguno
otro
poco, un
tanto
todo
todo el mundo
uno
varios
very
nobody
no; none
another
a little
so much
all; everything
everybody
one
several
(e) Referring to future
See 3 (c)
ir a + infinitive
to be going to +
infinitive
+ Present and Future tenses
(f) Referring to the present
See 3 (c)
Present and Present continuous
(g) Referring to the past
See 3 (c)
Past tenses
(h) Ownership
(c) Question words
¿adónde?
¿cómo?
¿cuál(es)?
¿cuándo?
¿cuánto(s)?
¿de dónde?
¿de quién?
¿dónde?
¿por qué?
¿qué?
¿quién?
tener
pertenecer
ser de (+ person)
to have
to belong
to belong to (+
person)
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
where?
how?
which?
when?
how much?; how
many?
where from?
whose?
where?
why?
what?
who?
(i) Similarity and difference
como
like
diferente (de)
different (from)
distinto (de)
different (from)
igual (a)
like; the same as
parecerse (a)
to look like
parecido
similar
Comparatives and superlatives
(d) Indefinites
algo
alguno
cada
cosa, la
cualquier(a)
demasiado
gente, la
mismo
mucho
something
some
each
thing
any
too
people
same
much; many
7 Social Activities
(a) Greetings and salutations
abrazo, un
adiós
atentamente
18
hug; with best
wishes
good-bye
yours faithfully;
yours sincerely
bienvenido
buenas noches
buenas tardes
buenos días
¿Cómo está(s)?
despedirse
estar bien / fatal /
regular / mal
estimado
Hasta luego
Hasta mañana
Hola
¿Qué hay?
¿Qué pasa?
¿Qué tal?
querido
recuerdos
saludos
(e) Express a reaction
welcome
good night
good afternoon;
good evening
good morning
How are you?
to say good-bye
to be fine / awful /
so-so / ill
dear
See you later
See you tomorrow
Hello; Hi
How's things?
What's the matter?
How are you?
dear
regards
best wishes;
regards
¡Basta!
¡Olé!
¡Qué asco!
¡Qué bien!
¡Qué horror!
¡Qué lástima!
¡Qué pena!
¡Qué va!
(f) Language problems / Linguistic
activities - The alphabet
acento, el
decir
deletrear
describir
descripción, la
ejemplo, el
entender
escribir
explicar
pronunciar
querer decir
repetir
saber
significar
(b) Introductions
conocer
encantado
mucho gusto
presentar
to know; to be
acquainted with
pleased to meet you
pleased to meet you
to introduce
(c) Please, thank you and apologies
accent
to say
to spell
to describe
description
example
to understand
to write
to explain
to pronounce
to mean
to repeat
to know
to mean
(g) Social interactions: (dis)agreement,
permission, opinions
De nada.
Don't mention it;
You're welcome
disculpa, la
apology
disculparse
to apologize
Gracias
Thank you
perdón, el
forgiveness; pardon
Perdona / Perdone Excuse me; I'm
sorry
por favor
please
siento, lo __ (mucho) I'm (so) sorry
aceptar
aconsejar
Con permiso.
consejo, el
creer
de acuerdo
estar de acuerdo
hay que + infin
me parece
molestar(se)
no
pedir
pedir permiso
pedir prestado
pensar
permitir
poder
prestar
queja, la
quejarse
quisiera
(d) Express good wishes
¡Buen viaje!
¡Buena suerte!
¡Enhorabuena!
¡Felicidades!
¡Feliz cumpleaños!
¡Feliz Navidad!
¡Feliz santo!
¡Que aproveche!
¡Que lo pase(s) bien!
That's enough!
Bravo!; Well done!
How disgusting!
Good!; Well done!
How dreadful!
What a pity!
What a pity!
Come on!; Of
course not!
Have a good trip!
Good luck!
Congratulations!
Congratulations!
Happy birthday!
Merry Christmas!
Happy Saint's day!
Enjoy your meal!
Have a good time!
19
to accept
to advise
Excuse me.
advice
to believe
OK
to agree
it is necessary to……
it seems to me
to bother
no
to ask
to ask permission
to borrow
to think
to allow
to be able; can
to lend
complaint
to complain
I'd like
recomendar
sí
tocarle a uno
to recommend
yes
to be someone's
turn
(h) Forms of address
señor
señora
señorita
tú
usted(es)
vosotros
caballero(s)
Mister
Mrs.; Madam
Miss
you
you
you
gentleman /
gentlemen
Appropriate forms of verbs as required.
20
THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD
1A Self, Family and Friends
abuelo, el
albañil, el
amigo, el
animal, el
barba, la
bigote, el
boda, la
caballo, el
calvo
camarero, el
cara, la
carpintero, el
cartero, el
casado
casamiento, el
chico, el
cobayo, el
cocinero, el
comerciante, el
compañero,el
conejo, el
dentista, el
dependiente, el
divorciado
empleado, el
electricista, el
enfermero, el
esposo, el
familia, la
gafas, las
gato, el
gemelo, el
granjero, el
hermanastro, el
hermano, el
hijo (único), el
hombre, el
ingeniero, el
jubilado
lentes de contacto,
los
liso
loco
madrastra, la
madre, la
mamá, la
marido, el
matrimonio, el
mecánico, el
médico, el
mellizo, el
mujer, la
nieto, el
niño, el
novio, el
obrero, el
ojos, los
orejas, las
padrastro, el
padre, el
pájaro, el
papá, el
pareja, la
parientes, los
pecas, las
pelirrojo
pelo, el
peluquero, el
periquito, el
perro, el
pez, el
primo, el
programador, el
ratón, el
recepcionista, el
rizado
secretario, el
sentido del humor, el
separado
sobrino, el
soldado, el
soltero
técnico
técnico, el
tío, el
tortuga, la
viudo
grandfather
bricklayer
friend
animal
beard
moustache
wedding
horse
bald
waiter
face
carpenter
postman
married
wedding
boy
guinea-pig
cook
shop-keeper
partner; mate
rabbit
dentist
shop assistant
divorced
employee
electrician
nurse
husband
family
glasses; spectacles
cat
twin
farmer
step-brother
brother
(only) child; son
man
engineer
retired
contact lenses
twin
woman; wife
grandson
child
boyfriend; fiancé
workman
eyes
ears
step-father
father
bird
dad
partner; couple
relatives
freckles
red-haired
hair
hairdresser
budgie
dog
fish
cousin
programmer
mouse
receptionist
curly
secretary
sense of humour
separated
nephew
soldier
single; unmarried
technical
technician
uncle
tortoise; turtle
widowed
1B Interests and Hobbies
actor, el
aerobic, el
aficionado, el
ajedrez, el
ambiente, el
aprender (a + infin)
atletismo, el
bailar
baloncesto, el
batería, la
bicicleta / bici, la
billar, el
straight; smooth
mad
step-mother
mother
mum
husband
marriage; married
couple
mechanic
doctor
21
actor
aerobics
fan; amateur
chess
atmosphere
to learn (to do something)
athletics
to dance
basketball
drums
bicycle/bike
billiards
bolera, la
bowling alley
boxeo, el
boxing
campeón, el
champion
campeonato, el
championship
campo, el
field
canción, la
song
cantante, el
singer
cantar
to sing
cartas, las
playing cards
ciclismo, el
cycling
cine, el
cinema
club, el
club
club de jóvenes, el
youthclub
colección, la
colection
concierto, el
concert
copa, la
cup, trophy
corrida, la
bullfight
deporte, el
sport
deportista
sportsperson
disco (compacto), el CD
discoteca, la
disco
entrada la
ticket
equipo, el
team
equipo de música, el hi-fi system
equitación, la
horse-riding
espectáculo, el
show
esquí, el
ski; skiing
esquiar
to ski
estadio, el
stadium
estéreo personal, el walkman
fiesta, la
party
flamenco, el
flamenco
flauta, la
flute
footing, el
jogging
fútbol, el
football
ganar
to win
gimnasia, la
gymnastics
gol, el
goal
grupo, el
group
guitarra, la
guitar
instrumento, el
instrument
internet, el
Internet
juego, el
game
Juegos Olímpicos, losOlympic Games
jugador, el
player
jugar
to play
juguete, el
toy
lectura, la
reading
lotería, la
lottery
marcar
to score
medalla, la
medal
miembro, el
member
monitor, el
monitor
monopatín, el
skateboard
montar a caballo
to ride a horse
moto, la
motorbike
nadar
natación, la
novela, la
ordenador, el
parque, el
parque de
atracciones, el
parque infantil, el
parque temático, el
participar
partido, el
pasatiempo, el
pasear
patinaje, el
patinar
patines, los
película, la
pelota, la
perder
pesca, la
pescar
piano, el
ping-pong, el
piscina, la
pista de hielo, la
plaza de toros, la
polideportivo, el
practicar
premio, el
programa, el
público (adj.)
radio, la
ratos libres, los
revista, la
sala de fiestas, la
serie, la
socio, el
teatro, el
tebeo, el
televisión, la
tenis, el
tiempo libre, el
tocar
torero, el
torneo, el
toro, el
vela, la
videoclub, el
videojuego, el
windsurf, el
zoo, el
to swim
swimming
novel
computer
park
fairground
playground
theme park
to take part
match
pastime; hobby
to go for a walk
skating
to skate
skates
film
ball
to lose
fishing
to fish
piano
ping-pong; table tennis
swimming pool
ice rink
bullring
sports centre
to practise
prize
programme
public
radio
free time
magazine
dance hall; night club
series
member
theatre
comic
television
tennis
free time
to play (an instrument)
bullfighter
tournament
bull
sailing
video shop
videogame
windsurfing
zoo
1C Home and Local Environment
aeropuerto, el
afueras, las
22
airport
outskirts
aire acondicionado, elair conditioning
alfombra, la
carpet
alquilado
rented
amueblado
furnished
aparador, el
sideboard
aparato, el
machine; appliance
aparcamiento, el
car park; parking
árbol, el
tree
armario, el
cupboard; wardrobe
aseo, el
toilet
aspiradora, la
vacuum cleaner
avenida, la
avenue
ayuntamiento, el
town hall
balcón, el
balcony
barrio, el
neighbourhood
biblioteca, la
library
bloque, el
block
bosque,el
woods
butaca, la
armchair
calefacción (central), (central) heating
la
calle, la
street
cama, la
bed
campo, el
countryside; field
capital, la
capital
carretera, la
road
casa, la
house; home
casa adosada, la
semi-detached house
castillo, el
castle
catedral, la
cathedral
céntrico
central
centro, el
centre
centro comercial, el shopping centre
césped, el
lawn
chalet / chalé, el
bungalow
chimenea, la
chimney; fireplace
clima, el
climate
cocina, la
kitchen
cocina (de gas), la
cooker
cocina eléctrica, la
electric cooker
comedor, el
dining-room
comisaría, la
police station
cómoda, la
chest of drawers
cómodo
comfortable
compartir
to share
concurrido
crowded
congelador, el
freezer
correo, el
post; mail
Correos
Post Office
cortina, la
curtain
costa, la
coast
cruce, el
intersection;
crossroads
cuadro, el
picture
cuarto de baño, el
bathroom
desván, el
loft
dirección, la
discoteca, la
domicilio, el
dormitorio, el
ducha, la
edificio, el
enseñar
escalera, la
escritorio, el
espejo, el
esquina, la
estación, la
estación de
autobuses, la
estación de
servicio, la
estanco, el
estante, el
estantería, la
finca, la
flor, la
fregadero, el
frigorífico, el
fuente, la
galería (de arte), la
garaje, el
granja, la
habitación, la
habitante, el
hierba, la
histórico
hospital, el
iglesia, la
industria, la
industrial
jardín, el
lago, el
lámpara, la
lavabo, el
lavadora, la
lavaplatos, el
librería, la
manta, la
máquina, la
mar, el
mesa, la
montaña, la
monumento, el
moqueta, la
mudarse (de casa)
muebles, los
museo, el
nevera, la
oficina de turismo, la
paisaje, el
23
address
disco
address
bedroom
shower
building
to show
stairs
desk; study room
mirror
corner
station
bus station
service station
tobacconist's
shelf
shelving
property; country house
flower
sink
refrigerator
fountain
(art) gallery
garage
farm
room
inhabitant
grass
historic
hospital
church
industry
industrial
garden
lake
lamp
washbasin
washing machine
dishwasher
bookcase
blanket
machine
sea
table
mountain
monument
wall-to-wall carpet
to move (house)
furniture
museum
fridge
tourist information
office
landscape
palacio, el
papelera, la
pared, la
pasillo, el
patio, el
pintado
piso, el
planta baja
playa, la
plaza, la
póster, el
precioso
propio
puente, el
puerta, la
puerto, el
radiador, el
radio, la
Renfe / RENFE
residencial
río, el
sala de estar, la
salón, el
sierra, la
silla, la
sillón, el
sofá, el
sótano, el
suelo, el
supermercado, el
techo, el
tejado, el
terraza, la
tienda, la
tocador, el
turístico
valle, el
ventana, la
vídeo, el
vista, la
zona, la
palace
waste-paper bin
wall
corridor
patio; yard
painted
floor; flat
ground floor
beach
square
poster
beautiful
own
bridge
door
port; harbour
radiator
radio
Spanish railways
residential
river
lounge
lounge
mountain range
chair
armchair
sofa
basement
floor
supermarket
ceiling; roof
roof
terrace; patio
shop
dressing table
tourist (adj.)
valley
window
video
view
zone
desayuno, el
despertador, el
despertarse
diente, el
dormir
dormirse
ducharse
lavarse
levantarse
limpiarse los dientes
merendar
merienda, la
peinarse
quitarse
vestirse
1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18)
agenda, la
alemán, el
alumno, el
apagar
diary
German
pupil
to turn off; to switch
off
aprender
to learn
aprobar
to pass (an exam)
apuntes, los
notes
arte dramático, el
theatre studies;
drama
asignatura, la
school subject
asistir
to attend; to be
present
aptitud, la
aptitude; ability
aula (fem.), el
classroom
biología, la
biology
bolígrafo / boli, el
biro
borrador, el
rough copy; board
rubber
campo de deportes, el sports ground
cancha de (tenis), la (tennis) court
cantina, la
canteen
carpeta, la
folder
cassette (casete), la cassette
cassette (casete), el cassette player
ciencias, las
science
cinta, la
tape
clase, la
class
cocina, la
cookery
colegio, el
school
comercio, el
business studies
corregir
correct
cuaderno, el
exercise book
curso, el
course; lesson
deberes, los
homework
despacho, el
office
dibujar
to draw
dibujo, el
art
1D Daily Routine
acostarse
afeitarse
almorzar
almuerzo, el
arreglar
arreglarse
bañarse
cena, la
cenar
comer
comida, la
desayunar
breakfast
alarm clock
to wake up
tooth
to sleep
to fall asleep
to have a shower
to have a wash
to get up
to brush one's teeth
to have a snack /picnic
snack; picnic
to comb one’s hair
to take off (clothes)
to get dressed
to go to bed
to shave
to have lunch
lunch
to fix; to tidy up
to tidy oneself up
to have a bath
dinner (evening meal)
to dine
to eat; to have lunch
meal; lunch
to have breakfast
24
diccionario, el
dictionary
director, el
headteacher
diseñar
to design
educación física, la PE
ejercicio, el
exercise
encender
to switch on; to turn on
encuesta, la
opinion poll; survey
enseñar
to teach
entrevista, la
interview
escuela, la
school
español, el
Spanish
estuche, el
pencil case
estudiante, el
student
estudiar
to study
estudios, los
studies
ética, la
PSE
examen, el
examination
física, la
physics
francés, el
French
geografía, la
geography
gimnasia, la
PE; gymnastics
gimnasio, el
gymnasium
goma, la
rubber
guardar
to put away
historia, la
history
idioma, el
language
impresora, la
printer
informática, la
IT
inglés, el
English
insignia, la
badge
instalaciones, las
facilities
instituto, el
secondary school
laboratorio, el
laboratory
lápices de colores,
coloured pencils
los
lápiz, el
pencil
lección, la
lesson
lengua, la
language
levantar la mano
to put one's hand up
libro, el
book
literatura, la
literature
matemáticas, las
mathematics
mochila, la
rucksack
música, la
music
nota, la
grade; mark
orientación profesional, careers
la
página, la
page
pantalla, la
screen
pasar (la) lista
to call the register
pasillo, el
corridor
patio, el
yard
pizarra, la
blackboard
presentación (oral), la (oral) presentation
profesor, el
secondary school
teacher
prueba, la
química, la
recreo, el
regla, la
religión, la
repasar
resumen, el
rotulador, el
sacapuntas, el
sacar buenas/
malas notas
sala de actos, la
ser fuerte en …
subrayar
suspender
taller, el
teclado, el
tecnología, la
texto, el
tijeras, las
tiza, la
trabajos manuales,
los
tutor, el
uniforme, el
vocabulario, el
test
chemistry
break
ruler
RE; religion
to revise
summary
felt-tip pen
pencil-sharpener
to have
good/bad grades
hall
to be good at …
underline
to fail
workshop
keyboard
technology
text
scissors
chalk
handicrafts
tutor
uniform
vocabulary
THEME/MODULE 2
HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL
2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way
aeropuerto, el
airport
andén, el
platform
aparcar
to park
autobús, el
bus
autocar, el
coach
autopista, la
motorway
AVE
high speed train
avión, el
airplane
barco, el
boat
billete, el
ticket
(billete) sencillo, el
single (ticket)
(billete) de ida, el
single (ticket)
(billete) de ida y
return (ticket)
vuelta, el
bonobús, el
multiple ride ticket
carretera, la
road
cinturón de seguridad, safety belt
el
coche, el
car
conductor, el
driver
conductor, el
motorist
consigna, la
left-luggage office
despacho de billetes, ticket office
el
destino, el
destination
25
directo
expreso, el
(no) fumador
informarse
llegada, la
mapa, el
metro, el
direct
fast train
(non-) smoking
to find out
arrival
map
underground train;
tube
moto, la
motorbike
parada, la
stop
parking, el
car park
pasajero, el
passenger
paso subterráneo, el subway; underpass
plano, el
plan
(primera) clase, la
(first) class
rápido, el
express train
retraso, el
delay
revisor, el
ticket collector
sacar
to buy (a ticket)
sala de espera, la
waiting-room
salida, la
departure
semáforo, el
traffic lights
suplemento, el
supplement
taquilla, la
ticket office
Talgo
high-speed train
taxi, el
taxi
TER
high-speed train
transbordo, el
train change
transporte (público), (public) transport
el
tranvía, el
tram; local train
tren, el
train
vía, la
track
viajero, el
traveller
vuelo, el
flight
folleto, el
foto(grafía), la
gafas de sol, las
guía, el
guía (turística), la
hotel, el
intercambio, el
lista, la
maleta, la
máquina de fotos, la
Mediterráneo, el
pasaporte, el
Pirineos, los
sacar fotos
sombra, la
tomar el sol
turismo, el
turista, el
turístico
vacaciones, las
visita, la
visitar
Weather:
cielo, el
estar nublado /
despejado
haber tormenta /
hielo / niebla
hacer buen /
mal tiempo
hacer calor / frío
hacer sol / viento
llover
lluvia, la
nevar
nieve, la
nube, la
pronóstico, el
tiempo, el
2B Tourism
acampar
acondicionado
aduana, la
bañarse
camping, el
caravana, la
climatizado
Costa Brava, la
Costa del Sol, la
Costa Verde, la
descansar
divertirse
DNI
documento, el
equipaje, el
estar de vacaciones
excursión, la
to camp
conditioned
customs office
to bathe
campsite
caravan
air-conditioned
Costa Brava
Costa del Sol
Costa Verde
to rest
to have fun
identity card
document
luggage
to be on holiday
excursion; tour; trip
ferry (ferri), el
ferry
leaflet; brochure
photo(graph)
sunglasses
guide
guidebook
hotel
exchange
list
suitcase
camera
Mediterranean Sea
passport
Pyrenees
to take photographs
shade
to sunbathe
tourism
tourist
tourist (adj.)
holidays
visit
to visit
sky
to be cloudy / clear
to be stormy/
icy / foggy
to be good / bad
weather
to be hot / cold
to be sunny / windy
to rain
rain
to snow
snow
cloud
forecast
weather
2C Accommodation
albergue juvenil, el youth hostel
alojarse
to stay
aparcar
to park
apartamento, el
apartment; flat
ascensor, el
lift
balcón, el
balcony
baño, el
bathroom; bath
caravana, la
caravan
cepillo (de dientes), eltoothbrush
champú, el
shampoo
desayuno, el
breakfast
desodorante, el
26
deodorant
ficha, la
firmar
funcionar
habitación doble, la
habitación individual,
la
hotel, el
jabón, el
lavandería, la
libre
llave, la
luz, la
media pensión, la
parador, el
papel higiénico, el
pasta de dientes, la
peine, el
pensión, la
pensión completa, la
persona, la
recepción, la
reserva, la
reservar
saco de dormir, el
secador de pelo, el
sitio, el
tienda, la
(index) card
to sign
to work (machine)
double room
single room
hotel
soap
laundry
available
key
light
half board
state-run hotel
toilet paper
toothpaste
comb
boarding house
full board
person
reception
reservation
to book; to reserve
sleeping bag
hair drier
place, space, room
tent
2D Holiday Activities
(See 1B and 3B)
copa, la
cuchara, la
cuchillo, el
mantel, el
platillo, el
plato, el
servilleta, la
taza, la
tenedor, el
vaso, el
wine glass
spoon
knife
tablecloth
saucer
plate
napkin
cup
fork
glass
2E Services
Post Office
buzón, el
carta, la
cartero, el
enviar
mandar
paquete, el
postal, la
sello, el
tabacalera, la
letter-box
letter
postman
to send
to send
parcel
post-card
stamp
tobacconist's
Getting help in an emergency
27
accidente, el
ambulancia, la
aspirina, la
boca, la
bomberos, los
brazo, el
cabeza, la
catarro, el
comprimido, el
crema, la
cuello, el
cuerpo, el
¡Cuidado!
Cruz Roja, la
dedo,el
doler
dolor, el
enfermedad, la
enfermo
espalda, la
esparadrapo, el
estómago, el
fiebre, la
garganta, la
gripe, la
hambre, el
herida, la
herido
incendio, el
insolación, la
inyección, la
jarabe, el
mano, la
mareado
mareo, el
medicamento, el
medicina, la
muela, la
nariz, la
oídos, los
ojo, el
¡Ojo!
pastilla, la
picadura, la
pie, el
pierna, la
policía, la
primeros auxilios, los
quemadura, la
resfriado
romperse
sed, la
socorrista, el
¡Socorro!
accident
ambulance
aspirin
mouth
fire brigade
arm
head
cold
tablet
cream
neck
body
Watch out!
