Chemically Related Activity in

Transcripción

Chemically Related Activity in
Industry, Higher Education,
Government,
Learned Societies and
Trade / Professional Associations,
and
Research Institutes
in
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela,
and Other Selected Nations of America Latina
A Draft Report Prepared by
The American Chemical Society
Office of International Activities
March 15, 2001
CONFIDENTIAL DRAFT
Contents
1Forward ....................................................................................................................................................6
Critical Point Summary - Chemically Related Activities in Selected Countries of Latin America .....7
Chemically Related Academic / Industrial Relations–Summarized ACS Members in LA Survey
Responses...........................................................................................................................................9
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................10
Purpose and Scope ...........................................................................................................................10
Regional Characteristics...................................................................................................................10
The Chemical Industry.....................................................................................................................11
Higher Education .............................................................................................................................11
Learned Societies and Trade / Professional Associations................................................................12
Government......................................................................................................................................12
Research & Development ................................................................................................................12
Industry-University Relations and Other Collaborations Across Sectors........................................14
In A World of Collaborative Opportunity:The ACS and Chemically Related Science and
Technology in Latin America ..........................................................................................................15
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................16
Methodology ....................................................................................................................................18
Latin America: In Brief .........................................................................................................................19
Latin American Regional Economic History, Activities and Issues................................................19
Highlights.........................................................................................................................................19
Trade Agreements in Latin America................................................................................................20
Spanish Firms Revive Latin America Conquest ..............................................................................22
Latin America and the Globalization Index .....................................................................................27
The Latin American Chemical Industry...........................................................................................28
Latin America And The Energy Sector............................................................................................32
Latin America and Energy Consumption – in Millions of BTU’s...................................................34
The Latin American Petrochemical Industry ...................................................................................35
Petrochemical Production 1999 .......................................................................................................37
The Petrochemical Sector and MERCOSUR...................................................................................38
The Agrochemical Market in Latin America ...................................................................................39
Retail Pharmaceutical Sales: Selected Counties in Latin America..................................................40
Other Chemically related Latin American Regional Developments................................................43
Higher Education in Latin America....................................................................................................43
Latin America and Student / Scholar Exchange ..............................................................................52
1998 / 1999.......................................................................................................................................53
Foreign Scholars in the USA............................................................................................................53
US S&E Doctorates Awarded to Citizens of Latin America .......................................................54
Science and Technology in Latin America ......................................................................................55
Information Technology and Latin America....................................................................................56
Internet Infrastructure.......................................................................................................................61
Research and Development in Latin America .................................................................................62
Coauthored and internationally coauthored scientific and technical articles for selected countries in
Latin America...................................................................................................................................64
Chemically Related Research Networks in Latin America..........................................................................64
Latin America and the Caribbean and US Foreign Development Assistance .................................65
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors - Argentina .......................................................................77
National Overview – Argentina .......................................................................................................78
www.acs.org/international
2
US and Country Contacts - Argentina .............................................................................................86
Chemically Related Company Case Studies – Argentina ................................................................95
Other Selected Chemical and Related Product Companies - Argentina ..........................................96
Higher Education - Argentina ........................................................................................................100
Highlights...................................................................................................................................101
Faculties of Chemical Sciences – Argentina..................................................................................101
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies - Argentina ..........................107
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Argentina.......................................................................109
Chemically Related Research - Argentina .....................................................................................110
Highlights...................................................................................................................................110
Research Centers – Argentina....................................................................................................110
ACS Member Characteristics – Argentina.....................................................................................120
Compiled ACS Member Questionnaire Results - Argentina .........................................................121
Funding Organizations with Interests in Argentina .......................................................................127
For More Information on Argentina ..............................................................................................134
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors – Brazil ...........................................................................136
National Overview - Brazil ............................................................................................................137
Chemically Related Trade and Industry in Brazil..........................................................................157
Highlights...................................................................................................................................157
US Intl Trade with Brazil Overall and Chemicals and Related Products ..................................158
Leading Chemical Companies in Brazil ....................................................................................160
Chemically Related Company Case Studies – Brazil ....................................................................161
Higher Education - Brazil ..............................................................................................................165
Highlights...................................................................................................................................166
Faculties of Chemical Sciences- Brazil..........................................................................................170
Course/Year............................................................................................................................................175
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Brazil.............................................................................183
Chemically Related Research – Brazil...........................................................................................184
Highlights...................................................................................................................................184
Research Centers - Brazil...........................................................................................................184
ACS Member Characteristics – Brazil...........................................................................................195
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses – Brazil........................................................................197
Funding Organizations with Interests in Brazil .............................................................................208
For More Information on Brazil.....................................................................................................215
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors - Chile ...............................................................216
National Overview – Chile.............................................................................................................217
U.S. and Country Contacts – Chile ................................................................................................226
Chemically Related Industry and Trade – Chile ............................................................................237
US Trade with Chile 1995 – 2000..............................................................................................237
Chemically Related Industry Case Studies – Chile........................................................................239
Key Trends in Higher Education - Chile....................................................................................242
Chemical Science Faculties – Chile...............................................................................................243
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies – Chile.................................248
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Chile..............................................................................250
Chemically Related Research Centers – Chile...............................................................................251
ACS Member Characteristics – Chile ............................................................................................256
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses – Chile .........................................................................257
Funding Organizations with Interests in Chile...............................................................................260
For More Information on Chile......................................................................................................265
3
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors - Mexico ..........................................................................267
National Overview – Mexico .........................................................................................................268
U.S. and Country Contacts – Mexico.............................................................................................276
Chemically Related Trade and Industry – Mexico ........................................................................283
Highlights...................................................................................................................................283
Brief History of the Mexican Chemical Industry.......................................................................284
OPERATION AND EFFECT OF THE NAFTA CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS285
The Maquiladora Industry in Mexico: The Case of Tijuana......................................................288
Third Environmental Roundtable - US Mexico Border.............................................................289
US Trade with Mexico 95-00 in $’000 ......................................................................................292
Chemical Industries in Mexico By Type and Employment By Size, 1993 ...............................293
Geographical Concentration of Chemical Industries in Mexico................................................293
Petrochemicals ...........................................................................................................................293
Chemically Related Industry Company Case Studies - Mexico ....................................................295
Higher Education / Industrial Linkages - Mexico......................................................................308
Higher Education – Mexico ...........................................................................................................333
Highlights...................................................................................................................................335
Mexican Students in the USA....................................................................................................336
Faculties of Chemical Sciences – Mexico .....................................................................................338
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies - Mexico..............................373
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Mexico ..........................................................................376
Chemically Related Research – Mexico ........................................................................................378
Highlights...................................................................................................................................378
Research Centers – Mexico........................................................................................................378
ACS Members Characteristics – Mexico.......................................................................................386
ACS Members Informant Interviews – Mexico.............................................................................387
Meetings in Mexico October 16-21, 1999 .................................................................................387
Meetings with ACS Members 1-2 December 1999 ...................................................................389
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses – Mexico .....................................................................390
Funding Organizations with Interests in Mexico ...........................................................................401
For More Information on Mexico ..................................................................................................408
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors – Venezuela ....................................................................410
National Overview – Venezuela ....................................................................................................411
U.S. and Country Contacts – Venezuela........................................................................................420
Chemically Related Trade and Industry – Venezuela....................................................................433
Chemically Related Industry Company Case Studies – Venezuela...............................................435
Other Selected Chemical and Related Product Companies – Venezuela ..................................436
Higher Education – Venezuela.......................................................................................................464
Highlights...................................................................................................................................465
Faculties of Chemcial Sciences – Venezuela.................................................................................466
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies – Venezuela ........................471
Asociación Venezolana de la Industria Química y Petroquímica..................................................471
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Venezuela......................................................................472
ACS Member Characteristics – Venezuela....................................................................................476
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses– Venezuela..................................................................477
Funding Organizations with Interests in Venezuela ......................................................................481
For More Information on Venezuela..............................................................................................488
Chemically Related Affairs in Other Countries of Latin America......................................................490
Colombia........................................................................................................................................490
4
Cuba ...............................................................................................................................................493
Ecuador ..........................................................................................................................................533
Peru ................................................................................................................................................534
Peru ................................................................................................................................................534
Uruguay..........................................................................................................................................543
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................544
The ACS Latin American Collaboration Matrix............................................................................544
External Funding and Other Agencies with Interests in Latin America ........................................546
Governmental and multilateral agencies with interests in Latin America. ................................546
Private Philanthropic Organizations with Interests in Latin America .......................................550
Organizations Funding R&D Collaboration ..................................................................................579
Puerto Rico Report Summary ........................................................................................................582
ACS International Activities in A World of Collaborative Opportunity .......................................585
Key Indicators ............................................................................................................................585
Evaluating Impacts of ACS Activity in Latin America .................................................................589
Appendices.............................................................................................................................................590
ACS Surveys ..................................................................................................................................590
AMERICAN CHEMICAL FIRMS OPERATING IN LATIN AMERICA ..................................604
DIRECTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY FACULTIES
IN AMÉRICA LATINA ................................................................................................................619
5
Forward
Chemical enterprise which successfully contributes to the economic development of a nation is not simply
an accident of natural resource endowment. Rather it requires a sustained, concerted and cooperative
effort on the part of industry, academia, government and professional societies to shape policy and
practice creating a national climate of innovation and opportunity supported by education and training,
infrastructure, technology, investment, trade, and R&D.
With the newly arrived millennium, in Latin America and particularly in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico
and Venezuela we are witnessing a remarkable growth and coalescence of chemical market forces,
manufacturing capabilities, research-trained and highly educated human resource, and world-class
technology enabling the region to compete robustly in a globalized marketplace.
This briefing document provides an overview and the beginnings of an analysis of the landscape,
stakeholders and factors shaping the fortunes of chemistry and chemical enterprise in the Latin American
region. It systematically brings together new and existing information from multiple sectors associated
with chemistry and provides a forum to hear directly from the region’s ACS membership and their
collective voice identifying the challenges there and how these challenges might best be met through
collaboration among industry, higher education, government, and professional societies throughout Latin
America.
Through a compilation of selected print and electronic resources, an analysis of the characteristics of the
region’s ACS membership, the results from a 1999 survey, and the texts of informant interviews with
ACS members, this brief culminates in a summary of intersector collaboration activities and models and
offers a set of key indicators to help determine strategies for transnational collaboration.
Ultimately it is our hope that this document will inform the discussion of ACS governance and provide a
roadmap on how to best organize the Society’s international exchange endeavors to catalyze and
strengthen local chemical industry, to support chemical research, and to promote the on-going renewal of
chemically related higher education in the region.
6
Critical Point Summary - Chemically Related Activities in Selected Countries
of Latin America
American Chemical Society International Activities Committee
Prepared by Bradley Miller, ACS Office of International Activities 14 February, 2001
Introduction
In July 1999 the ACS Office of International Activities initiated a study of chemically related activities
across sectors (academia, industry, government, professional associations / societies) in Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela. The purpose of the study was to help inform ACS discussions on
engaging Latin America and developing programs and partnerships which promote the region’s economic
development through the chemical enterprise. The following report summary constitutes a general
extraction of salient features of the study.
Background
In Latin America - and particularly in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela - the last decade
has borne witness to a remarkable growth and coalescence of chemical market forces, augmented
manufacturing capabilities, new product development, a research-trained and highly skilled work force,
and the penetration of world-class technology. The region now constitutes a globalized marketplace of
almost ½ billion people – a marketplace which is attracting, retaining and growing chemical R&D
capacities and the chemical enterprise in response to international trade agreements and the growth and
sophistication of consumer demand for chemicals and their allied products.
Methodology
From July 1999 to present, data for the report have been drawn and analyzed from chemical and allied
product industry literature reviews, ACS LA-based member survey responses and informant interviews,
and conference proceedings.
Selected Key Observations and Findings from ACS/IAO Latin America Study
♦ Industries associated with extraction, production, manufacture, and characterization of chemical and
allied products tend to purchase mature, licensed or patented foreign technology.
♦ Industrial R&D is typically focused on process improvement, environmental impact and quality
control.
♦ The production, supply, demand and utilization of chemistry based personnel favors technician level
over advanced scientists, driven in part by industry focus on equipment / instrumentation use,
production and production processes, quality control and delivery of products.
♦ There is a need to better define, document, assess, identify barriers to and ‘promote the success
stories’ of academic research contributions to and academic linkages with industry.
♦ There are opportunities for greater interchange between the financial services sector and small /
moderate sized chemical enterprise, especially in the arena of best practices / tools for debt and equity
financing, from local and foreign sources.
♦ There is a trend toward growth and improvement in academic chemistry and chemical R&D in private
higher education institutions.
♦ In academic and industrial R&D, there is greater exchange of information via the Internet and growth
in transnational (especially US – LA) co-authoring of scientific articles.
♦ National chemical societies tend to be narrowly defined in mission, scope, membership and resource
availability, and favor academic and pure chemistry interests.
7
♦ There is an opportunity to assist governments (and chemically related regulatory agencies) in the
development of policies addressing natural products, bioprospecting, waste management and
environmental monitoring / remediation, especially in the sharing of standards development and best
practices.
♦ Foreign firms operating in country tend to channel R&D decisions and activities to the home country
headquarters.
8
Chemically Related Academic / Industrial Relations–Summarized ACS Members in LA Survey
Responses
Country
Linkage Activities
Accelerating
Factors
industry knowledge
of univ capacities;
univ knowledge of
industry problems;
familiarizing
exchange visits; univ
promotes
collaboration
Argentina
consulting, contract
research, quality
control, env
monitoring
Brazil
basic research,
student visits,
contract res, env
monitoring, quality
control, consulting
existing
relationships and a
history of
interchange; faculty
with two hats; ongoing meetings;
promote competitive
advantage and cost
effectiveness of
collaboration;
Chile
consulting, quality
control
Mexico
consulting, basic
research, student
visits, contract
research, faculty
visits, quality
control, env
monitoring
Venezuela
basic research,
contract research
small well-defined
initial projects to est
mutual knowledge
and trust; show
success stories; more
Ph.D’s in industry
univ understands
industry needs;
collaboration
projects relevant to
both parties; univ
faculty / students
present their
research at conf
where industry in
attendance; univ
need to promote
services / pricing
regular contact /
workshops involving
univ / industry
personnel;
connecting univ
resources with
industry need
Hindering Factors
differences in
perception of
turnaround time;
pressure on acad
researchers to
publish; small and
moderate sized
enterprise not
interested in
collaboration – few
Ph.D’s; industry
employs chemists at
the level of
technicians; univ red
tape; industry wants
free service
lack of success
stories; univ red
tape; industry
operates short-term
and univ long-term;
faculty too academic
in origin; history of
gov’t funding of
R&D; univ interest
in real world
problems; work in
industry not suited to
pub; issues of
ownership
univ red tape; lack
of knowledge of
needs and capacities;
poor univ
infrastructure
availability of
chem’s and tech
support for
instruments; project
instability – industry
withdraws funding;
univ red tape; lack
of promotion of
success stories
lack of interest in
industry in dev of
local tech
capabilities;
production vs new
product focus
Promising Sectors /
Activities
developing incubator
programs; food production;
pharma chem; env chem;
petrochem; biotech; quality
control
food processing; env chem;
med chem; promote outside
investment for small and
moderate sized enterprise;
new product
characterization; info on
how to prep industry / univ
collaboration contracts
provide info on intellectual
property and tech transfer
issues and best practices;
biotech; nat prod chem;
mining; forest products;
computational chem
promote Mexican lab
services to US industry for
routine chem analyses /
syntheses; info seminars on
best practices of
collaboration; provide info
on best practices of faculty
acad recognition for service
to industry; new prod chem;
polymer chem; petrochem;
waste treatment
petrochem formulations;
water treatment; catalysis;
med chem;
9
Executive Summary
Drawn from literature reviews, survey results and informant interviews, this research brief brings together
information on five key chemically related sectors in Latin America: the chemical industry, higher
education, learned societies and trade / professional associations, government, and research and
development.
Purpose and Scope
The principal aims of this brief are to provide a basis for informed governance discussion and to function
as a roadmap in preparation for follow up as the ACS considers how to best organize itself for activity
related to Latin America, activity providing effective and timely service to its membership – those with
industrial and academic chemical interests - and activity promoting regional economic development
through the chemical enterprise. Five countries constitute the largest segment of chemical activity for the
region. The majority of this report covers Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela, but
chemically related information on other countries in the region is also being accessioned.
Regional Characteristics
Latin America is a region of over 474 million people with 74% living in cities or towns. The region’s
total market to the US is US$380 billion annually. Latin America is second in major oil reserves
worldwide. Today, one in five goods exported by the United States goes to Latin America, just below
efforts with with Europe and Canada. Over the last five years, total U.S. exports have grown by 45
percent, while total U.S. exports to Latin America have grown at nearly twice that rate (81%). It is
projected that by 2010, United States trade with Latin America will surpass trade with Europe and Japan
combined. U.S. direct investment in Latin America has risen from over $17 billion to $23 billion over the
last four years. Latin America has been negatively impacted economically by El Niño, the East Asian and
Russian financial crises, and the devaluation of the Brazilian Real (Brazil accounts for approximately
40% of the entire output of the region). Latin America has the world’s most dramatic polarity of wealth:
55% of the region’s earnings are controlled by the top 5% of the population.
Mexico – pop: 95.8m; lit rate:
89.6%; GDP: 372b; income
per person: $3,680
Venezuela – pop: 22m; lit
rate: 91%; GDP: 83b; income
per person: $3,450
Brazil – pop: 165m; lit rate:
83%; GDP: 800b; income per
person: $4,720
Chile – pop: 15m; lit rate:
95%; GDP: 78b; income per
person: $5,020
Argentina – pop: 36m; lit
rate: 96%; GDP: 320b; income
per person: $8,570
10
The Chemical Industry
The chemical industry is a significant sector throughout Latin America, with the region’s large quantities
of natural resources, such as oil and gas, providing feedstocks for the petrochemical sector. In terms of
world chemical demand Latin America constituted 6% in 1996 with growth to 7% in 2010). Output was
5% in 1996 and will total a projected 6% in 2010. In the countries mentioned above, the full range of
basic, intermediate and finished chemical products in 1996 accounted for over US$35 billion in exports
from the USA and US$30 billion in chemically related imports. In 1998, Latin America accounted for
13% of the US direct investment abroad position in the chemical industry. In the chemical industry
sector, there are over 7,200 chemical and related product companies in operation in the countries covered
in this brief. Despite key issues of regional economic instability (inflation and devaluation), strong
government controls including trade / investment barriers, slow or stalled privatization efforts / limited
foreign equity participation, and political uncertainties, those familiar with the chemical market seem to
agree that Latin American demand for medicinal / pharmaceutical products, agrochemicals and basic
chemical products such as plastics will post continuous growth over the next ten years. As this demand
for chemicals and allied products materializes, it is important to consider the role technology plays: the
total global e-commerce market is expected to reach $1.2 trillion by 2001 and by 2003 $180 billion and
$45 billion in Internet-based sales of petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, respectively, are projected. In
relation to the US and selected Latin American countries, the table below summarizes product categories,
dominant national output, exports and imports (in 1996 US$ billions).
MIN
FUELS
ORG
CHEMS
IN-ORG
CHEMS
DYES, &
COLORING
MED /
PHARM
PROD’S
ESS
OILS &
PERFUME
FERTILIZERS
PLASTICS IN
PRIMARY
FORM
Petrol /
Bitum
Oils
HydroCarbons,
Alcolols,
Phenols
Chlorine,
Acids,
Metalic
Salts
Paints,
Pigments
Varnishes
Vitamins,
Antibiotics,
Hormones
Vet
Prep’s
Cosmetics,
Toilet
Preps,
Soaps
Nitrogenous,
Phosphatic &
Other
Chem /
Min
Fertilizers
Polyethlyne,
PVC,
Polystyrenes,
Plastic
Resins
PLASTICS IN
NONPRIMARY
FORM
Tubes,
Pipes
Hoses,
Plates,
Sheets,
Films,
Etc.
BR, MX,
VZ
AR, BR,
CL, MX,
VZ
US$3.0
AR, BR,
CL, MX
AR, BR,
MX
AR, BR,
MX
MX
AR, BR,
CL
BR, CL,
MX
BR, MX
VZ
US$1.2
US$.575
US$.695
US$.706
US$.402
US$1.5
US$.367
Pesticides,
Starches,
Adhesives,
Explosives
Fuel Additives
AR, BR,
CL, MX,
VZ
US$.932
US$6.2
US$1.4
US$1.4
US$2.3
US$.980
US$2.0
US$3.6
US$1.7
US$1.8
Exports
$US26.1
Imports
US$10.5
CHEMS
NES
Higher Education
Higher education in Latin America, and notably in the countries covered in this report, is facing
challenges associated with growing enrollments, policy initiatives toward lifelong learning, importation of
US-based higher education structures, quality assurance, competition brought on by increased numbers of
private institutions and courses/programs offered through distance provision, higher costs of operating
and maintaining physical plants and laboratories, access to science education (all levels and especially for
women) and student unrest. This study reports a considerable number of chemical sciences programs
(including significant numbers of chemical engineering programs) with 200 faculties of chemical sciences
offering over 564 degrees, mostly at the undergraduate level with enrollments the last decade seeing a
slight increase for the region as a whole.
11
Country
Pop.
(millions)
National
Higher Ed
Enrollment
No. of
Higher
Ed Inst’s
Public /
Private
No. of
Inst’s with
Chem
Sciences
Degrees
AR
BR
CL
MX
VE
36
165
15
96
22
1,069,616
1,716,263
367,094
1,532,846
550,783
48
75
27
117
25
24
23
10
77
5
Annual
NationalC
hem
Sciences
FTE –
Est. Low
21,392
34,325
7,341
30,656
11,015
Annual
NationalC
hem
Sciences
FTE –
Est. High
42,784
68,650
14,683
61,313
22,031
Learned Societies and Trade / Professional Associations
In addition to the 18 academies dedicated to exact, physical and natural sciences reported here, there are
over 44 different chemically related trade associations and professional societies. The former tend to have
a pure science orientation; the latter are active in varying degrees in the promotion of local manufacturing
of chemical substances, in certifying the competence of practitioners, in initiating and promoting
programs of Responsible Care, in publishing, in convening annual meetings, and in representing the
interests of membership in affairs of regional and international trade. There are multiple chemical
societies in each country representing a range of chemist interest. The ‘national’ chemical societies tend
to be dominated by academic interests, and there appear to be opportunities for greater participation of
women chemists in society governance.
Government
Government agencies with chemically related interests focus on issues of regulation development and
enforcement (especially environmental monitoring and remediation – to some extent borrowed from
regulations developed in the USA) export / import policies for chemical products, R&D financing,
standards, bilateral / multilateral agreements, fellowships and scholarships, and industry-university
collaboration. Science and technology priority areas for support include chemistry, biotechnology,
materials science, industrial technology, instrumentation and S&T information.
Research & Development
For 1998 UNESCO reported that only 10%-15% of universities in Latin America have real capacity to
carry out R&D, but that the availability of instruments, equipment and facilities has increased
significantly in recent years. We believe this to be especially true in the countries covered in this report.
Chemistry in the Latin American region accounts for 15% of all basic research, coming after biology and
before physics (10%). The five countries constituting this report make up 90% of all chemical
publications from the region. Bibliographic indices for chemistry in Latin America attribute to the region
no more than 1.8% of all scientific research; a few strictly Latin American publications are in circulation,
among the most prominent from the region are Boletín de la Sociedad Chilena de Química and Boletín da
SBQ (Brazil). Useful research contributions have been made in recent years in phytochemistry, with a
strong emphasis on the search by major international laboratories for pharmaceutical products. Another
area where Latin American R&D has made considerable contribution is in advanced chemistry in
catalysis and petrochemical processes specifically through the work of institutes affiliated with the
petroleum industries in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela. There is a growing Internet usage and
infrastructure among researchers in the region: there will be over 24.3 million Internet users in Latin
12
America by 2003; currently there are 5.7 Internet hosts for every 10,000 people; and 25.9 personal
computers per 1,000 people for the countries covered in this study. Many of the multinational chemical
companies operating in Latin America tend to conduct their R&D outside the region in more industrially
advanced countries. Observation from the region has also been made that “researchers’ academic records
can take second place to their political commitment to the dominant political forces, and thus, research
activities have been plagued by insufficient funding and disruptive political instabilities.” Following is a
breakdown of R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP.
1996 R&D Exp
2.5
%
R&D Expenditure As
Percentage of GDP
1.5
1996 R&D Exp
1
0.5
ua
ag
ar
ic
N
zu
el
a
El
Sa
lv
ad
or
ne
Ve
M
ex
ic
o
ay
gu
ru
U
Ar
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in
a
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a
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13
ACS Membership and Client Groups
In the countries covered in this briefing there is robust presence of ACS customers and members, and for
the latter, considerable variation in their ACS division affiliations.
ACS Members in Latin America Interest Areas
ACS Divisions
Physical
5%
Polymers/Plastics
9%
Chemical Education
Colloids and Surfaces
Biotechnology
5%
Chemical Education
3%
Computing/Molecular Modeling
Energy/Fuels
Environmental
Inorganic
3%
Marketing/Sales/Business
Materials
Computing/Molecular
Modeling
2%
Materials
3%
Organic
Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Polymers/Plastics
Energy/Fuels
2%
Marketing/Sales/Bus
3%
352
855
170
868
124
2369
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Organic
24%
AR
BR
CL
MX
VE
Totals
Analytical
Biochemistry
7%
Pharmaceutical/Med
9%
Total
ACS
Customers
Agriculture and Food
6%
Analytical
8%
Full ACS
Members &
Avg
Membership
Duration
113 / 11yrs
131 / 12 yrs
36 / 8 yrs
219 / 10 yrs
30 / 14 yrs
529 / 11 yrs
Inorganic
7%
Physical
Environmental
4%
Industry /
Academic
Distrib
M
F
Ed
Attainment
D
M B
ACS
Member
Median
Birth Year
22%
26%
18%
32%
42%
87
109
32
179
24
431
26
22
4
40
6
98
70
78
22
96
14
280
1945
1951
1948
1953
1948
76%
73%
82%
68%
58%
12
15
4
32
5
68
5
8
6
37
6
62
Industry-University Relations and Other Collaborations Across Sectors
Collaboration activities most prominently include basic research, consulting, contract research, quality
control, course delivery, student / faculty visits. In terms of the specific areas of chemical enterprise, the
following industries hold the most promise for advancing industry-university relations: environmental
monitoring and remediation, industrial chemical waste minimization and reuse, fine chemical production,
food chemistry, energy, polymers, natural products, and collaboration in policy formulation.
14
In A World of Collaborative Opportunity:The ACS and Chemically Related Science and
Technology in Latin America
To enhance ACS relations and collaboration across chemically related sectors in Latin America our
activities can:
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
involve aspects of local need, expertise and infrastructure;
coincide with the interests of ACS and its cognate organizations in country;
contribute to economic development;
be global in scope and information-based;
encourage technological innovation;
break down barriers to access;
involve small and medium-sized industrial enterprise,
be flexible.
Attractive areas likely to be applicable and relevant to problems and issues in Latin America include:
1. the opportunity to invest, develop policies and train human resource in environmentally-benign
processes and products as capital investments are made in Latin America,;
2. natural products chemistry and characterization of new compounds and their routes to production;
3. environmental monitoring and remediation, including industrial chemical waste minimization and
reuse;
4. advanced chemistry in catalysis and petrochemical processes;
5. chemical aspects of health (including sanitation) and agriculture (including GM crops).
15
Introduction
“In this age of knowledge-based industries, the globalization of the economy, and the importance of
multinational companies, the availability of a quality work force becomes one of the driving forces which
determines where capital expenditures are optimally made and where research and development activities
are located. One major component of a quality work force is the group of chemically-based professionals
produced by our colleges and universities which presently make up 50% of the industrial research and
development personnel in the USA. The distribution of this particular work force is pervasive. The
intellectual engines provided by chemically training individuals are behind such diverse activities as semiconductor processing and biotechnology. The concentration of such personnel in the chemical process
industry, performance chemicals, and pharmaceutical research is well known. The availability of quality
graduates in the chemical sciences and the related areas of biochemistry, biophysics and material sciences
will therefore have a major impact on where companies will locate their R&D facilities and where their
advance development and early production will be done. For US-based multinational chemical process
companies to remain competitive (and as the engines of economic growth for the USA well into the next
century), we will increasingly witness greater mobility of chemists and chemical processes across
national borders.” Professor Mary Good, International Activities Committee Chair
Latin America affords remarkable opportunity for the transnational production and delivery of chemical
products, processing regimes and services. This fact is all the more compelling with recent
announcements of companies commiting billions in capital investment to the region. As these
transnational activities accelerate in Latin America, there will be added demand for local availability of
quality professionals from the chemical sciences tradition. Outreach to Latin America also benefits the
Society and its membership in a number of ways. The benefits to the ACS of developing linkages within
chemically related industry, higher education and professional associations in Latin America are as
follows.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advance the ACS mission and the profession and industry it serves worldwide;
Facilitate the exchange of ideas and expertise among members and chemical professionals on a global
level;
Explore and develop new markets for domestic members;
Enable members to compete effectively in the global marketplace;
Build and strengthen relationships with counterpart organizations in Latin America.;
Help domestic membership and staff succeed in a cross-cultural workplace and develop an
"international mindset" – also in the partner country with the partner organization;
Maintain the competitive edge with societies and associations that represent similar industries or
professions to ACS and have already gone international (UK RSC);
Gain industry intelligence from strategic alliances, partnerships and non-U.S. memberships;
Become the industry’s/profession’s global resource center;
Further educate the Society’s volunteer leadership and membership in general on Latin American
trends and issues and develop access to various international services;
Enhance science policy and scientific literacy overseas.
The America Chemical Society recognizes that demand in Latin American cannot be filled with US
highly skilled expatriate or U.S.-trained foreign chemists alone. Development of a local pool of qualitytrained chemically based professionals will have a greater likelihood of success with cooperative effort
between, within and among local allied chemical industry, higher education and professional societies.
16
This research brief brings together preliminary information on key, chemically related sectors in Latin
America. The purpose of this endeavor is to provide a basis for informed discussion on ways ACS can
best organize itself for activity related to Latin America, activity providing effective and timely service to
its membership – those with industrial and academic chemical interests as well the Society’s role in
promoting regional economic development through chemical enterprise. Trade statistics indicate that
five countries constitute the largest segment of the chemically related activity for the continent. The
scope of this report covers those countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela. Narrative
describing the chemical enterprise in other countries are also being accessioned to this report.
17
Methodology
AR
BR
CL
MX
VZ
Literature Review
HIGHER
EDUCATION
INDUSTRY
ASSN’S &
SOCIETIES
GOV’T
RES
CTRS
SURVEYS, FOCUS
GROUPS, AND
INFORMANT
INTERVIEWS
ANALYSIS OF ACS EXCHANGE AND
COLLABORATIVE OPPORTUNITIES
IN LATIN AMERICA
18
Latin America: In Brief
Latin American Regional Economic History, Activities and Issues
(Sources: http://www.latinvestor.com/economy.htm; http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/index.html;
http://www.info.usaid.gov/economic_growth/trdweb/lac.htm)
The Latin America Region includes:
Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,
Uruguay, and Venezuela.
Highlights
Latin American countries and their contribution to the region’s GNP :
Mexico 21,40%
Argentina 10,10%
Brazil 38,20%
Paraguay 0,80%
Peru 3,40%
Chile 4,50%
Uruguay 1,00%
Colombia 5,40%
Venezuela 7,80%
Ecuador 1,50%
For the region : population = 474 million ; GNP = 1.050 million ; GDP per capita = US$ 3.000;
Exports = US$ 200 billion ; Imports = US$ 180 billion.
World Bank lending to Latin America and the Caribbean set a new record reaching over
$7.7 billion in fiscal year 1999, according to the international financial institution's annual
report, made public today. The Latin America and Caribbean region accounted for an all-time
high of 27 percent of the Bank's total worldwide loan commitments of $28.9 billion, up from 21
percent in 1998. Lending to assist Brazil and Argentina in their response to the effects of the
Asian crisis and Russian debt moratorium, and support to rebuild Central America after
Hurricane Mitch accounted for much of the increase.
Latin America is second in major oil reserves worldwide. during the last decade the reserve
growth rate has been around 4% per year and the annual production growth rate has been 3.4%,
nearly three times the worldwide average. the region has 79 refineries with a total refining
capacity of 6.96 MMbpd; this refining capacity is 9% of the worldwide total. According to
estimates of the World Bank, the Latin American oil sector requires investments of more than
US$ 180 billion between 1995 and 2010.
Of all the regions in the developing world, Latin America is the most urbanized in the closing
years of the 20th Century. In 1997, 74% of the population of this region lived in towns and cities.
Much of this shift has occurred in the last few decades. Since 1980, the proportion of the
population residing in Latin American towns and cities increased from 65% to 74%. The Region
added 135 million people to its urban population during this 17-year period. In Latin America
one-half of the urban population - or 135 million people - live in only 20 large cities.
19
Trade Agreements in Latin America
A major challenge to the region is the ability to open its markets to promote competition . In this
way the following are the Free Trade Regional Agreements in place : (a) NAFTA : USA and
Mexico (b) Andean Pact : Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Chile and Bolivia (c) MERCOSUR:
Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay and Uruguay .
Regional integration is not a new phenomenon in Latin America. The Latin America Free Trade
Association (LAFTA) was created in 1960 with the aim of eliminating trade barriers in the
region over a period of 12 years. The main driving force of LAFTA was the idea that the
integration process could foster the import substitution model of industrialization through greater
economies of scale associated with the enlargement of market size. In 1980, LAFTA was
replaced by the Latin America Integration Association (LAIA), created by the Treaty of
Montevideo. The guiding principle of this association, which was different from that of LAFTA,
was to stimulate preferential tariff agreements among its members.
At about the same time, Argentina and Brazil began to improve their diplomatic relations which
had previously been characterized by disputes around border questions. Better diplomatic
relations were not, however, immediately translated into economic integration. The debt crisis of
1982 led Brazil to raise trade barriers and to devalue its currency. The middle of the eighties
marked the beginning of the return to democracy in Argentina and Brazil. This political
development paved the way for the trade agreements. In 1986, the first agreement, PICE
(Program for Integration and Economic Cooperation), was signed. This initiative was taken by
the two governments and was apparently not motivated by demands of the private sectors nor
the significant reduction of intra-regional trade that took place in the beginning of the 1980s.
Two years after the signature of the PICE agreement and when concrete results were still to be
achieved, Argentina and Brazil signed a new treaty aimed at creating a common market. This
initiative was driven by factors such as perception that regional trade agreements would become
pervasive worldwide; that developed countries were not interested in integration with Latin
America; and that the outcome of the Uruguay Round would be far below the expectations of the
two countries. Another contributing element was the unilateral liberalization that was underway
in each country at the time; a process in which Argentina was perceived to be moving ahead of
Brazil.
The Governments of Argentina and Brazil both decided that the common market should begin in
1995. The Treaty of Asunción, signed in March of 1991, created the Mercado Común del Sur
(MERCOSUR or Common Market of the South), which is a customs union between Argentina,
Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay by the year 2006. Chile and Bolivia became Associate
MERCOSUR members in 1996, joining the FTA but not the CET or the planned common
market. MERCOSUR in Spanish or MERCOSUL in Portuguese are the acronyms for the
Southern Common Market that unites Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, plus Chile and
Bolivia as Associate Members, in the world’s fourth largest economic area. It is a large, rapidly
growing market in the midst of one of the world’s most dynamic regions. Markets in this
hemisphere have been the leading source of U.S. export growth in 5 of the last 6 years. It is
one of the few regions in the world where the United States maintains a favorable trade
balance.
20
MERCOSUR was created under the GATT and is an integral part of the process of trade
liberalisation occurring amongst the four countries. The agreement aims at establishing a single
market among these nations, based on the free movement of goods and services; the
establishment of common external tariffs and trade policies; the co-ordination of macroeconomic
and sectoral policies; and the harmonisation of legislation to strengthen the process of economic
integration.
MERCOSUR is one of the largest and most dynamic integrated markets in the developing world,
and close cooperation between Brazil and Argentina--historic competitors--is key to
MERCOSUR's impressive growth. Argentina accounts for about 27 percent of MERCOSUR
GDP; Brazil's share exceeds 70 percent. MERCOSUR countries have preferential trade
arrangements with each other and have an average trade-weighted external tariff of 17 percent.
Eighty-five percent of goods are included in MERCOSUR's common external tariff, with the
balance to be phased into the common external tariff by 2006.
The Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, which forecast a
moderate return to economic growth next year and an acceleration in 2001 for Latin America,
said a worsening of disagreements within MERCOSUR could put a strain on the economic
health of the region.
``Failure to pass the fiscal reforms necessary to make public finances sustainable, an aggravation
of trade conflicts within MERCOSUR, a negative reaction of financial markets to rising U.S.
interest rates or a prolonged recession in neighbouring South American countries are all sources
of considerable downside risk,'' the OECD report stated.
The OECD has forecasted Brazil's gross domestic product (GDP) will grow 3 percent in
2000 and 3.8 percent in 2001. Argentine growth was seen at 2.5 percent in 2000 and 3.5 percent
in 2001.
One way to ensure there is no repeat of this year's foreign exchange strain on trade is through
closer macroeconomic policy coordination, Lavagna said.
The member nations of MERCOSUR agreed in June to try to harmonise their economic policies
along the lines of the European Union's landmark Maastricht treaty, which set joint limits for
indicators including public debt as a proportion of GDP and inflation.
``Brazil's public debt is a bit more than 50 percent of GDP and Argentina's is around 40 percent,
so the differences aren't that great,'' Lavagna said. Finally, while markets like the NYSE and
NASDAQ are thriving, their counterparts in Latin America are struggling to survive with regionwide plunges in trading volume. From July 1997 to July 1999, the average daily trading volume
fell by 75% in Sao Paulo, Brazil; 48% in Mexico City; 69% in Lima, Peru; 37% in Buenos Aires,
Argentina and 74% in Bogota, Colombia. Many Latin America companies are leaving their
home exchanges and beginning to trade in the USA due to the availability of American
depository receipts, securities representing shares of foreign stocks that can be traded or used to
raise capital in the USA.
21
Spanish Firms Revive Latin America Conquest
By Anthony Faiola
Washington Post Foreign Service
Monday, February 14, 2000; Page A01
SANTIAGO, Chile—Half a millennium ago, Spanish conquistadors swept across a great
southern swath of the New World, plundering, colonizing and fattening royal coffers with native
gold. Now, more than 100 years after the last of their rebellious colonies won independence,
Spain is back in Latin America--doing with mergers and acquisitions what it once did with
swords and gunpowder.
To understand the depth of what's been dubbed the reconquista--or reconquest--of Latin
America, look no further than Humberto Illanes' monthly bills. Spanish companies, including
some still partially owned by the Spanish government, now own Chile's largest telephone
company, power company and waterworks. In addition, Spanish banks control roughly 40
percent of the Chilean market.
"Every time I turn on the lights, make a phone call, cash a check or drink a glass of water, I'm
putting money into pockets in Madrid," complained the head of the union at Banco Santiago,
which was taken over last year by a Spanish financial group. "It's as if we're a colony again,
paying taxes to the Spanish crown."
Spain, which only 20 years ago was a minor economic presence in the region, is now second to
the United States in annual investment and is challenging the United States for regional influence
for the first time since the Spanish-American War in 1898. In 1998, the last year complete
statistics are available from both governments, U.S. investment across Latin America totaled
$14.3 billion, while Spanish investment was $11.3 billion. Last year, Spaniards plunked down
almost $20 billion, according to Spanish government estimates.
But the reconquest, analysts say, is far more than economic. It underscores the renewal of
cultural and political bonds between Latin America and its colonial master. Despite growing
resentment like that of Illanes, much of the region has embraced what Spain has been careful to
cast as a new golden era of mutual exchange rather than the birth of a new economic empire.
Take, for example, the hot film "All About My Mother" that is generating Oscar buzz: It pairs
Spain's best-known director, Pedro Almodovar, with one of Argentina's top actresses, Cecilia
Roth. And as King Juan Carlos and other members of the Spanish royal family periodically touch
down in the region on official visits, so Colombian rocker Shakira is holding court as the toast of
teens in Madrid and Barcelona.
Spain Resurgent Spain is also extending a promise that its own model transition to democracy
from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco can become a guide for its former colonies, now
charting a similar course after the downfall of unelected regimes in all countries in the region
22
except Cuba. Implicit in that suggestion is a promise that Latin America will also emerge from
the shadow of the United States.
Only by "reinforcing [and] consolidating the Ibero-American community of nations [through]
our shared languages and cultures, and with our firm conviction in genuine democracy . . . can
our peoples successfully face up to the challenges of the 21st century," Juan Carlos said on a
recent visit to Cuba for an Iberian-American summit meeting.
For the United States, Spain has reemerged as a challenge to the spirit of the Monroe Doctrine,
the principle of U.S. foreign policy that claimed the region as a sphere of exclusive American
influence.
As Spain's economic might has grown here, so has its political voice--and some of its positions
are polar opposites of Washington's. The decision to hold the Iberian-American summit in
Havana, for example, highlighted widespread opposition shared by Spain and many Latin
American governments to the U.S. embargo against Fidel Castro's Cuba. Spanish companies
have helped lead investment in Cuba throughout the 1990s, providing the island with desperately
needed hard currency.
"Spain understands Latin America in a way that no other country outside of Latin America
possibly could," said Carlos Gasco, cabinet chief of Spain's Economy Ministry in Madrid. "We
have used that to our advantage to build what we see as a long-term economic connection that is
only going to keep binding us closer to Latin America."
Even in giant Brazil, which as a former Portuguese colony differs in language and culture from
its neighbors, Spain is gaining economic importance. Spanish investment in Brazil's economy,
the largest in Latin America, soared from $112 million in 1996 to $6 billion in 1998. Telefonica
de Espana became one of the largest players in the privatization of Brazil's national telephone
monopoly--winning the bid to buy Telesp, the local phone company for Sao Paulo, the world's
third-largest city. The Spanish company now operates one of every four phone lines across Latin
America.
But in a region where the historical image of colonial Spain is only marginally better than that of
a bullying Uncle Sam, the new bonds are creating a measure of friction. Nowhere is that more
evident than in Chile, a country of 15 million where massive Spanish investment--symbolized by
the futuristic Telefonica tower, the tallest skyscraper in Santiago--has mixed with Madrid's
"meddling" into domestic politics.
Indeed, Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon's crusade to put Chile's aged former dictator, Gen.
Augusto Pinochet, on trial in Madrid for crimes committed during his 17 years in power has
fanned Chilean nationalism. Then-President Eduardo Frei boycotted the Iberian-American
summit last year, and leading Chilean businessmen and right-wing politicians have called for
Santiago to break diplomatic ties with Madrid. Incoming Spanish executives have been met with
the cold shoulder--one was even denied membership in an exclusive Santiago country club
because he is Spanish.
23
"What gives the Spaniards the moral authority to be our judges and masters?" said Cristian
Labbe, a Pinochet supporter and mayor of Providencia, an affluent neighborhood in Greater
Santiago. The Spanish Embassy in Chile is located in his bustling urban center, and Labbe lashed
out the only way he could: temporarily suspending the embassy's trash pickup. "The last time I
checked the history books, Latin America had won its independence from Spain. But you
wouldn't know it from their haughty actions," he said.
The cultural memory of the ruthless Spanish conquest of Latin America dies hard. Conquistadors
fanned out over the New World in the early 16th century, driven by a lust for gold. They found it
in abundance, especially in what are now Mexico and Peru, where Hernan Cortes decimated the
Aztecs and Francisco Pizarro did the same to the mighty Incas. The Spanish campaign would end
in the annihilation of millions of indigenous people and leave their descendants on the margins
of society.
"Especially now that they've come back, the Spanish should be made to make reparations for the
slaughter and robbery committed by them and their descendants," said Maria Catrileo Airemilla,
a leader of Chile's Mapuche Indians, who successfully resisted the conquistadors, but
nevertheless endured loss of life, land and culture during the conquest and afterward.
In the first decades of the 1800s, the great Latin America liberators led drives for independence
from Spain. Although the descendants of wealthy Spanish families went on to become Latin
America's aristocracy, emotional bonds to the motherland gradually eroded--especially in
countries such as Argentina, which experienced massive immigration from other European
nations, and Mexico and Peru, where racially mixed populations are now predominant.
Spain's reemergence as a power in the region dates to 1986, when it gained entry to the European
Union. A decade after the end of Franco's dictatorship, Spain shed its image as Europe's rube
cousin as financial reforms ignited the economy. Spanish companies became flush with cash and
eager to enter the global economy. They looked first to their distant cousins across the Atlantic.
Latin America was just then entering its own era of economic reform, privatizing governmentrun enterprises and dropping investment barriers as never before. There have been some stormy
seas. Spain's Iberia airline continues to lose millions on investments in the national airline of
Argentina. But other Spanish companies, aided by their own recent experiences at rapid
modernization, have largely met with extraordinary success. Today, Telefonica, for instance,
makes more money in Latin America than it does in Spain.
The Cultural Connection "Culture has played a significant role," said Mateo Budinich, general
manager of Telefonica CTC in Chile. "We have a shared language, but each nation is extremely
different in Latin America. The Spanish are sensitive to that, while at the same time capitalizing
on the similarities in our cultures to smooth the way in business deals."
A vital key for the Spanish has been their stronger stomachs for Latin America's economic
volatility. Even as U.S. investors panicked after the devaluation of the Brazilian currency
sparked a recession in Latin America last year, Spanish investment reached a peak. Repsol, the
Spanish oil giant, gobbled up Argentina's largest private company, energy titan YPF, for $13.5
24
billion, the largest Spanish investment in Latin American history. Telefonica pumped billions
more into a massive expansion into Brazil.
And as corporate Spain established a beachhead here, it has opened the door for its subsidiaries
and smaller Spanish firms. Many Latin Americans today buy their clothes from Zara--Spain's
cutting-edge version of The Gap--and scoop up romance and science fiction novels from the
massive Spanish publishers who now virtually monopolize the markets in many Latin countries.
The Spanish have won lucrative contracts to build ports in Chile and reconstruct colonial
buildings in Havana. New firms are launching Internet startups in a region considered to be the
fastest-growing high-technology market in the developing world.
"I think the difference between Spanish and U.S. companies in Latin America is that the Spanish
have been less afraid of the risk involved," said Raimundo Monge, head of corporate strategy for
Spain's Banco Santander in Chile. The bank expanded dramatically in Chile last year--a 25
percent increase in profits over 1998--despite the country's worst recession in 16 years. "During
the bad times like last year or the Mexican peso crisis [in 1995], we've continued to invest
heavily while U.S. firms like Citibank have decided to curb their commitments to the region."
"But we're in this for the long run. Remember, the Spanish have known for a long time that Latin
America is a gold mine."
Spain Reaches Out
Spanish companies have acquired companies in Latin America at a fast pace in recent years, and
some Latin Americans have dubbed the acquisition spree the "reconquest."
Here are some of the biggest recent Spanish investment deals:
Repsol (Spain) bought YPF (Argentina)
* Industry: Oil sector
* Year of purchase: 1999
* Price tag: $13.5 billion
Telefonica de Espana (Spain) bought Telesp (Brazil)
* Industry: Telecommunications
BSCH (Spain) bought Banco Santiago (Chile)
* Industry: Banking
Endesa Espana (Spain) bought controlling stake in Enersis (Chile)
25
* Industry: Electric Utilities
SOURCES: Spanish Ministry of the Economy, staff reports
26
Latin America and the Globalization Index
(source: Foreign Policy, A.T. Kearney)
Foreign Policy magazine has developed a globalization index based upon four factors:
technology – measured by Internet use; personal contact – as determined by arrivals of foreign
tourists and long distance telephone calls; goods and services – based on levels of international
trade; and finance – including foreign investment. Chile ranked first, Venezuela second,
Argentina third, Mexico a close fourth, Peru fifth, Brazil sixth, and Colombia seventh.
27
The Latin American Chemical Industry
Moving Targets
(Source: Deborah Gaskell, Chemistry in Britain, December 1999)
In recent years the global chemical industry has seen Asia as its prime investment target: now
companies are beginning to turn their sights on Latin America, reports Deborah Gaskell
For many people, Latin America evokes predominately negative images; of dictatorships, drug
smuggling and hyper inflation. Yet, abiding as these associations may be, they are not a true
reflection of Latin America today, according to Volkmar Müller, managing director of Dresdner
Management Consulting (DMC).
Speaking at this year's meeting of the ECMRA (the European Association for Business Research
Planning and Development in the Chemical Industry) held recently in Paris, Müller pointed out
that important changes have been taking place in the regional economies of Latin America,
making the region increasingly attractive to investors in the chemical sector. Most Latin
American countries, he reported, have seen advances in the process of democratisation during
the past 10 years. There has also been an increased liberalisation in the market place and growth
in privatisation. And, he added, the region's debt structure has changed for the better.
There are still some things in the region that have yet to change though; internal savings are still
low, the region is heavily dependent on foreign capital, and both the region's infrastructure and
social situation remain unsatisfactory.
The 1998 Asian financial crisis, which spread into Latin America via Russia, had a dampening
impact on the region's growth. Prior to 1998, a number of countries had been reporting extremely
high rates of gross domestic product (GDP) growth - some considerably higher than those seen
in Europe and the US. But when the Asian crisis hit, all of the countries in Latin America saw
their GDP growth rates fall sharply, some falling to barely above zero, while Venezuela fell into
negative figures.
In Argentina, for instance, GDP growth rose from 5.5 per cent in 1996 to 8.1 per cent in 1997,
and then fell back down to 3.9 per cent in 1998. Mexico managed to hold up best out of all the
countries, with its growth slipping from 6.8 per cent in 1997 to 4.8 per cent in 1998, while Peru
suffered a huge decline - from 6.9 per cent in 1997 to 0.3 per cent in 1998.
The region was struck another blow this year, by the devaluation crisis in Brazil. As a result of
this devaluation, by the largest of all Latin American countries, most of the other countries in the
region were forced to make downward adjustments in their forecasts for 1999.
In spite of this latest setback, however, Müller expects the major Latin American countries to see
continuous growth in their GDP over the next decade (Fig 1). Argentina, Brazil and Chile, which
currently have the highest GDP per capita, are also expected to have the highest GDP per capita
growth rates until 2010. Chile's per capita GDP is forecast to rise by 23 per cent to US$6452,
28
Argentina's by 11 per cent to $10,281 and Brazil's by 4 per cent to $5047. In Venezuela,
meanwhile, GDP per capita is expected to increase by 20 per cent to $4620.
The GDP of major countries in Latin America (US $1000m)
Source: Dresdner Management Consult Research
Argentina, in particular, has managed to turn itself round economically in recent years. Notably,
it has succeeded in reducing its inflation rate from over 1000 per cent to below that of Europe.
This has partly been achieved through Argentina's alignment with the US dollar.
The expected expansion in Latin America looks set to open up significant chemical investment
opportunities in the region. Chemical companies looking for investment targets would do well to
consider the region. Müller believes that Latin America compares favourably to China, for
example, because it offers both political and economic stability.
The chemical industry is a significant sector throughout Latin America, with the region's large
quantities of natural resources, such as oil and gas, providing the feedstocks for the
petrochemical sector.
Brazil is the largest country in Latin America, according to most criteria - including population,
GDP, and chemical output - although, from the point of view of chemicals, Müller believes that
Argentina is currently the most interesting market. Despite a significant difference in size
between the two countries - for instance, Argentina's $2600m chemical output (1998 figure) is a
fraction of Brazil's $39,500m - Argentina's chemical sector has the highest growth potential, with
a forecast growth rate for the next 10 years of 11 per cent. This is reflected in Argentina's
expected investments of $6800m for 1998-2000 - $800m more than the expected investments in
Brazil.
Within Argentina's chemical industry, the most dynamic and interesting sector is agrochemicals,
with a predicted growth rate of over 20 per cent. The pharma (life sciences), cosmetics,
detergents and cleaning agent sectors are also expanding. In trade terms, Argentina's expanding
29
chemical output is not expected to affect the market for foreign investment - forecasts suggest 5
per cent growth in exports and 10 per cent growth in imports. Against Argentina, however, are
its comparatively high production costs, particularly its electricity and labour costs.
The agrochemical sector is also the highest growth sector in Brazil, with sales forecast to rise
from $2600m in 1998 to $2800m in 2000. On the down side for Brazil, Müller pointed out, is
that its chemical industry still employs a lot of old machinery.
Of the remaining Latin American countries, most are extremely small. Colombia, for instance, is
burdened by a lot of red tape and the government is said to want to exert control over industry.
30
Trade with the USA in Chemicals and Related Products EXPORTS
8000
7000
US$ Millions
6000
1994
5000
1995
4000
1996
1997
3000
1998
2000
1000
0
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Countries
Source: Department of Commerce, 1998
31
Mexico
Venezuela
Trade with the USA in Chemicals and Related Products IMPORTS
1800
1600
Millions US$
1400
1200
1994
1000
1995
1996
800
1997
600
1998
400
200
0
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Mexico
Venezuela
Countries
Source: Department of Commerce, 1998
Latin America And The Energy Sector
REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN TRANSITION: A STRATEGIC
ANALYSIS (Source: US Dept of Energy, 1999)
From many perspectives, Latin America represents a particularly dynamic and exciting region of
the world. Political and economic reforms during the past few years promise to provide a good
environment for growth and investment. Within this context, growth in demand for energy,
refined products and petrochemicals is expected to exceed global averages for the foreseeable
future. To meet projected demand levels for both refined products and petrochemical feedstocks,
industry participants must consider a wide range of issues and emerging trends.
•Energy and Refining
•Privatization, demonopolization and government ownership: oil/gas, refining, distribution, etc.
•Prospects for continued strong economic growth and associated rapid increases in total energy
use and electricity demand and pricing
•Oil and gas fields: locations/reserves/pipelines/distribution/ownership/logistics
•Prospects for a change in the mix of energy sources, in particular with regard to promotion and
use of natural gas and alcohol (gasohol)
32
•Refined product quality changes, which are evolving rapidly but at different rates across the
region
•Rapid growth in petrochemical feedstock demand, with associated shifts in the mix of
feedstocks that will be utilized
•Projected changes in petroleum trade patterns, both with other regions as well as between Latin
American countries
•Petrochemicals
•Privatization in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico is changing chemical industry business practices
and competitiveness. Privatization in other countries will occur.
•Foreign investment in privatized companies will have an impact as well.
•Deregulation has created a free market economy and has opened doors to imports resulting in
changing competitive cost pressures.
•Understanding feedstock availability and transfer price mechanisms for domestic use and
exports will be required to assess domestic pricing policies, profitability and net trade
(imports/exports).
•Free trade agreements are being formed to provide a competitive advantage to member
countries.
•Consolidation and restructuring will be required as there are too many single product
companies.
•Cost reduction/reengineering programs are increasing to improve competitive positions
•Major expansions/debottlenecking will occur in the post-privatized environment that will
include additional foreign investment as well as strategic alliances.
Privatization of Latin American Petroleum
Latin America is an area of rapidly growing exploration and development activity for U.S.
energy companies. Privatization of petroleum operations in Latin America has occurred against a
backdrop of sweeping free market economic reform. Central to Latin American economic
reforms has been the privatization of a range of state-owned industries--from phone companies,
to natural gas and electric utilities, to petroleum companies. The various countries of Latin
America, however, have pursued different routes to privatization. At one extreme lies Argentina,
which completely privatized its formerly-state owned petroleum company, YPF. At the other end
of the spectrum lies Mexico, which has largely maintained its state-owned petroleum monopoly,
Pemex, although allowing more latitude to foreign investors in Mexican petrochemicals. In
general, privatization has allowed Latin American companies more freedom to pursue joint
ventures with foreign companies. It has also led to an upswing in overall Latin American
petroleum investment and may have encouraged the acquisition of some Latin American
petroleum companies by foreign firms as well as the acquisition of foreign companies by some
Latin American firms.
33
Latin America and Energy Consumption – in Millions of BTU’s
(Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/brazenv.html)
34
The Latin American Petrochemical Industry
Robert J Bauman, Chem Systems
(Source: www.ci.mond.org/9519/951913.html)
Latin America can be divided into three geographic sections: Mexico, Central America and the
Caribbean, and South America. With Mexico now part of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), some people consider it to be part of North America rather than Latin
America, but the realities are that Mexico's culture, structure, issues and problems are similar to
those of other Latin American countries. The residual impact of the Mexican financial crisis on
other Latin American financial markets is strong evidence of this relationship.
With a population of about 470 million people, Latin America has always been a strong potential
market for chemicals and plastics. There were, however, significant impediments
to large, continuous increases in per capita consumption. These included economic instability
(inflation and devaluation), strong government controls including trade/investment barriers, and
political uncertainties. One result was that only a few foreign companies invested in the Latin
American petrochemicals industry - most of which had to settle for a minority equity position
(with the government also as an equity shareholder) or a position of no growth from their initial
position. This is changing and there is therefore a strong, renewed interest in Latin America on
two fronts – capital investment and as an export market.
Perhaps the best way to begin is to define the Latin American petrochemical industry and then
examine the impact that some of the recent changes will have on the industry. Chemical
production exists in seven Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Mexico, Trinidad and Venezuela. Brazil has the largest, most developed petrochemical industry,
followed by Mexico. Some of the other countries are very small in size and in the number of
products produced. Trinidad only produces methanol and some methanol derivatives. With its
small population base, it is an export-oriented facility capitalising on its low cost feedstock
advantage.
Feedstock positions
Feedstock position has always been a critical issue for the petrochemicals business. Argentina is
self-sufficient in oil and has an abundance of natural gas with proven reserves throughout the
country. As such, its chemical industry (olefins, methanol and fertilisers) is based on natural gas.
Mexico and Venezuela have large oil reserves and are net exporters. They also have an excellent
natural gas position which has been very favourably priced to promote petrochemicals
development. Chile and Colombia have a small oil refinery position resulting in a limited
feedstock availability for petrochemicals with the exception of the large natural gas reserves in
the south of Chile which have provided world-scale methanol production.
Brazil, on the other hand, does not have a large domestic oil and gas base. Instead it used to rely
on imports for energy and petrochemical feedstocks. This led to a programme being set up in the
1960s to use agriculturally derived ethanol for fuel and as a petrochemical feedstock to reduce
35
the country's dependency on oil imports. A number of ethanol-to-ethylene plants were built. In
time they became uneconomical relative to ethane- and naphtha-based ethylene plants because
they required government subsidies. As the subsidies were withdrawn these old plants closed.
With a population of 160 million people, Brazil, through the state-owned oil company Petrobras,
became one of the world's largest purchasers of petroleum and petroleum products (for example,
naphtha). In order to develop a naphtha-based petrochemical industry, a programme was started
that included subsidised feedstock prices, tariff protection, planned site development, price
controls and government equity participation.
Feedstock in most of the other Latin American countries is relatively small or non-existent. As
such, there are no known plans to build any petrochemical plants in any Central American or
Caribbean country. As a result, these countries, with a population base of more than 60 million
people, will remain net importers of chemicals and plastics. Similarly, there are no known plans
to build any petrochemical plants in the other countries of South America that currently do not
have production facilities. These countries, with a combined population of 50 million people,
will also remain important net importers of chemicals and plastics.
Ethylene is a good product to use as a base to review petrochemical development. It is the largest
petrochemical/plastics feedstock produced in the world. Moreover, it is not a readily traded
commodity (less than 3% of global production is exported), so having an ethylene position
translates into derivative production leading to the development of an integrated petrochemical
industry. Latin American ethylene capacity is about 4.0 Mt/ annually). This represented about
8% of the total global ethylene capacity. Four countries have a significant ethylene
production/consumption base: Argentina,Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela. These four countries
also have 65% of the Latin American population.
36
Petrochemical Production 1999
Source: APLA, 1999
1999 Petrochemical Production - Selected Countries Latin America
(millions of tons)
Venezuela
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
113
305
308
166
227
2416
117
124
Argentina
80
852
65
105
Ethylene
Ethylene
Oxide
Ortho
Xylene
261
1152
Venezuela
479
Propylene
Para
Xylene
90
1248
169
300
26
82
178
19
25
93
16
24
44
Chile
Mexico
Para Xylene
Propylene
Styrene
Ortho Xylene
Ethylene
Cumene
Ethylene Oxide
Styrene
Acrylonitril
Benzene
e
Brazil
Butadiene
Cumene
Butadiene
Benzene
Acrylonitrile
Argentina
32
% Change From Petrochem Production '98
Argentina +5.8;
Brazil +6.9;
Chile -2.2;
Mexico -12.7;
Venezuela -11.7
Total +0.3
37
The Petrochemical Sector and MERCOSUR
Source: The Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean
(IDB-INTAL), 1998
•The effect of international trade on the petrochemical industry (PCI) is relatively modest. At the
beginning of the 1990s, only 8% of western Europe’s plastics production was exported extraregionally. The United States and Japan respectively exported 11% and 15% of their production.
•Although the developing countries have increased their share of world petrochemical exports, a
substantial internal market is required to sustain plants that are efficient in scale and technology.
•The entry of companies into the PCI in developing countries depends on technology imports,
while the determinants of sectoral competitiveness are the availability and price of raw materials
and the cost of fixed investment. •In MERCOSUR, only Argentina and Brazil have a PCI.
Paraguay has no local production and in Uruguay the supply of petrochemical is very limited,
although there is a chemical industry of some significance which is highly dependent on
imported inputs. •Analyzing the three-year period 1994-1996, it is evident that Brazilian
petrochemical production was approximately nine times greater than that of Argentina, visible
consumption was six times greater, and exports were five time higher. •MERCOSURís CET for
products in this sector did not differ greatly from those previously applied in Argentina and
Brazil, but in general it was higher than those in Paraguay and Uruguay. Consequently, the latter
countries have made intensive use of the CET is exceptions regime in an effort to maintain
favorable supply conditions from extra-subregional countries. •Very few petrochemical products
come under MERCOSUR ís adjustment regime, and practically all of them are traded with zero
tariff. •Argentine and Brazilian companies increasingly view the MERCOSUR countries as part
of the domestic market. This means that they are not using MERCOSUR to regulate internal
crises but as a market to be permanently addressed. Hence progress is being made towards a
division of market share between firms in the sector at the sub-regional level. In other words,
oligopolistic competition in the PCI tends to encompass MERCOSUR as a whole. •In both
Argentina and Brazil, exports have been redirected away from third markets and towards
MERCOSUR throughout this decade. •In Paraguay and Uruguay, no clear trends are evident
with regard to the origin of petrochemical imports by geographic region, although MERCOSUR
is the main supplier in both cases. •Petrochemical trade between Argentina and Brazil has
increased strongly in the past decade. •The reorientation of Argentine and Brazilian exports
towards MERCOSUR especially in the wake of the present crisis has allowed firms in the subregion to maintain high-level use of their productive capacity. •MERCOSUR is an opportunity
for firms located in Argentina and Brazil, since they are considered competitive in terms of costs,
technology and scale, and they have access to a bigger market under preferential conditions (both
as regards tariffs and geographic proximity) compared to producers in third countries.
•Transformations in organization, quality, processes, etc., do not seem attributable to
MERCOSUR per se, but to the trade liberalization and deregulation carried out since the start of
this decade. However, the establishment of MERCOSUR did generate new business strategies,
including the installation of commercial offices in the partner country, the formulation of
complementarity schemes between the affiliates of transnational companies, direct investments
in the neighboring country, partnerships between Argentina and Brazilian firms, etc.
•MERCOSUR’s economic process must have a minimum level of policy coordination to
forestall appreciable differences in the incentives that each country offers. A sufficient degree of
coordination has not yet been reached. Nevertheless, Argentine and Brazilian producers ñ and
38
the chambers of commerce that represent them do not express any significant concern about the
"asymmetries" that might exist between the two countries. However, there is greater concern
about the possibility of extending the integration process to other countries or regions which
differ substantially in their policies in this sector.
The Agrochemical Market in Latin America
(Chemical Market Report, 9/13/99)
The region’s crop protection and seed markets are growing and developing while Asia is
recovering from economic turmoil and Europe continues to impose regulatory obstacles against
genetically-modified crops. The market is ½ the size of the US market, but it is growing twice as
fast. During the last 15 to 20 years, the market in Latin America for crop protection chemicals
has grown more rapidly than its overall farm sector. Initial indications are that shipments of
agrochemicals exceeded US$4.4 billion in 1998, 15% higher than during the previous year and
more than twice the levels recorded in 1990. Since 1990 the market in Latin America has grown
at an 11% clip versus a growth rate of 6.6% in the US for the same period.
INTERVIEW-Aventis sees rise in Latin America Sales
BOGOTA, March 1 (Reuters) - German-French life sciences group Aventis SA, which
industry experts predict will be the first company to produce genetically modified (GM) rice
commercially, expects to boost its overall sales across Latin America by more than 30 percent
this year. "Latin America accounts for 20 percent of Aventis' sales worldwide and it represented
$600 million in sales for us last year," said Jean Yves Ravinet, the company's regional director.
"We intend to reach a total of $800 million in 2000," he told Reuters in an interview.
Ravinet, who was in Bogota for the launch Wednesday of a local unit of Aventis
CropScience, said the growth in sales would stem largely from the company's agricultural
business.
But it would also be driven by stronger growth in some of the larger economies in the region
this year after financial turmoil across much of Latin America in 1999.
Aventis was formed last year from the merger of Germany's Hoechst AG and France's
Rhone-Poulenc SA.
Ravinet did not comment specifically on the development and sale of GM crops for Latin
America. But the company has defended the safety of GM crops vigorously in the past, saying it
does not believe they will cause harm to people or the environment.
It has also said it plans to begin commercial production of GM rice as early as this year in
South America and the United States. In the interview, Ravinet said companies involved in the
production of GM seed and crops -- dubbed "Frankenstein Foods" by their detractors in Europe - were responsible for at least some of the controversy they have stirred up.
39
"It's true that there's a certain rejection (of GM foods). But that rejection is our own fault
because of the lack of good explanations," he said. "With biotechnology, instead of incorporating
a whole set of genes into a plant we can select only what interests us and keep the fundamental
part of an original variety intact."
Retail Pharmaceutical Sales: Selected Counties in Latin America
Position in World Market (Source: IMS Health)
1999 Pharmaceutical Sales - Total Selcted World
US$ 207.5 Billion
Argentina
2%
Mexico
2%
Australia/NZ
1%
US
Brazil
2%
Canada
Germany
Japan
23%
US
41%
France
Italy
UK
Spain
Spain
3%
UK
4%
Japan
Brazil
Italy
5% France
7%
Canada
2%
Germany
8%
40
Mexico
Argentina
Australia/NZ
Percentage Shares of World Chemical
Demand in 2010
North America
23%
Western Europe
25%
Australasia
1%
Latin America
7%
Japan
11%
C&E Europe
4%
Other Areas
4%
China
11%
Indian SC
4%
Other Far East
10%
41
Percentage Shares of World Chemical
Output in 2010
North America
24%
Western Europe
26%
Latin America
6%
Australasia
1%
Japan
11%
Other Areas
4%
China
11%
Indian SC
3%
C&E Europe
4%
Other Far East
10%
42
Other Chemically related Latin American Regional Developments
Higher Education in Latin America
Key Trends
Enrollment rates (as of 1994) vary from 39 percent of the age cohort in Argentina, to 27
percent in Chile, about 14 percent in Mexico, and 11 percent in Brazil, Honduras, and
Nicaragua. Private enrollments comprise 64 percent of the students in Colombia, 70
percent in El Salvador, and 58 percent in Brazil, in contrast to 6 percent in Uruguay, 20
percent in Argentina, and 25 percent in Mexico.
The proportion of women in the workforce in this South American oil-producing country
climbed from 17 percent in 1950 to 30 percent in 1990 and to 43 percent by 1998.
Fifty percent of women form part of the labor force in Brazil and Colombia, 41 percent in
Mexico and 39 percent in Chile, according to the Economic Commission for Latin America and
the Caribbean (ECLAC), a regional United Nations agency.
Source: SIMON SCHWARTZMAN, Organization of American States, 1999
“Globalization,” the buzzword of the third millennium, is nothing new for Latin American
universities. The first academic institutions in the region were established in the 16th century by
the Catholic Church. The national states created after the independence movements of the
early 19th century tried to copy the then modern, technically oriented French educational
institutions. In recent decades, American research universities and graduate schools became the
model to follow. Today, however, the old pattern of adoption and copy of foreign models has
become just a small part of a much broader trend of international integration, which has as one of
its consequences a series of features, problems, and concerns that affect most higher educational
systems in similar ways, while eliciting different and often contradictory responses.
Mass Higher Education
In Latin America as elsewhere, mass higher education developed in the 1960s and in later years
not as purposeful projects of govern-ments and university administrators, but as a consequence
of large-scale social, economic, and cultural changes beyond anyone’s control. 1 In different
ways in different countries, a combination of forces were driving the enormous increase in
demand for higher education: the concentration of populations in large cities; the entrance of
women into the labor market; the gradual expansion of basic and secondary education; the
development of the youth culture; the movement of adults to acquire new qualifications,
certifications, and job opportunities; the new skills required by modern industry and services;
and the expansion of the welfare state and public services. As of 1990, the higher education
enrollments had reached a gross rate of 40 percent in Argentina, 33 percent in Peru, 26 percent in
Costa Rica, and 20 percent in Cuba. In these countries and in others like Mexico (with an
enrollment rate of 14 percent), the public, national universities opened their doors to almost
everybody who could apply, becoming among the largest higher education institutions in the
43
world. In other places, like Brazil, Colombia, and Chile, the public and more traditional
universities resisted the onslaught, trying to maintain their traditions and areas of competence. A
new tier of higher education institutions developed, mostly as private endeavors, sometimes at
the provincial and local levels. Their enrollment rates did not grow as much—11 percent in
Brazil, 14.2 percent in Colombia, and 20.6 percent in Chile. These figures are also a reflection
of the relative size of the urban centers and the new middle classes in each country. Mixed
situations occur everywhere. Elite institutions have opened courses in more popular subjects for
less-qualified students; open-admission universities created and maintained niches of
competence and excellence; and a small, well-endowed group of private institutions emerged to
cater to the children of the elites.
Institutional Change and Differentiation
The need to accommodate an increasingly large number of students in a traditional university
setting is just the most obvious aspect of a much deeper problem, which is how to adapt
traditional institutions to a completely new set of social groups, functions, and demands. In spite
of the cultural traditions coming from the Iberian peninsula, and the growing economic presence
of Britain in Latin America since the years of independence, it is to France that Latin American
politicians and intellectuals looked for the institutional models for their new states, including
their institutions of higher learning. Many explanations could be given for this fact: Anglo-Saxon
culture and traditions were more alien, and their language more remote. More to the point,
perhaps, were the revolutionary rhetoric and France’s effort to build a modern nation through the
strength of the state, an appealing model when civil society was so weak and the economy so
poorly developed as in Latin America.
The new, public higher education institutions were to train the lawyers, engineers, military
officers, and medical doctors to build the new nations, and the students in these institutions did
not expect any less from their careers. General education was to be provided in the early period
to the selected few, usually by the Church, and vocational and practical training for the masses
was to occur on the job, if ever. Higher education was reserved for the new professions, and the
new graduates were to become the intelligentsia of their societies. This explains the long
tradition of student politics in Latin America, as well as the universities’ usual disregard for
scientific scholarship and technical expertise, with the usual and notable exceptions.
This arrangement is now being challenged from all sides. From the bottom, large numbers of
applicants are hoping to get the same access to prestigious positions and income as the old elates,
but willing to settle for recognized skills and a valid credential in the labor market. From the top,
a new, small but vocal generation of foreign-trained academics and international advisers is
calling for scientific research and advanced technical prowess, without which modernization and
economic development will not materialize. And, from all sides, new ways of doing politics and
gaining power are emerging, not respecting the status credentials of the old elite, and a
competitive market in which traditional academic and family entitlements did not count as in the
past.
The old universities had to change, and in fact have been doing so in recent decades, even if
erratically most of the time. Countries that had kept their public universities protected allowed a
new tier of higher education institutions to develop, copying as well as they could the established
44
models, but offering evening classes, not requiring much in terms of performance, and charging
students what they could pay. Countries that opted for open access to all students got used to
enormous rates of student retention and dropouts in the first years, and all developed “graduate”
programs to enhance the selection of their elites, and to answer the demands for research and
scholarship.
Graduate Education and Research
To preserve, and even to enhance, the old centers of quality and excellence was probably the
easy part, although not without its problems. It is always easier, and much cheaper, to take care
of a selected group of students and their teachers than to change large higher education systems
as a whole, or to adapt them to an extended and highly differentiated set of new clients.
It is not by chance that what is “graduate” in the United States is called “postgraduate” in Latin
America and Europe, and what is “graduate” in these regions is called “undergraduate” in the
United States. Undergraduate, college education, as conceived in the United States and the
United Kingdom, was always understood as part of secondary education on the European
continent and in Latin America. “Postgraduate” education was never situated in specialized
institutions, course programs, and “graduate schools,” which are recognized as an American
invention.
Undergraduate Education
The combination of growing enrollments and the import of the U.S. model of graduate education
transformed and downgraded large sections of the existing graduate higher education system in
Latin America to a kind of undergraduate level. This was seldom done on purpose, although the
1968 university reform in Brazil did create something called “basic courses,” which were to last
for one or two years as a preparation for professional degrees and which failed almost
everywhere. With the expanding youth culture, most 18-year-old students do not know
how to choose a profession. Yet the notion that they should work on their general skills for some
years after secondary school is very alien to the Latin American tradition, in spite of the absence
of anything similar to European standards of good-quality, college-like secondary education. In
addition to general education, undergraduate programs need to provide vocational training,
teacher education, and continuous, lifelong education. Eighteen-year-olds coming straight from
acceptable secondary schools and aiming at long-term university degree programs are a minority
within the larger student population comprised of older students, returning students, those that
are in midcareer, and those who lack the necessary training to enter an academic-level program.
In practice, a large portion of the new demand for higher education was in the form of evening
classes and four-year programs in fields such as administration, economics, accounting, and law,
which seldom led to actual professional standing (only a small percentage of the students with
law degrees in Brazil actually apply for and pass the bar examinations). Rather, these programs
provide a credential their graduates can show when hunting for jobs, and at best some basic and
general knowledge and skills that may be of practical value to graduates.
A special case is the training of teachers in basic and secondary education—careers that are lowprestige and low-paying and usually embraced only in the absence of other opportunities.
45
Modern, mass higher education systems should be able to differentiate among these groups and
their demands and provide each with the training necessary and compatible with their skills,
aspirations, and needs. Very little of that is being done in Latin America, and it is probably
unrealistic to expect such a vast undertaking from the central bureaucracies—which are still in
place in most countries in the region—as they try to steer their higher education systems in some
direction.