Red Cross
finger
to hurt
pain; ache
illness
ill
back
sticking plaster
stomach
temperature
throat
flu
hunger
wound; injury
injured
fire
sunstroke
injection
linctus; cough mixture
hand
dizzy; sick
dizziness; nausea
medicine; drug
medicine
tooth; molar
nose
(inner) ears
eye
Watch out!
tablet; pill
sting
foot
leg
police
first aid
burn
cold
to break
thirst
first-aid person; lifeguard
Help!
sueño, tener __
tirita, la
to feel sleepy
plaster
urgencias, las
emergency service
aceite, el
aceituna, la
agua (f.), el
agua mineral
…con gas
…sin gas
ajo, el
arroz, el
asado
atún, el
oil
olive
water
mineral water
…fizzy water
…still water
garlic
rice
roasted
tuna
barra (de pan), la
beber
bebida, la
biftec, el
bocadillo, el
bombón, el
café, el
calamares, los
caramelo, el
carne, la
cebolla, la
cena, la
cenar
cereales, los
cerveza, la
champiñones, los
chicle, el
chocolate, el
chorizo, el
chuleta, la
churros, los
cocacola, la
cocinar
col, la
coliflor, la
comida, la
ensalada, la
filete, el
flan, el
freír
fresa, la
fruta, la
gambas, las
gazpacho, el
guisantes, los
hamburguesa, la
helado, el
hervir
huevo, el
jamón (de york), el
jamón serrano, el
judías verdes, las
leche, la
lechuga, la
legumbres, las
limón, el
limonada, la
mantequilla, la
manzana, la
mariscos, los
melocotón, el
melón, el
merluza, la
mermelada, la
azúcar (f.), el
bacalao, el
sugar
cod
naranja, la
naranjada, la
Other
alquilar
billete, el
cajero automático, el
cambio, el
cambio, el
cheque de viaje, el
descolgar
equipo, el
introducir
moneda, la
ranura, la
to hire; to rent
bank note
cash machine
bureau de change
change
traveller's cheque
to pick up (phone)
equipment
to insert
coin
slot
THEME/MODULE 3
WORK AND LIFESTYLE
3A Home Life
arreglar
belén, el
cocinar
compras, las
costumbre, la
faenas, las
fregar
lavar
lavar los platos
limpiar
pasar la aspiradora
planchar
quehaceres, los
quitar el polvo
tareas, las
tarjeta, la
toalla, la
tradición, la
tradicional
to tidy; to fix
crib
to cook
shopping
custom
chores
to wash up; scrub
to wash
to wash up
to clean
to vacuum
to iron
household chores
to dust
chores
card
towel
tradition
traditional
3B Healthy Living
28
loaf (of bread)
to drink
drink
steak
sandwich
chocolate sweet
coffee
squid
boiled sweet
meat
onion
dinner
to dine
cereal
beer
mushrooms
chewing gum
chocolate
spicy sausage
chop
fritters
Coca-cola
to cook
cabbage
cauliflower
lunch; food
salad
steak; escalope
crème caramel
to fry
strawberry
fruit
prawns
cold soup
peas
hamburger
ice-cream
to boil
egg
cooked ham
cured ham
string beans
milk
lettuce
vegetables
lemon
lemonade
butter
apple
shellfish; seafood
peach
melon
hake
jam; marmalade
orange
orangeade
nata, la
cream
paella, la
paella
pan, el
bread
pastel, el
cake; pie
patata, la
potato
patatas fritas, las
chips
pera, la
pear
perrito caliente, el
hot-dog
pescado, el
fish
pimienta, la
pepper
pimiento, el
sweet pepper
piña, la
pineapple
plátano, el
banana
pollo, el
chicken
postre, el
dessert
queso, el
cheese
rellenar
to fill; to stuff
relleno, el
stuffing
sal, la
salt
salchicha, la
sausage
salchichón, el
salami
salsa, la
sauce
sangría, la
sangria
sardina, la
sardine
servicio, el
service
sopa, la
soup
tapas, las
nibbles; bar snacks
tarta, la
tart
té, el
tea
tomate, el
tomato
tortilla, (española),
(Spanish) omelette
la
tostada, la
toast
uvas, las
grapes
vainilla, la
vanilla
vegetariano
vegeterian
verduras, las
vegetables; greens
vinagre, el
vinegar
vino (blanco / tinto), el(white / red) wine
yogur, el
yoghourt
zanahoria, la
carrot
zumo (de fruta), el
(fruit) juice
dueño, el
owner
empleo, el
job
empresa, la
company
encargado
in charge
está comunicando
the line is busy
experiencia laboral, lawork experience
fábrica, la
factory
fax, el
fax
ganar
to earn
guía (telefónica), la (telephone) book
jefe, el
boss
línea, la
line
llamada, la
call
marcar
to dial
oficina, la
office
pagar bien / mal
to pay well / badly
prefijo, el
prefix; telephone
code
recado, el
message
repartir
to deliver
teléfono (móvil), el
(mobile) phone
3D Leisure
banco, el
cabina, la
canguro, de __
colgar
compañía, la
correo electrónico, el
cuidar
¿de parte de …?
bank
booth
baby-sitting
to hang up
company
e-mail
to look after
who's speaking?
actuar
to act; to perform
anuncio, el
advert
apto
suitable
asiento, el
seat
baile, el
dance
bar, el
bar
café, el
coffee shop
cafetería, la
cafeteria
cantante, el
singer
carta, la
menu
cartelera, la
entertainments guide
ciencia-ficción, la
science-fiction
clásico
classic; classical
comedia, la
comedy
concierto, el
concert
concurso, el
contest; quiz show
corrida, la
bullfight
cuenta, la
bill
de acción
action (adj.)
de aventura
adventure (adj.)
de terror
horror (adj.)
delicioso
delicious
dibujos animados, los cartoons
documental, el
documentary
entrada, la
ticket
entremeses, los
starters
especialidad, la
speciality
estrella, la
star
función, la
show
¡Diga!
¡Dígame!
dinero, el
Hello!
Hello!
money
hamburguesería, la
libre
menú, el
3C Part-time Jobs and Work Experience
29
hamburger restaurant
free (of charge)
menu
menú del día, el
noticias, las
¡Oiga!
menu of the day
news
Hey! (to attract
attention)
wages; pocket money
to pay
match
dish
set meal
police (adj.)
dessert
tip
publicity; adverts
portion
restaurant
romantic
Cheers!
toilets
showing;
performance
box office
soap
type
to act; to perform
Bring me
to be about …
artículo, el
bañador, el
blusa, la
bolso, el
botas, las
caja, la
calcetines, los
camisa, la
camiseta, la
carnicería, la
castañuelas, las
cerillas, las
chandal, el
chaqueta, la
cheque, el
cinturón, el
cliente, el
comprar
half price
fan
coat
to save
advert;
announcement
article
swimsuit
blouse
handbag
boots
till
socks
shirt
T-shirt
butcher's shop
castanets
matches
track suit
jacket
cheque
belt
client
to buy
droguería, la
toiletries shop
estanco, el
tobacconist's
falda, la
skirt
farmacia, la
pharmacy
frutería, la
greengrocer's shop
gastar
to spend
grandes almacenes, department store
los
guantes, los
gloves
impermeable, el
raincoat
jersey, el
pullover; jumper
juguete, el
toy
librería, la
bookshop
medias, las
stockings
mercado, el
mercado
monedero, el
purse
muñeca, la
doll
oferta, la
special offer
paga, la
pocket money
panadería, la
bakery
pantalón, el
trousers
pantalón corto, el
shorts
panty, el
tights
paraguas, el
umbrella
pastelería, la
cake shop
peluquería, la
hairdresser's; hair salon
pendientes,los
earrings
periódico, el
newspaper
pescadería, la
fishmonger's
probarse
to try on
quedar
to suit
quiosco, el
stall; kiosk
rebajas, las
sales
recibo, el
receipt
recuerdo, el
souvenir
regalo, el
present; gift
reloj, el
watch; clock
ropa, la
clothes
sandalias, las
sandals
sección, la
department
servir
to serve
sombrero, el
hat
supermercado, el
supermarket
surtido
well stocked
tabacalera, la
tobacconist's
tarjeta de crédito, la credit card
tienda de comestibles, grocery shop
la
traje, el
suit
traje de baño, el
swimsuit
vaqueros, los
jeans
vender
to sell
vestido, el
dress
confitería, la
corbata, la
descuento, el
confectioner's shop
tie
discount
zapatería, la
shoe shop
zapatillas deportivas, trainers
las
paga, la
pagar
partido, el
plato, el
plato combinado, el
policíaco
postre, el
propina, la
publicidad, la
ración, la
restaurante, el
romántico
¡Salud!
servicios, los
sesión, la
taquilla, la
telenovela, la
tipo, el
trabajar
Tráigame …
tratar de…
3E Shopping
a mitad de precio
abanico, el
abrigo, el
ahorrar
anuncio, el
30
zapatos, los
shoes
sensible
serio
severo
sincero
tímido
torpe
travieso
valiente
THEME/MODULE 4 THE YOUNG
PERSON IN SOCIETY
4A Character and Personal Relationships
agresivo
ambicioso
amistoso
antipático
atento
atrevido
carácter, el
cariñoso
celoso
cobarde
comportamiento, el
comportarse
comprensivo
conducta, la
confianza, la
creativo
cruel
cualidad, la
cuidadoso
defecto, el
desobediente
egoísta
emprendedor
estúpido
extrovertido
formal
generoso
goloso
hablador
honrado
impaciente
insolente
llevarse bien /
mal con
mal educado
mentiroso
mezquino
nervioso
obediente
orgulloso
paciente
perezoso
aggressive
ambitious
friendly
unpleasant
attentive; polite
daring; insolent
character
affectionate
jealous
cowardly
behaviour
to behave
understanding
conduct; behaviour
trust
creative
cruel
quality
careful
defect
disobedient
selfish
enterprising
stupid
extrovert
serious; reliable
generous
sweet-toothed; greedy
talkative; chatterbox
honest
impatient
insolent
to get on well/
badly with
rude
liar
petty; mean
nervous
obedient
proud
patient
lazy
personalidad, la
prudente
personality
prudent; sensible;
careful
self-assured
seguro de sí mismo
sensitive
serious; reliable
severe
sincere
shy
clumsy
naughty
brave
4B The Environment
ahorrar
aire, el
amenazar
arruinar
atasco, el
basura, la
campaña, la
causa, la
causar
circulación, la
contaminación, la
contaminar
to save
air
to threaten
to spoil; to ruin
traffic jam
rubbish
campaign
cause
to cause
traffic
pollution
to contaminate; to
pollute
controlar
to control
desastre, el
disaster
desastroso
disastrous
destrucción, la
destruction
destruir
to destroy
ecología, la
ecology
ecológico
ecological
estropear
to ruin; to spoil; to
damage
evitar
to avoid
gasolina (sin plomo), (unleaded) petrol
la
hogar, el
home
medio ambiente, el environment
peatón, el
pedestrian
peatonal
pedestrian (adj.)
planeta, el
planet
polución, la
pollution
preocupar(se)
to worry; to be
concerned
proteger
to protect
recurso, el
resource
salvar
to save
selva, la
jungle
tierra, la
earth
tráfico, el
traffic
urbanización, la
housing estate
vehículo, el
vivienda, la
31
vehicle
house; housing
4C Education Issues
academia, la
carrera, la
castigar
castigo, el
deberes, los
derechos, los
desobedecer
empleo, el
estricto
norma, la
obedecer
obligatorio
opción, la
práctica(s), la(s)
regla, la
respetar
respeto, el
riguroso
universidad, la
capacitar(se)
to qualify; to train
certificado, el
certificate; diploma
formación profesional, training
la
academy
career; university
course
to punish
punishment
duties
rights
to disobey
job; employment
strict
rule; regulation
to obey
compulsory
option
training
regulation
to respect
respect
harsh; severe
university
4E Social Issues, Choices and
Responsibilities
aceptable
alcohol, el
alcohólico
borracho
cigarrillo, el
dañar
daño, el
desempleo, el
droga, la
drogarse
emborracharse
en forma
en paro
fumar
horroroso
humo, el
mantener(se)
parado
peligro, el
peligroso
salud, la
saludable
sano
tabaco, el
4D Careers and Future Plans
(post age 18)
ambición, la
aprendiz, el
aprendizaje, el
calificación, la
calificado
ambition
apprentice
apprenticeship;
training period
qualification; mark
qualified
32
acceptable
alcohol
alcoholic
drunk; drunkard
cigarette
to damage; to harm
damage; harm
unemployment
drug
to take drugs
to get drunk
fit
unemployed
to smoke
horrible; ghastly
smoke
to keep (oneself)
unemployed
danger
dangerous
health
healthy
healthy
tobacco
Additional Vocabulary – by Themes/Modules
THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD
1A Self, Family and Friends
cobaya, la
cuñado, el
nene, el / nena, la
suegro, el
tirando, ir __
guinea-pig
brother-in-law
small child
father-in-law
to get along; to
manage
gas, el
manzana, la
muro, el
parqué / parquet, el
paseo, el
permanecer
persiana, la
provincia, la
pueblecito, el
tocar el timbre
trasladar(se)
trastero, el
valla, la
vecino, el
vestíbulo, el
1B Interests and Hobbies
carrera, la
coleccionar
coser
crucigrama, el
dardos, los
dominó, el
entrenar(se)
guitarra, la
pelota, la
piragua, la
público, el
raqueta, la
red, la
saltar
salto, el
solitario
violín, el
volante, el
voleibol, el
race
to collect
to sew
crossword
darts
dominoes
to train
guitar
ball
canoe
public; audience
racquet
net
to jump; to skip
jump
lonely
violin
shuttlecock;
badminton
volleyball
1D Daily Routine
desnudarse
echarse colonia /
perfume
madrugar
pintarse
ponerse colonia/
perfume
to take one's clothes
off
to put cologne /
perfume on
to get up very early
to put make-up on
to put cologne/
perfume on
1E School and Future Plans (up to
age 18)
1C Home and Local Environment
alcalde, el
azulejos, los
baldosas, las
calentar
camino, el
cerro, el
comunidad, la
construir
contraventana, la
cristal, el
electricidad, la
electrodomésticos,
los
embalse, el
estatua, la
gas
block (in a city)
thick wall
parquet floor
avenue
to remain; to stay
blinds
province
tiny town
to ring the bell
to move
storage room
fence
neighbour
entrance hall
avanzado
boletín, el
borrar
destacar
grabar
nivel, el
privado
público
ser flojo en
tiza, la
vestuarios, los
mayor
ceramic tiles
floor tiles
to warm
road
hill
community
to build
shutter
glass; pane
electricity
electrical appliances
dam; reservoir
statue
33
advanced
school report
to erase
to stand out
to record
level
private
public
to be weak in
chalk
changing rooms
recorrer
THEME/MODULE 2
HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL
relámpago, el
tostar(se)
trueno, el
visitante, el
2A Travel, Transport and Finding
the Way
astronave, la
spaceship
azafata, la
(air) stewardess
calle sin salida, la
cul-de-sac
camino, el
route
camión, el
lorry
camioneta, la
van
carnet de conducir, el driving licence
chocar (con)
to collide
comprobar
to check
cruce giratorio, el
roundabout
de vuelta
back
despegar
to take off
glorieta, la
roundabout
llevar retraso
to be delayed
maleta, la
boot (of car)
marear(se)
to get (car / sea)
sick
neumático, el
tyre
rueda, la
wheel
TER, el
high speed train
volante, el
steering wheel
volar
to fly
2C Accommodation
agente inmobiliario, el
cama de matrimonio,
la
disponible
enchufe, el
hacer camping
hospedarse
linterna, la
lujo, el
terreno, el
estate agent
double bed
available
plug; socket
to go camping
to stay; to lodge
torch
luxury
piece of land
2D Holiday Activities
acostumbrar(se)
disfrutar
echar(se)
fotografiar
gratuito
inolvidable
madrugada, la
pinturas, las
siglo, el
sombrilla, la
tender(se)
2B Tourism
acompañante, el
aguacero, el
Aragón
arena, la
Asturias
Atlántico, el
Baleares, las (Islas)
broncear(se)
cámara, la
Canarias
Castilla
chubasco, el
Costa de la Luz
Costa Dorada
Extremadura
filmar
Galicia
helar
intercambiar
ir de vacaciones
mojar(se)
murallas, las
Murcia
nubosidad, la
océano, el
País Vasco
to travel through /
around
flash of lightning
to get brown
thunder
visitor
escort
shower
Aragon
sand
Asturias
Atlantic
Balearic Islands
to get a sun tan
camera
Canaries
Castille
squally shower
Costa de la Luz
Costa Dorada
Extremadura
to shoot a film
Galicia
to freeze
to exchange
to go on holiday
to (get) wet
(city) walls
Murcia
clouds
ocean
Basque Country
to get used to
to enjoy
to lie down
to take photographs
free (of charge)
unforgettable
early morning; dawn
paintings
century
sunshade
to lie down
2E Services
algodón, el
cabina telefónica, la
cortar(se)
estar constipado
estar roto
golpear(se)
hombro, el
insoportable
muñeca, la
quemar(se)
recuperar(se)
rodilla, la
silla de ruedas, la
sordo
tobillo, el
torcer(se)
tratamiento, el
venda, la
vendar
vomitar
voz, la
34
cotton wool
phone booth
to cut (oneself)
to have a cold
to be broken
to knock oneself
shoulder
unbearable
wrist
to burn
to recover
knee
wheelchair
deaf
ankle
to twist; to sprain
treatment
bandage
to bandage
to vomit
voice
apreciar
balón, el
bandeja, la
barra, la
bola, la
cadena, la
canal, el
caña de pescar, la
conjunto, el
deportivo
entretener(se)
THEME/MODULE 3 WORK AND
LIFESTYLE
3A Home Life
amueblar
casero
cesta, la
empapelar
espacio, el
máquina de coser, la
nata, la
ofrecer
pintar
pintura, la
santo
santo, el
to furnish
home-made
basket
to paper (walls)
space
sewing machine
cream
to offer
to paint
paint
holy
saint
entretenido
fila, la
frecuentar
lanzar
luna, la
papel, el
pelota vasca, la
riesgo, el
TVE, la
3B Healthy Living
apetecer
alimentación, la
alimento, el
aprovechar(se)
to fancy; to feel like
food
food
to profit; to make
use of
ciego
blind
comida preparada, la ready-made food
comida basura, la
junk food
corazón, el
heart
dañino
harmful
dieta, la
diet
estado, el
state of health
farmacéutico, el
chemist
fuerza, la
strength
grasa, la
fat; grease
ligero
light
nocivo
harmful
nutritivo
nutritious
pecho, el
chest
pipa, la
pipe
puro, el
cigar
3E Shopping
afortunado
americana, la
bragas, las
calzoncillos, los
camisa, la
cazadora, la
chaqueta, la
conjunto, el
de moda
diamante, el
gorro, el
IVA, el
joyería, la
letrero, el
maquillaje, el
moda, la
pañuelo, el
pijama, el
reembolso, el
venta, la
3C Part-time Jobs & Work
Experience
actualmente
laborable
llevar a cabo
puesto, el
traducir
nowadays
working (adj.)
to carry out
post; job
to translate
3D Leisure
actriz, la
amor, el
to appreciate
ball
tray
bar counter
ball
chain
channel
fishing rod
music group
sports (adj.)
to entertain; to amuse
oneself
entertaining; amusing
row
to frequent
to throw
moon
rôle
pelota
risk
Spanish Television
actress
love
35
lucky
jacket
panties
underpants
shirt
jacket
jacket
outfit
fashionable
diamond
cap
VAT
jeweller's shop
sign
make-up
fashion
handkerchief; scarf
pyjamas
refund
sale
THEME/MODULE 4 THE
YOUNG PERSON IN SOCIETY
hacienda, la
huerta, la
impresionante
4A Character & Personal
Relationships
infección, la
inquietar(se)
afable
bondadoso
chistoso
compasivo
compromiso, el
disputa, la
enamorado
enamorar(se)
encantador
enfadar(se)
fastidiar
humor, de buen __
humor, de mal __
orgullo, el
reconocer
relaciones, las
sentido común, el
pleasant
kind
funny
compassionate
commitment;
engagement
argument
in love
to fall in love
charming
to get angry
to annoy
good-humoured
ill-tempered
pride
to recognize
relationships
common sense
inundación, la
lluvia ácida, la
lodo, el
marea negra, la
malgastar
matar
naturaleza, la
oveja, la
palmera, la
parcela, la
pastor, el
pato, el
pino, el
pinturas, las
pleno
reciclaje, el
reciclar
rodear
secar(se)
sendero, el
sequía, la
ternera, la
tranquilidad, la
4B The Environment
alcance, el
arder
ardiente
arrojar
belleza, la
burro, el
cabra, la
campestre
capa de ozono, la
cerdo, el
colina, la
contenedor, el
cordero, el
cuadra, la
cueva, la
dañoso
desperdicios, los
echar
energía, la
escondido
extinción, la
fijar
finca, la
fuego, el
gallina, la
gallo, el
ganso, el
gasóleo, el
reach
to burn
burning
to throw; to emit
beauty
donkey
goat
rural
ozone layer
pig
hill
container; bin
lamb
stables
cave
harmful
rubbish; waste
to throw
energy
hidden
extinction
to fix; to stick on
property; country
house
fire
hen
rooster
goose
diesel (oil)
vaca, la
viña, la
farm; property
vegetable garden
impressive;
marvellous
infection
to worry; to get
upset
flood
acid rain
mud
oil slick
to waste
to kill
nature
sheep
palm tree
plot; piece of ground
shepherd
duck
pine tree
paintings
full
recycling
to recycle
to surround
to dry
lane; path; track
drought
calf; veal
peace and quiet;
calmness
cow
vineyard
4C Education
apoyo, el
dificultad, la
entregar
obligar
permiso, el
pretexto, el
resultado, el
suspendido
support
difficulty
to hand in
to force; to compel
pemission; permit
pretext; excuse
result
failed; suspended
4D Careers and Future Plans (post
age 18)
casar(se)
cita, la
ensayar
fabricar
inscribir(se)
maquinaria, la
universitario
veterinario, el
36
to get married
appointment; date
to rehearse; to test
to produce; to
manufacture
to register
machinery
university (adj.)
veterinary surgeon
4E Social Issues, Choices &
Responsibilities
abandonar
actualidades, las
cárcel, la
cifra, la
cohabitar
culpa, la
cura, el
devolver
discurso, el
ejército, el
explotar
falta, la
guerra, la
huelga, la
imponer
informe, el
ladrón, el
libertad, la
marina, la
muerte, la
multa, la
obispo, el
pobreza, la
prensa, la
primer ministro, el
reina, la
responsabilidad, la
rey, el
riqueza, la
robar
SIDA, el
telediario, el
the navy
death
fine
bishop
poverty
press
prime minister
queen
responsibility
king
wealth
to steal
AIDS
television news
bulletin
tener cuidado
to be careful
testigo, el
witness
tratar
to treat
vigilar
to watch over; to be
vigilant
violencia callejera, la street violence
to abandon
news
jail
number; quantity
to live together
guilt; blame
priest
to give back
speech
army
to exploit
lack
war
strike
to impose
report
thief
freedom; liberty
37
Vocabulary in the Specification - Alphabetical
A
a
¿A cuántos
estamos?
a eso de la(s) __
a fines (de)
a la una
…y / menos cuarto
…y / menos cinco,
etc.
…y media
a las dos, etc.
a lo mejor
a mediados (de)
a medianoche
a mediodía
a menudo
a mitad de precio
a partir de
a pie
a principios (de)
¿a qué hora …?
a tiempo
a veces
abajo (de)
abanico, el
abierto
abrazo, un
abrigo, el
abril
abrir
abuelo, el
aburrido
aburrirse
acabar
acabar de + infin
academia, la
acampar
accidente, el
aceite, el
aceituna, la
acento, el
aceptable
aceptar
acompañar
acondicionado
aconsejar
acordarse
acostarse
actitud, la
actividad, la
activo
actor, el
actualidad, la
to; towards
What's the date?
actuar
adentro
adiós
adolescente
¿adónde?
aduana, la
adulto
aerobic, el
aeropuerto, el
afeitarse
aficionado, el
afirmación, la
afortunadamente
afuera
afueras, las
agenda, la
agosto
agradable
agresivo
agua (f.), el
agua mineral
con gas
sin gas
aguantar
ahí
ahora
ahora mismo
ahorrar
aire, el
aire acondicionado,
el
aislado
ajedrez, el
ajo, el
al / en un momento
al final (de)
albañil, el
albergue juvenil, el
alcanzar
alcohol, el
alcohólico
aldea, la
alegrarse de
alegre
alegría, la
alemán
alemán, el
Alemania
alfombra, la
algo
algodón, el
algunas veces
alguno
allá
allí
around …o'clock
at the end (of)
at one o'clock
quarter past / to
five past / to
half past
at two o'clock, etc.
maybe
in mid
at midnight
at midday
often
half price
from
on foot
at the beginning of
at what time …?
in / on time
sometimes
under
fan
open
hug; with best
wishes
coat
April
to open
grandfather
boring
to be bored
to finish
to have just (done
something)
academy
to camp
accident
oil
olive
accent
acceptable
to accept
to accompany
conditioned
to advise
to remember
to go to bed
attitude
activity
active
actor
present
38
to act; to perform
inside
good-bye
adolescent
where?
customs
adult
aerobics
airport
to shave
fan; amateur
statement
fortunately
outside
outskirts
diary
August
pleasant
aggressive
water
mineral water
fizzy water
still water
to put up with; to bear
there
now
right now
to save
air
air-conditioning
isolated
chess
garlic
in a moment
at the end (of)
bricklayer
youth hostel
to reach; to be enough
alcohol
alcoholic
village
to be glad
happy
happiness
German
German language
Germany
carpet
something
cotton
sometimes
some
over there
there
almorzar
almuerzo, el
alojarse
alquilado
alquilar
alrededor (de)
alrededores, los
alto
altura, la
alumno, el
amable
amargo
amarillo
ambición, la
ambicioso
ambiente, el
ambulancia, la
amenazar
América del Sur
amigo, el
amistoso
amueblado
ancho
anciano
Andalucía
andaluz
andando
andar
andén, el
animado
animal, el
añadir
año, el
Año Nuevo, el
año pasado, el
año próximo, el
año que viene, el
año siguiente, el
anoche
anteayer
antes (de)
antiguo
antipático
anuncio, el
apagar
aparador, el
aparato, el
aparcamiento, el
aparcar
aparecer
apartamento, el
apellido, el
apenas
aprender
aprender (a + infin)
to have lunch
lunch
to stay
rented
to rent; to hire
around
outskirts
high; tall
height
pupil
kind
bitter
yellow
ambition
ambitious
atmosphere
ambulance
to threaten
South America
friend
friendly
furnished
wide
old
Andalusia
Andalusian
on foot; walking
to walk; to work
(machine)
platform
lively; bustling; busy
animal
to add
year
New Year
last year
next year
next year
the following year
last night
day before yesterday
before
old; ancient
unpleasant
anouncement;
advertisement
to turn off; to switch off
sideboard
machine; appliance
car park
to park
to appear
apartment; flat
surname
scarcely; as soon as
to learn
to learn (to do sth.)
aprendiz, el
aprendizaje, el
aprobar
apropiado
aptitud, la
apto
apuntes, los
aquel
aquí
árbol, el
armario, el
arreglar
arreglarse
arriba (de)
arroz, el
arruinar
arte dramático, el
artículo, el
asado
ascensor, el
aseo, el
así
asiento, el
asignatura, la
asistir
aspecto, el
aspiradora, la
aspirina, la
atasco, el
atención, la
atentamente
atento
atletismo, el
atravesar
atrevido
atún, el
aula (f.), el
ausente
Australia
Austria
autobús, el
autocar, el
autopista, la
AVE, el
avenida, la
avión, el
ayer
ayuda, la
ayudar
ayuntamiento, el
azúcar (f.), el
azul
39
apprentice
apprenticeship; training
period
to pass
appropriate
aptitude; ability
suitable
notes
that
here
tree
cupboard; wardrobe
to fix; to tidy up
to tidy oneself up
above; on; upstairs
rice
to ruin; to spoil
theatre studies; drama
article
roast
lift
toilet
thus
seat
school subject
to attend; to be present
look; appearance
vacuum cleaner
aspirin
traffic jam
attention
yours faithfully; yours
sincerely
attentive; polite
athletics
to cross
daring; insolent
tuna
classroom
absent
Australia
Austria
bus
coach
motorway
high speed train
avenue
airplane
yesterday
help
to help
town hall
sugar
blue
B
bacalao, el
bailar
baile, el
bajar (de)
bajo
balcón, el
baloncesto, el
banco, el
bañador, el
bañarse
baño, el
bar, el
barato
barba, la
barco, el
barra (de pan), la
barrio, el
¡Basta!
bastante
bastar
basura, la
batería, la
bebé, el
beber
bebida, la
belén, el
Bélgica
bello
biblioteca, la
biblioteca, la
bicicleta / bici, la
bien
bienvenido
biftec, el
bigote, el
billar, el
billete, el
billete, el
…de ida
…de ida y vuelta
…sencillo
biología, la
blanco
bloque, el
blusa, la
boca, la
bocadillo, el
boda, la
bolera, la
bolígrafo / boli, el
bolsa, la
bolso, el
bomberos, los
bombón, el
cod
bonito
to dance
bonobús, el
dance
to come down; to get off borracho
borrador, el
low; short
borrador, el
balcony
bosque, el
basketball
botas, las
bank
bote, un
swimsuit
botella, una
to have a bath;
boxeo, el
to bathe
brazo, el
bathroom
breve
bar
británico
cheap
¡Buen viaje!
beard
¡Buena suerte!
boat
buenas noches
loaf (of bread)
buenas tardes
neighbourhood
That's enough!
bueno
enough; quite;
buenos días
sufficient(ly)
buscar
to be enough
butaca, la
rubbish
buzón, el
drums
baby
C
to drink
caballero(s)
drink
caballo, el
crib
cabeza, la
Belgium
cabina, la
beautiful
cada
bookcase
cada (diez) minutos
library
caer(se)
bicycle/bike
café, el
well
café, el
welcome
cafetería, la
steak
caja, la
moustache
caja, la
billiards
cajero automático,
bank note
el
ticket
calamares, los
single ticket
calcetines, los
return ticket
calefacción
single ticket
(central), la
biology
caliente
white
calificación, la
block
calificado
blouse
callado
mouth
callar(se)
sandwich
calle, la
wedding
calor, el
bowling alley
caluroso
biro
calvo
bag
40
handbag
fire brigade
chocolate sweet
pretty
multiple ride ticket
drunk
rough copy
board rubber
woods
boots
can; jar; pot
bottle
boxing
arm
brief
British
Have a good trip!
Good luck!
good night
good afternoon; good
evening
good
good morning
to look for
armchair
letter box
gentleman; gentlemen
horse
head
booth
each
every (ten) minutes
to fall
coffee
coffee shop
cafeteria
box
till
cash machine
squid
socks
(central)heating
hot
qualification; mark
qualified
quiet
to shut up
street
heat
hot; very warm
bald
cama, la
camarero, el
cambiar
cambio, el
cambio, el
caminar
camiseta, la
campaña, la
campeón,el
campeonato, el
camping, el
campo, el
campo de deportes,
el
cancha de (tenis), la
canción, la
canguro, de __
cansado
cantante, el
cantar
cantidad, la
cantina, la
capacitar(se)
capaz
capital, la
cara, la
carácter, el
caramelo, el
caravana, la
cariñoso
Carnaval, el
carne, la
carnicería, la
caro
carpeta, la
carpintero, el
carrera, la
bed
waiter
to change
bureau de change
change
to walk
T-shirt
campaign
champion
championship
campsite
countryside
sports ground
castañuelas, las
castellano
castigar
castigo, el
castillo, el
catalán
Cataluña
catarro, el
catedral, la
causa, la
causar
cebolla, la
celebrarse
celoso
cena, la
cenar
(centí)metro, el
céntrico
centro comercial, el
centro, el
centro, en el __ (de)
cepillo (de dientes),
el
cerámica, la
cerca (de)
cercano
cereales, los
cerillas, las
cerrado
cerrar
certificado, el
cerveza, la
césped, el
chalet / chalé, el
champiñones, los
champú, el
chandal, el
charlar
cheque de viaje, el
cheque, el
chicle, el
chico,el
chimenea, la
chocolate, el
chorizo, el
chuleta, la
churros, los
ciclismo, el
cielo, el
(cien) kilómetros
por hora
ciencia - ficción, la
ciencias, las
cierto
cigarrillo, el
(tennis) court
song
babysit
tired
singer
to sing
quantity
canteen
to qualify; to train
able; capable
capital
face
character
boiled sweet
caravan
affectionate
Mardi Gras; Carnival
meat
butcher's shop
expensive
folder
carpenter
career; university
course
road
letter
menu
playing cards
entertainments guide
postman
carton
house; home
semi-detached house
married
wedding
nearly
correct box(es)
carretera, la
carta, la
carta, la
cartas, las
cartelera, la
cartero, el
cartón, el
casa, la
casa adosada, la
casado
casamiento, el
casi
casilla(s)
correcta(s), la (s)
cassette (casete), el cassette player
cassette (casete), la cassette
chestnut; brown
castaño
41
castanets
Castillian
to punish
punishment
castle
Catalan
Catalonia
cold
cathedral
cause
to cause
onion
to celebrate; to take place
jealous
dinner
to dine
(centi)metre
central
shopping centre
centre
middle, in the __ of
(tooth)brush
pottery
near
nearby
cereal
matches
closed
to close; to shut
certificate
beer
lawn
bungalow
mushrooms
shampoo
track suit
to chat
traveller's cheque
cheque
chewing gum
boy
chimney; fireplace
chocolate
spicy sausage
chop
fritters
cycling
sky
(100) kilometres an hour
science-fiction
science
true
cigarette
cine, el
cinta, la
cinturón, el
cinturón de
seguridad, el
circulación, la
ciudad, la
claro
clase, la
clásico
cliente, el
clima, el
climatizado
club, el
club de jóvenes, el
cobarde
cocacola, la
coche, el
cocina (de gas), la
cocina eléctrica, la
cocina, la
cocina, la
cocinar
cocinero, el
coger
col, la
colección, la
colegio, el
colgar
coliflor, la
color, el
comedia, la
comedor, el
comenzar
comer
comerciante, el
comercio, el
comida, la
comida, la
comisaría, la
como
¿cómo?
¿Cómo está(s)?
¿Cómo se (te)
llama(s)?
cómoda, la
cómodo
compañero, el
compañía, la
comparar
compartir
completar
completo
comportamiento, el
comportarse
cinema
tape
belt
safety belt
comprar
compras, las
comprensivo
comprimido, el
Con permiso.
concierto, el
concurrido
concurso, el
conducir
conducta, la
conductor, el
conductor, el
conejo, el
confianza, la
confitería, la
congelador, el
conocer
traffic
city
clear; light
class
classic; classical
client
climate
air-conditioned
club
youth club
coward
Coca-cola
car
(gas) cooker
electric cooker
cookery
kitchen
to cook
cook
to take; to catch
cabbage
colection
school
to hang up
cauliflower
colour
comedy
dining-room
to begin; to start
to eat
shop-keeper
business studies
food
lunch
police station
as; like
how?
How are you?
What's your name?
conseguir
consejo, el
consigna, la
contaminación, la
contaminar
contar
contento
contestación, la
contestar
continuar
contra
controlar
conversación, la
conversar
copa, la
copa, la
corbata, la
correcto
corregir
correo, el
correo electrónico,
el
Correos
correr
correspondencia, la
corresponder
corrida, la
cortés
cortina, la
corto
cosa, la
costa, la
Costa Brava, la
Costa del Sol, la
Costa Verde, la
costar
costumbre, la
chest of drawers
comfortable
partner; mate
company
to compare
to share
to complete
full
behaviour
to behave
42
to buy
shopping
understanding
tablet
Excuse me.
concert
crowded
contest; quiz show
to drive; to lead
conduct; behaviour
driver
motorist
rabbit
trust
confectioner's shop
freezer
to know; to be acquainted
with
to achieve; to get
advice
left-luggage office
pollution
to contaminate; to pollute
to count; to tell
happy
answer; reply
to answer; to reply
to continue
against
to control
conversation
to talk; to chat
cup; trophy
wine glass
tie
correct; right
to correct
post
e-mail
Post Office
to run
correspondence;post
to correspond
bullfight
polite
curtain
short
thing
coast
Costa Brava
Costa del Sol
Costa Verde
to cost
custom
creativo
creer
crema, la
cruce, el
cruel
Cruz Roja, la
cruzar
cuaderno, el
cuadrado
cuadro, el
¿cuál(es)?
cualidad, la
cualquier(a)
cuando
¿cuándo?
¿cuánto(s)?
¿Cuánto cuesta(n)?
¿Cuánto es?
¿cuánto tiempo
hace que …?
¿Cuánto vale(n)?
¿Cuántos años
tiene(s) /
cumple(s)?
cuarto
cuarto, un
cuarto de baño, el
cuarto de hora, un
cuchara, la
cuchillo, el
cuello, el
cuenta, la
cuero,el
cuerpo, el
¡Cuidado!
cuidadoso
cuidar
cumpleaños, el
cumplir
curso, el
D
dañar
daño, el
dar
dar igual
darse prisa
de
de acción
de acuerdo
de aventura
creative
to believe
cream
intersection;
crossroads
cruel
Red Cross
to cross
exercise book
square
picture
which?
quality
any
when
when?
how much? how many?
How much does it /
do they cost?
How much is it?
how long…?
How much does it /
do they cost?
How old are you /
today?
fourth
quarter
bathroom
quarter of an hour
spoon
knife
neck
bill
leather
body
Watch out!
careful
to look after
birthday
to have a birthday
course; lesson
to damage; to harm
damage; harm; injury
to give
to be all the same,
to not matter
to hurry
from; of
action (adj.)
OK; agreed
adventure (adj.)
43
¿de dónde?
¿De dónde eres /
es?
de la mañana
de la noche
de la tarde
De nada.
de nuevo
¿de parte de …?
de prisa
¿de qué color?
¿de quién?
de repente
de terror
de vez en cuando
debajo (de)
deber
deber
deberes, los
deberes, los
débil
decidir
décimo
decir
dedo,el
defecto, el
dejar
dejar de + infin
delante (de)
deletrear
delgado
delicioso
demasiado
dentista, el
dentro (de)
dentro de (diez)
minutos
dependiente, el
deporte, el
deportista
derecha, a la __
derecho, todo __
derechos, los
desafortunado
desagradable
desaparecer
desastre, el
desastroso
desayunar
desayuno, el
descansar
descolgar
describir
where from?
Where are you from?
in the morning
at night
in the afternoon; in the
evening
Don't mention it. You're
welcome.
again
who's speaking?
quickly
what colour?
whose?
suddenly
horror (adj.)
from time to time
under
must
to owe
duties
homework
weak
to decide
tenth
to say
finger
defect
to leave
to stop (+ gerund)
in front of
to spell
slim
delicious
too
dentist
inside
within (ten) minutes
shop assistant
sport
sportsperson
right, to the __
straight ahead
rights
unfortunate
unpleasant
to disappear
disaster
disastrous
to have breakfast
breakfast
to rest
to pick up (phone)
to describe
descripción, la
descuento, el
desde
desde hace
desear
desempleo, el
desobedecer
desobediente
desodorante, el
despacho de
billetes, el
despacho, el
despacio
despedirse
despertador, el
despertarse
después (de)
destino, con __ a
destrucción, la
destruir
desván, el
desventaja, la
detalle, el
detener(se)
detestar
detrás (de)
día, el
Día de Reyes, el
día festivo, el
diálogo, el
dibujar
dibujo, el
dibujo, el
dibujos animados,
los
diccionario, el
diciembre
diente, el
diferencia, la
diferente (de)
difícil
¡Diga!
¡Dígame!
dinero, el
dirección, la
dirección, la
directo
director, el
dirigir(se)
description
discount
from; since
for
to wish
unemployment
to disobey
disobedient
deodorant
ticket office
divertirse
divorciado
DNI
doblar
doble
docena, una
documental, el
documento, el
doler
dolor, el
domicilio, el
domingo, el
donde
¿dónde?
dormir
dormirse
dormitorio, el
dos veces
droga, la
drogarse
droguería, la
ducha, la
ducharse
dueño, el
dulce
durable
durante
durar
duro
to apologize
to design
different (from)
entertaining;
amusing; funny
to have fun
divorced
identity card
to turn
double
dozen
documentary
document
to hurt
pain; ache
address
Sunday
where
where?
to sleep
to fall asleep
bedroom
twice
drug
to take drugs
toiletries shop
shower
to have a shower
owner
sweet
durable
during
to last; to take (+ time)
hard
E
ecología, la
ecológico
económico
edad, la
edificio, el
educación física, la
egoísta
ejemplo, el
ejercicio, el
electricista, el
elegante
emborracharse
emocionante
empezar
empleado, el
empleo, el
emprendedor
empresa, la
empujar
ecology
ecological
cheap; economical
age
building
PE; physical education
selfish
example
exercise
electrician
elegant
to get drunk
exciting
to begin; to start
employee
job
enterprising
company
to push
disculparse
diseñar
distinto (de)
divertido
office
slowly
to say good-bye
alarm clock
to wake up
after
going to __
destruction
to destroy
loft
disadvantage
detail
to stop
to detest; to hate
behind
day
Epiphany, 6th of
January
holiday
dialogue;
conversation
to draw
art
drawing
cartoons
dictionary
December
tooth
difference
different (from)
difficult
Hello! (on the phone)
Hello! (on the phone)
money
address
direction
direct
headteacher
to go towards; to
address oneself
disco (compacto), el CD; (compact) disk
disco
discoteca, la
apology
disculpa, la
44
en
en (una) hora
en autobús
en autocar
en avión
en coche
en ese momento
en forma
en metro
en paro
en punto
en seguida
en tren
en/por todas partes
encantado
encantar
encargado
encender
encima (de)
encontrarse
encuesta, la
enérgico
enero
enfadado
enfadarse
enfermedad, la
enfermero, el
enfermo
enfrente (de)
¡Enhorabuena!
ensalada, la
enseñar
enseñar
entender
entonces
entrada, la
entrada, la
entrar (en)
entre
entremeses, los
entrevista, la
enviar
época, en la ___ de
equipaje, el
equipo de música,
el
equipo, el
equipo, el
equis, la
equitación, la
equivocarse
Es el (primero) de __
es la una
escalera, la
escocés
in; on
in (one) hour
by bus
by coach
by plane
by car
at that moment
fit
by underground; by tube
unemployed
exactly
at once; right away
by train
everywhere
pleased to meet you
to delight; to love
in charge
to switch on; to light
on; above
to meet; to be situated
opinion poll
forceful; vigorous
January
angry
to get angry
illness
nurse
ill
opposite
Congratulations!
salad
to show
to teach
to understand
then
entrance
ticket
to enter; to go in
between
starters
interview
to send
time,at / in the __ of
luggage
hi-fi system
equipment
team
X
horse-riding
to make a mistake
It's the (1st) of __
it's one o'clock
stairs
Scot; Scottish
Escocia
escoger
escribir
escritorio, el
escuchar
escuela, la
ese
eso
espalda, la
España
español
español, el
esparadrapo, el
especial
especialidad, la
espectáculo, el
espejo, el
esperar
esposo, el
esquí, el
esquiar
esquina, la
esta semana
estación de
autobuses, la
estación de
servicio, la
estación, la
estado civil, el
estadio, el
Estados Unidos, los /
EEUU
Estamos a (dos)
de__
estanco, el
estante, el
estantería, la
estar
estar (situado)
estar a (X)
(kiló)metros
estar a (X) minutos
estar a favor (de)
estar bien / fatal /
regular / mal
estar bien / mal
estar bueno / malo
estar comunicando
estar de acuerdo
estar de vacaciones
estar en contra (de)
estar equivocado
estar despejado
estar nublado
45
Scotland
to choose
to write
desk; study room
to listen
school
that
that
back
Spain
Spanish
Spanish language
sticking plaster
special
speciality
show
mirror
to wait
husband
ski; skiing
to ski
corner
this week
bus / coach station
service station
station
marital status
stadium
United States; U.S.
It's the (2nd) of __
tobacconist's
shelf
shelving
to be
to be (situated)
to be (X) (kilo)metres
away
to be (X) minutes away
to be in favour of
to be well / awful / so-so /
ill
to be correct / wrong
to taste good / bad
to be busy (phone line)
to agree
to be on holiday
to be against
to be wrong; to be
mistaken
to be clear
to be cloudy
estuche, el
estudiante, el
estudiar
estudios, los
estupendo
estúpido
ética, la
Europa
europeo
evitar
exactamente
examen, el
excelente
excursión, la
éxito, el
experiencia, la
explicar
expreso, el
exterior, el
extranjero, el
extraordinario
extrovertido
height
this
this year / month
east
walkman
dear
this
stomach
narrow; tight
star
strict; severe
to ruin; to spoil; to
damage
pencil case
student
to study
studies
great; fantastic
stupid
PSE
Europe
European
to avoid
exactly
examination
excellent
excursion; tour; trip
success
experience
to explain
fast train
outside
abroad
extraordinary
extrovert
F
fábrica, la
fácil
faenas, las
falda, la
falso
faltar
familia, la
famoso
fantástico
farmacia, la
fatal
favorito
fax, el
febrero
fecha, la
felicidad, la
¡Felicidades!
feliz
factory
easy
chores
skirt
false
to lack; to be absent
family
famous
great; fantastic
chemist's
awful
favourite
fax
February
date
hapiness; joy
Congratulations!
happy
estatura, la
este
este año / mes
este, el
estéreo personal, el
estimado
esto
estómago, el
estrecho
estrella, la
estricto
estropear
¡Feliz cumpleaños!
¡Feliz Navidad!
¡Feliz santo!
femenino
fenomenal
feo
ferry (ferri), el
ficha, la
fiebre, la
fiesta, la
fiesta, la
filete, el
fin de semana, el
final, el
finalmente
finca, la
firmar
física, la
flamenco, el
flan, el
flauta, la
flojo
flor, la
folleto, el
fondo, el
footing, el
formación
profesional, la
formal
formulario, el
foto(grafía), la
fracasar
francés
francés, el
Francia
frase, la
fregadero, el
fregar
freír
fresa, la
fresco
frigorífico, el
frío, el
fruta, la
frutería, la
fuente, la
fuera (de)
fuerte
(no) fumador
fumar
función, la
funcionar
fútbol, el
futuro, el
46
Happy birthday!
Merry Christmas
Happy Saint's day!
feminine
great; fantastic
ugly
ferry
(index) card
temperature
festival
party
steak; escalope
weekend
end
finally
property; farm
to sign
physics
flamenco
crème caramel
flute
slack
flower
leaflet; brochure
back; bottom
jogging
training
serious; reliable
form
photo(graph)
to fail
French
French language
France
phrase; sentence
sink
to wash up; to scrub
to fry
strawberry
fresh
refrigerator
cold
fruit
greengrocer's shop
fountain
outside; except
strong
(non) smoking
to smoke
show
to work (machine)
football
future
G
gafas, las
gafas de sol, las
galería (de arte), la
Gales
galés
Galicia
gallego
gambas, las
ganar
ganar
garaje, el
garganta, la
gasolina (sin plomo),
la
gastar
gato, el
gazpacho, el
gemelo, el
generalmente
generoso
genial
gente, la
geografía, la
gimnasia, la
gimnasio, el
gol, el
goloso
goma, la
gordo
gracias
gracioso
grado, el
gramos
Gran Bretaña
grande
grandes almacenes,
los
granja, la
granjero, el
gratis
gratuito
Grecia
gripe, la
gris
grueso
grupo, el
guantes, los
guapo
guardar
guía, el
guía (telefónica), la
guía (turística), la
guisantes, los
guitarra, la
gustar
glasses; spectacles
sunglasses
(art) gallery
Wales
Welsh
Galicia
Galician
prawns; shrimps
to earn
to win
garage
throat
(unleaded) petrol
to spend
cat
cold soup
twin
generally
generous
brilliant
people
geography
PE; gymnastics
gym(nasium)
goal
sweet-toothed; greedy
rubber
fat
thank you
funny
degree
grammes
Great Britain
big; large
department store
farm
farmer
free
free
Greece
'flu
grey
thick; stout
group
gloves
good-looking
to put away
guide
(telephone) book
guidebook
peas
47
H
haber
haber tormenta /
hielo / niebla
habitación, la
habitación doble, la
habitación
individual, la
habitante, el
hablador
hablar
hace (+time)
hacer
hacer buen / mal
tiempo
hacer calor / frío
hacer falta
hacer una pregunta
hacer sol / viento
hacerse
hacia
hallarse
hambre, el
hamburguesa, la
hamburguesería, la
hasta
Hasta luego.
Hasta mañana
hay
hay que + infin
helado, el
herida, la
herido
hermanastro, el
hermano, el
hervir
hielo, el
hierba, la
hierro, el
hijo (único), el
historia, la
histórico
hogar, el
hola
hombre, el
honrado
hora, la
horario, el
horrible
horroroso
hospital, el
hotel, el
guitar
to like
to have (auxiliary)
to be stormy
icy / foggy
room
double room
single room
inhabitant
talkative; chatterbox
to speak
it's been (+ time)
to make; to do
to be good / bad weather
to be hot / cold
to need; to require
to ask
to be sunny / windy
to become
towards
to be situated
hunger
hamburger
hamburger restaurant
until
See you later.