Finance
The most that governments can do is to manage the limited resources they have, given the
mounting costs of higher education, in a context of increasing competition over public funds and
the stark need to balance public budgets. The growth of public expenditures in higher education,
which took place almost everywhere, was not just a consequence of expanding enrollments. The
old faculties had been staffed by lawyers, medical doctors, and engineers who earned most of
their incomes from their work as professionals. The rising expenditures went to pay the salaries
of the large numbers of full-time academic and non-academic employees staffing the new
institutions. In public universities, these academic and nonacademic employees often receive the
benefits of civil servants and are protected from firing, with assured promotion based on
seniority and generous retirement benefits. These high costs, when combined with academic
selectivity and inefficiencies in the allocation of resources, can lead to very high per capita
expenditures.
In 1990, Brazil spent about U.S.$9,000 per year, per student in federal institutions; compared
with about U.S.$1,500 for Chile, Costa Rica, and Venezuela; around U.S.$1,000 for Argentina,
Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, and Uruguay; and around U.S.$500 or less for Bolivia, Cuba,
Ecuador, Haiti, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Peru.
These figures are imprecise, since there is no clear definition of a “student,” and the costs may
include things like retirement benefits and teaching hospitals. The figures may in some cases
reflect the laws and benefits relating to public employees rather than the quality of higher
education provided by each country.
But public expenditure is just one part of the story. The estimation for 1998 was that Brazil
would spend about U.S.$14 billion a year on higher education, U.S.$6 billion coming from the
central government for the 350,000 students in federal universities, U.S.$5 billion from state
governments for the 250,000 students in state institutions, and about U.S.$3 billion in tuition
paid by the approximately 1.2 million students in private institutions. Brazil obviously needs to
raise higher education enrollments to levels similar to those in other countries in the region and
in the world, but it is unlikely that much higher levels of public support will be forthcoming.
Other Latin American countries are also unlikely to increase their expenditures to anything
similar to Brazil’s per capita levels in the near future.
The possible alternatives are to use public resources more efficiently, bringing in more students
without increasing funding; to expand the share of the private sector in the financing of higher
education, charging tuition in public institutions (which is done in countries like Chile
and some parts of Argentina, for instance, but is still taboo in Brazil); and to increase the cost of
tuition everywhere. Tuition costs may reduce demand but may create social inequities, which
46
have to be compensated by needs-based fellowships and student loans. The problems of
financing higher education in Latin America are not only a matter of limited resources but, in
large part, a question of how to better use what is already there.
Institutional Reform
To make better use of money, and to provide the students with what they expect, deep
institutional reforms are necessary. Most governments in the region have tried them, always
encountering strong resistance, and with different degrees of success. There is a growing
consensus on what has to be done. Public money for public universities has to be given
according to clear criteria of performance and products delivered, not just according to historical
trends or political influence. More broadly, a system of coordination based on the bureaucratic
authority of the state needs to give way to one based more on competitive markets—not just
markets of buyers and sellers of educational products in the private sector, but of providers and
users of good-quality academic and educational products. In the ideological disputes that
surround higher education reform, this plea for more market-based, instead of bureaucratic
regulation, is often derided as “privatization.”
However, the public sector can and probably will remain a key provider of funds for higher
education; its way of acting will have to change, from bureaucratic management to the creation
of mechanisms to promote competition in quality and performance among institutions.
The third corner of Burton Clark’s well-known “coordination triangle,” besides government and
market, namely oligarchy, also has a role to play in the new context. The cozy arrangements, by
which prestigious professors and academics used to make most of the decisions related to their
work without explanation, cannot be maintained once systems get so complex and differentiated,
with many conflicting goals and interests. Diffuse notions of prestige, competence, and quality
have to be replaced, or at least complemented by more precise information stemming from wellconceived tests, performance measures, and statistical analysis. Still, academic and professional
authority will always be needed.
Evaluation and accreditation committees are being established everywhere, creating rankings,
allocating resources, and evaluating new and existing programs. Prestigious scholars and
professors are the only ones with the legitimacy to establish the rules of the new “academic
markets,” and to act as counterweights to the bureaucratic and centralizing tendencies of
governments.
Reforms at the coordination level have to be followed by changes at the institutional level. The
decisions to be made by university administrators in this new context of intense competition,
complex tasks, and scarce resources are very different and much more difficult than those of the
past, when the only things to be decided were who should teach what in each semester, and who
would participate in the various academic commissions. Most public higher education
institutions in Latin America, however, still function as in the old days, with decisions taken after
lengthy faculty meetings, and without help from professional administrators and staff. The new
context requires more power and authority for the central administration, external supervision,
and a better system of making difficult decisions on personnel, academic programs, and
enrollment policies. There is still a long way to go in this direction, especially in public
47
institutions, given the need to change rules related to the civil service, and also to alter the
relative power of different groups within the institutions.
The New Challenges
The issues outlined above—regarding mass higher education, under-graduate and graduate
education, financing and institutional reform— have been on the higher education agenda in
Latin America for many years, and are far from being resolved in most places. The main reason
for this slow pace is the high political costs of reform. Students, academics, and administrators
do not know much about the complexities of change in higher education, and often have good
reason to mistrust their governments. Moreover, they feel they might be directly affected by
reforms leading to closer evaluation of what a lecturer does in class, or whether a student is
really learning, or whether money is being spent wisely. Many sectors in society would favor
these reforms: employers hoping for more-qualified employees, families looking for good
schools for their children, less-privileged persons looking for more suitable learning
opportunities, governments needing to cut spending or to make better use of their resources. But
these potential supporters of change are scattered, while the stakeholders within higher education
institutions are well organized, able to demonstrate against the government, and have easy access
to the press. No wonder that some of the biggest transformations in higher education in Latin
America were accomplished by authoritarian regimes. However, to thrive, higher education
institutions require personal involvement and legitimacy, which are characteristics of free and
democratic societies. In Chile and Brazil, democratic regimes tried to build on what military
governments had left in terms of effective institutional improvements, while getting rid of the
authoritarian components of the previous years.
While reform is likely to be slow and erratic, there are new challenges that can increase the pace
of change. The most important is probably the fact that Latin American universities are gradually
losing their monopoly on granting diplomas and professional credentials. Until recently,
Uruguay had just one university, and the idea that private institutions could compete with it was
inconceivable. Today, other institutions are emerging, and the Universidad de la República is
feeling the pressure of competition. In Argentina and Mexico, provincial universities were slow
to appear, and were always looked upon with mistrust by the large national universities in
Buenos Aires and Mexico City. Even in Brazil, with a large private sector and strong Catholic
universities, the private sector is still widely mistrusted, and the government holds the right to
decide who can and cannot teach, what is to be taught (albeit in very general terms), and whether
specific academic programs meet the standards defined by the ministerial authorities. This
supervisory power is justified by the need to control the quality of teaching and protect the
students and the public—but with the side effect of restricting competition
in the more regulated sectors of the job market and of stifling creativity and innovation.
What remains of this monopolistic or quasimonopolistic power seems to be eroding very rapidly.
The job market is reducing its reliance on educational credentials, and requiring more
competence and skills, which can be provided not only by formal educational institutions and
formal programs, but also by a host of new entrepreneurs, who are discovering the new
possibilities of the “education industry.” Educational institutions in the United Kingdom, the
United States, and other countries are starting to establish alliances, partnerships, and franchises
in different parts of the world, including Latin America. Distance learning is still in its infancy
48
but has the potential to wreak havoc with national and regional barriers. The international
mobility of students, which until recently had been limited to graduate students, is providing an
alternative to the increasing costs of domestic private education for undergraduates in higher
income brackets.
In this scenario, institutions that depend upon a steady flow of public money, uncomplaining
students, and a monopolistic hold on the education market are bound to disappear or deteriorate,
losing their best professional staff and academic faculty. Latin American higher education
institutions are finally becoming aware of this new situation and starting to adjust to it, rather
than merely waiting for broader systemwide changes. Because of this, there are good reasons for
hope.
Post secondary and higher education have also expanded remarkably with an annual increase of
8.5 percent between 1960 and 1992. Moreover, education at this level has been extended
geographically, has become more institutionally diverse, and offers new specialties. Latin
America has a broad and diverse system which includes traditional and new universities,
professional or polytechnic institutes, and technical training centers to cope with the growing
demand for post secondary education (Brunner1990; Winkler, 1990; Levy, 1997). CARICOM
countries offer higher education to 200 young people for each 100,000 inhabitants (World Bank,
1992). This rate is likely to double or triple during the next decade. Nineteen percent of the
population in each age group eventually enters higher education. The high repetition rate during
the first two years of higher education tends to be even higher for students who are older when
they begin. Students who fall behind at the primary or secondary level tend to have more
difficulty completing post secondary studies without repetition. The university system in the
region, moreover, requires prospective students to choose a career, even though many of them
are still unsure about their professional interests. Recently introduced programs similar to the
U.S. bachelors degree allow this decision to be postponed (Lolas, 1996).
In recent decades, the educational situation of women has achieved parity with that of men in
terms of both quality and coverage. Population censuses demonstrate that the wide disparities in
schooling between the sexes that was evident in the 1950s has disappeared. A slight discrepancy
at the post secondary level, and among certain minorities, persists (Schiefelbein and Peruzzi,
1991; UNESCO, 1995; World Bank, 1995). In several countries, especially in the Caribbean,
female enrollment is surpassing that of men at the university level (World Bank, 1992; ECLAC,
1994), although women continue to be disproportionately represented in fields traditionally
categorized as feminine (Stromquist, 1996). In many countries, and particularly CARICOM
countries, achievement levels are higher for girls than for boys in primary and secondary school
(Steward, 1996). This is not the case for indigenous groups in the region: indigenous women
remain at a disadvantage in terms of access to education. It is worth pointing out that increasing
young women's access to education will contribute to reduced illiteracy by improving support in
the home for future generations of children. And, it will have a positive impact on population
growth (reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies).
It is also necessary to invest in higher education: in technology, so that students at this level have
access to computers and the Internet as early as possible, and in research and postgraduate
training, Given high costs and the bias toward elite groups, a growing portion of funding for
49
higher education should come from the private sector. At the same time, the type of public
funding must change. To date, governments have provided funds based on "per capita subsidies",
number of academics, and direct bargaining with the institutions. Direct government support
should decrease in a new funding system. Government sending should concentrate on:
scholarships and loans for needy students, certain areas of higher education, such as research and
postgraduate studies, which offer additional benefits in terms of promoting development, and
less prestigious institutions or those in underdeveloped regions. Government support for
institutions should be based on formulas and incentives that promote increased efficiency,
quality and equity and on open competition for postgraduate studies and research projects.
Investment in technology and higher education should be linked with recovery and more
emphasis on institutional accountability for outcomes (Reisberg, 1997).
50
Research, Technology and Higher Education in Latin America
Despite the recognized importance of scientific and technological research for the region's
development and competitive insertion into the international sphere (Sander, 1996b; Haddad,
1997), emphasis is still placed on traditional academic education and accepted knowledge, rather
than on fostering the ability to refine theories and to be creative. The use of obsolete
technologies, outdated texts, and lecture-style teaching which makes the teacher the primary
source of knowledge, should be avoided (Schiefelbein, 1994). These should be replaced in the
classroom setting by a receptiveness to modernity and contemporary forms of expression that
stimulate the academic and productive growth of teachers and students (Muñoz, 1990). Emphasis
must be placed on efforts to incorporate modern information science into secondary education at
the administrative and educational levels. The system should encourage and publish research, not
only in public universities but in all institutions of higher education in the region (Castro et al,
1996).
Industry-based training constitutes its only sustainable competitive advantage. Rapid
technological growth requires the ability to learn throughout one's lifetime and to adapt to
change. The scientific and technological revolution is premised on the ongoing discovery of new
processes that constantly render existing knowledge obsolete. The existing educational process,
therefore, which is essentially based on the transfer and accumulation of knowledge, is
incompatible with this historic moment. Memorization of facts and mastery of specific skills has
been replaced by the ability to apply them to unexpected situations, adapt to constant
technological change, adopt new methods, organize new functions and tasks, and constantly be
prepared to assimilate new information and ideas (Haddad, 1997). The profile of the new worker
in modern industry includes initiative, responsibility, and additional training in the use of
sophisticated, smart tools (Barbee, 1992).
51
Latin America and Student / Scholar Exchange
(Source: Institute of International Education, 1999)
Since the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the number of
Mexican students studying in the United States has grown. Mexico is the 10th largest sending
country for international students in the United States with 9,641 students in 1998 / 1999.
Canada, Mexico and Brazil collectively account for over 52% of all foreign student enrollments
from the Western Hemisphere and 8% of all enrollments worldwide.
Foreign Students at US Instiututions, 1998/1999
Source: IIE
52
1998 / 1999
Foreign Scholars in the USA
Leading fields of specialization
Health sciences
26%
Physical sciences
15%
Life sciences
15%
Engineering
13%
Social sciences
4%
Agriculture
3%
Mathematics
3%
Computer and information sciences
3%
SOURCE: IIE
53
US S&E Doctorates Awarded to Citizens of Latin America
(source: http://www.nsf.gov)
Awarded Doctorates to Science & Engineering Students from Latin America
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Mexico
65
62
86
53
56
49
66
67
72
52
100
119
133
151
157
137
204
143
152
156
50
54
48
52
42
38
36
29
24
34
104
128
115
139
142
128
158
132
164
159
500
561
561
577
619
530
657
553
619
617
All LA Nations
Total
54
Science and Technology in Latin America
Latin America Needs Science Culture
(Source: Professor Ivan Chambouleyron, State University of Campinas, Institute of Physics,
Editorial in 10 Jan 2000 edition in Chemistry & Industry)
Latin American politicians often talk about science and technology (S&T), highlighting the
benefits of a good local scientific establishment. Generally, these political statements are not
based on a clear understanding of the role that S&T plays in the modern world, and do not lead
to solid financial commitments to research institutions. Thus, the role of S&T in Latin America
is often more political than academic – it is simply part of the political game.
With a few exceptions, appointments to decision-making positions within academic research are
unrelated to professional prestige and experience. The system favors scholars whose primary
concern is politics rather than academia. Researchers’ academic records generally take second
place to their political commitment to those in power. As a result research activities are plagued
by insufficient funding and disruptive political instabilities.
The system also leads to programs being established without clear scientific objectives, and to
support being given to research teams that the necessary scientific background or experience.
Money for research is not only scarce, but is frequently poorly distributed and badly spent.
Although this may not apply to all Latin American institutions, it is generally valid for the
region. The pattern does much to explain why Latin America’s contribution to the production is
so small.
After World War II, the national research councils were established throughout Latin America,
as were the modern universities with research programs. Efforts were directed mainly at creating
and maintaining research institutions and laboratories – that is, at the top level of scientific
activity.
There was no corresponding effort aimed at the scientific development of society as a whole.
Education policies have never given priority to science education in primary and secondary
public schools. In other words, consideration of popular science education has been limited.
Science museums for the general public were almost non-existent, as were science journalists
able to spread science news in an understandable way.
This situation, which prevails today, reflects the official belief – although never explicitedly
expressed – that the science Latin America needs requires a limited number of top scientists
only, not a scientifically literate population.
Such a belief permeates research agendas and fund-allocation budgets and resutls in modern or
‘adavanced’ projects being encouraged without due consideration of the limitations in local
expertise and industrial infrastructure. These projects often waste resources and lead to
frustration.
55
At the same time, there is insufficient consideration given to the development of science
programs that are modest, yet of fundamental importance in strengthening the scientific culture.
Without decisive action in this direction, science in Latin America will continue to be a curiosity
and, at most, a source of personal prestige for some gifted scientists. The large, ever-widening,
technological gap that separates the region from the industrialized world will persist unless
bridges are built between science and popular culture.
We live in a world in which scientific and technical information is available in greater quantities
and at increasing speeds. The value of this information lies in our capacity to communicate it
and, essentially, in the number of people able to grasp what it means. Science in a country
always mirrors society, not the other way around.
The situation in Latin America reveals one of the greatest challenges in establishing independent
R&D capacity in developing countries, namely, to balance the distribution of support between
resources to spread scientific culture and those to strengthen local research teams. Both deserve
adequate funding and training.
In particular, the task of spreading scientific culture at the primary and secondary school level
appears to be out of reach for the majority of Latin American countries. The difficulty may be
partly circumvented if national and multination companies take up the challenge.
One possible scheme would include, for example, industrial enterprises ‘ adopting’ schools and
establishing simple, robust ‘science’ laboratories in theme. Materials to demonstrate the
fundamental laws of physics, chemistry and biology are not expensive and may be built in the
machine shop of any medium-sized enterprise. A ‘heavier’ investment could include a personal
computer and a binocular microscope.
Setting up laboratories in this way would have to be complemented with an appropriate training
for local teachers or volunteers. It would involve some teaching by scientists, engineers, and
technicians from the industrial enterprises involved in the scheme.
This proposal could provide a unique, beautiful opportunity for thousands of children living in
poor countries. And the creation of a technically literate population would certainly bring
benefits to future industrial projects.
Information Technology and Latin America
By the end of 2005, Jupiter Communications Inc. is projecting $ 8.3 billion of e-commerce
transactions in Latin America, compared with just $ 194 million of Internet transactions last year.
At the same time, the number of users is expected to soar to 66.6 million from 10.6 million
today.
Present and Future of the Internet in Latin America:
A TILAN Research Report
Fernando Rodríguez-Alvez, June 1999
56
How many Internet users are there in Latin America? Today it is estimated that about 7 million
(1) people use the Internet in Latin America, although other analysts believe the number might
be close to 10 million (2). Some studies cite as many as 13 million users throughout the region
(3).
Differences of opinion over the actual number of users in Latin America, and the rate of growth
of the Internet in the region, often hide the issue of the number of users as a percentage of the
entire population. If we assume the number of Internet users in Latin America is 10 million, this
still comes out to less than two percent of the population, compared with estimates ranging from
33% to 40% of the population in the United States.
Who are the Internet users in Latin America? According to one study published at the end of
1997(4), 90% of Latin American Internet users were from the upper middle and high socioeconomic classes. Also, 80% of those interviewed said that English was not an obstacle for their
use of the Internet.
Many commercial ventures, some based in the U.S. and some based in Latin America, see the
small proportion of users in the region as a potential gold mine, concluding that the potential for
growth in Latin America for services such as Internet access and e-commerce is enormous. For
example, according to Fernando Espuelas, CEO of StarMedia Network, a Web Portal focusing
on Latin America, about one-fifth of the population of the region belongs to the middle class and
their per capita income make them serious potential customers of Internet services (5). Research
conducted by Nazca S&S, the Latin American network of Saatchi & Saatchi Worldwide,
suggests that by the year 2000, approximately 34 million people in Latin America will be using
the Internet.
The contrary argument asserts that most of those in the region who can afford to be on the
Internet already are, and that significant growth will not occur until general economic conditions
and income distribution improve. Latin America has one of the world's most unequal
distributions of wealth. To cite one example, there are seven Mexicans on the Forbes magazine
list of the worlds wealthiest billionaires, while 40 million Mexicans, nearly half of the
population, subsists on the official minimum wage of about US$100 per month. In Brazil, Latin
Americas largest economy, the official minimum wage is even less than Mexico's, at about
US$80 per month.
To give another idea of the scope of the problem, currently no country in Latin America has per
capita GNP of over US$9,000.
GNP per capita (Dollars)
Argentina:8,570
Uruguay:6,020
Chile:5,020
Brazil:4,720
Mexico:3,680
57
Venezuela:3,450
Panama:3,080
Costa Rica:2,640
Peru:2,460
Colombia:2,280
Source: World Bank Report 1998/99.
The most connected countries in Latin America, measured in terms of the number of users, are
also the most populated countries in the region: Brazil and Mexico. While Brazil is believed to
have 2 million Internet users, Mexico has around 800,000 users. These two are followed by
Argentina and Chile, with more than 220,000 users each.
People with Internet Access
(as a percentage of total population)
United States: 20.0%
Chile: 1.35%
Brazil: 1.20%
Mexico: 0.90%
Argentina: 0.80%
Source: Lanic calculations based on various sources.
Infrastructure Issues
Beyond issues of income and size of the economies, there are other factors that will play a major
role in determining the pace of growth for Internet usage in the region. Many of these have to do
with access to the basic infrastructure necessary for connecting to the Internet, such as computers
and phone lines. According to Annika Alford, research manager for the Latin American
Department at International Data Corporation (IDC), "basic telephony costs remain the single
largest inhibitor to greater growth in Internet usage in Latin America." (6) However, cable
Internet access is becoming a new force to provide this service in Latin America. For instance,
43.7% of all households in Argentina are connected to cable TV, which puts this country at a
tremendous advantage if affordable alternatives for cable-based Internet access can be effectively
brought to market.
% of Home w/Cable TV
Argentina: 43.7
Brazil: 19.2
Mexico: 17.9
Chile: 5.7
Colombia: 2.2
Uruguay: 2.2
Venezuela: 1.8
Guatemala: 1.4
Paraguay: 1.3
Grupo Clarin, 1998.
58
The other major infrastructure issue is personal computers. At the beginning of 1998, it was
estimated that there were 14 million PCs in the region. Lower computer prices and economic
growth in the region have led to increased demand for PCs, but "inexpensive PCs will do little
good, if the cost of long-distance telephone connections required to access the Internet remain as
high as they are today," said Paul Cosntance in the Inter-American Development Bank's America
Magazine.
PC's per 100 inhabitants
United States: 35.6a
Germany: 18.3a
France: 17.6a
Chile: 4.5b
Argentina: 4.3b
Mexico: 4.1b
Brazil: 4.0c
Venezuela: 4.0b
Colombia: 2.9b
a- eStats, January 1999
b- Forbes Magazine, June 1998
c- Revista Exame, 1998
English Only?
The Internet, while clearly a global medium, is still heavily dominated by the English language.
In 1996, the Internet Society conducted a survey sampling 60,000 of the 30 million computers
around the world with Internet addresses. The study revealed that of the 17 most common
languages in the world, English was by far the most frequently encountered -- accounting for no
fewer than 82% of home pages on the WWW. German was second with 4%; followed by
Japanese 1.6%; French 1.5% and Spanish 1.1%. Other Internet experts assert that more than 90%
of the Internet sites are posted in English. More recently, a study by the Agence de la
Francophonie, Union Latina and the NGO Funredes found that English is still the language that
appears most frequently on the Internet at about 75%, while French accounts for 2.8%, Spanish
2.5%, and Italian 1.5%.
The number of Spanish-language sites on the WWW is growing rapidly, spurred in part by the
recent launching of heavily-financed Spanish-language portal sites such as Yahoo! en Español,
StarMedia, and QuePasa.com. However, much of the content on WWW remains inaccessible to
the majority of the Latin American population, which does not speak English.
According to U.S. International Data group some 7mn Latin Americans will be online at the
end of 1999 and that for the year 2002 some 16mn Latin Americans will be connected.
Holding presently 45% of the Internets users in Latin America, Brazil accounts for $67mn
in online sales (88% of the Latin America’s online sales). Argentina’s online sales reached
59
$1.5mn. The following percentages represent the information market composition for key
countries in the region and other countries representing the rest of Latin America (ROLA).
Latin American IT Market, 1998
(Source: IDC)
ROLA
11%
Venezuela
Argentina
12%
5%
Mexico
16%
Colombia
5%
Brazil
47%
Chile
4%
60
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Mexico
Venezuela
ROLA
Internet Infrastructure
(Source: World Development Report 1999/1998)
COUNTRY
DAILY
NEWSPAPERS
PER 1000
PEOPLE
TV SETS
PER 1000
PEOPLE
PHONE
LINES
PER 1000
PEOPLE
MOBILE
PHONES
PER 1000
PEOPLE
PC’S PER
1000
PEOPLE
INTERNET
HOSTS
PER 10,000
PEOPLE
AR
BR
CL
MX
VZ
138
45
100
113
215
347
289
280
193
180
174
96
156
95
117
16
16
23
11
35
24.6
18.4
45.1
29.0
21.1
5.32
4.2
13.12
3.72
2.06
61
SCIENTISTS &
ENGINEERS
PER 1
MILLION
PEOPLE
350
165
364
95
334
Research and Development in Latin America
(Source: NSF, 1998)
Chemistry articles, by selected country Latin America: 1981-95,
selected years
Number of scientific & technical articles
published in:
Region/country
1981
1985
1989
1992
1995
Chemistry
54,432 55,268 56,126 59,500 61,221
World
United States
10,880 11,585 12,405 12,926 12,900
Argentina
135
214
225
218
232
Brazil
180
155
168
250
333
Chile
60
78
80
93
75
Other S. America
65
52
51
63
84
Mexico
59
67
87
108
192
Other C.
31
16
27
32
42
America
SOURCES: Institute for Scientific Information, Science Citation Index; CHI Research, Inc.,
Science & Engineering Indicators
62
Distribution of scientific and technical articles for selected countries Latin America by field: 1981-95, selected years
(Percentages)
Articles published in:
Field
1981
1985
Clinical medicine
Biomedical research
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Earth &
space sciences
Engineering
& technology
Mathematics
31.5
15.0
10.6
14.8
12.3
32.2
16.6
9.0
14.2
13.9
4.6
4.6
8.3
2.8
Clinical medicine
Biomedical research
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Earth &
space sciences
Engineering
& technology
Mathematics
45.2
11.6
7.6
9.1
15.7
7.2
2.4
Mexico
33.4
15.3
11.8
9.1
20.1
5.1
4.2
1.5
Clinical medicine
Biomedical research
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Earth &
space sciences
Engineering
& technology
Mathematics
1989
World
32.2
17.0
8.5
13.9
15.2
Articles published in:
1992
1995
1981
31.5
16.8
8.1
14.0
15.7
30.7
16.4
8.0
14.0
16.9
36.3
16.5
11.1
8.2
9.9
4.6
4.9
5.3
5.5
6.3
2.3
7.0
2.0
7.0
1.8
9.4
3.0
32.0
14.8
13.2
9.9
17.3
23.7
16.6
16.9
11.0
18.3
19.2
16.0
16.1
13.6
22.9
30.3
20.4
12.1
15.1
12.7
5.3
6.7
6.1
7.5
3.4
4.0
2.1
5.1
2.2
3.4
1.3
4.8
1.2
21.2
18.5
14.3
12.5
19.4
3.2
1.9
Brazil
20.3
22.7
10.2
10.6
23.3
18.5
24.8
8.5
9.5
24.5
25.2
17.9
8.9
9.8
24.1
22.9
18.0
9.6
12.1
25.4
5.9
4.8
6.2
6.4
5.0
3.2
4.6
3.5
4.4
3.6
4.9
2.8
1985
1989
United States
36.7
35.9
17.8
18.8
9.5
9.0
8.4
8.8
11.5
12.5
1992
1995
35.2
19.4
8.4
9.0
12.5
35.3
19.7
7.8
9.0
12.5
5.5
5.8
6.6
6.8
2.6
7.6
2.2
7.2
2.0
25.0
16.9
11.5
17.0
19.7
25.1
15.1
13.8
17.3
17.6
24.1
16.7
14.3
14.7
19.5
3.0
4.4
4.0
4.4
4.4
1.2
4.8
2.2
5.2
1.0
44.7
20.0
10.9
10.7
2.5
4.0
1.3
Chile
42.4
12.0
12.3
13.7
7.4
43.7
16.5
10.8
12.7
5.4
44.2
13.3
9.7
13.4
6.1
41.3
14.1
11.7
10.7
8.1
5.1
8.4
7.0
5.4
9.5
9.0
4.5
2.5
1.8
1.1
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.7
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.6
5.6
7.9
2.7
Argentina
25.9
21.7
10.3
18.0
15.8
63
Coauthored and internationally coauthored scientific and technical articles for selected
countries in Latin America
a
All articles
Multi-author articles
Internationally coauthored
(percent of total)
(percent of coauthored)
Country
1981
1995
1981
1995
1981
1995
Worldb
368,934
438,767
33
50
17
29
United States
132,278
142,792
43
58
18
32
892
1,581
35
58
34
53
1,438
2,760
46
67
53
64
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
561
700
41
67
50
67
Mexico
648
1,408
52
66
53
67
There is some concern with the globalization of chemical enterprise, R&D flows will remain
small to negligible both into and out of Latin America. R&D investment by U.S. companies and
their foreign subsidiaries in the chemicals (including pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals)
industry accounts for the largest share and greatest growth of foreign-based R&D activity.
Indeed, drug companies accounted for 20 percent of total 1995 overseas R&D ($2.6 billion of the
$13.1 billion total)—equivalent to 25 percent of the pharmaceutical industry's domestically
financed R&D. Of other major R&D-performing manufacturers, recent trends show the overseas
R&D investment share of total R&D financing rising considerably for scientific instruments and
the food industry. Firms tend to adopt a global approach to R&D for one of two basic reasons:
1.Multinational firms seek a foreign R&D presence to support their overseas manufacturing
facilities or to adapt standard products to the demand there. This arrangement constitutes a
home-base exploiting site, where information tends to flow to the foreign laboratory from the
central home laboratory. 2.The foreign site is established to tap knowledge from competitors and
universities around the globe, constituting a home-base augmenting site, where information tends
to flow from the foreign laboratory to the central home laboratory.
Chemically Related Research Networks in Latin America
The Latin American Network for Research in Bioactive Natural Compounds (LANBIO)
aims at integrating regional research efforts on relevant local problems with the idea of: i)
acquiring a deeper understanding of natural phenomena through a multidisciplinary approach to
research, and ii) obtaining bioactive products from local natural resources and exploiting them
for the benefit of the region. Specific objectives of LANBIO are:
•
to develop a system of laboratories in Latin America cooperating through research in the
field of Natural Products, linking and complementing their facilities through the active
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•
•
exchange of scientists, compounds and information, and jointly planning and executing
research activities.
to design strategies for and assign priorities to the joint exploration of natural resources
from the region, and to foster coherent regional development by supporting less
developed laboratories.
to promote contacts between the academic community of scientists and commercial
enterprises that may transform research activities into commercial products.
Three categories of members exist presently in LANBIO: full (active leading scientists),
associate (younger scientists with high potential for becoming full members), and assistant
(young researchers participating in LANBIO activities). The present members already constitute
a rich group of scientists that includes biologists, pharmacologists, biochemists, ecological
chemists, natural products chemists and synthetic organic chemists.
LANBIO is governed by a Board, presently constituted by: Federico Dajas (Executive
Secretary), Fernando García de Mello, Hermann M. Niemeyer (Chairman), Alejandro Paladini,
and Alejandro Urzúa.
Federico Dajas
Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
División Neuroquímica
Avda. Italia 3318
11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
Phone 59 8 811 012, 811 662
Fax 59 8 247 2603
Email [email protected]
Hermann M. Niemeyer
Laboratorio de Química Ecológica
Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad de Chile
Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
Phone + 56 2 271 1116, + 56 2 678 7260
Fax + 56 2 271 7503
Email [email protected]
Latin America and the Caribbean and US Foreign Development Assistance
(Source: http://www.info.usaid.gov/pubs/cp2000/lac/lac_over.html)
Introduction
The LAC region has experienced significant progress in recent years. A decade ago, our
programs operated amidst the debt crisis, Central American conflicts, cold war divisions,
astronomical levels of inflation, a decade of declines of GDP per capita, and a decade-long
failure of LAC countries to invest in their social and physical infrastructure. Throughout the
region, the 1990s have brought higher standards of living, a return to positive economic growth
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rates, a consolidation of macro-economic reforms, and social investment that has yielded
significant reductions in both fertility and child mortality rates. The shift from dictatorships to
democratic governance has also been consolidated over the last ten years as we have witnessed
first-time-ever transitions of power from one democratically elected government to another in
credible and successful elections, reductions in human rights violations, and a strong start toward
building inclusive, democratic institutions.
There are, nonetheless, real dangers that the region's advances could easily be reversed.
Cynicism is growing in countries where the promises of democracy and liberalized economic
policies have yet to produce tangible improvements in the lives of ordinary citizens. The LAC
region still has the worst income distribution in the world (which has become even more skewed
during the 1990s) and 40% of the population remain in dire poverty. The situation is even worse
in Honduras and Nicaragua where, even prior to Hurricane Mitch in November of 1998, 73%
and 76% of the population, respectively, lived in poverty. Additionally, corruption and lack of
transparency in government remain a major challenge exacerbated by the influence of drug
money, citizens in many nations stay in prisons for years without formal criminal charges or due
process before impartial systems of justice, and the region continues to hold the world's record
for murdered journalists. These factors undermine both citizens' confidence in their elected
officials and investor confidence throughout the region. Moreover, unlike poverty of the past,
poverty today takes place with new democratic governments in office -- meaning that citizens are
beginning to question whether they are participants in, and beneficiaries of, their nation's
economic and democratic achievements.
The recent global financial crisis -- which originated in Asia and resulted in falling commodity
prices around the world and reduced world demand for LAC exports -- has also highlighted the
fragility of economic progress in the LAC region. The financial crisis contributed to a decline in
the GDP growth rate in the LAC region from 5.1% in 1997 to an estimated 2.5% in 1998 and
estimated .6% in 1999. It also prompted a massive flight f short-term capital from the region.
Additionally, Brazil's current economic turmoil already has begun to affect liquidity, export
prospects and economic growth for other LAC economies. If unchanged, these declining growth
trends in the region, one of our major export markets, will reverberate negatively in the U.S.
economy as well.
The worst crises, however, to have hit the region in 1998 were natural disasters, from El Nino's
drought and fires and floods earlier in the year causing destruction in Mexico, Central America,
Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, to Hurricanes Mitch and Georges, which within a few days destroyed
billions of dollars worth of development in Central America and the Caribbean that took decades
to achieve. Shocks such as these, whether financial or natural, disproportionately affect the poor.
There is, thus, reason for concern that these recent crises could set the region back from its path
towards sustainable growth with equity; and could result in levels of illegal immigration to the
United States rivaling that of the 1980s, as the LAC region's poor seek refuge and better
opportunities in the United States.
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U.S. National Interests
Developments in the LAC region have a clear impact on the economic, social and political well
being of the United States. First, our interests are linked to seeing the evolution of stronger
democracies in the region. Second, our economies are closely linked as 49% of LAC imports
come from the United States and these now account for about 40% of all U.S. exports. Mexico is
our second largest trading partner after Canada and by 2010 it is estimated that U.S. trade with
our hemisphere's partners will exceed U.S. trade with the European Union and Japan combined.
Third, due to our close geographic proximity, there is strong cross-border pressure that often
results in illegal immigration and the spread of communicable diseases. Fourth, protection of the
hemisphere's natural resource base enhances our quality of life in the United States, and its
destruction, as we saw during the fires in Mexico, can affect the quality of the air, land and water
in our country.
Despite growing economic opportunities, our close proximity to the region poses some serious
demographic concerns, since almost 75% of illegal immigrants to the U.S. come from the LAC
region. Although Mexico is by far the largest country of origin, illegal immigration from other
nations has also been significant. El Salvador alone has been the source of more illegal
immigration to the United States than all of Europe, Asia and Africa. USAID's programs are
critical for achieving the U.S. Government's (USG's) strategic goal to "address the underlying
causes of large-scale illegal migration by promoting regional stability, democracy, and broadbased growth, particularly in Central America and the Caribbean."
To both reduce pressure of the LAC region's poor to seek refuge and better opportunities in the
United States, and enhance political stability and economic prosperity in all of the Americas, it is
critical that the U.S. Government ensure that LAC countries continue in their transitions from
conflict to peace and reconciliation, from dictatorships to democracy, and from controlled
economies with massive inequity to open markets and determined efforts to alleviate poverty. To
accomplish this, the United States must continue supporting democratically elected governments
throughout the region, consolidating peace agreements in Central America, encouraging
emerging democracies such as Haiti, and supporting activities that enhance the likelihood of a
peaceful democratic transition in Cuba. The United States must also support efforts to enhance
economic growth, improve income distribution, and decrease poverty and food insecurity in the
region. Equally critical, the United States must ensure that post-hurricane reconstruction in
Central America not only replaces what was destroyed, but, indeed, transforms these societies in
a way that supports the economic and political gains of the last decade and lays the foundation
for sustainable growth.
The Development Challenge
To accomplish the goals described above, continued U.S. leadership in support of the Summit of
the Americas' agenda is crucial. The Summit meetings in Miami, Santa Cruz and Santiago
produced an historic common agenda for the region -- an agenda that reflects converging values,
North and South, in democracy and human rights, education, economic growth and poverty
reduction, environmental protection and sustainable development. Our ability to consolidate the
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progress already achieved, as well as to help shape the future, depends on our commitment,
working closely with our partners, to assist the countries of the region to confront the myriad
challenges and threats that still exist.
Political Stability, Democratic Governance and Transitions to Peace: USAID assistance plays a
crucial role in supporting the transitions from war to peace in Guatemala, on the Peru/Ecuador
Border, and in Colombia. In Guatemala the USG is supporting implementation of the
Guatemalan Peace Accords. Signed in December 1996, the Accords contain over 400
commitments that are making fundamental changes to the economic and political life of the
country. The USG joined other donors in pledging a total of $1.9 billion over four years (19972000) to support this historic effort and the FY2000 request contains the balance of our pledge to
complete this commitment to the first phase of implementing the Accords. USAID also proposes
to support, with ESF funds, the Peru-Ecuador border integration program that will undertake
small-scale development projects to improve socio-economic conditions in the severely
underdeveloped border region . In Colombia, the USG is actively supporting the newly elected
Colombian Government in seeking a lasting peace and an effective counternarcotics campaign.
Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: A key Summit objective is to reduce regional poverty
by half in the LAC region by 2015. However, recent estimates show that absent measures to
improve income distribution and increase growth, the region will fail to reach the 2015 target.
USAID is thus committed to helping the countries of the region to increase economic
participation of the poor by assuring access to credit and financial services, to formal title to
property and land, and to education and productive resources. And, because many of the region's
poor are small farmers found in marginal, rural areas, USAID is committed to enhancing the
agricultural productivity and sustainable resource management of such areas . USAID also
supports the countries of the region which have renewed their commitment to regional
integration as part of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). This requires a substantial
improvement in the ability of some Latin American countries to implement free trade policies,
and to enforce sanitary and phytosanitary standards, fair labor practices, and trade-related
environmental policies.
Another objective of the Summit Plan of Action is to focus on "second generation reforms" -those addressing human capital development; the removal of the barriers that keep the poor from
participating fully in the national life of their countries; and the ability of governments to carry
out essential public services reliably, efficiently and impartially. First generation reforms, which
concentrated on dismantling inappropriate government intervention in the economy and
strengthening fiscal, monetary, and foreign exchange policies, have been largely successful.
Further consolidation of these first generation reforms is needed at the same time that countries
address "second generation" governance reforms to transform the essential functions of the state.
Critical reforms include strengthening local government and decentralizing responsibilities,
resources and power, They also involve fundamental revisions in the rule of law, real
independence of the judiciary and effective due process; as well as the prudential regulation of
financial institutions (including those that serve the poor), and speedy and effective judicial
resolution of commercial disputes.
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Drug Trafficking: Illegal production and trafficking of narcotics is the greatest plague of the
Americas. Illicit drugs corrupt leaders and institutions within the LAC region and constitute the
leading cause of violent crime in the United States. The USG, in support of its strategic goal to
"reduce the entry of illegal drugs into the United States," has a comprehensive program in place
to take the profit out of the cultivation and processing of narcotics. USAID plays a pivotal role in
this initiative by helping Latin American governments improve law enforcement systems and
educate citizens about the dangers of drugs. USAID also helps key source countries provide
environmentally sound, economically sustainable alternatives to crops produced for illegal drug
production, and improve their administration of justice to deal with narcotics traffickers and
narcotics-related crime.
USAID is pleased that coca reduction programs in Peru and Bolivia have begun to produce
significant results. In Peru, with the participation of 239 communities, coca production has
decreased a dramatic 56% over the past three years, thus slashing the supply of cocaine by 220
metric tons. In Bolivia, coca production decreased by 22% over the same period. Moreover, as a
result of USAID alternative development funding in Bolivia, the land area devoted to licit crops
in a major coca growing area is now three times the area devoted to coca cultivation.
Human Capacity Development: Considerable progress in education has been made in LAC over
the past three decades, including significant gains in overall access to basic education. However,
poor quality schooling undermines the system and access to secondary schooling remains
limited. Repetition and dropout rates in Latin America are also the highest in the world. Nearly
one of every two students repeats the first grade and only 60% of students complete primary
school. In the face of the Summit goal of universal primary education by 2010, these levels must
be improved. To address these problems, USAID activities focus on assuring equity, enhancing
quality and increasing efficiency of education in Latin America and the Caribbean.
In addition to educating children, there is a need to ensure that children stay in school and out of
the workplace -- a key issue raised at the Santiago Summit. To do this it is critical to ensure that
children not only have access to quality education, but also that poverty -- the key factor that
forces children into the workplace or onto the streets -- is reduced.
Health and Population: Curtailing the Spread of Epidemics: U.S. assistance to the region is also
critical to achieving the strategic goal to "protect human health and reduce the spread of
infectious diseases." These diseases include cholera, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue
fever, chagas and measles, some of which could reach epidemic levels following the floods and
destruction of clean water sources caused by Hurricanes Mitch and Georges. The accelerating
transmission of HIV within Latin America and the Caribbean is also particularly disturbing -nearly two million HIV infections have been recorded in the LAC region and the epidemic is
growing by about 1,000 cases per day.
These problems are daunting and high fertility and child mortality rates persist in some countries.
Nonetheless, the health and population sector in the LAC region has, overall, made significant
progress with USAID support. In the area of child survival, for example, increased vaccination
coverage in LAC-presence countries has met USAID's 85% mid-decade target. Deaths due to
diarrhea and pneumonia are also decreasing in most LAC countries. It is also cause for optimism
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to see that the total fertility rate for the LAC region is on track for a 5% decline between 1996
and 1999. However, it is sobering to note that Haiti is an extreme outlier with a very high fertility
rate of 4.8 children per woman (1996). Yet even in Haiti, between 1997 and 1998 there was a
50% increase in the use of modern contraceptive methods in areas supported by USAID
programs.
Protecting the Hemisphere's Resources: Rapid population growth in the LAC region puts
pressure on all systems, including natural resources. Environmental degradation, the
irreplaceable loss of natural resources and biodiversity, and pollution spread from the borders of
Latin America into the U.S. A good example is the 1998 fires in Central America and Mexico,
whose smoke affected air quality in the southern U.S. for weeks -- underscoring how
environmental degradation in the region can have direct implications on the health of the people
of the United States.
In addition, the LAC region has the world's highest rates of deforestation and loss of habitat.
Such figures are alarming when one considers that the LAC region contains 40% of the globe's
species, roughly 50% of the world's remaining tropical forests, and globally important coral reefs
and marine ecosystems. Additionally, of the world's 25 most biodiverse countries, nine are in the
LAC Region (e.g., Brazil, Mexico, and the Andean countries). To address these concerns,
USAID focuses on preserving biodiversity, through encouraging passage of biodiversity-related
legislation; supporting natural resource management, including sustainable forestry and
agricultural practices; supporting Global Climate Change activities, including clean energy
alternatives; and reducing urban and industrial pollution.
Natural Disasters: 1998 brought some of the worst natural disasters to Central America and the
Caribbean than have ever been experienced in the recorded history of this hemisphere.
Hurricanes: The nations of Central America -- not long ago the center of military conflicts and
plagued by enduring poverty -- over the last decade have made incredible strides to consolidate
democracy, open their economies and address their major development problems. Unfortunately,
the most powerful and destructive storm of this century -- Hurricane Mitch -- devastated these
countries, especially Honduras. In a few days it destroyed what took decades to achieve. Losses
are estimated to total up to 70% of GDP in both Honduras and Nicaragua. Victims of these
disasters are left without homes, schools, jobs, health facilities and clean water; and severe
flooding has provided a breeding ground for the transmission of gastrointestinal, respiratory and
infectious diseases. Hurricane Georges also caused massive levels of destruction to countries of
the Caribbean, particularly the Dominican Republic, where 60% of the bridges, 60% of the
national forests and 75% of the agriculture sector were destroyed. In total, for the countries of
Central America and the Caribbean, the hurricanes resulted in 9,500 people killed and 25,000
wounded or missing; as well as total damages of approximately $10 billion.
To address the devastation caused by these hurricanes, the USG launched the largest foreign
disaster response in U.S. history -- one that involved almost every part of the USG and provided
more than $300 million of immediate relief, delivered by USAID, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture and the Department of Defense. To move beyond relief, USAID is refocusing some
of it programs to reconstruct what was lost and help these devastated countries reactivate their
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economies. Because additional resources are required so that the United States can contribute its
fair share of the total international donor assistance needed to address critical reconstruction
needs, an emergency package of nearly $1 billion in FY 1999 supplemental resources has been
proposed for hurricane reconstruction and debt relief. More than a dozen Cabinet agencies will
be involved in the reconstruction and relief efforts, being coordinated by USAID. In addition,
this proposal allocates $10 million of FY 1999 supplemental resources to Colombia to help
address needs arising from its recent earthquake.
USAID hurricane reconstruction support, which will be implemented quickly, efficiently and
with minimal chance for diversion of funds, will focus on: preventing the outbreak of infectious
diseases; resupplying medicines and medical supplies; restoring and rebuilding water distribution
and sewage systems; repairing critical infrastructure, including farm-to-market roads; assisting
small farmers to reestablish crop and livestock production; ensuring access to credit and
technical assistance to support housing, small farmers and microenterprises; helping countries
and municipalities delineate habitable lands for relocation/development; providing temporary
balance-of-payments support to Honduras; resupplying damaged and destroyed schools; and
encouraging redevelopment that is more environmentally sound, so the countries of Central
America and the Caribbean are better prepared to deal with future natural disasters, should they
occur.
Fires: Just as the effects of the hurricanes were exacerbated by environmentally hazardous
development practices (e.g. slash-and-burn agriculture, deforestation, construction on flood
plains and poor watershed management), so too were the effects of the 1998 fires of Mexico,
Central America and Brazil exacerbated by inappropriate land-use practices. The start and spread
of the fires were the result of El Nino which caused drought throughout the region. The fires
destroyed over a million acres of land, destroyed critical tropical forests, threatened some of the
world's richest and most fragile biodiversity, and severely affected air quality and airport
operations throughout Central America and Mexico. Moreover, the fires in Latin America
released a level of greenhouse gases that rivals that produced by the region's industrial and
energy sectors. USAID, working with the U.S. Forest Service and Department of Defense,
responded quickly to help suppress the fires. Support included assessment teams, technical
assistance, fire fighting and safety equipment, and aircraft. To help these countries better prepare
for such disasters in the future, USAID proposes to work with the Mexican, Brazilian and
Central American governments to implement preventive measures needed to mitigate the effects
of future fire seasons. Support will focus on the promotion of sustainable agricultural and forest
management practices.
External Debt and Debt Relief
Although the LAC debt situation has improved enormously since the crisis of the 1980s, as a
result of economic recovery and the implementation of growth-enhancing policy reforms, in a
number of the poorer countries the debt burden remains an obstacle to economic growth. To
address this the international community has developed the Highly Indebted Poor Country
(HIPC) initiative, under which certain highly indebted poor countries that have a track record of
strong economic policies and economic reforms can receive debt reductions. Bolivia has already
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successfully concluded this process and Nicaragua is in the beginning stages. Honduras was in
the process of being evaluated for possible HIPC treatment when Hurricane Mitch struck.
Additional debt relief under the Paris Club, Naples Terms and HIPC is planned for the countries
devastated by the Hurricanes (particularly for the highly indebted countries of Honduras and
Nicaragua). However, because as much as 60% of Central American debt is to multilateral
creditors which cannot be rescheduled, the World Bank has established the Central American
Emergency Trust Fund to which donor countries can make contributions that will be utilized by
recipient countries to make debt service payments. Commitments already exceed $100 million.
The lion's share of resources will go to Honduras and Nicaragua.
Program and Management Challenges
USAID has taken major steps to enhance the impact and sustainability of its programs; and link
its programs more closely to U.S. foreign policy interests. USAID has also had to respond to
constantly changing and unforeseen needs throughout the LAC region, including the hurricanes
and fires of Central America and the Caribbean; U.S. foreign policy imperatives that led to
decisions to maintain development programs in Panama and Colombia; and political openings
created by peace efforts along the Peru/Ecuador border and positive national elections in
Colombia and Ecuador.
USAID has responded to these needs and opportunities, within lower budget and staffing levels,
by finding better ways of doing business. This has included closer cooperation with other donors,
streamlined procurement procedures that reduce the number of procurement and financial
management transactions; and regionalization of Mission services wherever feasible.
Other Donors
Among major donors, the United States ranks second in Official Development Assistance after
the United Nations. The other lead donors in the region are Japan, the European Commission and
Germany. USAID's coordination and collaboration with other donors is a critical and expanding
focus of its strategy in the LAC region, particularly as U.S. Government assistance has declined
over the last decade. USAID has strong working relations with the Multilateral Development
Banks (MDBs), the European Union (EU) and Japan, as well as several U.N. organizations.
Primary partners are the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the World Bank, the Pan
American Health Organization and the Organization of American States.
As a key source of development finance in the LAC region, the IDB is a natural partner for
USAID in implementing the commitments made by President Clinton at the Santiago Summit of
the Americas held in April, 1998. For example, in support of the Presidential Initiative on Food
Safety, USAID expertise in adequate safety standards for US food imports is contributing to the
IDB's design of food safety programs in Central America and the Caribbean. In support of
Summit education initiatives, efforts are underway for USAID to collaborate with the IDB and
World Bank on regional initiatives in areas such as education standards, technology and teacher
training.
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Within the context of the Transatlantic Initiative, USAID collaborates closely with the European
Commission (EC) on critical democratic governance activities, as well as the Guatemalan Peace
Accords. Within the context of the Common Agenda, USAID collaborates closely with Japan on
critical environmental initiatives, including conserving globally important ecosystems and their
biodiversity; protecting the Panama Canal Watershed; addressing key regional environmental
challenges in the Caribbean; and developing Haiti's agricultural sector in an environmentally
sustainable manner.
Because USAID has been a pathbreaker in judicial reform, education for indigenous populations,
alternative dispute resolutions and other democracy-building areas In the LAC region, other
donors are now increasing their support to areas once left to the U.S. government. This includes
programs dealing with justice, legislative support, crime and violence, anticorruption,
accountability, local government, and national institutional strengthening. For example, in
Honduras, Bolivia, Guatemala and El Salvador, the IDB and World Bank are working together to
develop major judicial reform initiatives that build on existing USAID activities. Additionally,
USAID initiatives have contributed to the IDB's recent expansion of microenterprise assistance.
In addition to close working relations with other donors, USAID implements its programs in
close collaboration with other U.S. Agencies, including State, Environmental Protection Agency,
Education, Interior, Commerce, Justice, Agriculture, Housing and Urban Development, Health
and Human Services, Labor, U.S. Trade Representative, National Security Council and the InterAmerican Foundation. Many of these U.S. Agencies have been working closely with USAID and
other donors in developing a coordinated and complementary reconstruction response to
Hurricanes Mitch and Georges.
FY 2000 Program
The resources requested by USAID for the LAC region in FY 2000 total $653.3 million. Of this,
$233 million is Development Assistance (DA), $76.2 is Child Survival and Disease, $160.5
million is Economic Support Funds, $50 million is International Narcotics Control funds, and
$135.6 is P.L. 480 Title II.
The activities planned for FY 2000 will directly contribute to achieving the shared vision for the
hemisphere as ratified by the Summit of the Americas and its follow-up process. USAID's
program will provide impetus to a second generation of reforms vital for substantially
accelerating growth, improving income distribution, ensuring political stability and increasing
participation in decision-making by all segments of society. Additionally, the USAID request
will provide critical hurricane reconstruction support to help the countries of Central America
and the Caribbean regain what was lost in the storms and reactivate their economies.
The USAID FY 2000 program will contribute to the following results:
•Strengthening democratic institutions, promoting broad citizen participation, and promoting
respect for human rights; •Expanding economic growth, reducing poverty and improving income
equality; •Reducing levels of illegal emigration to the United States; •Stemming the flow of
illegal narcotics to the United States; •Reducing fertility and population growth, improving
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maternal and child health, and slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
•Increasing sustainable development and sound environmental practices; and •Improving the
quality of education.
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ACS Members in Selected Countries of Latin America and Their Reported Collaboration
Activities – 1999
(Source: ACS Latin American Survey – N=65)
ACS Members Industry - Higher Ed Collaboration Themes
AR, BR, CL, MX, VE
1999
Pharm Prod
4%
Rubber
3%
Metals
4%
Food Chem
7%
Energy
13%
Energy
Ag Chem's
12%
Ag Chem's
Basic Chem Prod
Polymers
Fine Chem's
Metals
Fine Chem's
19%
Basic Chem Prod
13%
Polymers
25%
75
Rubber
Pharm Prod
Food Chem
ACS Members Industry / Higher Ed Collaboration Activities
AR, BR, CL, MX, VE
1999
Internship
1%
Course Delivery
2%
Basic Res
Environmental Monitoring
9%
Basic Res
19%
Quality Control
14%
Faculty Visits
8%
Faculty Visits
Student Visits
Consulting
Contract Res
Quality Control
Contract Res
16%
Consulting
19%
76
Student Visits
12%
Environmental Monitoring
Course Delivery
Internship
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors - Argentina
77
National Overview – Argentina
(Source: World Factbook, 1999; http://www.freelunch.com/economy/)
Geography
Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and
Uruguay
Geographic coordinates: 34 00 S, 64 00 W
Map references: South America
Area:
total: 2,766,890 sq km
land: 2,736,690 sq km
water: 30,200 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total: 9,665 km
border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay 1,880 km,
Uruguay 579 km
Coastline: 4,989 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Terrain: rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south,
rugged Andes along western border
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Salinas Chicas -40 m
highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,962 m
Natural resources: fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese,
petroleum, uranium
Land use:
arable land: 9%
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permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures: 52%
forests and woodland: 19%
other: 19% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 17,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to
earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the Pampas and northeast; heavy
flooding
Environment—current issues: erosion results from inadequate flood controls and improper land
use practices; irrigated soil degradation; desertification; air pollution in Buenos Aires and other
major cities; water pollution in urban areas; rivers becoming polluted due to increased pesticide
and fertilizer use
Environment—international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Geography—note: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location
relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan,
Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
People
Population: 36,265,463 (July 1998 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 27% (male 5,078,061; female 4,888,883)
65 years and over: 11% (male 1,526,682; female 2,157,160) (July 1998 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.3% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: 19.96 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: 7.67 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
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15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 19.03 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.54 years
male: 70.9 years
female: 78.34 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.68 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Argentine(s)
adjective: Argentine
Ethnic groups: white 85%, mestizo, Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 15%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish
2%, other 6%
Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.2%
male: 96.2%
female: 96.2% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Argentine Republic
conventional short form: Argentina
local long form: Republica Argentina
local short form: Argentina
Data code: AR
Government type: republic
National capital: Buenos Aires
Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (provincias, singular—provincia), and 1 federal district*
(distrito federal); Buenos Aires; Catamarca; Chaco; Chubut; Cordoba; Corrientes; Distrito
Federal*; Entre Rios; Formosa; Jujuy; La Pampa; La Rioja; Mendoza; Misiones; Neuquen; Rio
80
Negro; Salta; San Juan; San Luis; Santa Cruz; Santa Fe; Santiago del Estero; Tierra del Fuego,
Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur; Tucuman note: the US does not recognize any claims to
Antarctica
Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain)
National holiday: Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)
Constitution: 1 May 1853; revised August 1994
Legal system: mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Fernando de la Rua (December1999) left of center Alliance Party; the
president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the
president.
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate
(72 seats; formerly, three members appointed by each of the provincial legislatures; presently
transitioning to one-third of the members being elected every three years to a nine-year term) and
the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; one-half of the members elected every two years to fouryear terms)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), the nine Supreme Court judges are appointed
by the president with approval of the Senate
Political parties and leaders: Justicialist Party or PJ [Carlos Saul MENEM] (Peronist umbrella
political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Fernando DE LA RUA]; Union of the
Democratic Center or UCD (conservative party); Dignity and Independence Political Party or
MODIN (right-wing party); Front for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four party coalition)
[leader Carlos ALVAREZ]; Action for the Republic [Domingo CAVALLO]; New Leadership
[Gustavo BELIZ]; several provincial parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: Peronist-dominated labor movement; General
Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Argentine
Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'
association); Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); business organizations;
students; the Roman Catholic Church; the Armed Forces
International organization participation: AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, CCC,
ECLAC, FAO, G- 6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MINUGUA, MINURSO, MIPONUH, MTCR, NSG
81
(observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNPREDEP, UNTSO, UNU,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Diego Ramiro GUELAR
chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6400 through 6403
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3171
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco,
and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: JAMES D. WALSH U.S. Ambassador to Argentina
embassy: 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires
mailing address: International mail: use street address; APO address: Unit 4334, APO AA 34034
telephone: [54] (1) 777-4533, 4534
FAX: [54] (1) 777-0197
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered
in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May
Economy
Economy—overview: Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate
population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Nevertheless,
following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the economy in the late 1980s was
plagued with huge external debts and recurring bouts of hyperinflation. The Argentine economy
continues to suffer the effects of the global financial crisis of the last two years. Although the
low commodity prices that resulted from slumping global demand have hurt Argentina since the
start of the crisis, the most substantial impact has been felt only in the past year, following crisis
in Russia and Brazil.
The persistent decline in investment is a result of the worsening borrowing conditions in
Argentina. The country risk premium was higher through much of the third quarter given
uncertainty surrounding the outcome of October presidential elections. This, together with rising
interest rates in the U.S., has made it more difficult for large firms to borrow internationally, and
as they borrow more from local banks, smaller borrowers find themselves squeezed out.
While many Argentine businesspeople and economists are doubtful that the tax increases will do
anything more than further limit economic activity, they are necessary to comply with a law
passed this year. It requires Argentina to limit its 2000 deficit to $4.5 billion and to phase out the
deficit by 2003. Meeting the deficit target will also allow Argentina to renew credit lines with the
IMF and improve the country’s ability to borrow on international markets.
82
Other indicators from Argentina are improving, however, as the unemployment rate for October
fell to 13.8%.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$348.2 billion (1997 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 8.4% (1997 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$9,700 (1997 est.)
GDP—composition by sector:
agriculture: 7%
industry: 36%
services: 57% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate—consumer price index: 0.3% (1997)
Labor force:
total: 14.5 million (1995 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.)
Unemployment rate: 13.7% (October 1997)
Budget:
revenues: $55 billion
expenditures: $59 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
Industries: food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and
petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel
Industrial production growth rate: 8.7% (1997 est.)
Electricity—capacity: 19.61 million kW (1995)
Electricity—production: 65.72 billion kWh (1995)
Electricity—consumption per capita: 1,960 kWh (1995)
Agriculture—products: wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets; livestock
Exports:
total value: $25.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
commodities: meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, manufactures, fuels
partners: Brazil 26.1%, US 8.5%, Chile 7.0%, Netherlands 5.7%, Italy 3.5% (1995)
Imports:
total value: $30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1997)
83
commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, transport equipment, agricultural
products
partners: Brazil 20.8%, US 20.7%, Italy 6.3%, Germany 6.2%, France 5.2% (1995)
Debt—external: $115 billion (1997 est.)
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 nuevo peso argentino = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: pesos per US$1—0.99950 (January 1998), 0.99950 (1997), 0.99966 (1996),
0.99975
(1995), 0.99901 (1994), 0.99895 (1993)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 4.6 million (1990)
Telephone system: 12,000 public telephones; extensive modern system but many families do not
have telephones; despite extensive use of microwave radio relay, the telephone system frequently
grounds out during rainstorms, even in Buenos Aires
domestic: microwave radio relay and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the
trunk network international: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 260, FM 100, shortwave 6
Radios: 22.3 million (1991 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 231
Televisions: 7.165 million (1991 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 37,910 km
broad gauge: 24,124 km 1.676-m gauge (142 km electrified)
standard gauge: 2,765 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 11,021 km 1.000-m gauge (26 km electrified)
Highways:
total: 218,276 km
paved: 63,518 km (including 567 km of expressways)
84
unpaved: 154,758 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km
Ports and harbors: Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia, Concepcion del Uruguay,
La Plata, Mar del Plata, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe, Ushuaia
Merchant marine:
total: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,492 GRT/388,524 DWT
ships by type: cargo 11, container 2, oil tanker 13, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 6, rollon/roll-off cargo 1 (1997 est.)
Airports: 1,411 (1997 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:
total: 137
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 55
914 to 1,523 m: 44
under 914 m: 8 (1997 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:
total: 1,274
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 65
914 to 1,523 m: 635
under 914 m: 570 (1997 est.)
Military
Military branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic (includes Naval Aviation,
Marines, and Coast Guard), Argentine Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Aeronautical
Police Force
Military manpower—military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower—availability:
males age 15-49: 9,056,532 (1998 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:
males: 7,344,910 (1998 est.)
85
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:
males: 332,008 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $4.6 billion (1997)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.5% (1997)
Internet in Argentina: Basic Statistics (1998/1999)
Percent of Population with Internet Connection: 0.8%
Personal Computers per 1000 Inhabitants: 24.6
Telephones per 1000 Inhabitants:174
Television per 1000 Inhabitants: 347
Newspapers per 1000 Inhabitants:138
Illiteracy Rate: 4 %
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: short section of the southwestern boundary with Chile is indefinite;
claims UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims UK-administered South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica
Illicit drugs: increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe and the US
US and Country Contacts - Argentina
(Source: International Trade Administration, 1999)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Michael W. Liikala, Counselor for Commercial Affairs
James Sullivan, Deputy Senior Commercial Officer
Michael L. McGee, Commercial Attache
Ellen Lenny-Pessagno, Assistant Commercial Attache
Tel: (54-1-) 777-4533/4534 ext. 2226/2227
Fax: (54-1-) 777-0673
E-mail: [email protected]
Chemicals
Alvaro Mendez
2416
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Gary C. Groves, Counselor for Agricultural Affairs
Fax: (54-1-) 777-3623
Internet: www.usia.gov/posts/baires.embassy/
SECRETARIA DE INDUSTRIA, COMERCIO Y MINERIA
(Secretariat of Industry, Commerce and Mining)
Av. Julio A. Roca 651
86
1322 Buenos Aires
Tel: (54-1-) 349-3408/09
Fax: (54-1-) 349-5422
SECRETARIA DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERIA, PESCA Y ALIMENTACION
(Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Food)
Av. Paseo Colon 982
1063 Buenos Aires
Tel: (54-1-) 349-2500/2502
Fax: (54-1-) 349-2504
CAMARA ARGENTINA DE COMERCIO
(Argentine Chamber of Commerce)
Av. L.N. Alem 36, P.B.
1003 Buenos Aires
Tel: (54-1-) 343-9423/7783/5679/5949
Fax: (54-1-) 331-8051/5
Internet: http://www.cac.com.ar
CAMARA DE LA INDUSTRIA QUIMICA Y PETROQUIMICA DE ARGENTINA
Av. Leandro N. Alem 1067 - piso 14 - (1001) - Buenos Aires
Tel: (5411) 4313-1000 - (5411) 4313-1059 Fax: (5411) 4312-4773
http://www.ciqyp.org.ar/
CAMARA DE COMERCIO DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS EN ARGENTINA
(American Chamber of Commerce in Argentina)
Viamonte 1133, Piso 8
1001 Buenos Aires
Tel: (54-1-) 371-4500
Fax: (54-1-) 371-8400
Internet: http:\\www.amchamarg.com
UNION INDUSTRIAL ARGENTINA
(Argentine Industry Association)
Av. Leandro N. Alem 1067, Pisos 10 y 11
1001 Buenos Aires
Tel: (54-1-) 313-2561/2611
Fax: (54-1-) 313-2413
Internet: http://uia.org.ar
WORLD BANK FIELD OFFICE
Av. Leandro N. Alem 628-30, Piso 12
1003 Buenos Aires
87
Tel: (54-1-) 313-6816, (54-1-) 313-6851, (54-1-) 313-4586
Fax: (54-1-) 313-1233
And the following organizations have chemical interests:
CIPRA (Cámara de Industrias de Proceso de la Rep. Argentina), CIAFA (Cámara de la Industria
Argentina de Fertilizantes y Agroquímicos); CASAFE (Cámara de Sanidad
Agropecuaria y Fertilizantes); UIPBA(Unión Industrial de la Provincia de Buenos Aires),
UICBA (Unión Industrial de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires); CAIP (Cámara Argentina
de la Industria Plástica); ALPHA (Asociación Industrial de Artículos de Limpieza Personal, del
Hogar y afines); CIFIM (Cámara de la Industria de Fibras Manufacturadas), FAIC (Federación
Argentina de la Industria del Caucho)
88
Chemically Related Trade and Industry in Argentina
(Source: Chemical Industry Notes, 1999, 2000, 2001)
Highlights
♦ There are a reported 2300 chemical and related product companies in Argentina: 40 of which
are petrochemical; 200 chemical and agrochemical; others are pharmaceutical, coatings,
synthetic fiber, cleaning and personal care and allied chemical industries.
♦ The chemical and related product industry in Argentina generates annual revenues of
US$10.75 billion and employs 64,400 individuals.
♦ Total petrochemical product (in millions of metric tons) is 1988: 2.4; 1992: 2.4; 1997: 3.3;
projected 2001: 7.0.
♦ The top three third country chemical suppliers to Argentina are ICI, Bayer, BASF.
♦ Best sales prospects for the Argentine chemical market lie in glycols, agrochemicals,
fertilizer, and mining raw materials.
♦ Overall in 1997 Argentina exported just over US$ 1 billion of chemicals and chemicallyderived products accounting for over 12% of total exports; 13% of total imports.
♦ Argentina has one of the world’s highest per capita comsumptions of pharmaceuticals and is
the 10th largest pharmaceitical market in the world with total drug sales of more than $4
billion a year, $1 billion more than Mexico and $3.7 billion less than Brazil.
♦ Begun in 1996, the US$ 600 million Mega Natural Gas Treatment Project is the biggest gasprocessing plant in South America. It is composed of Repsol-YPF (38%), Petrobrás (34%),
and U.S.-based Dow Chemical (34%).
♦ Latin America's first ``virtual market'' for the buying and selling of agricultural products will
debuted up on Argentina's Internet Saturday, November 13, 1999 by officials from firm
Sistemas Electronics SA (SES). The project cost US$4.5 million and addressed features
agriculture machinery, chemicals, tools, and various services of interest to rural producers.
♦ Textile washing product sales in Argentina in 1997 totaledUS$386 million and is project to
grow to US$500 million + in 2000.
♦ Argentina leads Latin America in oil and fat exports above 5.6MMT annually; its total
oilseed production (1999) is 25.5 MMT with soybeans accounting for about 70%.
♦ South America's No.2 economy has undergone fundamental free-market reforms in the last
decade through privatizations and the introduction of foreign competition. More than 500
companies in Argentina have been bought out by multinationals for more than $50 billion.
♦ Argentine holding company Techint is now one of the world leaders in manufacturing
seamless steel tube for the oil sector through its control of Argentina's Siderca SACI and
Mexico's Tamsa.
♦ Autos and parts account for about 30 percent of trade among Mercosur trade bloc members
Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Argentina and Brazil are the trade block's auto
giants. Argentine industry has been hard hit, despite a recent expansion in the sector. Six
years ago, Argentina had 460 parts makers who employed 47,000 workers and now counts
400 such companies where 34,000 people work.
♦ The Argentine government’s minerals policy is now based on four strategic areas:
encouraging private investment; ensuring protection for investors’ work; ensuring structural
stability between the production of metals, nonmetallic minerals, and
construction materials that can assist in modernizing the country’s small-and medium-scale
mining sectors; and promoting minerals-related activity that is compatible with
89
sustainable development.
♦ The $ 180-million argentine polyvinyl chloride (PVC) market is growing faster than the
Mercosur average, and its one domestic producer, Solvay affiliate Indupa, is scrambling to
increase capacity. But the free-trade structure of Mercosur has prompted Indupa to look
beyond supplying its own markets and to focus on producing PVC for the entire Mercusur
region.
90
US Trade with Argentina, 2000,
(US$'000)
(Source: www.ita.doc.gov)
Commodity
Exports
Imports
Food and Live Animals
71.96
557.26
Beverages and Tobacco
4.87
56.25
Materials, Inedible,
104.55
88.13
Except Fuels
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants
46.42
938.41
and Related Materials
Animal and Vegetable Oils,
5.63
18.12
Fats and Waxes
Chemicals and Related
1,013.86
145.24
Products, N.E.S.
Manufactured Goods
235.81
584.54
Classified Chiefly by
Material
Machinery and Transport
2,290.73
112.46
Equipment
Miscellaneous Manufactured
385.67
214.13
Articles
Commodities and
153.73
130.87
Transactions, N.E.S.
TOTAL *
4,313.22
91
2,845.35
US Exports - Argentina, 2000
Exports
Miscellaneous
Manufactured Articles
9%
Food and Live Animal
2%
Machinery and
Transport Equipment
53%
Manufactured Goods
Material
5%
Commodities and
4%
Products, N.E.S.
24%
Beverages and
Tobacco
0.11%
Animal and Vegetable
Oils, Fats and Waxes
0.13%
92
Mineral Fuels,
Lubricants and
Related Materials
1%
Materials, Inedible,
Except Fuels
2%
US Trade with Argentina, 2000,
Imports
Food and Live Animals
20%
Commodities and
5%
Miscellaneous
Manufactured Articles
8%
Beverages and Tobacco
2%
Machinery and Transport
Equipment
4%
Manufactured Goods
Material
20%
Materials, Inedible, Except
Fuels
3%
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants
and Related Materials
32%
Products, N.E.S.
5%
Animal and Vegetable
Oils, Fats and Waxes
1%
93
Chemical Commodity Trade – US
Argentina 95-99
Exports
in US$
‘000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
762
956
1,005
1,033
952
53
81
99
107
108
77
91
99
77
74
17
22
45
74
72
45
38
63
41
72
44
71
52
63
62
48
48
59
51
57
42
61
60
54
55
5 Chemicals And Related Products
120
90
No Chemical nor Related Products in Top 20 Import
Commodities
125
178
141
5 Overall Chemicals And Related
Products
Chemical and Related Products in
Top 20 Commodities
515 Organo-Inorganic & Heterocyclic
Compounds
591 Insecticides,
Disinfectants
542 Medicaments (Including
Veterinary Medicaments)
575 Plastics
513 Carboxylic Acids, Halides, &
Derivatives
598 Miscellaneous Chemical
Products
514 Nitrogen-Function Compounds
Chemical Commodity Trade –
Argentina 95-99,
Imports
in
US$’000
94
Chemically Related Company Case Studies – Argentina
(Source: www.cosmos.com.mx and corporation websites)
Case: BASF Argentina
Av. Corrientes, 327
(1043) Buenos Aires
Teléfono: 317-9600
Fax: 317-9700
Casilla de Correo 4800
(1000) Correo Central
BASF Argentina S.A.
Annual sales US$ 206 million
Rainer M. Blair, president of BASF Argentina also responsible for operations in Uruguay y
Paraguay. Blair, age 33 was born in the USA replaced Dieter Wagner, who is now heading up
The Diectorate of Fertilizer Production for BASF in Germany. BASF Argentina invoices over
U$S 300 million annually for agricultural products, plastic products, pharmaceuticals, paints,
animal feed and chemicals in the following areas.
Health and Nutrition
Pharmaceuticals, vitamins and additives for human nutrition/pharmaceuticals and for animal
nutrition, pharma ingredients, food & beverage ingredients, personal care ingredients,
aroma chemicals, specialty polymers, fertilizers and crop protection products
Colorants and Finishing Products
Dyestuffs, dyes for the oil industry, adhesion promoter, pigments,
finishing products, process chemicals, coatings, printing systems,
dispersions
Chemicals
Basic chemicals, catalysts, industrial chemicals, plasticizers, solvents, glues, intermediates,
specialty chemicals, surfactant raw materials, chemicals for motor vehicles and additives
Plastics and Fibres
Polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, engineering plastics, foamed plastics, polyurethane
products and systems, PUR elastomers, fiber products
Oil and Gas
Crude oil, petroleum products, such as fuel oil and fuels, natural gas.
BASF has been in Argentina since 1950. In that time it operated under the name Unión Química
SRL. En 1969 BASF began operating under the name Argentina S.A. In the same year, the
company began construction on the la Planta General Lagos. In 1972 it began production. In
1995 BASG Argentina inaugurated la Planta de Premezclas Lutavit in Tortuguitas and in En
1997 its distribution center in Tortuguitas.
95
Case: Repsol - Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF) S.A.
Avenida Presidente Roque Saenz
Peña 777
1364 Buenos Aires, Argentina
http://www.ypf.com/ypframe.htm
Repsol / YPF Petrochemical Products
In June 1999, Spain's oil, natural gas and chemicals group, Repsol, completed its $13.5 billion
takeover of Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF), Argentina's largest oil and gas company,
creating the world's tenth largest oil and gas company (by market capitalization), with revenue of
more than $26 billion, and 4.1 billion barrels of oil reserves. YPF alone had been the dominant
oil and gas presence in Argentina, and the new company, Repsol-YPF, will have a major
presence throughout Argentina and the rest of Latin America, plus has other operations in North
Africa, North America, and Europe. Repsol-YPF will control about 50% of the Argentine energy
market, both upstream and downstream. YPF itself produced over half the country’s 902,000
barrels per day (bbl/d) of crude in 1998, and almost half its natural gas. YPF, with sales of an
estimated $6.1 billion in 1998, was by far the largest Argentine company.
Roberto Monti is President and CEO of Repsol - YPF S.A. in April 1998.
He was born in Argentina in 1939. Graduated as Electrical Engineer from the
Universidad de Buenos Aires in1962. In 1963 joined Schlumberger Argentina as
Wireline Field Engineer assigned to locations in Neuquén, Mendoza and Comodoro
Rivadavia. Stayed with that Company 32 years occupying different positions in Venezuela,
USA, Indonesia, Iran and France. In 1989 was promoted to President for the Eastern
Hemisphere and South America Wireline & Testing and during the period 1993-95,
President for Dowell Worldwide. In 1995 he accepted the challenge of running Maxus Energy
Corporation, in Dallas, Texas, a company that has been acquired by YPF.
Repsol-YPF Petrochemical Products - Aguarrás, Metanol, Aromático Pesado 220, Ortoxileno,
Benceno, n-Pentano, Buteno-1PEX- AE, Ciclohexano, Paraxileno, n-Heptano, Solvente B, nHexano, Solvente C, Isodecanol Solvente F, Isoheptanol, Solvente G, Isononanol, Tolueno,
Isotridecanol, Xileno Mezcla Lineal Alquil Benceno, Poliisobutilenos
Other Selected Chemical and Related Product Companies - Argentina
ARGENTINA NATIONAL STARCH & CHEMICAL S.A
N. Avellaneda 1357
1642 San Isidro
Tel: +54 11-4743-2066
Fax: +54 11-4742-2971
Adhesives, Food/Industrial Starches, Specialty Synth. Polymers
ATANOR S.A. Pte. J. D. Perón 646/50- 3° piso- CP: 1038- Capital Federal 3935172/81/83/89;393-5111/14/23/31/46;327-2330/31;394-2851/2883/8699 393-6427
Insecticide, herbicide
96
BAYER ARGENTINA S.A.