See you tomorrow.
there is; there are
it is necessary
ice-cream
injury; wound
injured
step-brother
brother
to boil
ice
grass
iron
(only) child; son
history
historic
home
hello
man
honest
hour
timetable
horrible
ghastly
hospital
hotel
hoy
huevo, el
humo, el
today
egg
smoke
irse
Italia
italiano
izquierda, a la __
I
ideal
identidad, la
idioma, el
iglesia, la
igual
imaginar
impaciente
impermeable, el
importante
imposible
impresora, la
incendio, el
incluir
inconveniente, el
independiente
indicar
industria, la
industrial
información, la
informarse
informática, la
ingeniero, el
Inglaterra
inglés
inglés, el
injusto
inmediatamente
insignia, la
insolación, la
insolente
instalaciones, las
instituto, el
instrumento, el
inteligente
intercambio, el
interesante
interesar(se)
interior, el
internet, el
introducir
inútil
invierno, el
invitar
inyección, la
ir (a / en )
ir a + infinitive
ir a buscar
ir con __
Irlanda
irlandés
ideal
identity
language
church
like; equal; the same
to imagine
impatient
raincoat
important
impossible
printer
fire
to include
disadvantage
independent
to indicate
industry
industrial
information
to find out
IT
engineer
England
English
English language
unfair; unjust
immediately
badge
sunstroke
insolent
facilities
secondary school
instrument
intelligent
exchange
interesting
to be interested
inside
Internet
to insert
useless
winter
to invite
injection
to go (to/by)
to be going to + infinitive
to fetch
to go with __
Ireland
Irish
J
jabón, el
jamás
jamón (de york), el
jamón serrano, el
jarabe, el
jardín, el
jefe, el
jersey, el
joven
joven, el
jubilado
judías verdes, las
juego, el
Juegos Olímpicos,
los
jueves, el
jugador, el
jugar
juguete, el
julio
junio
justificar
justo
48
K
kilo, el
kilómetro, el
L
laboral
laboratorio, el
lado, al __ (de)
lago, el
lámpara, la
lana, la
lápices de colores,
los
lápiz, el
largo
lata, una
latinoamericano
lavabo, el
lavadora, la
lavandería, la
lavaplatos, el
lavar
lavar los platos
lavarse
lección, la
to go away
Italy
Italian
left, to the __
soap
never
cooked ham
cured ham
cough mixture; linctus
garden
boss
jumper; pullover
young
young person
retired
string beans
game
Olympic Games
Thursday
player
to play
toy
July
June
to justify
fair; just
kilo
kilometre
at work
laboratory
next (to)
lake
lamp
wool
coloured pencils
pencil
long
tin
Latinamerican
washbasin
washing machine
laundry
dishwasher
to wash
to wash up
to wash oneself
lesson
leche, la
lechuga, la
lectura, la
leer
legumbres, las
lejano
lejos (de)
lengua, la
lentamente
lentes de contacto,
los
lento
letra, la
levantar la mano
levantarse
libra (esterlina), la
libre
libre
librería, la
librería, la
libro, el
limón, el
limonada, la
limpiar
limpiarse los
dientes
limpio
línea, la
liso
lista, la
literatura, la
litro, el
llamada, la
llamar (por teléfono)
llamarse
llave, la
llegada, la
llegar (a / de)
lleno
llevar
llevar (+ time) +
gerund
llevarse bien / mal
con
llorar
llover
lluvia, la
loco
loncha, la
Londres
los lunes, etc.
lotería, la
luego
lugar, el
lunes, el
milk
lettuce
reading
to read
vegetables
distant
far (from)
language
slowly
contact lenses
lunes pasado, el
etc.
lunes, los etc.
luz, la
M
madera, la
madrastra, la
madre, la
mal
mal educado
maleta, la
malo
mamá, la
mañana
mañana, la
mandar
mano, la
manta, la
mantel, el
mantener(se)
mantequilla, la
manzana, la
mapa, el
máquina, la
máquina de fotos, la
mar, el
marca, la
marcar
marcar
marcharse
mareado
mareo, el
marido, el
mariscos, los
marrón
martes, el
marzo
más
masculino
matemáticas, las
matrimonio, el
máximo, el
mayo
mayor
mayoría, la
me parece
mecánico, el
medalla, la
media pensión, la
mediano
medianoche
medias, las
medicamento, el
medicina, la
slow
letter
to put your hand up
to get up
pound (sterling)
available
free (of charge)
bookcase
bookshop
book
lemon
lemonade
to clean
to brush your teeth
clean
line
smooth; straight
list
literature
litre
call
to phone
to be called
key
arrival
to arrive (at / from)
full
to take
to have been doing
sth. for (+ time)
to get on well /
badly with
to cry
to rain
rain
mad
slice
London
Mondays, etc.
lottery
then
place
Monday
49
last Monday, etc.
(on) Mondays, etc.
light
wood
stepmother
mother
badly; wrong
rude
suitcase
bad
mum
tomorrow
morning
to send
hand
blanket
tablecloth
to keep
butter
apple
map
machine
camera
sea
mark; tick
to dial
to score
to go away
dizzy; sick
dizziness; nausea
husband
shellfish; seafood
brown
Tuesday
March
more
masculine
mathematics
marriage; married couple
maximum
May
elder
majority
it seems to me
mechanic
medal
half board
medium
midnight
stockings
medicine; drug
medicine
médico, el
medida, la
medio
medio ambiente, el
mediodía
medir
Mediterráneo, el
mejicano
(mexicano)
Méjico (México)
mejor
mejorar
mellizo, el
melocotón, el
melón, el
mencionar
menor
menos
mentir
mentira, la
mentiroso
menú, el
menú del día, el
mercado, el
merendar
merienda, la
merluza, la
mermelada, la
mes, el
mesa, la
metro, el
metro, el
mezquino
miembro, el
mientras (que)
mientras tanto
miércoles, el
mínimo, el
minuto, el
mirar
mismo
mitad, la
mochila, la
moderno
molestar(se)
moneda, la
monedero, el
monitor, el
monopatín, el
montaña, la
montar a caballo
monumento, el
moqueta, la
morado
moreno
doctor
measurement
half
environment
midday
to measure
Mediterranean Sea
Mexican
Mexico
better; best
to improve
twin
peach
melon
to mention
younger
less
to tell a lie
lie
liar
menu
menu of the day
market
to have a snack / picnic
snack; picnic
hake
jam; marmalade
month
table
metre
underground train; tube
mean; petty
member
while
meanwhile
Wednesday
minimum
minute
to look
same
half
rucksack
modern
to bother
coin
purse
monitor
skateboard
mountain
to ride a horse
monument
wall-to-wall carpet
purple
dark-coloured
50
morir
moto, la
muchacho, el
muchas veces
mucho
Mucho gusto
mucho tiempo
mudarse (de casa)
muebles, los
muela, la
muerto
mujer, la
mujer, la
mundo, el
muñeca, la
museo, el
música, la
muy
N
nacer
nacimiento, el
nacionalidad, la
nada
nada más
nadar
nadie
naranja
naranja, la
naranjada, la
nariz, la
nata, la
natación, la
Navidad, la
necesario
necesitar
negativo
negro
nervioso
nevar
nevera, la
niebla, la
nieto, el
nieve, la
ninguno
niño, el
no
noche, la
Nochebuena, la
Nochevieja, la
nombre, el
norma, la
normal
normalmente
to die
motorbike
lad
many times; often
a lot
Pleased to meet you
a long time
to move (house)
furniture
tooth; molar
dead
wife
woman
world
doll
museum
music
very
to be born
birth
nationality
nothing
nothing / anything
else
to swim
nobody
orange (colour)
orange (fruit)
orangeade
nose
cream
swimming
Christmas
necessary
to need
negative
black
nervous
to snow
fridge
fog
grandson
snow
none
child
no
night
Christmas Eve
New Year's Eve
name
rule; regulation
normal
normally
norte, el
norteamericano
nota, la
noticias, las
novela, la
noveno
noviembre
novio, el
nube, la
nuevo
número, el
Nunca
O
o/u
obedecer
obediente
obligatorio
obrero, el
obtener
ocho días
ocio, el
octavo
octubre
ocupado
ocurrir
odiar
oeste, el
oferta, la
oficina, la
oficina de turismo,
la
¡Oiga!
oídos, los
oír
¡Ojo!
ojo, el
¡Olé!
oler
olor, el
olvidar
opción, la
opinar
opinión, la
optimista
ordenador, el
oreja, la
organizar
orgulloso
orientación
profesional, la
oro, el
oscuro
otoño, el
otra vez
North
Northamerican
grade; mark
news
novel
ninth
November
boyfriend; fiancé
cloud
new
number
never
otro
P
paciente
padrastro, el
padre, el
paella, la
paga, la
paga, la
pagar
pagar bien / mal
página, la
país, el
paisaje, el
pájaro, el
or
palabra, la
to obey
palacio, el
obedient
pálido
compulsory
pan, el
workman
panadería, la
to get
pantalla, la
eight days
pantalón, el
leisure
pantalón corto, el
eighth
panty, el
October
papá, el
occupied; taken; busy
papel, el
to happen
papel higiénico, el
to hate
papelera, la
west
paquete, el
offer
par, el
office
para
tourist information office parada, la
parado
Hey!
parador, el
inner ears
paraguas, el
to hear
parar
Watch out!
parar(se)
eye
parecer
Bravo! Well done!
parecerse (a)
to smell
parecido
smell
pared, la
to forget
pareja, la
option
parientes, los
to think
parking, el
opinion
parque, el
optimistic
parque de
computer
atracciones, el
ear
parque infantil, el
to organize
parque temático, el
proud
parte, la
careers
participar
partido, el
gold
pasado mañana
dark
pasado, el
autumn
pasajero, el
again
pasaporte, el
51
another
patient
step-father
father
paella
pocket money
wages
to pay
to pay well / badly
page
country
landscape
bird
word
palace
pale
bread
bakery
screen
trousers
shorts
tights
dad
paper
toilet paper
waste-paper bin
packet
pair
for
stop
unemployed
state-run hotel
umbrella
to stop
to stop
to seem
to look like
like; similar
wall
couple; partner
relatives
car park
park
fairground
playground
theme park
part
to participate
match
day after tomorrow
past
passenger
passport
pasar
pasar (+ time)
pasar (por)
pasar la aspiradora
pasar (la) lista
pasarlo bien / mal
pasatiempo, el
pasear
paseo, dar un __
pasillo, el
paso subterráneo,
el
pasta de dientes, la
pastel, el
pastelería, la
pastilla, la
patata, la
patatas fritas, las
patinaje, el
patinar
patines, los
patio, el
peatón, el
peatonal
pecas, las
pedazo, un
pedir
pedir permiso
pedir prestado
peinarse
peine, el
película, la
peligro, el
peligroso
pelirrojo
pelo, el
pelota, la
peluquería, la
peluquero, el
pendientes,los
pensar
pensión completa,
la
pensión, la
peor
pequeño
pera, la
perder
perdón, el
perdonar
perezoso
perfecto
periódico, el
periquito, el
to happen
permitir
to spend (time)
pero
to go past, through
perrito caliente, el
to vacuum
perro, el
to call the register
persona, la
to have a good / bad time personalidad, la
pastime
pertenecer
to go for a walk
pesar
to go for a walk
pesca, la
corridor
pescadería, la
subway; underpass
pescado, el
pescar
toothpaste
peseta, la
cake; pie
pesimista
cake shop
peso, el
tablet; pill
pez, el
potato
piano, el
chips
picadura, la
skating
picante
to skate
pie, el
skates
piel, la
patio; yard
pierna, la
pedestrian
pimienta, la
pedestrian (adj.)
pimiento, el
freckles
ping-pong, el
piece
pintado
to ask
piña, la
to ask permission
Pirineos, los
to borrow
piscina, la
to comb one's hair
piso, el
comb
piso, el
film
pista de hielo, la
danger
pizarra, la
dangerous
planchar
red-haired
planeta, el
hair
plano, el
ball
planta baja, la
hair salon,
plástico, el
hairdresser’s
plata, la
hairdresser
plátano, el
earrings
platillo, el
to think
plato, el
full board
plato, el
plato combinado, el
boarding house
playa, la
worse; worst
plaza, la
little; small
plaza de toros, la
pear
plomo, el
to lose
pobre
forgiveness; pardon
pocas veces
to forgive
poco, un
lazy
poder
perfect
policía, la
newspaper
policíaco
budgie
polideportivo, el
52
to allow
but
hot-dog
dog
person
personality
to belong
to weigh
fishing
fishmonger's
fish
to fish
peseta
pessimistic
weigh
fish
piano
sting
spicy
foot
skin; fur; leather
leg
pepper
sweet pepper
ping-pong; table tennis
painted
pineapple
Pyrenees
swimming pool
flat
floor
ice rink
blackboard
to iron
planet
plan
ground floor
plastic
silver
banana
saucer
dish
plate
set meal
beach
square
bullring
lead
poor
few times; seldom
a little
can; to be able
police
police (adj.)
sports centre
polución, la
pollo, el
poner
ponerse
ponerse a + infin
popular
por
por año, __ día, __
noche, etc.
por aquí
por allí
por eso
por favor
por fin
por la(s) mañana(s)
por la(s) noche(s)
por la(s) tarde(s)
por lo general
¿por qué?
porque
Portugal
portugués
posibilidad, la
posible
positivo
postal, la
póster, el
postre, el
práctica(s), la(s)
practicar
práctico
precio, el
precioso
preferir
prefijo, el
pregunta, la
preguntar
premio, el
preocupar(se)
preparar
presentación (oral),
la
presentar
presente
prestar
primavera, la
primera (clase)
primero
primeros auxilios,
los
primo, el
principio, al
probar
probarse
problema, el
pollution
procedente (de)
chicken
profesor, el
to put
to put on
profundo
to begin; to start
programa, el
popular
programador, el
through; by; per
prohibido
per/a year, per/a day,
prohibir
per/a night, etc.
pronóstico, el
through here
pronto
through there
pronto
for that reason
pronunciar
please
propina, la
at last
propio
in the morning
proteger
in the evening; at night próximo
in the afternoon / evening prudente
generally
why?
prueba, la
because
publicidad, la
Portugal
público (adj.)
Portuguese
pueblo, el
possibility
puente, el
possible
puerta, la
positive
puerto, el
postcard
pues
poster
dessert
Q
training
¿qué?
to practise
¡Qué + adjective!
practical
¡Que aproveche!
price
¡Qué asco!
beautiful
¡Qué bien!
to prefer
¿Qué día es hoy?
prefix; telephone code
¿Qué fecha es
question
(hoy)?
to ask a question
¿Qué hay?
prize
¿Qué hora es?
to worry
¡Qué horror!
to prepare
¡Qué lástima!
(oral) presentation
¡Que lo pase(s)
bien!
to introduce
¿Qué pasa?
present
¡Qué pena!
to lend
¿Qué tal?
spring
¡Qué va!
first class
quedar
first
quedarse (+ time)
first aid
quehaceres, los
queja, la
cousin
quejarse
at the beginning
quemadura, la
to try
querer
to try on
querer decir
problem
querido
53
coming (from)
secondary school
teacher
deep
programme
programmer
forbidden
to ban; to forbid
forecast
soon
ready
to pronounce
tip
own
to protect
next
prudent; sensible;
careful
test
adverts; publicity
public
town
bridge
door
port; harbour
then
what?
How + adj.!
Enjoy your meal!
How disgusting!
Good!; Well done!
What's the day today?
What's the date (today)?
How's things?
What's the time?
How dreadful!
What a pity!
Have a good time!
What's the matter?
What a pity!
How are you?
Come on!; Of course not!
to be left; to remain
to stay; to remain
household chores
complaint
to complain
burn
to want
to mean
dear
queso, el
¿quién?
química, la
quince días
quinto
quiosco, el
quisiera
quitar el polvo
quitarse
quizá(s)
R
ración, la
radiador, el
radio, la
ranura, la
rápidamente
rápido
rápido, el
raramente
raro
rato, un
ratón, el
ratos libres, los
reacción, la
realizar
rebajas, las
recado, el
recepción, la
recepcionista, el
recibo, el
recoger
recomendar
recordar
recreo, el
rectangular
recto, todo __
recuerdo, el
recuerdos, los
recurso, el
redondo
regalo, el
región, la
regla, la
regla, la
reír(se)
regular
religión, la
reloj, el
rellenar
relleno, el
Renfe / RENFE
repartir
repasar
cheese
who?
chemistry
fortnight
fifth
kiosk; stall
I'd like
to dust
to take off
maybe
portion
radiator
radio
slot
quickly
quick
express train
rarely
rare; odd; strange
a while
mouse
free time
reaction
to achieve; to make; to
carry out
sales
message
reception
receptionist
receipt
to collect; to pick up
to recommend
to remember
break
rectangular
straight ahead
souvenir
regards
resource
round
gift
region
regulation
ruler
to laugh
regular; so-so; average
RE; religion
watch; clock
to fill in
stuffing
Spanish railways
to deliver
to revise
54
repetir
reserva, la
reservar
resfriado
residencial
respetar
respeto, el
responder
responsable
respuesta, la
restaurante, el
resumen, el
retraso, el
revisor, el
revista, la
rico
rico
riguroso
río, el
rizado
rojo
romántico
romperse
ropa, la
rosa
rosado
roto
rotulador, el
rubio
ruido, el
ruidoso
to repeat
reservation
to book; to reserve
cold
residential
to respect
respect
to answer; to reply
responsible
answer; reply
restaurant
summary
delay
ticket collector
magazine
tasty
wealthy
harsh; severe
river
curly
red
romantic
to break
clothes
pink
pink
broken
felt-tip pen
blond
noise
noisy
S
sábado, el
saber
sabor, el
sacapuntas, el
sacar
sacar buenas /
malas notas
sacar fotos
saco de dormir, el
sal, la
sala de actos, la
sala de espera, la
sala de estar, la
sala de fiestas, la
salado
salchicha, la
salchichón, el
salida, la
salida, la
salir (a / de)
salón, el
salsa, la
Saturday
to know
taste
pencil-sharpener
to get; to take out
to get good / bad
marks
to take photos
sleeping bag
salt
hall
waiting-room
lounge
dance hall; night club
salty
sausage
salami
departure
exit
to go out; to leave
lounge
sauce
¡Salud!
salud, la
saludable
saludos
salvar
sandalias, las
sangría, la
sano
santo,el
sardina, la
se(p)tiembre
secador de pelo, el
sección, la
secretario, el
sed, la
seda, la
seguir
segunda (clase)
segundo
seguro de sí mismo
selva, la
sello, el
semáforo, el
semana pasada, la
etc.
Semana Santa, la
semana, la
señal, la
señas, las
sencillo
señor
señora
señorita
sensible
sentarse
sentido del humor,
el
sentir
separado
se(p)tiembre
séptimo
ser
ser (+ adjective)
ser de (+ person)
ser de (+ place)
ser de (+ material)
ser fuerte en …
serie, la
serio
servicio, el
servicios, los
servilleta, la
servir
sesión, la
severo
Cheers!
health
healthy
best wishes; regards
to save
sandals
sangria
healthy
Saint's day
sardine
September
hair-drier
department
secretary
thirst
silk
to continue
second class
second
self-assured
jungle
stamp
traffic lights
last week, etc.
sexo, el
sexto
si
sí
siempre
siento, lo __
(mucho)
sierra, la
significar
siguiente
silencio, el
silencioso
silla, la
sillón, el
simpático
sin
sincero
sitio, el
sitio, el
sobre
sobresaliente
sobrino, el
socio, el
socorrista, el
Holy Week; Easter
week
tick
personal details
simple
Mister
Mrs.; Madam
Miss
sensitive
to sit down
sense of humour
¡Socorro!
sofá, el
sol, el
solamente
soldado, el
solo
sólo
soltero
sombra, la
sombrero, el
son las dos, etc.
sonar
sonido, el
sonreír(se)
sopa, la
sorprender
sorpresa, la
sótano, el
suave
subir
subrayar
sucio
sudamericano
suelo, el
suficiente
sugerir
supermercado, el
suplemento, el
sur, el
surtido
to feel
separated
September
seventh
to be
to be
to belong
to come from
to be made of
to be good at …
series
serious; reliable
service
toilets
napkin
to serve
showing; performance
severe; strict
55
sex
sixth
if
yes
always
I'm (so) sorry
mountain range
to mean
following
silence
quiet
chair
armchair
nice; pleasant; kind
without
sincere
place
space; room
on; on top of
outstanding
nephew
member
first-aid person;
lifeguard
Help!
sofa
sun
only
soldier
alone
only
single; unmarried
shade
hat
it's two o'clock, etc.
to sound; to ring
sound
to smile
soup
to surprise
surprise
basement
smooth; soft
to go up
to underline
dirty
Southamerican
floor
enough
to suggest
supermarket
supplement
south
well stocked
suspender
susto, el
to fail
fright; scare
T
tabacalera, la
tabaco, el
tabla, la
Talgo, el
talla, la
taller, el
tamaño, el
también
tampoco
tan
tanto
tapas, las
taquilla, la
taquilla, la
tarde
tarde, la
tareas, las
tarjeta, la
tarjeta de crédito, la
tarro, el
tarta, la
taxi, el
taza, la
té, el
teatro, el
tebeo, el
techo, el
teclado, el
técnico
técnico, el
tecnología, la
tejado, el
tela, la
telefonear
teléfono (móvil), el
telenovela, la
televisión, la
temperatura, la
templado
temprano
tenedor, el
tener
tener __ años
tener calor
tener éxito
tener frío
tener ganas
(de + infin)
tener hambre
tener lugar
tener miedo
tobacconist's
tobacco
table
high-speed train
size
workshop
size
also
neither
so
so much
nibbles; bar snacks
box office
ticket office
late
afternoon
chores
card
credit card
jar; pot
tart
taxi
cup
tea
theatre
comic
ceiling; roof
keyboard
technical
technician
technology
roof
fabric; material
to phone
(mobile) phone
soap
television
temperature
mild
early
fork
to have
to be __ years old
to feel hot
to be successful
to feel cold
to feel like (doing
something)
to feel hungry
to take place
to be afraid
tener prisa
tener razón
tener sed
tener sueño
tenis, el
TER, el
tercero
terminar
terraza, la
terrible
texto, el
tibio
tiempo, el
tiempo, el
tiempo libre, el
tienda, la
tienda, la
tienda de
comestibles, la
tierra, la
tijeras, las
tímido
tío, el
típico
tipo, el
tirar
tirar
tirita, la
tiza, la
toalla, la
tocador, el
tocar
tocar
tocarle a uno
todas las semanas
todavía
todo
todo el mundo
todo el tiempo
todos los días /
meses etc.
tolerante
tomar
tomar el sol
tomate, el
tonto
torcer
torero, el
torneo, el
toro, el
torpe
tortilla, (española) la
tortuga, la
tostada, la
trabajador
56
to be in a hurry
to be right
to feel thirsty
to feel sleepy
tennis
high-speed train
third
to finish
terrace; patio
terrible
text
lukewarm
time
weather
free time
shop
tent
grocery shop
earth
scissors
shy
uncle
typical
type
to pull
to throw
plaster
chalk
towel
dressing table
to play (an instrument)
to touch
to be somone's turn
every week
still
all
everyone
all the time
every day / month,
etc.
tolerant
to take
to sunbathe
tomato
silly
to turn
bullfighter
tournament
bull
clumsy
(Spanish) omelette
tortoise; turtle
toast
hard-working
trabajar
trabajar
trabajos manuales,
los
tradición, la
tradicional
traer
tráfico, el
Tráigame …
traje de baño, el
traje, el
tranquilo
transbordo, el
transporte (público),
el
tranvía, el
tratar de + infin
tratar de
travieso
tren, el
triangular
triángulo, el
triste
trozo, un
tú
turismo, el
turista, el
turístico
tutor, el
to act; to perform
to work
handicrafts
vaso, el
vegetariano
vehículo, el
vela, la
vender
venir
ventaja, la
ventana, la
ver
verano, el
verdad, la
verdadero
verde
verduras, las
vestido, el
vestirse
vez, la
vía, la
viajar
viaje, el
viajero, el
vida, la
vídeo, el
videoclub, el
videojuego, el
vidrio, el
viejo
viento, el
Viernes Santo, el
viernes, el
vinagre, el
vino (blanco / tinto),
el
violeta
visita, la
visitar
vista, la
vista, la
viudo
vivienda, la
vivir
vocabulario, el
volver (a / de)
volver a (+ inf.)
volverse
vosotros
vuelo, el
vuelta, dar una ___
tradition
traditional
to bring
traffic
Bring me …
swimsuit
suit
calm; peaceful; quiet
train change
(public) transport
tram; local train
to try to
to be about
naughty
train
triangular
triangle
sad
piece
you
tourism
tourist
tourist (adj.)
tutor
U
último
una vez más
único
uniforme, el
universidad, la
uno
urbanización, la
urgencias, las
usar
usted(es)
útil
utilizar
uvas, las
last
again; one more time
only; unique
uniform
university
one
housing estate
emergency service
to use
you
useful
to use
grapes
V
vacaciones, las
vacío
vainilla, la
¡Vale!
valer la pena
valiente
valle, el
vaqueros, los
varios
holidays
empty
vanilla
OK
to be worthwhile
brave
valley
jeans
several
57
glass
vegetarian
vehicle
sailing
to sell
to come
advantage
window
to see
summer
truth
true
green
greens; vegetables
dress
to get dressed
time
track
to travel
journey
traveller
life
video
video shop
videogame
glass
old
wind
Good Friday
Friday
vinegar
(white / red) wine
violet
visit
to visit
sight
view
widower
house; housing
to live
vocabulary
to return
to do sth. again
to become
you
flight
to go for a walk / ride
W
windsurf, el
windsurfing
Y
y/e
ya
and
already
yogur, el
yoghurt
zapatos, los
zona, la
zoo, el
zumo (de fruta), el
Z
carrot
zanahoria, la
shoe shop
zapatería, la
zapatillas deportivas, trainers
las
58
shoes
zone
zoo
(fruit) juice
Additional Vocabulary - Alphabetical
A
abandonar
acompañante, el
acostumbrar(se)
actriz, la
actualidades, las
actualmente
afable
afortunado
agente inmobiliario,
el
aguacero, el
alcalde, el
alcance, el
algodón, el
alimentación, la
alimento, el
americana, la
amor, el
amueblar
apetecer
apoyo, el
apreciar
aprovechar(se)
Aragón
arder
ardiente
arena, la
arrojar
astronave, la
Asturias
Atlántico, el
avanzado
azafata, la
azulejos, los
B
baldosas, las
Baleares, las (Islas)
balón, el
bandeja, la
barra, la
belleza, la
bola, la
boletín, el
bondadoso
borrar
bragas, las
broncear(se)
burro, el
C
cabina telefónica, la
cabra, la
cadena, la
calentar
calzoncillos, los
calle sin salida
cama de
matrimonio, la
cámara, la
camino, el
shower
camino, el
mayor
camión, el
reach
camioneta, la
cotton wool
camisa, la
food
campestre
food
caña de pescar, la
jacket
canal, el
love
Canarias
to furnish
capa de ozono, la
to fancy; to feel like
cárcel, la
support
carnet de conducir,
to appreciate
el
to profit; to make use of carrera, la
Aragon
casar(se)
to burn
casero
burning
Castilla
sand
cazadora, la
to throw; to emit
cerdo, el
spaceship
cerro, el
Asturias
cesta, la
Atlantic
chaqueta, la
advanced
chistoso
(air-) stewardess
chocar (con)
ceramic tiles
chubasco, el
ciego
cifra, la
floor tiles
cita, la
Balearic Islands
cobaya, la
ball
cohabitar
tray
coleccionar
bar counter
colina, la
beauty
comida preparada, la
ball
comida basura, la
school report
compasivo
kind
comprobar
to erase
compromiso, el
panties
comunidad, la
to get a sun tan
conjunto, el
donkey
conjunto, el
to abandon
escort
to get used to
actress
news
nowadays
pleasant
lucky
estate agent
59
phone booth
goat
chain
to warm
underpants
cul-de-sac
double bed
camera
road
route
lorry
van
shirt
rural
fishing rod
channel
Canaries
ozone layer
jail
driving licence
race
to get married
home-made
Castille
jacket
pig
hill
basket
jacket
funny
to collide
squally shower
blind
number; quantity
appointment; date
guinea-pig
to live together
to collect
hill
ready-made food
junk food
compassionate
to check
commitment; engagement
community
music group
outfit
construir
contenedor, el
contraventana, la
corazón, el
cordero, el
cortar(se)
coser
Costa de la Luz
Costa Dorada
cristal, el
cruce giratorio, el
crucigrama, el
cuadra, la
cueva, la
culpa, la
cuñado, el
cura, el
to build
container; bin
shutter
heart
lamb
to cut (oneself)
to sew
Costa de la Luz
Costa Dorada
glass; pane
roundabout
crossword
stables
cave
guilt; blame
brother-in-law
priest
enchufe, el
energía, la
ensayar
entregar
entrenar(se)
entretener(se)
entretenido
escondido
espacio, el
estado, el
estar constipado
estar roto
estatua, la
explotar
extinción, la
extranjero
Extremadura
plug; socket
energy
to rehearse; to test
to hand in
to train
to entertain; to amuse
oneself
amusing; entertaining
hidden
space
state of health
to have a cold
to be broken
statue
to exploit
extinction
foreign
Extremadura
D
dañino
dañoso
dardos, los
de moda
de vuelta
deportivo
desnudarse
despegar
desperdicios, los
destacar
devolver
diamante, el
dieta, la
dificultad, la
discurso, el
disfrutar
disponible
disputa, la
dominó, el
harmful
harmful
darts
fashionable
back
sports (adj.)
to take one's clothes off
to take off
rubbish; waste
to stand out
to give back
diamond
diet
difficulty
speech
to enjoy
available
argument
dominoes
F
fabricar
falta, la
farmacéutico, el
fastidiar
fijar
fila, la
filmar
fotografiar
frecuentar
fuego, el
fuerza, la
to produce; to manufacture
lack
chemist
to annoy
to fix; to stick on
row
to shoot a film
to take a photograph
to frequent
fire
strength
E
echar
echar(se)
echarse colonia /
perfume
ejército, el
electricidad, la
electrodomésticos,
los
embalse, el
empapelar
enamorado
enamorar(se)
encantador
G
gallina, la
gallo, el
ganso, el
gas, el
gasóleo, el
glorieta, la
golpear(se)
to throw
gorro, el
to lie down
grabar
to put cologne/perfume grasa, la
on
guerra, la
army
electricity
H
electrical appliances
hacer camping
hacienda, la
dam; reservoir
helar
to paper (the walls)
hombro, el
in love
hospedarse
to fall in love
huelga, la
charming
huerta, la
60
hen
rooster
goose
gas
diesel (oil)
roundabout
to knock oneself
cap
to record
fat; grease
war
to go camping
farm; property
to freeze
shoulder
to stay; to lodge
strike
vegetable garden
humor, de buen __
humor, de mal __
I
imponer
impresionante
infección, la
informe, el
inolvidable
inquietar(se)
inscribir(se)
insoportable
intercambiar
inundación, la
ir de vacaciones
IVA, el
ir tirando
good-humoured
ill-tempered
to impose
impressive; marvellous
infection
report
unforgettable
to worry; to get upset
to register
unbearable
to exchange
flood
to go on holiday
VAT
to get along; to
manage
J
joyería, la
jeweller's shop
L
laborable
ladrón, el
lanzar
letrero, el
libertad, la
ligero
linterna, la
llevar a cabo
llevar retraso
lluvia ácida, la
lodo, el
lujo, el
luna, la
working (adj.)
thief
to throw
sign
freedom; liberty
light
torch
to carry out
to be delayed
acid rain
mud
luxury
moon
M
madrugada, la
madrugar
maleta, la
malgastar
manzana, la
maquillaje, el
máquina de coser,
la
maquinaria, la
marea negra, la
marina, la
matar
marearse
moda, la
mojar(se)
muerte, la
multa, la
early morning; dawn
to get up very early
boot (of car)
to waste
block (in a city)
make-up
sewing machine
machinery
oil slick
the navy
to kill
to get (car / sea) sick
fashion
to (get) wet
death
fine
61
muñeca, la
murallas las
Murcia
muro, el
wrist
walls (of city)
Murcia
thick wall
N
naturaleza, la
nene, el / nena, la
neumático, el
nivel, el
nocivo
nubosidad, la
nutritivo
nature
small child
tyre
level
harmful
clouds
nutritious
O
obispo, el
obligar
océano, el
ofrecer
orgullo, el
oveja, la
bishop
to force; to compel
ocean
to offer
pride
sheep
P
País Vasco
palmera, la
pañuelo, el
papel, el
parcela, la
parqué / parquet, el
paseo, el
pastor, el
pato, el
pecho, el
pelota vasca, la
permanecer
permiso, el
persiana, la
pijama, el
pino, el
pintar
pintarse
pintura, la
pinturas, las
pipa, la
piragua, la
pleno
pobreza, la
ponerse colonia /
perfume
prensa, la
pretexto, el
primer ministro, el
privado
provincia, la
Basque Country
palm tree
handkerchief; scarf
rôle
plot; piece of ground
parquet floor
avenue
shepherd
duck
chest
pelota
to remain; to stay
permission; permit
blinds
pyjamas
pine tree
to paint
to put make-up on
paint
paintings; graffiti
pipe
canoe
full
poverty
to put cologne / perfume on
press
pretext; excuse
prime minister
private
province
público, el
pueblecito, el
puesto, el
puro, el
public; audience
tiny town
post; job
cigar
Q
quemar(se)
to burn
R
raqueta, la
reciclaje, el
reciclar
reconocer
recorrer
recuperar(se)
red, la
reembolso, el
reina, la
relaciones, las
relámpago, el
responsabilidad, la
resultado, el
rey, el
riesgo, el
riqueza, la
robar
rodear
rodilla, la
rueda, la
tender(se)
tener cuidado
ternera, la
terreno, el
testigo, el
tobillo, el
tocar el timbre
torcer(se)
tostar(se)
traducir
tranquilidad, la
S
saltar
salto, el
santo
santo, el
secar(se)
sendero, el
sentido común, el
sequía, la
ser flojo en
SIDA, el
siglo, el
silla de ruedas, la
solitario
sombrilla, la
sordo
suegro, el
suspendido
racquet
recycling
to recycle
to recognize
trasladar(se)
to travel around / throughtrastero, el
to recover
tratamiento, el
net
tratar
refund
trueno, el
queen
TVE, la
relationships
flash of lightning
U
responsibility
universitario
result
king
V
risk
vaca, la
wealth
valla, la
to steal
vecino, el
to surround
venda, la
knee
vendar
wheel
venta, la
vestíbulo, el
vestuarios, los
to jump; to skip
veterinario, el
jump
vigilar
holy
viña, la
saint
violencia callejera,
to dry
la
lane; path
violín, el
common sense
visitante, el
drought
volante, el
to be weak in
volante, el
AIDS
volar
century
voleibol, el
wheelchair
vomitar
lonely
voz, la
sunshade
deaf
father-in-law
failed; suspended
T
telediario, el
television news bulletin
62
to lie down
to be careful
calf; veal
piece of land
witness
ankle
to ring the bell
to twist; to sprain
to get brown
to translate
peace and quiet;
calmness
to move
storage room
treatment
to treat
thunder
Spanish Television
university (adj.)
cow
fence
neighbour
bandage
to bandage
sale
entrance hall
changing rooms
veterinary surgeon
to watch over; to be vigilant
vineyard
street violence
violin
visitor
shuttlecock; badminton
steering wheel
to fly
volleyball
to vomit
voice
LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD
A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/
Module, and how – listening, speaking, reading, or writing with
room for your own notes.
63
LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD
Language Tasks Record - How much can you do?
All the language tasks you will be expected to practise for the examination are set out
on the next few pages.
You will see the tasks have been grouped into Themes/Modules as the following
boxes show.
Topic
Theme/Module 1 - My World
1A
Self, Family and Friends
1B
Interests and Hobbies
1C
Home and Local Environment
1D
Daily Routine
1E
School and Future Plans (up to age 18)
Topic
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time & Travel
2A
Travel, Transport and Finding the Way
2B
Tourism
2C
Accommodation
2D
Holiday Activities
2E
Services
Topic
Theme/Module 3 – Work & Lifestyle
3A
Home Life
3B
Healthy Living
3C
Part-time Jobs and Work Experience
3D
Leisure
3E
Shopping
Topic
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society
4A
Character and Personal Relationships
4B
The Environment
4C
Education
4D
Careers and Future Plans (after age 18)
4E
Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities
64
How do I use this Record?
❍ Look at the page headed ‘Theme/Module 1 – My World’. You will see that this page is
divided into topics and that each topic is divided into separate tasks.
❍ Alongside each task are four boxes, with the headings ‘Listen’, ‘Speak’, ‘Read’, ‘Write’.
The boxes are for you to tick whenever you are sure that you can do the task yourself or
understand someone else doing it.
❍ Here is an example of a record which Penny has started to fill in, for Topic 1B – Interests
and Hobbies.
1B – Interests and Hobbies
State what you do at evenings and weekends
Listen
Speak
✓
✓
Read
Write
Look at the first line. Penny can say what she does at the weekend and in the evening
and she can understand someone else doing the same, so she has ticked the ‘Speak’
and ‘Listen’ boxes on that line. Penny isn’t yet sure that she can understand details of
weekend and evening activities when she reads them, so she hasn’t ticked the ‘Read’
box yet. She isn’t able to write down what she does at evenings and weekends yet, so
she hasn’t ticked the ‘Write’ box.
!
‘Listening’ means that you can understand
• other people performing the tasks listed
• announcements, instructions, requests and interviews on the tasks listed
• monologues, and conversations between two or more people, on the tasks listed.
"
‘Speaking’ means that you can
• carry out the tasks listed, by speaking
• take part in a conversation on the topics listed
! ‘Reading’ means that you can understand
• other people communicating appropriate tasks listed, in writing
• written material associated with, or on the subject of, the tasks listed.
"
‘Writing’ means that you can
• carry out appropriate tasks in the list in writing
• write on the subject of the tasks listed.
❍ As you go through your course, keep your own record of how much you can do, by ticking
the boxes on the next few pages, and by making notes about how well you are doing.
You can also tell where you need a bit more practice by looking to see which boxes are
still blank and reading your notes. Fill in your record every time you are sure of a task
and you will soon see at a glance just how much you can do!
65
Theme/Module 1 – My World
1A – Self, Family and Friends
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Give information about yourself, your family,
friends and pets: name, age, birthday,
nationality, likes and dislikes, physical
appearance, jobs
Ask for and understand information about
someone else’s family, friends and pets: name,
age, birthday, nationality, likes and dislikes,
physical appearance, jobs
Spell out your own name, street and town and
understand someone else spelling out their
name, street and town
Greet someone and respond to greetings
Ask how someone is and respond to similar
enquiries
Make and understand informal introductions
Welcome and receive a visitor
Thank someone for their hospitality
Give information about whether or not you are
married
Ask about and understand whether or not
someone else is married
State your opinions and feelings towards
members of the family
Ask about and understand someone else’s
opinions about and feelings towards members of
the family
1B – Interests and Hobbies
State what you do at evenings and weekends
Understand and respond to an invitation to take
part
Give, ask for and understand information about
hobbies and interests (when, where, with whom,
how often)
Give, ask for and understand, opinions and
preferences about hobbies and interests
66
Theme/Module 1 – My World
My notes on 1A – Self, Family and Friends.........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 1B – Interests and Hobbies............................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
67
Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)
1C – Home and Local Environment
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
State your address and understand someone
else stating their address
Give information about your house or flat, its
location, details of rooms, garage, garden:
location, colour, size, contents
Ask for and understand information about
someone else’s house or flat, its location, details
of rooms, garage, garden: location, colour, size,
contents
Give, ask for and understand information about
having your own room or sharing
Give, ask for and understand information about
travelling into town and how long the journey
takes
Give a description of your own town,
neighbourhood and region: location, character,
amenities, features of interest
Ask for and understand a description of
someone else’s town, neighbourhood and region:
location, character, amenities, features of
interest
Compare your own country with a Spanish
speaking country or community: towns, region,
climate and geographical features
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about where you and other people live
and the advantages and disadvantages of the
local environment
1D – Daily Routine
Give information about your daily routine on
weekdays and at weekends
Ask about and understand someone else’s daily
routine on weekdays and at weekends
Give, ask for and understand, information and
opinions about meals at school and at home
68
Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)
My notes on 1C – Home and Local Environment..................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 1D – Daily Routine ............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
69
Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)
1E – School and Future Plans
Listen
Speak
Make requests in the classroom
Understand instructions in the classroom
Give, ask for and understand details of school
routine, travel to and from school and extracurricular activities
Give information and opinions about your school:
size, location, facilities
Ask for and understand information and
opinions about someone else’s school: size,
location, facilities
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about school subjects, school
timetables, terms and holidays
Give information about your future plans in
coming months
Ask about and understand someone else’s future
plans in coming months
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 1
70
Read
Write
Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)
My notes on 1E – School and Future Plans..........................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 1
71
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel
2A – Travel, Transport and Finding the Way
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Attract the attention of a passer-by
Give, ask for and understand the location of a
place and of facilities such as bus stops, toilets,
platforms
Understand simple signs, announcements and
notices in the street, shops, stores and
supermarkets
Obtain and understand information from maps,
street plans and timetables
Buy tickets, or a booklet of tickets, giving
details: destination, single or return, class, day
of travel
Give, ask for and understand information about
a journey, including means of transport,
directions, times of arrival and departure, cost,
travel conditions, problems
2B – Tourism
Ask for information about a region, town or
area, including lists of hotels, restaurants
Describe weather conditions and give simple
predictions about the weather
Give, ask for and understand information about
a holiday: where, with whom, how long, when
Give, ask for and understand information about
a particular holiday region, town or area,
including what there is to do and see,
excursions, visits
State preferences for different types of
holiday
Give, ask for and understand information about
local customs, festivals and culinary specialities
72
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel
My notes on 2A – Travel, Transport and Finding the Way ..............................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 2B – Tourism.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
73
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
2C – Accommodation
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Give, ask for and understand information about
the location of rooms in a house, hotel etc and
where facilities are: restaurant, toilet, shower
or bathroom, garage, lift
Give, ask for and understand information about
accommodation, including availability, when, for
how long, requirements, cost, acceptability,
rules and regulations, mealtimes
Make and understand complaints about
inadequate accommodation and problems with
accommodation
2D – Holiday Activities
Accept and decline offers of food and drink
Understand signs and announcements inside and
outside restaurants and cafés
Give, ask for and understand information about
food, drink, cafés, restaurants, including
reserving a table, ordering, paying
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
food, drink, cafés, restaurants, including
reserving a table, ordering, paying
Make a complaint, giving reasons
Give, ask for and understand information about
holiday activities and interests, including
tourist attractions and entertainments
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
holiday activities and interests, including
tourist attractions and entertainments
74
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
My notes on 2C – Accommodation........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 2D – Holiday Activities ...................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
75
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
2E – Services
Listen
Speak
Give, ask for and understand information about
postal services, including sending and receiving
letters, faxes, email, phone calls
Give, ask for and understand information about
money transactions, including changing money
and cheques
Give, ask for and understand information about
hiring things such as bicycles, boats, sleeping
bags: cost, condition, location
Give, ask for and understand information about
a loss or theft, saying what has been lost and
where it was lost or stolen and describing the
item: what it is made of, size, colour, make,
contents
Give information about how you feel: well, ill,
better, cold, hot, tired
Ask for and understand information about how
someone else is feeling: well, ill, better, cold,
hot, tired
Give, ask for and understand information about
consulting a doctor, dentist or chemist,
including questions about common ailments and
treatment
Give, ask for and understand information about
the location and basic details of an accident or
breakdown, including calling the emergency
services or garage
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 2
76
Read
Write
Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)
My notes on 2E – Services...................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 2
77
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle
3A – Home Life
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Give, ask for and understand information about
meals, mealtimes and eating habits
Give information about what you and other
people in your family do to help around the
house
Ask for and understand information about what
someone else and other people in their family do
to help around the house
Offer and ask for help to do something around
the house
Give, ask for and understand information about
important festivals
3B – Healthy Living
Say what kind of food and drink you prefer and
understand someone else doing the same
Give, ask for and understand information about
eating habits
Understand publicity and announcements about
food
Give, ask for and understand information about
healthy meals and how to prepare them
Give, ask for and understand information about
healthy and unhealthy lifestyles
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
radio and TV broadcasts about food and health
78
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle
My notes on 3A – Home Life ................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 3B - Healthy Living ..........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
79
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
3C – Part-time Jobs and Work Experience
Listen
Give, ask for and understand information about
travel to work: times, means of transport, how
long the journey lasts
Make a phone call and ask to speak to someone
Leave a simple telephone message: name,
telephone number, time to call back and
understand someone else doing the same
Give, ask for and understand information about
weekend jobs and work experience
Give information about whether suitable work is
available
Make arrangements to contact or be contacted
by phone, fax or email
80
Speak
Read
Write
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
My notes on 3C – Part-time Jobs and Work Experience..................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
81
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
3D – Leisure
Listen
Give, ask for and understand information about
TV programmes, radio, music, performers,
personalities
Give, ask for and understand opinions about TV
programmes, radio, music, performers,
personalities
Give, ask for and understand information about
leisure facilities, including times and prices
Make arrangements to go out, including
invitation, location, time and understand
someone else doing the same
Understand publicity about leisure activities
and public events
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
leisure activities and opportunities
Give, ask for and understand information and
preferences about events such as theatre,
films, dances
Give, ask for and understand information about
sporting events, including watching and taking
part
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
sporting events, including watching and taking
part
Narrate the main features of a book,
newspaper, television or radio programme, film
or play
82
Speak
Read
Write
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
My notes on 3D – Leisure......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
83
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
3E – Shopping
Listen
Speak
Understand signs and announcements in and
around shops including opening and closing
times, special offers, discounts, sales
Understand advertisements about shops and
shopping including opening and closing times,
special offers, discounts, sales
Give, ask for and understand information about
particular goods, including description, price,
quantity, size, availability, acceptability,
payment
Give, ask for and understand information about
shopping facilities in a town or area
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
shopping facilities in a town or area
Give, ask for and understand information about
shopping experiences and preferences
Give, ask for and understand opinions about
shopping experiences and preferences
Say you will or will not buy something, giving a
reason
Make a complaint about unsatisfactory goods,
giving reasons
Ask for a refund or replacement for
unsatisfactory goods
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 3
84
Read
Write
Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)
My notes on 3E – Shopping ...................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 3
85
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society
4A – Character and Personal Relationships
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about:
•
your and other people’s character and
personality
•
feelings and problems arising out of
personal relationships with parents or
friends or adults
•
personal feelings towards other people
•
the qualities of a good friend or
relationship
•
the character and personality of famous
people
•
issues about marriage and children
•
why parents or friends hold different views
4B – The Environment
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about:
•
types of housing in your area
•
transport issues in your area, traffic
congestion, public transport
•
reasons for pollution such as lack of
recycling, too much packaging, overuse of
energy
•
issues concerning conservation such as
recycling, wildlife, energy sources
•
factors which might lead to an ideal
environment
•
simple ways to improve the environment
86
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society
My notes on 4A – Character and Personal Relationships..................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 4B – The Environment .....................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
87
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)
4C – Education
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Listen
Speak
Read
Write
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about:
•
types of school, further education and
training
•
reasons for choices of study and training
•
issues at school or college such as rules,
uniform, choice of subjects, teaching
•
the benefits of school
•
difficulties encountered in study
•
ideas for improving study and social
facilities at school
•
the pressure for good results and
completing work and its effects on
relationships and social life
4D – Careers and Future Plans (after age 18)
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about:
•
plans for the time after completion of
formal education
•
the advantages and disadvantages of
different occupations – wages, working
conditions, prospects
•
long-term career plans and intentions
•
working abroad
•
future plans relating to marriage, family,
children, home, holidays
•
issues relating to pressures to earn money
or to study
•
the advantages and disadvantages of having
a break before further study
•
the pressure to follow an expected career
or study path versus your own personal
preference
88
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)
My notes on 4C – Education..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
My notes on 4D – Careers and Future Plans (after age 18) .............................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
89
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)
4E – Social Issues, Choices and
Responsibilities
Listen
Speak
Give, ask for and understand information and
opinions about:
•
seeking a job
•
advertisements
•
problems appropriate to age, experience
and interests
•
different family situations
•
issues associated with equal opportunities:
gender or race, at school or work
•
issues associated with media pressure, peer
pressure and parental pressure and
expectations
•
unemployment and the difficulties in finding
a job
•
problems arising from unemployment and/or
financial difficulties
•
issues concerning smoking, alcohol and drugs
•
issues about the consequences of addictions
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 4
90
Read
Write
Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)
My notes on 4E - Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities.........................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 4
91
92
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the
words!
There are hints and tips on how to discover the meaning
without needing your dictionary, too.
93
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
or How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words
In your GCSE examination you will sometimes need to understand or use words
which you haven’t met before. Don’t panic! This is where you need communication
strategies or ways of working out the answer even if you don’t know all the words.
The next few pages give you plenty of tips. Use these and your common sense and
you will find life much easier.
Understanding words when Listening and Reading
In the examination, as in real life, when you are listening to someone speaking
Spanish, you don’t have time to use a dictionary. When you are reading Spanish,
you would quickly lose the thread if you had to look up every word. So you need
some help in finding the meaning quickly, without any help from anywhere else.