Ricardo Gutiérrez 3652
1605 Munro, Buenos Aires
Argentina
Tel: (54-1) 762-7116, 762-7431, 762-7265 y 762-7296
Fax: (54-1) 762-7467, 762-7010
Sodium Dichromate, Fertilizers, Fungicides, Insecticides, Lacquer, Polyurethane
Chemicals, For Plastics, Chromium Sulphate,
CADELCO S.A.
Presidente: Mendez J. Apoderado San Martín 365, 4o. piso Of. 401
1004 Buenos Aires, Capital Federal
Argentina
Tel: (054-1) 394-3522
Fax: (054-1) 394-3522
Bentonite, Bentonite, Ceramic
CHEMIPLANT S.A. Aldecoa 1277- CP: 1870- Avellaneda- Buenos Aires 208-0281/3217;2287047/7058 208-3217
Insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, curasemilla
CHEMOTECNICA SINTYAL S.A. Carlos Berg 3669- CP: 1437- Capital Federal 9188100/8300 918-3921
Insecticide, herbicide, fungicide
CASAL DE REY Y CIA. S.R.L. PRODUCTOR EXPORTADOR
Directivos: Fundada: Capital: Empleados: Actividad: Av. Roque Saenz Peña 943 - P.8 - Of. 83
1035 Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
Argentina
Tel: (54) 4326-3368, 4326-0949, 4326-0957, 4326-0471
Fax: (54) 4326-3368
Coconut Oil, Castor Oil, Varnishes, Sodium Molybdate
Calcium Octoate, Cobalt Octoate, Copper Octoate, Strontium Octoate, Lithium Octoate,
Manganese Octoate, Lead Octoate
Zinc Octoate, Zirconium Octoate, Chemicals, Industrial
Chemicals, For Cosmetics And Beauty Products, Chemicals, For Paints, Varnishes, Enamels
And Lacquer, Chemicals, For Plastics, Driers
DOWELANCO ARGENTINA S.A. Av. Leandro N. Alem 896- 12° piso- CP: 1001- Capital
Federal 319-0100 312-0127
97
GLEBA S.R.L. Calle 520 y Ruta Prov. 36- CP: 1903- Melchor Romero- La Plata- Buenos Aires
021-91-3062/3684
Insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide
ICONA S.A. Rodney 350/54- CP: 1427- Capital Federal 854-2231/2359/7712;855-5154 8562655
MASPRO S.A. Cno. Gral. Belgrano 2590- CP: 1874- Villa Domínico- Buenos Aires 2468753/8590/9450/6236 246-9559
Fungicide
MERCK QUÍMICA ARGENTINA S.A.I.C
Artilleros 2436 - C.P.(1428) - Capital Federal - Buenos Aires - Argentina
Tel.: 54(11) 4787-8100 - Fax: 54(11) 4783-7369
http://www.merck.com.ar/
Pigmentos, Cristales Líquidos, Síntesis de Sustancias Farmacéuticas Básicas, Sistemas de
Separación Cromatográfica, Sistemas de Test Analíticos y de Diagnóstico
MONSANTO ARGENTINA S.A.I.C. Av. Maipú 1210- 6° piso- CP: 1006- Capital Federal 3132429/3136/4230/4520 313-2447
Herbicide
PASA Maipú 1 Piso 9 (1084) Buenos Aires - Argentina
Tel.: (54 11) 4344-7200 4344-PASA(7272) Fax: (54 11) 4344-7222
fertilizers, urea, hexane, aromatics, caucho, rubber, nitrile, SBR, NBR, parafins, naphta,
styrene, butadiene, and propellents;,
Q.E.A.C.A. S.A. Av. Madero 942- 5° piso- CP: 1106- Capital Federal 310-1363 al 1365 3137571
Insecticide, herbcide
ROHM AND HAAS LATIN AMERICA INC. Directivos: Fundada: Capital: Empleados:
Actividad: Carlos Pellegrini 1149, 7o. piso
1019 Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
Argentina
Tel: (54-1) 328-0506
Fax: (54-1) 328-0504
Fungicides, Insecticides, Mancozeb, Agrochemicals, Propanil
ZENECA S.A.I.C. Av. Leandro N. Alem 1134- 12° piso- CP: 1001- Buenos Aires 3112928;312-0221/5542 311-4511, Insecticide, herbcide
ZSCHIMMER & SCHWARZ ARGENTINA, S.A.
Av. Belgrano No. 553, piso 5 Depto. "Q"
98
Capital Federal,
Argentina Tel: (541) 342-4350 y 342-2017; Fax: (541) 342-2017
Chemicals, For Textile Industry, Chemicals, For Leather
99
Higher Education - Argentina
(Source: UNESCO; World of Learning; RELAQ)
Structure of system
Higher education is provided by the national, provincial and private universities and institutions
devoted to higher studies in the fine arts or to technical and professional studies, as well as
teacher-training colleges. Universities are autonomous. The Consejo Interuniversitario Nacional
coordinates policies of the national universities and their relationship with public and private,
national and foreign bodies; draws up proposals for the national recognition of complete and
partial studies and degrees and diplomas; and the national validation of foreign qualifications.
The Sistema Interuniversitario del Cuarto Nivel was established in 1985 and furthers university
education at the highest level. Private universities are autonomous but must be recognized by the
State and their statutes, courses and programmes must be approved by it. They may award
degrees and qualifications which are valid nationally if recognized by the central government.
Main types of higher education institutions in country
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
Translation: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD PROVINCIAL
Translation: PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA
Translation: PRIVATE UNIVERSITY
Main laws/decrees governing higher education
Name of law/decree: 23569/88
Institution type: Universities
Name of law/decree: 24.195
Date: 1 April, 1993
Administrative structure of higher education
Name of body: Consejo Interuniversitario Nacional (CIN)
Role: Coordinates university activities, recommends the creation of faculties; participates in
university policy planning and makes recommendations to the Ministry.
Address:
Street: Pacheco de Melo 2084
City: Buenos Aires
Postal code: 1126
Fax: 54-1-8062269
Name of body: Ministerio de Cultura y Educacion
Address: Street: Pizzurno 935
City: Buenos Aires
Postal code: 1025
Telephone: 54-1-8128410
Fax: 54-1-8126493
Internet: http://www.mcye.gov.ar
Academic year: Classes start: April Classes end: December
Languages of instruction: Spanish
100
Highlights
♦ Of the total 99 universities in Argentina, 48 are privately operated.
♦ The number of private, non-profit universities in Argentina has doubled since 1990.
♦ Private institutions enroll one in seven undergraduates and one in four graduate students.
Faculties of Chemical Sciences – Argentina
(Source: http://www.quimica.com.ar/univer.html; http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/RLQ/; World of
Learning, 1999; and university websites)
Facultades de Química de Argentina
Universidad de Belgrano: (Privada)
Zabala 1851 (1426) Capital Federal Tel: 011 4 7811494 ó 4 7812924 ó 4 7813364 - Fax: 011 4
7849303
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas
Licenciatura en Tecnología de Alimentos
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA):
Viamonte 430 (1052) - Capital Federal Tel: 011 4 3119030 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física. Pabellón 2, Ciudad
Universitaria (1428) Capital Federal, Argentina
011 4 7815020 al 4 7815029 (Interno Secretaría 297) Línea Directa: 011 4 7820468 Fax: 011 4
7820441.
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Electroquímica
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Fotoquímica
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Química Analítica
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Química Inorgánica
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Química Teórica
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Radioquímica
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Termodinámica de Procesos Irreversibles
Licenciatura en Ciencias Químicas orientación Termodinámica Química
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas
INQUIMAE: Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía.Pabellón
2, Ciudad Universitaria (1428) Capital Federal, Argentina 011 4 7815020 al 4 7815029 (Interno
Secretaría 297) Línea Directa 011 4 7820468 Fax: 011 4 7820441
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad CAECE (Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Exactas): Privada
Av. de Mayo 1400 (1085) Capital Federal Tel: 011 4 3813229 / 4 3819767 / 4 3814426 / 4
3816422 / 4 3811033
101
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Federal de la Patagonia Austral:
Lisandro de la Torre 860 (9400) Río Gallegos - Santa Cruz Tel: 02825 4 23505
Licenciatura en Química
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Casilla de Correo 61 -Suc.16- Pabellón Arg. -Ala 1- Ciudad
Universitaria (5000) CORDOBA Te: 0351 4 602124 Fax: 0351 4 694724.
Departamento de Química Biológica
Departamento de Físico Química
Departamento de Química Orgánica
CEQUIMAP (Centro de Química Aplicada)
Lic. en Química
Lic. en Química Farmaceútica
Especialidad en Bioquímica Clínica
Maestría en Química
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional Católica de Córdoba:
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Naturales Camino Alta Gracia Km. 7,5 (5000) CORDOBA Te:
0351 4 212210/ 4 940696 Fax: 0351 4 940786
Licenciado en Química
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Jujuy:
Av. Bolivia Nº 1239 - (4.600) S.S. de Jujuy - Argentina Tel.: 0388 4 235800, 0388 4 235385
(directo Rector) Fax: 0388 4 231373 Facultad de Ingeniería Gorriti Nº 237 - (4.600) S.S. de
Jujuy -- Argentina Tel.: 0388 4 223933 - 0388 4 227359 Fax: 0388 4 231553
Ingeniería Química
Profesorado de Química de Nivel Superior (Requiere título de Profesor de Química Nivel
Medio)
Licenciatura en Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de La Plata:
Facultad de Ingenieria
Departmento Ingenieria Quimica
1 esq. 47-1900 La Plata
Department phone: 54 21 82-1600
Department FAX: 54 21 25-9471
Professors:
102
Barreto, Guillermo F.
Cunningham, Roberto E.
Farina, Italo H.
Ferretti, Osmar A.
Iglesias, Omar A.
Martinez, Osvaldo M.
Mascheroni, Rodolfo H.
Pessacq, Raul A. (Head)
Vilche, Jorge R.
Zaritzky, Noemi E.
Assistant Professors:
Bevilacqua, Alicia E.
Caminos, Rolando A.
Canale, Guillermo J.
D.~Sorbo, C. L.
Duarte, Susana I. Pereira
Elsner, Cecilia I.
Gervasi, Claudio A.
Giner, Sergio A.
Graieb, Jorge A.
Grattoni, Carlos A.
Mazza, German D.
Navarro, Agustin F.
Pesarini, Carlos E.
Polito, Oscar A.
Salvadori, Viviana O.
Santana, Ines M.
Siri, Guillerno J.
Calle 7 Nro. 776 Entre 47 y 48 (1900) La Plata - Buenos Aires Tel: 0221 4 34349/4 219423
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales:
Calle 47 y 115 1900 LA PLATA Te; 0221 4 226977/79/81, 0221 4 215570 / 4 520295 Fax: 0221
4 226947
Licenciatura en Química Orientaciones: Química Orgánica, Físico Química, Química Inorgánica,
Tecnología de materiales y Procesos Químicos, Tecnología de los procesos Biológicos
Doctorado en Química
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Santa Fe:
Santiago del Estero 2829 (3000) Santa Fe Tel: 0342 4 536860 Fax: 0342 4 553727
Facultad de Ingeniería Química
103
Maestría en Tecnología Química
Maestría en Tecnología de Alimentos
Maestría en Ciencia de Alimentos
Doctorado en Tecnología Química
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata:
Alberdi 2695 (7600) Mardel Plata Bs. As.Tel: 0223 4 921705 Fax: 0223 4 921704
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Rosario
Avenida Pellegrini 250 - (2000) Rosario. Santa Fé
Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
Licenciatura en Química Profesorado en Química
Instituto Politécnico Superior General San Martín
Departamento de Química
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad de Nacional de Salta
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de San Luis
Av. Ejército de los Andes 950 (5700) San Luis Tel: 03652 4 26744/46/47 Interno 293 - Fax:
03652 4 30224
Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia
Profesorado en Química
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional del Sur:
Av. Colón 80 (8000) Bahía Blanca Tel. y Fax: 0291 4 552542 E-mail: [email protected]
Departamento de Química e Ingeniería Química
Lic. en Química
Lic. en Ingeniería Química
Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (PROMAT) Doctorado en Química
Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (PROMAT)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad del Salvador (Privada):
104
Viamonte 1846 (1056) Capital Federal Tel: 01 811-2270
Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
Licenciado en Ciencias Químicas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero:
Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustria
Avenida Belgrano 1912 4200 SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO Te: 0385 4 221322/ 4 224547 Fax:
085 22-2595
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad de Morón:
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales Cabildo 134 (1708) MORON Te: 011 4
483-1023 (Int.180-181) Fax: 011 4 6278551
Licenciado en Ciencias Químicas
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto:
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Estafeta Postal N° 9 (5800 ) RIO CUARTO Te: 0358 4 676221/23
Fax: 0358 4 677224/ 4 676224
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Química y Naturales
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Catamarca:
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Av. Belgrano 300 (4700) SAN FERNANDO DEL VALLE DE
CATAMARCA Te: 03833 4 20900 Fax: 03833 4 35094
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
Licenciado en Química.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de La Pampa:
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Avenida Uruguay y Perú 151 (6300) SANTA ROSA LA PAMPA- Te: 02954 4 22026/4 25166 Fax: 02954 4 32679
Licenciado en Química. Orient. Agrícola
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad del Nordeste:
Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura 9 de Julio N° 1449 (3400) CORRIENTES Te: 03783
4 24638/4 23126 Fax: 03783 4 23968
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Pontificia Católica Argentina:
105
Facultad de Química Juan Rogelio Bacón Mendoza 4197 2000 ROSARIO- SANTA FE- Te:
0341 4 380853/4 304844
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Juan Agustín Mazza:
Facultad de Ingeniería Av.Acceso Oeste Lateral Sur 2245. Barrio San José de Guaymallén
(5519) MENDOZA Telefax: 0261 4 317088
Licenciado en Química Industrial
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Universidad Nacional de Tucumán:
Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia Ayacucho 491 (4000) TUCUMAN Te: 0381 4
310122 int.365 Fax: 0381 4 311462 y 4 311486
106
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies - Argentina
(Source: ACS/IAO; RELAQ)
Argentine Association of Chemical
Engineers (Asociación Argentina de Ingineria
Química)
Av. Belgrano 485 Piso 1°
1092 Buenos Aires
Telephone: 54. 1. 331. 3955 / 34. 7666
Fax:
54. 1. 331. 5477
Biochemical Association of Argentina (Asociación Bioquímica Argentina) (30.viii.1995) (wl95)
Venezuela 1823
1096 Buenos Aires
Telephone: 54.1. 38-2907
Established 1934
Argentine Society of Biochemical Research and Molecular Biology
(Sociedad Argentinas de Investigación Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular) (09.vii.1997 ; iubmb
www)
President: Dr. Ricado Boland
Secretary: Dr. Marta Hallok
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeneria Genetica y Biologia Molecular
SAIB
Vuelta de Obligado 2490
1428 Buenos Aires
Telephone: 54. 1. 784 5516 / 54. 1. 783 2871
Fax:
54. 1. 786 8578
Chemical Association of Argentina (Asociación Química Argentina)
(3.ii.1999)
(wl98/sl/iupac www)
Sánchez de Bustamante 1749
1425 Buenos Aires
Telephone & fax: 54.11. 4822. 4866
Established 1912 (5000)
President: Dr. Ernesto Castro
Executive Secretary: Dr. Eduardo Bottani
Journals: Anales de la Asociacion Quimica Argentina/Industria y Quimica
National Committee of Catalysis (Comite Nacional de Catalisis) (CONACA) (acsbks)
Calle 47, No. 257
1900 La Plata
107
Physical Chemistry Association of Argentina
(crf96)
Diag. 113 y 64 INIFTA
La Plata 1900
Sociedad Argentina de Investigadores en
Química Organica
SAIQO) (crf96)
Avenida Santa Fe 1145 Buenos Aires
108
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Argentina
(Source, World of Learning, 1996)
Academia Argentina de Ciencias de la Empresa
Dirección: Lima 717 (1073) Cap. Fed.
Tel: 4372-5454
Fax: 4383-4309
Academia Argentina de Ciencias del Ambiente
Dirección: Av. Angel Gallardo 470 (1405) Cap. Fed.
Tel:4824-0307 4743-5473
Academia Argentina de Farmacia y Bioquímica
Dirección: Junín 956 (1113) Cap. Fed.
Tel:4961-7111 4961-6133
Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinaria
Dirección: Av. Alvear 1711 2º piso (1014) Cap. Fed.
Tel: 4811-1657
Fax: 4811-3066
Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires
Tel: 4811-1657
Fax: 4811-3066
Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Córdoba
Dirección: Av. Velez Sarsfield 229 (5000) Córdoba
Tel: (03 51) 4332089
Fax: (03 51) 4216350
Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas,
Físicas y Naturales
Tel: 4811-2998,4 815-9451
Fax: 4811-6951
e-mail: : [email protected]
http://www.ancefn.org.ar
Academia Nacional de Ingeniería
Dirección: Av. Quintana 585 3º piso (1129) Cap. Fed.
Tel: 4807-1137
Fax: 4807-0671
E-mail:
[email protected]
109
Chemically Related Research - Argentina
(Source: SECyT, 1999)
Highlights
♦ Total R&D spending for Argentina as US$1.47 billion or .45% ofGDP.
♦ R&D personnel in Argentina number 43,200 – twenty percent are employed in industry;
♦ Under the Ministry of Education there is a Secretaria de Ciencias y Tecnica. One of its subagencies is CONICET; most of CONICET's funding goes to the numerous research institutes
in Argentina (such as INIFTA) so little is left for individual grants.
♦ The other subagency of SCT is ANPCYT (Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y
Tecnologica). ANPCYT is turn has two subagencies.
♦ One is FONCYT or Fund for S&T which supports basic and applied research. It is essentially
the Ministry of Education's granting agency (and is, apparently, better able to make
individual grants than CONICET).
♦ The other is FONTAR Fund for Technology (the equivalent of Chile's FONDEF). It funds
innovation and technology modernization within the private sector and is well-funded and
furthers academic-industrial collaboration.
Research Centers – Argentina
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS PARA EL DESARROLLO
DE LA INDUSTRIA QUIMICO-FARMACEUTICA ARGENTINA
Tel/Fax 4312-0137/0153 e-mail [email protected]
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial CEFIS
Parque Tecnologico Miguelete
Av. Gral Paz entre Albarellos y Constituyentes - San Martin
C.C. 157 - 1650 - Buenos Aires
Phone: (541)753-5749 / (541)755-6102
Fax: (541)753-5749
[email protected]
Universidad de Buenos Aires
PINMATE
Norma Elvira Amadeo
Catalytic reactors
Miguel Angel Laborde
Catalytic reactors
Universidad Nacional de la Plata
110
CINDECA
Guillermo F. Barreto,
Chemical Reactor modeling & simulation, Chemical kinetics
Noemí Mirta Blanco
Fine chemistry, Catalytic reactors
Carmen Victoria Caceres
Fine chemistry, Heterogeneous catalysis
Osmar Alberto Ferretti
Chemical reactor modeling & simulation
María Gloria González
Catalytic reactors, Heterogeneous catalysis, Environmental catalysis
Luis R. Pizzio
Fine chemistry
Esther Ponzi
Heterogeneous catalysis, Catalyst preparation
Horacio Thomas
Fine Chemistry, Catalyst preparation
Patricia Vázquez
Fine chemistry
Avedis Yeramian
Chemical kinetics, Catalytic reactors
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
INTEMA
Rosita Fenoglio
Environmental catalysis, Catalyst preparation
Universidad Nacional de Salta
INIQUI
Acosta, Delicia
Heterogeneous catalysis, Catalytic reactors
111
Sofia Colque
Catalyst preparation, Heterogeneous catalysis
Monica Farfan
Catalyst Preparation, Catalyst characterization
Elio Gonzo
Catalytic reactors, Chemical reactor modelling & simulation
Universidad Nacional de San Luis
INTEQUI
Norma Elvira Abello
Catalyst preparation, Catalyst characterization, Chemical kinetics
Luis Arrua
Catalytic reactors, Catalyst characterization
Luis Cadus
Heterogeneous catalysis, Catalyst characterization
Universidad Nacional del Litoral
Institute of Research on Catalysis and Petrochemistry - INCAPE
Carlos Apesteguia
Environmental catalysis, Fine chemistry, Catalytic reactors, Chemical kinetics
Borgna, Armando
Heterogeneous catalysis, Catalyst characterization)
Castro, Alberto Antonio
Fine chemistry, Catalytic reactors, Chemical kinetics)
Di Cosimo, Juana Isabel
Heterogeneous catalysis, Catalyst preparation, Catalytic reactors, Chemical kinetics)
Figoli, Nora
Heterogeneous catalysis)
Garetto, Teresita
Environmental catalysis, Catalytic reactors)
L'Argentière, Pablo Cesar
112
Catalyst preparation)
Lombardo, Eduardo A.
Heterogeneous catalysis, Environmental catalysis, Catalyst characterization)
Marchi, Alberto
Heterogeneous catalysis, Fine chemistry
Miro, Eduardo
Catalytic reactors, Environmental catalysis
Parera, José Miguel
Heterogeneous catalysis, Catalytic reactors, Chemical kinetics
Petunchi, Juan Omar
Querini, Carlos
Scelsa, Osvaldo
Fine chemistry, Catalyst preparation, Catalytic reactors
Sedran, Ulises
Catalytic reactors, Chemical reactors modeling & simulation
Ulla, María Alicia
Heterogeneous catalysis, Environmental catalysis, Catalyst characterization
Universidad Nacional del Sur
PLAPIQUI
Damiani, Daniel E.
Homogeneous catalysis, Environmental catalysis, Catalyst preparation
Gigola, Carlos E.
Heterogeneous catalysis, Environmental catalysis, Catalyst preparation
Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - FRC
CITeQ
Anunziata, Oscar
Chemical kinetics, Catalyst preparation
113
Herrero, Eduardo Renato
Fine chemistry, Heterogeneous catalysis
Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientificas (CADIC)
CC 92, 9410 Ushuaia
Teirra del Fuego
tel: 964.923010
Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y de Principios Naturales (CEFAPRIN)
Obligado 2490
1428 Buenos Aires
Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI)
Suipacha 531
Rosario, Santa Fe
tel: 31480
Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Tecnologia de Pinturas (CIDEPINT)
Calle 52
1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires
Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Procesos Cataliticos (CINDECA)
Calle 47 N, #257
La Plata, Buenos Aires
Centro de Tecnologia en Recursos Minerales y Ceramica (CETMIC)
Camino Cementario y 506
1897 Gonnet, Buenos Aires
Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnologico para La Industria Quimica (INTEC)
Guemes 3450
3000 Santa Fe
Instituto de Investigacion de Productos Naturales y de Sintesis Organica (IPNAYS)
Santiago del Estero 2829
3000 Santa Fe
Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas (INIBIB)
Camino Vecinal La Carrindanga, KM 7, CC 857
8000 Bahia Blanca
tel: 91.31342
Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacoligas (ININFA)
Junin 956,
1113 Buenos Aires
tel: 961.6784
114
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial (INTI)
Centro de Investigacion sobre Contiminacion por Oxido de Etileno
Av Leandro N. Alem 1067
1101 Buenos Aires
tel: 313.3013; fax: 313.2130
Centro Argentino de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CAICYT)
Moreno 431
1091 Buenos Aires
tel: 34.1777
Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales
Junto 2859, CC 555
3000 Santa Fe
tel: 42.23843; fax: 42.556147
Labs
MICROQUIM S.A.
Director Técnico: Dr. Alejandro Bosotto
Girardot 1689 (1427) Ciudad de Buenos Aires
(011) 4554-1451/7860
Certificación realizada:
Análisis físico, químicos y microbiológicos de productos farmacéuticos, cosméticos, alimentos,
elementos de tecnología médica, productos agroquímicos, aguas, efluentes, suelos biológicos y
de ecotoxicología.
LABORATORIO ASENJO S.R.L
Director Técnico: Lic. Héctor O. Asenjo
Avda. Julio A. Roca 543. (1686) Hurlingham. Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4665-9039/0164
Análisis físico, químicos y microbiológicos de alimentos aguas. Aguas de calderas. Efluentes
líquidos, barros residuales. Metalurgia, minerales, petróleos, elastómeros, galvanoplastía.
Ensayos biológicos.
A.B.S QUALITY S.R.L
Directora Técnica: Dra. María Fabeiro
Monte 6048. (1440) Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4687-9011/4106
Análisis físico, químicos y microbiológicos de alimentos, aguas y efluentes. Análisis
espectrofotométricos de metales, por chispa y plasma. Ensayos físicos de tracción, metagráficos.
Metrología. Resistencia de materiales en cámaras climáticas. Ensayos y análisis de plásticos,
gomas, textiles, papeles, combustibles, grasas minerales, lubricantes. Controles ambientales
(aguas, efluentes y barros).
115
ALIMENTARIA SAN MARTIN S.R.L
Director Técnico: Ing. en Alimentos Mario Ismach
Avda. San Martín 888. (1850) San Martín. Pcia. de Buenos Aires
(011) 4755-2049/ 4753-1928
Análisis físico, químicos y microbiológicos de alimentos, aguas, efluentes industriales afines.
Agentes de limpieza, conservantes, elementos de embalaje para la industria alimentaria. Análisis
de combustible líquidos para dichas industria.
FOOD CONTROL S.A.
Director Técnico: Dr. Ricardo Sobol
Santiago del Estero 1154. (1075) Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4304-4141/ 4306-3663
Análisis de alimentos y bebidas en sus distintos aspectos (físico, químico y microbiológico,
materias primas, productos intermedios hasta la evaluación sanitaria y auditorias de locales,
personas y procesos involucrados en la elaboración de alimentos. Agua y efluentes.
Interlaboratorios a nivel internacional de distintos tipos de nuestras (Vitamina A en alimentos
secos, distintos cátiones en aguas, antioxidantes en aceites comestibles).
SEMAT
Director Técnico: Dra. Cristina Tagliacozzo
Alsina 1144. (1702) Ciudadela. Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4657-7222
Análisis químicos y metalográficos de metales ferrosos y no ferrosos, ensayos mecánicos y
físicos sobre metales. Espesores, cámara climática, combustible, lubricantes, plastómeros,
pinturas. Area ambiental: compuestos orgánicos volátiles y barros.
CROMAQUIM S.R.L
Director Técnico: Dr. Víctor D. Szewczuk.
República Argentina 2815. (1822) Valentín Alsina. Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4228-5706
Area Medio Ambiente: Análisis de aguas, efluentes líquidos, suelos, barros, emisiones gaseosas
y de ambientes laborales (Normas EPA-NIOSH-OSHA) (Absorción Atómica-GC-HPLC con
HEAD SPACE-IR). Area Farmacéutica: según normas
F.A.-USP-NF-BF EUROPEA. Area bromatológica: según normas C.A.A-A.O.A.C. Area
microbiológica: controles higiénicos, microbiológicos y de esterilidad.
TECNO FOOD
Director Técnico: Dr. Daniel Rossotti
Segurola 423. (1407) Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4672-3338
116
Laboratorio de análisis y ensayos bromatológicos, fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de
alimentos.
LABORATORIO DE MICROBIOLOGIA DR. MIGNONE
Director Técnico: Dr. Marcelo Mignone
Av. Rivadavia 18451 piso 8 Dto. A
(1708) Morón. Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4483-3044
Análisis microbiológicos de aguas, alimentos, cosméticos, combustibles, lubricantes, efluentes
líquidos, detergentes, desinfectantes, plásticos, adhesivos, pinturas y aguas de torres de
enfriamiento.
LABORATORIOS I.A.C.A.
Director técnico: Dr. Roberto O. Gentilli
Av. San Martín 65 local 105 Galería Plaza.. (8000) Bahía Blanca. Pcia. de Buenos Aires
(0291) 455-8558
Area analítica: Aguas - Aire - Alimentos - Barros - Cosméticos - Efluentes Industriales –
Emisiones Gaseosas - Fertilizantes - Materias Primas - Productos agropecuarios - Productos
químicos -Residuos sólidos - Suelos.
INDUSER
Director Técnico: Dr. Alejandro Eiroa
Caseros 1609 . (1832) Lomas de Zamora. Pcia. de Buenos Aires
(011) 4283-1555
Análisis de suelos, Residuos sólidos, Análisis de agua y efluentes líquidos, Microbiología de
agua, Calidad de aire laboral, Emisiones gaseosas (Normas EPA-NIOSH-OSHA-ASTM)
(Determinaciones por Absorción Atómica y Cromatografía Gaseosa).
ESTUDIO Y LABORATORIO DE ANALISIS INDUSTRILES
Director Técnico: Dra. María A. Bartucci de Hickethier
Montesquiu 428. (1437) Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4942-9511
Aguas Efluentes, Barros, Suelos y residuos sólidos. Tensioactivos y Coadyuvantes, Solventes,
Subproductos Agropecuarios, Averías, Productos orgánicos e inorgánicos, (CG-Absorción
Atómica), Productos para matafuegos según Norma Iram.
LABORATORIO WORK - LAB S.A.
Director Técnico: Dr. Guillermo H. Maiaru
Solís 550. (1078) Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4384- 7124
117
Análisis fisicoquímico y microbiológico de agua, Efluentes, Barros. Componentes tóxicos
(Metales, Cianuros. Por Absorción Atómica-CG) Drogas de abuso: Cocaína, Heroína,
Anfetaminas, marihuana, Barbitúricos, Benzodiacepinas, Anticonvulsionantes.
ECO - SUPPLIER S.A.
Director Técnico: Dr. Silvio A. Ferraro
Independencia 584. (1629) Pilar.Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(02322) 4-31400
Análisis fisicoquímico y microbiológico de aguas y efluentes. Estudio y control de Plantas de
tratamiento de efluentes.
PROANALISIS S.A.
Director Técnico: Lic. Ricardo Petersen
Angel J. Carranza 1947. (1414) Ciudad de Buenos Aires
(011) 4777-6333
Análisis de Medio Ambiente: Calidad de Aire, Emisiones Gaseosas, Análisis de aguas,
Efluentes, barros, Suelos y Residuos Sólidos. Higiene y Seguridad: Ruido, Iluminación, Carga
térmica, Emisión de Gases y Polvos. Análisis físicoquímico y microbiológico de Alimentos,
Productos Farmacéuticos, Aguas, Fertilizantes y Agroquímicos. Cromatografía gaseosa: CG-E
de Masas, H.P.L.C., Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica, Espectrometría UV-Visible, T.Q.C.,
Fotometría de llama y radioinmunoanálisis, para el análisis de: Residuos de Agroquímicos,
Productos Veterinarios y contaminantes en Alimentos, Aguas y Efluentes. Principio Activo de
Productos Veterinarios y Farmacéuticos.
LABORATORIO AMERICANO
Directora Técnica: Lic. Silvana G. Barcia
Avda. Pellegrini 2732. (2000) Rosario. Pcia. Santa Fe
(0341) 4473333
Análisis físico y microbiológico de aguas - Alimentos. Efluentes líquidos. Informes nutricionales
LABORATORIO DE BROMATOLOGIA DRA. MAUCO - DR. PEREZ CAMBET
Directora Técnica: Dra. María Mauco
Mitre 785. (7000) Tandil. Pcia. Buenos Aires.
(02293) 426028
Análisis físico y microbiológico de aguas. Alimentos. Efluentes líquidos.
LABORATORIO DR. MONTANI
Director Técnico: Dr. Juan Carlos Eloy Montani
G. Rodriguez 922. (7000) Tandil. Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(02293) 443430
118
Análisis físico y microbiológico de aguas efluentes líquidos. Sólidos. Barros sedimentables.
MERCOTEC ARGENTINA
Director Técnico: Lic. Héctor J. Ituarte
H. Cortés 104.(1872) Avellaneda. Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(011) 4204-3477
Análisis físicoquímico de aguas Efluentes líquidos, sólidos y semisólidos - Suelos - Barros –
Medio Ambiente - Emisiones gaseosas (Normas EPA-NIOSH-OSHA-ASTM).
LABORATORIO DEL DR. BERTELLO
Rivadavia 195 1º A (1642) San Isidro. Pcia. de Buenos Aires
(011) 4747-6025/4743-5473
LABORATORIO DE ANALISIS DE AGUAS COOP. ELECTRICA DE AZUL LTDA.
San Carlos y 6 (7300) Azul Pcia. de Buenos Aires.
(02281) 431-600/602
ORGANOMETALLIC RESEARCH CENTRES IN ARGENTINA
(source: http://www.scc.um.es)
EA Ruveda, Unr, Fac Ciencias Bioquim & Farmaceut, Conicet, Inst Quim Organ Sintesis,
Casilla Correo 991, RA-2000 Rosario, Argentina
JC Podesta, Univ NaCl sur, Dept Quim & Ingn Quim, Inst Invest Quim Organ, Avda Alem 1253,
RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Argentina
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ACS Member Characteristics – Argentina
(Source: ACS Info Central, 1999)
ACS Members in Argentina - Interests Areas
Physical
8%
Analytical
13%
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Polymers/Plastics
5%
Chemical Education
Analytical
9%
Pharmaceutical/Med
12%
Biochemistry
12%
Organic
12%
Biotechnology
5%
Materials
4%
Chemical Education
3%
3%
Mketing/Sales/Bus
3%
Energy/Fuels
Environmental
Inorganic
Materials
Organic
Polymers/Plastics
Physical
Inorganic
4%
Environmental
3%
Energy/Fuels
1%
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Computing/Molecular
Modeling
3%
Compiled ACS Member Questionnaire Results - Argentina
1) In which sector are you employed? (Please select one item)
Industry: 3
Higher Education: 9
Professional and/or Trade Association: 1
Government: 1
Other: 1 Research and development
2) Do you and/or your colleagues participate in any professional scientific
activities involving Chemically Related industry / higher education
collaboration?
Yes: 9 No: 5 NA: 1
3) If your answer to Item #2 is Yes, are you personally involved in the
activity?
Yes: 6 No: 7 NA: 2
If yes, please specify: Investigating the chemical degradation of herbicides** We offer training
courses both to San Martin University and to groups of members from trade Associations and
Enterprises. I am the person who organises the course, and I also teach some subjects.
4) Are your colleagues involved?
Yes: 9 No: 4 NA: 2
5) What type of industry is involved in the collaboration?
Energy: 0
Agricultural Chemicals: 4
Basic Chemical Production: 2
Polymers: 4
Fine Chemicals: 1
Metals: 1
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Rubber: 0
Other: 6 Please specify:
Ferrolectric Films** environmental problems** Ethanol producers and citrus essential oils and
juices** Pharmaceutical Products, Oils.
NA: 2
6) What companies are participating in the collaboration?
Several small and medium size processing industries
Plásticos Bernabó** Panex. S. A. (metals)** -YPF (main petroleum and petrochemical industry).
Just beginning.-Small agrochemical companies
-Pharmaceutical companies** Ipesa S.A.** Mostly local companies** Ph. Dr. Hector E. Di
Loreto, who is working in synthesis of agrochemicals in IPESA S. A. - Production of
agrochemicals, collaborate with me in basic investigation of kinetics and mechanism of chemical
degradation of herbicides** Asociación Química Argentina,Cámara Arg. de la Industria del
Aluminio y Metales Afines Cámara Arg. de Proveedores de la Industria Farmacéutica
Alimentaria y Cosmética, Cámara de la Industria de Procesos de la Rep. Arg. Cámara de la
Indsutria Química y Petroquímica** Cía. Química Suttley Arg. .R.L.,COOPERALA,PCGEN,ICI Argentina,Imextrade S.A.,IPA Argentina, Laboratorio Pablo Cassará
S.R.L,Pantoquimica S.A.I.C., Sherwin Williams Arg. Unifarma S.A. ,YPF S.A. ,Indupa S.A.
Dow Química Arg. ,Petroquímica Cuyo Laboratorio Kampel Martian S.A.
7) Where is the industrial site or laboratory located?
Location of the Laboratory: INTEMA, University of Mar del Plata, Argentina, e-mail:
[email protected]
Location of the industries: Most of them in Provincia de Buenos Aires** YPF is in La Plata
(around 60 km) from BsAs. Other are in Bs.As. or near
sorroundings** Zárate, Argentina** Tucuman Province, Argentina
8) What type of activity is carried out in the collaboration?
Basic Research: 2
Faculty Visits: 2
Student Visits: 1
Consulting: 4
Contract Research: 6
Quality Control: 6
Environmental Monitoring: 3
Other: Please Specify: 0
NA: 2
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9) What do you feel are the characteristics of a successful university /
industry collaboration in Argentina?
The money contribution of the company and the technology transfer of our
laboratories to it** It is absolutely necessary to have a counterpart in the industry with a
university degree** in many cases one has to discuss problems with technicians. When the
counterpart has a PhD degree and knows the research group, the cooperation works very well** I
think that the university/industry collaboration in Argentina is almost non existing, excepting for
some consulting** Personnel in each place should get more involved** I think that a
collaboration university/Industry in Argentina has very strong opportunities to be successful.
There are no many because there is poor communication between University and industry. And I
think that there are not many companies who actually do R&D in Argentine, most of the work
comes already done from outside, speaking about international Companies** or in the case of
National Companies they buy the "know how from outside" or they perform it "in-house" to
avoid the fear concerning to confidentiality** Aplicar todo el potencial científico a la solución
concreta de problemas que afectan a la comunidad. Por ejemplo: Mal de Chagas,diarrea infantil,
contaminación ambiental** Higher knowledge of target matter and also a relative cheap
service** Rarely successful, university work is concerned frequently with basic research not
related to industry** Cooperation and Development agreements** I feel that the major
improvement was the one that came out from applying the Argentinian Technological innovation
law, that changed the relationship University-industry This Law allows the researchers involved
in a collaboration program to get extra pay for that work, that was a great incentive for our
professionals. ** I think that there are administrative problems which delay such collaborations,
and the confidentiality big issue **
10) What facilitates development of such collaborations?
The technological development of our country ** A successful beginning with quality controls is
usually the basis of future contracts for development **work ** Personal contact ** None, as far
as I know. ** To know each other. Visits of Faculties and graduate students to the plants. Know
about industry real problems. Some supplementary salary for the university personnel. Good
management. Industry should put some money for undergraduate and graduate research, under
contracts. ** I think collaborations can be successfully carried on if there is a strong intention
from the Companies to do them. Moreover, may be the University should show to the
Companies what can they do. ** Como no hay una estrategia global de colaboración cada caso
particular tiene características propias. En algunos casos solo la buena voluntad de ambos
sectores es la que permite llevar a cabo tal colaboración. ** Improvement of certain intermediate
syntheses ** When the research activities and the laboratory techniques used in the university are
well known in industry. ** More contacts between university research centers and industry. Less
pressure on researchers to publish, to give them time to study the problems related to industry. **
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Governmental laws ** The progressive use of applied research in enterprises and Trade
Associations.
11) What hinders or is problematic for development of such collaborations?
Fundamentally the money contribution from the place industries. ** from the academic side
problems begin when answers are not provided at due time. In a cooperation with the industry,
time is the most important variable ** Poor interaction between University/Industry ** The most
important industries are from industrilized countries, so that research and development is made
in the faciliites they have in their own countries. Small o medium size industries do not seem to
be interested in any collaboration, mainly because they are more concerned with financial
problems rather than thinking in imprveing their products or procedures. One main problem is
that industries employ chemists at the level of technician. They don't seem to need PhDs. ** A
long history of mutual isolation. It depends on the magnitude of the industry. Probably small and
medium enterprises are realizing it could be cheaper to look for local agreements. But not all the
Universities are prepared for giving such an aid. Probably Buenos Aires is. Personal
contacts are crucial. Big industries of foreign origin seem to deal with
technological problems by relating to their main associated firm, although
probably they do need good local personnel for quality control problems. ** No existen
inversiones a largo plazo en Investigación y Desarrollo (R&D). No existen facilidades
impositivas para quien invierta en R&D. Existen muchísimas trabas burocráticas. No es bien
conocido el potencial humano y tecnológico de nuestras Universidades por la mayoría de quienes
podrían invertir en tales colaboraciones ** Times in University are not the same than Industry
(slighty slower)** Academic career goals are overestimated by the research workers. On the
other hand the incentives offered by industry are scarce or insufficient. The industry has little
confidence in the possibilities of rapid solutions of its problems via the universities. University
research facilities are frequently obsolete. The universities are also tied up by bureaucratic
procedures and chronic lack of financial support ** a)Industrial interest for self developmental
projects b) Institutional decisions ** The economical situation of our country, due to which both
the enterprises and Trade Associations cannot spend their money on research, development and
training.
12) What, in your opinion, would improve the quality and sustainability of
university / industry collaborations, and have you encountered or do you
expect to encounter issues of intellectual property - how can this, too be
improved?
Again, here, it is necessary to say that the important part in this relationship is the economic one.
The intellectual property improved with an attractive politic for both parts ** In a country like
Argentina collaborations will surely improve when PhD graduates make their way into the
industry** most of them remain in the academic sector or go abroad. Of course, in some areas
(like in biotechnology) one can also push researchers to create their own enterprises ** 1 - The
industrialists have to be aware that the university research is not "free", they have to put money.
2 - The reserchers to be aware that the industrialists look for "concrete ideas" for sucesseful
project with definite ending time. 3 - The national authorities must to promote rather specific
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project industrial-research together than big forum for the bureaucracy. ** Medium and large
industries need to incorporate PhDs to their tehcnical staff. They will be the link with
universities, becasue there is the knowledge they have got. ** Some advise related to specific
techniques in quality control is being done, for different medium industries (pharmaceutical,
agrochemicals and so on). This offers no problems of intellectual property. This could occur with
development contracts, I have no experience on that. ** I think this is a deep point. I do not
really know what is the University actually doing to promote collaborations. To answer this
question I should be better informed. ** Por supuesto que una mejor situación economica daría
mas tranquilidad a nuestros empresarios. Para comenzar una colaboración permanente hace falta
confianza entre ambos sectores. Tambien sería necesario que ciertos niveles académicos no
vieran al trabajo en la Industria como una actividad de segunda clase. Existen serios problemas
en general con legislación sobre propiedad intelectual y patentes. ** Researchers at University
are dedicated mainly to "papers" production resulting "neccesary branch"of our activity the
collaborative words in order to get a lot of money. ** The outline of the university models to be
much more scientific - technical. The industry can possibly, identify and stimulate selected
research centers capable to contribute to the specific industrial activities. ** University
promotion of these collaborations. So far University did not promote collaboration with Industry.
Hence, contacts occur at personal level between researcher – Industry ** With educational
programmes, on issues of intellectual property and industry property. **
13) Which particular university / industry collaborations would you identify
as outstanding? If at all possible, please provide contact name, position, company, address,
telephone, fax, email and www address.
The university/industry with a lot of communication and mutual collaboration. Each one
contributing to make the best. ** That depends according to areas and regions, it may be in the
biotechnology field is outstanding ** There seems to be a succesful cooperation between a dairy
enterprise(Company name: Sancor) and some biochemists at the University of Tucuman. ** I am
just aware of one Electrochemical project between Industry and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales UBA. In the University told me that there is a new collaboration coming soon in
corrosion with YPF ( Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales). ** Conozco un caso muy importante.
Desarrollo de leche con microorganismos que ayudan a prevenir y curar la diarrea infantil
crónica. CONICET(National Research Council)- Universidad de Tucumán - SanCor(Industria
Lactea) ** University of Buenos Aires/several industries. University of La Plata/Ipesa S.A.
(<mailto:[email protected]@nahuel.biol.unlp.edu.ar) **
Industry and Government sponsored program for applied research developed by "Secretaría de
Ciencia y Tecnología - Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica" e-mail:
[email protected] ** As far as University involvement non but yes between CERELA
(Institute from CONICET, National Research Council of Science and Technology) - SANCOR
(Private company of milk products) ** Working knowledge of English, experience both in
research and industry. **
14) For university / industry collaborations which involve scientist,
researcher, or student mobility across national borders, what skills or
125
capacities should a participant have to be successful?
The scientist, researcher or student are should be very well prepared for
the task that will develop and also, they should be paid according to their
functions.This way assures an almost total success. ** This mobility refers mostly to consultants
and of course expertise in the field is required ** I think: Excellent backgeound in basic science
and applied science and reserch motivation. Its all, the other things will come with the time. **
the ability to see the problems from the industry point of view, which is not easy for academics,
in Argentina. ** In addition to a good basic capability in chemistry, probably the personal
qualifications should be critical. ** Creo que los graduados en Química de la Universidad de
Buenos Aires, especialmente los que tienen alguna experiencia en investigación o han iniciado
estudios de Doctorado (2 o mas años) estan perfectamente capacitados para desenvolverse en
cualquier parte del mundo en este tipo de tareas. Salvo por el manejo de un idioma extranjero,
que puede ser mas o menos dificil para cada caso particular, creo que tienen todas las cualidades
para ejercer esta tipo de colaboración. ** Grey matter, well basic scientific formation and
experience. ** A participant must have a good experience in laboratory work, in planning and
performing experiments. ** The participant should have a wide knowledge about the subject
he/she is going to study, together with computer shills and English language knowledge. **
15) Other comments or thoughts on university / industry collaborations in
Argentina? What aspects of the chemical industry sector do you see as most
promising for industry / university collaboration?
The Argentine indiustries are not very concerned for the investigation. This
makes the universities relationship to be little. Also, The socioeconomic
crisis of our country hinders this relationship and to create alternative unworried way. ** small
and medium size enterprises ** The most prominisng sectors seems those related to food
production:agriculture, fertilizers, pesticides, winery, cattle, dairy products, food processing,
biotecnology, quality control and environment. ** Food, pharmaceutical, environment **
Argentina es un pais en desarrollo y como tal enfrenta muchos problemas. Es muy importante
que los paises desarrollados miren hacia nosotros y nos ayuden a mejorar todo lo relacionado con
la educación. Por otra parte debemos entender que sin una verdadera colaboración entre todos
los sectores de la sociedad es imposible seguir generando conocimiento y tecnología para nuestro
bienestar y el de las generaciones por venir. Creo que en un país como el nuestro está todo por
hacerse. Todos los sectores de la industria pueden (y deben!) crecer y aliarse con la Universidad
para crecer. Petroquímica, alimentos, medio ambiente, medicamentos, etc. son todos sectores
muy promisorios que necesitan del aporte de la investigación básica y desarrollar tecnología a
través del trabajo conjunto Industria / Universidad. ** Pharma- Agrochemistry mainly. **
Research in pharmacological industry/university collaboration, I think is a promising area. **
The development of the know how for local chemical industries, up to now mostly imported
from more developed countries. ** Agro - alimentary Industry. It should be noted that industry
in Tucuman is mainly Sugar Cane and Citrus. ** I see the environmental estudies as most
promising for our country. ** Los profesionales mas interesados en este tema de Calidad
provienen de industrias de alimentos y de Petroquímica. Cabe destacar que en Bahía Blanca se
encuentra una planta Petroquímica muy grande, con varias empresas satélites. **
126
Funding Organizations with Interests in Argentina
Lampadia Foundation
Postfach 86
FL-9490 Vaduz
Liechtenstein
Lampadia provides funding for Argentina through:
Fundación Antorchas
Calle Chile 300
Tel: +54-11-4331-9905
Fax: +54-11-4331-5673
[email protected]
http://www.fundantorchas.retina.ar/index.html
Josef E. Oppenheimer, President
1998 Appropriations: US$5.5 million (53% education)
The Fundación Antorchas is a non-profit legal entity constituted in Argentina. Its aim, as laid
down in its statutes, is to promote activities that help improve the well-being of the
community. To achieve this objective, Antorchas focuses on three major areas: education and
scientific research; culture; and community development. The Foundation’s main function is to
assist the work of other bodies and individuals.
AT&T Foundation
32 Ave. of the Americas, 24th Fl.
New York , NY 10013
(212) 387-4801
Purpose and Activities: Support for programs that serve the needs of people in communities
where AT&T has a significant business presence around the world; for initiatives that use
technology in inventive ways; for innovative programs that focus on helping people achieve
self-sufficiency and lead productive lives; and programs that AT&T employees are actively
involved with as contributors and/or volunteers.
Assets Amount: $88,572,927 AM
Total Giving: $37,849,558
Grants Amount: $36,709,657
Average Grant: 20000-100000
Matching Gifts Amount: $1,139,901
Science-Related Grantmaking Programs:
Support environmental projects or initiatives, particularly in the areas of technology, education,
volunteerism, sustainability and clear water. The AT&T foundation supports education
programs that focus on the use of technology to enhance teaching and learning. Through the
AT&T Learning Network Grants Program, as well as through invitational grants, the foundation
127
concentrates on the role of technology in education and its capacity to connect students,
teachers, classrooms, institutions and communities. The program provides funding to projects
which demonstrate effective and innovative uses of technology in supporting families, schools,
and communities to accomplish the following: 1) Encourage family involvement in education;
2) Provide professional development opportunities for educators and assist in the preparation of
future teachers; and 3) Develop and implement plans to promote lifelong learning and
community collaboration. Special consideration will be given to: 1) Projects that
involve collaboration among families, schools, colleges, universities, educational organizations,
and/or community-based organizations; and 2) Schools, institutions, organizations, and projects
located in areas where AT&T has large concentrations of employees and business operations.
To apply, submit a brief letter of introduction and description of the project to the appropriate
AT&T Regional Contributions Manager. Regional Contributions Managers will determine
eligibility for AT&T Foundation consideration. The foundation will then invite full proposals
and applications from projects of interest. In addition to the AT&T Learning Network Grants
Program, the foundation also identifies national organizations, programs and/or projects of
particular interest, and invites proposals for consideration. Through this initiative, the foundation
supports projects that address issues of technology in public policy; systemic education reform;
academic standards, assessment and accountability; and access to educational opportunities by
all segments of society. ** Matching Gift Program: The purpose of the matching gift program is
to encourage employees, both active and retired, to support their communites by stimulating and
magnifying their gifts to eligible nonprofit organizations. The progam offers employees, retirees
and members of the AT&T Board of Directors an opportunity to join in the foundation's support
of higher education and arts and culture by providing a dollar-for-dollar match of employees'
donations. The process for matching gifts is simple. All employees need to do to register a gift
for matching is make one telephone call, no forms are necessary (if you are a U.S.- or Canadabased AT&T employee and would like to register a gift of $25 or more or receive additional
information about the program, please call 800-424-6030).
Geographic Limitation: Giving on a national and international basis including Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Spain,
Russia, and United Kingdom.
Program Limitations: No support for religious organizations for sectarian purposes, political
campaigns, local chapters of national organizations, social sciences or health sciences programs,
medical or nursing schools, or junior and community colleges, industrial affiliate programs or
technical trade associations, medical research projects, disease-related health associations other
than AIDS-related programs, operating expenses or capital campaigns of local health or human
service agencies other than hospitals, or sports teams, or sports-related activities.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for capital development, endowments, deficit
financing, construction or renovation, or land acquisition; does not purchase advertisements and
sponsorships or donate equipment.
Publications: Biennial report (BR); Informational brochure (IB)
Governing Body/Executive Staff:
Officers and Trustees:* Richard J. Martin*, Chair.; Esther Silver-Parker*, Pres.; Marilyn
Reznick, V.P., Education Prog.; Suzanne Sato, V.P., Arts and Culture Prog.; Mitzi Vaimberg,
V.P., Civic and Community Svc. Prog.; Vivian Nero, Secy.; Robert E. Angelica, Treas.; Timothy
J. McClimon, Exec. Dir.; Harold W. Burlingame; R. Steven Davis; John C. Guerra, Jr.; William
H. Oliver; Maureen B. Tart
128
Staff: 16
Application Information: First obtain guidelines by written request. Detailed program limitations
and addresses of regional Contributions Managers provided in guidelines. Application form
required. Initial approach: Letter (no more than 3 pages). Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s):
None. Board meeting date(s): Monthly. Final notification: None.
Write: Ronald Dabney, Comm. Mgr.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Annual campaigns; Emergency funds; Program
development; Fellowship funds; Technical assistance; Consulting services; Employee matching
gifts; Matching/challenge support; Arts, alliance; Arts, multipurpose centers/programs; Arts,
cultural/ethnic awareness; Arts councils; Media/communications; Visual arts; Museums;
Performing arts; Performing arts centers; Dance; Music; Arts, services; Elementary/secondary
education; Higher education; Teacher school/education; Engineering school/education;
Continuing education/lifelong learning; Libraries/library science; Education,
Community/cooperative; Natural resource conservation & protection; Wildlife preservation &
protection; Medical care, rehabilitation; Public health; Health care; Mental health/crisis services;
AIDS; Safety/disasters, volunteer services; Disasters, preparedness & services; Youth
development; Human services; Women, centers & services; International exchange; International
affairs; Civil rights; Economic development; Community development;
Philanthropy/voluntarism; Science; Public affairs; Canada; France; Italy; United Kingdom;
Spain; Germany; Russia; Mexico; Argentina; Brazil; India; China; Korea; Japan; Australia; Arts
education; Arts/cultural programs; Community development, volunteer services; Business &
industry; Children & youth, services; Family services; Education, PTA groups; Education;
Science; Mathematics; Engineering
DuPont Corporate Contributions Program
c/o Ext. Affairs Dept., DuPont and Co.
9541 Nemours Bldg.
Wilmington , DE 19898
(302) 774-2036
Purpose and Activities: DuPont's Contributions Program is committed to improving the quality
of life and enhancing the vitality of communities in which the company has a major business
presence. Its mission is to integrate such activities on a global scale with DuPont's overall goals
and objectives. All contributions, therefore, must serve to maintain institutions and services
which impact DuPont and its employees, the local community, and society in general. This
includes programs which address special company interests or areas of expertise, organizations
that provide resources and information upon which the company depends, nonprofit
organizations whose functions are important to the company and society, programs which
contribute to the well-being of employees as well as their community, and volunteer efforts.
Main areas of support are education and the environment. In addition, DuPont provides
considerable support to the arts, health and human services organizations, and community and
civic activities in communities where substantial company operations are located. The
Committee on Contributions and Memberships is responsible for K-12 educational monetary
donations and business memberships. Individual business units with locations throughout the
world support programs relevant to their respective manufacturing, research, marketing,
scientific, or community interests.
129
Highest Grant: $1,500,000 Lowest Grant: $500
In-Kind Amount: $9,300,000
Grantmaking Programs: ** Education: DuPont supports quality education at all levels. The
company helps to strengthen colleges and universities that are leaders in scientific research and
supply them with trained professionals and new knowledge, primarily in the physical sciences,
life and health sciences, engineering and business. K-12 education and math and science
programs also receive special attention. The Committee on Educational Aid distributes grants to
supplement the normal budget of selected academic departments in colleges and universities.
Grants for research projects, endowments, and capital expenditures are not normally considered.
** Environment: DuPont supports initiatives aimed at improving the public's understanding of
important environmental issues. Programs supported generally involve collaborative efforts with
government, industry and the community at all levels; address environmental solutions which are
held in high value by society; have identifiable and measurable goals; and have a positive impact
on DuPont's environmental commitment. ** Health and Human Services: DuPont's principal
channel for contributions and volunteer help in support of its communities is the United Way in
locations where the company has substantial operations and employees. Appropriate
management assistance is provided to conduct effective employee campaigns. The company also
provides support for hospital capital campaigns and health projects where facilities are used by
employees and their families. An important consideration is whether the project will improve the
quality of health care in a cost-effective manner. Other recipients include occupational medicine
programs, organizations serving youth, minorities, the elderly and the handicapped, and
education/prevention and research. In social welfare, the company is interested in poverty issues,
the homeless, the elderly, childcare, disabled/handicapped, literacy, teen pregnancy, infant
mortality, housing development, economic development, and youth, including at-risk youth. **
Minority Business: DuPont's commitment to the minority business community is formalized in
the company's TEMPO (To Encourage Minority Purchasing Opportunities) program, which is
dedicated to an increasingly efficient and effective working partnership with minority suppliers
to create more opportunities leading to more business for both sides of the partnership.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas of company operations in U.S. and Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, and
Venezuela; national and regional programs also supported.
Program Limitations: No support for sectarian religious groups, fraternal organizations, veterans'
groups, political organizations or campaigns, or disease-specific organizations.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for endowments, student loans, surplus
equipment, or advertising; generally no operating funds.
Staff: 9
Application Information: Major regional or national organizations or programs in Wilmington,
DE, write to headquarters in care of Committee on Contributions and Memberships, DuPont
External Affairs; other projects should be addressed to nearest company site; most education
grants are initiated by DuPont, but applications are accepted; requests for higher education grants
should be sent to the Committee on Educational Aid, DuPont CR&D. Application form not
required. Initial approach: Letter or proposal with cover letter; send request to headquarters or
130
nearest company facility. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s): Major requests should be received
by Aug. Board meeting date(s): Corporate Committee meets in May and Oct.; major grants
considered at annual budget review in Oct. Final notification: For grants which are included in
DuPont's contribution budget, early Jan.; other grants, shortly after committee meeting.
Write: Scott Nelson, Mgr., Contribs. and Community Affairs
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Continuing support; Capital campaigns; Emergency
funds; Program development; Seed money; Fellowship funds; Scholarship funds ; Research;
Donated equipment; Donated products; Humanities; Arts/cultural programs;
Elementary/secondary education; Higher education; Environment; Hospitals (general); Health
care; Health organizations; Housing/shelter, development; Women, centers & services;
Urban/community development; Community development; Federated giving programs;
Engineering & technology; Science; Economics; Public policy, research; Minorities; Women;
Canada; Belgium; France; Netherlands; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Switzerland; Germany;
Mexico; Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela; Indonesia; Singapore; Korea; Japan; Hong
Kong; Australia; New Zealand; Visual arts; Museums; Performing arts; Libraries/library science;
Secondary school/education; Business school/education; Engineering school/education;
Physical/earth sciences; Mathematics; Engineering; Government/public administration; Human
services; Youth, services; Aging, centers & services; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services;
Voluntarism promotion; Disabled; Aging; Community development, small businesses.
National Scientific and Technological Research Council
Address:
International Relations
Tel: +54-1-9536507
Rivadavia 1917
Fax: +54-1-9534345
1033 Buenos Aires
In-Charge: Prof. Alejandro Liotta, President
Contact with WAITRO: Prof. Alejandro L. Frere, Director of Interinstitutional Relations
History
CONICET was founded in February 1958 for the promotion and financing of national research.
It is linked with the State Secretariat for Science and Technology with a 16 member management
board of directors. CONICET finances some 200 research institutes, centres and back-up
laboratories. It has about 3000 researchers in the Researcher Career, 2500 support personnel,
1800 fellows in Argentina and about 200 fellows abroad.
Objectives
To promote the development of science and technology. To co-ordinate scientific activity and to
orientate scientific research in accordance with the basic necessities and aims of the country.
131
Areas of R&D Activities
Fields of Interest: Applied and basic biology, chemistry and physics, geo-sciences, medicine,
techno-economic studies, industrial engineering and social sciences.
Facilities and Services
Scientific Documentation Center, advisory services, centralized scientific equipment services,
financial support to institutes and R&D projects.
Publications
The CONICET Bulletin is issued six times annually.
Interests in International R&D Co-operation
In all areas of CONICET's activities.
Available Programmes/Opportunities
Seminars, workshops, etc.
National Institute of Industrial Technology
(Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial)
Address:
Casilla No. 11, S 28
Tel: +54-1-7535769
1428 Buenos Aires
Fax: +54-1-7535769
1033 Buenos Aires
In-Charge:
Contact with WAITRO: Dr. E. Grünhut, Head of International Relations
History
INTI is an autonomous organization within the Ministry of Industry created in 1957 by the
Argentine Government to assist Argentine industry in solving the technological, training and
management problems arising from its development and operation. This assistance is given to
industry in the form of applied technical research, testing and investigation, courses, lectures,
symposia, etc., carried out at their main laboratories or through the research centres of the INTI
System.
Objectives
To assist industry in solving the technological, training and managerial problems arising from its
development and operation.
Fields of Interest: Food technology, leather, paper and textile technologies, rubber technology,
132
metrology, materials behaviour and testing (fatigue, creep, fracture, testing, etc.) and quality
control.
Specialized Fields: Techno-economic studies, productivity studies, industrial engineering.
Basic and applied research, development, pilot plant operations, industrial implementation of
research results.
Publications
A quarterly review and a weekly bulletin.
133
For More Information on Argentina
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ar.html
CIA World Factbook - Argentina
http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/argentina.html
U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy's International section - Argentina
http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/argentina_0199_bgn.html
U.S. State Department Background Notes - Argentina
HTTP://www1.usatrade.gov/
U.S. International Trade Administration, Country Commercial Guide - Argentina
http://usembassy.state.gov/baires_embassy/
U.S. Embassy in Argentina
http://www.tda.gov/region/latin.html
U.S. Trade and Development Agency - Latin America and the Caribbean
http://travel.state.gov/argentina.html
U.S. State Department's Consular Information Sheet - Argentina
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/energy/argentin.html
International Trade Administration, Energy Overview of Argentina
http://www.embassy.org/embassies/ar.html
Argentina's Embassy in Washington, DC
http://www.ypf.com.ar/
Repsol-YPF
http://www.mecon.gov.ar/default.htm
Argentina's Ministry of Economy and Public Works
http://www.latinworld.com/sur/argentina/
LatinWorld's section on Argentina
http://www.natlaw.com/argentina/topical/eg/areg.htm
Argentina Laws related to Energy
http://www.astra-capsa.com/
ASTRA, Argentine oil and gas producer
http://natlaw.com/argentina/argentin.htm
National Law Center InterAm Database -- Argentina
http://www.lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/
LANIC -- Argentina
http://www.aladi.org
The Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
http://www.arpel.org
ARPEL, Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the
Caribbean
http://www.secier.org.uy/
The Regional Electric Integration Commission of Latin America (CIER)
http://www.latinamericangas.com/
Latin American Gas online news
http://www.iea.org/stats/files/selstats/keyindic/nmc/argent.htm International Energy Agency
Information on Argentina
134
http://www.latinvestor.com/economy.htm#ARGENTINA Argentine Economy Links
http://www.latinvestor.com/invest.htm#ARGENTINA Argentine Investment Links
http://www.all-links.com/newscentral/southamerica/argentina.html International Newspapers
Online: Argentina
http://www.icons.umd.edu/americas/rescent/arg.htmUniversity of Maryland Americas Research
Information Center, Argentina
http://www.bomchilgroup.org/argsep98.htmlAssociation of Latin America
135
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors – Brazil
136
National Overview - Brazil
(source: CIA World Factbook, 2000 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html;
US Library of Congress - http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/)
Location: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Area:
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas
Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than the US
Land boundaries:
total: 14,691 km
border countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana
673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985
km, Venezuela 2,200 km
Coastline: 7,491 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow
coastal belt
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m
Natural resources: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium,
petroleum, hydropower, timber
Land use:
137
arable land: 5%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 14% (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
Environment—current issues: deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers
the existence of a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; air and water
pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water
pollution caused by improper mining activities
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements
Geography—note: largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every
South American country except Chile and Ecuador
People
note: Brazil took a census in August 1996 which showed a total of 157,079,573; this figure is
about 5% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, which is close to the implied
underenumeration of 4.6% for 1991; since the full results of the census have not been released
for analysis, the numbers shown for Brazil do not take into consideration the results of this 1996
census
Age structure:
Net migration rate: -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
138
Sex ratio:
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
male: 59.39 years
Nationality:
noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian
Ethnic groups: white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white
and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 70%
Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Literacy:
male: 83.3%
female: 83.2% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form: Brasil
Data code: BR
Government type: federal republic
139
National capital: Brasilia
Administrative divisions: 26 states (estados, singular—estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito
federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo,
Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana,
Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia,
Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
Independence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
Constitution: 5 October 1988
Legal system: based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under
70 years of age
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President
Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice
President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year
terms; election last held 4 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)
election results: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president; percent of vote - 53%
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal
Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each state or federal district elected
according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four
year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or
Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Federal Senate - last held 4 October 1998 for one-third of Senate (next to be held NA
October 2002 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 4 October 1998
(next to be held NA October 2002)
election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PMDB 27,
PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5, PSB 3, PDT 2, PPS 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58, PTB 31, PDT 25,
PSB 19, PL 12, PCdoB 7, other 14
Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribunal, 11 judges are appointed for life by the president and
140
confirmed by the Senate
Political parties and leaders: Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Paes DE
ANDRADE, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Jose JORGE, president]; Workers' Party or
PT [Jose DIRCEU, president]; Brazilian Workers' Party or PTB [Rodrigues PALMA, president];
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or
PPB [Espiridiao AMIN, president]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Artur DA
TAVOLA, president]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Roberto FREIRE, president]; Communist
Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Joao AMAZONAS, chairman]; Liberal Party or PL [Alvaro VALLE,
president]
Political pressure groups and leaders: left wing of the Catholic Church, Landless Worker's
Movement, and labor unions allied to leftist Workers' Party are critical of government's social
and economic policies
International organization participation: AfDB, AG (observer), BIS (pending member), CCC,
ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIPONUH, MONUA, MTCR, NAM (observer),
NSG, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOP, UNPREDEP, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
chief of mission: Ambassador Rubens Antonio BARBOSA
chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700
FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San
Juan (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco
chief of mission: Ambassador Anthony S. HARRINGTON
embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900
Brazil
mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030
telephone: [55] (61) 321-7272
FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136
consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s): Recife
Flag description: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe
with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same
pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto
ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
141
Economy - overview: Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing,
and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and
is expanding its presence in world markets. In the late eighties and early nineties, high inflation
hindered economic activity and investment. The Real Plan, instituted in the spring of 1994,
sought to break inflationary expectations by pegging the real to the US dollar. Inflation was
brought down to single digit annual figures, but not fast enough to avoid substantial real
exchange rate appreciation during the transition phase of the Real Plan. This appreciation meant
that Brazilian goods were now more expensive relative to goods from other countries, which
contributed to large current account deficits. However, no shortage of foreign currency ensued
because of the financial community's renewed interest in Brazilian markets as inflation rates
stabilized and the debt crisis of the eighties faded from memory. The maintenance of large
current account deficits via capital account surpluses became problematic as investors became
more risk averse to emerging market exposure as a consequence of the Asian financial crisis in
1997 and the Russian bond default in August 1998. After crafting a fiscal adjustment program
and pledging progress on structural reform, Brazil received a $41.5 billion IMF-led international
support program in November 1998. In January 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank announced that
the real would no longer be pegged to the US dollar. This devaluation helped moderate the
downturn in economic growth in 1999 that investors had expressed concerns about over the
summer of 1998. Brazil's debt to GDP ratio of 48% for 1999 beat the IMF target and helped
reassure investors that Brazil will maintain tight fiscal and monetary policy even with a floating
currency.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.057 trillion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 0.8% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $6,150 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 14%
industry: 36%
services: 50% (1997)
Population below poverty line: 17.4% (1990 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 47.9% (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1999)
Labor force: 74 million (1997 est.)
142
Labor force - by occupation: services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%
Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1999 est.)
Budget:
expenditures: $149 billion, including capital expenditures of $36 billion (1998)
Industries: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles
and parts, other machinery and equipment
Industrial production growth rate: -2.6% (1999 est.)
Electricity - production: 316.927 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 4.92%
hydro: 91.02%
nuclear: 0.99%
other: 3.07% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 336.242 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (1998)
Electricity - imports: 41.5 billion kWh
note: imports electricity from Paraguay (1998)
Agriculture - products: coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
Exports: $46.9 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Exports - commodities: manufactures, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee
Exports - partners: US 18%, Argentina 13%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5%, Japan 4% (1999)
Imports: $48.7 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, chemical products, oil, electricity
Imports - partners: US 23%, Argentina 12%, Germany 10%, Japan 5%, Italy 5% (1999)
Debt - external: $200 billion (1999)
Economic aid - recipient: $1.012 billion (1995)
143
Currency: 1 real (R$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: reals (R$) per US$1 - 1.804 (January 2000), 1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078
(1997), 1.005 (1996), 0.918 (1995)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate was determined by a
managed float; since 15 January 1999, the official rate floats independently with respect to the
US$
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 19 million (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 4 million (1997)
Telephone system: good working system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth
stations
international: 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1
Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to MERCOSUR
Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with
AM stations) (1999)
Radios: 71 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 138 (1997)
Televisions: 36.5 million (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 197 (1999)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 27,882 km (1,122 km electrified); note - excludes urban rail
broad gauge: 4,057 km 1.600-m gauge
narrow gauge: 23,489 km 1.000-m gauge
dual gauge: 336 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (1999 est.)
Highways:
total: 1.98 million km
paved: 184,140 km
unpaved: 1,795,860 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 50,000 km navigable
144
Pipelines: crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas 4,246 km (1998)
Ports and harbors: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife,
Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos, Vitoria
Merchant marine:
total: 174 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,964,808 GRT/6,403,284 DWTships by type: bulk
34, cargo 28, chemical tanker 5, combination ore/oil 9, container 10, liquified
gas 10, multi-functional large load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 59, refrigerated
cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off 11, short-sea passenger 1 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 541
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 138
914 to 1,523 m: 346
under 914 m: 32 (1999 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2,736
1,524 to 2,437 m: 73
914 to 1,523 m: 1,306
under 914 m: 1,357 (1999 est.)
Military
Military branches: Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes naval air and marines), Brazilian
Air Force, Federal Police (paramilitary)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 47,732,285 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 32,029,873 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 1,830,195 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $13.408 billion (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.9% (FY99)
145
Disputes - international: two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute - Arroio
Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the
confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay River
Illicit drugs: limited illicit producer of cannabis, minor coca cultivation in the Amazon region,
mostly used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to
control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian
cocaine headed for the US and Europe; increasingly used by traffickers as a way station for
narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and
weapons smuggling
146
U.S. and Country Contacts – Brazil
Ministry of Agriculture
Secretariat of Agriculture & Livestock Defense
Esplanada dos Ministerios,
Bloco D, Anexo B
70043-900 Brasilia, DF
Phone: 55/61/218-2828
Fax: 55/61/224-3995
Brazilian Central Bank
Banco Central do Brasil
SBS - Edif¡cio Sede do Banco Central do Brasil
Phone: 55/61/214-1020/214-1000
Fax: 55/61/224-4119
http://www.bcb.gov.br
Bank of Brazil
BB - Banco do Brasil S/A
SBS, Quadra 4, Lote 32, Bloco C,
Ed. Sede III
Phone: 55/61/310-2000
http://www.bancobrasil.com.br
National Bank of Economic Social Development
BNDES - Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Av. Rep£blica do Chile, 100
11 floor, Centro
20031-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ
Phone: 55/21/225-4350/277-7447
Fax: 55/21/262-8513/225-5179
http://www.bndes.gov.br
Ministry of Science and Technology
MCT - Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia
Esplanada dos Ministerios
Bloco E, 4 floor
Phone: 55/61/317-7500
http://www.mct.gov.br
Ministry of Communications
Ministerio das Comunicacoes
147
Esplanada dos Ministerios - Bloco R, 8th floor
Phone: 55/61/311-6000
Fax: 55/61/223-2755
http://www.mc.gov.br
Brazilian Long Distance Telephone Company (EMBRATEL)
Empresa Brasileira de Telecomunicacoes S.A.
Av. Presidente Vargas, 1012
Edif¡cio Sede, 15 floor
Phone: 55/21/216-8182
Fax: 55/21/233-6446/223-4168
http://www.embratel.gov.br
EMBRATUR - Ministry of Industry and Commerce
SCN - Q2 - Bloco G - 3 floor
Phone.: 55/61/224.9100
Fax.: 55/61/322.2486
Contact: Dr. Caio Luiz Cibella de Carvalho, President
http://www.embratur.gov.br
Brazilian Industrial Property Institute
INPI - Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial
Prana Maua 7, 18 floor - Centro
Phone: 55/21/291-1223
Fax: 55/21/263-2539
Ministry of Aeronautics
Ministerio da Aeronautica
Esplanada dos Ministerios - Bloco M
70045-900 Bras¡lia, DF
Phone: 55/61/313-2345
Fax: 55/61/313-2110
Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism (MICT)
Ministerio da Industria, do Comercio e do Turismo
Esplanada dos Ministerios, Bloco J, 6 floor
Phone: 55/61/225-8105
http://www.mict.gov.br
Secretariat of Foreign Trade (SECEX-MICT)
148
Secretaria de Comercio Exterior
Bloco J, 8 floor, Sala 812
Phone: 55/61/329-7085
Fax: 55/61/329-7075
http://www.mict.gov.br
Secretariat of Foreign Trade (SECEX-MICT)
Secretaria de Comercio Exterior
Bloco J, 8 floor
Phone: 55/61/329-73420
Fax: 55/61/329-7075
Contact: Luciana Fonseca Damascena Vieira
(Tariff Queries)
Ministry of Finance
Ministerio da Fazenda
Esplanada dos Minist?rios - Bloco P, 4o. Andar
Phone: 55/61/314-2000
Fax: 55/61/223-5239
http://www.fazenda.gov.br
Secretariat of Internal Revenue Service
Secretaria da Receita Federal
Esplanada dos Ministerios - Bloco P, 7o. Andar, sala 733
Phone: 55/61/314-2000
Fax: 55/61/321-0488
Ministry of Mines and Energy
Ministerio das Minas e Energia
Esplanada dos Ministerios - Bloco U
Phone: 55/61/319.5555 and 223.9059
Fax: 55/61/226-1866
http://www.mme.gov.br
Ministry of Foreign Relations
Ministerio das Relacoes Exteriores
Palacio do Itamaraty
149
Phone: 55/61/211-6161
Fax: 55/61/223-7362
http:// www.mre.gov.br
Ministry of Health
Ministerio da Saude
Esplanada dos Ministerios - Bloco G, 5o. Andar
Phone: 55/61/315-2425
Fax: 55/61/224-8747
http://www.ms.gov.br
Brazilian Petroleum Company
PETROBR S - Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.
Av. Rep£blica do Chile 65, 24 floor, Centro
Phone: 55/21/534-4477
Fax: 55/21/240-9394
Department of Civil Aviation
DAC - Departamento de Aeronautica Civil
Aeroporto Santos Dumont, 4 floor
Phone: 55/21/220-6927
Fax: 55/21/220-0587
U.S. Mission In Brazil
Brasilia - BSB:
Tel:
55/61/321-7272
Fax:
55/61/225-9136
Charge D'Affairs
James Derham
Economic Counselor
Brian Stickney
Deputy Senior Commercial Officer Americo "Mack" Tadeu
Email: [email protected]
Agricultural Counselor
Finn Rudd
Homepage: http://www.american-embassy.org.br
Street address: Embaixada Americana, av. das Na? es,
Q.801, L. 3,
Brasilia, Brazil. 70403-900
Mailing Address: U.S. Embassy Brasilia, Unit 3500, APO AA
340430
150
Sao Paulo - SP:
Tel:
Fax:
55/11/881-6511
55/11/280-2479
Consul/General
Consul/Economic Affair
Agricultural Officer
Gwen Clare
Kenneth Davis
Robert Hoff
Street address: Rua Padre Jo o Manuel, 933. S o Paulo,
SP.
01411-001
Tel:
55/11/853-2811
Fax:
55/11/853-2744
Senior Commercial Officer
Miguel Pardo de Zela
Commercial Officer
Alan Long
Principal/Post Commercial Officer Julia Rauner-Guerrero
Homepage: http://www.focusbrasil.org.br
Street address: Rua Estados Unidos, 1812. S o Paulo, SP.
01427-002
Rio de Janeiro - RJ:
Tel:
55/21/292-7117
Fax:
55/21/220.0439
Consul General
Cristobal Orozco
Counsul Economic Affairs
Robert Taylor
Tel:
55/21/292-7117
Fax:
55/21/240.9738
Principal Commercial Officer
Judith Henderson
Street address: Av. Presidente Wilson, 147 Castelo.
Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 20030-020
Belo Horizonte - BH:
Tel:
55/31/213.1571
Fax:
55/31/213.1575
Principal Commercial Officer
Sean Kelley
Street address: Rua Timbiras, 1200, 17th floor. Belo
Horizonte,
151
MG.
30140-060
U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
All those telephone numbers without area codes are
Washington
DC (202)
AGRICULTURE (USDA)
Patricia Sheikh, Trade Policy
Tel: (202) 720-6887
Charles Alexander, Trade Promotion
Tel: (202) 690-0159
Steve Hammond, U.S. Import Policies and Program Division
Tel: (202) 720-2916
AID
Babette Prevot
Tel: (202) 647-4359
BXA
Bob Dunn
Tel: (202) 482-3984
Fax: (202) 482-5650
CENSUS/Population
John Reed, Demographer
Tel: (202) 457-1358
Trade Figures, Foreign Trade-L.A. Countries
Tel:(301) 457-3041
COMMERCE (USCS)
Richard Lenahan(USCS), Regional Director
Tel: (202) 482-2736
COMMERCE (ITA)
John Anderson, Director of the Southern Cone Divison
Tel: (202) 482-1743
Carlos Cavagno, Brazil Desk
Tel: (202)482-3872
Paulo Mendes, Brazil Desk
Tel: (202) 482-3872
152
COMMERCE (BEA)
Ray Malaloni, Outward Investment
Tel: (202) 606-9865
Greg FouchInward, Investment
Tel: (202) 606-9831
COMMERCE (Import Administration)
Stephen McCollough, Latin American Industry Specialist
Tel: (202) 482-4202/5834
Brian Albright, AD/CVDs
Tel: (202) 482-3762
CUSTOMS
Douglas M. Browning, International Affairs
Tel: (202) 927-0440
Gregory Saxton, U.S. Customs Officer
Tel: (202) 927-1771
DEFENSE
Lorraine McMillan, Brazil Desk
Tel:703-6952520
ENERGY
Moustafa Soliman, Latin America
Tel: (202) 586-5904
EPA
Carmeryl Hill-Macon, Latin America Program
Tel: (202) 260-6009
EXIMBANK
Marion Hinchman, Senior Loan Officer
Tel: (202) 565-3410
Deborah Moranese, Loan Officer Brazil
Tel: (202) 565-3416
John Beckham, Promotion Officer
Tel: (202) 565-3913
HHS-FDA
Marilyn Veek, International Affairs/Americas
Tel: 301-443-4480
INTERIOR (Minerals)
Alfredo Gurmendi Latin America
Tel: 703-648-7745
153
INTERNET ASSOC.
Tel: 201-928-4008
LABOR
Suda Haley, Officer; Foreign Affairs
Tel: 219-6257
MARINE FISHERIES
Dennis Weidner, Latin America
Tel: 301-713-2286
Sennen Salapare, Latin America
Tel: 301-713-2383
NIST
Joanne Overman, NCSCI/NIST
Tel: 301-975-4037
Mary Saunders, Brazil
Tel: 301-975-2396
Raymond Kammer, Deputy Director
Tel: 301-975-4119
Sharrill Dittmann, Chief, Calibration Program
Dr. Stanley Warshaw, Policy Advisor
Tel: 301-482-3022/5620
NOAA
Chuck Woldridge, NESDIS
Tel: 301-457-5214
NTDB
Hotline: 800-STAT-USA
Trade Information Center Hotline: 800-USA-TRAD
USGS
Floyd Grey
Tel: 602-670-5582 602- 670-5113
NTIA
Nancy Eskenazi, Brazil
Tel: (202) 482-1864 482-1865
OPIC
Lila Granda, Insurance
Tel: (202) 336-8664, fax: (202) 408-5142
Bruce Camerun, Business Development
Tel: (202) 336.8745
PTO
154
Richard Wilder, Brazil
Tel: 703-305-9300
STATE/ARA
Donald Planty, Director, Brazil and Southern Cone
Tel: 647-6541
Eric Luftman,
Economic Officer
647-2326 736-7481
Diana Page, Political Officer
Tel: 647-0443
STATE/ECP
Dennis Finnerty, Regional Organizations
Tel: 647-2345
TDA
Albert Angulo, Regional Director, Latin America
Tel: 703-875-4357
Nathan Young, Program Officer
Tel: 703-875-4357
TRANSPORTATION
Gwen Baker, Latin America
Tel: 366-9521 366-7417
TREASURY
Anthony Marcus, Brazil Desk
Tel: 622-1218
USIA
Michael Korff, Brazil Desk
Tel: 619-6835
Sarah Dupree, Senior Program Officer
Tel: 619-5245
Bruce Wharton
USTR
Peter Allgeier, Associate USTR
Tel: (202) 395-5190 395-3911
Karen Chopra, Director Southern Cone
Tel: 395-5190395-9675
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, Washington,
155
D.C.*
World Bank (IBRD) Gobind Nankami Brazil, Director
458-4641
Agriculture & Environ
Constance Bernard
458-5175
Country Operations
Dany Leipziger
Paul Meo
473-8452
Jim Steve
473-1869
Infrastructure Div.
Asis Faiz
473-0001
Inter-American Devevelopment Bank
U.S. Executive Director
623-1031
Larry Harrington
Int'l Monetary Fund (IMF)
Jose Fajgenbaum Division Chief, Brazil
623-8637
OAS
U.S. Mission to the OAS
John Bowen
647-9482
Department of State
SICE(Foreign Trade database) Robin A. King
458-3659
Chief, Trade Unit Miguel Rodriguez Mendosa
458-3181
156
Chemically Related Trade and Industry in Brazil
Highlights
♦ Sales of more than US$ 50 billion annually by the chemicals and pharmaceuticals industries
make Brazil the 7th largest chemical producing country worldwide.
♦ Of these figures, chemical products accounted for 40% sales and pharmaceuticals 21% local demand accounted for 91% of the sales.
♦ The multinational companies which post the largest sales in Brazil concentrate on specialty
chemicals and consumer products.
♦ Key chemical capacities (metric tons/year): butadiene: 264; chlorine: 1,305; EO: 231; EG:
271; Formaldehyde: 522; MDI: 30; PVC: 659.
♦ The chemical industry is the largest industrial sector in Brazil, and when considered as a
whole, represents more than 18% of the manufacturing added value.
♦ Chemical Sector Shipments - 2000 (US$ billion - without taxes): Industrial Chemicals
22.4; Pharmaceuticals 6.0; Perfumes and Cosmetics 3.5; Fertilizers 2.7; Agrochemicals
2.4; Soaps and detergents 2.3; Paints and coatings 1.5; Man-made fibers 0.9;
Others 0.6; Total 42.3
♦ Although producing more than US$ 40 billion annually of chemical products, Brazil has been
a traditional net importer of such products, and the deficit has increased in the past few years.
♦ Last year (2000) figures show a chemical products trade deficit of US$ 6,593 million.
Exports reached US$ 4,030 million and imports were US$ 10,623 million.
♦ Brazil is Latin America’s largest producer of steel with an 1999 annual output projected at
25.1 million tons.
♦ Brazil represents more than half of the estimated US$5.7 billion detergents market for the
MERCOSUL countries of South America.
♦ According to Jupiter, about 5.8 million of Latin America's 10.6 million Internet users last
year were Brazilians, while the country accounted for 63% of all e-commerce transactions in
the region.
♦ In 1999, Brazilian companies added close to 700,000 metric tons of new capacity to make
polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate, expanding their
installed plastics production base of 3 million tons per year by almost 25%.
♦ Most of these facilities were installed at or near the Triunfo petrochemical complex in
southern Brazil to take advantage of expansion of the site’s ethylene plant--one of Brazil’s
three ethylene complexes--from 685,000 to 1.13 million metric tons per year.
♦ Looking at the Brazilian chemical industry as a whole, the net revenues for this sector in
1999 are US$ 36.2 billion, down some 15% in US dollars compared to 1998.
♦ The total shipments of industrial chemicals in 2000 was around US$ 22.4 billion, and with
this value the total shipments of the chemical sector was around US$ 42.3 billion.
♦ Per capita chemical sector consumption in Brazil went from 10.2 kilograms in 1990 to
21.3 kilograms in 1999 . Total consumption increased 10.1% per year, going from 1.47 MM
tons in 1990 to 3.48 MM tons in 1999.
♦ Brazil contains the second largest oil reserves in South America (after Venezuela),
157
at 7.4 billion barrels.
US Intl Trade with Brazil
Overall and Chemicals and
Related Products
(source: www.ita.doc.gov)
U.S. Trade by Commodity with Brazil
(Millions of Dollars)
SIT rev 3 Commodity
C
_________ EXPORTS _________
0 Food And Live Animals
1 Beverages And Tobacco
2 Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels
3 Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related
Materials
4 Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And
Waxes
6 Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly
By Material
7 Machinery And Transport Equipment
8 Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles
9 Commodities & Transactions Not
Classified Elsewher
.
TOTAL
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2,000
268
92
386
446
361
57
418
574
208
24
557
515
347
14
324
406
144
6
239
304
13
1
25
23
22
10
15
17
5
0
2,236
855
2,262
831
2,728
1,084
2,774
925
2,538
770
2,853
67
5,869
1,043
226
6,700
1,221
265
8,943
1,535
304
8,690
1,348
311
7,851
1,085
307
938
103
35
11,444 12,699 15,912 15,157 13,249 15,361
Key Chemically Related US Export Commodities
in the Top 20 in US$ ‘000
(source: www.ita.doc.gov)
Organo-Inorganic & Heterocyclic Compounds
Insecticides, Disinfectants
Medicaments (Including Veterinary Medicaments)
Plastics
Miscellaneous Chemical Products
158
1995 1996
250 275
106 114
47
77
148 155
76 103
1997
403
171
126
180
144
1998
432
227
164
181
164
1999
338
208
204
175
160
_________ IMPORTS _________
Food And Live Animals
Beverages And Tobacco
Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related
Materials
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And
Waxes
Chemicals And Related Products
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly
By Material
Machinery And Transport Equipment
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles
Commodities & Transactions Not
Classified Elsewher
TOTAL
1995 1996
1,089 1,072
143 297
805 687
129 161
1997
1,138
309
829
145
1998
1,153
113
877
262
1999
1,319
143
973
290
2000
1,082
145
1,136
794
23
29
20
16
16
399 459
2,452 2,171
446
2,276
471
2,256
488
2,463
675
2,920
1,950 2,019
1,501 1,509
316 365
2,468
1,475
514
3,106
1,372
492
3,569
1,351
701
4,299
1,657
1,130
8,815 8,762
9,630 10,122
11,314
13,854
31
Brazilian Chemical Output '98-00
in $USbn
source: ABIQUIM
‘98
18.5
8.2
4.1
2.9
2.2
2.6
2
1.1
0.6
42.2
Industrial Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Costmetics & Toiletries
Fertilzers
Soaps & Detergents
Agrochemicals
Paints & Coatings
Synthetic Fibers
Others
Total
159
‘99
17.1
6.1
3.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
1.4
0.9
0.5
35.8
‘00
22.4
6
3.5
2.7
2.3
2.4
1.5
0.9
0.6
42.3
Leading Chemical Companies
in Brazil
(source: www.abiquim.br)
COMPANY
1997 SALES (US$M) ORIGIN
1222
Brazil
Copene
1096
Germany
BASF
White Martins
Copesul
OPP
DuPont
1013
758
752
596
USA
Brazil
Brazil
USA
Bayer
594
Germany
PQU
Trikem
574
572
Brazil
Brazil
Rhodia
542
France
Manah
Dow
415
388
Brazil
USA
Fertilizantes Serrana
Ultrafertil
Oxiteno
384
364
363
Argentina
Brazil
Brazil
Solvay
361
Belgium
Rhodia-Ster
Petroflex
Polibrasil
Politeno
Cyanamid
Ipiranga Petroquimica
338
326
323
300
298
297
France
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
USA
Brazil
160
MAIN PRODUCTS
Basic Organic Products
Plastics, Dyes, Paints
Agrochemicals
Industrial Gases
Polyolefins
Intermediate Chemical
Products, Fibers,
Agrochemicals
Plastics, Intermediates for
Polyurethane, Dyes,
Agrochemicals,
Pharmaceuticals,
Consumer Products
PVC, Chlorine, Caustic
Soda
Intermediate Chemical
Products, Agrochemicals,
Pharmaceuticals
Fertilizers
Polystyrene, Intermediates
for Polyurethane,
Chlorine, Caustic Soda,
Agrochemicals
Fertilizers
Fertilizers
EO Derivatives and
Surficants
PVC, hdPE, Chlorine,
Caustic Soda
PET
SBR, Polybutadiene
Polyproylene
Polyethylene
Agrochemicals
Polyolefins
Chemically Related Company Case Studies – Brazil
(Source: www.cosmos.com.mx and corporate websites, 1999)
Bombril S/A formerly known as Bombril-Cirio S/A AV. BRIG. FARIA LIMA, 2601-12
ANDAR
SAO PAULO SP 01473-900
Telephone:
+55 11 8167877
Website: http://www.bombril.com.br
Employees: 4,805
main activities are the manufacturing of hygenic products for domestic and industrial
consumption such as steel wool, powder, liquid detergents, scouring powders, disinfectants,
ammonia, fabric softeners and other related products. Chairman: S. CRAGNOTTI Sales/Revs
1998: 291,792,263
Copene - Petroquimica do Nordeste S.A.
RUA ETENO, 1561, COPEC
CAMACARI BA 42810-000
Telephone:+55 71 832543
Website: http://www.copene.com.br
main activities are the production, sale and distribution of organic chemicals, petrochemicals
such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, MTBE and production of steam, water,
compressed air, electric power and other related products and activities. Chairman: E. GEISEL
Sales/Revs 1998: 1,033,972,769
Companhia Petroquimica do Sul - COPESUL BR 386 - RODOVIA TABAI/CANOAS - KM
419 TRIUNFO RS 95853-000
Telephone: +55 51 4571100
Employees: 882
main activities are the manufacturing, marketing, import and export of chemical and
petrochemical products such as: ethylene, propylene PG + CG, butadiene, benzene, toluene,
xylenes, aromatic residue, MTBE, C9 stream, pytolysis gasoline, LPG, and raffinate II.
COPESUL is also engaged in the production and distribution of water, pressurized gasses and
other related products and activities. The company's main raw-material supplier is
PETROBRAS. Chairman: E.E. VIEIRA Vice-Chairman: A.F. CUNHA FILHO
Sales/Revs 1998: 598,857,621
Manah S/A Executive Office:
AV DO ANASTACIO, 740
PQ. SAO DOMINGOS SP 05110-900
Telephone:+55 11 8391800
Website: http://www.manah.com.br
161
main activities are the manufacturing and marketing of fertilizers, mineral supplements and
other related activities. The company as developed an exclusive process for the production of
magnesian multiphosphate, leading to significant productivity gains in tropical soils.
Chairman:F. PENTEADO CARDOSO FILHO Vice-Chairman, Director: W. ARMELIN
Sales/Revs 1998: 520,381,233
Politeno Industria e Comercio S/A's Executive Office:
RUA BENZENO, 2391
CAMACARI BA 42810-000
Telephone: +55 71 8324145
activities include the manufacture, processing, sale, import,export and transportation of low
density linear polyethylene, paints and derivatives, thermoplastics and other petrochemical
products. Major consumers are the packing (food, industrial packing, shopping bags), bottles and
toy industries. Director, Superintendent J.P. SARTORI Director, Administrator & Finance R.S.
DAMASO Sales/Revs 1998: 371,092,322
Triken SA formerly known as CPC - Companhia Petroquimica Camacari
Executive Office:
C. DAS ARVORES
SALVADOR BA 01827-900
Telephone: +55 11 51805700
Website: http://www.trikem.com.br
main activities are the manufacture, sale, import and export of plastic and chemical products,
mainly MVC and PVC (polyvinil chloride), a thermoplastic resin widely used worldwide,
specially in the civil construction, packaging and shoe industries. Trikem main associated
companies are: Nordeste Quimica SA-Norquisa (Brazil), Companhia Quimica do ReconcavoCRQ (Brazil), CPC-Cayman Lta. (Cayman Iland), SLG-Incorporated (Cayman Islands), Cia
Alagoas Industrial-CINAL (Brazil), Salgema Mineracao Ltda. (Brazil) and Odebrecht Miniracao
e Metalurgia Ltda. (Brazil). Chairman: A. CUNHA Sales/Revs 1997: 714,305,660
UNIPAR - Uniao de Industrias Petroquimicas SA's
Executive Office:
RUA ARAUJO PORTO ALEGRE, 36
RIO DE JANEIRO RJ 20030-010
Telephone: +55 21 2971177
Website: http://www.usiminas.com.br
activities are the production and commercialization of petrochemicals and chemicals such as:
cumene, carbocloro, carbon black, polyisobutylenes, basic petrochemicals, emulsion SBR, latex,
low density polyethylene, etc.UNIPAR's main product, cumene is used in the production of
phenol and acetone. The group is comprised of 8 companies among affiliated and associated.
162
The company's exports are mainly to Europe and South America. Chairman: R. CAMPOS
SOARES Sales/Revs 1998: 368,087,372
Oxiteno S/A Industria e Comercio's
AV BRIG LUIZ ANTONIO, 1343-7 ANDAR
SAO PAULO SP 01350-900
Telephone: +55 11 2836677
The main activity is the manufacturing of ethene oxide, ethylene glycols, glycol ether,
ethanolamyn, etc, as well as commercialization, export and distribution of petrochemicals
products and chemicals. It is the only EO, EG, and ethanolomines producer in Brazil or its
Mercosur trading partners. It operates directly or through its affiliates in the Polos
Petroquimicos de Maua, Camacari and plants located in Tremembe, Cubatao and Santa Cruz.
President: P.G. CUNHA Director:P. WONGTSCHOWSKI Director:J.C. COIMBRA Director:
A.G. ABICHARA
Sales/Revs 1997: 323,560,300
Petropar S/A
RUA SIQUEIRA CAMPOS, 1163
PORTO ALEGRE RS 90010-001
Telephone: +11 51 2115444
main activities include the marketing, exporting and importing of fertilizers, chemical
and petrochemical products, machinery, accessories and implements for the agricultural segment,
seeds, pesticides and other related products, such as live stock for reproduction. Other activities
include the production of cellulose, paper and containers, such as aluminium cans and plastic
botles. President: S.M. LING Vice-President: W. LING Sales/Revs 1997: 124,106,103
Votorantim Group
Al Santos 1357, 6 Andar
01470-900, Sao Paulo
SP, Brazil
Tel: 55-11-269-4000
Fax: 55-11-269-4056
www.vcp.com.br
VCP started to take shape in 1988, when the Votorantim Group acquired the project known as
Celpag, located in the town of Luiz Antônio (SP). In 1991, the first paper machine started
operations, and in the following year the pulp production line. In 1992, the Votorantim Group
acquired control of Indústria de Papel Simão and after restructuring took on its present form.
VCP has four production units, all in the State of São Paulo, each one named after the
municipality in which it is located. They are: Jacareí Unit (manufacture of pulp and printing and
writing paper), Luiz Antônio Unit (manufacture of pulp and Art gloss and offset paper),
Piracicaba Unit (Art gloss, thermal and carbonless paper) and Mogi das Cruzes Unit
(manufacture of specialty papers, offset and board).
163
WASHINGTON, March 29 (Reuters) - Votorantim Celulose e Papel SA, the big Brazilian
paper and pulp company, filed on Wednesday for an initial public offering of American
Depositary Shares that it hopes to list on the New York Stock Exchange. Votorantim filed with
the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to offer 7,920,000 ADSs, with the Sao Paulobased company selling 2,047,648 while stockholders sell the other 5,872,352.
In addition, there will be a concurrent offering in Brazil of 440 million preferred shares,
113,758,240 of which are being offered by the company and 326,241,760 by shareholders.
The filing said 6,336,000 ADSs are being offered in the United States and Canada, while
1,584,000 are being offered outside of those countries. Each ADS represents 500 preferred
shares, said Votorantim, which is seeking an NYSE listing of the ADSs under the symbol . The
initial public stock sale is being underwritten by Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley and Salomon
Smith Barney.
Votorantim predicted it would make about $34 million in net proceeds from the U.S.,
international and Brazilian offerings. It plans to use the money for an ongoing capital investment
program and general corporate purposes.
The company said it would not receive any proceeds from the ADSs or preferred shares sold by
its stockholders. Votorantim is one of the largest paper and pulp companies in Brazil and the
leading Brazilian producer of wood-free printing and writing papers and specialty papers based
on net sales and total assets, the filing said. It is part of the Votorantim Group, one of the largest
privately held Brazilian groups of companies, whose three core businesses are cement, aluminum
and paper and pulp. In 1998 paper and pulp accounted for about 20 percent of the Votorantim
Group's net operating revenues. The group is also involved in financial services, chemicals and
agribusiness, the filing said.
164
Higher Education - Brazil
(Source: UNESCO; World of Learning; RELAQ)
Structure of system
Higher education is provided in federal, state, municipal, private universities and other
institutions, federations and independent establishments. The universities are composed of
faculties or schools; their internal organization is based on the departamento which is linked to
schools, faculties or centers. The two supreme bodies are the Conselho Universitario (University
Council) and the Conselho de Ensino e Pesquisa (Council for Graduate Studies and Research).
The main characteristic of university administration is its collegial functioning. Federations are
associations of institutions which offer more varied, better integrated courses and greater
administrative efficiency. The establishments of higher education consist of faculties, schools,
centres, academies or institutes with relatively few students which offer instruction in one or two
subjects. They are mostly private. The two main bodies responsible for postgraduate education,
science and technology at postgraduate level are the Fundação da Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq). The Conselho de Reitores das
Universidades Brasileiras (CRUB)is a liaison body on which are represented all the federal,
state and private universities. All levels of higher education use the semester system. A
National Council for Education (CNE) was recently created to replace the Federal Council for
Education. Main types of higher education institutions in country
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDADE PUBLICA FEDERAL
Translation: PUBLIC FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDADE PUBLICA ESTADUAL
Translation: PUBLIC STATE UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDADE PUBLICA MUNICIPAL
Translation: PUBLIC CITY UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDADES CONFESSIONAIS
Translation: RELIGIOUS UNIVERSITIES
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDADES COMUNITARIAS
Translation: COMMUNITY UNIVERSITIES
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDADES PRIVADAS
Translation: PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES
Type of institution: FUNDACOES UNIVERSITARIAS
Translation: UNIVERSITY FOUNDATIONS
Name of law/decree: 5.540/68
Date: 28 November, 1968
Institution type: Higher education and integration with secondary school
Name of body: Ministry of Education and Sports
Role: Administration of Higher Education in the Country
Address:
Street: Esplanada dos Ministerios - bloco L
City: Brasilia
State/Province: DF
165
Highlights
♦ The federal universities in Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais) and mostly at the public
universities supported by the São Paulo state (the Universities of São Paulo and Campinas)
employ most of the active researchers in Brazil, in all fields.
♦ In Brazil today, only 16 percent of academic faculty in hold a doctoral degree—
concentrated in a few places, such as the universities in the State of São Paulo—compared
with 25 percent with M.A.s, 36 percent with some kind of specialist degree, and 22 percent
with an undergraduate diploma.
♦ To control the quality of graduate education, the Brazilian Ministry of Education maintains
an elaborate and well-reputed system of peer review evaluation for the 1,293 programs half
of which doctoral degrees.
♦ Most students in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering MS and PhD programs in Brazil have
a BS in Chemistry or Chemical Eng., but it is also usual to have people graduated in
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Biology.
♦ There is no general rule for admission, but most courses usually make an interview and take
a knowledge exam of the candidates.
♦ Brazil’s government spends heavily on higher education: 1.2% of GDP , compared with
0.7% in Argentina and an average of 0.9% among the richer countries of the OECD .
♦ Although the total number of university places has grown by 50% since 1980, the proportion
of young people in higher education is still well below the international average.
♦ The number of doctorates awarded in the chemical sciences in Brazil grew from 157 in 90/91
to 380 in 96/97 with the average completion time being 60 months.
♦ In 1996, Brazil introduced a controversial national exam known as the provao, aimed at
testing universities by testing their final year students. Inspectors are sent in to check on the
state of libraries and laboratories, staff qualifications, and teaching methods. Around a
hundred courses have been placed under threat of closure unless they shape up quickly.
Faculties of Chemical Sciences- Brazil
(Source: Relaq and university websites, 1999)
Universidades en Brasil
Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME)
Departamento de Engenharia Química
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC/PR)
Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1.155. Prado Velho. CEP 80215-901
Curitiba, PR. Tel. (041) 330-1515. RIEP - Tel. (041) 330-1614
Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia - CCET
Engenharia Química
Química Industrial
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCBS
Farmacia
Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB)
Faculdades de Filosofia Ciências e Letras
Ciências Licenciatura Plena com habilitação em Química
Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)
Rua Professor Augusto Vianna, s/n
Canela
40.000 Salvador, Bahia
Tel: (071)245-2811 y 245-0878
Instituto de Química
Campus Universitário de Ondina
Salvador - BA. Brasil, CEP.:40.170-290
Tel.:(071) 237-5784
Fax:(071) 237-4117
Departamento de Química Orgânica
Departamento de Química Geral e Inorgânica
Departamento de Química Analítica
Departamento de Físico-química
Lic. em Química
Lic. em Química Industrial
Mestrado em Química Orgânica
Mestrado em Química Inorgânica
170
Mestrado em Química Analítica
Mestrado em Físico-Química
Doutorado em Química Analítica
Faculdade de Farmácia
Escola Politécnica
Engenharia Química
Mestrado em Engenharia Química
Universidade de Brasília (UnB)
Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Tradução
Campus Universitário - Multiuso I Sala 49
70000 Brasília - DF
Tel: (61)348-2533
Fax: (61)349-7499
Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC
Centro de Ciências
Depto. de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica
Campus do Pici - Bloco 940
Fortaleza - Ceara CEP:60455-760
Telefone: (085) 288.9977
Fax: (085) 288.9978
Química
Química Industrial
Licenc. Química
Doutorado em Química Orgânica
Doutorado em Química Inorgânica
Depto. de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
Campus do Pici - Bloco 907
Fortaleza - Ceara CEP: 60455-760
Telefone: (085)288.9817
Fax: (085)288.9829
Mestrado em Bioquímica, na área de Bioquímica Vegetal
Doutorado em Bioquímica, na área de Bioquímica Vegetal
Centro de Ciências da Saúde
Departamento de Farmácia
Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210
171
Rodolfo Teófilo - Campus do Porangabuçu
CEP 60.430-370
Fortaleza - Ceará - Brasil
Telefones: (085) 243.9274
Farmácia
Centro de Tecnologia
Engenharia Química
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES)
Campus Universitário
Goiaberas
29.000 Vitória, Espírito Santo
Tel: (027)227-4733
Centro de Ciências Exatas (CCE)
Prédio IC-1 - 1º pavimento e prédio de laboratórios
Av. Fernando Ferrari s/n - Campus Universitário
Goiabeiras - Vitória-ES - CEP 29060-900
Fone (027) 335-2486
Licenciatura em Química
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)
Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampuhla
31270-010 CP 1621, Belo Horizonte, MG
tel: 31.448.1000; fax: 31.441.9354
Licenciatura e Bacharelado em Química
Mestrado nas áreas de Físico-Química, Química Analítica, Química Inorgânica e Química
Orgânica.
Doutorado Físico-Química, Química Inorgânica e Química Orgânica
Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)
Novembro, 1.299, Centro
Curitiba - PR
CEP: 81530-900
Tel: (41)362-3038
Fax: (41)262-5643, 264-2791
Setor de Ciências Exatas
Licenciatura em Química
Mestrado em Química, Área de Concentração Química Orgânica
Mestrado em Química, Área de Concentração Química Inorgânica
172
Setor de Tecnologia
Engenharia Química
Mestrado em Tecnologia Química
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)
Campus Universitário, s/n
Lagoa Nova
59.000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
Tel: (84)231-1314 y 231-1315
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Av. Paulo Gama, 110
Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil
CEP: 90.046-900
Fone: +55 51 316-7000
FAX: +55 51 227-2295
Escola de Engenharia
Rua Eng. Luíz Englert s/n2
Centro - Porto Alegre, RS
CEP: 90040-040
Telefones: (051) 228-1633 R3110, (051) 228-1633 R3444
Fax: (051) 226-1171
Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química
Farmacêutico Bioquímico em Análises Clínicas
Farmacêutico Bioquímico em Alimentos
Farmacêutico Industrial
Doutorado em Ciências Farmacêuticas
Biblioteca Setorial do Instituto de Química
Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500
Pavilhão 43122 (antigo E-1)
Bairro Agronomia
91540-000 Porto Alegre - RS
Tel: (051)336-8399, 336-9822
Fax: (051)336-3699
e-mail: [email protected]
Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC/RS)
Av. Ipiranga, 6881, Partenon
90001 - 970 Porto Alegre - RS
173
Tel: (51)236-9400
Setor Biomédico
Farmácia
Setor Técnico-Científico
Química
Biblioteca Central Irmão José Otão - PUCRS on Line
LIGDOC: Serviço de Busca de Documentos a Distância
Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPEL)
Rua Félix da Cunha, 412
Centro
96.100 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul
Tel: (53)225-3455
Escola de Farmácia e Bioquímica
Farmácia e Bioquímica
Escola de Química
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)
Faixa Camobi, Km. 9
Campus Universitário
Caixa Postal No. 248
97.100 Santa Maria, RGS
Tel: (55)226-1616
Fax: (55)221-6959
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky, s/n. llha do Fundão
21941 - 590 Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Tel: (021)290-0212, 230-3927
Química
Mestrado em Físico-Química
Mestrado em Bioquímica
174
Doutorado em Química Orgânica
Doutorado em Química Inorgânica
Doutorado em Físico-Química
Doutorado em Bioquímica
Escola de Química
Química Industrial
Engenharia Química
Mestrado em Engenharia Química: Tecnologia de Processos Químicos e Bioquímicos
Doutorado em Engenharia Química: Tecnologia de Processos Químicos e
Bioquímicos
Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais
Mestrado em Química de Produtos Naturais
Doutorado em Química de Produtos Naturais
Instituto de Macromoléculas
Mestrado em Química: Ciência e Tecnologia de Polímeros
Doutorado em Química: Ciência e Tecnologia de Polímeros
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas
Mestrado em Bioquímica: Química Biológica
Doutorado em Bioquímica: Química Biológica
Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia
(COPPE/UFRJ)
Mestrado em Engenharia Química
Doutorado em Engenharia Química
Enrollment in undergraduate and graduate courses in Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering at UFRJ
95
96
97
98
99
BS (Chemistry)
50
50
50
45
42
BS (Chem. Eng.)
240
230
230
230
230
MS (Chemistry)a
55
41
37
29
33
PhD (Chemistry)a
55
31
19
27
36
MS (Chem. Eng.)b
20-25
20-25
20-25
20-25
20-25
PhD (Chem. Eng.)b
15-20
15-20
15-20
15-20
15-20
13
19
16
19
6
Course/Year
MS (Polymer)c
175
PhD (Polymer)c
13
6
14
7
13
MS (Chemical and Biochem. Process Tech.)d
30
35
39
26
51
PhD (Chemical and Biochem. Process Tech.)d
12
11
16
9
18
a
MS and PhD in Organic, Inorganic, Physical Chemistry and Biochemistry.
b
c
MS and PhD in Chemical Engineering. Average values.
MS and PhD in Science and Technology of Polymer.
d
MS and PhD in Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology. Numbers may include
specialization course, where students take the credits of graduate course, but do not defend a
thesis.
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)
Pública Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524
Maracanã
20.550 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Tel: (21)284-8322
Centro de Tecnologia e Ciências
Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RIO)
Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 255
Gávea
22451 Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Tel: (021)274-9922
Fax: (021)259-1893
Biblioteca Central
Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225-Ala Frings
Gávea
22453-900 Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Tel: (021)529-9279 ou 529-9248
Fax: (021)274-4197
Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)
Química
176
Química Industrial
Engenharia Química
Farmácia
Complexo Universitário do Norte Fluminense (CUNF)
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF)
Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia (CCT)
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC
Público
Campus Universitário, s/n Trindade
88010-970 Florianópolis - SC
Tel: (048) 231-9219
Fax: (048) 231-9711
Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas
Especialidad en Química Inorgánica
Especialidad en Química Orgánica
Especialidad en Química Analítica
Especialidad en Físico Química
Lic. en Química
Centro Tecnológico
Caixa Postal 476
88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC - Brasil
Fone: +55 (0)48 231-9448
FAX: +55 (0)48 231-9687
Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Materiais - EMC/UFSC
Biblioteca Central
Campus Universitário - Trindade
Caixa Postal 476
88040-900 Florianópolis - SC
Tel: (048)231-9310 ou 231-9511
Fax: (048)231-9603
177
Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Rua da Reitoria, 109, Butanta
05340-901 São Paulo - SP
Tel: (11)210-0228, 211-0011 y 210-0309
Fax: (11)815-4272
Divisão de Biblioteca e Documentacão
Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 950
Cidade Universitária
05508-900 Sáo Paulo - SP
Tel: (011)818-3823 ou 818-3670 ou 813-7251
Fax: (011)212-8194
Pontíficia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC/SP)
Rua Monte Alegre, 98
Perdizes
05.014 São Paulo - SP
Tel: (11)263-0211
Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP
Praça da Sé, 108
01.001 São Paulo - SP
Tel: (11)232-7171
Biblioteca do Instituto de Química
Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, s/n
Caixa Postal 355
14800-900 Araraquara - SP
Tel: (0162)32-2022 ramais 134/135
Fax: (0162)22-5987
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
Caixa Postal 6045
Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz"
Distr. de Barão Geraldo
13081 - 970 Campinas - SP
Tel: (192)39-8596
178
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies – Brazil
(Source: ACS/IAO, Relaq)
Associação Brasileira da Indústria Farmacêutica (ABIFARMA)
Rua Beira Rio, 57 - 7o andar
Vila Olimpia
04548-050 Sãu Paulo - SP - Brasil
Tel: (011) 820-3775
Fax: (011) 822-6628
Associação Brasileira da Indústria Farmacoquímica (ABIQUIF)
Avenida Calógeras, 15 - 10 andar
20030-070 Tel: (021) 220-3005
Fax: (021) 220-3005
Associação Brasileira da Indústria Química e de Productos DerivadoS (ABIQUIM)
Rua Santo Antonio, 184-17o. e 18o. andares
Bela Vista
01314-900 São Pasulo - SP
Tel: (011)232-1144 ramal 225 (Biblioteca)
Fax: (011)232-0919
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Óleos Essenciais, Productos Químicos Aromáticos,
Fragrâncias, Aromas e Afins (ABIFRA)
Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 1570 Cj. 72
Jardim Paulistano
Tel: (011)813-5431
Fax: (011)212-4075
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Química Fina, Biotecnologia e suas Especialidades
(ABIFINA)
Av. Nilo Peçanha, 151-4o. andar (Sala 415)
Tel: (021)240-2280
Fax: (021)220-9287
Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Química (ABEQ)
Rua Líbero Badaró, 152 - 11o andar - Centro
Tel: (011) 607-8747
Fax: (011) 604-4649
Home page: http://www.abeq.org.br
179
Associação Brasileira de Química (ABQ)
Rua Alcindo Guanabara, 24 Conj. 1606
20031-130 Rio de Janeiro - RJ(brO Tel: (021)262-1837
Fax: (021)262-6044
Presidente
Airton Marques da Silva
Caixa Postal 12.152
60021-970 Fortaleza CE
Tel. 0 XX 85 288 9974
Cel. 0 XX 85 981 9910
Vice-Presidente:
Alvaro Chrispino
Rua Rui Barbosa, 751
25962-090 Teresópolis RJ Tel. 0 XX 21 742 3782
Cel. 0 XX 21 9981 6419
Dir. Secretário/
Conselheiro: Claudio Costa Couto
Caixa Postal 12.152
60021-970 Fortaleza CE
Tel. 0 XX 85 281-3472
Cel. 0 XX 85 253-1607
Dir.Tesoureiro:
Arikerne Rodrigues Sucupira
Est. Francisco da Cruz Nunes, 6661
24350-310 Niterói RJ Tel. 0 XX 608-0044
Cel. 0 XX 9979-1984
[email protected]
Diretor
Intercambio
Internacional: Paulo Celso Isolani
Inst. de Química/USP
B-8 térreo sala 815 Av.Prof.Lineu Prestes,748
05508-900 São Paulo SP
Tel: 0 XX 11 818 3876
ABIQUIM (Chemical Industry Association or the Brazilian Chemical
Manufacturers Association)
Rua Santo Antonio, 184 - 17º andar
01314-900 São Paulo, SP
BRAZIL
Fax No. 55-11-232.0919
http://www.abiquim.org.br/
180
It was created in 1964, in order to represent the Brazilian chemical industry at ALALC (now
ALADI), an Association to develop trade among the Latin American countries to deal with of
issues, including tariff negotiations; statistics; coordination of Atuação Responsável®
(Brazilian version of Responsible Care®); Total Quality Management; environment and safety
related issues; product advocacy and others. ABIQUIM operates a 24-hour toll free telephone
service for safety in the transportation of chemical products (Pró-Química) and coordinates
special programs related to some areas of the chemical industry, such as Plastivida®, which
deals with the use and recycling of plastics.
ABIQUIM represents the Brazilian Chemical industry in the Mercosur Chemical Industry
Council - CIQUIM and in the International Council of Chemical Associations - ICCA.
Membership is 136 companies, from small to large manufacturers of industrial chemicals in
Brazil. These companies produce basic and intermediate chemicals, petrochemical commodities,
specialties and fine chemicals.
Associação dos Laboratórios Farmacêuticos Nacionais (ALANAC)
Rua Vieira de Moraes, 329
Campo Belo
Tel: (011)61-3036
Fax: (011)531-0847
ABRAFATI (paints and varnishes),
Associação Brasileira dos Fabricantes de Tintas
Av. Dr. Cardoso de Mello, 1340 – 6º andar – cj. 62
04548-000 São Paulo-SP
Tel/Fax: (11) 3845-8755
[email protected]
http://www.abrafati.com/
ABRAFAS (artificial and synthetic fibers)
Associação Brasileira de Produtores de Fibras Artificiais e Sintéticas
Av. Brig. Faria Lima, 1571 - 14 and.. - Conj. 14A
Jardim Paulistano - CEP. 01451-918
São Paulo - SP.
Tel : (55 - 11) 814 61 33
Fax : (55 - 11 ) 814 62 40
http://www.abrafas.org.br/
Brazilian Chemistry Committee for IUPAC
Prof. Carol H. Collins (Executive Secretary)
Instituto de Química da Unicamp,
Caixa Postal 6154,
13081-970 Campinas - SP, Brazil
TEL.: +55 (19) 788 2559
FAX: +55 (19) 788 2673
181
E-MAIL: [email protected]
Sociedade Brasileira de
Química
Caixa Postal 26037,
05513-970
São Paulo - SP
Brazil
Tel.: +55 11 3032-2299;
Fax: +55 11 814-3602
http://www.sbq.org.br
The BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY (SBQ) was established in 1977, during an
Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science. The SBQ is a society open
to the participation of professionals in chemistry and similar areas. It is directed
by an elected board of directors every two years and a Consulting board. SBQ has a
membership of about 3000, in 23 regional divisions spread by all the country, and with 12
scientific divisions of Chemistry. Its activities include annual meetings with approximately 2000
participants with an average of 1400 professional papers and research presentations of
research, and the publication of three magazines for the SBQ - Chemical
Nova, Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society (JBCS) - Chemistry in the School.
Presidente
Eliezer J. de Lacerda Barreiro
[email protected] - UFRJ
Vice-presidente
Paulo Cezar Vieira
[email protected] - UFSCar
Secretário geral
Luiz Carlos Dias
[email protected] - UNICAMP
Primeiro secretário
Nito Angelo Debacher
[email protected] - UFSC
Tesoureiro
Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani
[email protected] - UNESP
Primeiro tesoureiro
Mara Elisa F. Braibante
[email protected] – UFSM
182
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Brazil
(Source: World of Learning, 1996)
Brazilian Academy of Science
Anfilófio de Carvalho Street, 29/3rd floor • ZIP: 20030-060 • Rio de Janeiro, RJ • Brazil
(021) 220-4794 and by fax at (021) 532-5807
[email protected]; www.abc.org.br
183
Chemically Related Research – Brazil
(Source: World of Learning, 1996; MCT - Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia, 1999)
Highlights
♦ Brazil has over 21,500 R&D personnel (6,800 in industry).
♦ There are over 500 research institutes and 100 federal, state and private organizations
involved in S&T activities.
♦ R&D expenditures in 1998 were US$5.8 billion or .78% of the GDP.
♦ Most R&D funding goes to universities and government research centers, but the government
is attempting to redirect many R&D efforts to the private sector.
♦ Brazil has received over US$1 billion from the World Bank and IDB to improve R&D
performance.
♦ After machinery and health, chemistry constituted the third most active area (1992-1996) in
US patent filings with Brazil as the inventor country.
♦ The Brazilian Ministry of Science has identified computer technology, materials sciences and
biotechnology as areas needing strengthening.
Research Centers - Brazil
NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR IONIZING RADIATION
Instituto das Radiações Ionizantes/CNEN
Margareth Maria de Araújo, Phys., M.Sc.
Av. Salvador Allende, s/nº
22780-160 Recreio dos Bandeirantes - RJ - Brasil
Phone: (+55 21) 442-1605/9592
Fax: (+55 21) 442-9675
FUNDACAO JORGE DUPRAT FIGUEIREDO DE SEGURANCA E MEDICINA DO
TRABALHO - FUNDACENTRO
CENTRO REGIONAL DA BAHIA - LABORAT'ORIO DE HIGIENE E TOXICOLOGIA
RUA ALCEU AMOROSO LIMA, 142 - PITUBA
CEP: 41820-770 SALVADOR - BA
Fone: (071) 3411412 Fax: 3411446
FUNDACAO INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DO ESTADO DE PERNAMBUCO - ITEP
DEPARTAMENTO DE QUIMICA E BIOTECNOLOGIA - LABORATORIO DE QUIMICA
ANALITICA INORGANICA
AV PROF LUIS FREIRE 700 - CID. UNIVERSITARIA
CEP: 5740 -540 RECIFE - PE
Fone: (081) 2714399 Ramal: 187 Fax: 2714744
184
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZONIA - INPA
- COORDENACAO DE PESQUISAS EM PRODUTOS NATURAIS
ALAMEDA COSME FERREIRA 1576 - ALEIXO
CEP: 69083-000 MANAUS - AM
Fone: (092) 6433175 Fax: 6433176
FUNDACAO CENTRO TECNOLOGICO DE MINAS GERAIS - CETEC
DIRETORIA DE TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTAL - SETOR DE MEDICOES AMBIENTAIS
BELO HORIZONTE - HORTO
CEP: 31170-000 BELO HORIZONTE - MG
Fone: (031) 4861000 Ramal: 393 Fax: 4861333 Telex: 311031
COMISSAO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - CNEN
CENTRO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA TECNOLOGIA NUCLEAR - COORDENADORIA
DE APOIO TECNICO E CIENTIFICO
CAIXA POSTAL 941 - CID. UNIVERSITARIA/PAMP.
FUNDACAO OSWALDO CRUZ - FIOCRUZ
CENTRO DE PESQUISAS RENE RACHOU - LABORATORIO DE QUIMICA DE
PRODUTOS NATURAIS
AV. AUGUSTO DE LIMA, 1715 - BARRO PRETO
Fone: (031) 2953566 Ramal: 191 Fax: 2953115
FUNDACAO EZEQUIEL DIAS - FUNED
DIRETORIA DE PRODUCAO FARMACEUTICA E IMUNOBIOLOGICOS DESENVOLVIMENTO EM FARMACOS. AREA DE SINTESE EM FARMACOS
RUA CONDE PEREIRA CARNEIRO, 80 - GAMELEIRA
CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA MINERAL - CETEM/CNPq
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTAL - MERCURLAB
RUA 4, QUADRA D - ILHA DO FUNDAO - CID. UNIVERSITARIA
CEP: 21941-590 RIO DE JANEIRO - RJ
INSTITUTO DE ENGENHARIA NUCLEAR - SUPERVISAO DE APOIO QUIMICO
185
CIDADE UNIVERSITARIA - ILHA DO FUNDAO
Fone: (021) 2803113 Ramal: 174 Fax: 5902692
FUNDACAO OSWALDO CRUZ - FIOCRUZ
AV. BRASIL 4365 - MANGUINHOS
WWW.FIOCRUZ.BR
Fone: (021) 5909490 Fax: 5909490
Presidente, Dr. Eloi de Souza Garcia,
Tel.: (5521) 260-0788 ramal: 142
Fax: (5521) 270-2496 / 260-6707
Vice-Presidência de Pesquisa e Ensino - VPPE
Dr. Renato Sérgio Balão Cordeiro
Tel.: (5521) 590-4712 / 560-0788 ramal: 117
Fax: (5521) 260-6707 / 590-9741
Vice-Presidência de Serviços de Referência em Saúde - VPSRS
Dr. Mauro Célio de Almeida Marzocchi
Tel.: (5521) 590-7544 / 560-0788 ramal: 108
Fax: (5521) 590-7544
Vice-Presidência de Ambiente, Comunicação e Informação VPACI
Dra Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo
Tel.: (5521) 590-5144 / 560-0788 ramal: 127
Fax: (5521) 260-6707
Vice-Presidência de Tecnologia - VPT
Dr. Akira Homma
E-mail:[email protected]
Tel.: (5521) 560-0788 ramal: 106
Fax: (5521) 260-6707
Chefia de Gabinete
Dra Ana Lúcia Almeida de Larrive
Tel.: (5521) 260-6040 / 560-0788 ramal: 145
Fax: (5521) 270-2496
Assessora de Política Institucional
Olga D'Arc
186
Tel.: (5521) 598-4305
Fax: (5521) 260-6707
Coordenadoria de Comunicação Social - CCS
Assessor de Imprensa: Umberto Trigueiros Lima
Tel.: (0xx21) 270-5343 / 270-1788
Fax: (0xx21) 260-6707 / 270-5343
Assessoria de Planejamento - ASPLAN
Assessor de Planejamento: Carlos Augusto Grabois Gadelha
Pavilhão Figueiredo Vasconcelos
Tel.: (5521) 290-0494 / 598-4232
Fax: (5521) 290-0494
Procuradoria Geral - PG
Dr. Francisco Araújo
Tel.: (5521) 598-4315 / 598-4317
Tel Fax: (5521) 290-6071
Auditoria Interna - AUDIN
Dr. Newton Janote Filho
Tel.: (5521) 260-0788 ramal : 130
Fax: (5521) 260-6707
Coordenadoria Regional de Brasília – COREB
Diretor: Lenita Nicoletti
Av. W.B. Norte - Quadra 510 - conjunto "A"
Edifício Ex-INAM - sala 402 a 406, Brasília
Tel.: (5561) 340-0847 / 340-9826 / 340-0724
Fax: (5561) 340-0340 / 340-0847
INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA - IME
DEPARTAMENTO DE QUIMICA - DEPARTAMENTO DE QUIMICA-LABORATORIO DE
CATALISE
PRACA GENERAL TIBURCIO, 80 - PRAIA VERMELHA
Fone: (021) 2950595 Fax: 2759047
187
COORDENADORIA DE FISICA E QUIMICA NUCLEAR - SUPERVISAO DE
RADIOQUIMICA
TRAVESSA R NUMERO 400 - CIDADE UNIVERSITARIA - BUTANTA
CEP: 05508-900 SAO PAULO - SP
Fone: (011) 8169182 Fax: 2123546 Telex: 83592
E-mail: [email protected] e [email protected]
CENTRO TECNICO AEROESPACIAL - CTA
INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS AVANCADOS - DIVISAO DE ATIVIDADES
ELETROMAGNETICAS
RODOVIA DOS TAMOIOS KM 5,5 - TORRAO DE OURO
CEP: 12231-970 SAO JOSE DOS CAMPOS - SP
Fone: (0123) 413033 Ramal: 290 Fax: 414277
EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA - EMBRAPA
CENTRO NACIONAL PESQUISA MONITORAMENTO AMBIENTAL - QUIMICA
- TANQUINHO VELHO
CEP: 13820-000 JAGUARIUNA - SP
Fone: (0192) 8675633 Ramal: 2027 Fax: 0198675
FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA QUIMICA DE LORENA - FAENQUIL
DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA QUIMICA - GRUPO DE PROCESSOS ORGANICOS
E INORGANICOS
RODOVIA ITAJUBA-LORENA KM 74,5 - CAMPINHO
CEP: 12600-000 LORENA - SP
Fone: (0125) 523922 Ramal: 257 Fax: 522809
FUNDACAO JORGE DUPRAT FIGUEIREDO DE SEGURANCA E MEDICINA DO
TRABALHO - FUNDACENTRO
COORDENACAO DE HIGIENE DO TRABALHO - COORDENADORIA DE RISCOS
QUIMICOS
RUA CAPOTE VALENTE, 710 - PINHEIROS
Fone: (011) 8536588 Ramal: 2219 Fax: 8818251
INSTITUTO ADOLFO LUTZ - IAL
DIVISAO DE BROMATOLOGIA E QUIMICA - SECAO DE ADITIVOS E PESTICIDAS
RESIDUAIS
SAO PAULO - CERQUEIRA CESAR
INSTITUTO BIOLOGICO - IB
DIVISAO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL - SECAO DE FARMACOLOGIA
188
AV. CONS. RODRIGUES ALVES 1252 - VILA MARIANA
Fone: (011) 5729822 Ramal: 147 Fax: 5710240
INSTITUTO BUTANTAN - IBU
DIVISAO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO - LABORATORIO DE QUIMICA
ORGANICA
AV. VITAL BRASIL, 1500 - BUTANTA
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS - INPE
CENTRO ESPACIAL DE CACHOEIRA PAULISTA - LABORATORIO ASSOCIADO DE
COMBUSTAO E PROPULSAO
ROD. PRESIDENTE DUTRA,KM 40 CEP: 12630-000 CACHOEIRA PAULISTA - SP
Fone: (0125) 611377 Ramal: 265 Fax: 611992
INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS TECNOLOGICAS - IPT
DIVISAO DE QUIMICA - NUCLEO DE MATERIAIS DE REFERENCIA
AV. PROF. ALMEIDA PRADO, N.532 - C.UNIVERSITARIA
LABORATORIO NACIONAL DE LUZ SINCROTRON - LNLS/CNPq
DIVISAO CIENTIFICA - GRUPO INSTRUMENTACAO DE RAIO X
RUA LAURO VANUCCI, 1020 - FAZENDA SANTA CANDIDA
CEP: 13087-410 CAMPINAS - SP
E-mail: e.mail: [email protected]
LABORATORIO CENTRAL DE ELETROTECNICA E ELETRONICA - LAC/COPEL
LABORATORIO CENTRAL DE ELETROTECNICA E ELETRONICA - COORDENADORIA
DE P&D EM MATERIAIS
RUA CORONEL DULCIDIO 800 - BATEL
CEP: 80420-170 CURITIBA - PR
Fone: (041) 3662020 Ramal: 266 Fax: 2663582
Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo A. Miguez de Mello (CENPES)
Setor de Informação Técnica e Propiedade Industrial (SINTEP)
Cidade Universitária-Quadra 7
21949-900 Illha do Fundão - JR
Tel: (021)598-6110/6112/6118 ou 590-4198
Fax: (021)598-6798 ou 590-6643
189
Centro de Tecnologia da Indústria Química e Têxtil (CETIQT)
Núcleo Especializado de Informação Tecnológica Têxtil e de Confecção Industrial
(NEITTCI)
Rua Dr. Manuel Cotrim, 195 (Biblioteca - sala 306)
Riachuelo
Tel: (021)201-7222 ramais 250 ou 258
Fax: (021)241-0495
Centro de Tecnologia Industrial (CETIND)
Centro de Informação Tecnológica (CIT)
Av. Luís Tarquinio Pontes, 938
Aracuí
42700-000 Lauro de Freitas - BA
Tel: (071)379-4628 ou 379-3833
Fax: (071)379-3614
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa da Tecnologia Agroindustrial de Alimentos (CTAA)
Avenida das Américas, 29501
23020-470 Guaratiba - RJ
Tel: (021)410-1350 (directo) ou 410-1353 ramais 142/187
Fax: (021)410-1090
Companhia Petroquímica do Nordeste, S.A. (COPENE)
Centro de Documentação e Informação (CEDIN)
Rua Eteno, 1561
Complexo Básico
42800-000 Camaçari - BA
Tel: (071)832-5521 ou 832-5522 ou 832-5526
Fax: (071)832-1733 ou 832-5097
Companhia Petroquímica do Sul (COPESUL)
Setor de Informação e Documentação Técnica
Rodovia Tabaí-Canoas BR 386 Km 419
Polo Petroquímico do Sul
95853-000 Triunfo - RS
Tel: (051)457-1100 ramais 1275/1564/1585
Fax: (051)457-1321 ou 457-1135
Sociedade Brasileira de Química (SBQ)
Instituto de Química da USP
Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748-Bloco 3 Superior - Sala 371
190
ou
Caixa Postal 26037
Tel: (011)210-2299
Fax; (011)814-3602
Interfacial Phenomena/Thermodynamics &
Separation in Brazil
By Research Area
Bioseparations
Rahoma S. Mohamed(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Supercritical Extraction
Rahoma S. Mohamed(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Adsorption
Ribeiro Franco Moilton Jnior(Universidade Federal de Uberlndia)
Frederico Wanderley Tavares(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Phase Equilibria
Moilton Ribeiro Franco Jùnior(Universidade Federal de Uberlndiâ)
Jacques Niederberger(Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro)
Prof. Antonio Jos de Almeidahermodyn Meirelles(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Prof. Jos Vladimir de Oliveira(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)
Eduardo Cassel(Pontificia Universidade Catnlica Do Rio Greade Do Sol)
Saul Gonalves d' Avila(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Marcelo Castier(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Prof. Martin Aznar(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Krishnaswamy Rajagopal(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Affonso C.C. Silva Telles(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Pessoa(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Silvana Mattedi(Universidade Federal da Bahia)
Luiz Antonio Ferreira Coelho(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
191
Design
Jacques Niederberger(Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro)
Prof. Paulo Csar da Costa Pinheiro(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais)
Daiton de Freitas Rezende(Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missues)
Separations
Prof. Antonio Jos de Almeida Meirelles(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Supercritical Fluids
Silvio A. B. Vieira De Melo(Universidade Tiradentes)
M. Angela A. Meireles(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Daiton de Freitas Rezende(Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missues)
Statistical Mechanics
Molecular Simulation
Separation Process
M. Angela A. Meireles(Universidade Estadual de Campinas)
Thermodynamics
Polymers
192
Asphaltenes
Molecular Engineering
Affonso C.C. Silva Telles(Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
ORGANOMETALLIC RESEARCH CENTRES IN BRAZIL
Instituto de Quimica CP 6154, Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13081-970 Campinas,
Brazil
DIAS, Gilson H. M., Dr. E-mail: [email protected]; MORIGAKI, Milton, Dr. E-mail:
[email protected]; URSINI, Cleber V.; HERBST, Marcelo (fullerene, platinum,
metalcarbonyl)
Instituto de Quimica, Dept. de Quimica Inorganica, Unicamp, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970,
Campinas/SP, BRAZIL
STEIN, Edison, Prof.; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone +550197887881; Fax:
+550192393805;
http:www.iqm.unicamp.br (Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry of Fe, Ru, Os, Co.
Syntheses and electrochemical characterization of the metal complexes)
AE Mauro, Unesp, Inst Quim Araraquara, CP 355, BR-14800900 Araraquara, Sp, Brazil
DW Franco, USP, Inst Fis & Quim Sao Carlos, CP 369, BR-13560 Sao Carlos, Sp, Brazil
EJS Vichi, Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Quim, C Postal 6154, BR-13084 100 Campinas, Sp,
Brazil
ER Dockal, Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Quim, Caixa Postal 676, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos,
Brazil
IVP Yoshida, Univ Campinas, Inst Chem, CP 6154, BR-13083970 Campinas, Brazil
J Dupont, Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Inst Quim, AV Bento Goncalves 9500, BR-92501970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
193
MD Vargas, Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Quim, CP 6154, BR-13081 Campinas, Sp, Brazil
MJ Dabdoub, Univ Sao Paulo, Ffcl, Dept Quim, AV Bandeirantes, BR-3900 Ribeirao Pre, Sp,
Brazil
194
ACS Member Characteristics – Brazil
195
ACS Members in Brazil - Interests Areas
Analytical
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
5%
Chemical Education
Analytical
14%
Energy/Fuels
Environmental
Physical
6%
Inorganic
Polymers/Plastics
4%
Biochemistry
5%
Pharmaceutical/Med
12%
Materials
Organic
Biotechnology
2%
Polymers/Plastics
Physical
2%
Organic
33%
Environmental
5%
Materials
2%
Mketing/Sales/Bus
3%
196
Inorganic
4%
Energy/Fuels
4%
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses – Brazil
Industry: 2
Higher Education: 13
Government: 0
Other - Please specify: Hospital R&D
activities involving chemically related industry / higher education
collaboration?
Yes: 12
No: 4
NA: 0
activity?
Yes: 8
No: 4
If your answer is Yes, please describe how.
Giving courses and seminars and development of research projects. **
Research and teaching and mentoring graduate students ** One of our research areas is
optimization of chemical processes. ** Purification and separation of Rare-earths ** Pest
control using pheromones ** As an analytical chemist, I have helped to implement new
methodologies and new instrumental techniques in industries and private laboratories. I also
responsible (or collaborator) for the organization of short courses involving topics as sample
preparation and ICP's to the industrial world. Nowadays I am organizing a web-site to transfer
analytical chemical information to industrial chemists.
Yes: 8
No: 2
Energy: 3
197
Polymers: 1
Fine Chemicals: 5
Metals: 0
Rubber: 0
Other - Please specify: Oil Company, Food Industry. ** Food (coffee)- (methodology
development for Carbohydrate determination)Drugs and Cosmetics, and Freezers and
Refrigerators- (waste treatment) ** biotech ** biological macromolecules
Brazilian Petroleun – PETROBRAS ** Several industries associated to the Associao
Brasileira de Quimica ** CETEM/CNPq ** Cacique de Café Solúvel
Hossmann, Krys Belt ** Dinamilho Carol ** Votorantin Celulose e Papel, ICASA Agronomic
Laboratory, FEMTO Analytical instruments, and others in short courses **
Central de Analises Chemistry Department – UFSC ** University of Sao Paulo ** LondrinaParaná- Brazil
Basic Research: 9
Faculty Visits: 1
Student Visits: 5
Consulting: 3
Quality Control: 4
Other - Please Specify: theoretical and practical courses ** There used to be a regular program
where undergraduate students were trained for one year periods in the PETROBRAS research
center. This practice has been dropped in last few years for lack of funding. **
industry collaboration in Brazil?
Participation of graduate students, professors and researchers. ** The answer to this very
HYPOTHETICAL situation would be to have a TRUE
two-way collaboration. Too often, industry wants (free) input from the
University but offers nothing significant in return. When there is a real
need (such as in environmental monitoring) industry reluctantly contracts
someone (who may be a private consultant or someone from an appropriate
university department). Such a contract is short term and rarely, if ever,
contributes anything to the university, except perhaps a few reais
198
(pseudo-dollars) of "overhead", in case the contract was made though an
official university-related funding agency. However, the industry may try
to have the contract done outside of such channels. ** Academia and Industry do not have a
long history of collaboration in Brazil. As I supose it is all over the world, the industry is usually
interested in short term results and the University, besides the research itself, is intended to
graduate people. So, a medium to long term research is desirable in order to provide the students
a solid formation. I think the success in making such a collaboration in Brazil and in any country
will depend on how people from academia and industry mix up both interests. Neither too short
nor too long terms. We need to have a collaboration that may help the Industry to solve problems
and develop new technologies (new concepts - new challenges) and that may guarantee for the
University the possibilities of graduating students and making publication, which are the basis of
the academic world. However, I am not against more applied reserch in the University, where
short term goals and conficenciality are required. I just do not think that this should be the only
kind or the most important kind of collaboration between University and Industry. The industry
should see the University as a place where innovation and new scientific concepts can be created,
which may have impact on the technological knowledge, rather than see the University as a place
where you can order or buy a service. ** In many sectors, the industry is not fully prepared to
comply with several regulations. The University can contribute from better product development
to quality control. Many times the Industry needs help on troubleshooting
specific problems. ** Most commonly, the industry acquires expertise for dealing with some
practical or theoretical problems and in exchange it pays for new equipment, fellowships,
scholarships, and so on. In some cases, the industry may invest in academic research related to
its field of activity with longer term potential return. ** Since Brazil has inumerous social and
related problems, I believe any goal-oriented enterprise (like development of new
products/processes, environmental-friendly technology, etc) are very welcome, not only in
Brazil but also in Latin America. ** I am personally interested in the pharmaceutical and biotech
industry. As far as I know there is not an extensive collaboration with the industry because the
foreign laboratories do not do research in Brazil and the national industry is small. However, a
few companies, a notorious example is Biobras, were created inside universities by faculty
members. In the Sao Carlos campus of the University of Sao Paulo a foundation was created to
advance this kind of collaboration. I know some people there and may send more details later. **
personal contact ** Absolutely necessary albeit still restricted ** For the industry: should be
aware that investment in research is a long(or medium) term endeavor
For academic personnel: should be willing to analize if their research
interest can be applied ** Identifying university professors willing to work on relative short time
and narrow focus projects aimed at solving industry related problems. ** The collaboration is
still slow but the industry is requesting the exchange with the university at this time, mainly with
relationship to the control of generated residues at Londrina- Paraná State ** I feel that in our
area, this is a process that is beginning in Brazil. The country remained essentially closed to
international commerce during decades. Nowadays it is very open and the need to compete
becomes imperative. The most critical point is to make clear that the academic knowledge has an
important role in the improvement of chemical processes. Sometimes academic professionals are
seeing as typical government employees, and this does not have a good connotation in Brazil.
199
Scholarships, funds for mobilities of students and professors and for the
projects. ** Sincerity on the part of both (groups of) participants. Recognition of the long range
value of such a collaboration by the interested parties. ** In Brazil what certainly facilitates the
collaboration is the
previous friendship or professional relationship between the parts. We are
still a small chemical community here in Brazil. So, many collaborations
arises from the previous interchange between an University professor and an
industry employee. For instance, some professors now in Brazil came from
Industry (and vice-versa too). Also many PhD in the industry graduated
under a certain University group and intend to keep collaborating (It is
usual to do a PhD study while in industry, as an employee).
Nowadays the government also has some special research programs which for
a professor to apply for, he (she) must have a collaboration with an
industry (not necessary a contract). Most of the times there is no money
involved. ** The lack of qualified personal in great number and lack of research laboratories
inside the industrial park. Most of chemical plants in Brazil are branches of the Major chemical
industries from all of the world (Mainly from US, France, and Germany) and they do not do any
research. ** The existence of a research center also at the company and in some cases a
visible competitive advantage of the activity, which helps to attract funds from the government.
** Interpersonal skills and ability to create vision and hence buy in ** I believe that nowadays,
many researches are trying to make such collaborations. Most important, brazilian universities
are encouraging those enterprises. ** The existence of people wearing two hats, in the University
and the Industry. ** seminars training programs for industry personnel ** Closer interation and
interest specially from the industry ** Mixed meetings where both parties would look for points
of mutual interest. ** Using university resources is a cost effective way of solving some
industrial problems. ** The university contributes with the technology that the industry doesn't
sometimes have. The necessity facilitate. ** Fast results and gain in productivity. **
The actual situation of economy in Brazil with high interest, leaves the
industry without investiment in research. ** Lack of examples of successful collaborations from
past experience. ** The bureaucracy from the University side and the mentality of the managers
which many times are not willing to pay a fair value for analysis or product development ** As I
mentioned before, industry normally thinks in short term, while the University thinks as long
term. In Brazil this is very much intensified. As a matter of fact, very few chemical industries
have R&D Centres or are interested in research in Brazil. In part because most of the chemical
plants belong to foreign enterprises, which R&D Centres are abroad. On the other hand, the
Brazilian enterprises are too foccused on profit making. R&D sounds like a waste of money. On
the other hand, the faculty members in brazilian Universities are still too academic in origin.
Many have never interact or visit an industry. They are not used to work under deadline pressure,
as are people in industry. In summary, there is still a conflict of interest between academia and
industry that impare the launch of a more extensive collaboration. In addition, many industries in
Brazil do not have R&D centres. I should confess that there have been a good progress on this
issue, specially after the government established those special programs for University/industry
collaboration. Nevertheless, in chemistry we are miles distant to what you have in US and
200
Europe and mostly large brazilian conglomerates like Petrobras use to have some kind of
interaction with academia. ** Most companies have only a short term perspective, in part
because the economy is not quite stable. Many Brazilian-based companies were bought by
foreign ones. In such cases, a longer term vision dominates, but on the other hand many of such
companies prefer to invest mostly in production. ** inertia and lack so far of successful models
** I believe many professionals (in the university) are not willing to accept those collaborations,
since for many years, the governement paid almost all research done in Brazil. Today, many
professionals, are not prepared to find new forms of financial support. ** Multinational
companies do not make research in Brazil. ** differences on how the two groups regards the
variable time; other big problem is the patent law in Brazil ** The actual situation of economy in
Brazil with high interest, leaves the industry without investiment in research. ** economic
instability ** Some prejudices as "Industry only is interested in problems that can be solved in a
short time. Most of the time the problems are pure routine"
"University people is too theoric and are not interested in real world
problems" ** Much of this kind of work is not suitable for publication.
Many university professors in Brasil are not interested in aplied research. ** The research
financing in Brazil, even if related to the industry it is
difficult and slow. A lot of times the industry only comes when results
already exist in the university of something related. ** Most of the chemical companies in Brazil
are multi-national, so there is no development of process or products over here. Once they start
to do research here, the collaborations would be facilitate. ** The lack of culture for this type of
association. The lack of a clear federal politics in R&D. **
expect to encounter issues of intellectual property how can this, too be
improved?
It's necessary more orientation on how to do it. ** (1) Improvement of quality/sustainability
will/would require guidelines based on prior experience of successful collaborations. (2)
Problems of intellectual property will certainly arise. Most universities are very jealous of the
"intellectual output" of their faculty and prohibit contracts which have restrictions on
publications and/or patent ownership. (3) Recognition, by the industrial side, of the "special
needs" of the university and its faculty. ** In terms of collaboration with brazilian industries I
think that improvements can be made when the industry start thinking that R&D is not a waste of
mony, but certainly an investment. They must also see the University as a place for developing
new concepts and knowledge, which can change their technology at long term, rather than seeing
the University as a place to call when a problem emerge (this is also important for
University/industry collaboration, but cannot be the only way for collaboration). From the part of
the University we should become more "professional" in the sense that our researches, even
though fundamental in essence, should serve as a basis for new technological improvements. We
must think that it is very healthy the collaboration with an industry and we should not avoid it or
be affraid of doing so. There are many scientists in brazilian Universities that still thinks that "we
should only do basic research and not be involved with industrial problems". This is a quite
romantic point of view and extremely old fashioned. In summary, both parts must converge to an
equilibrium point: Industry should think more long term and University more short term.
201
Concerning the intellectual property this will always be a problem. Who contracts a research
normally thinks that is contracting a service (and this is true) and every information coming from
this contract should, in principle, belongs to him. On the other hand, one of the major goal of the
University is to provide universal knowledge. One of the best way to achieve this is through
publication. Them, when establishing a collaboration between industry and academia this part
should be very clear in the contract. I think that the industry should minimize too applied
collaborations, where the data obtained is of great relevance to technological aspects. This kind
of research should be carried out preferentially in the R&D labs and not in the University. On the
other hand, whenever a patent possibility is highlighted, the University and the Industry should
share the rights. I do not have great experience in this issue, but I know that Petrobras has a
policy of sharing patents arisen from University collaboration in 3 parts: one for the petrobras,
other for the University and the other for the faculty member responsible for the research. I do
not know if the rate of sharing is equal for the 3 parts. ** The university/industry relationship
varies from institution to institution and some universities are more open to this collaboration
than others, however, I believe that if any industry is willing to have any sort of cooperation with
the university, they can easily find one that will be able to competently execute the project. **
This is an important issue, but I do not have suggestions at the moment. I feel that intellectual
property should be guaranteed to products or ideas when commercialized, but access should be
free or very affordable when the use is for further research and development, especially in
academics. ** Top level company management sponsorship ** I guess in many areas, we don't
have ways to put in contact both sides. Usually, seminars or scientific meetings are very
restrictive (industry-oriented or university-ralated matters). I believe intellectual property
always, must be respected. Surely enough, I have to admit that in Brazil, we are not willing to
accept it. However, I guess that this behavior is changing. ** Protection of intellectual property
is problematic, even between academia and Brazilian entrepreneurs. The situation may improve
with time, as these collaborations become more common. ** a good collaboration or consulting
contract can resolve this issue by stipulating a non disclosure clause. All my contracts have such
a clause. ** more orientation. ** Direct participation of industries[as a group] in the university's
economical organization affairs. ** 1- Built up a platform of areas of common interest. 2- Define
goals (industry)3- Define ways (university)** Pressure from funding institutions, stressing the
importance of aplied research. ** It is necessary to look for information and intellectual
formation gone back to the interests of the industry and society. The collaboration with
industrialized countries whose relationships Industry / University is solid and that can change
information. Mercosul is taking the state of Paraná to a frank agricultural and industrial
development, considering the implanted politics of support to the industrialization. **
13) Which particular university / industry collaborations would you identify
as outstanding?
If at all possible, please provide contact name, position, company, address,
telephone, fax, email and www address.
Here at the Intitute we have a good example of a long standing
collaboration in the field of material chemistry. The colaborator is Prof.
Marcus Vinicius Fonseca ([email protected]) which has a collaboration
with a brazilian industry named Carboox. He serves as a consultant and
202
carry out specific research and control analysis for this industry. Indeed,
Prof. Fonseca is one of the few examples that I know in Brazil of a faculty
member that looks for collaboration with industries. ** I do not have much information on that.
I know that Motorola has a good agreement with the University of Sao Paulo. I also know that
the petroleum industry has fruitful collaborations with universities, especially in the state of Rio
de Janeiro. ** I'd like to suggest you to take a look in the following site:
http://pcserver.iqm.unicamp.br/~ines/
This professor has a long experience in dealing with indistries. Also,
UNICAMP, (www.unicamp.br), is considered the most agressive university
on those matters. ** Petrobras and the COPPE of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro **
CENPES/Petrobras and Univ.Fed. Sao Carlos and EMBRAPA/Univ. Fed. Rio Grande do Sul **
I know of a few projects with UFRJ, PUC RJ and UNICAMP, my coleagues may have more
detailed information. ** Univeridade Estadual de Londrina: Suzana Nixdorf- e-mail:
[email protected] Carlos Câmara- e-mail: [email protected] Aneli Melo- e-mail:
[email protected] At this moment a have only the e-mails. ** One relevant point in
university/industry collaborations here is the organization of short courses to up-to-date
knowledge of industrial chemists. The Associacao Brasileira de Quimica (Brazilian Association
of Chemistry) has a very good program that is working pretty well. Please check:
http://www.allchemy.iq.usp.br **
To be a graduate student and involved in a research group. ** Willingness to work(and
intellectual honesty). ** If we speak about collaboration between University and industries in
different countries we must bear in mind that cultural differences is a barrier. For instance, the
speed of response for latins and saxons is different due to several factor. We do not have here in
Latin America the same facilities you have in US and Europe for buying chemicals or making
equipment maintenance. On the other hand, we have good students and scientistists. For the
industry I believe that they should think on making a collaboration to answer more fundamental
questions or to develop new technological concepts or strategies. I do not think that too short
term
goals would work well due to distance and differences in response rates
between industry and University, and in this case, from different nations
with different countries. For the University I think that the scientists
should bear in mind that the reality of their native country is different
from the reality of the industry`s contracting country. They should be
aware of the chemical scenario in the world and must have rapid acess to
the chemical literature through the internet (preferentially). Indeed, for
a rapid and efficient communication I think that a good access to the
internet is a requirement for such a collaboration. However, many places in
Latin America still have problems in accessing the internet. Finally, I
believe that scientists and students should be highly creatives and pursue
new answers and concepts for a determined problem. In my opinion, when a
203
foreign industry wish to collaborate with a University of a less developed
country they are searching for new and also simple ideas or solution for
their problems (new thoughts or new raw materials, etc). Therefore, I high
degree of creativity and a good knowledge of the chemical literature
together with an active scientific production is, in my opinion, the most
important skills for a scientist to succeed in such an international
collaboration. ** Computational, language, and interdisciplinary skills ** Solid background in
the discipline, fluent English, and evidence of past
achievements which stand out somehow. ** language skills and desire to succeed ** I believe:
scientific skills, knowledge of the language and culture and personal initiative. ** A general
answer to this question would also need some research. My personal experience is that my ability
to make calculations about biopeptides is being useful in a collaboration with an university in
Argentina. ** Speak Portuguese and English as their native language. Know the culture so as to
be trusted. ** To be a graduate student and involved in a research group. ** English language ,
computation[basic and advanced] ** Fluency of local language ** Previous involvment of the
student in aplied research. Comitment of the student's research group with industry. ** A good
formation in the specialties that could be requested. The
industry has been requesting solutions for the treatment or reuse of its
residues, due to the concern of the society to the atmosphere.Therefore,
the problems that need of solution they are very wide. ** To know portuguese or spanish is a
must (from the USA to Brazil). **
Brazil? What aspects of the chemical industry sector do you see as most
promising for industry / university collaboration?
Environmental Chemistry, Food processing and Medicinal chemistry. ** (1) When considering
local (Brazilian) industry, an important impediment to
such collaborations is the very long list of Brazilian government
regulations which inhibit founding / operation of small firms. Such
regulations are relaxed or waived for "outside" firms to act as an incentive
to invest in Brazil. The problem is the word "invest", usually considered
to mean "make as large a profit as quickly as possible". Thus, there is
little incentive for "outside" investment to make long term commitments,
204
which includes establishing meaningful collaborations with "local"
universities (or industry).