It will help to ask yourself a few simple questions.
Do I need to read or listen to every word?
Sometimes the same thing will be written or said more than once, in different ways.
Sometimes there will be extra information which you do not need in order to answer
the question. In both cases, you need to know what’s important and what you can
ignore.
To help you pick out the information you really need to know so that you can answer
the question
•
make sure you really understand the question set
•
decide what kind of a question it is – is it asking for details, or for an overall
impression?
•
watch out for the words which will help you answer it, and ignore the rest.
Asking for details:
For example
“The girl was tall and thin, with brown hair. Her coat and shoes were blue.
She stopped at the kiosk and bought a newspaper.”
Question: ‘What colour were her clothes?’
To answer this you need to watch out only for words for colours and clothes. You can
ignore the rest of the sentence, because you don’t need the other words to answer this
question.
94
Asking for an overall impression:
When the question asks you to sum up what you have heard or read, or give an
overall impression, you will probably need to gather clues from different places in the
text. In this kind of question it is very important not to make snap judgements from
just one or two words – you need to read or listen right through to the end before
your decide on your answer.
For example
“Although he didn’t have much money, Jim always tried to help other
people. Jim was small and thin and his clothes were old but he would
rather give a few pence to charity than spend money on himself.”
Question: “What does this tell you about Jim’s character?”
To answer this, you need to watch out for the words which tell you about the kinds of
things Jim did. The question isn’t asking you what Jim looked like, so you can ignore
the words which tell you about his appearance and concentrate on the ones which tell
you how he behaved.
Are there any useful clues in the sentence?
The rest of the sentence can help you to work out the meaning of a word you don’t know.
The following sentences contain made-up words, but you can make a reasonable guess
at what kind of things they are from the rest of the sentence.
“The man was wearing a fizzo on his head.” (some kind of hat)
“The woman was accompanied by a long-haired bilpo on a long lead.”
(some kind of animal)
Intelligent guesswork of this kind can help you to make an attempt at the answer.
How can my knowledge of grammar help me?
If you know about how plurals of words are formed, how different tenses are made
and such things as the rules for making words agree with each other, you will have
some idea of what kind of unknown word you are dealing with. This can help you to
make an intelligent guess at its meaning.
Look at this example in English:
‘The hungry cows waited at the gate.’
Here are some of the things which you know about English and which would help in
working out what kind of words you are dealing with.
•
•
•
Adding ‘-s’ usually makes a noun plural in English
Adding ‘-ed’ to a verb usually makes a verb into the past tense
A word between ‘the’ and a noun is often an adjective describing the noun
95
Using clues of this kind in Spanish can help you to find your way through the sentence
and to work out
•
•
what kind of word you are dealing with
how the sentence as a whole fits together.
What do I know about the Spanish way of life?
If you know something about the country and the way of life of the people whose
language you are studying, you will have a better chance of working out what
something means.
For example, your knowledge of the money they use could help you. It is obvious,
from your knowledge of British currency, that
•
“They paid three pence for the cinema tickets” is nonsense, but
•
“They paid three pounds for the cinema tickets” makes sense.
Knowledge of this kind can also help you making sense of Spanish.
Are there any patterns in the language to help me?
It can help you to unravel the meaning of a word if you understand how the word
itself has been put together. Look particularly for prefixes (letters added to the front
of a word) and suffixes (letters added to the end of the word).
For example
•
the prefix ‘des-’ makes a word meaning the opposite of its original meaning, eg.
hacer
deshacer
-
conocido
desconocido •
to do
to undo
known
unknown
The suffixes ‘-ito/-ita’ and ‘-illo/-illa’ make something smaller, e.g.
un perro
un perrito
-
a dog
a little dog
una casa
una casita
-
a house
a little house
una mesa
una mesilla -
a table
a little table
96
•
•
•
the suffix ‘-ería’ often indicates the shop where an article is sold and the suffix
‘-ero/-era’ indicates the word for the shopkeeper, e.g.
fruta
una frutería
un frutero/una frutera
-
fruit
a fruit shop
fruit seller
un reloj
una relojería
un relojero/una relojera
-
a watch
a watchmaker’s shop
a watchmaker
the suffixes ‘dad’, ‘-eza’ and ‘-ura’ often make adjectives into nouns, e.g.
limpio
la limpieza
-
clean
cleanliness, cleaning
sucio
la suciedad
-
dirty
dirtiness
hermoso
la hermosura
-
beautiful
beauty
the suffix ‘-dor’ makes a verb into an adjective or a noun, e.g.
hablar
hablador
-
to talk
talkative
trabajar
trabajador
un trabajador
-
to work
hardworking
a worker
comprar
un comprador
-
to buy
a buyer, purchaser
Understanding words when Reading
Here are some extra hints to help you understand words which you have not met
before when you are reading. Try asking yourself the following questions.
Are any words the same as in English?
There are a lot of words which look the same as in English and have the same, or
almost the same meaning. These words are often called cognates. They can help
you to understand words you don’t know in Spanish, though you do need to be
careful, as you’ll see below.
Here are some cognates
animal
central
horrible
-
animal
central
horrible
97
piano
ping-pong
principal
zoo
-
piano
ping-pong, table tennis
principal, main
zoo
And some near-cognates – words which have nearly the same spelling in Spanish as
in English. Here are some examples:
accidente
familia
inteligente
medicina
número
policía
sardina
teléfono
vocabulario
-
accident
family
intelligent
medicine
number
police
sardine
telephone
vocabulary
BEWARE! There are also a few ‘false friends’ – words which look the same in
Spanish and English but have different meanings. Watch out for words such as
actual
conductor
enfrente de
estar constipado
largo
un pariente
sensible
simpático
-
present-day
driver
opposite
to have a cold
long
a relative
sensitive
nice
What else helps?
There are a lot of words in Spanish which you can understand if you know a few
simple spelling rules. These will help you to work out what the word is in English.
Here are some examples:
•
Words where ‘f’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘ph’ in English, e.g.
farmacia
física
foto
frase
-
pharmacy, chemist’s
physics
photo
phrase, sentence
98
•
Words which begin ‘esp-’ or ‘est-’ in Spanish and ‘spa-’ or ‘st-’ in English,
e.g.
español
especial
estéreo
estudiar
estúpido
•
mature
operator
-
to disconnect
to disembark
-
to announce
to pronounce
Words where two vowels in Spanish become a single vowel in English, e.g.
compartimiento
puerto
•
-
Words where ‘-un-’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘-oun-’ in English, e.g.
anunciar
pronunciar
•
authentic
author
cathedral
theatre
Words where ‘des-’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘dis-’ in English, e.g.
desconectar
desembarcar
•
-
Words where a ‘-d-’ between two vowels in Spanish is replaced by ‘-t-’ in
English, e.g.
maduro
operador
•
Spanish
special
stereo
to study
stupid
Words where ‘t’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘th’ in English, e.g.
auténtico
autor
catedral
teatro
•
-
-
compartment
port
A lot of words in the two languages are basically the same apart from the
ending, e.g.
activo
pianista
medicina
aire
color
admirar
decorar
generalmente
furioso
acción
-
active
pianist
medicine
air
colour
to admire
to decorate
generally
furious
action
99
-
protestante
inteligencia
fanático
sociedad
canadiense
•
protestant
intelligence
fanatical
society
Canadian
Remember that Spanish is very much a phonetic language (one where words
are spelt as they are pronounced) so the sound of the word can often help you
guess the English, e.g.
-
cuestión
quiosco
question
kiosk
Understanding words when Listening
It is easier to use guidelines when you are reading than when you are listening to
Spanish because you have more time to stop and think about the unknown word and
the words around it. All the same, there are some ways in which you can help
yourself.
Are there any words the same as in English?
There are many words which sound the same, or almost the same as in English, and
have the same meaning, such as
aspirina
cruel
foto
hospital
hotel
instrumento
kilo
normal
taxi
televisión
How else can I help myself?
Some words which look the same as in English do not sound the same, but if you
know something about sound patterns in Spanish you will find them easier to
recognise. Here are some examples where knowing about sound patterns can help.
acento
circuito
isla
policía
zoo
-
accent
circuit
isle, island
police
zoo
100
Producing words in Speaking & Writing
When you are speaking or writing in Spanish you sometimes find yourself ‘lost for
words’. Think about what you do if this happens to you when you are speaking your
own language.
You get your message across either
•
non-verbally by using your face or hands, perhaps with a few words, to show
what you mean,
or
•
verbally by talking your way round the problem.
You can do exactly the same things in Spanish.
What can I do to get my message across non-verbally?
This method of communication can be useful when you are speaking Spanish
abroad, but you should not rely on it in the Speaking Test, because the examiner can
only mark what you say!
All the same, it is worth knowing what you could do. Here are some ideas.
•
Pointing & showing, e.g.
- Showing the size of something with your hands and saying ‘Así de grande.’
- Pointing at an object and saying ‘¿Qué es?’
- Pointing to where it hurts and saying ‘Me duele aquí.’
•
Expression, e.g.
- Showing surprise or anger by tone of voice
- Showing anger, surprise, fear or pleasure by look on your face
•
Mime, e.g.
You’ve forgotten how to say ‘Can I help you by drying the dishes?’ You could
mime the action of the drying dishes while saying ‘¿Te puedo ayudar?’
•
Drawing e.g.
To show how you get from one point to another, such as from your house to
the station.
101
How can I get my message across verbally, if I don’t know all the
words?
There are ways of doing this, and it’s well worth practising them because they are
useful in lots of different situations, not just the Speaking Test. All of them are better
than saying nothing. Here are some ideas.
•
Using a word which refers to a similar thing. For example, if you can’t
remember how to say:
‘catedral’
you could say
‘iglesia grande’
‘abrigo’
you could say
‘impermeable’
‘rosa’
you could say
‘flor’
‘dormitorio’
you could say
‘cuarto’
‘vaso’
you could say
‘taza’
‘supermercado’
you could say
‘tienda’
You could make a list of others which you might find useful.
•
Describing something
You could describe the thing you’ve forgotten the word for. For example if you can’t
remember how to say:
•
‘parada de
autobús’
you could say
‘donde viene el
autobús
‘albergue juvenil’
you could say
‘hotel para jóvenes’
‘limón’
you could say
‘fruta amarilla’
‘abrelatas’
you could say
‘la cosa que se utiliza
para abrir una botella’
‘conejo’
you could say
‘el animal con las
orejas grandes’
Using simpler language
If you can’t communicate your idea exactly as you want to, try saying it more
simply e.g.
If you can’t say ‘Le ruego que me envíe….’
you could say ‘¿Quiere enviarme ….?’
102
If you can’t say ‘Llegué a las cinco.’
you could say ‘Estaba aquí a las cinco.’
Is it all right if I just invent a word?
No-please don’t! It really isn’t a good idea. At best you will probably have a word
which doesn’t exist and at worst one which means something quite different from
what you intended and which leads you into a lot of awkward explanations!
Using a dictionary
REMEMBER – you can use a dictionary for classwork and for coursework, but you
cannot use it in the examination.
A dictionary is a useful tool, but it isn’t a substitute for learning words and learning
how to communicate. Like most tools, a dictionary is only as good as the person
using it. It’s worth the effort to find out how your dictionary works and to practise
using it.
Here are some hints to help you get the best out of your dictionary.
What do I need to remember when looking up a word?
You will find words much more quickly if you remember that
•
a bilingual dictionary comes in two halves – Spanish-English, followed by
English-Spanish
•
the words are listed in alphabetical order, so you need to know what the
alphabetical order is for Spanish
•
the words at the top of the page will help you find the word you want
•
your knowledge of grammar will help you to find the word you want – for
example, it is no use looking up tiene because verbs are listed as infinitives
(tener). Similarly, fue will be listed as ser, pongo as poner, trajeron as traer,
and so on.
•
In the same way, tendera will be found under the masculine form tendero and
feminine and plural adjectives will also be listed under the masculine singular
form, so amarilla will be found under amarillo, charlatana will be listed under
charlatán, jóvenes will be found under joven and so on.
•
Adverbs formed by adding –mente to an adjective may not be listed
separately, so to find the meaning of tranquilamente (calmly) you may have to
look up tranquilo (calm).
103
What can help me to understand the dictionary entry now that I’ve
found it?
Quick ways of giving you information are used in dictionaries. You need to know
what these are, so that you can find your way through the entry easily and without
wasting time.
Remember that
•
feminine and plural forms are often given without writing the word out in full,
for example
tendero, -a
profesor(a)
joven - young; los ~es young people
inglés - English; los ~es the English
•
abbreviations are used to show parts of speech e.g.
n
m
f
v
adj
noun
masculine
feminine
verb
adjective
Make sure that you know where the list of abbreviations is in your dictionary, and
what they mean. Practise looking up works and working your way through the entry
for them. You need to be able to use your dictionary quickly and confidently if you
are to get the best out of it.
How do I choose the correct word from the ones I’m given?
Sometimes you look up a word and find that several different translations are given.
This can be a problem – if you choose the wrong one, you won’t be saying what you
intended.
For example
•
You look up ‘lie’ in your dictionary. The words you find are
mentir, acostarse, encontrarse
You might find that all you needed was a reminder – perhaps acostarse looks familiar
straight away and so you pick that.
But sometimes none of the words you have to choose from look familiar, so what do
you do now? The only thing you can do is look each one up in the Spanish - English
part of the dictionary, and see which fits the meaning you had in mind. For the
example we are using, you would find something like
mentir
acostarse
encontrarse
means
means
means
‘to tell lies’
‘to lie down’ or ‘to go to bed’
‘to be situated’
104
This shows that the words actually match different meanings of ‘lie’ in English. Now
that you know this you can choose sensibly the word you need.
•
Likewise, if you looked up the word ‘beat’ in a dictionary you might find you
had to choose between the following:
means
means
means
means
latido
compás
golpear
vencer
‘heartbeat’
‘a musical beat’
‘to strike’
‘to defeat’
Only by checking in the Spanish-English part of the dictionary can you be sure to
have chosen the right word.
Will I do best if I look up every word?
No! A dictionary can help you, but it’s only as good as the person using it. If you
don’t know how Spanish works and how it fits together, the dictionary can’t do it for
you. There really is no substitute for learning vocabulary and grammar.
Looking up every word can lead you into writing gibberish. This is because people
often communicate their thoughts by groups of words.
For example, if you looked up every word to translate ‘I want to leave school’ in
Spanish you could come out with Yo falta a permiso escuela. These are Spanish
words, one for each English word, but as a group they wouldn’t mean anything to a
Spanish-speaker.
So think about how Spanish communicates ideas, and keep well away from wordfor-word translation.
To sum it all up….
If you
•
know your vocabulary
•
know how Spanish works – its grammar and structures and how it all fits
together
•
learn to use communication strategies and practise them as often as possible
you will stand a very good chance of producing good work in the examination and,
better still, being a person who understands and communicates Spanish well. In
other words, you’ll get real pleasure from being able to talk to Spanish-speakers and
from being able to understand their language and way of life.
¡MUCHA SUERTE!
105
106
GRAMMAR
Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives,
prepositions – how to make sentences that make sense!
107
SPANISH GRAMMAR SELF-HELP GUIDE
1.
Nouns (gender)
Nouns are things, people or places. So words like book, teacher and house are all
nouns. In Spanish, all nouns have a gender, either masculine (m), or feminine (f). It
is important to remember this as it affects other words in the language, too,
especially adjectives.
In general, nouns ending in the letter o in Spanish are masculine, and nouns ending
in the letter a are feminine. So libro (book) is masculine and casa (house) is
feminine. A word like teacher could refer to a man or a woman, so in fact there are
two words for teacher in Spanish, profesor (masculine) and profesora (feminine).
The gender of other nouns often has to be learnt as it is not possible to generalise,
but here are some helpful tips:
nouns ending in –ma are usually masculine
clima, crucigrama, problema, programa, sistema
nouns ending in –aje, -or, -án, or any stressed vowel (á, é etc.) are usually
masculine
garaje, conductor, desván, sofá, café
nouns ending in –ión, -dad, and –tad are usually feminine
natación, ciudad, libertad
nouns ending in –ista can be either masculine or feminine!
artista, ciclista
Unfortunately, some nouns also break the rules! Here are some of the common
ones:
día (m), mapa (m), planeta (m), avión (m), camión (m)
mano (f), foto (f), moto (f), flor (f), radio (f)
If you are not sure whether a noun is masculine or feminine, check it out in a
dictionary before learning it. Symbols may vary between dictionaries. For instance
the letters nm or (m) after a noun mean it is masculine, and the letters nf or (f)
indicate that it is feminine.
2.
Nouns (plural)
Nouns ending in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) are made plural by adding s.
hermano ! hermanos; mesa ! mesas; café ! cafés
108
Nouns ending in a consonant are made plural by adding –es.
árbol ! árboles; ciudad ! cuidades; jugador ! jugadores
but if the last letter is –z it becomes a –c before adding –es.
actriz ! actrices; lápiz ! lápices
If the noun has an accent on the last vowel in its singular form, the accent disappears
in the plural.
habitación ! habitaciones; jardín ! jardines
Compound nouns (nouns made up of two words) only make the first word plural.
museo de arte ! museos de arte; traje de baño ! trajes de baño
3.
Nouns (indefinite articles – a and some)
You need to know the gender of the noun in Spanish before you can say a (or an).
For a masculine word:
un libro (a book); un profesor (a male teacher)
For a feminine word:
una casa (a house); una profesora (a female teacher)
To save you repeating the noun when you answer a question, use uno (to replace a
masculine word, and una to replace a feminine word).
¿Hay un banco por aquí?
Sí, hay uno en la Plaza Mayor.
¿Tienes una manzana hoy?
Sí, tengo una.
Is there a bank near here?
Yes, there’s one in the Main Square.
Have you got an apple today?
Yes, I have got one.
You also need to know the gender of the noun before you can say some.
For masculine words:
unos plátanos (some bananas)
For feminine words:
unas fresas (some strawberries)
Note: It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when saying what somebody’s
profession is..
Es mecánico = He’s a mechanic; Es camarera = She’s a waitress.
109
If you use an adjective to describe the person however, you will need the
indefinite article.
Es un mecánico trabajador = He’s a hard-working mechanic.
4.
Nouns (definite articles – the)
There are four words used in Spanish for the. Which one you use depends on
whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural. The following table
shows you which one to use when.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
el
los
Feminine
la
las
= My bicycle is in the garage.
= The window is broken
= Pass me the books, please
= Where are the magazines?
Mi bicicleta está en el garage.
La ventana está rota.
Pásame los libros, por favor.
¿Dónde están las revistas?
Note: You may need a definite article in Spanish when talking about languages, but
not when you use the verb hablar (to speak)
= Spanish is fun!
= I speak English.
¡El español es divertido!
Hablo inglés.
Special article: You can use lo followed by an adjective to mean the……thing
Lo importante es aprender vocabulario
The important thing is to learn vocabulary.
Lo malo es que tenemos muchos deberes.
The bad thing is that we have losts of homework.
5.
Nouns (definite articles with ‘a’ and ‘de’)
The Spanish preposition a means to or at. The Spanish preposition de means of or
from.
With masculine singular nouns you need to combine:
a + el
de + el
!
!
(to the…/ at the…)
(of the…/ from the…)
al
del
For all other nouns the prepositions and definite articles stay unchanged.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
al
a los
Masculine
del
de los
Feminine
a la
a las
Feminine
de la
de las
= How do I get to the market?
= Turn right at the end of the bridge.
¿Para llegar al mercado?
Tuerza a la derecha al final del puente.
110
6.
Adjectives (agreement)
The endings of Spanish adjectives change according to the gender of the noun they
describe. It is often said that they must “agree” with noun. An adjective ending in –o,
for example, will have four different forms:
un libro rojo = a red block
una toalla roja = a red towel
unos zapatos rojos = some red shoes
unas sillas rojas
= some red chairs
(masculine singular)
(feminine singular)
(masculine plural)
(feminine plural)
Here is a summary of the different patterns of adjective endings:
SINGULAR
masculine feminine
-o
-a
-a
-a
-e
-e
- l, - s
- l, - s
PLURAL
masculine feminine
- os
- as
- as
- as
- es
- es
+ es
+ es
- ol
- és
- án
- or
- oles
- eses
- anes
- ores
- ola
- esa
- ana
- ora
- olas
- esas
- anas
- oras
Examples (m, f, mpl, fpl)
rojo, roja, rojos, rojas
optimista, optimista, optimistas, optimistas
grande, grande, grandes, grandes
azul, azul, azules, azules, gris, gris, grises,
grises
español, española, españoles, españolas
inglés, ingesa, ingleses, inglesas
alemán, alemana, alemanes, alemanas
hablador, habladora, habladores,habladoras
Note: The plural form of joven (young) becomes jóvenes (gaining an accent, in
order to keep the stress on the letter –o).
Una casa grande
Cuatro libros españoles
Muchos turistas ingleses
Una máquina de fotos alemana
Tengo los ojos azules
Mi hermana es trabajadora
Mis primos son jóvenes
Mis padres son optimistas
7.
A big house
Four Spanish books
Many English tourists
A German camera
I have blue eyes
My sister is hard-working
My cousins are young
My parents are optimistic
Adjectives (position)
Most Spanish adjectives follow the noun they describe, specially if they are fairly
long. This is quite different to the position of the adjective in English!
= It’s an industrial city.
= It was a romantic film.
Es una ciudad industrial.
Fue una película romántica.
If you want to use two adjectives together they can be linked with the word y (and),
but they still follow the noun they describe.
= He’s a kind and dedicated teacher.
Es un profesor simpático y dedicado.
111
Some short adjectives can be placed in front of the noun they describe, however.
= My first visit to Mexico.
= The last lesson of the day.
= The poor boy fell into water.
Mi primera visita a México.
La última clase del día.
El pobre niño cayó al agua.
Note: These adjectives lose the final -o if they are placed in front of a masculine
singular noun.
alguno
bueno
malo
!algún
!buen
!mal
grande
primero
tercero
!gran
!primer
!tercer
= Carlos is a good friend of mine.
= Picasso was a great painter.
= The first day of the holidays.
= I won the third prize.
Carlos es un buen amigo mío.
Picasso fue un gran pintor.
El primer día de las vacaciones.
Gané el tercer premio.
Certain adjectives change their meaning, depending on whether they are placed
before or after the noun. Compare the following pairs of examples:
= my former house
= an ancient house
= a great problem
= a big (large) table
= a new (= another) car
= a brand new car
mi antigua casa
una casa antigua
un gran problema
una mesa grande
un nuevo coche
un coche nuevo
8.
Adjectives (comparison)
There are three key phrases that enable you to compare and contrast different
things, people or places. They are as follows:
más…que…
menos…que…
tan…como…
more…than…
less…than…
as…as…
In English the letters –er are often added to make a comparison (e.g. dear ! dearer;
cheap ! cheaper), but for Spanish it would be like saying more (dear/cheap)
than…Look at these examples:
Este abanico es más caro que el otro.
This fan is dearer than the other one.
La historia es menos interesante que la geografía.
History is less interesting than Geography.
María es tan guapa como Sofía.
María is as pretty as Sofía.
¿Tiene usted una talla más pequeña?
Have you got a smaller size?
112
Note: There are some special comparative forms you need to be aware of:
bueno (good) ! mejor (better)
malo (bad) ! peor (worse)
Mi español es mejor que mi fancés.
My Spanish is better than my French.
Mis notas son peores que las tuyas.
My marks are worse than yours.
And don’t forget mayor (older/elder) and menor (younger).
= Do you know my elder sister?
= My brothers are younger than me.
¿Conoces a mi hermana mayor?
Mis hermanos son menores que yo.
Note: When using a number in the comparison, you need to change que to de.
= I earn more than £5 an hour.
Gano más de cinco libras por hora.
9. Adjectives (superlatives)
By adding el / la / los / las in front of the noun in the phrases of comparison above,
the meaning changes more.. ! the most… (or from less…! the least). In English the
letters –est are often added to make a superlative (e.g. dear ! dearest; cheap !
cheapest), but in Spanish it would be like saying most (dear/cheap). Notice the
“agreements” as you look at these examples:
= the cheapest car
= the least interesting film
= the longest days
= the most beautiful beaches
= Have you got a larger size?
= No this is the largest I have
el coche más barato
la película menos interesante
los días más largos
las playas más bonitas
¿Tiene usted una talla más grande?