(2) Biodiversity is a very hot topic in Brazil at this moment. There are
two lines of thought: One is "the forest is ours, strangers keep out",
while the other would like to investigate the possibilities but realizes
that considerable investment is needed to do all the screening, etc. Up to
now, the multinationals which have shown interest in Brazilian biodiversity
have wanted all the benefits to accrue to them - and have ignored, or even
inhibited efforts by Brazilian university professors and their local
collaborators. This is an area which offers MANY possibilities, and one in
which Brazilian university professors have outstanding capabilities.
However, whatever contacts that have been made (of which I am aware) have
all been one-sided - "send me your extracts (for free, of course) and we'll
tell you if there is anything there". As everyone knows, synthesizing a
promising compound is usually more profitable than trying to obtain it by
extraction from natural products, so whatever interesting compounds that are
found in the extracts are "lost" to the multinational. This has created a
certain cynicism on the part of our Brazilian colleagues. ** issue is of great interest also to me I
took more than a few minutes to answer, so I could better reflect on several important points
raised by the questionaire. If you need other assistance in this or other related issue I will be glad
in helping you. I would appreciate you take a few minutes to visit the web-page of my research
group at (http://www.iq.ufrj.br/~cmota)
which has now an english version. ** answer: As I commented before, this kind of collaboration
in Brazil is still rare due to two major facts: most of the chemical industries in Brazil do not have
R&D centres and secondly because the brazilian entreprises still see R&D as a wasting of money
and not as an investment. In recent years the brazilian government has launched special
programs to incentivate the collaboration between University and industry. These programs are
going well, but the majority of the money involved come from the government, so there is little
risk for the industries. I participate in two (applying for a third one) of these programs, where I
keep the collaboration with Petrobras. The subject of research in those programs are not too
applied, but are of relevance to the industry and they are interested in.
Concerning the most promissing sectors for collaboration I think that
chances for a good success involving collaboration between
University/industry in Brazil and abroad are petroleum, petrochemical and
natural products. The first two fields have a long tradition to collaborate
with University and in Brazil I think that, specially petroleum chemistry
has a stronger tradition of collaborating with the University. Here with
the end of the monopoly by Petrobras, the sector is expect to expand and
large degree of competition is also expected. The petrochemical does not
have a stronger tradition of collaboration with Universities but may
improve or, at least, people working in petroleum process chemistry in
Universities could do a good interaction with petrochemical industries, as
both fields are related. Finally I think natural products is a sector whose
collaboration between industry and University can grow very much. Brazil is
a tropical country and has a big potential for discovering new chemicals
from plants and fruits. The sector still do not involve a large amount of
205
money but is highly specialized. ** The multi-national companies are very self suuficient
through their central research groups and prefer to import a key researcher than invest in local
talent. Our Brazilian companies on the other hand generally want immediate replies to very
simple technical questions without investing in qualified personnel, even at the technician's level
much less at the university level. They also seem to expect professional help for free as they pay
taxes which support our public universities. There are of course examples of successful
cooperation between more enlightened companies and some colleagues, although unfortunately
few and far between. My comments are not anonymous, as they have been expressed on many
occasions in public. ACS might like to suggest to the many American chemical companies
installed in Brazil that they can find local competence through our Brazilian Chemical Society
(Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica).
** The most positive aspect I see is that the room for expansion. The market is currently
retracted and many positions should be made available upon an
acceleration of Brazilian economy. ** Key sectors are: uses of biomass (e.g., Brazil uses alcohol
from sugar cane as fuel in cars, pure or mixed with gasoline), petroleum (exploration and
petrochemical industry), materials chemistry, environmental monitoring. ** Intermediate
chemical industry development ie at the coatings development stage as opposed to basic
chemicals production as an example. ** I'd like to point out that São Paulo State, has done an
excellent work in public funding, since Gov. Mário Covas assumed his position. FAPESP
(www.fapesp.br) its major funding institution, has changed its viewpoint, and now offers, for
example, grants for
industry-universities projects. I believe, in few years, we'll begin to
see the results of this initiative. Also, in the last 5 years, federal government has changed our
traditional politics, allowing a more free-market economy, liberalizing imports and other
important reforms, which I believe, has also changed the university's viewpoint. I guess, today,
many researches are likely to accept and try to work out with industries. Few years ago, since
there was no competition among industries, there was no interest in
impoving a product. Now, (slowly but consistently) the collaboarations
industry/university are begining to flourish. Also, since in the next
year, brazilian GDP is stimated to grow at least 4%, I believe, those
opportunities will become real. ** People see the Biotech enterprise as promising, because,
although it is almost non-existing, it is becoming increasingly important. Thank for the
opportunity to show my views. I am personally interested in this issue. ** extration of sea
products [ algae,salts,minerals] ** The University and the Association of Industries should form
o board of experts that would analize the main areas of common interest. ** Improving quality
and productivity. ** The current
denationalization of brazilian industry has had a devastating effect in its
fledging chemical industry. As a result a disproportionally large percentage
of chemists and chemical engineers ends up in the oil industry. Half of CRQ
(Rio de Janeiro Chemists Guild) affiliates belong to PETROBRAS, acording to
its latest bulletin. ** I know better the industries of Londrina- Paraná that are mainly in the
section of Foods, batteries, pesticides and textile. The one of pesticides, multinational, has its
doors closed for the exchange with
the university for the research development, even with the interest for
researchers of these university. The sections of Foods, as well as of
batteries it maintains a good contact that can come to establish
206
interesting relationships. ** Drugs development for tropical diseases ** There is a lot of room
for improvement in chemical processes towards implementation of environmental friendly
processes. I feel that this efforts are underway. The training in quality control, e.g. validation of
analytical methodologies, and the improvement of analytical industrial labs is also a must.
207
Funding Organizations with Interests in Brazil
Vitae, Apoio à Cultura, Educação e Promoçao Social
Rua Oscar Freire 379, 5 andar
01426-001 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Tel: +55-11-3061-5299; Fax: +55-11-883-6361
Regina Weinberg, Executive Director
Americas (AMERICAS) Program of the National Science Foundation
Ph: 703/306-1706;Fax: 703/306-0474
www.nsf.gov
Regional Coordinator:Harold Stolberg [email protected]
Central and South America (except Mexico, Brazil): Beverly [email protected]
Brazil: Susan Parris [email protected]
Brazil: Jean Barile [email protected]
Rockwell International Corporation Contributions Program
2201 Seal Beach Rd., Box 4250
Seal Beach , CA 90740
Purpose and Activities: Rockwell's giving priorities are: 1) Engineering/math/science education
at both the K-12 and post secondary levels. At the post secondary levels, major grants are
reserved for colleges/universities from which Rockwell has sucessfully recruited, schools whose
research programs are of interest, and schools which are sources of lifelong learning for
Rockwell employees. Lesser grants are awarded to schools in Rockwell communities. K-12
priorities include programs to improve educational delivery systems, to improve student
learning, and to upgrade the capabilites of math and science teachers in Rockwell communities;
and 2) Organizations which provide services in communities where Rockwell has facilities and
employees. These include a broad range of health, human service, civic, cultural, and United
Way organizations.
Highest Grant: $5,000 Lowest Grant: $36
In-Kind Amount: $512,058
Grantmaking Programs: ** Civic and Community: Grants are donated to organizations which
support community improvement, provide job training and placement, and which concentrate on
environmental conservation and ecology. ** Culture and the Arts: Contributions are directed to
museums, public radio and television, symphony orchestras, libraries, cultural and performing
arts organizations, and theaters for the performing arts, mainly in communities where the
company operates. ** Education: The company provides grants to colleges and universities with
large research programs as well as schools of interest to Rockwell International and schools from
which Rockwell recruits employees. Rockwell also supports organizations which improve
elementary and secondary school education in major facility communities. ** Health and Human
Services: Company grants focus on hospitals, medical centers, health organizations, community
208
service organizations, and youth groups. Recipients inlcude YMCA, YWCA, United Way, and
American Red Cross.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas where company has facilities internationally,
including Australia, Brazil, Canada, China/Hong Kong, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, and
the United Kingdom.
Program Limitations: No support for religious organizations for religious purposes or
non-501(c)(3) organizations.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals.
Staff: 4
Application Information: The company has a staff that only handles giving. Requests from
organizations which provide services in communities where Rockwell has a presence should be
sent to the manager of the nearest local Rockwell facility. Application form not required. Initial
approach: Proposal to nearest company facility. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s): None. Board
meeting date(s): Monthly. Final notification: 2 months.
Write: William R. Fitz
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Continuing support; Capital campaigns;
Building/renovation; Equipment; Endowments; Program development; Conferences/seminars;
Curriculum development; Fellowship funds; Scholarship funds; Research; Employee matching
gifts; Donated equipment; Donated products; Humanities; Arts/cultural programs;
Elementary/secondary education; Higher education; Engineering school/education; Education;
Health care; Health organizations; Human services; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services;
International economic development; Federated giving programs; Mathematics; Engineering &
technology; Engineering; Science; Government/public administration; Minorities; Canada;
France; United Kingdom; Germany; Mexico; Brazil; China; Japan; Hong Kong; Australia;
Community development; Employment; Natural resource conservation & protection;
Environment; Secondary school/education; Early childhood education; Youth, services;
Hospitals (general); Health associations
Damien Foundation
Russ Bldg.
235 Montgomery St., Ste. 1120
San Francisco , CA 94104
(415) 421-7555
Purpose and Activities: "The foundation's aim is to empower those whose vision for humanity
and the planet is democratic, fair and environmentally sound. The foundation supports grassroots
organizations and projects whose work reflects compassion, consciousness and commitment. The
foundation takes an international approach to grantmaking, awarding many of its grants in South
America, especially in Brazil. The planet's delicate ecological situation is a challenge to which
the foundation responds by directing a significant portion of our grants to environmental
projects, particularly those that help raise awareness of the complex issues involved. Projects
organized by women or that evoke women's transformative potential are encouraged.
Communities that nurture the social, psychological and spiritual dimensions of the individual are
favored."
Total Giving: $76,900
Grants Amount: $76,900 Number of Grants: 6
209
Highest Grant: $30,000 Lowest Grant: $1,548
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, with emphasis on Brazil;
giving also in Europe.
Officers and Trustee:* Tara Lamont*, Pres.; Mark Rabine, Secy.; Humberto Mafra, Treas. and
Exec. Dir.
Application Information: Application form not required. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s):
None. Board meeting date(s): Varies.
Write: Mark Rabine, Secy.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Program development; Natural resource conservation
& protection; Environment; Women, centers & services; Psychology/behavioral science;
Women; South America; Brazil
Brazilian Association of Technological Research Institutions
Address:
SCLN 109 bloco C
Tel: +55-61-3403277
salas 202-204
Fax: +55-61-2733600
Brasilia, 70752-530
Home page: http://www.abipti.org.br
In-Charge: Mr. Lynaldo de Albuquerque, Executive Director
Contact with WAITRO: Mr. Lynaldo de Albuquerque, Executive Director
History
ABIPTI is a non-governmental organization created in 1984. It represents the Brazilian research
community, linking about sixty of the main technological research institutes all over the country.
Objectives
ABIPTI's objective is to co-ordinate, harmonize and diffuse the results of the governmental and
non-governmental technological research institutes. It represents the Brazilian research institutes.
Fields of Interest: Basic Industries Technologies (TIB), quality, metrology, science and
technology information, science and technology management, standardization, productivity.
Consultancy and training: ABIPTI offers seminars, courses and studies in the same area of
interest as the associated institutes. ABIPTI has also provided consultancy services to some
Brazilian universities and small industries, a technological information centre called CAICT and
210
also an international department with the objective to provide international technical cooperation.
Publications
The Brazilian Lateness in the Field of Scientific and Technological Development; Science,
Technology, Society, Development and National Power; Scientific and Technological Policy;
The Inter-Regional Economic Imbalance: Science Technology and Region.
Technological institutions management, research evaluation, new areas of technical
development, and international technical co-operation.
Quality control in the research institutes, the role of research institutes in the nineties, territorial
management, international technical co-operation.
Technological Center Foundation of Minas Gerais
Address:
Av. José Cândidi da Silveira,
Tel: +55-31-4892000
2000 aixa Postal 2306
Fax: +55-31-4862200
Horto 31170-000 Belo Horizonte
Minas Gerais
In-Charge:
Contact with WAITRO: Dr. Evando Mirra de Paula e Silva, President
History
The Technological Center Foundation of Minas Gerais is a non-profit foundation created in
March 1972. After January 1977, upon the creation of the State Secretariat for Science and
Technology, CETEC became one of its affiliated institutions and the major objectives of the
Institute are to assist the mining industry. Besides being an accredited executive institution to
carry out parts of the Basic Plan of Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil, CETEC
also provides technological assistance to the local industries.
Objectives
To study and solve technological problems arising from or related to the productive system.
Fields of Interest: Applied sciences, engineering, techno-economic and social studies,
productivity studies, industrial engineering.
211
Pilot plant operations, technical information, performance testing, standardization and quality
control, library.
Publications
CETEC issues periodicals.
Applied sciences, engineering, food technology, metallurgy, etc.
Training, seminars, workshops.
National Institute of Technology
Address:
Av. Venezuela
Tel: +55-21-2233166
20.081-310 RJ
Fax: +55-21-2636552
82 Rio de Janeiro
In-Charge: Ing. Alfredo Octavio Russo,
Contact with WAITRO: Mr. Caetano Moraes, Sub-Director
History
INTI is an autonomous organization within the Ministry of Industry created in 1957 to assist
industry in solving the technological, training and management problems arising from its
development and operation. This assistance is given to industry in the form of applied technical
research, testing and investigation, courses, lectures, symposia, etc., carried out at their main
laboratories or through the research centres of the INTI System.
Objectives
To assist industry in solving the technological, training and managerial problems arising from its
development and operation.
Fields of Interest: Food technology, leather, paper and textile technologies, rubber technology,
metrology, materials behaviour and testing (fatigue, creep, fracture, testing, etc.) and quality
control.
212
Basic and applied research, development, pilot plant operations, industrial implementation of
research
results.
Publications
A quarterly review and a weekly bulletin.
In areas of R&Dactivity
Seminars, workshops.
Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Pulo
(Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S.A.)
Address:
International Relations Division
Tel: +55-11-2682211
Cidade Universitária "Armando de
Salles Oliveira"
Fax: +55-11-8195730
P.O.Box 0141
São Paulo - SP
In-Charge: Dr. Plinio Assmann, Superintendent Director
Contact with WAITRO: Dr. Plinio Assmann, Superintendent Director
History
IPT was founded in 1899 as the Strength of Materials Bureau of the Escola Politécnica of São
Paulo. In 1931 it became officially the laboratory for Materials Testing and in 1934 when it
acquired its present name, it became an institute annex to the University of São Paulo. In 1944 it
became an independent institute and in 1976 it was restructured as a state-owned, non-profit
public corporation. As the result of an administrative reorganization, IPT´s technical activities
are currently developed under eight technical divisions.
Objectives
To provide for the demand of science and technology of the public and private sectors in its areas
of specialization, and to contribute to the development of science and technology.
Fields of Interest: Civil engineering, economics and systems engineering, geology, mechanics
and electricity, metallurgy, forest products, chemistry and transportation technology.
213
Training, systems of metrology and industrial standards, documentation centre and protection of
patents, testing and analyses, technological development, data banks (Dialogue).
Publications
Technical bulletins, technical communications, manuals, textbooks, congress proceedings.
Technology transfer, linkages, contracts, training, seminars.
Training, seminars, workshops.
214
For More Information on Brazil
(source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/brazil.html)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/brazil.html
EIA - Historical Energy Data on Brazil
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/sumt.html
Summit of the Americas Fact Sheet<br>
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html
CIA World Factbook - Brazil
http://travel.state.gov/brazil.html
U.S. State Department's Consular Information Sheet - Brazil
http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/brazil_0398_bgn.html
U.S. State Department's Background Notes on Brazil (March 1998)
http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/brazover.html
U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy's Overview of Brazil
http://www.embaixada-americana.org.br/
U.S Embassy in Brazil
http://www.brazil-round2.com/
Results of Brazil's Second Licensing Round
http://www.brasil.emb.nw.dc.us/
Brazilian Embassy in the United States
http://www.petrobras.com.br
Petrobras
http://www.embratel.net.br/infoserv/eletrobr/emenu.htm
Eletrobras
http://www.latinworld.com/sur/brasil/
LatinWorld's section on Brazil
http://www.natlaw.com/brazil/brazil.htm
National Law Center InterAm Database -- Brazil
http://www.lanic.utexas.edu/la/brazil/
LANIC -- Brazil
http://www.ecen.com/eee13/ecen13e.htm
Economy & Energy, Brazil
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/samerica/br.htm
WorldAtlas, Brazil
http://www.ibp.org.br/indibpi.htm
Brazilian Petroleum Institute
http://www.brazilcalifornia.com/
Briefing.htm Brazil Economic Briefing by the Brazilian Embassy in Washington, DC
http://www-ioa.ucsd.edu/sectors/energy.htm
Institute of the Americas
215
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors - Chile
216
National Overview – Chile
(Source: World Factbook, 1999)
Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific
Ocean, between Argentina and Peru
Area:
total: 756,950 sq km
land: 748,800 sq km
water: 8,150 sq km
note: includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez
Area—comparative: slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana
Land boundaries:
total: 6,171 km
border countries: Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km
Coastline: 6,435 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate: temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south
Terrain: low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,962 m
Natural resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
Land use:
arable land: 5%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 55% (1993 est.)
217
Natural hazards: severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis
Environment—current issues: air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution
from raw sewage; deforestation contributing to loss of biodiversity; soil erosion; desertification
Environment—international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements
Geography—note: strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Atacama Desert is one of world's driest
regions
People
Age structure:
65 years and over: 7% (male 426,924; female 603,275) (July 1998 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
male: 72.01 years
218
Nationality:
noun: Chilean(s)
adjective: Chilean
Ethnic groups: white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
Religions: Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish
Languages: Spanish
Literacy:
male: 95.4%
female: 95% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Chile
conventional short form: Chile
local long form: Republica de Chile
local short form: Chile
Data code: CI
National capital: Santiago
Administrative divisions: 13 regions (regiones, singular—region); Aisen del General Carlos
Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador General
Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region
Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Independence: 18 September 1810 (from Spain)
Constitution: 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989
Legal system: based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced
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by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ricardo Lagos (Jan 2000); note—the president is
both the chief of state and head of government head of government; elected by popular vote for a
six-year term; election results: Lagos (Concertacion Party – coalition of socialists and Christian
Democrats) 51.3%.
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or
Senado (48 seats, 38 elected by popular vote; members serve eight-year terms—one-half elected
every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate—last held 11 December 1997
(next to be held NA December 2001); Chamber of Deputies—last held 11 December 1997 (next
to be held NA December 2001) election results: Senate—percent of vote by party—NA; seats by
party—Coalition of Parties for Democracy 20 (PDC 14, PS 4, PPD 2), Union for the Progress of
Chile 17 (RN 7, UDI 10), independent 10; Chamber of Deputies—percent of vote by party—
Coalition of Parties for Democracy 50.55% (PDC 22.98%, PS 11.10%, PPD 12.55%, PRSD
3.13%), Union for the Progress of Chile 36.23% (RN 16.78%, UDI 14.43%); seats by party—
Coalition of Parties for Democracy 70 (PDC 39, PPD 16, PRSD 4, PS 11), Union for the
Progress of Chile 46 (RN 24, UDI 21, Party of the South 1), right-wing independents 4
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), judges are appointed by the president and
ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; the president of the
Supreme Court is elected by the 21-member court
Political parties and leaders: Coalition of Parties for Democracy or CPD consists mainly of:
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Enrique KRAUSS]; Socialist Party or PS [Camilo
ESCALONA]; Party for Democracy or PPD [Sergio BITAR]; Radical Social Democratic Party
or PRSD [Anselmo SULE]; Union for the Progress of Chile or UPP consists mainly of two
parties: National Renewal or RN [Alberto ESPINA]; Independent Democratic Union or UDI
[Jovino NOVOA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: revitalized university student federations at all major
universities; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest
labor confederations; Roman Catholic Church
International organization participation: APEC, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA,
RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNU,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Andres BIANCHI
chancery: 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1746
FAX: [1] (202) 887-5579
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
chief of mission: Ambassador John O’Leary
embassy: Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Santiago
mailing address: APO AA 34033
telephone: [56] (2) 232-2600
FAX: [56] (2) 330-3710
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the
same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white
five-pointed star in the center; design was based on the US flag
Economy
Economy—overview: Chile has a prosperous, essentially free market economy. Civilian
governments - which took over from the military in March 1990—have continued to reduce the
government's role in the economy while shifting the emphasis of public spending toward social
programs. Growth in real GDP averaged more than 7.0% in 1991-1997, and inflation is nearing a
40-year low. Chile's currency and foreign reserves also are strong, as sustained foreign capital
inflows—including significant direct investment—have more than offset current account deficits
and public debt buybacks. President FREI, who took office in March 1994, has placed improving
Chile's education system and developing foreign export markets at the top of his economic
agenda. Despite this progress, the Chilean economy remains largely dependent on a few
sectors—particularly copper mining, fishing, and forestry. Success in meeting the government's
goal of sustained annual economic growth of 5% depends largely on world prices for these
commodities, continued foreign investor confidence, and the government's ability to maintain a
conservative fiscal stance. In 1996, Chile became an associate member of Mercosur and
concluded a Free Trade Agreement with Canada.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$168.5 billion (1997 est.)
GDP—real growth rate: 7.1% (1997 est.)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$11,600 (1997 est.)
agriculture: 8%
industry: 33%
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Inflation rate—consumer price index: 6% (1997)
Labor force:
total: 5.7 million (1997 est.)
by occupation: services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%,
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4% (1990)
Unemployment rate: 6.1% (1997)
Budget:
Industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood
products, transport equipment, cement, textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 4.2% (1997)
Agriculture—products: wheat, corn, grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, fruit; beef, poultry,
wool; timber; 1991 fish catch of 6.6 million metric tons
Exports:
commodities: copper 37%, other metals and minerals 8.2%, wood products 7.1%, fish and
fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1994)
partners: EU 25%, US 15%, Asia 34%, Latin America 20% (1995 est.)
Imports:
commodities: capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials 15.4%, petroleum 10%,
foodstuffs 5.7% (1994)
partners: EU 18%, US 25%, Asia 16%, Latin America 26% (1995 est.)
Debt—external: $26.7 billion (1997 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $50.3 million (1996 est.)
Currency: 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos
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Exchange rates: Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1—452.60 (January 1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27
(1996), 396.78 (1995), 420.08 (1994), 404.35 (1993)
Communications
Telephones: 1.5 million (1994 est.)
Telephone system: modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations
international: satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radios: NA
Transportation
Railways:
total: 6,782 km
broad gauge: 3,743 km 1.676-m gauge (1,653 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 116 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,923 km 1.000-m gauge (40 km electrified) (1995)
Highways:
total: 79,800 km
paved: 11,012 km
unpaved: 68,788 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km
Ports and harbors: Antofagasta, Arica, Chanaral, Coquimbo, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta
Arenas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Talcahuano, Valparaiso
Merchant marine:
ships by type: bulk 12, cargo 9, chemical tanker 4, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker
4, passenger 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, vehicle carrier 2 (1997 est.)
Airports: 380 (1997 est.)
223
total: 52
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 18
under 914 m: 6 (1997 est.)
total: 328
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 74
under 914 m: 234 (1997 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army of the Nation, National Navy (includes Naval Air, Coast Guard, and
Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), Investigations Police
males age 15-49: 3,919,465 (1998 est.)
males: 2,909,927 (1998 est.)
males: 128,442 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $2.8 billion (1997); note—includes earnings from
CODELCO Company; probably includes costs of pensions and internal security
Internet in Chile: Basic Statistics (1998/1999)
Telephones per 1000 Inhabitants: 156
Newspapers per 1000 Inhabitants: 100
Disputes—international: short section of the southeastern boundary with Argentina is indefinite;
Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was
lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial claim in
Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims
224
Illicit drugs: a minor transshipment country for cocaine destined for the US and Europe;
booming economy has made it more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits
225
U.S. and Country Contacts – Chile
Country Government Agencies
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores
(Ministry of Foreign Relations)
Catedral 1158, Piso 3; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 696-3567
Fax: (56-2) 696-2165; 696-0924
Ministerio de Hacienda
(Ministry of Finance)
Teatinos 120, Piso 12, Oficina 32; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-0706
Fax: (56-2) 671-6479
Ministerio de Economia, Fomento y Reconstruccion
(Ministry of Economy)
Teatinos 120, Piso 10; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 698-3115 672-5164
Fax: (56-2) 698-9476
Ministerio de Trabajo y Prevision Social
(Ministry of Labor and Social Security)
Huerfanos 1273, Piso 6; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-6443 696-4654
Fax: (56-2) 671-6539
Ministerio de Obras Publicas
(Ministry of Public Works)
Morande 59, Piso 6; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 361-2777 361-2776
Fax: (56-2) 672-5281
Ministerio de Salud Publica
(Ministry of Public Health)
Mac Iver 541, Piso 3; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 639-4084 639-4001
Fax: (56-2) 632-2405
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo
(Ministry of Housing and Urban Development)
226
Alameda Bdo. O'Higgins 924, Piso 6; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 639-8267
Fax: (56-2) 633-3892
Ministerio de Agricultura
(Ministry of Agriculture)
Tel: (56-2) 696-5896 696-4496
Fax: (56-2) 671-6500
Ministerio de Mineria
(Ministry of Mines)
Teatinos 120; Piso 9, Oficina 5; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 696-1544 696-5872 698-9865
Fax: (56-2) 698-9262
Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones
(Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications)
Amunategui 139, Piso 3; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 672-6503 ext. 2302
Fax: (56-2) 672-4531
Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales
(Ministry of National Property)
Juan Antonio Rios 6; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 633-9305
Fax: (56-2) 633-6521
Government-Related Agencies
Comision Nacional de Energia
(National Energy Commission)
Tel: (56-2) 365-6800
Fax: (56-2) 365-6834
Superintendencia de Electricidad y Combustibles
(Superintendency of Electricity and Fuel)
Tel: (56-2) 696-4226, Ext. 306
Fax: (56-2) 672-7708
Centro de Investigacion Minera y Metalurgica (CIMM)
227
(Mining and Metallurgy Research Center)
Parque Antonio Rabat 6500, Vitacura; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 218-4311 242-7446
Fax: (56-2) 208-3991
Comision Chilena de Energia Nuclear
(Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission)
Amunategui 95; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 699-0070
Fax: (56-2) 699-1618
Corporacion Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO)
(National Copper Corporation)
Huerfanos 1270; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 690-3221 690-3238
Fax: (56-2) 690-3288
Empresa Nacional del Carbon S.A. (ENACAR)
(State Coal Producing Enterprise)
Ismael Valdes Vergara 670, Of. 701; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 664-2830
Fax: (56-2) 664-2835
Empresa Nacional del Petroleo (ENAP)
(State Oil and Gas Producing Enterprise)
Ahumada 341, Piso 3; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 280-3000
Fax: (56-2) 638-0164
Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (SERNAGEOMIN)
(National Geological and Mining Agency)
Santa Maria 0104, Providencia; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 737-5050
Fax: (56-2) 737-2026
Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion
(National Development Corporation)
Moneda 921, Piso 8, Oficina 809; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 631-8200
Fax: (56-2) 638-4003
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Comite de Inversiones Extranjeras
(Foreign Investment Committee)
Tel: (56-2) 698-4254
Fax: (56-2) 698-9476
Banco del Estado
(State Bank of Chile)
Alameda Bdo. O'Higgins 1111; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 670-7000
Fax: (56-2) 670-5711
Servicio de Impuestos Internos
(Internal Tax Service)
Tel: (56-2) 692-1600
Fax: (56-2) 692-1669
Homepage: http:\\www.sii.cl
Servicio Nacional de Aduanas
(National Customs Service)
Plaza Sotomayor 60; Valparaiso, Chile
Tel: (56-32) 20-0500
Fax: (56-32) 23-0591
Beaucheff 1525; Santiago, Chile
Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras
(Superintendency of Banks and Financial Institutions)
Moneda 1123, Piso 6; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 699-0072
Fax: (56-2) 671-1654
Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros
(Superintendency of Securities and Insurance)
Tel: (56-2) 696-2194
Fax: (56-2) 698-7425
Direccion de Promocion de Exportaciones -- PROCHILE
(Export Promotion Agency)
Alameda Bdo. O'Higgins 1315; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 696-0043
Fax: (56-2) 696-0639
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Superintendencia de Administradoras de Fondos de
Pensiones
(Pension Fund Administration)
Huerfanos 1273, Piso 2; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-6074
Fax: (56-2) 698-5305
Banco Central
(Central Bank)
Agustinas 1180; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 670-2000
Fax: (56-2) 697-2271
Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA)
(National Environmental Commission)
Obispo Donoso 6; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 240-5600
Fax: (56-2) 244-1262
Corporacion Nacional Forestal (CONAF)
(National Forestry Commission)
Avda. Bulnes 285, Piso 5, Oficina 501; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 696-6677
Fax: (56-2) 671-5881
Servicio Agricola y Ganadero (SAG)
(Agriculture and Livestock Service)
Bulnes 140, Piso 8; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-2323
Fax: (56-2) 672-1812
Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agricolas (ODEPA)
(Office of Agricultural Policies and Studies)
Tel: (56-2) 696-0671 696-3241
Fax: (56-2) 671-0953
Servicio Nacional de Pesca
(National Fisheries Service)
Yungay 1731, Piso 4; Valparaiso, Chile
Tel: (56-32) 21-7390
Fax: (56-32) 25-9564
230
Servicio Nacional de Turismo (SERNATUR)
(National Tourism Service)
Providencia 1550; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 236-1420
Fax: (56-2) 236-1417
Ministerio de Obras Publicas, Depto. Concesiones
(Ministry of Public Works, Concessions Dept.)
Merced 753, Piso 9; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 361-3602
Fax: (56-2) 639-0233
Direccion General de Obras Publicas
(General Directorate of Public Works)
Morande 59, Piso 3; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 672-7989
Fax: (56-2) 672-7989
Superintendencia de Obras Sanitarias
(Superintendency of Sanitary Works)
Moneda 673, Piso 7; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 382-4000
Fax: (56-2) 382-4003
Servicio de Salud Metropolitano del Ambiente
(Metropolitan Environmental Service)
Bulnes 175, Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 699-3339 671-4304
Fax: (56-2) 699-3339
Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado (FFCC del E)
(Chilean State Railways)
Alameda Bdo. O'Higgins 3322, Piso 3; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 335-5980
Fax: (56-2) 335-5970
Empresa Portuaria de Chile (EMPORCHI)
(Chilean Ports Management Company)
Blanco 839; Valparaiso, Chile
Tel: (56-32) 257-167
Fax: (56-32) 256-189
231
Miraflores 222; Santiago
Tel: (56-2) 632-5252
Direccion General de Aeronautica Civil
(Civil Aviation Administration)
Avda. Miguel Claro 1314; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 205-2092
Fax: (56-2) 209-5000
Junta de Aeronautica Civil
(Civil Aviation Commission)
Amunategui 139, Piso 7; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 698-5594
Fax: (56-2) 698-3148
Country Trade Associations/Chambers of Commerce
Empresa Chilena de Empresas de Turismo (ACHET)
(Chilean Association of Chilean Tourism Agencies)
Moneda 973, Oficina 647; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 699-2140 696-5677
Fax: (56-2) 699-4245
Corporacion Chilena de la Madera (CORMA)
(National Wood Corporation)
Agustinas 814, Oficina 407; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 638-4194
Fax: (56-2) 639-7485
Federacion de Productores de Fruta de Chile (FEDEFRUTA)
(National Fruit Producers' Association)
San Antonio 220, Oficina 301; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 632-5274
Fax: (56-2) 632-7327
Asociacion Chilena de Empresas Mayoristas y
Representantes de
Turismo (ACHMART)
Antonio Bellet 77, Oficina 1004; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 235-2177
Fax: (56-2) 244-3325
Asociacion de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras
232
(Banks and Financial Institutions Association)
Ahumada 179, Piso 12; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-7149
Fax: (56-2) 698-8945
Asociacion de Distribuidores de Combustibles de Chile
(National Fuel Distributors Association)
Miguel Claro 1431, Oficina 101, Providencia; Santiago,
Chile
Tel: (56-2) 205-5456 204-1495
Fax: (56-2) 204-1495
Asociacion de Distribuidores de Software
San Sebastian 2839, Oficina 605, Las Condes; Santiago,
Chile
Tel: (56-2) 246-3630
Fax: (56-2) 246-3867
Asociacion de Empresas de Servicio Publico
(Public Utility Companies Association)
Andres Bello 1051, Oficina 2001, Providencia; Santiago,
Chile
Tel: (56-2) 235-7374 236-1204
Fax: (56-2) 235-7374
Asociacion de Industrias Metalurgicas y Metalmecanicas
(ASIMET)
(Metallurgic and Metalmechanic Industries Association)
Av. Andres Bello 2777, Piso 4; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 203-3002
Fax: (56-2) 203-3025
Asociacion de Productores y Representantes de Productos
Lubricantes (ASOLUB)
(Lubricant Producers and Representatives Association)
Providencia 2601, Oficina 11; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 231-7406
Fax: (56-2) 231-7406
Asociacion Gremial de Corredores de Propiedades y
Promotores de la Construccion (ACOP)
(Association of Real States and Construction Promoters)
Providencia 2008-A, Piso 2; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 366-0414
Fax: (56-2) 233-5110
233
Asociacion Gremial de Empresarios Hoteleros de Chile
(Metropolitan Area Hoteliers Association)
V. Subercaseaux 41, Of. 102; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 639-7600
Fax: (56-2) 638-7651
Asociacion Gremial de Industriales Quimicos (ASIQUIM)
(Chemical Industry Association)
Av. Andres Bello 2777, Of. 501; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 203-3350
Fax: (56-2) 203-3351
Asociacion Gremial de la Mediana y Pequena Industria de
Chile
(AMPICH)
(Chilean Small- and Mid-Size Industry Association)
Republica 371; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 689-6363
Fax: (56-2) 689-4260
Asociacion Gremial de Medianos y Pequenos Industriales
Metalurgicos (CORMETAL)
(Small- and Mid-size Metallurgic Industry Association)
Ejercito 426; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-4150 697-1933
Fax: (56-2) 671-0873
Asociacion Gremial Nacional de Duenos de Establecimientos
Comerciales (SIDECO)
(National Association of Commercial Establishment Owners)
Huerfanos 779, Of. 801; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 633-1108 633-1109
Fax: (56-2) 632-5698
Asociacion Nacional de Importadores
(National Association of Importers)
Santa Lucia 302, Piso 5; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 639-7859
Fax: (56-2) 639-7859
Asociacion de Exportadores de Chile
(Chilean Exporters Association)
Cruz del Sur 133, Piso 2; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 206-6604 206-4163
234
Fax: (56-2) 206-4163
Camara Chilena de la Construccion
(Chilean Construction Chamber)
Marchant Pereira 10, Piso 3, Providencia; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 233-1131
Fax: (56-2) 232-7600
Chilean-American Chamber of Commerce (AMCHAM)
Americo Vespucio Sur 80, Piso 9; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 290-9700
Fax: (56-2) 206-0911
Camara de Comercio de Santiago
(Santiago Chamber of Commerce)
Santa Lucia 302; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 360-7000
Fax: (56-2) 633-3395
Camara Nacional de Comercio, Servicio y Turismo de Chile
(National Chamber of Commerce, Services and Tourism)
Merced 230; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 365-4000
Fax: (56-2) 365-4001
Instituto Textil de Chile
(Chilean Textile Institute)
Av. Andres Bello 2777, Oficina 502; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 203-3056 203-3057
Fax: (56-2) 203-3059
Asociacion de Franchising de Chile (AFICH)
(Chilean Franchising Association)
Merced 230; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 336-3622 264-9128
Fax: (56-2) 264-9134
Web page: www.emprendedores.cl
Sociedad de Fomento Fabril (SOFOFA)
(Chilean Industrial Society)
Av. Andres Bello 2777, Piso 3, Edificio de la Industria,
235
Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 203-3100, 203-3142
Fax: (56-2) 203-3101, 203-3141
Visit USA Committee Chile
Zurich 221, Of. 13
Tel: (56-2) 342-1634
Fax: (56-2) 202-1523
Web page: www.gw.cl./visitusa
World Trade Center
Nueva Tajamar 481, Oficina 101; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 339-7000
Fax: (56-2) 339-7001
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Chemically Related Industry and Trade – Chile
Highlights
♦ Last year Chile generated US$ 1.6 billion in chemical industry sales.
♦ Chemical companies employ more than 12,000 people in the country.
♦ The Chilean chemical industry represents more than 4% of the country’s GNP and 14% of its
manufacturing GNP.
♦ Chile’s highest production volume chemical is sulfuric acid – which is largely produced and
consumed by the country’s huge copper refining industry.
♦ Of the US$1.6 billion in Chilean chemicals sold last year, US$775 million worth was
exported, led by iodine, methanol, and potassium nitrate.
♦ Europe is Chile’s largest chemical export destination (EU 25%, US 15%, Asia 34%, Latin
America 20%)
♦ Chile’s chemical imports were valued at US$1.3 billion last year with the largest category
being organic colorants (Imports: EU 18%, US 25%, Asia 16%, Latin America 26%)
♦ Chile’s Escondida mine is the world’s largest privately held copper supplier, producing an
estimated 800,000 metric tons per year.
♦ Chile produces 4+ mt of copper each year out of a world production of 10mt.
♦ Asia is Chile’s main market for copper accounting for 42% of exports with Japan alone
buying 23% of Chile copper exports.
♦ With 59 pharmaceutical companies based in the country, Chile has one of the most robust
pharmaceutical industries in South America. Thirty nine are Chilean owned (including
market leader Laboratorio Chile), 15 European and 8 North American manufactures.
US Trade with Chile 1995 –
2000
source: www.ita.doc.gov
U.S. Trade by Commodity with Chile
(Millions of Dollars; Total Exports and Imports
SIT rev 3 Commodity
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
C
_________ EXPORTS _________
143 101
97
105
132
91
23
31
26
13
12
7
125
94
90
75
55
56
3 Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials
71 134
154
46
50
86
4 Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes
7
5
2
8
1
2
458 489
492
466
370
422
6 Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By
346 373
473
372
234
240
Material
2,004 2,418 2,468 2,379 1,733 2054
237
9 Commodities & Transactions Not Classified
Elsewher
.
TOTAL
279
156
326
161
394
180
357
166
328
163
335
160
3,613 4,132 4,375 3,985 3,079 3455
Chemical Products in Top 20 US Export
Commodities to Chile
523 Metallic
1995 1996
28
40
Salts And Peroxysalts Of Inorganic Acids
1995 1996
_________ IMPORTS _________
3 Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials
4 Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes
6 Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By
Material
9 Commodities & Transactions Not Classified
Elsewher
. TOTAL
Chemical Products in Top 20 US Import
Commodities to Chile
522 Inorganic Chemical Elements
512 Alcohols, Phenols & Halogenated Derivatives
523 Metallic Salts And Peroxysalts Of Inorganic Acids
238
1997
1997
48
1998
1998
39
1999
2000
699
55
362
24
1
90
431
896
105
353
16
0
89
548
884
136
394
9
0
118
555
977 1,111 1,327
125
118
137
484
476
418
22
25
75
0
0
.20
160
168
186
475
773
800
8
98
164
11
85
152
12
79
110
18
77
115
23
78
162
1999
39
23
94
169
1,931 2,256 2,299 2,453 2,936 3,228
1995 1996
33
6
25
45
4
18
1997
1998
1999
70
11
16
78
34
22
68
46
27
Chemically Related Industry Case Studies – Chile
(Source: www.cosmos.com.mx and corporate websites)
SQM Nitratos S.A.
Miraflores 222, Piso 10
Santiago, Chile
Telephone (56 2) 632-6888
Fax (56 2) 632-3249
SQM is the world's largest producer of natural Nitrates 900,000 metric tons/year; the world's
largest Iodine producer 4,500 metric tons/year; and Chile's largest Sulfate producer 50,000
metric tons/year. The company was established in 1968, is publicly traded in the NYSE (Ticker :
SQM) and in the Santiago Stock Exchange. SQM sells its products to over 60 countries through
its worldwide distribution network.
Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile S.A. (SQM) derives its revenues from the chemical and
mining industries. SQM is one of the largest companies in Chile and is the world's only
producer of natural nitrates and is also one of the world's largest producers of iodine. SQM has
affiliated companies and agencies operating in 75 countries. The company was awarded the ISO
9003 quality certificate for its iodine products. Sale of fertilizer accounted for 51% of 1997
revenues; iodine and by-products, 24%; industrial chemicals products, 14% and other sales,
11%. Chairman:J. PONCE LEROU Vice-Chairman: P. DE SOLMINIHAC TAMPIER
Chief Executive Officer: P. CONTESSE GONZALEZ Sales/Revs 1998: 515,980,337
SQM, a world leader in specialty fertilizers, posted a 2000 net profit of $27.1 million, down from
$48.0 million in 1999. Sales last year totaled $501.8 million, 80 percent of which came from
exports
239
Higher Education – Chile
(Source: World of Learning, 1996, Relaq)
Higher Education System
Structure of system
Higher education is provided by universities and professional institutes. Planning and
development strategies for post-secondary education are the responsibility of the Ministry of
Education. The main coordinating body is the Consejo de Rectores de Universidades Chilenas,
presided over by the Minister of Education. The oldest universities and institutos profesionales
enjoy academic autonomy. The creation of new private universities, however, is subject to
authorization from the Ministries of Internal Affairs and of Education. They are also subject to
academic control by an older university, which must approve study plans and curricula and
organize and supervise examinations for students who follow studies to obtain an academic
degree or a professional qualification. The same provision is valid for the new institutos
profesionales. Higher education is not free. Students with limited resources may have access to a
system of crédito fiscal universitario, which is allocated to universities in proportion to the
number of disadvantaged students enrolled. New private universities and institutos
profesionales are not entitled to this.
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD PUBLICA
Translation: PUBLIC UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA
Translation: PRIVATE UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: INSTITUTO PROFESIONAL
Translation: PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTE
Name of law/decree: Decreto con fuerza de ley no 3541, no.1
Date: 30 December, 1980
Institution type: universities
Name of body: Consejo de Rectores de Universidades Chilenas
Role: Coordinates higher education
Address:
P.O. Box: 14798
Street: Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 1371, piso 4o
City: Santiago
Telephone: 56-2-696-4286
Fax: 56-2-698-8436
Name of body: Ministry of Education
Role: Develops strategies for post-secondary education and authorizes the creation of
private universities.
Street: Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 1371
City: Santiago
Telephone: 56-2-671-0292
Fax: 56-2-671-6164
240
Academic year: Classes start: March Classes end: December
241
Key Trends in Higher
Education - Chile
Today, universities offer over 3,000 different courses. Most courses remain geared to
professional qualifications, imparting knowledge rather than broader skills. Mid-stream changes
of course are virtually impossible.
The state-supported University of Chile, the country’s largest, has introduced an initial two-year
syllabus common to all students.
242
Chemical Science Faculties – Chile
(Source: Relaq, university websites, 1999)
Universidades en Chile con Carreras en Química
•Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Santiago
Facultad de Química
Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul
Tel: (562) 552-2375, anexo 4410
Fax: (562) 552-5692
Química
Química y Farmacia
Magíster en Ciencias Exactas con mención en Química
Doctorado en Ciencias Exactas con mención en Química
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 340
Tel: (562) 222-4516, anexos 2819, 2820, 2821
Fax: (562) 222-5515
Bioquímica
Magíster Bioquímica
Universidad Austral de Chile
Area de Ciencias Básicas
Lic. en Ciencias Farmacéuticas
Bioquímica
•Universidad Católica del Norte
Avenida Angamos 0610
Antofagasta, Chile
Tel/Fax: 56-55-241-756
Tel: 56-55-244-872
Fax: 56-55-240-319
Química con mención en Metalurgia Extractiva
243
Química con mención en Medio Ambiente
Analista Químico
•Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (UCV)
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Matemáticas
Av. Brasil Nº 2950, Valparaíso
Fono: (56) (32) 273100
Fax: (56) (32) 273397
Licenciatura en Bioquímica
Licenciatura en Química Industrial
Magister en Ciencias con mención en Química
Doctorado en Ciencias con mención en Química
Facultad de Ingeniería
Escuela de Ingeniería Química
Av. Brasil Nº 2147,Valparaíso
Tel: (56) (32) 273720
Fax: (56) (32) 273807
Ingeniería Civil Química
Magister en Ciencias de la Ingeniería con mención en Ingeniería Química
•Universidad de Chile
Santiago
Las Palmeras N 3425, Pabellón G-2 piso
Casilla 653
Tel: (562) 271-2982, 271-2975
Química
Química Ambiental
Magíster en Ciencias Químicas
Santiago 1
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas
244
Escuela de Graduados
Vicuña Mackenna 20 Casilla 233
Tel/Fax: (562) 635-5117, 222-8493, 222-0069 anexos 18-20
Bioquímica
Química y Farmacia
Química
Magíster en Bioquímica
Magíster en Química
Magíster en Ciencias de los Alimentos
Magíster en Ciencias Farmacéuticas
Doctorado en Ciencias Farmacéuticas
Doctorado en Bioquímica
Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería con mención en Química
Santiago
Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas
Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias
Beaucheff 850
Casilla 2777
Tel: (562) 678-4268
Ingeniería Civil con mención en Química
Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, mención Química
Magíster en Ciencias, mención Química
•Universidad de Concepción
Campus Concepción
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
Lic. en Química
Lic. en Química Analítica
Magíster en Ciencias con mención en Química
Doctorado en Ciencias con mención en Química
Facultad de Farmacia
Lic. en Química y Farmacia
Lic. en Bioquímica
245
Lic. en Ing. Civil Química
Facultad de Pedagogía, Humanidades y Artes
Lic. en Pedagogía en Biología y Química
•Universidad de La Frontera
Temuco
Casilla 54-D
Facultad de Ingeniería y Administración
Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Ing. en Alimentos
Ing. Civil Industrial, mención Agroindustria
Ing. Ambiental
•Universidad de La Serena
Campus Andrés Bello
Avenida Baúl Biltrán S/N
La Serena
Casilla 54-D
Pedagogía en Química y Ciencias Naturales
Químico Laboratorista
•Universidad de Santiago de Chile
Ingeniería Civil en Química
Ingeniería de Ejecución en Química
Magister en Ingeniería Civil en Química
Magister en Ingeniería de Ejecución en Química
Facultad de Química y Biología
Química
Bioquímica
Magister en Química
246
•Universidad de Tarapacá
Campus Velásquez
Av. General Velásquez No. 1775
Químico Laboratorista
Pedagogía en Química y Ciencias Naturales
•Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
Casa Central
Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso
Tel: (+56) (32) 626364
Fax: (+56) (32) 660504
Dirección Postal: Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso
Ingeniería de Ejecución Química
Licenciatura en Química Industrial
Licenciatura en Química con mención en Medio Ambiente
Departamento de Procesos Químicos
Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso
FonoFax: (+56) (32) 626402
Ingeniería de Ejecución Química, mención Operaciones
Ingeniería de Ejecución Química, mención Control
Ingeniería de Alimentos
247
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies – Chile
(Source: ACS/IAO, Relaq)
Asociacion Gremial de Industriales Quimicos (ASIQUIM)
(Chemical Industry Association)
Av. Andres Bello 2777, Of. 501; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 203-3350
Fax: (56-2) 203-3351
Asociacion Gremial de Laboratorios Farmaceuticos
(AGRELAF) (Pharmaceutical Laboratories Association, formed by
members of the Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturing Association)
Contact: Roberto Cid, President
Carmencita 25, Piso 7; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 231-2000
Fax: (56-2) 234-3400
Asociacion Gremial de Medianos y Pequenos Industriales
Metalurgicos (CORMETAL)
(Small- and Mid-size Metallurgic Industry Association)
Ejercito 426; Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 671-4150 697-1933
Fax: (56-2) 671-0873
Biochemical Society of Concepcion (Sociedad de Bioquímica de Concepción)
Casilla 237
Escuela de Química y Farmacia y Bioquímica
Concepción
Established 1957
President: Prof. Dr. Mario Pozo López
Secretary: Froilán Hernández Cartes
Camara de la Industria Cosmetica de Chile
(Chilean Cosmetics Industry Chamber)
Contact: Alvaro Marquez, President
Gral. Bustamante 24, Piso 3, Of. E, Providencia;
Santiago, Chile
Tel: (56-2) 274-3816 251-8749
Fax: (56-2) 204-9501
Camara de la Industria Farmaceutica de Chile
(Pharmaceutical Industry Association -- formed by members
of the Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturing Association and
European Pharmaceutical Laboratories)
Hernando de Aguirre 1981, Providencia; Santiago, Chile
248
Tel: (56-2) 225-2959 225-2461
Fax: (56-2) 205-2060
Chilean Chemical Society (Sociedad Chilena de Química)
(16.vi.1998) (society corres. / s. israel corres/ nscs list)
Paicaví 170 Depto 19 (new address)
Casilla de Correo 2613
Concepción
Telephone: 56. 41. 227815 (new no.)
Fax:
56. 41. 240280
Website: www.schq.cl
President til march 2001: Professor J. Guillermo Contreras K. (E-mail: [email protected])
(Fax: 56. 41. 235819)
Secretary General: Dr. Eduardo Delgado Ramirez (E-mail: [email protected])
(Fax: 56. 41. 235819)
Journal: Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Quimica – 1951 (q)
Chilean Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
(Sociedad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Chile)
(9.vii.1997) (iubmb www)
Faculty of Sciences
Department of Biology
University of Chile
Las Palmeras 3425
Nunon
PO Box 653
Santiago
Telephone: 56. 2. 678 7231
Fax:
56. 2. 271 3981
President: Dr. Jorge Babul
Secretary: Dr. Ana Preller
Pan-American Association for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
(22.01.98)
Dr. Manuel Krauskopf
Instituto de Bioquímica
Universidad Austral de Chile
PO Box 567
Valdivia Chile
Telephone: 56. 63. 221 333
Fax:
56. 63. 219 410
E-mail:[email protected]
249
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Chile
Instituto de Chile
Almirante Montt 453
Clasificador 1349
Correo Central, Santiago
tel: 382847
Academia Chilena de Ciencias
Almirante Montt 453
Clasificador 1349
Correo Central, Santiago
tel: 6382847; fax: 6332129
Academia Chilena de Ciencias Naturales
Medinacelli 1233
Santiago
250
Chemically Related Research Centers – Chile
(Source: World of Learning, 1996; CONICyT, 1999)
El Centro de Investigación Minera y Metalúrgica
Av. Parque Antonio Rabat 6500 - Vitacura - Santiago - Chile
Phone: (56-2) 364 33 00 Fax: (56-2) 364 33 10
E-Mail: [email protected]
Centro de Investigacion y Planificacion del Medio Ambiente
CIPMA
Holanda 1109, Santiago, Chile.Casilla 16362, Santiago 9
Fonos: 3341091-3341096 Fax: 3341095
http://www.cipma.cl/index.html
Instituto de Investigaciones Ecológicas Chiloé IIECH
Casilla 81 Correo 58, Santiago, Chile
Fono: 56 - 2 - 678-7359 Fax: 56 - 2 - 271-2983
http://codon.ciencias.uchile.cl/~iiech/
Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos
Centro de Estudios Científicos de Santiago (CECS)
AV. PRESIDENTE ERRAZURIZ 3132
TELEFONO (56-2) 2338342
FAX (56-2) 2338336
CASILLA 16443, CORREO 9, SANTIAGO, CHILE
email: [email protected]
WWW: http://einstein.cecs.cl
Corporación de Investigación Tecnológica INTEC-CHILE
Av. El Cóndor 844 - Edificio Azul - Ciudad Empresarial
Huechuraba - Santiago - Chile
Fono: 56-2-2428100 Fax: 56-2-2428314
contáctenos : [email protected]
Insituto de Investigacion y Control (IDIC)
Av. Pedro Montt # 2050
Santiago
Phone: (562)556-6031
Fax: (562)555-0945
Sr. Juan Pablo Vengoa / Division Petroleo
Precision Hispana
Av. Ejercito # 521
251
Santiago
Phone: (562)695-6789
Fax: (562)698-4985
Centro de Estudios de Medicion y Certificacion de Calidad
CESMEC
Av. Marathon # 2595
Santiago
Phone: (562)238-0556
Desarrollo de Tecnologia y Sistemas (DTS)
Rosas # 1444
Santiago
e-mail: Sr. Sergio Fuentes B.
252
Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales
(CIREN)
Manuel Montt 1164 - Providencia Santiago, Chile
Casilla 14 99 5
Teléfono 223-6641 Fax 209-6407
Servicio de Información:[email protected]
Dirección Ejecutiva:[email protected]
Dirección de Proyectos:[email protected]
El Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario
Marambio Canales Luis
Director Nacional
[email protected]
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
http://www.inia.cl
Dirección Nacional
Fidel Oteiza 1956, Piso 11
Casilla 16077, Correo 9
Santiago, Chile 664 0585
Teléfono (56 2) 225-2118
Fax (56 2) 225-8773
[email protected]
The Mining and Metallurgical Research Center (CIMM)
Av. Parque Antonio Rabat 6500 - Vitacura - Santiago - Chile
Phone: (56-2) 364 33 00 Fax: (56-2) 364 33 10
Fundacion Chile
Director General
Eduardo Bitran Colodro
[email protected]
CHILE
University of Chile
Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiochemistry
Santiago
CHILE
Contact: Prof. Dr. M. Margarita Prendez
Telephone:
+56 2 777 00 35/ +56 2 777 01 17
253
Telefax: +56 27 378 920
Sectors:
Outdoor air, Indoor air
Keywords:
10130 ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES
25172 POLLUTANT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
28106 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Activities Related to Measurements and Monitoring:
Particulate matter under 10 ‘m control monitoring
Development and control of new analytical techniques
Identification of pollution sources
Verification of models
Instrumentation:
Andersen Cascade Impactor.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Ionic Chromatography.
ORGANOMETALLIC RESEARCH CENTRES IN CHILE
Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Quimica & Biologia, Dept Quimica Aplicada,
Casilla 307-2, Santiago, CHILE
MOYA, S. A., E-mail: [email protected] (ascitic tumors; antimetastatic; antitumor;
polyoxyethylene; rhodium complexes; catalysis; selective reduction under water gas shift
reaction conditions; ruthenium carbonyl complexes)
B Oelckers, Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Dept Chem, Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso, Chile
M Scotti, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Inorgan, Casilla 306, Santiago
22, Chile
E Roman, Cimm, AV Parque Antonio Rabat 6500, Casilla 170, Correo 1, Santiago, Chile
M Valderrama, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Inorgan, Casilla 306,
Santiago 22, Chile
254
255
ACS Member Characteristics – Chile
ACS Members in Latin America Interest Areas
Physical
5%
6%
Analytical
8%
Polymers/Plastics
9%
Analytical
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Biochemistry
7%
Pharmaceutical/Med
9%
Biotechnology
5%
Chemical Education
3%
3%
Organic
24%
Computing/Molecular
Modeling
2%
Materials
3%
Marketing/Sales/Bus
3%
Energy/Fuels
2%
Inorganic
7%
256
Environmental
4%
Chemical Education
Energy/Fuels
Environmental
Inorganic
Materials
Organic
Polymers/Plastics
Physical
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses – Chile
1) In which sector are you employed? (Please select one item )
Industry:1
Higher Education: 5
Government: 0
Other - Please specify:
2) Do you and/or your colleagues participate in any professional
scientific activities involving Chemically Related industry / higher
education collaboration?
Yes: 1
No: 5
activity?
Yes: 1
No: 0
Vigilancia tecnologica. Obtencion de patentes , Cursos de Propiedad
Intelectual
Yes: 1
No: 0
Energy: 0
Polymers:
Fine Chemicals: 1
Metals: 0
Rubber0
Laboratories
in Santiago
Basic Research
Faculty Visits
Student Visits
Consulting: 1
Contract Research
Quality Control: 1
Environmental Monitoring___
Other - Please Specify:
industry collaboration in Chile?
257
confidence, professional skills ** Trust, Confidentiality, Government as
mediator, information exchange database ** Creo hay muy pocas colaboraciones
Universidad/Industria en Chile. Creo que las características óptimas para una
buena colaboración es primero una credibilidad mayor de parte de la industria
hacia las Universidades. ** if it existed, it would have to start through the
hiring of PhD's to carry out industrial research. ** That industry want to
developed research with university collaborations ** I think that such
collaboration should be defined on the basis of very specific projects. These
should be done by graduate students under the scientific advice of the
University Professor and paid by the Industry, some kind of fellowship. This
is a first step that is necessary to allow more important projects to be
conceived. **
communication, small initial projects ** Showing success stories ** Mutual
knowledge, which may be obtained by hiring more university graduates. **
Mayor confianza de los empresarios hacia una "inversión a largo plazo" lo que
se traduce a una inversión para el desarrollo de sus problemas a nivel de
investigación Universitaria. ** My University will have the equipment and
qualified people to develope new ideas ** Call for specific research projects
in different fields of chemistry. **
11) What hinders or is problematic for development of such
collaborations?
burocracia y problemas administrativos y de rendicion de cuentas ** Lack of
information ** Ignorance on the part of local industrial people ** Bajos
presupuestos en las Universidades, además de una mala infraestructura,
con lo cual, al presentar un proyecto en conjunto, las industrias ven ésto
como una inversión de muy alto costo contra la poca confianza al sistema
educacional. ** In my country the industry don´t have many relationship with
the University. Our Industry have few developed and in generald their import
many things ** Confidence. To establish a fruitful collaboration it is
necessary to know the "other side" people and to understand the way they
approach a given problem. Building bridges to mutual understanding is the
very first step to get collaboration between University and Industry. **
12) What, in your opinion, would improve the quality and sustainability
of university / industry collaborations, and have you encountered or do
you expect to encounter issues of intellectual property; how can
this, too be improved?
dictaciOn de cursos y seminarios a la empresa que sean co-financiados.
En Diciembre de 1998 quisimos dictar un curso sobre Marcas y, por razones
Economicas, un tuvimos suficientes alumnos y el curso no se pudo dar. Hizo
falta becas. ** Government body that gives incentive to this. ** I wish
there were issues of intellectual property in Chile! ** Primero, enfrentar
los problemas de la industria con proyectos claros y cierta infraestructura
en las Universidades, y segundo y muy importante poder incluir tanto en el
sistema, como en la mentalidad de la comunidad Universitaria que el
desarrollo de Ciencia básica es TAN importante como el desarrollo de
problemáticas a nivel de industria o simplemente el desarrollo e
investigación en problemas a nivel de país (por ejemplo, problemas de medio
ambiente, contaminación, etc..) ** Again, once a join research project
starts the condition to last in time are crucial. In Chile intellectual
258
property is not an issue in which industry is very much interested, I don't
think that this is a crucial issue by now.
13) Which particular university / industry collaborations would you
identify as outstanding? 
If at all possible, please provide contact name, position, company,
address, telephone, fax, email and www address.
None ** Por lo que decia antes: falta de confianza, aqu se nos pide
confidencialidad. Nadie quiere comprometerse y menos que lo
comprometan.... **
dominio del ingles, comunicacin expedita (telefono, e-mail, fax),
sin problemas de estadia o pasajes, motor propio, es decir, seguridad
iniciativa y conocimiento del tema, disciplina, buenos contactos y suerte. **
Understanding of cultural differences and work ethic differences ** Good
scientific training, good language skills. ** Good scientific training, good
language skills. ** Creo que mas que las capacidades de los estudiantes y
profesionales es la libertad de éstos de poder innovar y desarrollar en la
Industria y no remitirse a solo control de calidad y análisis rutinarios. **
Be a Ph.D. **
Chile?; What aspects of the chemical industry sector do you see as
most promising for industry / university collaboration?
Propiedad intelectual, transferencia de tecnologia ** There is a percieved
conflict of interest as most university professors have some source of
outside income. Good areas are biotech and natural products ** Mining, forest
products, food industry, specialty chemicals. **
Creo que en el área de minería y de farmacéuticos se podría hacer mucho mas
con el apoyo de estos industriales. Particularmente, mi área de química de
compuestos de coordinación, sentimos estar muy alejados de cualquier
colaboración. Obviamente creo es posible encontrar muchos puntos en los
cuales se podrían hacer colaboraciones en conjunto. ** Research in
Pharmaceutical products and developments in new materials through the use of
computational chemistry.
259
Funding Organizations with Interests in Chile
Fundación Andes
San Patricio 4099, Casilla 19000 Correo 19
Teléfono: 56(2)228 55 76 Fax: 56(2)228 78 83
Santiago-CHILE
http://www.fundandes.cl
Tomás Chotzen M., Presidente del Consejo Directivo
The Andes Foundation works to improve the conditions of life in Chile. In order to fulfill this
objective, it stimulates, it supports and it finances projects and programs in the education areas
and sciences, culture and social development. The main emphasis is centered on the
development of human resources at the highest academic levels, as a form to build Chile’s
scientific capacity. Also it builds communities of researchers in national academic
research centers as well as foreign centers.
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Office of Grants and Special Progs.
4000 Jones Bridge Rd.
Chevy Chase , MD 20815-6789
(301) 215-8870
Purpose and Activities: A nonprofit scientific and philanthropic organization whose principal
purpose is "the promotion of human knowledge within the field of the basic sciences
(principally the field of medical research and medical education) and the effective application
thereof for the benefit of mankind." The Institute is qualified as a medical research organization,
not as a private foundation, under the federal tax code. Through its Medical Research Program,
the Institute's staff scientists conduct fundamental biomedical research throughout the U.S. in the
fields of cell biology, genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and structural biology. Through its
Office of Grants and Special Programs, the Institute awards grants to help strengthen education
in biology and related sciences, funds research resources at U.S. medical schools, and supports
fundamental research abroad. The emphasis of the grants program is on graduate, undergraduate,
and precollege and public science education. Graduate support is primarily for fellowships
awarded under three programs: 1) Predoctoral (Ph.D., Sc.D.) Fellowships in Biological Sciences.
Deadline: early Nov.; 2) Research Training Fellowships for Medical Students. Deadline: early
Dec.; and 3) Postdoctoral Research Fellowships for Physicians. Deadline: early Dec. Through
the current phase of the Undergraduate Biological Sciences Education Program, grant awards are
made directly to colleges and universities for 1) student research and broadening access in the
sciences; 2) science equipment and laboratory renovations; 3) faculty and curriculum
development; and 4) outreach programs in the sciences and mathematics with elementary and
secondary schools and with junior and community colleges. No undergraduate competition was
held in 1997. The Institute continues to monitor trends in science education and science,
including public and private support.
Assets Amount: $12,922,454,000 AM
260
Grants Amount: $62,199,909 Number of Grants: 251
Highest Grant: $2,000,000 Lowest Grant: $26,000
Scholarship Amount: $24,729,091 NO. OF SCHOLARSHIPS: 823
Highest Scholarship: $242,000 Lowest Scholarship: $26,000
Grantmaking Programs: ** Graduate Program: Predoctoral Fellowships in Biological Sciences
support up to five years of full-time study toward the Ph.D. or Sc.D. degree in specified
biological disciplines; Research Training Fellowships for Medical Students provide funding for
one year of full-time research for students enrolled in U.S. medical schools; and Postdoctoral
Research Fellowships for Physicians support three years of full-time research. ** Undergraduate
Program: Student Research and Broadening Access offers funding for undergraduate research
efforts; Equipment and Laboratory Development broadens student research opportunities and
expands instruction in biology and other disciplines; Science Curriculum and Faculty
Development supports restructuring of programs and courses; and Precollege Outreach supports
development of science programs at elementary, middle, and high schools, particularly those in
urban and rural areas. ** Precollege and Public Program: Has awarded grants to museums,
aquaria, botanical gardens, zoos, and biomedical research institutions to support innovative
education programs to interest youngsters in science and improve science literacy through
programs targeting students, teachers, and families. ** Washington, DC Metropolitan Area
Initiatives: Supports programs in the greater Washington, D.C., area that link schools with major
scientific institutions or that provide or enhance exposure to laboratory experiences for students
in kindergarten through 12th grade. ** Research Resources: Has awarded grants to U.S. medical
schools to sustain their research mission and supports institutions that serve as unique
international resources for research and teaching. ** International Program: Has awarded grants
to support the research of outstanding biomedical scientists abroad. ** Program Assessment:
Awards funds to selected organizations to measure results of Institute grant initiatives, and to
assist the development of new initiatives through studies of national trends in science education,
research, and philanthropy.
Geographic Limitation: Giving on a national and international basis. Research grants have gone
to scientists in Canada and Mexico (1991), Australia, New Zealand and the U.K. (1992) and 10
countries of the Baltics, Central Europe, and the former Soviet Union (1995). Graduate,
undergraduate, and precollege grants are made nationwide; foreign grants to scientists are made
in a moving target of selected countries. Some graduate fellowships are given outside the U.S.
Grants to leading scientists in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela have
been awarded
Program Limitations: No support for Biomedical research in the U.S., except to scientific
investigators employed by the Institute; no grants or fellowships except to individuals or
institutions competing under established science education programs.
Support Limitation: No grants for conferences or publications.
Officers: Purnell W. Choppin, M.D., Pres.; Stephen M. Cohen, V.P. and C.F.O.; W. Maxwell
Cowan, M.D., Ph.D., V.P. and Chief Scientific Off.; Joan S. Leonard, V.P. and Genl. Counsel;
Joseph G. Perpich, M.D., J.D., V.P., Grants and Special Progs.; C.F. Wolfe, V.P. and C.I.O.;
261
Mark W. Smith, Cont. Trustees: Hanna H. Gray, Ph.D., Chair.; James A. Baker III; Alexander
G. Bearn, M.D.; Frank William Gay; James H. Gilliam, Jr.; Garnett L. Keith; Jeremy R.
Knowles; William R. Lummis; Irving S. Shapiro
Staff: 3140
Application Information: Applicants should consult guidelines in the Institute's publication
"Grants for Science Education" or in specific program announcements prior to application.
Fellowships and grants are awarded on the basis of national or international competitions.
Proposals for the Undergraduate Science Education Program are by invitation only. In addition
to the science education programs, grants are awarded to biomedical scientists in specified
countries under the international program. Awards in all programs are based on peer review.
Application form required. Initial approach: Letter, proposal, or application, depending on
program. Deadline(s):
Request program announcements for program-specific deadlines. Board meeting date(s): Feb.,
May, Aug., and Nov. Final notification: Each grants program has an individual notification date;
program brochures and announcements should be consulted.
Write: Dr. Joseph G. Perpich, V.P., for genl. inquiries; Stephen A. Barkanic, Prog. Off.,
Undergraduate Prog.; Dr. Barbara Filner, Prog. Off., Graduate Prog.; Dr. Jill G. Conley, Prog.
Off., International and Prec* Descriptors: ; Building/renovation; Equipment; Program
development; Curriculum development ; Fellowship funds; Research; Program evaluation;
Grants to individuals; Secondary school/education; Higher education; Medical school/education;
Education; Biomedicine; Medical research; Biological sciences; Minorities; Asians/Pacific
Islanders; African Americans; Latinos; Native Americans; Canada; Europe; Soviet Union
(Former); Mexico; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Venezuela
Schering-Plough Corporate Giving Program
1 Giralda Farms
P.O. Box 1000
Madison , NJ 07940-1000
(973) 822-7412
Purpose and Activities: The company focuses most of its philanthropic endeavors on institutions
and organizations that will have a direct impact on its employees and the communities where
they live and work. Community affairs activities and corporate contributions are directed
primarily at community health, educational partnerships, the environment, citizenship and inkind contributions.
Grantmaking Programs: ** Community Health: As a leader in the health care industry,
Schering-Plough is committed to the support of community-based health programs. The
company is an active participant in drug abuse education and offers programs that help patients
gain access to medicines at affordable prices and provide free medicines to indigent patients. **
Citizenship and Community Affairs: Responsible corporate citizenship demands attention to
environment issues. On the local level Schering-Plough's goal is to operate as a responsible
corporate citizen and good neighbor. ** In-Kind Contributions: An important aspect of ScheringPlough's philanthropic activity is the donation of equipment, products and services to nonprofit
organizations. In-kind contribution of equipment and services were also an important aspect of
the company's philanthropic activity. Several nonprofit organizations are now the proud owners
of a varied inventory of used Schering-Plough equipment, from vans to computers to
refrigeration units. Employees also contributed their skills. ** International Giving: As a
262
worldwide business, Schering-Plough believes its social responsibilities extend around the globe.
In each country where Schering-Plough is an important member of the business community,
local management is sensitive to the needs of the people there and works to improve their quality
of life. The company is particulary attentive to health care issues and seeks to address them
through sponsorship of clinics and through educational programs.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas where corporate sponsor has major facilities in
CA, FL, IL, NE, NJ, PR, TN, and TX; giving also abroad in Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy,
Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela.
Publications: Corporate giving report (CR)
Members: Hugh A. D'Andrade; Richard J. Kogan*; Jack L. Wyszomierski
Trustees: Raul E. Cesan; Donald R. Conklin; Joseph C. Conners; Geraldine U. Foster; Richard J.
Kinney
Application Information: Application form required. Initial approach: Letter to nearest facility
manager. Deadline(s): Feb. 1 and July 1. Board meeting date(s): Spring and Fall.
Write: Andrew Hageman, Mgr., Corp. Philanthropy
Descriptors: ; Employee volunteer services; Employee matching gifts; Employee-related
scholarships; Donated equipment; Donated products; In-kind gifts; Museums; Theater; Music;
Arts/cultural programs; Business school/education; Adult/continuing education; Adult
education--literacy & basic skills; Reading; Education; Environment; Hospitals (general); Health
care; Substance abuse, services; Alcoholism; Health organizations; Medical research; Food
services; Youth development, citizenship; Human services; Children & youth, services; Youth,
services; Women, centers & services; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services; Homeless,
human services; International relief; International affairs; Rural development; Voluntarism
promotion; Engineering & technology; Science; Government/public administration; Public
affairs, citizen participation; Public affairs; Minorities; Women; Homeless; General charitable
giving; Canada; Austria; France; Greece; Ireland; Italy; United Kingdom; Portugal; Spain;
Egypt; South Africa; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Ecuador; Venezuela; India ;
Indonesia; Thailand; Australia.
Technological Research Corporation
(Corporación de Investigación Tecnológica)
Address:
Av. Del Cóndor 844
Tel: +56-2-2428100
Ciudad Empresarial, Huechuraba
Fax: +56-2-2428314
P.O. Box: Casilla 100, Correo 24
Santiago
Home page: http://www.intec.cl/
263
In-Charge: Ms. Sally Bendersky, Executive Director
Contact with WAITRO: Ms. Maria Elena Torres
History
It was founded in 1968 with the purpose of giving technological support to local companies.
Solid linkages have evolved with customers, contributing to a high percentage of INTEC
income.
Objectives
INTEC has undergone some changes and has developed new objectives: To support the
innovation capability of the productive sector stimulating new technological development; to
supply selected technology services when no other supplier is available; to contribute to the
creation and development of a Chilean technological market. Other fields are:
Biohydrometallurgy, quarantine treatment of fresh fruits, design of electronic equipment for air
pollution control and defense purposes, technological information, sample analysis and testing,
consultancy and training in new technologies.
Technology transfer research, company (SME) and RTO diagnostics, atmospheric and
climatology studies, water quality, alternative energies, beef genetics, geological and
groundwater modelling.
Training programmes, seminars, workshops.
264
For More Information on Chile
source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/chile.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/chile.html
EIA - Energy Data on Chile
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/sumt.html
Summit of the Americas Fact Sheet
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ci.html
CIA World Factbook - Chile
http://travel.state.gov/chile.html
U.S. State Department's Consular Information Sheet - Chile
http://www.state.gov/www/regions/ara/chile_home.html
U.S. State Department on U.S.-Chile Relations
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/chile/
Library of Congress Country Study on Chile
http://www.usembassy.cl/
U.S. Embassy in Chile
http://www.ita.doc.gov/
U.S. International Trade Administration
http://www.natlaw.com/chile/chile.htm
National Law Center InterAm Database - Chile
http://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/chile/chile.html
University of Chile - Welcome to Chile
http://www.lanic.utexas.edu/la/chile/
LANIC - Chile
http://www.ecee.org/pubs/assess/Chile/Chile.htm
Opportunities for the U.S. Energy Efficiency Industry in Chile
http://www.latinworld.com/sur/chile/
LatinWorld's section on Chile
http://www.mercosur.org/
Mercosur - Southern Cone Free Trade Association
http://www.arpel.org
ARPEL, Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the
Caribbean
The Regional Electric Integration Commission of Latin America (CIER)
http://www.embassy.org/embassies/cl.html
The Embassy of Chile in Washington, D.C.
http://www.enap.cl/
ENAP - Chile's National Oil and Gas Company
http://www.latinvestor.com/economy.htm#CHILE/
Chilean Economy Links
265
http://www.latinvestor.com/invest.htm#CHILE
Chilean Investment Links
http://www.enersis.com/
Enersis - Chile's Energy Group
http://www.gener.com/
Gener - Chilean electricity generator
http://www.Chilectra.cl/
Chilectra - Electricity Company
http://www.all-links.com/newscentral/southamerica/chile.html
International Newspapers Online - Chile
http://www.icons.umd.edu/americas/rescent/chile.htm
University of Maryland Americas Research Information Center - Chile
http://www.dams.org/default.asp
World Commission on Dams
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/dest/sam/chile.htm
Lonely Planet Guide: Chile
266
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors - Mexico
267
National Overview – Mexico
(Source: World Factbook, 2000, 1999)
Geography
Location: Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize
and the US and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the US
Geographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 W
Map references: North America
Area:
land: 1,923,040 sq km
water: 49,510 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 4,538 km
border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km
Coastline: 9,330 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: varies from tropical to desert
Terrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m
highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m
Natural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Land use:
arable land: 12%
permanent crops: 1%
268
other: 22% (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the
center and south, and hurricanes on the Gulf and Caribbean coasts
Environment—current issues: natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north,
inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial
effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification;
serious air pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography—note: strategic location on southern border of US
People
Population: 103 million (July 2000 est. – expected increase nearly 50% by 2030)
Age structure:
Sex ratio:
269
male: 68.62 years
Nationality:
noun: Mexican(s)
adjective: Mexican
Ethnic groups: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian
30%, white 9%, other 1%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%
Languages: Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Literacy:
male: 91.8%
female: 87.4% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name: Republica de Mexico
conventional long form: United Mexican States
conventional short form: Mexico
local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
local short form: Mexico
Data code: MX
Government type: federal republic operating under a centralized government
National capital: Mexico
Administrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular—estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito
federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua,
Coahuila de Zaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo,
Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla,
Queretaro de Arteaga, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas,
Tlaxcala, Veracruz-Llave, Yucatan, Zacatecas
Independence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain)
270
Constitution: 5 February 1917
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vicente Fox Quesada; note – the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with consent of the Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held December 2000
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the Senate
or Camara de Senadores (128 seats, expanded from 64 seats at the last election; half are elected
by popular vote to serve six-year terms, and half are allocated or on basis of each party's popular
vote) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members are
directly elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; remaining 200 seats are allocated on
the basis of each party's popular vote, also for a three-year term)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), judges are appointed by
the president with consent of the Senate
Political pressure groups and leaders: Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican
Workers (CTM); Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of
National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC);
Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants
(CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of Employers of
the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of Transformation Industries
(CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE); Federation
of Unions Providing Goods and Services (FESEBES)
International organization participation: AG (observer), APEC, BCIE, BIS (pending member),
Caricom (observer), CCC, CDB, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G- 6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM (observer), OAS, OECD,
OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
chief of mission: Ambassador Juan Jose BREMER
chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Austin, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los Angeles,
271
Miami, New Orleans, New York, Phoenix, Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco,
San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Albuquerque, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico (California), Corpus Christi,
Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Laredo,
McAllen (Texas), Midland (Texas), Nogales (Arizona), Orlando, Oxnard (California),
Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, Santa Ana
(California), Seattle
chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffery DAVIDOW
embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal
mailing address: P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087
telephone: [52] (5) 211-0042
FAX: [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373
consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana
consulate(s): Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nuevo Laredo
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms
(an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered in the white band
Economy
Economy—overview: Mexico has a free market economy with a mixture of modern and
outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. The number of
state-owned enterprises in Mexico fell from more than 1,000 in 1982 to fewer than 200 in 1998.
The Fox administration is privatizing and expanding competition in sea ports, railroads,
telecommunications, electricity, natural gas distribution, and airports. Mexico still needs to
overcome many structural problems as it strives to modernize its economy and raise living
standards. Income distribution is very unequal with the top 20% of income earners accounting
for 55% of income. The inefficient agricultural sector employs 20% to 25% of the labor force but
produces only 8% of GDP. Trade with the United States and Canada has nearly doubled since
NAFTA was implemented in 1994. Mexico is pursuing additional trade agreements with most
countries in Latin America and with the European Union to lessen its dependence on the United
States, which accounts for 80% of Mexico's total trade.
GDP: purchasing power parity—$540 billion (2000)
GDP—real growth rate: 4.4% (2000)
GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$5,460 (2000)
agriculture: 8%
industry: 33%
services: 59%
272
Inflation rate—consumer price index: 15.7% (1997 est.)
Labor force:
total: 36.6 million (1996)
by occupation: services 28.8%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 21.8%, commerce
17.1%,
manufacturing 16.1%, construction 5.2%, public administration and national defense 4.4%,
transportation and communications 4.1%
Unemployment rate: 3.7% (1997 est.) urban; plus considerable underemployment
Budget:
Total Exports: $152 billion
Total Imports: $160 billion
Export partners: US 85%, Canada 2.1%, Japan 1%, Spain 1%, Chile 1%, Brazil 1%
Import partners: US 74.8%, Japan 4.1%, Germany 3.5%, Canada 1.8%, South Korea 1.4%, Italy
1.2%, France 1.1%
Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles,
clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
Agriculture—products: corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; beef,
poultry, dairy products; wood products
Currency: 1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos
Communications
Telephones: 11,890,868 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links;
privatized in December 1990; opened to competition January 1997
domestic: adequate telephone service for business and government, but the population is poorly
served; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay
network international: satellite earth stations—5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean);
launched Solidaridad I satellite in November 1993 and Solidaridad II in October 1994, giving
273
Mexico improved access to South America, Central America and much of the US as well as
enhancing domestic communications; linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk
connections
Radios: 22.5 million (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 20,567 km
standard gauge: 20,477 km 1.435-m gauge (246 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 90 km 0.914-m gauge (1994)
Highways:
total: 252,000 km
paved: 94,248 km (including 6,740 km of expressways)
unpaved: 157,752 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km;
petrochemical 1,400 km
Ports and harbors: Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, La Paz, Lazaro
Cardenas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Topolobampo, Tuxpan,
Veracruz
Merchant marine:
total: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 899,224 GRT/1,312,505 DWT
ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 1, container 4, liquefied gas
tanker 7, oil tanker 29, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 3 (1997 est.)
total: 231
over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 94
914 to 1,523 m: 78
under 914 m: 25 (1997 est.)
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total: 1,579
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 65
914 to 1,523 m: 472
under 914 m: 1,040 (1997 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1997 est.)
Military
Military branches: National Defense Secretariat (includes Army and Air Force), Navy Secretariat
(includes Naval Air and Marines)
males age 15-49: 25,114,890 (1998 est.)
males: 18,280,523 (1998 est.)
males: 1,077,800 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $2.2 billion (1997)
Internet in Mexico: Basic Statistics (1998/1999)
Percent of Population with Internet Connection: 1.1%
Personal Computers per 1000 Inhabitants: 29
Telephones per 1000 Inhabitants: 95
Illiteracy Rate: 10.5 %
Disputes—international: none
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 1997—4,000 hectares, a 22%
decrease from 1996; potential production—46 metric tons, about a 15% decrease from 1996) and
cannabis continues in spite of increased government eradication; major supplier of heroin and
275
marijuana to theUS market; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound
cocaine from South America; increasingly involved in the production and distribution of
methamphetamines
U.S. and Country Contacts – Mexico
1) Mexican Government Agencies
Secretaria de Comercio y Fomento Industrial (SECOFI)
(Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development)
Alfonso Reyes No. 30, Piso 9
Colonia Hipodromo-Condesa
06140 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 729-9101/ 9102
Fax: (011-52-5) 729-9307
Puente de Tecamachalco No. 6
Lomas de Tecamachalco
53950 Naucalpan, Edo. de Mexico
Tel: (011-52-5) 729-9475/ 9476/ 9478
Fax: (011-52-5) 729-94-84
Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial
(Mexican Institute of Industrial Property and
Technological Development)
Periferico Sur No. 3106
Colonia Jardines del Pedregal
01900 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 624-0401/ 0402
Fax: (011-52-5) 624-0406
Secretaria de Educacion Publica (SEP)
(Secretariat of Public Education)
Mariano Escobedo No. 438, 7o Piso
Colonia Nueva Anzures
11590 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 230-7630
Fax: (011-52-5) 250-0380
Morena No. 811, piso 2
Colonia Narvarte
276
03020 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 639-3575/4575
Fax: (011-52-5) 639-0814
Secretaria de Energia (SE)
(Secretariat of Energy)
Avenida Insurgentes No. 890, Piso 15
Colonia Roma Sur
03100 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 448-6070/ 6071/ 6072
Fax: (011-52-5) 448-6325
Secretaria de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca
(SEMARNAP)
Lateral Anillo Periferico Sur 4209 - Piso 6
Fracc. Jardines de la Montana
14210 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: 628-0602/ thru 0605
Fax: 628-0644
Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transporte (SCT)
(Secretariat of Communications and Transport)
Edificio "C" - Piso 1 - Ala Oriente
Xola y Avenida Universidad
Colonia Narvarte
03028 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 519-4468/ 530-7390
Fax: (011-52-5) 519-48-71
2) Mexican Trade Associations/Chambers of Commerce
American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, A.C.
Lucerna No. 78
Colonia Juarez
06600 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 724-3800
Fax: (011-52-5) 703-2911
United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
CONCANACO-SERVYTUR
Balderas No. 144, Piso 3
Colonia Centro
06079 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 709-2281
Fax: (011-52-5) 709-1177
277
Camara Nacional de Comercio de la Ciudad de Mexico (CANACO)
(National Chamber of Commerce of Mexico City)
Paseo de la Reforma No. 42 - Piso 3
Colonia Centro
06048 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 592-0371
Fax: (011-52-5) 703-2958
Confederacion de Camaras Nacionales de
Comercio, Servicios y Turismo (CONCANACO-SERVITUR)
(Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce)
Balderas No. 144, Piso 3
Colonia Centro
06079 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 709-5910/ 1117
Fax: (011-52-5) 709-1177
Camara Nacional de la Industria de la Transformacion
(National Manufacturing Industry Chamber)
Avenida San Antonio No. 256
Colonia Ampliacion Napoles
03849 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 563-61-12
Fax: (011-52-5) 598-58-88
Confederacion de Camaras Industriales de
los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CONCAMIN)
(Confederation of Industrial Chambers of Mexico)
Manuel Ma. Contreras No. 133, Piso 2
Colonia Cuauhtémoc
06500 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 535-6589
Fax: (011-52-5) 535-6871
Asociacion Nacional de Import adores y
Exportadores de la Republica Mexicana, A.C. (ANIERM)
Association of Importers and Exporters of Mexico
Monterrey No. 130
Colonia Roma 06700
Tel: (011-52-5) 584-9522
Fax: (011-52-5) 584-5317
278
Asociacion de Instituciones Financiara
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York
Torre Optima
Paseo de las Palmas 405 - Piso 16
Lomas de Chapultepec
11000 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: 540-9333
Fax: 540-9548
U.S. Embassy, Mexico City
Paseo de la Reforma No. 305
Colonia Cuauhtemoc
06500 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 211-00-42, Ext. 3730
Fax: (011-52-5) 207-89-38
Mail: P.O. Box No. 3087
Laredo, TX 78044-3087
U.S. Trade Center, Mexico City
Liverpool No. 31
Colonia Juarez
06600 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 591-01-55
Fax: (011-52-5) 566-11-15
Laredo, TX 78044-3087
U.S. Agricultural Trade Office
Edificio Virreyes, PH-2
Monte Pelvoux No. 220
Lomas de Chapultepec
11000 Mexico, D.F.
Tel: (011-52-5) 202-04-34
Fax: (011-52-5) 202-05-28
Laredo, TX 78044-3087
U.S. Consulate General, Monterrey
Avenida Constitution No. 411 Pte.
64000 Monterrey, NL
Tel: (011-52-8) 45-21-20
Fax: (011-52-8) 42-51-72
Laredo, TX 78044-3098
279
U.S. Consulate General, Guadalajara
Progreso No. 175
44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco
Tel: (011-52-3) 625-29-98
Fax: (011-52-3) 625-35-76
Laredo, TX 78044-3088
U.S. Consulate General, Tijuana
Commercial Officer
Tapachula 96
22420 Tijuana, Baja California Norte
Tel: (011-52-6) 681-7400
Fax: (011-52-6) 686-5211
Mail: P.O. Box 439039
San Diego, Ca. 92143-9039
7) Washington-based U.S. Government Country Contacts
U.S. Department of Commerce
International Trade Administration
Office of NAFTA
14th Street & Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Room No. 3022
Washington, D.C. 20230
Tel: (202) 482-0507
Fax: (202) 482-5865
Flash Fax: (202) 482-4464
(Flash Fax is a system through which firms can receive a
wide variety of documents on doing business in Mexico
automatically via fax)
U.S. Company Advisement/Advocacy at the IDB
Commerce Department Liaison Unit
Office of U.S. Executive Director
Inter-American Development Bank
1300 New York Avenue, N.W. Mail Stop E0209
Tel: (202) 623-3822
Fax: (202) 623-2039
Export-Import Bank of the United States
Loan Officer for Mexico
International Business Development
811 Vermont Avenue, N.W.
280
Tel: (202) 565-39-21
Fax: (202) 565-33-80
U.S. Trade and Development Agency
Program Director
Latin American and the Caribbean
1621 N. Kent Street, Rm. 309
Rosslyn, VA 22209
Tel: (703) 875-4357
Fax: (703) 875-4009
U.S. Department of State
Bureau of Inter-American Affairs
Office of Mexican Affairs
21st and C Streets, N.W., Rm. 4258
Tel: (202) 647-9894
Fax: (202) 647-5752
Office of the United States Trade
Representative
Director of Mexican Affairs
600 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
Tel: (202) 395-3412
Fax: (202) 395-3911
8) U.S.-based Partners Relevant for Mexico
United States Chamber of Commerce
Latin American Affairs
1615 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20062-2000
Tel: (202) 463-5490
Fax: (202) 463-3126
United States-Mexico Chamber of Commerce
1730 M. Street N.W. Suite 112
Tel: (202) 296-5198
Fax: (202) 728-0768
United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
281
1030 15th Street, N.W., Suite 206
Tel: (202) 842-1212
Fax: (202) 842-3221
Public Information Center
1300 New York Avenue, N.W.
Tel: 202/623-2096; Fax: 202/623-1928
282
Chemically Related Trade and Industry – Mexico
Highlights
♦ In the chemical industry in Mexico there are over 350 firms operating more than 400
production facilities primarily in Veracruz, Edo de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Nuevo Leon
and Tamaulipas.
♦ Two—thirds of Mexican chemical production depends upon PEMEX.
♦ In the petrochemical sector there are over 300 registered firms operating in Mexico.
♦ The chemical and petrochemical industries employ more than 68,000 people in Mexico.
♦ In 1998 annual chemical production (metric tons/year) for Mexico included fertilizers:
876065; Synthetic fibers: 593409; inorganics: 6961623; petrochemicals: 10898724; Resins:
2180323.
♦ Mexican chemical production is worth $14.5 billion/year to the nation’s economy.
♦ Mexico’s chemicals industry is responsible for 55% of the country’s trade deficit.
♦ Petrochemicals accounts for more than $3 billion per year in trade deficits with the United
States.
♦ The US was the source of 68% of all Mexican chemical imports in 1999; the next largest
chemical supplier to Mexico was Germany which exported US$313 million, followed by
Japan at US$185 million; Ireland at US$153 million, the UK at US$131 million, France at
US$113 million, Spain at US$108 million and Canada at US$90 million.
♦ Brazil is the second largest consumer of Mexican chemical products after the US.
♦ Intermediate chemical products amount to 69% of all Mexican production; fertilizers 15%;
resins 8%; fibers 4%; elastomers 1% and speciality petrochemicals 3%.
♦ The lack of investment in infrastructure by Pemex has led to a shortfall in the market of
polyethylene, that promotes the import of 418 thousand tons a year-40% of the demand-and
adds 500 million dollars to the trade deficit.
♦ Largest Mexican chemical firms include: Grupo Girsa, Grupo Idesas, Grupo Cydsa and
Celanese Mexicana.
♦ Last year pharaceutical output in Mexico rose 3.3% and exports grew 28% to more than
US$600 million.
♦ Mexico’s copper production (copper rod, cathodes and blister) is estimated at 433,000 tons.
♦ Mexico is Latin America’s second largest producer of steel with an estimated output of 14.1
million tons.
♦ Mexico is host to the seventh largest seed company in the world, Grupo Pulsar/Seminis/ELM
with a 1997 income of $375 million.
♦ Grupo Roche Syntex, Bristol Myers, Boehringer- Lakeside,Schering Plough, Homeproduct,
Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, Glaxo, Bayer, Abbott, Pharmacie & UpJohn, Smith Kline,
Freyser, Senosian, Merck Sharp, Rhone Poulenc, Eli Lilly, Nestleare among the leading
pharmaceutical enterprises in Mexico. No enterprise has more than 8% of the market.
♦ Grupo Casa Autrey is Mexico's leading pharmaceutical supply company and part of the
Autrey family empire that has been doing business in Mexico for more than 100 years.
283
♦ Major metals producer Grupo Mexico, is the world's third biggest copper producer through
buying U.S. metals firm Asarco Inc in November 1999 for $2.25 billion.
♦ The Mexican Government depends on revenues from oil for 38 percent of its fiscal income.
♦ Effective July 1, 2000 Mexico signed an agreement with the EU eliminating duties on 60%
of chemical products and easing restrictions on capital flow and foreign investment.
♦ Tariffs on the remaining 40% of chemical products will take effect July 2003.
♦ In terms of chemical and allied product trade with the EU, many local Mexican companies do
not have excess capacity and would have to stop selling to the US to pursue EU markets.
♦ Since the 1994 signing of NAFTA US food producers (notably, Campbell, Kellogg, Quaker
Oats and McDonalds) have spent US$3 billion on industrial capacity expansion in Mexico
principally to prepare for market penetration into South America.
♦ Mexico ranks 5th in world oil production, 8th in oil reserves and 14th in natural gas reserves.
To put this in perspective, the United States ranks 2nd in world oil production, 11th in oil
reserves and 6th in natural gas reserves.
Brief History of the Mexican
Chemical Industry
(source: www.aniq.org.mx)
In Mexico, even in Pre-Columbian times there was already some knowledge about
the transformation of natural products. Natives used gold and silver obtained by
mechanical means, they knew about ceramic and how to obtain and use natural
salts. They used regular salt as a condiment and knew how to separate the various
salts in the water of some lakes. They washed using the saponin in the maguey
root and other plants. They extracted the juice from the maguey leaf, and through
evaporation they obtained sugar. They knew about fermentation to make pulque
and obtain tobacco and vanilla scents. They had knowledge about dyes and dyeing.
They obtained resin from orchids which was used as glue, and made paper from
tree bark. With rubber they made balls, baskets, waterproofing material and used
oil as fuel.
The foundations for the industrialization of the country were laid in 1910, and in
1916 the first school of industrial chemistry was established in Mexico. The big
thrust for the modern chemical industry came in 1938, after the oil expropriation
and the development of technologies for production of hormones.
The "El Aguila" oil company started producing sulfuric acid in 1924 in Veracruz.
Plants for the manufacturing of basic chemical products were established in the
30s, and Productos Químicos de México, a producer of chloride and soda lye, was
founded in 1938. In 1942 Sosa Texcoco started producing soda lye and sodium
carbonate, and Celanese Mexicana was created in 1943 for the manufacturing of
chemical fibers.
284
During the 30s the number of pharmaceutical industries grew, as well as that of
paint and ink manufacturers. In the 40s, the development of the chemical industry
focused in the production of insecticides, as well as steroid hormones, and
Laboratorios Syntex was founded in 1944. It was thanks to the steroid hormone
industry that synthesis technology for complex chemical products developed,
originating the appearance of companies in this line of business.
Although the oil expropriation took place in 1938, it can be said that the
petrochemical industry in Mexico actually originated in 1951, when production of
ammonia and polystyrene resin started. In the following years, various types of
resins were manufactured, products such as sodium dodecylbenzensulphonate,
explosive ammonia nitrate and acetylsalicylic acid, as well as intermediate products
such as formaldehyde and salicylic acid.
Production of synthetic fibers with Nylon 6 as well as production of polyvinyl
chloride started in 1957. Ammonia nitrate production for fertilizer use started in
1959, and also that of DDT pesticide. On the other hand, the basic sector was
processing sulfur, propylene tetramer and dodecylbenzene.
After 1960, the process for the replacement of imports started in a systematic
manner, with the purpose of promoting the industrialization of the country. This
was achieved thanks to the availability of raw materials, the existence of a growing
domestic market and the political and economic stability enjoyed during that
period.
OPERATION AND EFFECT
OF THE NAFTA
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS
(Source: http://www.ustr.gov/reports/naftareport/chapter2.pdf)
Highlights
-- Between 1993 and 1996, U.S. chemicals exports to Mexico rose from $3.4 to $5.1 billion, an
increase of 50 percent. By comparison, U.S. exports to non-NAFTA countries grew by 37
percent.
-- U.S. petrochemical exports to Mexico grew by over 75 percent, to $1.2 billion. As a result
of NAFTA, Mexico opened its petrochemical sector for the first time to direct competition
285
from U.S. firms, which helped to spur the growth of exports.
-- U.S. exports increased their share of Mexico’s import market from 64 percent to 67 percent
over the period.
-- The NAFTA immediately eliminated Mexican tariffs on 31 percent of U.S. chemical exports
previously subject to duty. Average Mexican tariffs on U.S. chemicals dropped from 10 to 4
percent over the period.
-- U.S. export growth is at least partly attributable to Mexican tariff and non-tariff barrier
reduction under NAFTA.
-- Mexico immediately eliminated tariffs as high as 20 percent on close to half of U.S.
pharmaceutical exports to Mexico.
-- U.S. employment for production workers, hourly earnings, and productivity all increased
modestly from 1993 to 1995.
-- Imports from Mexico increased by $0.6 billion, to $1.4 billion from 1993 to 1996.
-- The NAFTA played virtually no role in the increase -- U.S. tariffs on chemicals prior to 1994
averaged only 1.0 percent.
-- Mexico served as a major source of plastic resins during a period of shortage in the United
States. Many of the resins were converted into plastic parts in the United States and reexported.
-- The NAFTA served to integrate further the Mexican and U.S. petrochemical industries, with
Mexico supplying basic and primary products for manufacture in the United States into high
value-added secondary petrochemicals.
Background
The NAFTA created the world’s largest open market for trade and investment in chemical
products. North American chemical shipments in 1995 reached $406.9 billion and exceeded
$475 billion in year 2000. U.S. production accounts for over 90 percent of these shipments.
Mexico is the third largest market for U.S. chemicals and allied products, purchasing between 2
and 16 percent of U.S. chemical exports across all product categories in 1996. Developments
since NAFTA Highlights of NAFTA Implementation Tariff Cuts Average Mexican tariffs on
U.S. chemicals prior to NAFTA were 10.2 percent, including the 27 percent of U.S. exports to
Mexico in the chemicals, rubber, and miscellaneous plastics sector which entered Mexico duty
free. Tariffs on certain pharmaceutical products, however, were as high as 20 percent. The
NAFTA immediately eliminated Mexican duties on another 31 percent of U.S. chemical
products, reducing Mexican tariffs to an average of 4.0 percent. Tariffs on the remaining 41
percent of U.S. exports to Mexico in this sector are being phased out over five or ten year
periods.
By contrast, U.S. tariff rates on Mexican chemicals immediately prior to NAFTA averaged only
1.0 percent, thirty percent entered duty-free. The NAFTA immediately eliminated tariffs on most
Mexican petrochemicals, inorganic and agricultural chemicals, as well as plastic and rubber
products. Remaining U.S. tariffs on Mexican chemical products will be phased out over five to
ten years.
Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers
Prior to NAFTA, the Mexican Government exercised virtual monopoly control over the
production, sale, and pricing of basic and secondary petrochemicals in Mexico. The NAFTA
required Mexico to open petrochemical production and sales to U.S. and Canadian firms for all
286
products of trade significance. That change has permitted American producers to sell high valueadded petrochemical products directly to Mexican end-users for the first time.
The NAFTA also guaranteed the elimination of virtually all import licenses on chemicals, rubber
and plastics, and pharmaceuticals. The NAFTA’s rules protecting intellectual property rights
have been especially critical for the chemicals industry, which relies heavily on patent and trade
secret protection to safeguard formulas and processes. The NAFTA ensures that Mexico will
protect patents on production methods (so-called process patents), and places strict limits on
subject matter that cannot be patented. These protections are particularly important for the
chemical industry because process technology is critical to the manufacture of many chemical
products. The NAFTA also guarantees strong product patent protection.
287
The Maquiladora Industry in
Mexico: The Case of Tijuana
(Source: http://www.cob.asu.edu/seid/eoc/mexico/3-99/Analysis.htm)
Maquiladoras began in Mexico in 1965, and Tijuana, Mexico benefited most from this
movement. Originally, most, if not all maquiladoras were linked to U.S. companies. The
common objective was to obtain plentiful, low-cost Mexican workers for activities that were
predominantly labor intensive.
Now, 34 years later, many Mexican workers, engineers and technicians have been trained not
only by companies from the United States, but Japan, Korea, France and other nations as well.
Due to training, experience and the infusion of technology, many firms are now among the best
in both worker productivity and product quality. Therefore, Tijuana is a very attractive place to
locate Maquiladoras, especially those serving markets in the western part of the United States.
However, all of the above advantages may turn to disadvantages and therefore the future should
be viewed with caution. Tijuana is starting to get very expensive compared to past cost levels.
Worker salaries are continuing to rise, and the availability of employees is diminished in all
fields. In brief, labor markets are becoming tighter and costs are rising.
The main driver behind these changes is the rapid growth that Tijuana has experienced over the
last 18 years. The economy surged after the major peso devaluation of the 80s. Now, the
economy is reaching its peak as the full effects of NAFTA are felt.
Most companies developed their 1999 budgets using an exchange rate of 10 pesos to a dollar.
Presently, companies are facing a 14 percent minimum wage raise (in pesos), ordered by the
federal government. Now, all they can get for their dollar is 9.25 pesos. The result translates into
a direct cost increase of as much of 8 percent on top of any salary increase.
But wage and cost increases such as these are not the only problems faced by the maquiladoras
in the next millennium. By the year 2001, all Maquiladoras must turn into Permanent
Establishments, which means they will lose their cost center characteristics and become profit
centers. This would remove the possibility of having assets and inventories in bond, which would
significantly increase costs.
But, although the horizon may look bleak, there still are many encouraging factors, such as these
describing the environment after the first 5 months of 1999.
1. The number of maquiladoras has increased from 3,143 to 3,259 (+3.7%)
2. The number of employees has grown from 1,060,217 to 1,120,303 (+5.7%)
288
3. Overall exports are up from $3.96 Billion to $5.18 Billion ($US) (+30%)
A critical point for the future is that maquiladoras are importing over $4 billion dollars in
materials every month to produce the different goods that will later be exported. At present, only
2.7% of those materials are obtained in Mexico. When new rules of the year 2001 are applied,
the materials coming from countries outside NAFTA will be taxed. Incentives will exist to
produce in a NAFTA country, hopefully Mexico.
Third Environmental
Roundtable - US Mexico
Border
UTEP, El Paso, TX
Nov 8-9 1999
B. Miller ACS/IAO
Summary Report
Background
This roundtable was follow on to a meeting in June 98 on defining the needs of maquilas on
environmental issues: maquilas need more professionals that know pollution prevention with
academic institutions providing education and training in waste recovery, reduction, recycling
and value-added reuse.
Roundtable Objectives
To promote cooperation among business sector and academia in the border region;
To facilitate technological capacity building in institutions of higher education along the border;
To enable these institutions to offer services and training to maquiladora industries in the area of
prevention, minimization and reuse of industrial wastes.
Participants
104 (10% US; 90% Mexico)
(Representative breakdown: 25 higher ed; 13 government; 36 industry;
4 NGO; 1 professional society, 25 Not specified)
Structure
289
Five major panels with 6-8 presentations each – mostly in Spanish; consecutive interpretation
available. Higher ed representatives focused on features of their collaborative programs with
industry – typically
♦ consulting ( tech transfer, standards development, housekeeping improvement, process reengineering, change in raw materials, alternative technologies, waste recovery / reduction /
treatment / recycling, integration of residuals)
♦ analysis (environmental impact, water, air, soil composition)
♦ education (Maquila-needs driven curricula development)
♦ training (compliance, use of equipment, process re-engineering)
Industrial presentations focused on:
♦ existing environmental management systems adopted from parent company to be in
compliance with US and Mexican environmental regulations;
♦ design and implementation of processes eliminating threat of hazmat use, substituting other
materials, putting in place engineering / administrative controls, implementing use of safety
equipment;
♦ savings and services to local communities through wastewater treatment, recycling, reusing
non / Hazmat, elementary / high school outreach).
Issues
Mexican environmental protection is distributed across two separate agencies Instituto Nacional
de Ecologia (policy development and regulation) and PROFEPA (enforcement). Laws and
regulations borrowed from and mirror US EPA; difficulty and variation in enforcement.
In Mexico there exists a strong technology and knowledge base associated with environmental
monitoring, greatest needs appears in policy formulation and implementation for enforcement.
US EPA advocating development and promotion of an environmental compliance assistance
vendor sector in Mexico. Yellow pages-like approach.
Maquila industries getting more complex; no longer simple assembly, especially in chemical
enterprise - having to deal with greater volume, concetrations and complexity associated with
product use – with all the attending human resource, air, (especially) water, and soil pollution
issues.
Push toward developing higher ed based expertise (physical and virtual) centers (at the Instituto
Tecnologicos) to inform and train Maquila industries in handling common hazmats,
administration of hazmats, air emissions, water quality and treatment, soil remediation, energy
290
efficiency, recycling / reuse match making, development and promotion of ISO 14K certification
(expected of large and medium sized enterprises in coming years). Question of funding;
autofinancero ITESM center for environment provides high level of services, yet still require
debt servicing from the university.
Large Maquila enterprise dominant in representation at Roundtable – most already have in place
environmental management systems / pollution control; small and medium sized enterprise not in
attendance, yet they have greatest need – to have access to information and training for activities
like registering, monitoring waste discharge and in getting systems in place to manage waste.
291
US Trade with Mexico 95-00
in $’000
source: www.ita.doc.gov
.
rev 3 Commodity
_________ EXPORTS _________
Mineral Fuels, Lubricants And Related Materials
Animal And Vegetable Oils, Fats And Waxes
Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly By Material
Commodities & Transactions Not Classified
Elsewher
TOTAL
.
_________ IMPORTS _________
Commodities & Transactions Not Classified Elsewher
TOTAL
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1995
1998
1999
2000
2,162 3,575 3,074 3,840
81
80
82
83
2,127 2,480 2,956 3,073
1,277 1,524 2,006 1,773
363
323
375
460
4,268 5,175 6,343 6,874
6,609 8,230 9,319 10,790
21,883 26,613 35,810 38,839
5,602 6,476 8,394 9,639
1,940 2,283 3,019 3,639
3,885
111
2,603
2,268
360
7,187
12,409
43,770
10,336
4,115
4,621
127
3,138
4,303
303
8,944
15,790
57,144
12,332
5,020
46,311 56,761 71,378 79,010
87,044
111,722
1999
2000
1995
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
292
1996
1996
1997
1997
1998
3,839 3,664 3,917 4,323
4,429
4,521
407
535
704
845
1,010
1,299
1,098
963
978
880
812
817
5,788 6,785 8,449 5,300
7,217 12,763
44
51
29
45
41
29
1,298 1,363 1,551 1,504
1,612
1,783
5,075 5,689 6,642 7,466
7,993
9,128
33,185 40,694 47,312 54,559 63,805 79,479
8,365 10,285 12,953 15,799 17,924 20,220
2,605 2,934 3,337 3,989
4,864
5,873
61,705 72,963 85,872 94,709 109,706 135,912
Chemical Industries in
Mexico By Type and
Employment By Size, 1993
Small 1-50 employees; Medium 51-250; Large 250+
(Source: INEGI)
SIZE
COMPANIES %
Small
73
Medium
20
Large
7
Total
100
EMPLOYMENT %
15
32
53
100
Geographical Concentration
of Chemical Industries in
Mexico
(Source: ANIQ - 1992)
STATE
Estado de Mexico
Veracruz
Distrito Federal
Other States
Nuevo Leon
Tamaulipas
Guanajuanto
Jalisco
Puebla
Total
NUMBER OF PLANTS
126
81
74
68
31
23
23
21
19
466
PERCENT
27.4
17.4
15.8
14.6
6.6
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.0
100
Petrochemicals
Pemex maintains monopoly control over eight basic petrochemicals -- butane, carbon black
feedstocks, ethane, heptane, hexane, naphtha, pentane, and propane. Mexico's secondary
petrochemical plants produce 13 types of petrochemicals at 61 plants located mainly in 10
293
complexes. Pemex Petroquimica, the petrochemical unit of Pemex, hopes to obtain private funds
for these secondary petrochemical complexes. However, throughout 1998 and 1999, plans to
capitalize the plants, using a 51% government/49% private ownership formula, were not proven
popular with investors and private companies, who would prefer controlling stakes in these
petrochemical complexes. Pemex needs foreign capital in order to repair and upgrade its
petrochemical plants, which have deteriorated due to a lack of domestic investment. The most
modern petrochemical complex is Petroquimica Morelos, in the southern part of the Gulf coast
state of Veracruz. Plans to upgrade this complex call for a $100 million infusion of capital: $49
million from private investors, and $51 from the government. Morelos has a capacity of about
350,000 metric tons of ethylene per year. The Mexican chemical industry runs large trade
deficits, often for raw materials supplied in insufficient quantities by Pemex. Lack of integration
and outdated production methods also are hampering the industry. Pemex is not able to provide a
full amount of needed petrochemicals, and thus companies must import them. In fact,
petrochemicals accounts for more than $3 billion per year in trade deficits with the United States.
294
Chemically Related Industry Company Case Studies - Mexico
.(Source: www.cosmos.com.mx and corporate websites, 1999, 2000, 2001)
PEMEX
PETRÓLEOS MEXICANOS
Marina Nacional # 329, Col. Huasteca
Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11311
Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal
www.pemex.com
In Mexico the petrochemical industry is governed by the Regulatory Law of the
27th Article on Oil Matters in the Constitution, passed on November 29, 1958.
Regulations for the institutionalization of the development policies of the
petrochemical industry were passed in 1971, and the industry was divided into two
sectors, Basic and Secondary Petrochemicals. The above mentioned regulation set
forth that the extraction, refining and production of oil and gas and the products
that constitute the Basic Petrochemical Industry were exclusively reserved for the
government through Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX).
The secondary petrochemical Industry includes all the by-products of the processes
subsequent to those already mentioned. In this case private and foreign investments
play a very important role. According to the law, foreign investment can participate
in this sector with 40% of the investments.
Thus, under this Regulatory Law, the government-owned company practically
dominated petrochemical production in Mexico. In spite of this fact, it has been
recognized that thanks to the driving force of PEMEX´s investments within the
legal framework, an industrial structure was established where private businessmen
and PEMEX developed the adequate infrastructure for the domestic market.
The growth reported by the petrochemical industry in general from 1960 until 1980
was accelerated. From 30 products in 1960 which made a total of 395,000 tons, in
1980 there were more than 200 products for a total of 8,830 tons. This meant an
average growth rate of 16.8%. All this contributed to a growing self sufficiency in
supply, thus decreasing the import of basic products, from 50% in 1960 to less
than 20% in 1980. At the same time, exports of domestic petrochemical products
were uncertain because they were carried out under a scheme of installed capacity
surpluses, which amounted to only 5.5% of domestic production.
Insufficient production capacity in most of the basic petrochemical products
created the need to import such products in order to meet the domestic market
demand.
During 1973, 1974 and in early 1975, there was a shortage of petrochemical raw
materials in the international market. The influencing factors were the few
295
investments made in new production capacity in the industrialized countries and the
embargo decreed by the oil exporting countries. Thus, the requirements of the
basic petrochemical industry could not be satisfied in the domestic market, and
when this was possible, prices were well above the previous prices. In view of the
energy crisis and considering the large amount of raw materials available in the oil
and natural gas deposits discovered in Mexico, the need came to develop a basic
industry of such proportions that it would guarantee the supply of the inputs
required for domestic industrial growth, reducing dependency from abroad.
Starting in 1975 and in the following ten years, a national plan for industrial
development was initiated, providing tax and economic incentives for the industry,
such as differentials for energy products and basic petrochemical inputs. In view of
the situation, sufficient production capacity would be installed to export 25% during
three years, without this commitment implying the neglect of the domestic market.
This was done with the purpose of contributing to the development of a
competitive industry oriented towards exporting.
On one side, the government would be responsible for the supply of energy
products and water, and also for providing the infrastructure required for housing,
communications and services. Also, the construction of four large producing
complexes originated from this plan: La Cangrejera, Cosoleacaque, Pajaritos and
Morelos, and six smaller centers, Escolín, Camargo, Salamanca, Tula and
Independencia. At the same time that PEMEX´s petrochemical industry was
growing, the growth of the Mexican chemical industry also started, with the
creation of new companies.
After Mexico joined the GATT, the industry in general faced strong market
pressures. This forced the government to see the need of restructuring the
petrochemical industry, and in August, 1989, the first steps were taken to reclassify
most of the so-called basic petrochemical products, opening this industry to private
investment, arguing that such classification was made in order for private
investment to complement public investment, which by that time was scarce.
The amendments made to the Regulatory Law set forth that the extraction, refining
and production of oil and gas, as well as the manufacturing of the products
classified as basic petrochemicals would be reserved exclusively for the
government through PEMEX. At the same time, all the products classified as
secondary petrochemicals would require a license for their production. Such
licenses would be awarded by Comisión Petroquímica Mexicana (Mexican
Petrochemical Commission), that existed at that time.
The following 20 products were considered as basic petrochemicals: ammonia,
benzene, butadiene, dodecylbenzene, ethane, ethyl methyl terbuthyl, ethylene,
heptane, hexane, raw material for carbon black, methanol, n-parafins, o-xylene,
p-xylene, penthanes, propylene, ter amyl methyl ether, propylene tetramer, toluene
and xylenes.
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Sixty six products were included in secondary petrochemicals: 2-ethyl-hexanol,
acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, acetylene, acetone cyanhydrin, acetone, acetonitrile,
acetic acid, acrylic acid, prussic acid, terephthalic acid, acrylonitrile,
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), acreolin, oxo alcohols, alpha olefins, acetic
anhydride, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, aniline, butyraldehyde,
caprolactam, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, chlorobenzenes, chloromethanes,
chloroprene, ethyl chloride, vinyl chloride, styrene-propylene-copolymer, cumene,
dichloroethane, dimethyl terephthalate, ethylene-propylene elastomers, styrene,
styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), ethanolamines, ethylamines, ethylbenzene, phenol,
formaldehyde, ammonium phosphate, styrene butadiene rubber, isobutyraldehyde,
isoprene, isopropanol, methyl methacrylate, methylamines, ammonium nitrate,
nitrobenzenes, nitrofoluene, n-butanol, internal olefines, ethylene oxide, propylene
oxide, paraformaldehyde, pentaeritritol, polybutadiene, polybutenes, high-density
polyethylene (PEAD), low-density polyethylene (PEBD), low density linear
polyethylene (PELBD), polypropylene, ammonium sulphate, terbutanol and urea.
Later, with the execution of commercial treaties with other countries, especially the
Northamerica Free Trade Agreement with the United States and Canada, the
industry faced a growing and fierce competition from abroad in the domestic
market, because many local customers stopped buying petrochemical products and
decided to import finished or semi-finished products, forcing the industry to look
for export markets.
On July 16, 1992, 54 years after the oil expropriation, a new period started for
PEMEX when the Congress of the United Mexican States passed the Organic Law
of PETRÓLEOS MEXICANOS and Subsidiaries. This law sets forth the creation
of four decentralized entities of a technical, industrial and commercial nature with
their own legal capacity and capital. The purposes of these four entities are as
follows:
PEMEX-Exploración y Producción is in charge of the prospecting and exploitation
of oil and natural gas, their transportation, storage in terminals and marketing.
PEMEX-Refinación is in charge of the refining industrial processes, manufacturing
of oil products and by-products which may be used as basic industrial raw
materials, of the storage, transportation and distribution as well as marketing of the
above mentioned products and by-products.
PEMEX-Gas y Petroquímica Básica is in charge of the processing of natural gas,
liquids from natural gas and artificial gas and of the storage, transportation,
distribution and marketing of these hydrocarbons, as well as that of any
by-products which may serve as basic industrial raw materials.
PEMEX-Petroquímica is in charge of the petrochemical industrial processes for
products which are not part of the basic petrochemical industry, as well as their
storage, distribution and marketing.
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PEMEX-Internacional (PMI) is in charge of marketing abroad Petróleos
Mexicanos products and of importing the inputs required by the entity when
internal supply is not sufficient.
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo (IMP) is in charge of promoting research and
technological development, where the major objective is the development or
assimilation of processes, procedures or products that help improve the competitive
position of Petróleos Mexicanos, and also of the education, training and updating of
the staff and students in the institutions involved.
According to the law published on August 17, 1992, a new classification of
petrochemical products was decreed, with 8 products in basic petrochemicals:
ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, naphthas and raw material for
carbon black, and there are 13 secondary petrochemicals that require a license
from the Secretariat of Energy for their production: acetylene, ammonia, benzene,
butadiene, butylene, ethylene, methanol, n-parafins, o-xylene, p-xylene, propylene,
toluene, xylene mix, which in spite of the reclassification, continue to be
manufactured only by the government-owned company.
The 21 products not included in the preceding classification can be produced by
the private, social or public sectors, and the only requirement is to register them
with the Secretariat of Energy. The new reclassification was made because of the
same reasons than the previous. However, this strategy was not very effective,
since investments were not as expected. At the same time, national priorities
prevented PEMEX from investing in the petrochemical sector.
Today, Pemex maintains monopoly control over eight basic petrochemicals -- butane, carbon
black feedstocks, ethane, heptane, hexane, naphtha, pentane, and propane. Mexico's secondary
petrochemical plants produce 13 types of petrochemicals at 61 plants located mainly in 10
complexes. Pemex Petroquimica, the petrochemical unit of Pemex, hopes to obtain private funds
for these secondary petrochemical complexes. However, throughout 1998 and 1999, plans to
capitalize the plants, using a 51% government/49% private ownership formula, were not proven
popular with investors and private companies, who would prefer controlling stakes in these
petrochemical complexes. Pemex needs foreign capital in order to repair and upgrade its
petrochemical plants, which have deteriorated due to a lack of domestic investment. The most
modern petrochemical complex is Petroquimica Morelos, in the southern part of the Gulf coast
state of Veracruz. Plans to upgrade this complex call for a $100 million infusion of capital: $49
million from private investors, and $51 from the government. Morelos has a capacity of about
350,000 metric tons of ethylene per year. The Mexican chemical industry runs large trade
deficits, often for raw materials supplied in insufficient quantities by Pemex. Lack of integration
and outdated production methods also are hampering the industry. Pemex is not able to provide a
full amount of needed petrochemicals, and thus companies must import them. In fact,
petrochemicals accounts for more than $3 billion per year in trade deficits with the United States.
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Mexico's secondary petrochemical plants produce 13 types of petrochemicals at 61 plants located
mainly in 10 complexes. Pemex Petroquimica, the petrochemical unit of Pemex, hopes to
capitalize -- that is, boost with private funds -- these secondary petrochemical complexes. In May
1998, Energy Minister Tellez said that Pemex would seek private bids on the first of these plants
during the third quarter of 1998. However, the plan to capitalize the plants using a 51%
government/49% private ownership formula has not proven popular with investors and private
companies, who would prefer opportunities to obtain controlling stakes in these petrochemical
complexes. Pemex needs foreign capital in order to repair and upgrade its petrochemical plants,
which have deteriorated due to a lack of domestic investment in the sector. Earlier this year
deputy Deputy Energy Minister Jorge Chavezstated that the Mexico's petrochemical plants
suffered from "obsolescence of scale" and needed a lot of investments. The most modern
petrochemical complex is Petroquimica Morelos, in the southern part of the Gulf coast state of
Veracruz. Plans to upgrade the complex call for a $100 million infusion of capital: $49 million
from private investors, and $51 from the government. Morelos has a capacity of about 350,000
metric tons of ethylene per year. The Mexican petrochemical industry stretches south from
Tampico around the Bay of Campeche, with many facilities concentrated at Veracruz.
Mexico has the key ingredients for a successful petrochemical industry: a large and rapidly
growing internal market, access to U.S. and other Latin American markets and a rich supply of
ethane feedstocks from oil and gas production. Ethane and ethylene kick off a petrochemical
chain that leads to production of four of the world's most widely used plastics—polyethylene,
polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene.
Despite its advantages, the Mexican petrochemical industry remains relatively small, ranking
14th in the world in ethylene production, for example, with 1.3 billion tons per year of capacity.
In contrast, Texas and Louisiana have nameplate capacity of 25.9 billion tons per year, a figure
that dwarfs that of the world's second—largest producer, Japan, with 6.9 billion tons per year.
There are four complexes in the Houston metropolitan area alone that have more ethylene
capacity. Only about half the ethane currently produced in Mexico is used as feedstock; the rest
is returned to the natural gas stream to be burned.
Pemex's petrochemical subsidiary owns 70 plants in 10 complexes that produce a wide array of
base and intermediate products for plastics and synthetic fibers and rubber. Most of these plants
were built in the mid—1980s or earlier, with the notable exception of those in the large Morelos
complex, where production started between 1988 and 1994. A recent assessment of these plants
by the Mexican Secretary of Energy found them small by current world standards, employing
obsolete technologies and needing improvements to enhance performance, safety and
environmental controls. The report estimated that if these plants were located in Texas or
Louisiana, less than half their combined capacity would be economically viable.
Complementing Pemex operations are a large and growing number of private Mexican and
foreign petrochemical operations with successful niches in the Mexican market. Leadership
among the Mexican companies belongs to Alpek, a subsidiary of Monterrey—based
conglomerate Grupo Alfa. Along with Shell and BASF, Alpek has spearheaded development of
the private petrochemical complex at Altamira, near Tampico. The most aggressive of the
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foreign companies is BASF, which operates nine facilities with 2,000 employees in Mexico. Its
largest investments are in styrene and copolymers at Altamira.
Last year, Profepa named Pemex the nation's worst eco-offender in terms of emissions in 2000.
The oil company garnered a rating of 11.2 for air pollution on a scale of one to 100, with 100
representing perfect and zero being extremely grave.
PRIVATIZING PETROCHEMICALS
source: —Robert W. Gilmer and Joan E. Williams
http://www.dallasfed.org/htm/pubs/houston/9905.html
Opening petrochemicals to private Mexican and foreign investment has been a prolonged process
of defining and redefining what is "oil"—national patrimony reserved to Pemex—and what is
simply value—added in a production chain that begins with oil and natural gas liquids. In
Mexican terminology, products reserved to Pemex are "basic," and other, "secondary"
petrochemicals may be privately produced, in some cases with a permit from the federal
government.
Pemex domination of Mexican petrochemicals peaked in 1986, when the number of basic
petrochemicals was reduced from 70 to 34 and a 40—percent limit on foreign participation in
secondary petrochemicals was dropped. The list of basic petrochemicals was shortened again in
1989, 1991 and 1992, and in 1996 all restrictions on secondary petrochemicals were eliminated.
As recently as 1989 the basic list included such important commodity chemicals as ethylene,
propylene, methanol, benzene and toluene. However, the restricted list today is confined to
carbon black and naphthas, plus the natural gas liquid feedstocks: ethane, propane, butane,
pentane, hexane and heptane. In principle, the petrochemical industry is open to Mexican and
foreign capital alike, apart from a Pemex monopoly on feedstocks.
It is important to distinguish Mexico's basic/secondary terminology from the industry's definition
of base or commodity chemicals that appear early in chemical commodity chains. The
petrochemical industry is sometimes divided into four parts, according to where products appear
on the production chain. Feedstocks are the energy product input: naphtha, methane, ethane,
propane and so on. The first stage of processing produces high—volume commodity base
petrochemicals, with methanol, ammonia, ethylene, propylene and toluene among them. A large
number of intermediate products appear between the base chemicals and final products:
formaldehyde, nitric acid and ethylene dioxide, for example. Final products would include resins,
fertilizer, polyester, synthetic fibers and polyurethane foam. From this perspective the Mexican
basic petrochemicals are simply the feedstocks, and privatized, secondary petrochemicals are the
base, intermediate and final products.
This structure can also be used to describe the ownership pattern of Mexican petrochemicals,
beginning with the Pemex monopoly on feedstocks. Base petrochemicals and most early
intermediates (such as ethylene oxide or ethylene dichloride) remain dominated by Pemex,
which held 74.6 percent of this base and intermediate market in 1995. Private Mexican and
foreign firms generally operate further downstream, well into the intermediates (formaldehyde or
300
phenol) or producing final plastic, resin or synthetic rubber. In 1995 non—Pemex production
was about one—third of Mexican petrochemical output, most of it concentrated well
downstream.
PRIVATIZATION STALLS
In January 1995 the Zedillo administration announced its intent to sell all Pemex petrochemical
complexes, with the Cosoleacaque ammonia plant the first to go on the block. Pemex would
remain as a minority partner with a 20—percent participation, and the oil union contract would
be transferred to the new owner. Companies in Mexico, the United States and Norway expressed
interest in purchasing the complex. But political opposition, led by the oil workers union,
ultimately killed the deal in the summer of 1996. The transfer of Pemex property to private or
foreign hands simply proved impossible.
This was the point at which the opportunity was lost to move the bulk of the existing Mexican
petrochemical industry into private hands. Further efforts have been made to attract private
capital to Pemex plants, but to no effect. The modern Morelos complex was recently marketed
under a cumbersome bidding process. Unable to sell the complex outright, the Secretary of
Energy sought private Mexican and foreign partners for Pemex that might be willing to invest in
modernizing the plant and share in the ownership of Morelos in proportion to the capital brought
to the table. However, Pemex would remain majority owner, the oil union workers contract
would remain in place and foreign ownership would be even further restricted to 24 percent or
less of the complex. Despite some initial interest, this restrictive scheme ultimately drew no
formal bids.
The dilemma Mexican petrochemicals is clear. The country has higher priorities for its public
investment than petrochemicals and has not invested much more than routine maintenance in its
plants since the early 1990s. Two—thirds of Mexican chemical production is in the hands of an
increasingly unreliable supplier. Attracting foreign investment to the commodity petrochemical
niche Pemex now occupies is problematic at best (such investment has been rare outside of
Canada and Saudi Arabia), and it is complicated further by the Pemex monopoly on feedstocks.
Ironclad guarantees of globally competitive feedstock prices would be imperative.
Mexico's National Association of Industrial Chemists recently described the emerging future as
one of a maquiladora chemical industry—one in which basic feedstocks are purchased abroad
and the potential for domestic value—added is limited to less capital—intensive downstream
processes. Given Mexico's rich resource base, this is a high price to pay for not bringing its
energy institutions into line with the global market.
President Fox has ambitious plans to restructure and modernize Mexican government and
industry, including petrochemicals and the energy sector (although privatization of the state oil
company Pemex has been ruled out as politically infeasible). Fox has stated his commitment to
making the country less financially reliant on oil exports, which currently generate about onethird of government revenues. Mexico is producing and consuming rapidly increasing quantities
of natural gas, and much of the country's vast gas reserves remain untapped. Some of Fox's
proposed changes will require changes to the Mexican Constitution. It remains unclear that Fox
301
will be able to generate the required two-thirds majority in the bicameral Congress to enact a
constitutional change. The PRI is the largest party in the federal Congress (where no party has a
majority) and the majority party in the Senate, and the PRI remains divided between a more
progressive wing and a wing more resistant to change.
302
Celanese, S.A. Executive Office:
AV. MIGUEL HIDALGO ORIENTE NO 1350
SAN SEBASTIAN, 50010, TUL. EDO. De
MEX.
Telephone:
+52 72 794300
Website: htpp://www.celanese.com.mx
Formerly known as Celanese Mexicana S.A. manufactures and markets synthetic
fibres, chemical products and packaging materials. The company's main products are Pet resin,
Ethyl Polyester staple fibers, Acetic Acid, Methyl acrylate, Polyester filament, Acetic anhidride,
Acetate filament, Celulose acetates, Non plasticized, Vinyl acetates and Acetate tow. Synthetic
fibers accounted 49% of 1997 revenues; chemicals, 33% and packaging products, 22%.
Chairman W.B. HARRIS Vice-Chairman: T.M. MOHR Sales/Revs 1997: 982,277,779
Girsa Corporativo S.A. de C.V.
Paseo de Tamarindos
400 B piso 31
Bosques de lasLomas
Cuajimalpa 05120México D.F.
Tel: 2-61-83-00
Fax: 2-61-83-61
www.girsa.com.mx
As a subsidiary of DESC, S.A. de C.V., (one of Mexico's largest groups, focuses its activities in
five business sectors: autoparts, chemicals, consumer products, food and real estate), GIRSA is a
group of Mexican petrochemical companies comprising more than 4,000 employees, 17
productive facilities. This group (along with Agrobios, Unik and Dine) is owned by Desc, a
fully-Mexican investment Group. Girsa itself has an annual sales revenue of more than $750
million dollars, and exports 32% of its production to the Americas, Asia and Europe.
Girsa will use the IFC financing to modernise, expand and invest in its business units, which
include synthetic rubber, phosphates, consumer products, laminates, polystyrene, carbon black,
phenol, and acrylic sheets.
Director General: Enrique Ochoa Vega
Director Finanzas y Administración: Carlos Urdiales Morales
Director Adjunto: Leopoldo Rodríguez Sánchez
Fundada: 1936 Empleados: 4,295 Actividad: Industria Química.
PRODUCTOS - PRODUCTS
ACETONA
ACETONE
303
ACIDO FOSFORICO
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ACIDO SULFURICO
SULFURIC ACID
ADHESIVOS
ADHESIVES
ADITIVOS PARA ALIMENTOS
ADDITIVES, FOR FOOD
ADITIVOS PARA CONCRETO Y PISOS
ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE AND FLOORS
AMINOACIDOS
AMINOACIDS
ANTIOXIDANTES
ANTIOXIDANTS
AROMATIZANTES
AROMATIC AGENTS
CARBON ACTIVADO
ACTIVATED CARBON
COMPLEMENTOS ALIMENTICIOS
COMPLEMENTS, FOOD
COPOLIMEROS DE ESTIRENO
COPOLYMERS, STYRENE
ELASTOMEROS
ELASTOMERS
EMULSIONES
EMULSIONS
EMULSIONES DE BUTADIENO ESTIRENO
EMULSIONS, STYRENE BUTADIENE
ESPECIALIDADES QUIMICAS
SPECIALTIES, CHEMICAL
FENOL
304
PHENOL
FUNGICIDAS
FUNGICIDES
HULES / CAUCHO SINTETICOS
RUBBERS, SYNTHETIC
IMPERMEABILIZANTES
WATERPROOFERS
METIL METACRILATO
METHYL METHACRYLATE
NEGROS DE HUMO
CARBON BLACK
PIGMENTOS
PIGMENTS
PINTURAS
PAINTS
POLIESTIRENO
POLYESTYRENE
POLIESTIRENO CRISTAL
POLYESTYRENE, CRYSTAL GPPS General Purpose Polystyrene
PROMOTORES DE CRECIMIENTO FOLIAR
RECUBRIMIENTOS
COATINGS
SABORES SABORIZANTES
FLAVORS, FLAVORINGS
SABORIZANTES
FLAVORINGS
SELLADORES
SEALERS
TRIPOLIFOSFATO DE SODIO
305
SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE
306
Grupo Cydsa S.A. de C.V.
Executive Office:
COL. VALLE SANTA ENGRACIA
66268 GARZA GARCIA NUEVO LEON
Telephone: +52 83 511010
A holding company and its subsidiaries are involved in the manufacture of synthetic and
artificial fiber, acrylic yarn and finished textile products, the production and conversion of
transparent films and foams, the manufacture of PVC and its derivatives and other basic
chemical products. It exports to more than 50 countries worldwide. Chemicals and plastics
accounted for 41% of 1996 revenues; fibres and textiles, 39%; packaging, 17% and water
treatment plants, 3%. Chairman:T. G. SADA President & CEO F. SADA
Sales/Revs 1998: 800,408,390. Cydsa is one of Mexico's leading textile and petrochemical
conglomerates, having more than 20 subsidiaries that employ about 10,000 people and sell more
than 200 products worldwide. The company, which began in 1945 as a maker of rayon, has
expanded into six divisions: chemical products, fibers, home textiles, flexible packaging,
environmental services, and yarn and apparel. The company's products include PCV pipe,
cellophane, fibers and threads, and chlorine and other chemicals. It also builds water treatment
plants. Glassmaker Vitro, once Cydsa's primary shareholder, sold its 49.9% stake to Cydsa CEO
Tomas Gonzalez Sada and members of his family in 1997.
Executive Office:
COL. VALLE SANTA ENGRACIA
66268 GARZA GARCIA NUEVO LEON
Telephone:
+52 83 511010
Tekchem S.A. de C.V.
Executive Office:
AV. JALISCO 180 D.F. MEXICO
Telephone: +52 5 2722221
Website: [email protected]
Manufactures and sells chemicals and agro-chemicals products to supply the industrial,
agroindustrial and public health sectors. General Manager:I. RIVERO DARANCOU
Sales/Revs 1997: 23,282,555
307
Higher Education / Industrial
Linkages - Mexico
(Source: CONACyT, 1999)
Recently a government report on fostering S&T activity in Mexico provided the following
recommendations related to university / industry relations:
•decrease the concentration of international cooperation now centered in specific groups of
investigators, institutions and regions of the country;
•take a more active role in defining common interests and programs with international
counterparts;
•intensify cooperation with NAFTA partners and open new areas of cooperation, particularly
with countries in the european community and the Asian Pacific region;
•establish programs to bring recognized international scientists and Mexicans living overseas to
Mexico;
•analyze international experiences industry-university linkages in order to adapt them for use in
Mexico;
•foster programs of international cooperation in which academics and business people can
participate;
•include regional groups and research institutions in international cooperative programs;
•establish international financing strategies to foster scientific research, technology development,
the development of human resources and closer ties between the academic and industrial sectors;
•encourage greater participation by Mexico in multinational programs in science and technology
and to facilitate the access of Mexican scientists and technologists to laboratories and
infrastructure in other countries.
Here are some existing linkages among higher education and industry in Mexico.
Small, medium and large chemical companies in Mexico with track records of higher education /
industry collaboration through UNAM Institute of Chemistry: Laboratorio Hines, Laboratorio
Simón, Laboratorio Silanes, Laboratorio Proquífia, Laboratorio Proquina, Cosbel, Resistol
(CID), Poliolel, Negromex, Varian.
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CENTRO DE CIENCIAS DE LA ATMÓSFERA -Consejo Británico-Cía. Geofísica de
Exploración-Comisión Nacional de Derechos HumanosDirector General
Nombre: Dr. Fernando García G.
Puesto: Director
Tel. 622-4059
Responsable ante el SISTEC
Nombre: M. en C. René Garduño L.
Puesto: Secretario Académico
Tel. 622-4059
CDMI, CENTRO DE DISEÑO DE MANUFACTURA DE LA FACULTAD DE
INGENIERÍA Simex
-Multipack S.A.
-Transformadores Voltran
-Promezasa, S.A. de C.V.
-Industrias Murrel S.A.
-Serral, S.A. de C.V.
-Honey Well de México
-Western Equipment
-Developments L.T.D.
Vitro Enseres Domésticos
-Productos de Maíz, S.A. de C.V.
-Torres Mexicanas, S.A de C.V.
309
-Oficina Central de Correos de México.
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Marcelo López Parra
Puesto: Jefe del C.D.M.
Tel. 550-0635
E-Mail:[email protected]
Director Técnico
Nombre: Ing. Adrián Espinoza B.
Puesto: Jefe de Sección de Diseño
Tel. 5500635
CENTRO DE INSTRUMENTOS
-Visión XXI.S.A.
-Indenjema, S.A.
-Dispositivos, Bombas y Accionadores, S.A.
-DIDATEC, S.A.
-INYMET, S.A.
-Lab. Galen, S.A.
-AXA-YAZAKI, S.A
-MITUTOYO,
Mex. S.A.
-HARADA, Ind. S.A.
-POLAROID, S.A.
310
-SANDVIK, S.A.
-Fernández Editores, S.A.
-Ford Motor Company, S.A.
-Vitro, S.A.
-Cutler Hammer, S.A.
-PEMEX
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Claudio Firmani Clementi
Puesto: Director
Tel. 550-0337 / 622-8601
Responsable de atención y servicios a clientes
Nombre:Ing. Gerardo Ruiz Botello
Tel. 5500416, 6228605
Nombre: Ing. Gerardo Ruiz Botello
Tel. 550-0416 / 622-8605
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES DE DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL
311
-Air Desing, S.A.
-Fomento Cultural BANAMEX.
-Industrias Murel, S.A.
-Tequila de la Casa de Jalisco.
-Vitro Matic Comercial, S.A. de C.V.Director General
Nombre: D.I. Mauricio Moyssen
Puesto: Coordinador General
Tel. 622-0835
Director Técnico:
Nombre: D.I. Fernando Rubio
Puesto: Coordinador Técnico
Tel. 6220835
Director de Consultoría:
Puesto: Coordinador Técnico
Tel. 622-0835
Nombre: Lic. Enrique Navarrete
312
Puesto: Coordinador de Gestión Tecnológica.
Tel. 622-0835
ESCUELA NACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS PROFESIONALES IZTACALA
-Veralac, S.A.-Minerales No Metálicos-Merck, S.A. de C.V.
-I.M.S.S.
-Samborns.
Director General:
Nombre: Mtro. Felipe Tirado Segura
Puesto:Director General
Tel. 623-1150 / 623-1170
Director Técnico
Nombre: M. en C. Ignacio Peñalosa Castro
Puesto: Jefe de la Carrera de Biología
Tel. 623-1149
Director de Consultoría
Nombre: C.D. Ana Graf Obregón
Puesto: Jefe de la Divisón de Extensión Universitaria
Tel. 623-1171
313
Nombre: Lic. Teresa García Gómez
Puesto: Jefa del Depto. de Servicios al Sector Productivo
Tel. 623-1184, 623-1158
Nombre: Lic. Teresa García Gómez
FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA
-Asociación Vecinos Colonia Centro
-Coop. de Vivienda Coyocalpulli.
-Vecinos Lomas de la Era.
-Universidad Autónoma de México.
-Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo.
Director General
Nombre: Arq. Felipe Leal Fernández
Puesto: Director
Tel. 622-0300
Nombre: Arq. José Antonio Ramírez
Puesto: Coordinador de Extensión Universitaria
Tel. 622-0367 / 622-0364
314
FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES CUAUTITLAN
-Pan Don Toño
-Empacadora Ruiz Cruz
-Empacadora La Providencia
-Empacadora Morgalli
-Empacadora Paty
-Alcosa
-Danone
-Ambesco
-Tetra Laval
-Takasaga
Director General
Nombre: Dra. Sara Valdés Martínez
Puesto: Secretaria Académica
Tel. 623-1955
Nombre: Ing. Carlos Orozco Ferreira
Puesto: Servicio al Público
Tel. 6231955
Nombre: Dra. Sara Valdés Martínez
315
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA, DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA EN CIENCIAS DE LA
TIERRA.
-Personas Físicas -Nacional Monte de Piedad-Petroleos Mexicanos
-Departamento del Distrito Federal
-Comisión Nacional del Agua
-Gobierno del Estado de México
Nombre: Rolando de la Llanta Romero
Puesto: Jefe de la División
Tel. 550-0040
Nombre: Rolando de la Llanta Romero
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA, COORDINA-CIÓN DE VINCULACIÓN UNIVERSIDADEMPRESA.
-GMC García Moreno Garza y Asociados, S.A. de C.V.
-Películas Ebesa.
-Guzmán Díaz Ceballos, S.C.
-Bocar Servicios, S.A. de C.V.
-Austromex-Abrasivos Especiales S.A. de C.V.
-Kaltex Home.
-Simco de México, S.A. de C.V.
-Petroleos Mexicanos.
-Ica Fluor Daniel, S.A. de C.V.
316
-Tetra Pak
-Siemens Mexicana, S.A. de C.V.
-Embotelladora Mundet, S.A. de C.V.
Director Técnico
Nombre: Ing. Luis Candelas Ramírez
Puesto: Jefe del Depto.de Prácticas y Vinculación
Tel. 6228001, 6228002, 6228003
Nombre: Ing. Carlos Sánchez Mejía
Puesto: Coordinación de Vinculación Universidad-Empresa.
Tel. 622-3121
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA, DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL, TOPOGRÁFICA Y
GEODÉSICA.
-Personas Físicas-Delegaciones Políticas.-Secretaría Agraria.-Sector Comunicaciones y
Transportes
-Instituto de Tecnología del Agua
-INEGI
-Colegio de Ingenieros Topógrafos
Director Técnico
Nombre: M.I. Gabriel Moreno Pecero
Puesto: Jefe de la División
Tel. (5) 622-8007
317
Nombre: M.I. Gabriel Moreno Pecero
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA, DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA
-Industria Nacional de Autopartes
-Instituto Nacional del Agua.
-Grupo ICA Sistemas de Transporte Colectivo.
-S.C.T.
Director General
Nombre: Ing. José Manuel Covarrubias
Puesto: Director de la Facultad de Ingeniería
Director Técnico
Nombre: M. en C. Salvador Landeros
Puesto: Jefe de la División de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Tel. 6223116
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA
-Biotecnologías Universitarias, S.A. de C.V.-Productos Ecológicos S.A. (Guatemalteca).Laboratorios Aranda, S.A. de C.V.-Schering Plough, S.A. de C.V.
-Laboratorios Silanes S.A. de C.V.
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Alejandro Cravioto
Puesto: Director
Tel. 616-1162 / 623-2401
318
[email protected]
Nombre: Dr. Ernesto Trens Flores
Puesto: Jefe del Programa de Desarrollo Tecnológico
Tel. 623-2151 / 616-0290
-Responsable ante el SISTEC
Nombre: Dr. Ernesto Trens Flores
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA CENTRO DE CÓMPUTO
-Personas Físicas.-CENTRUM
-Personas Físicas
-FEDMVZ
-AMMVEB
-ANECA
-INIFAP
Director General
Nombre: Gerardo López Buendía
Puesto: Jefe del Centro de Cómputo
Tel. (5) 622-5876
Director Técnico
Nombre: Martha Máximo Munguía
319
Puesto: Jefe de Soporte Técnico
Tel. 6225877
Nombre: Guillermo Salazar Mendoza
Puesto: Gerente General
Tel. 6225876
Nombre: Nora Galván Ochoa
Puesto: Coordinador de Cursos
Tel. 6225876
Nombre: Gerardo López Buendía
Puesto: Jefe del Centro de Cómputo
Tel. 622-5876
INSTITUTO DE ASTRONOMÍA
-Oerlikón-INEGI
-Fábrica de Papel del B de México
-Director General
320
Nombre: Gloria Koenigsberg
Puesto: Directora
Tel. 616-1412
Director Técnico
Nombre: Arturo Iriarte V.
Tel. 6223906
-Responsable de atención y servicios a clientes
Nombre: Rafael Costero
Teléfono: 622-3906
Nombre: Arturo Iriarte V.
INSTITUTO DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA.
-Proveedor Internacional de Químicos
-Diagnostika
-Pharm Yeast
-Proquifin
-Mogen
-Genencor, Int.
321
-Pioner Hi Bred
-DuPont
-Maseca
-Syntex, División Química
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Javier Soberón Mainero
Puesto: Director
Tel. (5) 622-7673
Responsable de atención y servicios a clientes:
Nombre: Ing. Mario Trejo Loyo
Puesto: Encargado de la Secretaría Técnica de Gestión
Tel. 622-7654
Nombre: Ing. Mario Trejo Loyo
INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS NUCLEARES
-TTI Mexicana
-Condimentos Naturales Tres Villas
-Aplicadores, Bolsas y Brochas
-Transvic
-Avon Cosmetics-PalmoliveDirector General
322
Nombre: Dr. Octavio Castaños
Puesto: Director
Tel. 622-46-70
Nombre: C.P. Fermín Bautista
Puesto: Secretario Administrativo
Tel. 622-46-71
Nombre: Dr. José Jiménez Mier y Terán
Tel. 622-46-71
INSTITUTO DE FÍSICA, LABORATORIO DE CUERNAVACA.
-D.T.A. -Mexinox, S.A. de C.V.
-Ispat Mexicana Condumex
-Mayekawa
Director General
Nombre: Lorenzo Martínez Gómez
Puesto: Jefe del Laboratorio
Tel. (5273)175388
323
Director Técnico
Nombre: Osvaldo Flores Cedillo
Puesto: Técnico Académico Titular B
Tel. (5273) 173241
Nombre: Ramiro Pérez Campos
Puesto: Investigador Tit. C
Tel. (5273) 175388
Nombre: Bernardo Campillo I.
Puesto: Prof. Titular B
Tel. (5273)291743
Nombre: Lorenzo Martínez Gómez
INSTITUTO DE GEOFÍSICA
-PEMEX
-Secretaría de Gobernación
Director General
Nombre: Jaime Urrutia F.
Puesto: Director
Tel. 5485892
324
Nombre: Enrique Cabral Cano
Tel. 6224120, 6224028
Director Técnico
INSTITUTO DE GEOGRAFÍA
-PEMEX.
-Departamento del Distrito Federal
-SEMARNAP
-INE.
-Consorcio Minero Peña Colorada.
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Román Alvarez Bejar
Puesto: Director
Tel. 6224339, 6224340
Director Técnico
325
Nombre: Lic. Roberto Bonifaz Alfonzo
Puesto: Jefe del Lab. De Observación de la Tierra
Tel. 6224334
Nombre: Dr. Omar Moncada Maya
Tel 6224339, 6224341
INSTITUTO DE INGENIERÍA
-Ecologiep, S.A. de C.V.
-Champ, S.A. de C.V.
-Demm Consultores
-Datamar
-Grupo Consultores Condor, S.A.
-Secretaría de Gobernación.
-CONAE. Comisión Nacional de Energía.
-Instituto Mexicano de Transporte.
-Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares.
-Atlaxtec.
-Autopistas del Sol
-Equipos Industriales
326
-EFE Asesores
-Deck Distribución de Agua Envasada S.A. de C.V.
-IMT
-C.N.A.
-D.D.F.
-Conacyt
-S.C.T.
-Comunidad Económica Europea.
Director General
Nombre: Dr. José Luis Fernández Zayas
Puesto: Director
Tel. 6225423
Director Técnico
Nombre: Ing. Héctor González Reza
Tel. 6223419
Nombre: Ing. Roberto Magallanes Negrete
Tel. 6223410, 6223411
327
Nombre: Dr. José Luis Fernández Zayas
Nombre: Ing. Guillermo Sánchez N.
Puesto: Reponsable de la Unidad de Servicios de Información
Tel. 6223421
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOMÉDICAS
-Laboratorio Avi-Mex S.A. de C.V.
-EnMex S.A. de C.V.
-U.U.-3 S.A. de C.V.
-Serono.
-Schering Plough
-Columbia Lab.
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Carlos Larralde
Puesto: Director
Tel. 6223862
Director Técnico
Nombre: Dr. Roberto Vargas Echeverría
Puesto: Secretario de Desarrollo Tecnológico
Tel. 6223847
328
Nombre: Dr. Raúl Mancilla Jiménez
Tel. 6223856
Nombre: Lic. Silvia Vargas Montes
Puesto: Coordinadora de Vinculación
Tel. 6223847
Nombre: Lic. Silvia Vargas Montes
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN MATEMÁTICAS APLICADAS Y SISTEMAS
-Instituto Nacional de Ecología.
-Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del DDF
-Instituto Mexicano del PetróleoDirector General
Nombre: Dr. Ismael Herrera Revilla
Puesto: Director
Tel. 6162764, 6223555
Director Técnico
Nombre: Ing. Jorge Gil
329
Tel. 6223554
Nombre: Dr. Ismael Herrera Revilla
Nombre: Ing. Enrique Pérez
Puesto: Secretario Técnico
Tel. 6223556, 6223554
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN MATERIALES
-Celanese Mexicana S.A. de C.V.
-Industrias Nacobre S.A. de C.V.
-Grupo Carranza S.A. de C.V.
-Con Alimentos, S.A. de C.V.
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Guillermo Aguilar Sagahún
Puesto: Director
Tel. 5501935
Nombre: Ing. José de Jesús Camacho
Puesto: Secretario Técnico
330
Tel. 5500986
Nombre: Norma Angélica Olivares C.
Puesto: Jefa del Depto. De Vinculación
Tel. 6224571
INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA
-Laboratorio Hines.
-Laboratorio Simón.
-Productos Básicos,
S.A.de C.V.
-Organosintésis.
-Laboratorio Silanes
-Laboratorio Proquífia
-Laboratorio Proquina
-Cosbel
-Resistol (CID)
-Poliolel .Negromex
-Varian
Director General
Nombre: Dr. Francisco Lara Ochoa
331
Puesto: Director
Tel. 6224420
Director Técnico
Nombre: Carlos Damian Zez
Puesto: Técnico
Tel. 6224407
Nombre: Federico García Jiménez
Puesto: Secretaria Técnica
Tel. 6224420, 6224442
Nombre: Federico García Jiménez
Nombre: Carlos Damian Zez
332
Higher Education – Mexico
(Source: UNESCO, World of Learning, 1996)
Structure of system
The usual entrance qualification is the Certificado de secundaria. In addition, students normally
have to take an entrance examination. Among some 401 institutions of higher education, the
following categories can be distinguished: a) public universities, autonomous universities and
those universities supported by one of the states; b) autonomous private institutions, recognized
by the Secretaría de Educacion Pública, the state governments or the public universities; and c)
teacher training and technical institutions and decentralized public institutions that come under
various secretariates of state. Public institutions are almost entirely financed by the State. Private
institutions are financed for the most part by students' fees. The teacher training establishments
include: the Universidad Pedagogica Nacional; the advanced, specialized teacher training
colleges and other teacher training colleges coming under state governments and private
institutions. Higher education in the technological fields is offered above all by the Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, founded in 1946, as well as by the regional technological institutes,
founded since 1948 to meet the need for professional training, in particular in engineering and
administration. The Instituto Politécnico Nacional includes a Centre for Research and Higher
Studies which helps to train research workers and teaching staff for scientific and technical
subjects.
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD
Translation: UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLOGICA
Translation: TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO
Translation: TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
Type of institution: ESCUELA NORMAL
Translation: TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO AGROPECUARIO
Translation: AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO PESQUERO
Translation: FISHERIES INSTITUTE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO FORESTAL
Translation: FORESTRY INSTITUTE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO POLITECNICO
Translation: POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
Name of law/decree: Ley para la Coordinacion Educativa
Date: 1 May, 1912
Name of law/decree: Ley general de educacion
Date: 1 May, 1907
Institution type: all institutions
333
Name of body: Asociacion Nacional de Universidades e Institutos de Enseñanza Superior
Role: ANUIES coordinates internal relationship between the various higher education
institutions and their external relations with the educational authorities.
Address:
P.O. Box: Caixa postal 003310
Street: Tenayuca 200, Col. Santa Cruz Atoyac
City: Mexico, D.F.
Postal code: 01000
Telephone: 52-5-4204900
Fax: 52-5-6044263
Internet: http://www.anuies.mx
Name of body: Secretaría de Educacion Publica
Street: Argentina 28, 2o piso Of.310 Col. Centro, Del. Cuauhtémoc
City: Mexico, D.F.
Postal code: 06029
Telephone: 52-5-5100478
Fax: 52-5-5184350
Name of body: Comité Nacional para la Coordinacion de la Educacion Superior
Role: One of the bodies responsible for coordination of the National Plan for Higher
Education established in 1978.
Name of body: Subsecretaría de Educacion Superior y Investigacion Cientifica
Role: helps institutions of higher education to plan their development
Street: San Fernando 1
City: Mexico DF
Postal code: 14050
Telephone: 52-5 626 03 01
Fax: 52-5 655 03 40
Name of body: Subsecretaría de Educacion e Investigacion tecnologica
Role: train professional technicians in industry and general services
Street: Argentina 28 2piso Oficina 3069
City: Mexico DF
Postal code: 06029
Telephone: 52-5 510 07 39
Academic year
Classes start: August
Classes end: June
Long vacation: from July, to August
334
Higher Education - Mexico
sources: www.iie.org; Center for Research on Higher Education in Mexico;
www.conacyt.gob.mx;
Highlights
Mexico's president, Vicente Fox, picked Reyes Tamez Guerra, dean of the National Autonomous
University of Nuevo Leon, in northern Monterrey, for the education secretary post.