No, ésta es la más grande que tengo
Note: Spanish uses de after the superlative although English use in.
= the laziest pupil in the class
el alumno más perezoso de la clase
10.
Adjectives (miscellaneous)
‘Demonstrative’ adjectives (this, that) also have to agree with the noun they are used
with.
Singular:
this
that
that…over there
Masculine
este
ese
aquel
Feminine
esta
esa
aquella
Plural:
these
those
those…over there
113
Masculine
estos
esos
aquellos
Feminine
estas
esas
aquellas
= How much is this T-shirt?
= Who is that man?
= What is there in those boxes over there?
¿Cuánto cuesta esta camiseta?
¿Quién es ese hombre?
¿Qué hay en aquellas cajas?
‘Indefinite’ adjectives include words like cada, otro, todo, mismo, alguno and
ninguno.
The word cada (each / every) never changes.
Cada alumno tiene un cuaderno.
= Each pupil has an exercise book.
It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when using the adjective otro (other,
another).
= Do you want another lemonade?
¿Quieres otra limonada?
The words todo (all, every), and mismo (same) “agree” with the noun as normal.
Todas las chicas practican los mismos deportes.
All the girls do the same sports.
The words alguno (a, some) and ninguno (not any, no) lose their final –o if they are
placed in front of a masculine singular noun.
¿Tienes algún libro sobre la gramática española?
Have you got a book on Spanish grammar?
‘Possessive’ adjectives (my, your, his, her, etc.) have masculine, feminine and plural
forms too.
(m.sing)
(f.sing)
(m.pl)
(f.pl)
my
mi
mi
mis
mis
your(singular, informal)
tu
tu
tus
tus
his, her, your (formal)
su
su
sus
sus
our
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
your (plural, informal)
vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
su
su
sus
sus
their, your (formal)
Note: To ask who something belongs to, you could use the question ¿De quién es?
114
The following possessive adjectives could be used in the answer and must
‘agree’ with the noun they refer to.
(m.sing)
(f.sing)
(m.pl)
(f.pl)
mine
mío
mía
míos
mías
yours(singular, informal)
tuyo
tuya
tuyos
tuyas
his, hers, yours (formal)
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
ours
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
yours (plural, informal)
vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
theirs, yours (formal)
¿De quién es esta chaqueta?
¿Es tuya? – No, es mía.
¿De quiénes son estos libros?
¿Son vuestros? – No, son nuestros.
= Whose jacket is this?
= Is it yours? – No it’s mine?
= Whose are these books?
= Are they yours? - No they’re ours.
Note: To indicate who something belongs to by name, remember that Spanish
doesn’t use an apostrophe followed by the letter ‘s’ as English does. You
need the word de after the item followed by the person’s name.
= Juan’s house
= my grandparent’s neighbours
la casa de Juan
los vecinos de mis abuelos
Note: In adjectival phrases the word cuyo (cuya, cuyos, cuyas) means whose and
must ‘agree’ with the noun it ‘describes’.
11.
Adverbs
Adverbs describe how things are done so they qualify verbs. They usually
correspond to words in English ending in –ly (e.g. quickly, easily). In Spanish the
majority of adverbs end in –mente. You need to use the feminine form of the
adjective before adding this ending.
lento (slow) (m)
fácil (easy) (m)
desgraciado (unfortunate) (m)
! lenta
(f)
! fácil (f)
! desgraciada (f)
! Ientamente
! fácilmente
!
desgraciadamente
Note: If you need to use two adverbs together, then remove the –mente from the
first one.
115
Habla clara y lentamente, por favor.
= Speak clearly and slowly please.
The following words are adverbs in their own right, and do not end in –mente.
bien (well); mal (badly); despacio (slowly); rápido (quickly)
= I speak Spanish well.
= I play the piano badly.
= Read the text slowly!
= Come here – quickly!
Hablo bien el español.
Toco mal el piano.
¡Lee el texto despacio!
¡Ven aquí – rápido!
Note: The word quickly has two forms in Spanish – rápido and rápidamente.
In some cases it is more common to form adverbial phrases rather than adverbs from
the adjectives.
con entusiasmo
en secreto
de manera sorprendente
= enthusiastically (with enthusiasm)
= secretly (in secret)
= surprisingly (in a suprising way)
Here are some examples of the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs:
Felipe explicó el problema más claramente que Susana.
Felipe explained the problem more clearly than Susana.
Yo hablo francés más correctamente que Teresa pero ella escribe mejor.
I speak French more correctly than Teresa, but she writes best.
There are many phrases of place and time that are classified as adverbs because
they qualify the verbs they are associated with. You can find many of these in subsections 2 (a, b, d, g) and 3 (a, b, c, d, e, g, i) in the general vocabulary section of the
specifications. Here are a few examples:
Place:
Es muy tranquilo vivir aquí.
Hay que seguir todo recto.
Vamos allí todos los días.
Time:
¿Adónde vamos ahora?
El tren no ha llegado todavía.
¡Ya he terminado!
= It’s very quiet living here.
= You have to go straight on.
= We go there every day.
= Where are we going now?
= The train hasn’t arrived yet.
= I’ve already finished!
116
Common adverbial phrases can refer to time or place and can be found in the same
sections of the specifications mentioned above. Here are a few examples:
a veces
muchas veces
de vez en cuando
12.
sometimes
often
now and again
dentro de poco
por todas partes
en otra parte
soon
everywhere
elsewhere
Qualifiers/intensifiers
You can change the strength of your descriptions by adding these useful words in
front of your adjectives:
muy
= very
bastante
= fairly, rather Es bastante difícil.
= It’s fairly difficult.
demasiado
= too
Es demasiado caro.
= It’s too expensive.
un poco
= a little (bit)
Es un poco sucio.
= It’s a little bit dirtly.
poco
= little
Es poco útil.
= It’s little use.
casi
= almost
Está casi vacío.
= It’s almost empty.
no…nada
= not at all
No es nada divertido.
= It’s not at all fun.
Es muy interesante.
= It’s very interesting.
Note: You can also convey the sense of very by adding –ísimo on to the end of
some adjectives, but you must remember to make them agree with the nouns
they are describing.
= a very rare coin
= some very tired children
una moneda rarísima
unos niños cansadísimos
You can change the strength of your verbs by adding these useful words after them:
13.
mucho
= a lot
Me gusta mucho el té.
= I like tea a lot.
bastante
= enough
No duermo bastante.
= I don’t sleep enough.
demasiado
= too much Grito demasiado.
poco
= little, not
much
= I shout too much.
Leo poco los sábados. = I don’t read much on
Saturday.
Pronouns (subject and object)
Pronouns can replace nouns as the ‘subject’ or an ‘object’ of a sentence.
Subject pronouns tend to be used less in Spanish than in English. They are seldom
used in front of verbs, for example, since the verb ending is usually enough to
indicate who or what the subject is.
117
Subject pronouns
SINGULAR
PLURAL
yo
I
nosotros/as
we
tú
you (informal)
vosotros/as
you (informal)
él
he
ellos
they (m)
ella
she
ellas
they (f)
usted
you (formal)
ustedes
you (formal)
They might be used for emphasis. It is enough to say vivo ‘I live’, but it would stress
the difference more to say Todos mis amigos viven en la ciudad, pero yo vivo en
el campo ‘All my friends live in the town, but I live in the country.’
Object pronouns can de divided into two groups: direct object pronouns, and
indirect object pronouns. In the question and answer ‘Did you give the book to Mum
and Dad? – Yes, I gave it to them’ there are two objects: the direct object is the book
(or it) and the indirect object is to Mum and Dad (or to them).
Direct object pronouns
SINGULAR
PLURAL
me
me
nos
us
te
you (informal)
os
you (informal)
le, lo
him, it
los (m), las (f)
them (objects)
la
her, it
les (m), las (f)
them (people)
le (m), la (f)
you (formal)
les (m), las (f)
you (formal)
Note: Object pronouns usually come before the verb in Spanish. When using the
perfect tense they come before the auxilliary verb haber. However, you
should put the object pronoun after an imperative or an infinitive, and this may
mean that you need to add an accent on the verb in order to keep the original
stress.
¿Tienes el boli? – Sí, lo tengo
¿Ves esas sillas? – Sí, las veo.
¿Conoces a Pepe? – Sí, le concozco
¿Has visto la película? – Sí, la he visto.
¡Abre le botella! – Sí, ábrela.
Lo siento pero ¡no puedo abrirla!
118
= Have you got the pen? – Yes I’ve got it
= Do you see those chairs? – Yes I see them
=Do you know Pepe? Yes, I know him.
=Have you seen the film? – Yes, I’ve seen it.
=Open the bottle! Yes, open it!
=I’m sorry, but I can’t open it!
Indirect object pronouns
SINGULAR
PLURAL
me
to me
nos
to us
te
to you (informal)
os
to you (informal)
le
to him
les
to them (m)
le
to her
les
to them (f)
le
to you (formal)
les
to you (formal)
Mis padres no me dan dinero.
Te daré el libro mañana.
Nos mandaron una postal.
Les ofrecí unos chocolates.
¡Escríbeme pronto!
Voy a hablarle en seguida.
=My parents don’t give me money (i.e.to me).
=I’ll give you the book tomorrow (i.e to you).
=They sent us a postcard (i.e. to us).
=I offered them some chocolates (i.e to them).
=Write to me soon!
=I’m going to speak to him right away.
Note: If you need to use an indirect and a direct object pronoun together with the
same verb, the indirect pronoun comes first.
¿Sacaste tus notas? – Sí, mi profesor me las dio esta mañana?
Did you get your marks? – Yes, my teacher gave me them this morning (i.e to me).
To avoid two pronouns beginning with the letter ‘I’ coming together, the indirect
object pronouns ‘le’ and ‘les’ change to se.
¿Devolviste el boli a María? – Sí, se lo devolví durante el recreo.
Did you return the biro to María? – Yes I returned it to her during break.
14.
Pronouns (reflexive)
Reflexive pronouns are used with certain verbs to indicate something you do ‘to
yourself’. They always appear on the end of the infinitive (e.g. lavarse = to wash
oneself), but they move in from on the verb when it is conjugated. They are used in
the same way no matter what tense of the verb is, but remember to put them in front
of the auxiliary verb haber in compound tenses like the perfect and pluperfect tenses
(see sections 34 and 35).
Reflexive pronouns
SINGULAR
PLURAL
me
myself
nos
ourselves
te
yourself (informal)
os
yourselves (informal)
se
himself, herself
se
themselves
se
yourself (formal)
se
yourselves (formal)
119
Me lavo en el cuarto de baño.
¿A qué hora te levantaste?
Ayer nos divertimos mucho.
Se había despertado tarde.
¡Vamos a sentarnos aquí!
15.
=I wash (myself) in the bathroom.
=What time did you get (yourself) up?
=We enjoyed ourselves a lot yesterday.
=He had woken (himself) up late.
=Let’s sit (ourselves) down here!
Pronouns (relative)
The word que can be used to link an activity or description to a person or thing. It
corresponds to the English words who, that or which (although sometimes in English
this word is omitted altogether). The word quien (pl. quienes) is also used, but only
to refer to people, and usually after a preposition.
La mujer que vive aquí es profesora.
The woman who lives here is a teacher.
El libro que leo es muy interesante.
The book (that) I’m reading is very interesting.
El chico con quien hablaba es mi primo.
The boy I was talking to (= to whom I was talking) is my cousin.
After prepositions and for clarity it is also possible to use el que (or el cual), la que
(or la cual), and their plural versions to refer to people or things, as in the following
examples:
Éstos son los coches detrás de los que nos escondimos.
These are the cars (that) we hid behind (= behind which we hid)
Fui a visitar a la madre de Antonio, la cual está en el hospital.
I went to visit Antonio’s mother who is in hospital.
Note: When refering to something indefinite, you can use lo que which corresponds
to what in English.
No entiendo lo que dices.
¡Lo que necesito es descansar!
16.
=I don’t understand what you’re saying.
=What I need is a rest!
Pronouns (disjunctive)
Always used after a preposition, disjunctive pronouns are not directly linked to a verb.
120
Disjunctive pronouns
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mí
me
nosotros
us
ti
you (informal)
vosotros
you (informal)
él
him
ellos
them (m)
ella
her
ellas
them (f)
usted
you (formal)
ustedes
you (formal)
=This present is for you
=They’re always talking about me.
Este regalo es para ti.
Siempre están hablando de mí
Note: When using the preposition con (with) there are two special forms that replace
the pronouns mí and ti. They are conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).
¿Quieres ir al cine conmigo?
17.
=Do you want to go to the cinema with me?
Pronouns (demonstrative)
These are identical to the demonstrative adjectives, but they all have an accent on
them to indicate that they are pronouns. Each one needs to ‘agree’ with the previous
noun it refers to.
Singular:
Masculine
Feminine
this one
éste
ésta
that one
ése
ésa
aquél
aquélla
that one over there
Plural:
Masculine
Feminine
these ones
éstos
éstas
those ones
ésos
ésas
aquéllos
aquéllas
those ones over there
No me gusta esta camiseta. Prefiero ésa.
I don’t like this T-shirt. I prefer that one.
Note: If you refer to a general idea rather than a specific noun, you need to use
esto, eso/aquello.
Tenemos más deberes que nunca ahora, y ¡eso no me gusta nada!
We’ve got more homework than ever just now, and I don’t like that at all!
Note: If you want to refer to an unspecified thing you should use the word algo, and
to refer to an unspecified person you should use the word alguien.
¿Tiene usted algo para el dolor de garganta?
Have you got something (anything) for a sore throat?
¡Alguien me ha robado la bicicleta!
Someone has stolen my bicycle!
121
18.
Pronouns (interrogative)
When forming a question, you may need one of these three interrogative pronouns
¿cuál?
= which one (e.g. of a choice of two)?
¿Cuál (de los coches) prefieres – el verde o el azul?
Which (of the cars) do you prefer – the green one or the blue one?
¿qué?
= What?
¿Qué te gusta hacer en tus ratos libres?
What do you like doing in your spare time?
19.
Pronouns (possessive)
These are identical to the possessive adjectives but need the definite article in front
of them to show they are pronouns.
(m.sing)
(f.sing)
(m.pl)
(f.pl)
mine
el mío
la mía
los míos
las mías
yours (singular, informal)
el tuyo
la tuya
los tuyos
las tuyas
his, her, yours (formal)
el suyo
la suya
los suyos
las suyas
ours
el nuestro
la nuestra
los nuestros
las nuestras
yours (plural, informal)
el vuestro
la vuestra
los vuestros
las vuestras
el suyo
la suya
los suyos
las suyas
theirs, yours (formal)
¿Os gustan los postres? – El mío está muy rico, pero el suyo parece horrible.
Do you like the desserts? – Mine is delicious, but his seems horrible.
20.
Verbs (general)
Verbs are words that indicate an action. They all have a basic form that is called an
infinitive, and this is the version that appears in dictionaries and word lists. In
Spanish you can recognise an infinitive by its ending. There are three main endings:
(-ar), (-er) and (-ir). Occasionally there may be a reflexive pronoun (-se) on the end
as well. For most situations you need to change this infinitive ending in order to
identify who carries out the action - the person, and when the action takes place - the
time, or tense. This process of changing the verb is called ‘conjugation’. To
conjugate a verb usually involves removing the infinitive ending and replacing it with
different letters, all of which designate a different ‘person’.
Conventionally, verbs are listed in a consistent pattern that helps learning. Starting
with the singular forms, then going on to the plural forms, the order of each ‘person’
122
never changes and is outlined below. Since the form of the verb is the same for the
singular parts él (he), ella (she) and usted (you, formal), and the plural parts ellos
(they, m), ellas (they, f) and ustedes (you, formal plural), verbs are frequently listed
with only three singular parts and three plural parts.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
(yo)
I
(nosotros)
we
(tú)
you (informal)
(vosotros)
you (informal)
(él)
he
(ellos)
they (m)
(ella)
she
(ellas)
they (f)
(usted)
you (formal)
(ustedes)
you (formal)
In the following verb tables the subject pronouns are given in brackets. This is simply
because the subject pronouns are not an essential part of the verb. It is the ending
that indicates the ‘person’.
Note: There are two clearly defined forms of address in Spanish – informal and
formal. Each one has a separate singular and plural form. Use the (tú) form to
address someone you know very well, or someone of about your own age; use the
(vosotros) form to address more than one person like this; use the (usted) form to
address an official (e.g. in a bank) or stranger; and use the (ustedes) form for more
than one person like this.
21.
Verbs (questions and the negative)
Some questions are formed by putting a special question word in front of the verb.
¿Dónde está la estación?
= Where is the station?
Other questions are formed using a rising intonation when speaking, or adding two
question marks, one upside down at the beginning, and one at the end, when writing.
(There is no need for any other verb or word like ‘do’ or ‘does’ or ‘did).
¿Vives en el centro de la ciudad?
¿Tu hermana come carne?
¿Compraste unos recuerdos?
= Do you live in the town centre?
= Does your sister eat meat?
= Did you buy any souvenirs?
When English uses the word not to make a statement negative, Spanish uses no
before the verb.
Mi amigo no está en casa.
= My friend is not at home.
When English uses doesn’t, don’t, or didn’t to make a sentence negative, Spanish
again uses no in front of the verb.
123
Mi hermana no come pescado.
Mis padres no hablan español.
Ayer no jugué al fútbol.
= My sister doesn’t eat fish.
= My parents don’t speak Spanish.
= I didn’t play football yesterday.
When English uses negative expressions like nothing, not anything, never, etc,
Spanish normally uses no in front of the verb and adds the negative expressions
after the verb.
No veo nunca las telenovelas.
No compramos nada en la tienda
22.
= I never watch soap operas.
= We didn’t buy anything in the shop.
Verbs (regular simple present tense)
This tense refers to what somebody does and what happens.
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
HABLAR
(to speak)
hablo
hablas
habla
hablamos
habláis
hablan
-ER
COMER
(to eat)
como
comes
come
comemos
coméis
comen
Hablo español y francés.
Comemos a las doce.
¿Dónde vives?
23.
-IR
VIVIR
(to live)
vivo
vives
vive
vivimos
vivís
viven
= I speak Spanish and French.
= We eat (have lunch) at 12 o’clock.
= Where do you live?
Verbs (irregular simple present tense)
A number of verbs are irregular in the ‘yo’ form, but regular in all other forms:
conducir (to drive)
conocer (to know)
dar (to give)
! conduzco
! conozco
! doy
hacer (to do, make
poner (to put)
saber (to know)
! hago
salir (to go out)
! salgo
! pongo traer (to bring)
! traigo
! sé
ver (to see,watch) ! veo
Three of the most common verbs are completely irregular:
Infinitive:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
ESTAR
(to be)
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
SER
(to be)
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
124
IR
(to go)
voy
vas
va
vamos
vais
van
No sé quién es.
¿Adónde vas? Salgo al cine.
Estoy seguro que lo hago bien.
24.
= I don’t know who he is.
= Where are you going? I’m going out to the cinema.
= I am sure that I am doing it well..
Verbs (radical changing present tense)
There are three groups of verbs which change their ‘stem’. This means, in effect that
one of the key vowels in the infinitive changes for all forms except the ‘nosotros’ and
‘vosotros’ forms.
Infinitive:
Meaning:
Type of change:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
PODER
(to be able)
(o ! ue)
puedo
puedes
puede
podemos
podéis
pueden
¿Puedo llamar a casa?
¿Qué piensas de la película?
Mis abuelos siempre piden té.
25.
PENSAR
(to think)
(e ! ie)
pienso
piensas
piensa
pensamos
pensáis
piensan
PEDIR
(to ask for)
(e ! i)
pido
pides
pide
pedimos
pedís
piden
= May I phone home?
= What do you think of the film?
= My grandparents always ask for tea.
Verbs (present tense, reflexive
Some verbs ‘reflect back’ to their own subject. They are often used in situations
where you do something ‘to yourself’. For each ‘person’ you need the correct
reflexive pronoun in front of the verb. They are listed in section 14 of this grammar
together with some examples.
Note: There are also some useful impersonal reflexive constructions that correspond
to the English phrase ‘one can…/one (does)…’ or the more familiar ‘you
can…/you(do)…’ or ‘they can…/they(do). In some cases they function rather
like the English ‘passive’.
Se puede cambiar dinero aquí.
Se bebe mucho café en España.
Se habla inglés en esta tienda.
26.
=You (one) can change money here.
=They drink a lot of coffee in Spain.
=English is spoken in this shop.
Verbs (present continuous tense)
This corresponds to the present tense in English which uses a present participle
ending in –ing. In Spanish you need the correct part of the present tense of estar,
followed by the present participle of the main verb. If the infinitive ends in –ar, this
will change to –ando; if the infinitive ends in –er or –ir this will change to –iendo.
125
Infinitive:
Meaning:
HABLAR
(to speak)
(yo)
estoy
hablando
(tú)
estás
hablando
(él) (ella) (usted)
está
hablando
(nosotros)
estamos hablando
(vosotros)
estáis
hablando
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) están
hablando
COMER
(to eat)
estoy
comiendo
estás
comiendo
está
comiendo
estamos comiendo
estáis
comiendo
están
comiendo
VIVIR
(to live)
estoy
viviendo
estás
viviendo
está
viviendo
estamos viviendo
estáis
viviendo
están
viviendo
¿Qué estáis haciendo en el jardín? – Estamos jugando al fútbol.
What are you doing in the garden? – We are playing football.
Note: There are a few verbs whose present participles require a spelling change:
caer
construir
creer
27.
! cayendo
! construyendo
! creyendo
falling
building
believing
dormir
leer
oír
! durmiendo sleeping
reading
! leyendo
hearing
! oyendo
Verbs (regular preterite tense)
The preterite tense refers to what somebody did and what happened in the past. It
is formed by removing the last two letters of the infinitive and replacing them with the
following endings for each ‘person’.
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
TRABAJAR
(to work)
trabajé
trabajaste
trabajó
trabajamos
trabajasteis
trabajaron
Trabajé en una tienda el año pasado.
¿Cuándo perdiste tu bolsa?
Paco escribió una carta a María.
-ER
PERDER
(to lose)
perdí
perdiste
perdió
perdimos
perdisteis
perdieron
-IR
ESCRIBIR
(to write)
escribí
escribiste
escribió
escribimos
escribisteis
escribieron
= I worked in a shop last year.
= When did you lose your bag?
= Paco wrote a letter to María.
Note: Some spelling changes may be necessary in the ‘yo’ form only.
Verbs ending in -car
buscar
! busqué
practicar
! practiqué
sacar
! saqué
Verbs ending in -gar
jugar
! jugué
llegar
! llegué
pagar
! pagué
126
Verbs ending in -zar
comenzar
! comencé
cruzar
! crucé
empezar
! empecé
Some spelling changes may be necessary in the él/ella/usted and
ellos/ellas/ustedes forms only:
creer
leer
él/ella
! creyó,
! leyó,
ellos/ellas
creyeron
leyeron
Jugué al baloncesto ayer.
Nadie me creyó.
28.
él/ella
! cayó,
! oyó,
caer
oír
ellos/ellas
cayeron
oyeron
# I played basketball yesterday.
# Nobody believed me.
Verbs (irregular preterite tense)
The following verbs belong to a group called the pretérito grave.
example:
Example verb:
Meaning:
Here is an
ESTAR
(to be)
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvisteis
estuvieron
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
The endings are the same for the rest of the verbs in the group, whose stems change
as follows:
andar (to walk)
caber (to fit in)
conducir (to drive)
decir (to say)
! anduv! cup! conduj! dij-
hacer (to do, make)
poder (to be able)
saber (to know)
querer (to want)
! hic! pud! pus! quis-
sabir (to know)
tener (to have)
traer (to bring)
venir (to come)
! sup! tuv! traj! vin-
Note: Verbs with the stem ending in j- take –eron as the ellos/ellas/ustedes ending
(not –ieron). The él/ella/usted form of hacer has a spelling change: it
becomes hizo.
The following four verbs have irregular forms. (Note that ir and ser have the same
form).
Verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
IR
(to go)
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
SER
(to be)
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
127
DAR
(to give)
di
diste
dio
dimos
disteis
dieron
VER
(to see)
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
¿Qué hiciste ayer? – Vi un partido de fútbol.
What did you do yesterday? – I watched a football match.
Mis amigos dijeron que no pudieron venir.
My friends said (that) they couldn’t come.
29.
Verbs (preterite tense, radical changing)
Most verbs that are radical changing in the present tense keep the original vowel of
the infinitive when forming the preterite tense. Some, however, have an irregular
stem because they belong to the pretérito grave group of verbs (see section 28).