Mr. Tamez, 48, is an ACS member and biochemist who studied at the university he now heads
before earning his doctorate at the National Polytechnic Institute.
He supports the development of distance learning -- which has been put forward as a way to
overcome Mexico's many education problems -- with the proviso that it not serve as a substitute
for interaction between teachers and students. The secretary has suggested that Mexican
institutions of higher learning themselves find ways to come up with the money for 30 percent of
their budgets. Currently, the federal government subsidizes about 90 percent of public
universities' finances.
Mexico is the 10th largest sending country for international students in the United States.
Federal expenditures for higher education in Mexico are not projected to grow beyond .65% of
GDP – setting the stage for greater demand for private expenditures in both private and public
institutions.
Conacyt, the National Council in Science and Technology, provides 65 percent of the higher
education scholarships supported by the federal government.
Total enrollments in master's and doctoral programs in Mexico went from 46,000 in 1990 to
123,000 in 1998.
Between 1990 and 1998 academics hired by the private sector in Mexico grew by 92% although most are hired on a part-time basis.
The Secretary of Public Education, through CONACyT, has called for the following
improvements in Mexican Higher Education:
•increase the post-graduate scholarship program in Mexico and overseas, with priority given to
post-doctoral programs;
•reinforce the repatriation program for previous scholarship recipients;
•increase the number of teachers holding doctoral degrees;
•increase the number of university students in science and engineering majors;
•improve the quality of domestic post-doctorate programs and to stimulate the establishment and
recognition of national doctoral programs comparable to those of other countries;
335
•encourage professional practices in industry and promote industry participation in financing
master's degrees;
•improve the professional training of technicians, researchers, and managers in industry.
Mexican Students in the USA
(Source: NSF, 1999)
336
337
Faculties of Chemical Sciences – Mexico
(Source: Relaq, 1999)
Centros de Química en México, por Estado/
Mexican University Chemistry Departments
Aguascalientes
Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes (ITA)
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA)
Baja California
Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana (ITT)
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC)
Baja California Sur
Instituto Tecnológico de la Paz (ITP)
Campeche
Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC)
Coahuila
ITESM - Campus Laguna
ITESM - Campus Saltillo
Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna (ITL)
Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (UAC)
Colima
Universidad de Colima (UC)
Chiapas
ITESM - Campus Chiapas
Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UACH)
Chihuahua
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV)
ITESM - Campus Chihuahua
Distrito Federal
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)
Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN)
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas (ESIQIE)
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI-IPN)
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENBC)
ITESM - Campus Ciudad de México
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM)
Unidad Azcapotzalco
Unidad Iztapalapa
Unidad Xochimilco
Universidad Iberoamericana (UI)
Universidad La Salle, A.C. (ULSA)
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
338
Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH)
Facultad de Medicina
Universidad Simón Bolivar (USB)
Universidad Tecnológica de México (UTM)
Durango
Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (ITD)
Universidad Juárez del Durango (UJED)
Estado de México
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán - UNAM
ITESM - Campus México
ITESM - Campus Toluca
Universidad Autónoma del México (UAEM)
Guanajuato
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN - Unidad Irapuato
(CINVESTAV-Irapuato)
Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya (ITC)
ITESM - Campus León
Universidad de Guanajuato (UG)
Hidalgo
ITESM - Campus Hidalgo
Jalisco
ITESM - Campus Guadalajara
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO)
Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG)
Universidad de Guadalajara (UG)
Michoacán
Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia (ITM)
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH)
Morelos
ITESM - Campus Morelos
Universidad Autónoma del Morelos (UAEM)
Nayarit
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit (UAN)
Nuevo León
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM)
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL)
Universidad de Montemorelos (UM)
Universidad de Monterrey (UM)
Universidad Regiomontana, A.C. (UR)
Oaxaca
Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca (ITO)
Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca (UABJO)
Puebla
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP)
Universidad de las Américas - Puebla (UDLA-P)
Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP)
339
Querétaro
ITESM - Campus Querétaro
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (UAQ)
San Luis Potosí
ITESM - Campus San Luis Potosí
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP)
Sinaloa
ITESM - Campus Mazatlán
ITESM - Campus Sinaloa
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS)
Sonora
ITESM - Campus Guaymas
ITESM - Campus Sonora Norte
ITESM - Campus Obregón
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITS)
Universidad de Sonora (US)
Tabasco
Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT)
Tamaulipas
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero (ITCM)
Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Tamaulipas, A.C. (IEST)
ITESM - Campus Tampico
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT)
Tlaxcala
Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT)
Veracruz
Universidad Veracruzana (UV)
Yucatán
Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida (ITM)
Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UAY)
Zacatecas
ITESM - Campus Zacatecas
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (UAZ)
340
Estado de Aguascalientes
Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes (ITA)
Público - SEP
Aguascalientes
Av. Tecnológico y Av. López Mateos, A.P. 263, C.P. 20000
Tel: (91-49) 15-37-56, 15-02-03 y Fax: 16-16-23
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (UAA)
Pública - Autónoma
Aguascalientes
Av. Universidad No. 940, Fracc. Bosques del Prado, C.P. 20100
Tel: (91-49) 14-32-07
Centro Básico
Lic. en Análisis Químico Biológicos
Ing. Bioquímico
Estado de Baja California
Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana (ITT)
Público - SEP
Tijuana
Calz. del Tecnológico s/n, Fracc. Tomás Aquino, C.P. 22000
Tel: (91-66) 82-14-39, 82-14-35 y Fax: 82-16-24
Unidad Tijuana
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Bioquímico en Alimentos
Ing. Industrial en Química
Centro de Graduados e Investigación
Maestría en Ciencias en Química
Doctorado en Ciencias en Química
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC)
Mexicali
Blvd. Benito Juárez s/n, Unidad Universitaria, C.P. 21220
Tel: (91-65) 66-07-59
Escuela de Pedagogía
Profesor en Ciencias Químico Biológicas
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas
Tijuana
341
Ex-Ejido Tampico s/n, Mesa de Otay, C.P. 22350
Tel: (91-66) 82-10-33
Ing. Químico
Químico Farmacobiólogo
Químico Industrial
Estado de Baja California Sur
Instituto Tecnológico de la Paz (ITP)
Público - SEP
La Paz
Blvd. Forjadores de B.C. Sur Km. 3.5, A.P. 243-B, C.P. 23080
Tel: (91-112)224-24, 287-05
Fax: (91-112)232-95
Estado de Campeche
Instituto Tecnológico de Campeche (ITC)
Público - SEP
Campeche
Carr. Escarcega Km. 9, A.P. 347, C.P. 24500
Tel: (91-981)200-33, 200-25
Fax: (91-981)202-24
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC)
Campeche
Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Lindavista, C.P. 24030
Tel: (91-981)647-67
Fax: (91-981)109-71
Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas
Químico Farmacéutico Biólogo
Especialidad en Administración de la Calidad en la Industria Alimentaria
Universidad Autónoma del Carmen (UADC)
Cd. del Carmen
Av. García y Av. Juárez. C.P. 24180
Tel: (91-938) 211-33 y 217-77
Ing. en Procesos Petroquímicos
Ing. Químico en Procesos de Alimentos
342
Estado de Coahuila
ITESM - Campus Laguna
Privado Libre - Desconcentrado del ITESM.
Torreón
Paseo de la Primavera y de la Soledad s/n, Col. Amp. la Rosita, C.P. 27250
Tel: (91-17)20-6661
Ing. Químico Administrador
Ing. Químico y de Sistemas
ITESM - Campus Saltillo
Saltillo
Prol. Juan de la Barrera 1241 Ote., Col. Cumbres, C.P. 25000
Tel: (91-84)15-0077
Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna (ITL)
Público - SEP
Torreón
Blvd. Revolución y Calz. Cuauhtémoc, A.P. 681, C.P. 27000
Tel: (91-17)13-0783, 13-7253
Fax: (91-17)13-0970
Ing. Industrial de Química
Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (UAC)
Saltilllo
Blvd. V. Carranza y José Cárdenas Valdés, C.P. 25280
Tel: (91-84)15-5392 y 15-5752
Químico Farmacobiólogo en Bromatología
Químico Farmacobiólogo en Farmacia Clínica
Químico Farmacobiólogo en Farmacia Industrial
Químico Farmacobiólogo en Microbiología
Lic. de Ciencias Químicas en Microbiología
Lic. de Ciencias Químicas en Química Analítica
Lic. de Ciencias Químicas en Química Orgánica
Ing. Químico
Maestría en Ciencia y Biotecnología de Enzimas
Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros
Especialización en Cerámica
Torreón
Blvd. Revolución y Calle 30
343
Tel: (91-17)12-7989 y 16-8256
Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. en Alimentos
Monclova
Calle Morelia No. 1007, Col. Guadalupe. A.P. 189
Tel: (91-86)33-1230 y 35-1209
Escuela de Metalurgia
Ing. Químico Metalurgista
Estado de Colima
Instituto Tecnológico de Colima (ITC)
Público - SEP
Villa de Álvarez
Av. Tecnológico No. 1, A.P. 10 y 128, C.P. 28950
Tel: (91-331)263-93, 299-20
Fax: (91-331)406-83
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Bioquímico en Productos Naturales
Universidad de Colima (UC)
Manzanillo
Carr. Manzanillo-Cihuatlán Km 20. Ejido El Naranjo, C.P. 28200
Tel: (91-333)260-51
Facultad de Ciencias Marinas
Lic. en Oceanología Química
Coquimatlán
Carr. Colima-Coquimatlán Km. 8, C.P. 28400
Tel: (91-331)300-77
Ing. Químico Metalúrgico
Ing. Químico en Alimentos
Ing. Químico
Maestría en Metalurgia
Tecomán
C.P. 28100
Tel: (91-332)412-85
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Maestría en Cinética y Bioquímica Rumial
Estado de Chiapas
344
ITESM - Campus Chiapas
Privado Libre - Desconcentrado del ITESM
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Carr. a Tapanetepec-Tuxtla Km. 149+746, A.P. 312. C.P.29000
Tel: (91-961) 124-73
Instituto Tecnológico de Tapachula (ITT)
Público - SEP
Tapachula
Carr. Puerto Madero-Tapachula Km. 2, A.P. 667, C.P. 30700
Tel: (91-962) 529-00 y Fax: 543-89
Ing. Químico
Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez (ITTG)
Público - SEP
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Carr. Panamericana No. 1080, A.P. 599, C.P. 29000
Tel: (91-961) 218-99, 207-42 y Fax: 376-65
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UACH)
Tapachula
Carr. Puerto Madero Km. 1.5, C.P. 30700
Tel: (91-962) 506-96
Campus IV, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas
Ing. Químico Agrícola
Ing. Químico Farmacobiólogo
Ing. en Alimentos
Estado de Chihuahua
Centro de Investigación perteneciente al sistema SEP-CONACyT. Corresponde a una
sociedad civil: El Gobierno Federal a través de la SEP y el CONACyT, el Gobierno del
estado de Chihuahua y la iniciativa privada de Chihuahua a través de CANACINTRA.
Chihuahua
Información
Tel: (91-14) 811-414
Maestría en Ciencia de Materiales
Doctorado en Ciencia de Materiales
345
Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua (ITCH)
Público - SEP
Chihuahua
Av. Tecnológico No. 2909, A.P. 119, C.P. 31310
Tel: (91-14)13-7474, 13-7126
Fax: (91-14)13-5187
Ingeniería de Materiales
ITESM - Campus Chihuahua
Chihuahua
Av. H. Colegio Militar 2011, Col. Nombre de Dios, A.P. 728, C.P. 31110 Chihuahua,
Chui. México.
Tel: (14)39-5000 y Fax: (14) 39-5011
Instituto Tecnológico de Hidalgo del Parral (ITHP)
Público - SEP
Unidad Hidalgo del Parral
Carr. Panamericana Km. 1364, Col. Tecnológico, A.P. 216, C.P.33850
Tel: (91-152)302-12, 303-36
Fax: (91-152)307-52
Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (UACH)
Chihuahua
Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 31310
Tel: (91-14)13-7462
Ing. Químico Agroindustrial
Ing. Químico Bacteriólogo y Parasitólogo
Ing. Químico Bromatólogo
Químico Bromatólogo
Maestría en Alimentos
Maestría en Inmunología
Distrito Federal
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)
Público descentralizado Creado por decreto Presidencial
Gustavo A. Madero
Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508
Col. SaN Pedrp Zacatenco, C.P. 07360
346
Tel: (91-5)747-7000
Departamento de Bioquímica
Maestría en Bioquímica
Maestría en Físico-Química
Maestría en Química-Inorgánica
Maestría en Química Orgánica
Doctorado en Físico-Química
Doctorado en Química-Inorgánica
Doctorado en Química Orgánica
Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN)
Público - SEP
Gustavo A. Madero (Zacatenco)
Edif. 7,8,12 de la Unid. Prof. Adolfo López Mateos, C.P. 07738
Tel: (91-5)754-1002
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas (ESIQIE)
Ing. Metalúrgico en Metalurgia Física
Ing. Metalúrgico en Metalurgia No Ferrosa
Ing. Metalúrgico en Siderurgia y Fundición
Ing. Químico Petrolero
Ing. Químico Industrial
Maestría en Ing. Metalúrgica
Maestría en Ing. Química
Doctorado en Metalurgia y Materiales
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI-IPN)
Ingeniería en Alimentos
Ingeniería Ambiental
Ingeniería Farmaceutica
Miguel Hidalgo
Prol. Carpio Esq. Plan de Ayala
Col. Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340
Tel: (91-5)547-8908
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENBC)
Químico Bacteriólogo y Parasitólogo
Químico Farmacéutico Industrial
Ing. Bioquímico
Maestría en Biología Clínica en Bioquímica
Maestría en Química Biorgánica
Doctorado en Biología Clínica en Bioquímica
347
ITESM - Campus Ciudad de México
Tlalpan
Calle del Puente No. 222,
Col. Huipulco-Tlalpan, C.P. 14380
Tel: (91-5)673-1000, 723-2000
Fax: (91-5)673-2500
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM)
Unidad Azcapotzalco
Av. San Pablo No. 180
Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, C.P. 02200
Tel: (91-5)338-2500
División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
Ing. Químico
Unidad Iztapalapa
Av. Michoacán y la Purísima, Col. Vicentina, C.P. 09340
Tel: (91-5)668-6032
División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería
Lic. en Química
Ing. Químico en Desarrollo y Diseño de Procesos
Maestría en Física: Físico-Química de Fluidos
Maestría en Química: Catálisis
Maestría en Química: Físico-Química de Superficies
Maestría en Química: Química Cuántica
Maestría en Química: Química Inorgánica
Maestría en Química: Termodinámica de Fluidos
Doctorado en Ciencias: Química
División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud
Ing. Bioquímico Industrial
Unidad Xochimilco
Calzada del Hueso No. 1100
Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960
Tel: (91-5)559-4783
Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente
División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud
Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea (UEFA)
348
Pública - Secretaría de la defensa Nacional
Miguel Hidalgo
Calz. México-Tacuba y Felipe Carrillo Puerto
Col. Popotla
Tel: (91-5)396-3943
Escuela Militar de Ingenieros
Universidad Iberoamericana (UI)
Privada - Reconocimiento por decreto Presidencial
Alvaro Obregón
Prolong. Paseo de la Reforma No. 880
Col. Lomas de Santa Fé, C.P. 01210
Tel: 726-9048
Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas
Especialidad en Electroquímica
Maestría en Ingeniería Química
Maestría en Ingeniería de Calidad
Maestría en Ciencias en Ingeniería Química
Universidad La Salle, A.C. (ULSA)
Privada - Incorporación a la UNAM y Reconocimiento de la SEP
Miguel Hidalgo
Benjamin Franklin No. 47
Col. Hipódromo Condesa, C.P. 06140
Tel: (91-5)516-9960 al 69
Escuela de Química
Químico Farmacobiólogo en Tecnología de Alimentos
Lic. en Química
Ing. Químico
Universidad Motolinia, A. C. (UM)
Benito Juárez
Cerrada de Ameyalco No. 227
Col. del Valle, C.P. 03100
Tel: (91-5)523-4813
Escuela de Química
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Coyoacán
Circuito Facultades
Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510
349
Tel: (91-5)548-7898 y 622-3690
Fax: (91-5)616-2010
Químico
Ing. Químico
Ing. Químico Metalúrgico
Químico en Alimentos
Especialidad en Administración Industrial
Especialidad en Bioquímica Clínica
Especialidad en Biotecnología
Maestría en Administración Industrial
Maestría en Biotecnología
Maestría en Ciencia de Alimentos: Ing. en Alimentos
Maestría en Ciencia de Alimentos: Química de Alimentos
Maestría en Ciencias Nucleares: Materiales Nucleares
Maestría en Ciencias Nucleares: Reactores Nucleares
Maestría en Ciencias Nucleares: Química Nuclear
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Bioquímica
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Farmacia-Química Farmacéutica
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Físico-Química
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Gestión de Tecnología
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Analítica
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Inorgánica
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Orgánica
Maestría en Farmacia: Biofarmacia
Maestría en Farmacia: Control de Medicamentos
Maestría en Ing. Química de Procesos
Maestría en Ing. Química de Proyectos
Maestría en Metalurgia
Maestría en Química Inorgánica: Cerámica
Doctorado en Biotecnologia
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Alimentos
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Farmacia
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Bioquímica
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Físico-Química
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Ing. Química
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Analítica
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Inorgánica
Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas: Orgánica
Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH)
Maestría en Ciencias del Mar en Oceanografía Química
Doctorado en Ciencias del Mar en Oceanografía Química
350
Maestría en Ciencias Biomédicas: Bioquímica
Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas: Bioquímica
Iztapalapa
J. C. Bonilla No. 66
Col. Ejército de Oriente, C.P. 09230
Tel: (91-5)765-1095
Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Profesionales Zaragoza
Ing. Químico
Universidad Simón Bolivar (USB)
Benito Juárez
Av. Río Mixcoac No. 48
Col. Insurgentes Mixcoac, C.P. 03920
Tel: (91-5)598-1108 y 598-1290
Universidad Tecnológica de México (UTM)
Privada - Reconocimiento de la SEP
Miguel Hidalgo
Av. Marina Nacional No. 162
Col. Anáhuac, C.P. 11320
Tel: (91-5)399-2000 Ext. 123
Ing. Químico
Universidad del Valle de México(UVM)
Cuauhtémoc
Sadi Carnot No. 57
Col. San Rafael, C.P. 06470
Tel: (91-5)535-9395
Plantel San Rafael
Ing. Industrial Químico
Alvaro Obregón
San Juan de Dios No. 6
Col. Ejidos de Huipulco, C.P. 14380
Tel: (91-5)671-1400
Plantel Tlalpan
351
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
Químico Bacteriólogo y Parasitólogo
Químico Farmacéutico Industrial
Ing. Bioquímico
Maestría en Biología Clínica en Bioquímica
Maestría en Química Biorgánica
Doctorado en Biología Clínica en Bioquímica
Estado de Durango
Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (ITD)
Público - SEP
Durango
Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., A.P. 465, C.P. 34080
Tel: (91-181) 856-46, 855-86 y Fax: 848-13
Ing. Bioquímica
Ing. Química
Maestría en Ing. Bioquímica
Doctorado en Ing. Bioquímica
Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED)
Durango
Constitución No. 404 Sur, C.P. 34000
Tel: (91-181) 2-01-44
Escuela de Ciencias Químicas
Ing. Agroquímico
Lic. en Ciencias de los Materiales
Estado de México
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán - UNAM
Pública - Desconcentrada de la UNAM
Cuautitlán Izcalli
Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km. 2.5, C.P. 54714
Tel: (91-5)872-3012 y 872-0984
Químico
Ing. Químico
Coordinación General de Estudios de Posgrado
Av. Quetzalcóatl s/n, Campo I, C.P. 54700
352
Tel. y Fax: (91-5)873-0834
Maestría en Físico-Química en Métodos y Metrología
ITESM - Campus Estado de México
Cd. Satélite
Carr. Lago de Guadalupe Km. 3.5, Col. Atizapán de Zaragoza, C.P. 52500
Tel: (91-5)370-4099 y 370-4100
ITESM - Campus Toluca
Toluca
100 mts. al Norte de Sn. Antonio Buenavista, A.P. 1101, C.P. 50000
Tel: (91-72)12-4058
Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca (ITT)
Público - SEP
Metepec
Av. Tecnológico s/n, Carr. A Metepec, Ex-Rancho la Virgen, C.P. 50000
Tel: (91-72)16-0324, 16-0344
Fax: (91-72)11-0152
Ing. Químico
Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec (TESE)
Público Libre - Descentralizado del Gob. del Edo. de México
Ecatepec de Morelos
Av. Valle del Mayo s/n Esq. Carlos Hank Glez, Carr., C.P. 55210
Tel: (91-5)710-4560
Fax: (91-5)783-8235
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM)
Toluca
Av. Instituto Literario No. 100 Ote., C.P. 50000
Tel: (91-72)15-5288
Químico
Ing. Químico
353
Maestría en Educación Química
Universidad del Valle de México - Plantel Lomas (UVM)
Privada - Desconcentrada de la Univ. del Valle de México del Distrito Federal
Naucalpan de Juárez
Av. de Las Aves No. 1, Sección Lomas Verdes, C.P. 53220
Tel: (91-5)343-3745
Estado de Guanajuato
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN - Unidad Irapuato
(CINVESTAV-U. IRAPUATO)
Público Descentralizado Creado por Decreto Presidencial
Irapuato
Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36500 Irapuato Gto.
Tel: (91-462)516-00
Fax: (91-462)512-82
Maestría en Biotecnología de Plantas: Bioquímica
Doctorado en Biotecnología de Plantas: Bioquímica
Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya (ITC)
Público - SEP
Celaya
Av. Tecnológico y Antonio García, A.P. 57, C.P. 38000
Tel: (91-461)220-23, 393-12
Fax: (91-461)392-30
Doctorado en Ing. Química
ITESM - Campus León
León
Av. Eugenio Garza Sada S/N, Col. Cerro Gordo, A.P. No. 872, C.P. 37000
Tel: (91-47)17-1080
Fax: (91-47)17-7932
Universidad de Guanajuato (UG)
Pública - Estatal
Guanajuato
Col. Noria Alta s/n
354
Tel: (91-473)220-34, 242-50
Químico
Ing. Químico
Maestría en Biología Experimental
Doctorado en Biología Experimental
Doctorado en Ciencias (Química)
Estado de Guerrero
Instituto Tecnológico de Acapulco (ITA)
Público - SEP
Acapulco
Calz. Tecnológico s/n, A.P. 600 y 606, C.P. 39300
Tel: (91-74)87-0283, 87-39-63
Fax: (91-74)87-14-36
Ing. Bioquímico
Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAG)
Chilpancingo
Av. Abasolo No. 33, C.P. 39020
Tel: (91-747)260-29, 222-58 y 225-36
Escuela de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas
Químico Biólogo Parasitólogo
17 de Febrero Esq. 30 de Agosto, Col. Benito Juárez, C.P. 39000
Tel: (91-747)222-58
Especialidad en Química Clínica
Estado de Hidalgo
ITESM - Campus Hidalgo
Pachuca
Blvd. Felipe Ángeles al lado de la U. Deportiva, A.P. 337, C.P. 42090
Tel: (91-771)368-77
Instituto Tecnológico de Pachuca (ITP)
Público - SEP
Pachuca
355
Carr. México-Pachuca Km. 87, Col. Venta Prieta, A.P. 276, C.P. 42080
Tel: (91-771)368-66, 330-73
Fax: (91-771)358-99
Ing. Químico en Procesos
Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo (UAH)
Pachuca
Abasolo s/n, C.P. 42000
Tel: (91-771)510-67
Instituto de Ciencias Exactas
Químico
Estado de Jalisco
ITESM - Campus Guadalajara
Zapopan
Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No. 2514, C.P. 45140
Tel: (91-36)69-3020
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO)
Privado - Reconocimiento de la SEP
Guadalajara
Periférico Sur No. 8585, Campus Universitario
Tel: (91-3)669-3510
División de Ingeniería
Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG)
Privada - Reconocimiento de la SEP
Guadalajara
Av. Patria No. 1201, Col. Lomas del Valle, 3ar Secc., C.P. 44100
Tel: (91-3)641-7051
Ing. Químico
Dirección General de Estudios de Posgrado
Maestría en Química: Físico-Química
Maestría en Química: Química Analítica
Maestría en Química: Química Inorgánica
Maestría en Química: Química Macromolecular
Maestría en Química: Química Orgánica
Doctorado en Química: Físico-Química
356
Doctorado en Química: Química Analítica
Doctorado en Química: Química Inorgánica
Doctorado en Química: Química Macromolecular
Doctorado en Química: Química Orgánica
Universidad de Guadalajara (UG)
Pública - Estatal
Guadalajara
Av. Juárez No. 975, Esq. Enrique Díaz de León, C.P. 41100
Tel: (91-36)26-3989
Químico
Ing. Químico
Liceo y Juan Álvarez 3er. Piso, C.P. 44280
Tel: (91-36)13-0260 Ext. 132 A 137
Maestría en Ciencias en Ing. Química
Estado de Michoacán
Instituto Tecnológico de Jiquilpan (ITJ)
Público - SEP
Jiquilpan
Carr. Nacional Km. 202, Parque Lázaro Cárdenas, A.P. 35, C.P. 59510
Tel: (91-353)303-27
Fax: (91-353)311-26
Ing. Bioquímico
Instituto Tecnológico de Lázaro Cárdenas (ITLC)
Público - SEP
Cd. Lázaro Cárdenas
Av. Melchor Ocampo Esq. Narciso Bassols s/n, A.P. 228, C.P. 60950
Tel y Fax: (91-753)210-40
Ing. Químico
Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia (ITM)
Público - SEP
Morelia
Av. Tecnológico No. 1500, Col. Lomas de Santiaguito, A.P. 262, C.P. 58120
Tel: (91-451)235-16, 215-53 Fax: (91-451)216-43
Ing. Bioquímico
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH)
357
Morelia
Edif. "TR" 3er. Piso, Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 58030
Tel: (91-451)674-38
Ing. Químico
Escuela de Químico Farmacobiología
Químico Farmacobiólogo: Bioquímico Clínico
Químico Farmacobiólogo: Farmacia
Químico Farmacobiólogo: Microbiología
Estado de Morelos
ITESM - Campus Morelos
Cuernavaca
Av. Reforma No. 182-A, Col. Lomas de Cuernavaca, A.P. C-99, C.P. 62050
Tel: (91-73) 10-07-22
Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatepec (ITZ)
Público - SEP
Zacatepec
Calz. Tecnológico No. 27, A.P. 45, C.P. 62780
Tel: (91-734) 321-11, 307-23 y Fax: 321-10
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM)
Cuernavaca
Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210
Tel: (91-73) 11-22-88 Ext. 147 y 161
Tel: (91-73) 11-22-88 Ext. 245
Lic. en Ciencias (Química)
Lic. en Ciencias (Bioquímica)
Maestría en Química Teórica
Maestría en Fisocoquímica
Doctorado en Química Teórica
Doctorado en Fisocoquímica
358
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingenierías
Ing. Químico
Químico Industrial
Maestría en Ing. Química en Sistemas
Maestría en Química Orgánica en Productos Naturales
Estado de Nayarit
Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic (ITT)
Público - SEP
Tepic
Carr. Tepic-Guadalajara Km. 1.5, A.P. 343, C.P. 63000
Tel: (91-321) 315-43 y Fax: 318-91
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit (UAN)
Tepic
Torre de Rectoría, 3er. Piso, Col. Cd de la Cultura "Amado Nervo", C.P. 63190
Tel: (91-321) 338-39 y 313-20
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química Industrial
Estado de Nuevo León
Escuela de Graduados de la Normal Superior del Estado de Nuevo León
(EGNSENL)
Pública - Estatal
Monterrey
Guillermo Prieto No. 828 Oriente, C.P. 64000
Tel: (91-83) 45-30-91 y Fax: 42-82-43
Maestría en Educación Media: Física y Química
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM)
Privado Libre - Creado por Decreto Presidencial y Reconocimiento de la SEP
Monterrey
Av. Eugenio Garza Sada No. 2501, Col. Tecnológico, C.P. 64849
Tel: (91-83) 58-20-00
División de Graduados e Investigación
Lic. en Ciencias Químicas
Maestría en Ing. Química: Sistemas de Procesos
Maestría en Química: Físico-Química
Maestría en Química: Química Orgánica
359
División de Agronomía y Tecnología de Alimentos
Ing. Bioquímico Administrador en Explotación de Recursos Acuáticos
Ing. Bioquímico Administrador en Procesado de Alimentos
Ing. Bioquímico
División de Ingeniería y Arquitectura
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL)
San Nicolás de los Garza
Cd. Universitaria, Torre de Rectoría 8o. Piso, C.P. 66450
Tel: (91-83) 76-41-40, 52-28-85 y Fax: 76-77-57
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
Tel: (91-83) 52-42-45
Químico Bacteriólogo Parasitólogo
Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas: Química de Productos Naturales
Químico Clínico Biólogo
Maestría en Ciencias: Bioquímica
Maestría en Ciencias: Química Analítica Biomédica
Ing. Industrial Administrador
Ing. Químico
Lic. en Química Industrial
Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Inorgánica
Maestría en Ciencias Químicas: Físico-Química
Maestría en Ciencias: Ing. Química
Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros
Doctorado en Ciencias: Química
Universidad de Montemorelos (UM)
Privada - Reconocimiento del Gob. del Edo. de Nuevo León
Montemorelos
Libertad No. 1300, A.P. 16-J, C.P. 67530
Tel: (91-826) 335-36 y 320-10
Escuela de Químicos Clínicos Biólogos
Químico Clínico Biólogo
360
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación
Lic. en Ciencias de la Educación: Ciencias Químico Biológicas
Universidad de Monterrey (UM)
San Pedro Garza García
Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto No. 4500 Pte., C.P. 66238
Tel: (91-83) 38-50-50 y Fax: 38-56-19
División de Ingeniería y Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Lic. en Química: Análisis Clínicos
Lic. en Química: Industrial
Ing. Químico
Universidad Regiomontana, A.C. (UR)
Monterrey
Matamoros No. 420 Pte., Col. Centro, C.P. 64000
Tel: (91-83) 43-07-22, 42-77-52 y Fax: 40-04-02
Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura (FACIYA)
Ingeniero Químico Administrador
Ingeniero Químico Ambiental
Estado de Oaxaca
Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca (ITO)
Público - SEP
Oaxaca
Calzada del Tecnológico y Wilfrido Massieu, C.P. 68030
Tel: (91-951) 617-22, 644-13 y Fax: 619-54
Ing. Químico
Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec (ITT)
Público - SEP
Tuxtepec
Av. Dr. Víctor Bravo Ahuja, Col. 5 de Mayo, A.P. 69, C.P. 68300
Tel: (91-287) 510-44, 518-80 y Fax: 531-44
Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca (UABJO)
Oaxaca
Cd. Universitaria, Ex-Hacienda Cinco Señores, A.P. 76, C.P. 68120
Tel: (91-951) 530-58 y 659-79
361
Químico Biólogo
Universidad Regional del Sureste (URS)
Privada Libre - Reconocimiento del Gob. del Edo. de Oaxaca
Oaxaca
Prol. 20 de Noviembre, Col. Miguel Alemán, A.P. 483, C.P. 68120
Tel: (91-951) 683-83 y 686-22
Químico Biólogo Parasitólogo
Estado de Puebla
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP)
Puebla
Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 72570
Tel: (91-22) 45-81-81 Ext. 133
Químico Industrial
Tel: (91-22) 45-81-81 Ext. 105
Ing. Químico
Instituto de Ciencias
Maestría en Fisicoquímica
Maestría en Química Inorgánica
Instituto Tecnológico de Tehuacán (ITT)
Público - SEP
Tehuacán
Carr.Tehuacán-Huajuapan de León Km. 3, A.P. 247, C.P. 75700
Tel: (91-238) 205-63 y Fax: 239-51
Universidad de las Américas - Puebla (UDLA-P)
Privada - Reconocimiento del Gob. del Edo. de Puebla
Cholula
Domicilio Conocido, Col. Santa Catarina Mártir, A.P. 100, C.P. 72820
Tel: (91-22) 47-00-00 y 47-31-11
Escuela de Ingeniería
362
Escuela de Ciencias
Lic. en Química
Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP)
Privada - Reconocimiento del Gob. del Edo. de Puebla
Puebla
21 Sur No. 1103, Col. Santiago, C.P. 72160
Tel: (91-22) 32-75-19 y 32-21-38
División Tecnológica
Ing. Químico
Estado de Querétaro
ITESM - Campus Querétaro
Querétaro
Henry Ford, Col. Parques Industriales, A.P. 37, C.P. 76130
Tel: (91-42) 17-38-28
Ing. Bioquímico Administrador de Rec. Acuáticos
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Bioquímico Administrador de Proc. de Alimentos
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (UAQ)
Querétaro
Centro Universitario s/n, Cerro de las Campanas, A.P. 184, C.P. 76010
Tel: (91-42) 16-32-42 Al 45
Químico Agrícola
Químico Biólogo
Químico Metalúrgico
Doctorado en Ciencias: Toxicología de Alimentos
Estado de San Luis Potosí
ITESM - Campus San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí
Av. Robles Fracc. Jacarandas, A.P. 1473 Suc.J, C.P. 78140
Tel: (91-48) 13-37-79
363
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP)
San Luis Potosí
Álvaro Obregón No. 64, C.P. 78000
Tel: (91-48) 12-34-61 Ext. 129
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #6
Químico
Ing. Químico
Ing. en Alimentos
Maestría en Ciencias: Físico-Química de Alimentos
Maestría en Ciencias: Procesos Alimentarios
Cd. Valles
Calle Romualdo del Campo s/n, Col. Las Águilas, A.P. 163
Tel: (91-138) 236-44
Escuela Regional de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca
Bioquímico
Estado de Sinaloa
Instituto Tecnológico de Culiacán (ITC)
Público - SEP
Culiacán
Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz y Ramón Corral, Colonia Guadalupe, A.P. 1273, C.P. 80220
Tel: (91-67) 13-38-04, 13-03-53 y Fax: 13-17-96
ITESM - Campus Mazatlán
Mazatlán
Carr. Mazatlán-Higueras Km. 3, A.P. 799, C.P. 82000
Tel: (91-69) 80-11-40, 80-18-99 y Fax: 80-11-95
ITESM - Campus Sinaloa
Culiacán
Blvd. Niños Héroes, A.P. 69-F
Tel: (91-671) 404-53
364
Instituto Tecnológico de Los Mochis (ITM)
Público - SEP
Los Mochis
Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n, A.P. 766, C.P. 81200
Tel: (91-681) 258-58, 259-59 y Fax: 503-26
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS)
Culiacán
Ángel Flores s/n Pte, C.P. 80000
Tel: (91-671) 565-20, 393-91 Fax: 565-10
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Químico
Platón No. 856,Fracc. Villa Universidad, C.P. 80010
Tel: (91-671) 386-86
Especialidad en Bioquímica
Maestría en Ciencias y Tecnología de Alimentos
Estado de Sonora
ITESM - Campus Guaymas
Guaymas
Bahía de Bacochibampo s/n
A.P. 484, C.P. 85450
Tel: (91-622) 85-450
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Bioquímico Administrador de Rec. Acuáticos
Ing. Bioquímico Administrador en Proc. de Alimentos
ITESM - Campus Sonora Norte
Hermosillo
Carretera a Nogales Km. 9, A.P. 216, C.P. 83000
Tel: (91-62) 15-52-05
365
ITESM - Campus Obregón
Cd. Obregón
Dr. Norman Bourlaug Km. 14, A.P. 662, C.P. 85000
Tel: (91-641) 503-12
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITS)
Público - Autónomo
Unidad Ciudad Obregón
5 de Febrero No. 818, Col. Centro, A.P. 541, C.P. 85000
Tel: (91-641) 705-55 y 706-16
Químico
Ing. Químico
Unidad Navojoa
Martín Corona s/n, Col. Itson, C.P. 85860
Tel: (91-642) 259-34
Ing. Químico
Unidad Guaymas
Carr. al Aeropuerto Km. 3, A.P. 870, C.P. 85400
Tel: (91-622) 271-32
Químico
Universidad de Sonora (US)
Unidad Centro (Hermosillo)
Blvd. Transversal y Rosales, Planta Alta, C.P. 83000
Tel: (91-62) 17-35-48
Ing. Industrial y de Sistemas
Ing. Químico: Metalurgía
Ing. Químico: Procesos
Ing. Químico: Tecnología de Alimentos
Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas
Tel: (91-62) 13-31-70
Químico Biólogo en Análisis Clínicos
Químico Biólogo en Tecnología de Alimentos
Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia
366
Tel: (91-62) 331-33
Maestría en Metalurgía Extractiva No Ferrosa: Hidrometalurgia
Maestría en Metalurgía Extractiva No Ferrosa: Pirometalurgia
Maestría en Metalurgía Extractiva No Ferrosa: Procesamiento de
Minerales
Unidad Norte (Caborca)
Av. Universidad e Irigoyén, Col. Ortiz, A.P. 234, C.P. 83600
Tel: (91-637) 222-82 y 229-88
Ing. Químico
Químico Biólogo
Unidad Sur (Navojoa)
Lázaro Cárdenas, C.P. 85800
Tel: (91-642) 247-04
Ing. Químico
Químico Biólogo
Nacozari
Domicilio Conocido
Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia
Maestría en Metalurgia Extractiva
Estado de Tabasco
Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa (ITV)
Público - SEP
Villahermosa
Carr. a Frontera Km. 3, Col. Cd. Industrial, A.P. 424, C.P. 86000
Tel: (91-931) 248-65 y Fax: 203-29
Ing. Bioquímico
Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT)
Cunduacán
Carr. Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 1
Tel: (91-933) 603-00
División de Ingeniería y Tecnología
Ing. Químico
División de Ciencias Básicas
Lic. en Química Estado de Tamaulipas
367
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero (ITCM)
Público - SEP
Cd. Madero
1o. de Mayo y Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, A.P. 20, C.P. 84440
Tel: (91-121) 563-39, 581-28 y Fax: 560-51
Ing. Químico
Tel: (91-12) 15-21-53 y 15-63-39
Maestria en Tecnología del Petróleo y Petroquímica
Doctorado en Tecnología del Petróleo y Petroquímica
ITESM - Campus Tampico
Tampico
Av. Hidalgo No. 3705 Desp. 202, Col. Guadalupe, C.P. 89120
Tel: (91-12) 13-37-44
Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Tamaulipas, A.C. (IEST)
Privado - Reconocimiento del Gob. del Edo. de Tamaulipas
Altamira
Blvd. Divisorio Tampico-Altamirana s/n Pte.
Tel: (91-12) 28-00-33 y Fax: 28-01-68
Instituto Tecnológico de Matamoros (ITM)
Público - SEP
H. Matamoros
Carr. Lauro del Villar Km. 6, A.P. 339, C.P. 87490
Tel: (91-891) 391-25 y Fax: 678-67
Ing. Químico
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT)
Cd. Victoria
Calle 8 y Matamoros, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 87000
Tel: (91-131) 243-99
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación
Lic. en Ciencias de la Educación: Ciencias Químico Biológicas
368
Reynosa
Calle 16 y Lago de Chapala s/n, Col. Aztlán
Tel: (91-892) 306-22, 322-51 y Fax: 449-36
Bioquímico en Alimentos
Ing. Químico
Químico Industrial
Universidad del Noreste (UN)
Privada - Reconocimiento del Gob. del Edo. de Tamaulipas
Tampico
Prolong. Av. Hidalgo Km. 137, A.P. 489, C.P. 89000
Tel: (91-12) 28-11-56 y 28-11-82
Químico Industrial
Estado de Tlaxcala
Instituto Tecnológico de Apizaco (ITA)
Público - SEP
Apizaco
Calz. Tecnológico s/n, A.P. 19, C.P. 90300
Tel: (91-241) 727-38, 759-55 y Fax: 728-66
Bioquímico
Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT)
Apizaco
Calzada Apizaquito s/n, Apdo. Postal #140
Tel: (91-241) 725-44, Fax: (91-241) 758-44
Depto. de Ingeniería y Tecnología
Ing. Químico
Químico Industrial
Estado de Veracruz
Instituto Tecnológico de Minatitlán (ITM)
Público - SEP
Minatitlán
Boulevard Institutos Tecnológicos s/n,
Col. Buena vista norte,
96848 Minatitlán, Ver.
Tel: Conmutador: 24339, 24345
Lab. de Investigación: 26080
Gestión Tecnológica: 24317
369
Fax: (922) 24336
e-mail:[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Ing. Químico
Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba (ITO)
Público - SEP
Orizaba
Prolong. Oriente 9 No. 852, Col. Emiliano Zapata, A.P. 324, C.P. 94320
Tel: (91-272) 517-28, 440-96 y Fax: 434-53
Ing. Químico
Tel: (91-272) 440-16 ext. 44 y Fax: 517-28
Maestría en Ing. Química en Contaminación Ambiental
Maestría en Ing. Química en Procesos
Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz (ITV)
Público - SEP
Veracruz
Calz. Circunvalación Norte e Icazo No. 9180, A.P. 539, C.P. 91880
Tel: (91-29) 34-12-70, 34-15-00 y Fax: 34-22-79
Ing. Bioquímico
Universidad Veracruzana (UV)
Pública - Estatal
Zona Xalapa
Zona Universitaria, Edif. A 3er.Piso, Lomas del Estadio, C.P. 91090
Tel: (91-281) 734-27, 839-74 y Fax: 725-10
La Pérgola s/n, Zona Universitaria
Tel: (91-28) 18-87-55
Ing. Químico
Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica
La Pérgola s/n, Zona Universitaria
Tel: (91-28) 18-87-55
Facultad de Bioanálisis
Lic. en Química Clínica
Zona Veracruz
370
Av. Framboyanes Esq. Jesús Reyes Heroles, Fracc. Costa Verde
Tel: (91-29) 37-13-22 y 37-14-41
Ing. Químico
Facultad de Bioanálisis
Lic. en Química Clínica
Zona Córdoba - Orizaba
Poniente 7 No. 1383
Tel: (91-272) 5-45-96 y 594-17
Ing. Agroquímico
Químico Agrícola
Ing. Químico
Químico Industrial
Especialidad en Horticultura Comercial
Tel: 17-66-33
Especialidad en Control de Calidad
Zona Poza Rica - Tuxpan
Blvd. Adolfo Ruiz Cortinez s/n, Col. Obra Social
Tel: (91-782) 256-63 y 296-11
Ing. Químico
Zona Coatzacoalcos - Minatitlán
Av. Universidad Veracruzana Km. 7.5
C.P. 96538
Tel/Fax: (91-921) 858-31
Ing. Químico
Estado de Yucatán
Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida (ITM)
Público - SEP
Unidad Mérida
Antigua Carr. Mérida-Progreso Km. 5.5, A.P. 9-11 Chuburna, C.P. 97118
Tel: (91-99) 44-8113, 44-8122 y Fax: 44-8181
Ing. Bioquímico
Ing. Químico
371
Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UAY)
Mérida
Calle 60 X 57, Edificio Central, C.P. 97000
Tel: (91-99) 24-80-00 Ext. 160
Escuela de Química
Químico Biólogo Agropecuario
Químico Biólogo Bromatólogo
Químico Industrial
Especialidad en Gestión de Tecnología
Maestría en Ciencias y Tecnología de Alimentos
Calle 41 X 14 s/n, Ex-Terrenos El Fénix
Tel: 27-57-12 y 27-48-42
Estado de Zacatecas
ITESM - Campus Zacatecas
Zacatecas
Calz. Pedro Coronel Esq. Av. México, Mpio. de Guadalupe, A.P. 95, C.P. 98600
Tel: (91-492) 300-44
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (UAZ)
Zacatecas
Jardín Juárez s/n, C.P. 98000
Tel: (91-492) 229-24
Ing. Químico
372
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies - Mexico
Mexican Association of Analytical Chemistry (Asociación Mexicana de Química Analitica A.C.
(AMQA)) (20.x.1997: www.relaq.mx)
Prolongación 16 de Septiembre Nº 203
Colonia Diligencias
Querétaro. Querétaro 76020
Apartado postal Nº 2-27
Querétaro. Querétaro 76020
Telephone/fax: 52. 42. 151705 / 52. 42. 230397 / 52. 42. 233435
Web site: http://www.relaq.mx/RLQ/mexico/amqa
Membership: ~500
President: Gustavo Pedraza Aboytes
Secretary: Alfonzo Pérez Buenrostro
Mexican Association of Clinical Biochemists (Asociacion Mexicana de Bioquimicos Clinicos
(AMBC)) (20.10.1997: www.relaq.mx)
Torres Adalid #508
Colonia del Valle
03100 Mexico D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 523 2256 / Fax: 52. 5. 523 2919
Mexican Association of Inorganic Chemistry (Asociación Mexicana de Química Inorgánica
(AMQI)) (20.x.1997: www.relaq.mx)
Contact: Dr. Guillermo Mendoza-Diaz
Universidad de Guanajuato
Noria Alta s/n
Guanajuato. Guanajuato 36050
Fax: 52. 473. 24250
Mexican Biochemical Society (Sociedad Mexicana de Bioquímica)
(15.vii.1997 : iubmb www)
President: Dr. Alfonso Carabez
Secretary: Dr. Edmundo Chavez
Departimento de Histologia
Facultad de Mexicana / UNAM
Ciudad Universitaria
C.P. 04510
Mexico D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 623 2360
Fax:
52. 5. 623 2399
Mexican Chemical Society (Sociedad Química de México)
(16. 02.1999: soc. fax / www.relaq.mx)
373
Mar del Norte No 5
Col. San Alvaro
Delegacion Azcapotzalco
C. P. 02090
México D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 386 29 05
Fax:
52. 5. 386 02 55
E-mail:
Web site: http://www.relaq.mx/RLQ/mexico/sociedades_mexico
President: Jaime NORIEGA
Secretary. QFB Maria del Consuelo Garcia Manrique
Journals: Revista de la SQM (bim)
Mexican Electrochemical Society (Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica) (20.x.1997:
www.relaq.mx)
Universidad Iberoamericana
Departamento de Ingeniero y Ciencias Quimicas
Prol. paseo Reforma 880
01210 México D.F.
President (1996-98): Dr. Jorge G. Ibáñez [contact]
Telephone: 52. 5. 723 1174
Fax:
52. 5. 292 2258
Secretary (1996-98): Mtro. Rubén Vásquez
Telephone: 52. 5. 723 1174 / Fax: 52. 5. 292 2258
Mexican Institute of Chemical Engineers (Instituto Mexicano de Ingenieros Quimicos A.C.
(IMIQ)) (20.x.1997: www.relaq.mx)
Horacio #124
Col. Polanco
Delegacion Miguel Hidalgo
560 Mexico D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 250 4844 / 250 4857
Fax:
52. 5. 545 5817
Mexican Materials Research Society (15.vii.1997 : iumrs www)
President: Dr. Lorenzo Martinez
(E-mail: [email protected])
Contact: Dr. M. J. Yacaman
Instituto de Fisica
UNAM
Apartado Postal 20-364
Deleg. Alvaro Obregon
01000 Mexico D.F.
374
Telephone: 52. 5. 327 7550 / Fax: 52. 5. 327 7661
Mexican Pharmaceutical Association
(Asociación Farmaceútica Mexicana)
(17.x.1997: www.spin.com.mx)
Established 1966
Adolfo Prieto 1649, N° 601
Colonia del Valle
03100 Mexico D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 524 5685 / 524 0993 / 524 5397
Fax:
52. 5. 534 5098 / 524 3411
Web site: http://spn.com.mx/~cmontoye/afm.html
Director General: QFB José Manuel Cárdenas
President: M en C Helgi Jung
Mexican Society of Thermodynamics (Sociedad Mexican de Termodinamica A.C. (SMT))
(20.x.1997:www.relaq.mx)
Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo
Gerencia de Investigacion Aplicada de Procesos
Eje Central #152
07730 Mexico D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 368 5911 ext. 20102
Fax:
52. 5. 567 2716
Membership: 92
President: M.C. Florentino Murrieta Guevara
Instituto Mexicana del Petroleo
Gerencia de Investigacion Aplicada en Procesos
Telephone: 52. 5. 368 5911 ext 20102
Fax:
52. 5. 567 2716
Secretary: Ricardo Páez Hernandez
Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana - Unidad Azcapotzalco
Departimento de Termofisica
Telephone: 52. 5. 724 4216
National Association of Industrial Chemistry (Asociación Nacional de la Industria Quimica, A.
C. (ANIQ)) (20.x.1997: www.relaq.mx)
Providencia #1118
Colonia del Valle
03100 Mexico D.F.
Telephone: 52. 5. 230 5100
Fax:
52. 5. 230 5107 / 230 5108
E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]
Web site: http://www.aniq.mx
375
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Mexico
Academia Mexicana de Ciencias
Av. San Jerónimo # 260
Colonia Jardines del Pedregal
04500 México, D.F.
México.
Teléfonos: 550 3906, 550 7133, 550 4000
Fax: 550 1143, 550 0389
WWW : http://www.unam.mx/academia
The Academy was founded in 1959 to foster scientific research in Mexico. In 1999 it had a
membership of 1241 with 155 chemists. Over 80% of the membership appertain to the National
System of Researchers in Mexico. The Academy presidency is held Dr. Francisco Bolivar
Zapata. Each year the Academy recoginzes through 15 awards programs exceptional scientific
contributions and organizes through its sections each year 7 to 8 meetings. There is also an
national evaluation regime of doctoral programs.
Consejo Consultivo de Ciencias de la Presidencia de la República
Calle San Francisco # 1626 - 305
Colonia Del Valle, Delegación Benito Juárez
Conmutador: 723-6600 Exts. 4840, 4841 y 4842
Teléfonos: 723-6682 y 534-7804
Fax: 723-6684 y 534-4895
[email protected]
Fundación México-Estados Unidos para la Ciencia
The United States-Mexico Foundation for Science
Sn Francisco 1626 2.piso 205
Col del Valle, C.P. 03100
Del. Benito Juárez
México D.F.
Tel: 5524 5150
Fax: 5524 0140
Website: www.fumec.org.mx
In early 1993, $2,000,000 were obtained from the US Government through the Agency for
International Development (AID) and were matched by the Mexican Government. (An additional
$150,000 were obtained from AID in 1994).
In its initial stage the Foundation received support from the National Academy of Sciences to
organize its activities and to set up adequate links with the United States Government agencies.
376
Since then, several programs have been carried out to promote cooperation in science and
technology between both countries: Binational Research Projects, Summer Fellowships, Visiting
Senior Scientists and Graduate Fellowships. Since October 1996, the Foundation has been
exploring new forms of operation, focusing on specific issues financed by sponsoring entities:
Water in Health and the Environment at the Border, with EPA financing:
Activities with the Hewlett Foundation to support the training of specialists in Science and
Technology Policy;
Workshops on Advanced Research Techniques, also supported by the Hewlett Foundation;
Exchanges between universities of the United States and Mexico to promote linkages with small
and medium size industries, undertaken with financing from SEP
377
Chemically Related Research – Mexico
(Sources: US Dept of Commerce, 2000; World of Learning, 1998)
Highlights
♦
♦
♦
♦
Mexico has increased R&D expenditures 45% over the last six years.
In 1999 Mexico spent .309% of its GDP or about US$2 billion yearly on R&D.
Most scientific and technology centers are concentrated in/around Mexico City.
Mexico’s laregest science project is its large millimeter telescope project scheduled to be
fully operational in 2002.
♦ The total headcount of S%T personnel in 1998 was 449,000 researchers and technicians.
♦ About 24,000 students receive scholarships from the government for the study of science at
the doctoral level in Mexico and abroad.
Research Centers – Mexico
Centro de Investigación perteneciente al sistema SEP-CONACyT. Corresponde a una sociedad
civil. Tres socios han aportado al establecimiento del CIMAV: El Gobierno Federal (a través de
la SEP y el CONACyT), El Gobierno del estado de Chihuahua y la iniciativa privada de
Chihuahua (a través de la CANACINTRA).
Chihuahua
Información
Tel: (14) 811-414
Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA)
Organismo Público Descentralizado
Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140
Apdo. Postal 379-C
25100 Saltillo, Coahuila
Tel. (84) 15-30-30 ext. 231, 91 800 84099
Fax. (84) 15-48-04
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo
Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152
Col. San Bartolo Atepehuaca
07730 México, D.F.
Tel. (525) 368-5911
Fax. (525) 567-6047
378
In 1998 PEMEX (Mexican Petroleum) decided to promote research and development in the
Mexican Institute of Petroleum, where 6 research programs have been established:
biotechnology/ environent/heavy oil processing/corrosion/oil exploration and recovery/
molecular simulation. The total number of researchers today is around 450 but the plan is to have
1000 by year 2003. This number of researchers is very important if you consider that the
National System of Researchers has in total close to 7000 members. Also the budget allocation
will certainly change the figures for Mexico. Perhaps the most important point to comment is
that all the research projects are related to industrial problems and they cover from basic science
to transfer of technology.
Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente,
IMSS
Ubicación en la República del lugar de trabajo: Guadalajara, Jal.
Areas de trabajo: Bioquímica
Teléfono: 36189410
Fax: 36181756
Sierra Mojada 800 Col. Independencia Guadalajara,
Jal., 44340 Eliseo Portilla
[email protected]
Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. (http:/www.cicese.mx)
Ensenada, Baja California
Areas de trabajo: ACUICULTURA Y BIOTECNOLOGIA MARINA
Teléfono: 01 61 75 05 34
Fax: 01 61 75 05 34
Departamento de Acuicultura Km 107 carretera
Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, B.C. Mexico. CICESE
Dra. Beatriz Cordero, Dr. Fernando Diaz, Dr. Jorge Olmos, Dra. Elizabeth Ponce
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Instituto de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ)
Carr. Mexico Toluca km 36,5
Salazar Edo de Mexico
Box 52045
Phone : +52(53) 29 72 45
Fax : +52(42) 15 39 04
Centro Nacional de Metrologia
Km. 4.5 Carretera a Los Cúes,
Municipio El Marques Qro."
Queretaro
Queretaro 76900Phone : +52(42) 11 05 73.
379
Fax : +52(42) 15 39 04
Centro de Calidad del ITESM, Campus Monterrey
Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada #2501 Sur, Col. Tecnológico
Edificio CEDES, 3er. piso, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 64849
Tels. (52)(8) 3-58-20-00, Ext. 5161 y 3-28-40-72 Fax (8) 3-58-07-71
Del interior de la República sin costo al 01-800-711-63-75
Información
Tel: (14) 811-414
Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA)
Organismo Público Descentralizado
Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo #140
Apdo. Postal 379-C
25100 Saltillo, Coahuila
Tel. (84) 15-30-30 ext. 231, 91 800 84099
Fax. (84) 15-48-04
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo
México, D.F.
Areas de trabajo: CATÁLISIS Y MATERIALES: (1) Catalizadores para
hidrodesulfuración, (2) Catalizadores de reformación continua, (3) Reformación
semi-regenerativa, (4) Catalizadores FCC y (5) Aditivos catalíticos para FCC;
EXPLORACIÓN - PRODUCCIÓN: (1) Exploración y perforación en
aguas profundas, (2) Geoquímica y diagénesis, (3) Métodos geofísicos para
caracterización de yacimientos fracturados (4) Análisis sísmico 4D- 3C, (5)
Simulación numérica de flujo multifásico en medios porosos y fracturados, (6)
Procesos de recuperación secundaria y mejorada, (7) Geoestadística
Teléfono: (52-5) 645-4959 ext 222
Fax: (52-5) 567-6047, (52-5) 645-5087
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo Torre Institucional,
2do. Piso Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152 07730 México, D.F. MEXICO
Ing. José Luis Luna Arroyo, Asesor de la
Coordinación de Investigación y Planeación
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION EN POLIMEROS, S.A DE
C.V. (GRUPO COMEX)
Tepexpan, Edo. de México
Areas de trabajo: Formulación de pinturas
Teléfono: +52 (595) 7 16 02
Fax: +52 (595) 7 16 04
380
Marcos Achar Lobatón No 2, Tepexpan Edo. de
México CP 55885.
René Seade A.
[email protected]
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
del I.P.N.
Aptdo 14-740
07000, Mexico DF
tel: 525.754.02.00; fax: 754.8707
Adolfo Martínez Palomo, director general del CINESTAV 1999-2002
CONSEJO ESTATAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE COAHUILA (COECyT)
ING. MARIO VALDES GARZA
Director General
Allende Sur No. 124
Zona Centro
Saltillo Coah. C.P. 25000
Tel: (01-61) 14.96.62 y 14.60.37
Fax: (01-61) 14.96.62 y 14.60.37
CONSEJO ESTATAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE COLIMA.
DR. JUSTINO PINEDA LARIOS
Director General
Calzada Galván Nte.
Esq. Av. Ejército Nacional s/n
Colima, Col. C.P. 28000
E-mail: Pendiente
Tel: 01 (331) 3.06.08, 3.28.68, y 2.31.55 ext. 14
Fax: 4.82.83
CONSEJO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DEL ESTADO DE DURANGO
(COCyTED).
DR. HIRAM MEDRANO ROLDÁN
Director General
Zaragoza No. 526 Sur, 2do. piso
Durango Dgo. C.P. 34000
Tel: (01 18) 12.98.37 y 13.35.28
Fax: (01-18) 13.35.28 y 12.92.38
381
CONSEJO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DEL ESTADO DE GUANAJUATO
(CONCyTEG).
DR. ARTURO LARA LÓPEZ
Director General
Mineral de Valencia No. 20
Col. Marfil
Guanajuato, Gto. C.P. 36250
Tel: 01 (473)
3.15.34 y 3.02.36
Fax: 01 (473) 3.04.33
CONSEJO ESTATAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA
DEL ESTADO DE MICHOACÁN
(SISTEMA DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DEL ESTADO DE MICHOACÁN ( SICYTEM )
M.C. RUBEN LARIOS GONZÁLEZ
Presidente
Av. Universidad No. 1234
Col. Villa Universidad
Morelia, Mich. C.P. 58060
Tel: 01 (43) 16.24.51 y 27.45.75
Fax: 01 (43) 16.24.51 y 27.45.75
CONSEJO ESTATAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DEL ESTADO DE PUEBLA
(CECYT).
QUIM. ISAAC WOLFSON OLCKENICKI
Director General
Reforma 1305, 2do. patio
(dentro de las instalaciones del Instituto Cultural Poblano)
Puebla, Pue. C.P. 72000
E-mail: pendiente
Tel: 01 (22) 46.49.74
Fax: 01 (22) 46.56.16
CONSEJO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DEL ESTADO DE QUERETARO
382
(CONCyTEQ)
DR. ALEJANDRO LOZANO GUZMÁN
Director General
Luis Pasteur No. 36 Sur
Zona Centro
Querétaro, Qro. C.P. 76000
Tel: 01 (42) 12.72.66 y 14.36.85
Fax: 01 (42) 12.61.56
CONSEJO POTOSINO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (COPOCyT).
DR. JOSÉ LUIS MORÁN LÓPEZ
Director General
Río Kennedy No. 205
Col. Bellas Lomas
San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. C.P. 78210
E-mail: [email protected] y [email protected]
Tel: 01 (48) 17.58.74
Fax: 01 (48) 11.66.66
CONSEJO ESTATAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (CECyT).
DR. FAUSTO BURGUEÑO LOMELÍ
Director General
Av. Las Américas No. 2771 Nte. Culiacán, Sin. C.P. 80010
Tel: 01 (67) 12.29.49, 12.29.55 y 12.28.80
Fax: 01 (67) 16.93.83 y 12.31.16
CONSEJO TAMAULIPECO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (COTACyT).
DR. JUAN TREVIÑO HIGUERA
Director General
21 Hidalgo y Juárez 112
Cd. Victoria, Tamps. C.P. 87000
383
Tel: 01 (131) 2.64.00 y 2.17.44
Fax: 01 (131) 2.24.61
CONSEJO ZACATECANO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
ING. JOSÉ IGNACIO CASTRO GUIJARRO
Director General
(Cámara Mexicana de la Industria de la Construcción)
Av. Pedro Coronel esq. Arquitectos s/n
Col. Dependencias Federales
Guadalupe, Zacatecas C.P. 98600
E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected] y
[email protected]
Tel: 01 (492) 33.527 y 32.789
Fax: 01 (492) 32.527 y 32.789
COMISION NACIONAL PARA LA UNESCO – VILLAHERMOSA
BIOL. MIGUEL O. CHAVEZ LOMELI
Director General
Av. Carlos Pellicer Cámara s/n
Zona CICOM
Col. Lomas Altas
Villa hermosa, Tab. C.P. 86090
Tel: 01 (93 ) 12.39.66
Fax: 01 (93 ) 14.20.76
ORGANOMETALLIC RESEARCH CENTRES
Departmento de Quimica Inorganica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma
De Mexico, Apto 04510, Mexico D.F. MEXICO
CABRERA, Armando, Prof., E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 52-5-6224515; Fax:
52-5-6162217; Pankaj Sharma, Dr.; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone 52-5-6224515
(Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry of Sb,As Rh, Ru and Co, chemistry of Sm .
Organic synthesis using metal complexes).
Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados, Departamento de Quimica, Av. Instituto
Politecnico Nacional, A.P. 14-740, Mexico 070000, Distrito Federal, MEXICO
PAZ SANDOVAL, M. Angeles, Phone: (525)7477000 (Ext. 4010), Fax (525)7477113; E-mail:
384
[email protected] (Transition metal complexes with cyclopentadienyl
and heterodienyl ligands)
Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Ciudad
Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, A.P.18-F, C.P.66450, MEXICO
KHARISSOV ILDUSOVICH, Boris, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
Fax (52-8)375-3846, Tel. (52-8)375-3068 (electrosynthesis, phthalocyanines, azomethinic
ligands,
non-aqueous solutions)
C Alvarez Toledano, Inst Quim, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Univ, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
JA Chamizo, Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Fac Quim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico
N Zuñiga Villarreal, Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Quim, Circuito Exterior, Mexico City
04510, DF, Mexico
R Cea Olivares, Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Ist Quim, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Univ,
Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico
385
ACS Members Characteristics – Mexico
ACS Members in Mexico - Interest Areas
4%
Analytical
6%
Biochemistry
4%
Physical
2%
Analytical
Biochemistry
Polymers/Plastics
16%
Biotechnology
7%
Chemical Education
5%
2%
Pharm/Med
7%
Biotechnology
Chemical Education
Energy/Fuels
Environmental
Comp/MolecModel
1%
Energy/Fuels
1%
Organic
25%
Materials
Organic
Environmental
5%
Materials
5%
Inorganic
Marketing/Sales/Bus
4%
386
Polymers/Plastics
Physical
Inorganic
6%
ACS Members Informant Interviews – Mexico
Meetings in Mexico October
16-21, 1999
During October 16-21, 1999, the Mexican Chemical Society conducted its annual meeting in
Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico at the Cintermex Conference Center. Representing the ACS
were the President, Edel Wasserman; Chairman of the ACS Board of Directors, Henry Whalen;
John Malin, Administrator of the Office of International Activities and Brad Miller, Senior Staff
Associate of the IAO. Five interview sessions were conducted with ACS members residing in
Mexico. The following are highlights from the interviews, as well as salient points raised during
a two-day SQM symposium on Chemically Related higher education / industry / government
linkages.
Innovation and national competitiveness in Mexico. Innovation and new technologies come to
Mexican chemical enterprise through: 1) buying existing patents / licenses; 2) off-shore R&D
from parent companies; 3) mergers and acqusitions; 4) maquila relationships (in which Mexican
firms are responsible mainly for final assembly of products from components produced
elsewhere); and 5) local research and development.
The greatest needs for successful linkage in Mexico are in the construction, agriculture and
environmental sectors. In order to get the most from linkage relationships, Mexican industry
hopes to develop a fast track to competitive advantage focusing on those core business. Mexican
higher education needs better resources and reputation. Faculties, in particular, desire improved
reputations, better resources and more student placements. Students want good jobs.
Government wants improved industrial processes through more new technology and better
technology transfer.
Industrial Priorities for Technology Transfer. With respect to innovation in Mexican
chemical industries, there is a trend towards decreasing process costs, importing patents and
active ingredients, focusing on simpler steps of finished chemical production, and short-term
linkages with universities. Representatives of chemical companies in Mexico reported that they
focus on acquiring new knowledge and technology dedicated to (in rank order) 1. modification
of an existing process; 2. adaptation of equipment; 3. development of new products; 4.
Intelligence gathering on alternative technologies; 5. manufacturing to new standards; 6. process
design for improved productivity.
Off-site technical linkages for companies in Mexico involve articulation with
foreign companies, national companies, national universities, and research
centers with focus on technical assistance, equipment manufacture, new process
and product development. Mexican chemical industries use the following sources (in rank order)
for new technologies and innovation in the field: 1. magazines and patent purchase; 2. plant
visits; 3. conferences; 4. trade fairs; 5. Internet; 6. Government offices.
387
In linkages, both sides must view the joint endeavor as a business. Higher ed needs to take the
lead more in promoting their services to industry. Government (CONACyT) has assisted by
implementing a program of industrial funding for linkage-based R&D. Most contract work
comes from government and to some extent from medium-sized enterprise; small-enterprise
work is often problem-based one-off product analysis activity.
Mexican Experiences with Industry/University Interactions. Representatives from both the
business and higher education sectors agreed that numerous fruitful interactions have taken place
and are ongoing. A large fraction of the interactions seems to involve chemical engineering
faculty. Industry / higher ed linkage activities include (in rank order): 1. Informal faculty
consultations; 2. Problem-based contracted product analysis / applied research projects; 3.
Shared facility use; 4. Student practical / short-term employment; 5.student thesis development;
6. Provision of employee training and development clinics e.g. operating new equipment; 7. Onsite degree programs for employees.
Some experiments in collaboration have produced criticism from the higher ed sector citing a
lack of clarity in agreements, failure to cover actual costs, unrealistic time frame requirements
and irrelevance of the research problems to academic research interests. They noted that
industrial research projects are either proprietary or mundane.
From the industrial perspective, participants criticized a lack of clarity on what higher ed offers,
poor understanding on the part of the universities of how to sell skills, and academics’ limited
knowledge of business. Speakers noted the following reasons for industry not working with
higher ed in Mexico: 1. Industry doesn’t know university capabilities; 2. The company has its
own R&D center; 3. Delivery of service by universities is too slow to fit urgent industrial
problems; 4. Collaborative agreements are difficult to formalize; 5. Costs are too high; 6. The
company does not perform R&D in Mexico.
There is a need for (and CONACyT is supporting) staff / liaison offices in
industry and higher ed dedicated exclusively to marketing, maintaining,
understanding and communicating how industry and higher ed linkages operate.
Research Centers. Some (8-10) research centers in Mexico are quasi-governmental; cost
recovery in nature; with modest indirect cost rates(15%). In contrast, higher ed indirect ratios
run 25% to 30%, e.g., at Monterrey Tech.
Research center scientists’ salaries are based on the number and quality of publications, each
individual’s SNI classfication (a national qualification system for investigators), and a
percentage of grants brought in.
There is a tendency towards research centers organizing themselves to provide
courses and confer degrees in research fields.
388
Meetings with ACS Members
1-2 December 1999
Camino Real Hotel
Mexico City, Mexico
During a visit to Mexico City to attend the ceremony designating the Marker Degradation and
the Mexican Hormonal Derivative Industry as international historic chemical landmarks (cosponsored by the Sociedad Química de México and the American Chemical Soceity) Dr. Helen
Free, ACS Past-President and Dr. Bradley Miller of the ACS Office of International Activities
scheduled a series of meetings at the Camino Real Hotel with ACS members who had
participated in a fall email survey
The purpose of the meetings was to get acquainted with ACS members living in Mexico, follow
up the September 1999 survey, and to gather further information for the ACS Latin American
Brief. We were specifically interested in the challenges they saw facing chemical enterprise and
Chemically Related higher education, research, government, and professional groups in Mexico to get their perspectives on how these challenges might best be met and the role professional
societies (in Mexico and the USA) might play in catalyzing collaboration among these sectors,
nationally and transnationally.
Situation: There is a need for Chemically Related organizations (SQM, ANIQ, IMIQ and AFM)
to come together to address issues of curriuclar reform in higher education, entry to practice, and
continuing professional education for chemists.
Suggestion: To stimulate interactions among these organizations it is best to convene them to
develop voluntary quality assurance standards along the lines of certification developed by the
NRCC for clinical chemistis and some of ACS’ work in certifying of specialists (health and
safety and environmental) or some of the health care professions in Mexico. However, changes
in governance (and their concomitant interests) of the organizations can result in interactions
which are not sustained.
Situation: Instead of collaborating with local universities or research centers Chemically Related
plant staff of MNC’s are likely to be sent offshore to headquarters for training on equipment,
software, process / product quality or environmental management systems. Additionally, MNC’s
will ship offshore samples to the headquarters or R&D facility for analysis. Small and medium
sized enterprises have even less collaboration with higher ed.
Suggestion: Conduct society-sponsored symposia (in Spanish) on US models of higher ed /
industry collaboration with emphasis on how US universities promote their services to industry –
contract research, product analyses, training & development. Include in the symposia respondent
panels to comment on what aspects might or might not be relevant.
389
Situation: Suppliers / vendors / consultants / contractors are very dynamic and keep in contact
with who is doing what with what equipment across a variety of clients and prospective clients
(small, medium and large enterprise) in industry, higher ed, and research centers. They are
familiar with needs, expertise and equipment holdings.
Suggestion: Suppliers / vendors / consultants / contractors can be tapped to sponsor workshops
(in Spanish) to present their experiences and issues they encounter across Chemically Related
sectors; include a session on the role they might play in catalyzing collaboration.
Situation: Globalization carries with it a demand for higher level employee skills and abilities
which tend not to be as readily available from local educational programs especially for
managerial openings. Reliance upon student-based outreach for coop placement – turning into
recruitment. In Mexico there are many baccalaureate-level graduates credentialed with QFB’s;
they end up as technicians or in QA. MS students with US degrees or chemical engineering
Ph.D. graduates from reputable institutions in Mexico are preferred for management recruitment.
Evidence of increasing numbers of ‘transpatriates’ in global chemical industry.
Suggestion: Convene society-sponsored student coop placement and career service fairs.
Include sessions addressing models of shared intellectual property.
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses – Mexico
Industry: 6
Higher Education: 14
Government: 1
Other - Please specify: Consulting for the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Market
research, bibliographic searches, technological evaluations ** APPLIED RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES **
2) Do you and/or your colleagues participate in any professional scientific activities involving
Chemically Related industry / higher education collaboration?
Yes: 18
No: 1
3) If your answer to Item #2 is Yes, are you personally
involved in the activity?
Yes: 16
No: 3
390
New products developments and new applications for our products (SBR copolymers)**
Temporary (two years) project with a chemical industry extracting/modifying natural pigments
** Working at CIQA who is a gouvernamental chemical laboratory oriented to technological
matters we have both:+ interaction with companies to solve technical problems or to be involved
in joint applied research + Advisoring of thesis, some of them funded by chemical companies.
** GIVING COURSES TO UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ** AS RESEARCH GROUP
LEADER IN THE AREA OF BIOPROCESSES ** I was involved in several research projects as
a liason between our Company and different mexican universities. ** participamos como
asesores en el desarrollo de farmacos ** I'm personally involved in the creation of a new
processes for new materials ** I'm not sure what you are looking for. In the past I was involved
in many efforts to encourage Mexican industry to use university research - either by contracting
it or by taking advantage of what was published. We were usually unsuccessful. Both the
Asociación Farmacéutica Mexicana (of which I am a member) and the Mexican Chemical
Society make sporadic efforts to get academics to work with the industry
and industry to use the university resources. Recently I don't know how that is going.The
biggest complaints by industry is that the university people were too laid back and wouldn't
commit to a business like contract, wouldn't keep a time table, wouldn't deliver on time, and
didn't understand that industry needs practical results. The researchers complained that the
industrialists were always trying to pin them down, that they didn't understand that research takes
time, and so on. ** I have organized few International workshops./ Symposia and Conferences in
Environmental Sciences/Water and wastewater treatment/ I am also Organiser in IAWQ
meetings. I am more interested to promote ACS activities in Mexico also. ** I have been
responsible of promoting and leading the University group in research done in my laboratory **
I collaborate with food companies mainly. A few Tequila companies and Fruit Companies such
as Frexport (strawberry) and Mando Industrializadora, to mention some. ** R&D projects
contracted with Universities ** CONTACT AND/OR DECIDE WHICH COLLABORATORS
CAN BE ADEQUATE, HOW SOME STUDIES MUST BE DONE, PREPARATION OF
WORK PROGRAMS WITH THE ACADEMIC PERSONNEL IN UNIVERSITIES, OTHER
CENTERS AND IN OUR CENTER AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS. ** Developing and
characterizing new materials for energy related applications. **
Yes: 14
No: 4
NA: 1
Energy: 4
391
Polymers: 11
Fine Chemicals: 6
Metals: 3
Rubber: 2
Other - Please specify: mining ** FOOD PROCESS AND BIOPROCESS ** Packaging,
Environmental and Textiles ** Inorganic Coagulant and Flocculent ** Viscose processing
(cellophane and rayon) ** Mainly Food Companies ** PAINTS AND COATINGS **
Repsol Química (Spain); Uniroyal Chemical Co. (U.S.A.); Girsa Inc. ** Through the
government agencies, we are working with a Minning site in Zacatecas which is recovering
mercury. We are working with a tails recovering industry in San Luis Potosi which is using a
cianyde complexation procedure, we are in charge of the health security and the environmental
impact it may have in the area. We are working with several environmental analysis laboratorios
in bulding up capacity in analytical procedures ** ININ (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Nucleares; IRSA (Industrias Resistol, S.A.); PEMEX (Petróleos Mexicanos); IMP (Instituto
Mexicano del Petróleo) ** Industrial Organica ** CIQA has about 400 clients in the country
located in 7 of the most industrialized states (including Nuevo Leon, Jalisco and Mexico city
area) ** Grupo Industrias Resistol S.A. (GIRSA); Negromex and Hules Mexicanos; Petroleos
Mexicanos and they may be others I am not aware of. ** GRUPO BIOQUIMICO MEXICANO;
COMPAÑIA MINERA AUTLAN ** Laboratorios Julian del grupo UQUIFA ** Confidential
information ** MINOX CORPORATIONMINOX DE MEXICO SADE CV; RAINS SA DE CV
** Grupo Cydsa, ** Tequila Cuervo; Tequila Corralejo; Mango Exporting Industry; Strawberry
Exporting Industry ** Enertec Mexico, S. de R. L. de C. V. ** I DON´T KNOW EXACTLY
WHICH FINE CHEMICAL´S COMPANIES THEY ARE WORKING WITH, EXCEPT FOR
"RESISTOL", BUT THAT IS IN THE POLYMER FIELD. ** CENTRO DE
INVESTIGACIOON EN POLIMEROS; COMEX, S. A. de C. V. ** PEMEX and small
industries in the glass sector. **
Altamira, Tamaulipas. México ** Zacatecas, México ; San Luis POtosí, Mexico and in México
City ** Salazar, Estado de México ** In Monterrey, Nuevo Leon ** Saltillo Coahuila ** Several
sites in Mexico. We have a Textile Technical Center in Aguascalientes, and Bussines Units in
Tampico, Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City ** Cuernavaca, Mor. (Mexico) **
Guadalajara, Jalisco; Corralejo, Guanajuato; San Blas, Michoacan;
Zamora, Michoacan ** THE LABORATORIES ARE INSIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT THE "UNIVERSIDAD IBEROAMERICANA" IN MEXICO
CITY. ** TEPEXPAN, EDO. DE MEXICO ** Puebla, Puebla.