Also, verbs ending in –ir make the following changes in the él/ella/usted and
ellos/ellas/ustedes forms of the preterite tense.
Infinitive:
Meaning:
Type of change:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
PREFERIR
(to prefer)
(e ! i)
preferí
preferiste
prefirió
preferimos
preferisteis
prefirieron
PEDIR
(to ask for)
(e ! i)
pedí
pediste
pidió
pedimos
pedisteis
pidieron
DORMIR
(to sleep)
(e ! ie)
dormí
dormiste
durmió
dormimos
dormisteis
durmieron
Yo pedí una naranjada, pero mi amiga pidió una limonada.
I ordered an orangeade, but my friend ordered a lemonade.
30.
Verbs (imperfect tense)
The imperfect tense is used to describe people, places and things as they were in
the past. It is also used to indicate what people used to do or things that used to
happen. Finally it can describe what people were doing. It is formed by removing
the last two letters of the infinitive and adding the following endings. Note that the
endings for –er and ir verbs are the same.
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
LLEVAR
(to wear)
llevaba
llevabas
llevaba
llevábamos
llevabais
llevaban
128
-ER
BEBER
(to drink)
bebía
bebías
bebía
bebíamos
bebíais
bebían
-IR
SUBIR
(to go up)
subía
subías
subía
subíamos
subíais
subían
El ladrón llevaba un chandal azul.
The thief wore a blue tracksuit.
Antes, bebía leche fría – ahora prefiero limonada.
Before, I used to drink cold milk – now I prefer lemonade.
Subía la escalera cuando tuve el accidente.*
I was going up the ladder when I had the accident.*
Hacía mucho sol y calor durante mis vacaciones en España.
It was very sunny and hot during my holidays in Spain.
Note: *In the third example above, the imperfect tense describes something that
‘was happening’ (subía la escalera) and during which something else ‘happened’
(tuve el accidente). The sudden event, or accident in this case, requires the
preterite tense.
There are three irregular verbs worth noting:
Infinitive:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
IR
(to go)
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
ibais
iban
SER
(to be)
era
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
VER
(to see)
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
Note: The imperfect continuous, which uses a present participle ending in –ing, is
formed from the imperfect tense of the verb estar followed by the present
participle. (See section 26.)
Estaba estudiando.
Estaba lloviendo.
Estábamos jugando al fútbol.
31.
= I was studying.
= It was raining.
= We were playing football.
Verbs (immediate future)
This is a way of saying what someone is going to do and what is going to happen
in the near future. It uses the present tense of the verb ir (to go) followed by the
preposition a and the main verb in the infinitive. (See section 2 for all parts of the
verb ir.)
Voy a hacer mis deberes ahora.
Va a llover por la tarde.
Vamos a visitar el museo mañana.
= I’m going to do my homework now.
= It’s going to rain in the afternoon.
= We’re going to visit the museum tomorrow.
129
32.
Verbs (future tense)
The future tense indicates what someone will do, or that something will happen at
some time in the future. It is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive.
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
LAVAR
(to wash)
lavaré
lavarás
lavará
lavaremos
lavaréis
lavarán
-ER
COMER
(to eat)
comeré
comerás
comerá
comeremos
comeréis
comerán
Lavaré el coche el fin de semana.
Comeremos a las dos.
¿Dónde vivirás en el futuro?
-IR
VIVIR
(to live)
viviré
vivirás
vivirá
viviremos
viviréis
vivirán
= I’ll wash the car at the weekend.
= We’ll eat (have lunch) at two o’clock.
= Where will you live in the future?
There are a number of verbs that have an irregular stem. Here is the ‘yo’ form of
some of the most common:
decir (to say)
hacer (to do, make)
poder (to be able)
! diré
! haré
! podré
poner (to put)
querer (to want)
saber (to know)
¡Tendré que aprender más vocabulario!
33.
! pondré
! querré
! sabré
salir (to go out)
tener (to have)
venir (to come)
! saldré
! tendré
! vendré
= I’ll have to learn more vocabulary!
Verbs (conditional tense)
The conditional tense indicates what someone would do, or that something would
happen at some time in the future. Its is formed by adding the following endings to
the infinitive.
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
COMPRAR
(to buy)
compraría
comprarías
compraría
compraríamos
compraríais
comprarían
No compraría ese coche viejo.
Beberíamos mucha agua.
¿Cómo dividirías el dinero?
Me gustaría ser periodista.
-ER
BEBER
(to drink)
bebería
beberías
bebería
beberíamos
beberíais
beberían
=
=
=
=
130
-IR
VIVIR
(to live)
viviría
vivirías
viviría
viviríamos
viviríais
vivirían
I wouldn’t buy that old car.
We would drink a lot of water.
How would you divide the money?
I would like to be a journalist.
Those verbs that have an irregular stem in the future tense have the same irregular
stem in the conditional.
decir (to say)
hacer (to do, make)
poder (to be able)
! diría
! haría
! podría
poner (to put)
querer (to want)
saber (to know)
¿Qué harías tú en esta situación?
! pondría
! querría
! sabría
salir (to go out)
tener (to have)
venir (to come)
! saldría
! tendría
! vendría
= What would you do in this situation?
Note: Don’t confuse would and could, which come from the verb poder (to be able).
¿Podrías ayudarme?
34.
= Could you (would you be able to) help me?
Verbs (perfect tense)
The perfect tense indicates what someone has done, or that something has
happened at some time in the recent past. It is a compound tense made up of the
present tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb you
want to use.
Auxiliary verb:
Meaning:
HABER
(to have…)
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
To form the past participle of regular verbs you need to remove the last two letters of
the infinitive and replace them with the following endings:
-AR
-ER
-IR
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
!
!
!
-AR
VISITAR
(to visit)
he
visitado
has
visitado
ha
visitado
hemos
visitado
habéis
visitado
han
visitado
-ADO
-IDO
-IDO
-ER
COMER
(to eat)
he
comido
has
comido
ha
comido
hemos comido
habéis
comido
han
comido
131
-IR
DECIDIR
(to decide)
he
decidido
has
decidido
ha
decidido
hemos decidido
habéis
decidido
han
decidido
He visitado muchos países extranjeros.
Nunca hemos comido calamares.
¿Qué has decidido hacer?
= I’ve visited many foreign countries.
= We’ve never eaten squid.
= What have you decided to do?
A number of verbs have an irregular past participle.
abrir
(to open)
! abierto
hacer
(to do, make)
! hecho
cubrir
(to cover)
! cubierto
morir
(to die)
!muerto
decir
(to say)
! dicho
poner
(to put)
! puesto
describir
(to describe)
! descrito
romper
(to break)
! roto
escribir
(to write)
! escrito
ver
(to see, watch)
! visto
freír
(to fry)
! frito
volver
(to return)
! vuelto
Ya he hecho los deberes.
Lo siento pero he roto este vaso.
= I’ve already done my homework.
= I’m sorry but I’ve broken this glass.
Note: When English expresses the idea that something has been going on for a
period of time, Spanish uses the present tense with the phrase desde hace.
Espero aquí desde hace más de media hora.
I’ve been waiting here for more than half an hour.
35.
Verbs (pluperfect tense)
The pluperfect tense indicates what someone had done, or that something had
happened some time before something else in the past. It is a compound tense
made up of the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of
the main verb you want to use.
Auxiliary verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
HABER
(to have…)
había
habías
había
habíamos
habíais
habían
The past participles, including all the irregular ones, are the same as for the perfect
tense (see section 34).
No había visto la película antes.
Habíamos estudiado muchos libros.
= I hadn’t seen the film before.
= We had studied many books.
132
36.
Verbs (the gerund)
Expressions in English such as while… (doing something) or by…(doing something)
can be created in Spanish with the gerund. This is basically a present participle of
the verb (see section 26) but it is used on its own.
Viajando por el campo, vimos muchas fincas.
While travelling through the countryside, we saw many farms.
Viendo por esta ventana, verás la catedral.
By looking out of this window, you’ll see the cathedral.
37.
Verbs (the imperative)
Imperatives are commands, instructions or orders given to other people. The type of
imperative you use depends on who you are talking to: someone you know, or
someone you don’t know. For that reason there are informal and formal imperatives.
Positive imperatives (informal):
For the singular form, remove the –as/-es from the ‘tú’ form of the present tense and
add these endings. For the plural form, remove the –r from the infinitive and replace
it with –d.
-AR
-ER
-IR
Infinitive
(hablar)
(comer)
(escribir)
!
!
!
!
tú form
(hablas)
(comes)
(escribes)
singular (tú)
¡habla!
¡come!
¡escribe!
¡Habla más despacio, por favor!
¡Escribid (todos) la fecha!
plural (vosotros)
¡hablad!
¡comed!
¡escribid!
= Speak more slowly, please!
= (Everybody) write down the date!
There are some irregular singular forms of the informal imperative:
decir
(to say)
! di
salir
(to go out)
! sal
hacer
(to do, make)
! haz
ser
(to be)
! sé
ir
(to go)
! ve
tener
(to have)
! ten
poner
(to put)
! pon
venir
(to come)
! ven
¡Haz tus deberes!
¡Ven aquí!
= Do your homework!
= Come here!
133
Positive imperatives (formal):
Remove the –o from the ‘yo’ form of the present tense and add these endings:
-AR
-ER
-IR
Example verbs: yo form
! hablo
(hablar)
! como
(comer)
! escribo
(escribir)
singular (usted)
¡hable!
¡coma!
¡escriba!
plural (ustedes)
¡hablen!
¡coman!
¡escriban!
Note: If the verb has an irregular ‘yo’ form in the present tense, that is reflected in
the negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changes
listed in section 27.)
example
salir
! salgo
! ¡salga!
leave!
Negative imperatives (informal and formal):
In order to tell someone not to do something, English uses a phrase beginning with
Don’t…! In Spanish a negative imperative begins with no and the verb endings
change as follows:
-AR
-ER
-IR
Example verbs:
hablar
comer
escribir
Informal
singular (tú)
plural (vosotros)
¡no hables!
¡no habléis!
¡no comas!
¡no comáis!
¡no escribas! ¡no escribáis!
Formal
singular (usted) plural (ustedes)
¡no hable!
¡no hablen!
¡no coma!
¡no coman!
¡no escriba!
¡no escriban!
Note: If the verb has an irregular ‘yo’ form in the present tense, that is reflected in
the negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changes
listed in 27.)
¡No hables en inglés!
¡No comáis en clase!
¡No salga por allí!
¡No toquen las plantas!
38.
= Don’t speak in English
= Don’t eat in class!
= Don’t go out that way!
= Don’t touch the plants!
(informal, singular)
(informal, plural)
(formal, singular, irregular
(formal, plural, spelling change)
Verbs (the passive)
We often use the passive if we don’t know (or want to avoid saying) who did
something. You can recognise it because it uses the verb ‘to be’ and a past
participle. It is the same in Spanish, but you must remember that there are two verbs
for ‘to be’ (ser and estar), and that the past participle will have to ‘agree’ with the
subject. The verb ‘to be’ can be in different tenses. (For information on ser and
estar, see section 41.)
El libro fue escrito por Cervantes.
La casa está construida en un valle.
Los coches serán lavados mañana.
Las paredes estaban pintadas de verde.
134
= The book was written by Cervantes.
= The house is built in a valley.
= The cars will be washed tomorrow.
= The walls were painted green.
39.
Verbs (the present subjunctive)
The forms of all the tenses outlined in sections 20 – 35 are sometimes described as
indicative, and are the important ones to know. There also exist subjunctive forms of
some of the tenses. Their use is quite complex, and only a few examples are given
here.
The present subjunctive is formed from the ‘yo’ form of the present (indicative) tense.
After removing the final –o, the following endings should be added:
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
HABLAR
(to speak)
hable
hables
hable
hablemos
habléis
hablen
-ER
COMER
(to eat)
coma
comas
coma
comamos
comáis
coman
-IR
VIVIR
(to live)
viva
vivas
viva
vivamos
viváis
vivan
Note: There are some irregular stems: for ser (to be) it is sea; for ir (to go) it is vaya:
and for saber (to know) it is sepa, for example.
Here are a number of examples of uses of the present subjunctive:
1.
Formal imperatives (see section 36)
¡Viva el rey!
2.
= Long live the king!
When the word cuando refers to some time in the future, the present
subjunctive is used rather than the present indicative, because the
event being mentioned hasn’t happened yet, and indeed may not even
happen, so there is an element of doubt involved, too.
Cuando sea mayor, voy a viajar mucho.
3.
In English, when you want / order / ask someone else to do something,
you can use an ordinary infinitive. In Spanish, however, you need to
use que followed by the subjunctive form of the verb.
Quiero que aprendas más gramática.
4.
= I want you to learn more grammar.
In English, when you express your feelings or emotion about
something, you can use an indicative form of the verb. In Spanish,
however, you need to use que followed by the subjunctive form of the
verb.
Me alegro que puedas venir a mi fiesta.
5.
= When I’m older, I’m going totravel a lot.
= I’m pleased you can come to my party.
The phrase ‘so that’ enables us to express a purpose in English. The
equivalent in Spanish, para que, requires the subjunctive.
135
¡Siéntate para que vea mejor!
40.
= Sit down so that I can see better!
Verbs (the imperfect subjunctive)
The imperfect subjunctive can be used with the conditional tense in ‘if clauses’. It is
formed from the ellos/ellas/ustedes form of the preterite tense, and the endings –
aron, -ieron, and –eron are replaced with the following endings:
Infinitive ending:
Example verb:
Meaning:
(yo)
(tú)
(él) (ella) (usted)
(nosotros)
(vosotros)
(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes)
-AR
HABLAR
(to speak)
hablara
hablaras
hablara
habláramos
hablarais
hablaran
-ER
COMER
(to eat)
comiera
comieras
comiera
comiéramos
comierais
comieran
-IR
VIVIR
(to live)
viviera
vivieras
viviera
viviéramos
vivierais
vivieran
Note: Alternative endings for each of the three groups of verbs are also acceptable:
-AR (-ase, -ases, -ase, -ásemos, -aseis, -asen)
-ER (-iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésesmos, -ieseis, -iesen)
-IR (-iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésemos, -ieseis, -iesen)
Si ganara la lotería, dejaría de trabajar en seguida.
If I won the lottery, I’d stop working straight away.
Si pudiera visitar otro país, iría a México.
If I could visit another coounty, I’d go to Mexico.
Si hiciera más deporte, estaría en plena forma.
If I did more sport, I’d be on top form.
Note: The word quisiera, although technically an imperfect subjunctive, has become
a very common part of everyday language in Spanish and means I would like.
41.
Verbs (the uses of Ser and Estar)
Both of these Spanish verbs mean to be, but they are used in different ways.
Use Ser to refer to:
1.
a person’s profession
Soy dentista.
= I’m a dentist.
2.
a person’s nationality
Es italiano/a.
= He/she is Italian.
3.
permanent characteristics Mi padre es alto.
= My father is tall.
4.
relationships
Somos primos.
= We are cousins.
5.
the time
Son las dos.
= It’s two o’clock.
6.
who owns something
El boli es mío.
= The pen is mine.
136
Use Estar to refer to:
42.
1.
place or position
¿Dónde está el río?
= Where is the river?
2.
temporary states
El agua está fría.
= The water is cold.
3.
feelings, emotions
Estoy cansado/a.
= I am tired.
4.
continuous tenses
Estoy estudiando.
= I am studying.
5.
the result of an action
El cine está abierto.
= The cinema is open.
Verbs (impersonal)
Several Spanish verbs are used impersonally. This means that the object of the verb
in English becomes the subject in Spanish. The verb then agrees with this new
subject. For example, the English sentence I like strawberries is turned round in
Spanish and becomes Strawberries are pleasing to me. The original English has
now become an indirect object pronoun.
Here are some common verbs that are used impersonally:
VERB
doler
encantar
faltar
gustar
hacer falta
interesar
quedar
sobrar
ORIGINAL MEANING
to hurt
to delight
to be absent, lacking
to please
to have a need to
to interest
to remain
to exceed, surpass
USED FOR
to have a sore…, to ache,
to love
to lack, to be short of
to like
to need to
to be interested in
to have…left
to have too much of
Me duele la garganta.
I have a sore throat.
Me encanta salir con mis amigos todos los sábados.
I love going out with my friends every Saturday.
Me faltan veinte libras para comprar el videojuego.
I’m short of £20 to buy the video game.
No me gustan las películas de miedo.
I don’t like horror films.
Me hace falta mucho más tiempo.
I need a lot more time.
¿Te interesa coleccionar sellos?
Are you interested in collecting stamps?
¿Quedan entradas para el partido?
Are there any tickets for the match left?
¿Cuánto dinero te sobra?
How much money have you left over?
137
43.
Prepositions
These are words, or groups of words, that are used in front of nouns or pronouns, as
linking words. Here are some common ones.
Meaning
to
Context
destination
at / in
place
on / by
transport
at
time
bajo
under, underneath
position
con
with
association
contra
against
position
a
opposition
de
of
ownership
material
contents
from
place
time
desde
from
place
time
en
from…until…
desde… hasta…
in
position
at
position
on
position
by
transport
138
Example
Voy a la piscina.
I’m going to the swimming pool.
El avión ha llegado a Madrid.
The plane has arrived in Madrid.
Volvimos a pie.
We returned on foot.
Salieron a las diez.
They went out at ten o’clock.
‘España tiene todo bajo el sol’.
‘Spain has everything under the sun’
Quiero un té con limón
I want a tea with lemon.
¡No te apoyes contra la pared!
Don’t lean against the wall!
Jugamos contra un equipo fuerte.
We played against a strong team.
la casa de mi amigo
the house of my friend
(=my friend’s house)
un anillo de oro
a gold ring
un paquete de patatas fritas
a packet of crisps
Llegué de Madrid esta mañana.
I arrived from Madrid this morning.
de vez en cuando
from time to time.
La vista desde la torre es fenomenal.
The view from the tower is wonderful.
desde las nueve hasta las cinco
from nine till five
en la clase
in the classroom
en la estación
at the station
en la mesa
on the table.
en avión
by plane
in order to become
aim, intention
for
purpose
for
giving
for, to
movement towards
by
time by which
in view of
consideration
through
route, way
via
route, way
for
length of time
out of
movement, direction
by
by
action done by
someone
manner
(in exchange) for
money
(in return) for
gratitude
per
rate, speed
times
multiplication
for the sake of
support
on behalf of
support
because of
reason
según
according to
opinion
sin
without
absence
sobre
on
position
about
time
para
por
subject matter
139
Estudio para ingeniero/a.
I’m studying to be an engineer.
Trabajo para una compañía eléctrica.
I work for an electrical company.
Este regalo es para ti.
This present is for you.
el tren para Valencia
the train for Valencia
Hay que hacer esto para este viernes.
You have to do this by Friday.
Es alto para su edad.
He’s tall for his age.
Dimos un paseo por Granada.
We went for a walk through the park.
Este tren no pasa por Granada.
This train doesn’t go via Granada.
Anoche estudié por dos horas.
Last night I studied for two hours.
Miré por la ventana.
I looked out of the window.
El cuadro fue pintado por mi tía.
The picture was painted by my aunt.
Te mando la información por fax.
I’m sending you the information by fax.
Compré el reloj por cuarenta libras.
I bought the watch for £40.
Muchas gracias por tu ayuda.
Many thanks for your help.
ochenta kilómetros por hora
50km per hour.
dos por cinco son diez.
two times five is ten.
Trabajo mucho por mis hijos.
I work hard for the sake of my children.
No estoy por la caza.
I’m not in favour of hunting.
No podía salir por la lluvia.
I couldn’t go out because of the rain.
Según mi profesor soy muy perezoso.
According to my teacher I’m very lazy.
Prefiero el té sin azúcar.
I prefer tea without sugar.
Mi mochila está sobre la silla.
My rucksack is on the chair.
Nos veremos sobre las siete.
We’ll meet up about seven.
un libro sobre Picasso
a book about Picasso
Note: There are many compound prepositions that relate to time or place (e.g.
delante de, a causa de, a eso de, cerca de, en lugar de, etc.) and these can
be found in sub-sections 2 and 3 of the general vocabulary section of the
specifications.
Note: Remember that a and de will merge with the masculine singular definite article
el to form al and del (see section 5)
Note: The preposition a must be used in Spanish before a direct object in a
sentence that is a specific person. This is usually referred to as the personal
a.
No conozco a tu hermana.
Estoy buscando al director.
= I don’t know your sister.
= I’m looking for the headmaster.
Some prepositions can also be used with verbs. Here are a few examples:
a
Meaning
to
Context
aim, purpose
starting
requests, invitations
certain key verbs
con
(various)
(idioms)
de
(various)
(idioms)
en
(various)
(idioms)
para
in order to
purpose
to be about to
nearness of time
by
cause, reason
por
140
Example
Fuìmos a ver el partido.
We went to watch the match.
De repente empezó a llover.
Suddenly it started to rain.
Me invitaron a cenar.
They invited me to have dinner.
Estoy aprendiendo a esquiar.
I’m learning to ski.
Sueño con comprarme una moto.
I’m dreaming of buying a motorbike.
Dejaré de estudiar en julio.
I’ll stop studying in July.
Acabo de terminar mis deberes.
I’ve just finished my homework.
No podía menos de reír.
I couldn’t help laughing.
Trato de entender todo esto.
I’m trying to understand all this.
¿De qué se trata la película?
What’s the film about?
La carta tardará dos días en llegar.
The letter will take two days to arrive.
¿En qué consiste esta actividad?
What does this activity consist of?
Hago natación para estar en forma.
I go swimming in order to be fit.
¡Venga! ¡Estamos para salir!
Come on! We’re about to leave!
Por estudiar mucho, aprobé todo.
By studying hard, I passed everything.
44.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect different parts of a sentence. They
can be as simple as words like y (and), pero (but), porque (because), etc., or more
complex like aunque (although), a pesar de que (despite), tan pronto como (as
soon as), etc. Here is a list of some of the more common ones.
así que
como
cuando
mientras
= so that
= as
= when
= while
o
pero
porque
que
= or
= but
= because
= that
salvo que
si
y
ya que
= except
= if
= and
= since
Note: The word y becomes e before a word beginning with the letter i or hi.
The word o becomes u before a word beginning with the letter o.
Hace mucho sol así que podemos ir a la playa.
It’s very sunny so we can go to the beach.
Me voy a la cama porque tengo much sueño.
I’m going to bed because I’m very sleepy.
45.
Index of Grammar points
1.
Nouns (gender)
2.
Nouns (plural)
3.
Nouns (indefinite articles - a and some)
4.
Nouns (definite articles – the)
5.
Nouns (definite articles with a and de)
6.
Adjectives (agreement)
7.
Adjectives (position)
8.
Adjectives (comparison)
9.
Adjectives (superlative)
10.
Adjectives (miscellaneous)
11.
Adverbs
12.
Qualifiers / intensifiers
13.
Pronouns (subject and object)
14.
Pronouns (reflexive)
15.
Pronouns (relative)
141
16.
Pronouns (disjunctive)
17.
Pronouns (demonstrative)
18.
Pronouns (interrogative)
19.
Pronouns (possessive)
20.
Verbs (general)
21.
Verbs (questions and the negative)
22.
Verbs (regular simple present tense)
23.
Verbs (irregular simple present tense)
24.
Verbs (radical changing present tense)
25.
Verbs (present tense, reflexive)
26.
Verbs (present continuous tense)
27.
Verbs (regular preterite tense)
28.
Verbs (irregular preterite tense)
29.
Verbs (preterite tense, radical changing)
30.
Verbs(imperfect tense)
31.
Verbs (immediate future)
32.
Verbs (future tense)
33.
Verbs (conditional tense)
34.
Verbs (perfect tense)
35.
Verbs (pluperfect tense)
36.
Verbs (the gerund)
37.
Verbs (the imperative)
38.
Verbs (the passive)
39.
Verbs (the present subjunctive)
40.
Verbs (the imperfect subjunctive)
41.
Verbs (the uses of Ser and Estar)
42.
Verbs (impersonal)
43.
Prepositions
142
44.
Conjunctions
143
The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited
by guarantee registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a
registered charity number 1073334.
Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8,
Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ.
AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board
(AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and the Northern Examinations
and Assessment Board (NEAB).
Kathleen Tattersall Director General.
Temple of the Sagrada Familia. Barcelona, Spain
Peter Adams. Courtesy of FPG