392
Basic Research: 11
Faculty Visits: 6
Student Visits: 8
Consulting: 14
Quality Control: 5
Special analytical analysis (McMaster University and Joint venture of R&D projects with
(UCLA, University of Florida)** Development of new catalysts; Zeolites as radiation
scavengers; Polymers with new or improved properties ** Scholarship Programs ** ORGANIC
SYNTHESES ** COURSES ON SELECTED TOPICS WITH UNIVERSITIES, OTHER
CENTERS OR ACADEMIC PERSONNEL FROM THEM **
9) What do you feel are the characteristics of a successful university / industry collaboration in
Mexico?
Identify opportunity areas into industry Promoving future proffesionals into students with
scholarship and grants ** The best relation between Universities and Industry are when a
research proyect is stablished in which the university develops a procedure for that industry and
in doing that trains students in the subject which later are hired by the industry. In order for this
to happen, the project has to be very well stablished and the objectives very clearly defined. This
means that the industry is not only using the university facilities because they do not have the
instruments or the human resources in their location. This later case is common and on them the
industry has a problem and just transfer it to the Univesrity and this leaves nothing (some
money) but is not a real challenge and serves not educational purposes. ** Common goals and
objectives on both parties. ** It is important that people in industry realize that "time-scales" in
universities are different (months to years) to those they deal with (today is good, yesterday even
better, tomorrow not so good). In contracts, they should guarantee a continuity of the project, so
that students are not strangled, financial support is not suddenly terminated, etc. Of course,
chemists at the university must understand that they must provide useful results in a reasonable
time, if the collaboration is to be renewed. ** First thing is getting trust of industry, second:
efficiently get chemicals and technical support for our analitical instruments ** IT MUST BE
ECONOMICALLY SUPPORTED BY THE INDUSTRY, BESIDES THE TECHNICAL
ASPECT. ** Industry has to open itself in the sense that they must be very clear as to what are
yheir needs in the medium and long range plans. This has not occurred in yhe appropriate scale
in the past. Most industries in Mexico are still technologically dependent of developed countries.
** THE BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEED OF THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY **
Industry must accept their is a risk in R&D projects; Research projects must be relevant to both
Industry and University ** University/govermental: brains, mentality focused on industrial
research; Industry: Inclination toward modifications and/or innovations, trust,patience, financial
flexibility. ** Poder participar en el mejoramiento de procesos quimicos ** A piece of research
that can be used immediately in an industrial process. It should be practical, should not involve
393
raw materials or equipment difficult to obtain (Mexican customs is still a big barrier),and it
should work upon scale up. ** In México there is not enough university/industry collaboration,
because
the research and development in the private industry is poor ** I made my mexican and US
patent in the University and it has been transferred to industries and I have good positive opinion
on Technology transfers in Mexico. I would like to promote this type of promoting technology to
Mexico. There is a great hope for the future in Technology transfers to Industry and
the most of the Industries are showing great interest as well. ** a) confidence; b) equivalent
capacities (there are few scientists in the industry in Mexico); c) clear objectives **
Understanding each side duties ** Well defined scope and objectives, and good follow up of
activities. ** THE UNIVERSITY WHERE I¨M STUDYING IS A PRIVATE ONE, SO IT
DOESN´T HAVE AS MUCH MONEY FOR R&D AS A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY. THE KEY
IN A SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION RELIES ON THE MONEY THE DIFFERENT
COMPANIES CAN BRING TO THE UNIVERSITY AND ON THE OTHER HAND ON
LETTING THE STUDENTS HAVE AN ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ON THE PROJECTS. **
DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE ACADEMIC PERSONNEL THAT IS DESIRED FOR THE
COLLABORATION ** Las colaboraciones exitosas son aquellas que impactan directamente y
en corto tiempo alguna problemática particular de la industria. Esto significa que
proyectos de investigacion aplicada o el proporcionar servicios tienen mucha mas aceptacion en
el &mbito industrial que los proyectos de investigacion basica. **
New products; Analytical results to improve products; Expertise of people ** When the
university research groups present their work in congresess or meettings attended by people from
industry, on them research groups show their capabilities so industry can later be prepared to use
them. ** Offering of scholarships for students to conduct thesis from the part of the industries
involved. Commitment from the high ranking officials on both parties. ** We are very
competitives in prices with regard to collaborations with USA universities or research centers **
RECIPROCAL CONFIDENCE IN THE MANAGMENT OF THE RESOURCES ** THE
HIGH STANDARDS OF OUR UNIVERSITY AND THE QUALITY OF OUR WORK ** Top
Management approval (both Industry and University); Personal acquaintance among the
individuals involved in the collaboration;
Interdisciplinary team Communications ** La
cercania entre la universidad y la industria ** University/ Patents/Patented technology developed
for waste waters/ Financial involvement thorough promoters etc Involve in the collaborations **
a) employment stability; b) good economic situation in the country (stability again!); c) clear
legislation ** The aquisition of reagents and equipment, sometimes ** People with good
customer oriented attitudes. ** I´M ACTUALLY WORKING ON A THESIS THAT WAS OF
MY VERY OWN INTEREST, SO I DON´T REALLY KNOW WHAT THE INSTITUTION IS
DOING RIGHT NOW TO FACILITATE THIS DEVELOPMENT OF THE
COLLABORATIONS, BUT I KNOW THAT RIGHT NOW IN MEXICO IT IS EXTREMELY
DIFFICULT TO GET THE NECESSARY REACTANTS FOR SOME RESEARCH
PROJECTS. ** A REAL INTEREST OF THE COLLABORATORS IN SOLVING THE
PROBLEM THAT HAS BEEN PRESENTED TO THEM, AND AN ACADEMIC INTEREST
IN THE AREA OF RESEARCH ** Comunicacion, Vinculacion y Credibilidad. Las
universidades debieran conocer los problemas del sector industrial y cultivar conocimiento
alrededor de estos temas. Los industriales debieran conocer la investigacion que se hace en las
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universidades y estar dispuestos a invertir en programas de largo plazo. Asimismo, ambas partes
deben ser flexibles en establecer acuerdos de secrecia convenientes a ambos. **
In México sometimes money; Confidential aspects ** Some times scientist inside industry are
very receptive of the capabilities of the universities but it is very difficult to get them
through to the managment or decision making groups within the industry. The
common (but mistaken) conception that research at universities has no time
and that solution of problems take forever is the major drawback. ** Lack of common goals and
objectives. Full time dedication to the project of the people involved. ** Lack of common goals
and objectives. Full time dedication to the project of the people involved. ** Lack of
communication / suspicion / industry trying to get as much as possible for as little as possible
compensation ** Industrial sponsors doesn't have trust in mexican laboratories ** THE LACK
OF COMPROMISE OF THE OWNERS OR "DECISION TAKING" PEOPLE IN THE
COMPANIES. ** THE DIFFERENT TIME-SPACE BETWEEN ACADEMIA AND
INDUSTRY ** Formalizing the relationship (Contracts or Agreements);Mexican Industry does
not like to publish the results of a project; Property Rights;Availability of technical personnel **
The characteristics of the Mexican industry (means national capital)are mainly opposite to those
mentioned in Item #9. Some of them have their own research groups. The most industries located
in Mexico belong to foreign owners or
are joint ventures which have their research groups
abroad. The local managers are not in position to make decision. The Mexican academic
scientists/researchers are mainly not accustomed to be in contact with the industry. ** La
mentalidad de los industriales mexicanos ** Sometimes improper communications between
industry (sometimes I fail my routine academic activity due to hevay scheduled visit to
industries) /not proven technology. Insufficient funds and support from university departments
(except my Institute of Engineering). ** a) red tape (both University and Industry; b) lack of
stimulus (tax breaks..) for the industry to do research ** Law agreements and University and
Industry policies ** Bureaucracy excessive red tape ** MEXICO IS EXTREMELY BACK IN
R&D BECAUSE ALL THE COMPANIES HERE WANT TO SEE IMMIDIATE RESULTS,
NOT LONG TERM RESULTS AS THE ONES PROVIDED BY SCIENTIFIC WORK, SO
THEY DON´T INVEST ANYTHING ON EQUIPMENT. AT THIS MOMENT A HUGE
PROBLEM IS THE STRIKE IN THE MAIN UNIVERSITY OF THE COUNTRY, WHICH
HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE ONE TO PROVIDE ALL THE EQUIPMENT, REAGENTS AND
PUBLICATIONS RESOURCES. ** THAT SUPPOSED COLLABORATORS REALLY
DONT GIVE THE ACCORDED TIME TO THE RESEARCH PROGRAM BECAUSE OF
THEIR INTEREST IN OTHER ACTIVITIES INSIDE THE UNIVERSITIES. ** Los esquemas
ineficientes y burocráticos que existen tanto en la industria como en las universidades
para efectuar la vinculacion. La falta de conocimiento y/o masa critica en las universidades para
responder con la premura y efectividad que los industriales quisieran. Los esquemas de
evaluacion de los universitarios, mismos que ocasionan que los academicos esten cultivando
conocimiento en areas totalmente ajenas a la problematica de la industria nacional. **
395
12) What, in your opinion, would improve the quality and sustainability of university / industry
collaborations, and have you encountered or do you expect to encounter issues of intellectual
property - how can this, too be improved?
Increase the support to research; To know more about universities ** A clear mutual
understanding of objectives and capabilities within the project definition. The clear setting of
programs and time windows within the project. ** The quality is directly related to the
background of the researchers working on the project, they must have the appropriate profile
(training). The intellectual property issues are more important for industry people than for
academics at this stage. It can be improved with a detailed reglamentation. ** Exchange of
researchers/chemists to and from academia/university ** Get started working with mexican
laboratories. In some cases we have identical facilities and abilities as our counterparts in USA.
In many cases, industrial scientist doesn't have the same level of creativity and hability as that of
academic scientists. Create a national code of conduct for scientists. ** THERE MUST BE
INTEREST BY THE GOVERNMENT IN FACILITATE THESE ACTIVITIES THROUGH
FISCAL INCENTIVES AND REINFORCMENT OF THE INTELECTUAL PROPERTY LAW.
** My experience es the fromer Head of the Basic Research Division of the Mexican Petroleum
Institue, 25 years ago, was and still persists is the lack of a true Mexican Industry from the
technological point of view. Industry hardly needs the assistance of Academia for their
performance except in few cases. ** SHOWING THE BENEFITS OF SUCH
COLLABORATIONS TO THE COMMUNITY ** One way to do is presenting in seminars and
conventions the successful industry/university relationships. As I mentioned before the
intellectual property issues are very delicate and many times act as a barrier for a relationship.
This issue must be clearly defined in the Agreement. One way to improve is giving proper credit
to the university researchers as inventors. ** Aumentando la investigación y desarrollo a nivel de
la industria mexicana ** Money would help. Foreign clients would help. For instance, if an
American chemical company wanted some laboratory work done - either
routine analyses or perhaps a synthesis development - it could probably be done quite cheaply in
Mexico. The first effort would need patience squared. But once a working arrangement is
functioning, it could be profitable to both sides and can lead to more work contracted
to Mexico. Intellectual property isn't much of an issue here, although there are patents. They
really don't have teeth and getting a judgement on patent infringement can be frustrating. The
biggest problem is that information in general is not easily shared, whether it's patentable or not.
** This issues can be improved through frequent seminars/conferences by inviting industries
and academic institutions and participation of govt organizations etc would improve to
understand the importance of Industry/University collaboration and Intellectual property
Importance and its proper use in a country. ** I think that industry should try to develop serious
research groups. The experience with companies that have done so shows that collaboration is
easy and the results very satisfactory ** Sharing in both cases ** Well defined terms in the
contracts ** THE UNIVERSITY HAS TO CONVINCE THE MANAGERS OF THE
DIFFERENT COMPANIES ABOUT THE ENORMOUS BENEFFITS OF CUTTING EDGE
R&D AND HAS TO ENCOURAGE THEM TO INVEST ON THE NEWCOMING
SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING GENERATIONS. ** ESTABLISHING AREAS OR
INSTITUTES WHERE THESE PROGRAMS SHOULD BE THE MOST IMPORTANT GOAL
TO ACHIEVE, DEDICATED WITH BACHELOR,MASTER, OR DOCTORAL THESIS TO
THE SOLVING OR STUDY OF THE THEMES PROPOSED. ** La politica nacional esta
396
poniendo mucho enfasis ultimamente en la vinculacion industria/universidad. Los esquemas de
evaluacion de los acadamicos ya empiezan a tomar en cuenta los productos de esta interaccion.
Si estos dos puntos perduran, en poco tiempo habra substanciales avances en las relaciones
industria/universidad. Por otro lado, el establecimiento de programas de largo plazo entre la
industria y la universidad permitira cultivar conocimiento en las areas de interés al
industrial, lo cual aumentara la formacion de recursos humanos de alto nivel y con experiencia
en temas locales, impactando en los dos grandes obstaculos de la colaboracion: efectividad y
tiempo de respuesta. Los asuntos de propiedad intelectual se tratan a nivel institucion, no a nivel
investigador, y son a mi entender bastante rigidos. La calidad y perdurabilidad de la interaccion
industria/universidad dependera pues de las politicas nacionales e institucionales, y mucho
ayudara la minimizacion de los tramites burocraticos y legales. **
13) Which particular university / industry collaborations would you identify as outstanding?
Madero technological Institute (Cd. Madero Tamaulipas52-12-15-85-44) ** None is outstanding
to the best of my knowledge. ** Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland and faculty at ETH, etc
** CID, Polidesa, Akra, PEMEX, Negromex, Resirene, Resistol, and many others ** I KNOW
ABOUT SEVERAL COMPANIES WORKING WITH THE "INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO Y
DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY", DR. JAIME BONILLA, PHONE 3582000 EXT.4511 AREA CODE 8, [email protected] ** UAM Iztapalapa Polymer
group with GIRSA.For further information contact either DR: ROBERTO Olayo,
[email protected] or Dr. Roberto Alexander, [email protected]; For programs involving
directly the Chemistry Department and of which I have no detailed information, contact
Dr.Tessy MariaLopez Goerne fax number is (5) 7244666. I don't have her e-mail. ** ITESMMONTERREY INDUSTRIES ** CID (Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico S. A.
de C. V.,)with several universities ** Mario Ordoñez Palacios,Profesor Investigador,centro de
Investigaciones Químicas-UAEM,Av. Universidad # 1001, Col. Chamilpa,62210, Cuernavaca,
[email protected],(73)-297000 ext. 3501 ** HYLSA-FIME (UANL);CEMEXFCQ (UANL) ** Institute of Engineering,Dr. Ilangovan Kuppusamy/ Dra. Blanca
Jimenez,UNAM ,Institute of Biotechnology;Dr. Augustin Mungia, UNAM ,You can see our
Web Page www.unam.mx; At present the UNAM activities are paralysed due to the recent
student strike. ** COMEX (Paints and coatings) and UAM-Iztapalapa (Dr. Jesus Alvarez,
[email protected]) ** Cinvestav, Dr Gregorio Vargas,phone 011 52 84 881 019, fax 011 52
84 881 139, Address : Carretera Saltillo Monterrey Km 13, Apartado Postal 663, Saltillo,
25000,Coahuila, Mexico; Enertec, Ing. Francisco Vazquez del Mercado, phone 011 52 8 329
9543, fax 011 52 8 358 0145,Adress: Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 3431 Sur,Monterrey, 64740,
Nuevo Leon, Mexico ** I THINK RIGHT NOW THE "UNIVERSIDAD
IBEROAMERICANA" IS TRYING TO PROMOTE ALL THE ABOVE MENTIONED
BENEFITS THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, BUT I´M
NOT INFORMED IF THEY´VE HAD ANY OUTSTANDING SUCCESS. CONTACT: Arturo
Fregoso Infante,Director,Departamento de Ciencias Universidad Iberoamericana-Edificio F,Prol.
Paseo de la Reforma #880,Lomas de Santa Fe, 01210,México D.F., OR Mario Bravo
Medina,Dirección Académica (Same Address) ** 1.CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION EN
POLIMEROS AND UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE
> MEXICO (EDUARDO NAHMAD ACHAR and RUBEN BARRERA PEREZ); 2.CENTRO
DE INVESTIGACION EN POLIMEROS AND UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA
397
METROPOLITANA CAMPUS IZTAPALAPA (EDUARDO NAHMAD ACHAR and JESUS
ALVAREZ CALDERON); 3.INDUSTRIAS RESISTOL and UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA
METROPOLITANA CAMPUS IZTAPALAPA (Leonardo Rios Guerrero and Roberto
Alexander) ** Ninguna, o quizas las del IMP (Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo),
Met-Mex Penioles, Condumex, Negromex, etc., con el sector universitario relacionado con
Catalisis, Metalurgia, Polimeros,Biotecnologia, etc. **
14) For university / industry collaborations which involve scientist,researcher, or student
mobility across national borders, what skills or capacities should a participant have to be
successful?
To understand the comercial and technical; To have support ** Comittment to the project and
previous experience in the development of projects with industrial scientists. Patience and
perseveration. A very solid background on applied analytical and physical-chemistry. ** English
proficiency; Expertise in his/her field; No economic problems ** Being able to speak well the
language; Having secured housing, transportation, etc ** Translation of technical/scientific
challenges to commercial interest ** CLEARLY THE COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN
ENGLISH-SPANISH IS VERY IMPORTANT. IT´S NECESSARY TO HOMOLOGATE AS
CLOSE AS POSSIBLE THE COMMON RESEARCH AREAS AMONG UNIVERSITIES
AND INDUSTRIE IN BOTH COUNTRIES. THE ANALYICAL RESOURCES IN MEXICO
ARE A STEP (OR SEVERAL) STEPS BEHIND U.S.A. SO IS NECESSARY TO HAVE
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN THOSE "STATE OF THE ART" TECHNICS HAVIN
WORKSHOPS FOR OUR STUDENTS AND PROFESSIONALS NEAR TO THE BORDER IF
POSSIBLE, BECAUSE, THE ECONOMIC ISSUES HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE IN THE
ATTENDANCE. ALL CHEMISTS HAVE STRONG INTEREST IN ITS FIELD BUT THE
ACCESS IS LIMITED HERE. ** A very open mind to appreciate and understand the intrinsic
problems of industry which may be as interesying as any basic research problem. ** THE
ABILITY TO ANALISE AND SOLVE PROBLEMS, TO WORK UNDER PRESSURE AND
THE BI-LINGUAL CHARACTERISITIC ** Excellent technical background; Communication
skills; Ability to work in teams; Ability to work under stress; leadership ** Sintesis
enantioselectiva ** Brain, mentality focused on industrial research, workability, language,
to be a human being of nationality not restricted for mobility across national borders
(Russian, for example). ** Conocer bien los idiomas involucrados y los patrones de
calidad ** On the Mexican side, the participant should speak English. On the American side, the
participant should be patient, persistent and should insist on fulfillment of contract. ** Active
Scientist/Researcher/Directors and Head of the departments ** First of all the knowledge of the
language. Skills should be appropriate with the requirements of the planned activity. **
Understanding of the problems and education ** Global mentality and attitude ** I THINK THE
MOST IMPORTANT ONE IS TO BE ABLE TO WORK PATIENTLY ON A PROJECT, BUT
ALWAYS KEEPING IN MIND THE GOAL OF INVESTING TIME IN THE MOST USEFUL
AND PRACTICAL R&D PROJECTS. ** WE HAVE NOT HAD THAT EXPERIENCE, ALL
OUR COLLABORATORS UNTIL NOW HAVE BEEN NATIONALS. I DO NOT THINK
THEY MUST HAVE ANY SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC BUT THEIR SKILLS IN THEIR
SPECIALITY AND SOME ADAPTABILITY TO THE COUNTRY. ** Ser bilingue, tener un
alto grado de adaptacion y respeto al medio que lo rodea, desempenarse con profesionalismo y
398
tener una clara idea de las limitaciones que la colaboracion implica (salarios, infraestructura
experimental, acuerdos de secrecia, etc.). Todo esto sumado a un CV que indique que es un
experto en el tema de interes. ** The best skills and capacities of Mexican students and workers
to do cross-border collaborations is basically a high degree of motivation
to excel, and to have competency in english (true for the world in
general). US students and faculty interested in coming to Mexico should
expect to study Spanish and not to simply have a nice vacation. **
15) Other comments or thoughts on university / industry
collaborations in Mexico? What aspects of the chemical industry sector
do you see as most promising for industry / university collaboration?
I consider that it is pretty important to have a good media to know more about any university
because sometimes we need to do any special project but we do not know who can do that,
specially in México. Our company helps societies as Mexican polymer society, or mexican
rubber group ** New engineering proceses for common products in which all environmental
issues are taken into account. Remediation engineering of polluted sites. **
Industry leaders with long standing vision. Reasonable government regulations (cut
bureaucracy); The oil industry sector is one of the most promising. **
Little basic research is carried out in mexican chemical industries. They usually prefer to pay for
"proved" imported technologies. ** POLYMERS CATALYST FOR ASSYMETRIC
SYNTHESIS BIOCHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EXCUSE ME FOR MY WRITEN
ENGLISH, I DID MY BEST. ** I wrote a whole book about this subject whwn I left the
Petroleum Institute. Mos of the subjects there covered are still valid. If you read spanish I shall
be glad to send you a copy. I was personally frustrated after that venture and feel unqualified to
answer the last part of the question. ** I see the private chemical industry sector as the most
promising for good university/industry relationship. It is an excellent alternative to work in
projects when the R&D budget is tight. ** La industria farmaceutica y en el desarrollo de
nuevos productos. ** I can't say for all the Mexican chemical industry. Examples: PEMEX,
govermental industries, is very closed and unflexible,uses technologies of 25-30 years ago.
Plastics and rubber industries are more opened and promissing for industry / university
collaboration. ** Industría del acero, cemento y cerveza ( en el norte de México) **
environmental studies, synthesis, analyses. Does the ACS have any interest in setting up a
liaison office or representation in Mexico? I have office space, experience, and time for sale. **
I received your Email with the questionnaire attached, and thought Iwould response with the
following paragraphs. I should mention that I and my faculty have established contacts with
Prof. George Sturgeon, who
I believe is still actively involved with ACS in . George has visited
us on several occasions. ** Personally, I participate in two Mexican Societies: The AMIDIQ
(Mexican Academy of Research and Teaching in Chemical Engineering) and ACAT (Mexican
Academy of Catalysis). The former, not to be confused with IMIQ (Mexican Society of
Chemical Engineers), is more focussed on academic aspects of Chem Engr education and
research in Mexico. Dr. Roberto Leyva of our faculty was previous president of AMIDIQ.
AMIDIQ also has been publishing "Avances en Ingeniería Química", a nationally
refereed book of extended abstracts from our annual meeting in April
399
each year. ** Most research projects are funded by CONACyt, which funds most
academic research in Mexico, although several of us have some funding
from other government/industrial sources. I have a project with the
Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (the "research branch" of PEMEX, the
national petroleum company). This project is based on complementary
experiments, using equipment in my lab here at UASLP that is not
available at the IMP. The nature is academic, with application in the
FCC catalyst sector. PEMEX also has two other funding categories that
they describe as "technological development" and "technical service",
generally differentiated by the duration of the project (the latter
category tends to be less than one year and is mainly to provide
services to the refineries, rather than academic research). The IMP
also provides some scholarship money to students involved in the
program, and serves to "upgrade" IMP employees who wish to pursue an
advanced degree at a university. ** Direct industry funding is minimal -typically, local industries
take advantage of service analysis with equipment they may not have, but someone in our faculty
has. These collaborations are worked out privately, with the university administration playing
more of a passive role.(4) We are a growing department, with new buildings going up. However,
many basic services are lacking - telephone service is tedious;
unannounced interruptions in electrical service and damaging voltage
swings are not uncommon. CONACyT typically does not allow us to
purchase support infrastructure (furniture, etc.), yet often these
details are vitally missing. Our labs are converted rudimentary
classrooms, and necessities such as fumehoods are major expenses for the
faculty. ** I think that the best collaborations are those that involve common research interests,
and that involve students in research projects. I
don't think that technical service jobs per se is useful for
postgraduates to spend much of their time on, although this might be
useful for undergraduates. At the industrial level, my feeling is that
with re-structuring and consolidation world-wide, many companies simply
expect to use Mexico as a cheap production base, with technical problems
to be solved in their first world divisions. Few Mexican companies
(such as Resistol) possess the stability and resolve to develop
proprietary technology and a desire to maintain a competitive grasp on
the market through technology. Yet there is great expectation that
Mexico will spontaneously develop such expertise. Companies like their
employees to invest in employee training courses at local universities,
but this does not change their fundamental way of thinking. ** Unfortunately, research takes
time and that is well understood for
researchers and Universities, however, people from the industry have not
completely understand this point. Therefore, there still a hug gap to
overcome between these two institutions. ** Food chemistry and pharmaceutical companies **
FINE CHEMICALS AND BIOCHEMICALS. a).-pharmaceutical, b).-metalurgical, c).petrochemical, d).-environmental issues, etc. ** Energia, Polimeros, Biotecnologia
400
Funding Organizations with Interests in Mexico
Ford Motor Company Corporate Giving Program
The American Rd.
P.O. Box 1899, Rm. 949
Dearborn , MI 48121-1899
(888) 313-0102
Purpose and Activities: Makes contributions of land, buildings, equipment, and in-house
services. Gives to colleges and universities for specific research projects. Also maintains
memberships in Chambers of Commerce and other area organizations.
In-Kind Amount: $1,734,041 Number of In-Kind Gifts: 13
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas of operations, including internationally in Asia,
Australia, Canada, Europe, Mexico, and South America.
Program Limitations: No support for capital funds or endowments.
Staff: 9
Application Information: The company has a staff that only handles contributions. Application
form not required. Initial approach: Letter of inquiry to headquarters. Copies of proposal: 1.
Deadline(s): None. Board meeting date(s): 6 to 8 weeks. Final notification: 10 to 12 weeks.
Write: Gary L. Nielsen, V.P. and Exec. Dir.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Building/renovation; Technical assistance; Use of
facilities; Sponsorships; Donated equipment; Donated land; Donated products; Journalism &
publishing; Visual arts; Performing arts; Arts/cultural programs; Higher education; Business
school/education; Education; Environment; Medical research; Youth, services;
Minorities/immigrants, centers & services; International affairs; Federated giving programs;
Engineering & technology; Science; Minorities; Asia; Australia; Canada; Europe; Mexico; South
America
Merck & Co., Inc. Corporate Giving Program
1 Merck Dr.
P.O. Box 100
Whitehouse Station , NJ 08889-0100
(908) 423-2042
Purpose and Activities: The business of Merck is improving the quality of life throughout the
world. Main emphasis is on the development of innovative products for the health and wellbeing of society. Cash grants and donated products support science education on all levels,
community services in areas where Merck operates, environmental policies that protect the
health of company employees and communities, and medical outreach that responds to major
natural disasters and the medical needs of developing countries. A major portion of Merck
funding is committed annually to higher education programs initiated in cooperation with
selected medical schools and universities. Operating support for health and social service
agencies is targeted to Merck communities and generally directed through annual contributions
401
to the United Way. Requests for support are evaluated on the basis of relevance to Merck's
strategic interests. Sufficient resources are not available to fund unsolicited requests from
educational institutions or organizations with purposes of limited relationship to Merck's
mission.
Grantmaking Programs: ** International Support: Support for development, relief, and scientific
research where the company has major operations. Grants complement those made by overseas
subsidiaries, some of which have their own grants programs. Foreign recipients are primarily
universities. ** Medical and Science Education: Merck's goal is to ensure there will be a future
reservoir of qualified physicians, veterinarians, pharmacists, scientists, and engineers by
supporting pre-college and college science and math education, with support also for research.
The Merck Fellowship in Lipidology at the Mayo Clinic and Fellowships in Clinical
Epidemiology were two more fellowship programs established in 1989. Types of grants include
fellowships, research, and faculty hiring; recipients include American Federation for Aging
Research, Salk Institute, Aspira Inc., The Protein Society, WNET/Channel 13, and numerous
colleges and universities. Merck also participates in programs with school systems, universities
and educational organizations to update science education for teachers through workshops and
internships, help school districts revamp their science programs, and prepare students for science
careers. Contributions, both large and small, have helped healthcare organziations educate both
professionals and the public about disease treatment and prevention. Support for such programs
range from an education and research center for the European Society of Cardiology to AIDS
service and advocacy groups that are working to educate the public on the prevention and early
detection of the disease. ** Medical Outreach Program: Through the Medical Outreach Program,
Merck donates products in response to major natural disasters and medical needs in developing
countries. The major focus, however, of product donations continued to be the Mectizan
Donation Program, now in its eighth year. Since 1987, Merck, in partnership with the Carter
Center in Atlanta, GA, has donated Mectizan for the treatment of river blindness. More than 13
million people have received treatment. Merck will continue to donate Mectizan for as long as
treatment is needed. As a result of this commitment, there is for the first time the possibility of
eradicating river blindness. In 1996, Merck donated more than $125 million in products for
humanitarian relief. ** Public Policy: The emphasis is on improving health care delivery,
quality, and cost effectiveness. Support also for programs which help shape a business
environment supportive of innovative research-intensive companies.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in headquarters city and major operating locations in
U.S. and abroad; plants exist in Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, England, France, Germany,
Holland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Pakistan, Portugal, Scotland, South Wales, and Spain.
Program Limitations: No support for political, labor, fraternal, sectarian, or veterans' groups.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for endowments, publications, media
productions, elementary or secondary education, scholarships, fellowships, research,
conferences, seminars, or symposia, or travel except within established programs.
Contributions Staff: John R. Taylor, Dir., Corp. Contribs.; Shuang Ruy Huang, Mgr., Corp.
Contribs.; Brenda D. Colatrella, Mgr., Product Donations
Staff: 6
402
form not required. Initial approach: Proposal to headquarters (no longer than 2 pages). Copies of
proposal: 1. Deadline(s): None. Board meeting date(s): As required. Final notification: 3 months
required for full review and decision.
Write: John R. Taylor, Dir., Corp. Contribs.
Descriptors: ; Program development; Fellowship funds; Research; Program-related
investments/loans; Donated products; Secondary school/education; Higher education;
Engineering school/education; Education; Environment; Health care; AIDS; Health
organizations; Medical research; AIDS research; Human services; Minorities/immigrants,
centers & services; Engineering & technology; Engineering; Science; Government/public
administration; Minorities; Canada; Europe; France; Italy; United Kingdom; Portugal; Spain;
Germany; Latin America; Mexico; Asia; Japan; Australia; International development;
Elementary/secondary education; Science, research; Health organizations, named diseases;
Disasters, preparedness & services; International relief; Public policy, research
Way organizations.
American Red Cross.
403
the United Kingdom.
Staff: 4
Research and Development Center of the State of Queretaro A.C.
(Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica del Estado de Queretaro)
Address:
Calz. Del Retablo No. 150
Tel: +52-42-112600
Col. Fovisste
Fax: +52-42-155426
Querétaro, Qro.
Home Page: http://www.ciateq.mt/centro/
In-Charge:
Contact with WAITRO: Mr. Felipe Rubio Castillo, General Director Assistant
History
CIATEQ was founded in November 9, 1978. CIATEQ has worked with more than 350
companies all over the country and has exported technology to United States, England, Italy,
Argentina. Guatemala and Pakistan.
404
Objectives
Helping meeting the requirements of productivity and international competition of Mexican
Industry through Innovation, Development and Consulting Technologies
Handle, Dry and Combustion of Granulating Products; Special Machines and Flexible
Manufacture Systems; Advanced Material Development; Machinery, Equipment, Processes and
Industrial Systems.
Turbomachinery Seminar; Latin-American Turbomachinery Congress
Machinery, Equipment, Processes and Industrial Systems
Turbomachinery Seminar; Latin-American Turbomachinery Congress; Emergent Program of
Masters and PhD's
Institute of Ecology
(Instituto de Ecología)
Address:
Km. 2.5 Carretera Vieja a Coatepec
Tel: +52-28-421848
Apdo. Postal 63
Fax: +52-28-187809
Xalapa, Veracruz, 91000
In-Charge: Dr. Gonzalo Halfeter, Head
Contact with WAITRO: Dr. Eugenia Olguin, Head of Environmental Biotechnology
Department
History
The institute of ecology was founded in 1975 and the headquarters has recently moved from
Mexico City to Xalapa City to newer and larger facilities. The institute coordinates two regional
centers, one in Durango State and the other in Michoacan State
Objectives
To carry out scientific research and technological development and to offer services of testing,
consultancy and information.
405
To carry out scientific research and technological development and to offer services of testing,
consultancy and information.
Specialized Fields: Environmental pollution, recycling of wastes, use of un-exploited plants.
To carry out joint projects in any of our fields of interest.
Institute of Electrical Research
(Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas)
Address:
Av. Reforma No. 113
Tel: +52-5-2548437/38
62490 Temixco, Mor.
Fax: +52-5-2548403
Morelos
In-Charge: Dr. Julian Sánchez Gutiérrez, Executive Director
Contact with WAITRO: Planning and Technical Support Division Director, Ing. Fernando
Kohrs Aldape
History
IIE was created by the government in 1975 by presidential decree, as a decentralized
organization with legal status and its own patrimony, to perform and promote scientific and
technological activities in support of the electrical industry of Mexico. From its activities, a new
impulse to solve problems related to the improvement and development of this sector is
expected.
Objectives
To promote and carry out research and development to solve scientific and technological
problems related to the improvement and development of the electrical industry. To contribute to
the dissemination and implementation of those technologies most suitable for the economic
development of the country. To provide consulting services for the Comisión Federal de
Electricidad (the National Electric Utility), the electrical manufacturing industry and associated
engineering and consulting firms.
Fields of Interest & Specialized fields: Fossil power plants, geothermal energy, hydroelectric
power plants, non-conventional energy sources, nuclear power plants, transmission and
distribution, electrical equipment, materials, electronic equipment, energy conservation
Technical information, testing, basic engineering, consultancy, training.
406
All the different fields in which IIE is involved.
Training programmes, seminars and workshops.
407
For More Information on Mexico
source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/mexico.html
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mx.html
CIA World Factbook - Mexico
http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/mexico.html
U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy's International
section - Mexico
http://www.osti.gov/international-agreements/country-frame.html
U.S. Department of Energy, Bilateral Energy Agreements with Mexico
http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/elec_reg/elec_reg.htm
U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Electricity Trade
http://travel.state.gov/mexico.htmlU.S. State
Department's Consular Information Sheet - Mexico
http://www.usatrade.gov/website/ForOffices.nsf/WebCCG/MexicoU.S.
Dept. of Commerce's Country Commercial Guide - Mexico
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/index.cfm?docid=515
U.S. State Department Background Notes on Mexico
http://www.mac.doc.gov/nafta/nafta2.htm
U.S. Department ofCommerce NAFTA Home Page
http://www.usembassy.org.mx/
U.S. Embassy in Mexico's Home Page
http://www.ita.doc.gov/
U.S. International Trade Administration
http://www.epa.gov/usmexicoborder/ef.htm
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.-Mexico Border Program
http://www.pemex.com/
PEMEX, the state-owned oil company of Mexico
http://www.lanic.utexas.edu/la/Mexico/Institute of Latin
American Studies Reference Home Page on Mexico
408
http://www.natlaw.com/mexico/topical/energy/energy.htm
Mexico Energy information from the National Law Center for Inter-American
Free Trade
http://www.miami.edu/nsc/University of Miami's
North-South Center
http://www.energia.gob.mx/english/oigasl.htm
Investment Opportunities in the Natural Gas Market in Mexico (from the Mexican
Energy Ministry)
http://solar.nmsu.edu/usaidlap/
Renewable Energy Program
409
Chemically Related Activity Across Sectors – Venezuela
410
National Overview – Venezuela
(Source: World Factbook, 1999, 2000)
Geography
Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Colombia and Guyana
Map references: South America, Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km
Area—comparative: slightly more than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
total: 4,993 km
border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km
Coastline: 2,800 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana
Highlands in southeast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower,
diamonds
Land use:
arable land: 4%
permanent crops: 1%
411
other: 41% (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: subject to floods, rockslides, mud slides; periodic droughts
Environment—current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of
Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially
along the Caribbean coast
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping
Geography—note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America
People
Age structure:
65 years and over: 4% (male 499,102; female 592,336) (2000 est.)
Sex ratio:
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
412
male: 70.05 years
Nationality:
noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: Venezuelan
Ethnic groups: mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Amerindian 2%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%
Languages: Spanish (official), native dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the
remote interior
Literacy:
male: 91.8%
female: 90.3% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name: Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica de Venezuela
local short form: Venezuela
Data code: VE
National capital: Caracas
Administrative divisions: 22 states (estados, singular—estado),1 federal district* (distrito
federal),
and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua,
Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito
Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre,
Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia
note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72
individual islands
413
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Constitution: 23 January 1961
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation Court
only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); note - the president is
both
the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); note - the
president
is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 6 December
1998
(next to be held 28 May 2000 under new constitution)
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias elected president; percent of vote - 57%
note: government coalition - Patriotic Pole or Polo Patriotico consists of MVR, MAS, and PPT
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional; under the 1999
constitution, the bicameral Congress of the Republic has been replaced by a unicameral National
Assembly; the total number of seats in the new National Assembly has not yet been determined,
but
members will be elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three seats will be reserved for
the indigenous peoples of Venezuela
International organization participation: AG, Caricom (observer), CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO,
G- 3, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA,
MINUGUA, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo TORO Hardy
chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214
FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San
Francisco,
414
and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
chief of mission: Ambassador John Francis MAISTO
embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1060
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
telephone: [58] (2) 975-6411
FAX: [58] (2) 975-6710
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms
on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the
blue band
Economy
Economy - overview: Venezuelan officials estimate the economy contracted 7.2% in 1999. A
steep downturn in international oil prices during the first half of the year fueled the recession,
and spurred the CHAVEZ administration to abide by OPEC-led production cuts in an effort to
raise world oil prices. The petroleum sector dominates the economy, accounting for roughly a
third of GDP, around 80% of export earnings, and more than half of government operating
revenues. Higher oil prices during the second half 1999 took pressure off the budget and
currency; the bolivar is widely believed to be overvalued by as much as 50%. Despite higher oil
prices, the economy remains in the doldrums, possibly due to investor uncertainty over President
CHAVEZ's reform agenda.
Implementing legislation for the new constitution will not be passed until the second half of
2000, after a new legislature is elected. With the president's economic cabinet attempting to
reconcile a wide range of views, the country's economic reform program has largely stalled. The
government is seeking international assistance to finance reconstruction after massive flooding
and landslides in December 1999 caused an estimated $15 billion to $20 billion in damage.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $182.8 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -7.2% (1999 est.)
agriculture: 4%
industry: 63%
Inflation rate—consumer price index: 38% (1997)
Labor force: 9.9 million (1999) by occupation: services 64%, industry 23%, agriculture 13%
(1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: 11.5% (1997 est.)
Budget:
415
Unemployment rate: 18% (1999 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $26.4 billion
Industries: petroleum, iron ore mining, construction materials, food processing, textiles, steel,
aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
Industrial production growth rate: 0.5% (1995 est.)
fossil fuel: 25.46%
hydro: 74.54%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1998)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork,
milk, eggs; fish
Exports: $20.9 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Exports - commodities: petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural
products,
basic manufactures (1998)
Exports - partners: US and Puerto Rico 57%, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, Germany, Netherlands,
Italy (1999)
Imports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1999)
Imports - commodities: raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment,
construction materials (1999)
Imports - partners: US 53%, Japan, Colombia, Italy, Germany, France, Brazil, Canada (1999)
Debt - external: $32 billion (1999)
416
Economic aid - recipient: $35 million with more assistance likely as a result of flooding (1999)
Currency: 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 652.333 (January 2000), 605.717 (1999), 547.556
(1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333 (1996), 176.843 (1995)
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 2.6 million (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 2 million (1998)
Telephone system: modern and expanding
domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in
telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk
lines; installation of a national inter-urban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia
services international: 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 1
PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an
international fiber-optic network
Radio broadcast stations: AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)
Radios: 10.75 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 584 km (248 km privately owned)
standard gauge: 584 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways:
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
Waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
417
Pipelines: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km
Ports and harbors: Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La Salina, Maracaibo,
Matanzas, Palua, Puerto Cabello, Puerto la Cruz, Puerto Ordaz, Puerto Sucre, Punta Cardon
Merchant marine:
ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 10, combination bulk 1, liquified gas 2, passenger/cargo 1,
petroleum tanker 7, roll-on/roll-off 7, short-sea passenger 1 (1999 est.)
total: 122
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 32
914 to 1,523 m: 58
under 914 m: 17 (1999 est.)
total: 244
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 93
under 914 m: 141 (1999 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1999 est.)
Military
Military branches: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN) includes
Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or
Armada), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National
Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)
males age 15-49: 6,398,169 (2000 est.)
males age 15-49: 4,612,754 (2000 est.)
males: 244,350 (2000 est.)
418
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $934 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 0.9% (FY99)
Internet in Venezuela: Basic Statistics (1998/1999)
Internet Hosts 1999: 7,912
Telephones per 1000 Inhabitants:117
Television per 1000 Inhabitants:180
Disputes—international: claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo River; maritime boundary
dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, opium, and coca leaf for the international drug trade on
a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine and heroin transit the country from Colombia;
important money-laundering hub; active eradication program primarily targeting opium
419
U.S. and Country Contacts – Venezuela
(Source: International Trade Administration, 1999, 2000)
VENEZUELAN GOVERNMENT
Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria (Ministry of Agriculture)
Av. Lecuna, Torre Este
Piso 14, Parque Central
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-599-0445/49
Fax: 58-2-574-7305
Ministerio de Hacienda (Ministry of Finance)
Edificio Centro Simon Bolivar
Torre Norte, Piso 6
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-483-1380/483-5462
Fax: 58-2-415-771
Ministerio de la Defensa (Ministry of Defense)
Fuente Tiuna, Conejo Blanco, El Valle
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-607-1546/1551
Fax: 58-2-483-8552
Ministerio del Trabajo y Desarrollo Social (Ministry of
Labor and Social Development)
Torre Sur, Piso 5
Edf. Centro Simon Bolivar
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-483-1881/418-617
Fax: 58-2-483-5940
Ministerio de Energia y Minas (Ministry of Energy and Mines)
Av. Lecuna, Torre Oeste, Piso 14
Parque Central
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-507-6401/575-4853
Fax: 58-2-575-4386
Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of Development)
Centro Simon Bolivar, Torre Norte, Piso 5
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-483-2124/422-371
Fax: 58-2-483-8552/422-2526
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COVENIN (Venezuelan Standards Agency)
Director de Seguimiento y Control
Servicio Autonomo
Direccion de Normalizacion y Certificacion de Calidad
Ave. Andres Bello
Edif. Torre Fondocomun, Piso 12
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-575-4111 (ext 235) or 576-37-01
Fax: 58-2-574-13-12 or 576-37-01
Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones (Ministry of
Transportation and Communications)
Parque Central
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-509-1004/1002
Fax: 58-2-574-3043
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales
Renovables
(Ministry of the Environment and Renewable Natural
Resources)
Torre Sur, Piso 18
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-408-1001/412/162
Fax: 58-2-483-2445
Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano (Ministry of Urban
Development)
Parque Central
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-574-5349/8649
Fax: 58-2-574-9989
Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social (Ministry of
Health and Social Assistance)
Torre Norte, Piso 8
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-414-342/412-686
Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS)
(Venezuelan Institute for Social Security)
Edf. Sede IVSS
421
Piso 9, Esquina de Altagracia
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-822-511/255
Fondo de Inversiones de Venezuela (FIV) (Venezuelan
Investment Fund)
Esquina de Carmelitas, Torre Financiera del Banco de
Venezuela
Piso 20, Av. Urdaneta
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-829-811/819-324
Fax: 58-2-634-689/561-4768
(Government entity in charge of privatization)
Instituto de Comercio Exterior (ICE)
(Foreign Trade Institute)
Avenida Libertador - Sector La Florida
Centro Comercial Los Cedros - Penthouse
Caracas 1050, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-762-3810/1118/3082
Fax: 58-2-762-3885/716-061
Banco Central de Venezuela
Esq. de Carmelitas
Apartado Postal 2017, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-801-5111
Fax: 58-2-861-0084/818-872
Oficina Central de Estadistica e Informatica (OCEI)
(Central Statistics and Informatics Office)
Avenida Boyaca, Edificio Fundacion La Salle
Mariperez
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-782-1133
Fax: 58-2-782-2243
Comision Nacional de Telecomunicaciones (CONATEL)
(National Telecommunications Commission)
Calle Veracruz con Cali,
Edif. MTC, Las Mercedes
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-926-611/926-333
Fax: 58-2-927-780
Corporacion Venezolana de Turismo (CORPOTURISMO)
(Venezuelan Tourism Corporation)
422
Torre Oeste, Piso 37
Parque Central
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-574-1268/573-6408
Fax: 58-2-573-8983
Oficina Central de Coordinacion y Planificacion de la
Presidencia
de la Republica (CORDIPLAN)
(Planning and Coordination Office of the Presidency)
Parque Central, Torre Oeste
Caracas 1010 - Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-573-1819
Fax: 58-2-573-6098
MAJOR STATE ENTERPRISES
Base Metals
Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana (CVG)
Guayana Development Corporation
Av. La Estancia, Edf. General de Seguros
Piso 2, Chuao
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-913-080/913-120
Fax: 919-955/913-908
Procurement Office in U.S.:
7205 NW 19th Street, Miami, FL 33126
Tel: 305-470-8100
Petroleum
Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA)
Edif. Petroleos de Venezuela
Torre Este, Av. Libertador
La Campina, Caracas, Venezuela
Apto. Postal 169
Caracas 1010-A
Tel: 58-2-708-4111
Fax: 58-2-708-4661/4662
Procurement Office in U.S.:
11490 Westheimer, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77077
Tel: 713-531-0004/588-6960
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STOCK EXCHANGE
Bolsa de Valores de Caracas
Calle Sorocaima, Edif. Atrium, P.B.
El Rosal
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-905-5704/05
Fax: 58-2-952-2640
Bolsa de Valores de Maracaibo
Calle 96 Esquina Ave. 5
Edif. Banco Central de Venezuela, Piso 9
Maracaibo 4001, Edo. Zulia, Venezuela
Tel: 58-61-226-833/977/966
Fax: 58-2-225-484
Bolsa Electronica de Valores de Venezuela
Avda. Principal de los Ruices
Centro Empresarial Autana, Piso 2-A
Tel: 58-2-239-8433
Fax:58-2-237-7949
COMMERCIAL/PROMOTIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND CHAMBERS
In Venezuela:
General
Camara Venezolano-Americana de Comercio e Industria
(VENAMCHAM)
(Venezuelan-American Chamber of Commerce)
Torre Credival - Piso 10 - Oficina A
Segunda Av. de Campo Alegre
Apartado Postal 5181 (Caracas 1010-A)
Tel: 58-2-263-0833/267-2076
Fax: 58-2-265-0764
Federacion Venezolana de Camaras y Asociaciones de Comercio
y
Produccion (FEDECAMARAS)
(Venezuelan Federation of Chambers and Associations)
Av. El Empalme
Edf. Fedecamaras - Penthouse
Urb. El Bosque
424
Apartado Correos 2568 (Caracas 1010-A)
Tel: 58-2-731-1711/1713/1845
Fax: 58-2-742-097
Consejo Venezolano de la Industria (CONINDUSTRIA)
(Venezuelan Industry Council)
Esq. Puente Anauco
Edf. Camara de Industriales
Mezzanina
La Candelaria
Apartado Postal 14255 (Caracas 1011, Venezuela)
Tel: 58-2-573-0222
Fax: 58-2-571-5491
Consejo Nacional de Promocion de Inversiones (CONAPRI)
(National Council for Investment Promotion)
Avenida Francisco de Miranda
Centro Empresarial Parque del Este, Piso 12
La Carlota
Caracas, Venezuela
Apartado Postal 60572 (Caracas 1060-A, Venezuela)
Tel: 58-2-237-9380/237-9338
Fax: 58-2-237-9883
Automotive
Camara de Fabricantes Venezolanos de Productos Automotores
(FAVENPA)
Esquna Puente Anauco
Edf. Camara de Industriales, Piso 7, Oficina A
La Candelaria
Tel: 58-2-571-3698/5091/4121
Fax: 58-2-573-4221
Camara Nacional de Importadores y Distribuidores de
Repuestos Automotores (CANIDRA)
Avenida Este 2, No. 215
Edif. Camara de Comercio de Caracas, Piso 8
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-571-0265/0122 575-3361/3068/3343
Fax: 58-2-571-2824
Agriculture
425
Confederacion Nacional de Asociaciones de Productores
Agropecuarios
(FEDEAGRO) (National Confederation of Agricultural
Producers)
Edf. Casa de Italia, P.B.
Av. La Industria
San Bernardino
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-571-4035
Fax: 58-2-573-4423
Banking
Asociacion Bancaria de Venezuela
(Venezuelan Banking Association)
Avenida Venezuela
Torre Asociacion Bancaria de Venezuela, Piso 1
El Rosal
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-951-4711
Fax: 58-2-951-4927/951-2534
Communications
Consejo Nacional de Informatica, Telecomunicaciones y
Electronica (CONINTEL)
Avenida Francisco de Miranda
Edif. Centro Peru, Piso 4, Ofic. 43
Chacao
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-265-5226/8057
Fax: 58-2-265-5226
Camara Nacional de Empresas de Telecomunicaciones y Afines
(CANAEMTE)
Ave. Francisco de Miranda
Edif. Canaima, Piso 2, Ofic. 1
Chacaito
Apartado 62021, Caracas 1050-A, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-951-3505
Fax: 58-2-952-8851
Computer Hardware and Software
426
Camara Venezolana de Empresas de Informatica (CAVEDATOS)
(Venezuelan Association of Hardware and Software)
Avenida Sucre
Centro Parque Boyaca, Torre Centro, Piso 19, Oficina 192
Los Dos Caminos
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-285-6520/5511
Fax: 58-2-285-5511
Instituto Venezolano del Software (INVESOFT)
(Venezuelan Software Institute)
Av. La Estancia
Centro Banaven (Cubo Negro)
Torre A, Piso 1 Ofic. A-13-2
Chuao
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-91-70-93
Fax: 58-2-91-15-81
Consultants
Camara Venezolana de Empresas Consultoras
Av. Libertador, Fte. a Clinica
Santiago de Leon, Edf. Majestic
Piso 3, Oficina 31
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-762-2658/2383
Fax: 58-2-762-2383
Construction
Camara Venezolana de la Construccion
Calle Villaflor
Edf. Centro Profesional del Este, P.H.
Oficina 132/133, Sabana Grande
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-761-4011/4012; 762-7259
Fax: 58-2-762-7258
Colegio de Arquitectos de Venezuela
Av. Colegio de Arquitectos
La Urbina Norte
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel/Fax: 58-2-241-3143
427
Colegio de Ingenieros de Venezuela
Boulevard Amador Bendayan
Los Caobos
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-571-3255/3122
Fax: 58-2-574-4683
Department Stores/Supermarkets
Asociacion Venezolana de Tiendas por Departamento (ATIDE)
c/o SELEMAR
Edif. Selemar, Piso 1
Boulevard de Sabana Grande
Tel: 58-2-715-147/283-5770/284-4782
Fax: 58-2-762-9185 - 284-4782
Asociacion de Supermercados y Afines (ANSA)
Ave. Principal de los Ruices
Centro Empresarial Los Ruices
Piso 1, Ofic. 116
Tel: 58-2-234-4490/235-7558
Fax: 58-2-238-0308
Electricity
Camara Venezolana de la Industria Electrica (CAVEINEL)
Ave. Francisco de Miranda con Calle Elice
Torre Cemica, Piso 5
Chacao
Tel: 58-2-264-0203/1192/1592
Fax: 58-2-264-0266/0939
Food/Food Processing
Camara Venezolana de la Industria de Alimentos (CAVIDEA)
Av. Principal de Los Ruices
Centro Empresarial
Piso 5, Of. 510
Los Ruices
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-239-9818/0918
Fax: 58-2-238-3268
428
Household/Electrical Appliances
Camara Venezolana de Fabricantes de Artefactos Domesticos,
Industrialse, Electricos y Electronicos (CAFADAE)
Ave. Este 6
Puente Victoria a no Pastor
Edif. Centro Parque Carabobo
Torre A, Piso 3, Ofic. 309
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-575-2619/4878
Fax: 58-2-576-2617
Hotels
Asociacion Nacional de Hoteles de Venezuela (ANAHOVEN)
Parque Central Edif. San Martin
Nivel Oficina 2, Ofc. 201
Caracas 1010 - Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-574-5672/3994/5494
Fax: 58-2-574-4094
Medical
Asociacion Venezolana de Distribuidores de Equipos Medicos,
Odontologicos, de Laboratorios y Afines (AVEDEM)
Av. Francisco de Miranda
Edif. Centro Seguros La Paz
Piso 4, Of. Norte 41-A
La California Norte
Tel: 58-2-237-3986/237-4873
Fax: 58-2-237-0517/237-2923
Metal Working and Mining
Asociacion de Industriales Metalurgicos y de Mineria de
Venezuela (AIMM)
Edif. Camara de Industriales, Piso 9
Esq. Puente Anauco
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-571-4210
Fax: 58-2-575-0186
Petroleum
Camara Petrolera
429
Centro Ejecutivo La Piramide
Piso 4, Ofic. 408
Prados del Este
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-979-2331/1631
Fax: 58-2-979-9202
Plastics
AVIPLA (Venezuelan Association of Plastic Industries)
Av. Principal de Macaracuay, Edif. Multicentro Macaracuay
Piso 7, Ofic. 9
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-256-3345/1632
Fax: 58-2-256-2867
Pulp/Paper
Asociacion Venezolana de Productores de Pulpa Papel y Carton
(APROPACA)
Avenida Romulo Gallegos
Edif. Johnson & Johnson, Piso 2, Ofic. 2-B
Los Dos Caminos
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-234-3130 to 34
Fax: 58-2-234-6542
Safety/Security
Camara Nacional de la Industria de Seguridad
Ave. Francisco de Miranda
Edif. Galerias Miranda, Piso 1, Ofic. 103
Chacao, Caracas 1060, Venezuela
Tel: 58-2-261-1222
Fax: 58-2-265-8963
U.S. EMBASSY TRADE PERSONNEL
U.S. Embassy
Calle F con Calle Suapure
Colinas de Valle Arriba
Caracas, Venezuela
Eric Sletten, Senior Commercial Officer
Mailing Address from U.S.:
430
American Embassy - Commercial
Unit 4958
APO AA 34037
Tel: 58-2-977-2011 ext. 2315
Fax: 58-2-977-2177
Larry Senger, Agricultural Counselor
Mailing Address from U.S.:
American Embassy - Agr
Unit 4940
APO AA 34037
Tel: 58-2-977 0015 / 2229
Fax: 58-2-977 1689
U.S. GOVERNMENT CONTACTS IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
Thomas Welch
Desk Officer for Venezuela
Office of Latin America
Room 3025
14th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20230
Tel: 202-482-4303
Fax: 202-482-0464
Janet Thomas, Acting Director
Multilateral Development Bank Office
14th Street & Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C.
Tel: 202-482-3399
Fax: 202-482-5179
Trade Information Center
Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee
(Access to information on all U.S. Government export
assitance programs)
Tel: 800-USA-TRADE (872-8723)
431
Foreign Agricultural Service
Trade Assistance and Promotion Office
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Tel: 202-720-7420
432
Chemically Related Trade and Industry – Venezuela
Highlights
♦ Venezuela currently ranks as the world's fifth largest oil producer.
♦ Venezuela’s chemical trade deficit almost doubled in 1998: in 1997 it was US$373 million;
in 1998 US$736 million. The deficit is attributed to insufficient water and electricity supply,
high taxes and inflation and an overvalued currency.
♦ At present, Venezuela’s chemicals and petrochemicals industry comprises about 400
companies, with more than 30,000 direct employees and 1997 sales of US$32 billion.
♦ In 1998, Venezuela produced 7.2 million tons of petrochemicals. PdVSA aims to double its
output of petrochemicals by 2006, and to open the sector further to foreign investment.
♦ In 2000,Venezuela produced an estimated 3.1 million barrels per day (bbl/d). Venezuela
exported about 2.6 million bbl/d, of which about 1.5 million bbl/d went to the United States,
about 58% of net Venezuelan exports.
433
U.S. Trade by Commodity with Venezuela
(Millions of Dollars; Total Exports, F.a.s. and
SITC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
rev 3 Commodity
_________ EXPORTS _________
TOTAL
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
328
2
326
120
57
708
433
2,306
247
115
4,641
360
4
255
104
27
644
425
2,559
254
110
4,741
375
3
308
178
37
646
549
3,954
405
152
6,607
390
5
193
88
38
722
541
3,916
452
175
6,520
350
2
118
52
37
598
415
3,261
390
150
5,373
341
4
144
118
27
789
464
3,057
456
152
5,552
51
86
54
55
40
68
145
55
98
59
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Chemical Commodoties in Top 20 Exports
516 Organic Chemicals
598 Miscellaneous Chemical Products
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
_________ IMPORTS _________
TOTAL
99
164
156
4
5
8
216
233
215
8,226 11,255 11,789
2
1
1
249
233
265
666
735
762
144
157
167
36
35
36
69
84
50
9,711 12,903 13,448
127
208
216
6
6
7
167
164
160
7,781 9,610 16,695
0
1
0
178
200
362
692
712
765
195
209
256
38
39
41
97
121
146
9,282 11,269 18,648
Chemical Commodities in Top 20 Imports
516 Organic Chemicals
512 Alcohols, Phenols & Halogenated Derivatives
132
58
434
153
41
137
83
2000
94
44
99
58
Chemically Related Industry Company Case Studies – Venezuela
(Source: www.cosmos.com.mx and corporate websites, 1999, 2000, 2001)
The Ministry of Energy and Mines is the owner and sole shareholder of Petroleos
de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA). PdVSA is a holding company with 3 companies: PDV
Manufacturing and Marketing; PDV Exploration and Production; and PDV Services; and several
subsidiaries, including: Bitor, Interven, and Pequiven (manage Orimulsion production and
distribution, PdVSA's foreign operations, and the petrochemical industry, respectively).
Electricidad de Caracas, private utility serving greater Caracas, with about 10% of the nation's
capacity; Electrificacíon de Caroní, state-owned electricity company, with about 50% of
capacity. PdVSA is operated by a presidentially appointed, seven-man board of directors, three
of whom are retired or active military officers.
Pequiven,
c/calle San Ignacio de Loyola,
Chacao, Caracas 1060-A,
Edo. Miranda, Venezuela
P.O. Box 2066
Tel.: +(582) 201-3011 / 201-4111
Fax: +(582) 201-3189
Pequiven, Venezuela’s state petrochemical company, account for about half of the revenue for
the entire petrochemical sector in the country. Pequiven and its joint ventures' production cover
over 40 lines, including basic raw materials, intermediate products, and finished goods for the
end consumer, including production of Olefins and Plastics(1.797 million metric tons in 1997):
Caustic soda, Chlorine, Ethylene, Ethylene dichloride, High density polyethylene, Linear
low density polyethylene, Low density polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polyvinyl
chloride,Propylene, Vinil Chloride; Fertilizers (2.728 million metric tons in 1997): Ammonia,
Ammonium sulphate, Caprolactam, Diammonium phosphate, NPK granulates, Oleum,
Phosphate rock, Sulphuric acid, Urea; Industrial Products (249,000 metric tons in 1997): Alkyl
benzenes, Benzene/ Toluene/ Orthoxylene, Chloro- fluoro- methanes, Ethylene glycols,
Ethylene oxide, Methanol, Methyl-ter- butyl-ether Phtalicanhydride, Propylene
tetramer/trimer, Sodium polyphos- phates, Sodium tripolyphos-phate. In July Petróleos de
Venezuela’s (PDVSA) petrochemical arm Pequiven appointed Aires Barreto as a director of the
company. Barreto graduated in chemistry at the University of Bombay, India in 1963 and as a
chemical engineer at Spain’s Instituto Químico Sarría in 1966.
Propileno de Falcón Profalca, C.A. (Profalca)
The International Finance Corporation has signed an agreement to lend US$47 million to a new
Venezuelan company, Propileno de Falcón Profalca, C.A. (Profalca). The project will provide
the Venezuelan petrochemicals industry with a value-added product for sale primarily to regional
industrial consumers.
435
IFC's investment will be used to build and operate a new facility to produce up to 140,000 metric
tonnes per annum of polymer grade propylene. Propylene is an intermediate product, which is
used for production of polypropylene, a type of plastic used extensively in consumer and
chemical products. The plant is located on an existing industrial site where the bulk of raw
material and all utilities are available.
The project's shareholders are Productos Especiales Proesca, C.A. (Proesca), a wholly owned
subsidiary of Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), Venezuela's national oil company; Koch
Petroleum Corporation; Empresas Polar (Polar), Venezuela's largest privately held industrial
group; and Inelectra, Venezuela's largest engineering and construction company.
Other Selected Chemical and
Related Product Companies –
Venezuela
Adgovenca
Edif. Centro Plaza
Torre C, Piso 15, Of. 15-F
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)283-2898, 284-0035
Fax: (58-2)98-0698, 286-1827 Producto(s): Pegamento
Aditivos Orinoco, C.A.
Edf. Bco. del Orinoco
P. 12, La Floresta
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-2133, 209-4911
Fax: (58-2)285-2079 Producto(s): Mejoradores del Indice de Viscosidad, Dispersantes y
Paquetes de Aditivos, (Mezclas)
Baker Químicas de Venezuela, S.A.
Centro Plaza, P. 11
Torre A, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
436
Tel: (58-2)285-6612, 7110, 8412, 9423
Fax: (58-2)285-6223
Producto(s): Resinas y Plastificantes
Banco del Caribe, S.A.C.A.
Doctor Paul A. Salvador de León
Edf. Banco del Caribe, Piso 3
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)562-5667, 505-5174
Fax: (58-2)505-5181
Banco Provincial, S.A.I.C.A., S.A.C.A.
Centro Financiero Provincial
Av. Este o San Bernardino, P. 24
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)504-4458, 6899, 574-5611
Fax: (58-2)504-5405
Barnix, S.A.
Av. Ppal. de los Ruices
Edf. Oficentro, PB-B
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)237-1190, 2684, 1955
Fax: (58-2)237-4758
Producto(s): Barnices Sanitarios y Dielectricos, Resinas y Pinturas en General
Basf Venezolana, S.A.
Multicentro Macaracuay, Piso 11
Av. Ppal. de Macaracuay
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)256-0011
Fax: (582-2)256-3379, 0580
Producto(s): Resinas y Auxiliares para Textil, Cuero, Pintura, Papel, etc.
Bayer de Venezuela, S.A.
Av. Tamanaco, Torre Bayer
El Rosal
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)905-2111
Fax: (58-2)951-4825, 7472
Producto(s): Químicos, Farmacéuticos, Veterinarios y Agricolas, Consumo Masivo, Fibras,
437
Anilinas
Betz de Venezuela, C.A.
C.C. Patio Trigal, Ofc.
1-A-12, Av. Mañongo
Urb. Trigal Norte
Valencia, Edo. Carabobo
Tel: (58-2)42-3763, 8724
Fax: (58-2)42-7389
Producto(s): Comercializar Productos Químicos, Equipos y Servicios Relacionados
Biofarmo, C.A.
Edf. Ctro. Peru, Torre A, Piso 2, Ofic. 28
Chacao, Caracas
Tel: (58-2)266-0824
Fax: (58-2)263-6614
Producto(s): Enzimas
C.A. Lubricantes Químicos L.Q.
Edf. Pque. Cristal, T.
Oeste, P. 2, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)284-3430
Producto(s): Aditivos para Lubricantes
C.A. Nacional de Grasas Lubricantes
Edf. Orinoco, Piso 12, La Floresta
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-4036, 5060
Fax: (58-2)285-5313
Producto(s): Grasas y Aceites Lubricantes, Productos Especiales
C.A. Ron Santa Teresa
Centro Uslar, T. Oficinas
P. 16, Of. 142 y 143
Urb. Montalban, La Vega
Caracas
438
Tel: (58-2)442-0511
Fax: (58-2)442-8314
Producto(s): Alcohol Etílico
C.A. Venezolana de Pinturas
Edf. Pque. Cristal, T.
Oeste, P. 2, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)285-0061
Producto(s): Pinturas, Barnices, Esmaltes, Solventes
Calgon Interamerican, C.A.
Ed. Menegrande, P. 5, Ala Norte
Of. 8, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0135
Fax: (58-2)285-0168
Producto(s): Productos y Servicios para el Tratamiento de Aguas
Cam Corporation American Minerals, C.A.
Torre Parque Cristal
Mezzanina Comercial
# 1, Locales 29-30
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0513, 1411
Fax: (58-2)285-3458
Producto(s): Talco para uso Cosmetico, Talco para uso Industrial, Talco Micronizado
Cavenpi, C.A. Venezolana de Pigmentos
Edf. Parque Cristal
Torre Oeste, Piso 2
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)284-3430
Producto(s): Pigmentos Orgánicos e Inorgánicos
Cavim, C.A. Venezolana de Industriales Militares
439
Calle Jalisco, Edf. Cavim
Urb. Las Mercedes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)993-3526, 4378
Fax: (58-2)993-2006, 993-0026
Producto(s): Nitroglicerina, Dinamitas, Nitrocelulosa, Trinitrotolueno
Champion Tecnologías, C.A.
Calle 146, Av. 62
Frente al Cuerpo de Bomberos
Zona Ind. Parcela 814
Maracaibo
Tel: (58-61)36-3751, 36-0098
Fax: (58-61)36-0098
Producto(s): Demulsificadores, Microbicidas, Anticorrosivo, Antiespumante, Dispersantes,
Antiincrustantes, otros
Colgate Palmolive, C.A.
Av. Ppal. los Ruices
Edf. Centro Colgate
Torre Norte, P. 4
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-0611, 0155
Fax: (58-2)239-0077
Producto(s): Productos de Consumo Masivo, Detergentes, Limpiadores Domésticos, Cremas
Dentales, Jabones de Tocador
Colofonia y Trementina Nacional, C.A.
Torre Bazar Bolívar
Piso 5, Oficina 503
La California Norte
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-8776, 4575
Fax: (58-2)238-2697
Producto(s): Colofonia y Trementina
Comercializadora Polychem, S.A.
Av. Principal de los Ruices
Ed. Oficentro, Los Ruices, PB, Of. B
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)237-1190, 238-1955
440
Fax: (58-2)237-4758
Producto(s): Comercializadora de Aditivos para la Industria de PVC
Copacking de Venezuela, C.A.
3era. Av. Las Delicias de Sabana Grande
Edif. Las Delicias, Piso 2-3
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)761-9871 al 75
Fax: (58-2)905-3940
Producto(s): Limpiadores, Desinfectantes, Detergentes Líquidos, Suavizantes
Corporación Inkem, C.A.
Centro Altamira, Piso 4
Av. San Juan Bosco, Urb. Altamira
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)265-1114, 261-3319
Fax: (58-2)261-3933
Producto(s): Aceites para Tintas, para Laminación, Solventes Alifáticos y Aceites para Lodos
de Perforación
Couttenye & Co., S.A.
Km. 13 Carretera Panamericana
Sector Industrial las Minas
Edo. Miranda
Tel: (58-32)72-3773, 72-0611
Fax: (58-32)72-3261
Producto(s): Pegamentos, Resinas, Pinturas y Envases de Hojalata
Dalca
Urb. Ind. El Recreo Flor Amarillo
Parcela 103-B
Tel: (58-41)37-9022
Fax: (58-41)37-9603, 37-9991
Producto(s): Thinner
Diversey Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Princ. Colinas de B. Monte
Edif. Oficentro, Piso 5, Bello Monte
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)752-0055
441
Fax: (58-2)751-0197
Producto(s): Acido Sulfúrico, Alquil Aril Sulfonato de Sodio, Metasilicato, Detergentes
Industriales, Bactericidas
Dow Corning de Venezuela, S.A.
1ra. Trans., Av. Principal la Castellana
Edif. Banco Lara, Piso 10, La Castellana
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-2155, 267-2522
Fax: (58-2)261-4205
Producto(s): Siliconas
Dow Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Principal la Castellana
Edif. Banco Lara, Piso 10, La Castellana
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-2155, 265-3371
Fax: (58-2)261-0725
Producto(s): Latex (Emulsiones)
Du Pont de Venezuela, C.A.
Calle La Guairita
Edif. Los Frailes, Piso 1, Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)92-6022
Fax: (58-2)92-9442
Producto(s): Resinas, Pinturas, Productos Químicos, Reactivos Químicos
Eastman Chemical, Ltd.
Av. Venezuela, Torre Mariana
Piso 4, El Rosal
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)953-9335, 952-5595
Fax: (58-2)951-7461, 952-7549
Producto(s): Representantes, Prod. Ind. de Recubrimiento, Plástico, Textil, Cosmética
Eka Nobel de Venezuela, C.A.
Ed. Parq. Cristal, Torre Oeste
Piso 1, Of. 1-4, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
442
Tel: (58-2)283-6180, 285-0116
Fax: (58-2)283-8734
Producto(s): Peróxido de Hidrógeno
Elf Atochem de Venezuela, S.A.
Ed. Pque. Cristal, Torre Este
Piso 3, Ofc. 3-11-B, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-5468, 284-2046
Fax: (58-2)285-2329
Producto(s): Representación de negocios en el área de productos químicos
Epoxiquim, C.A.
Ed. Pque. Cristal, Torre Oeste
Piso 2, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)284-3430
Producto(s): Resinas Epóxicas
Estireno del Zulia, C.A.
Torre Bazar Bolívar, Piso 10, El Marques
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-1691
Fax: (58-2)235-0894
Producto(s): Poliestireno y Abs. (Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno) y Poliestireno Expandible
Etoxyl, C.A.
Calle Mohedano, Torre Hener
Piso 3, Ofc. 3-A, El Rosal
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)953-8222
Fax: (58-2)953-7712
Producto(s): Polioles, Tensoactivos no Iónicos y Alcoholes Grasos Etoxilados,
Emulsificantes,
Polipropilenglicol
Exxon Chemical Venezuela, C.A.
443
Edf. Pque. Cristal, Torre Este
Piso 4, Of. 9/10, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)283-2133
Fax: (58-2)285-8291
Producto(s): Demulsificantes
Ferro Aluminio, C.A., Ferralca
Av. Rómulo Gallegos, Torre K.L.M.
Piso 7, Oficina 7A-7B, Santa Eduvigis
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-2538
Fax: (58-2)284-6656
Producto(s): Sulfato de Aluminio
Ferro de Venezuela, C.A. Ferrovenca
Carretera Nacional
Sect. Los Guayos Guacara
Edo. Carabobo
Tel: (58-45)71-5028
Fax: (58-45)71-8158
Producto(s): Fritas Cerámicas, Lámina, Esmaltes Cerámicos, Colores para Vidrio, Colores
Calcinados, Masterbatch
Fosfatos Industriales, C.A.
Calle 60, No. 3G-11
Edf. Las Mercedes
Maracaibo, Edo. Zulia
Tel: (58-61)91-2803
Fax: (58-61)91-2954
Producto(s): Fosfato de Calcio
Fosforera Maracay, C.A.
Av. Maracay, Zona Ind.
San Vicente
Maracay, Edo. Aragua
Tel: (58-43)53-7120, 53-6520
Fax: (58-43)472-4713
Producto(s): Fósforos
Fosforera Suramericana, C.A.
444
Av. Intercomunal de Antimano, Carapa
Edf. Fosforera Venezolana
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)406-3111
Fax: (58-2)472-4715
Producto(s): Fósforos
Fotoprocesos de Venezuela, C.A.
Urb. Ind. Cloris, Av. Este 1
Edf. Fotoprocesos de Venezuela
Guarenas, Edo. de Miranda
Tel: (58-36)22-8092
Fax: (58-36)93-7694
Producto(s): Productos Químicos para Procesos Fotográficos, Radiográficos y Artes Gráficas
Glassven, C.A.
Calle Las Rosas
Urb. Ind. Soco. Nro. 24
La Victoria, Edo. Aragua
Tel: (58-44)21-0579
Fax: (58-44)22-3607
Producto(s): Silicato de Sodio, Sílica Precipitada, Metasilicato de Sodio
Grace Venezuela, S.A.
Av. La Estancia, C.C.C.
Tamanaco, Torre D, Piso 2, Of. D-215, Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)959-9738
Fax: (58-2)959-1239
Prodocto(s): Compuestos Sellantes, Laca y Barnices, Lubricantes, Sintéticos, Aditivos para
Fabricación de Cemento, Concreto
Grupo Zuliano, S.A.C.A.
Av. 5 de Julio
Edf. Banco Industrial, Piso 11
Tel: (58-61)97-9152 al 56
Fax: (58-61)97-6134
Producto(s): Desarrollo de Proyectos
Henkel Venezolana, S.A.
445
Edf. Teatro Altamira (entrada oeste)
Piso 8, Ofc. 85
Av. Principal de Altamira
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-3422
Fax: (58-2)263-1495
Producto(s): Oleoquímicos, Tensoactivos, Adhesivos, Selladores, Auxiliares Textiles y
Detergentes Industriales
Hilados Flexilón, S.A.
Av. El Club
Edf. Textilera Gran Colombia # 8
Los Cortijos de Lourdes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)238-1744
Fax: (58-2)239-4808
Producto(s): Fibras Sintéticas
Hoechst de Venezuela, S.A.
Urb. La Trinidad
Calle Las Vegas, Edf. Hoechst
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)93-3333
Fax: (58-2)93-3589
Producto(s): Tensoactivos y Auxiliares, Productos Químicos y Colorantes, Polímeros,
Agricultura y Sanidad
Holanda Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Fco. de Miranda
Torre Delta, Piso 12, Altamira Sur
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-4633
Fax: (58-2)262-1581
Producto(s): Proveedores
Industrias Bicarbón de Venezuela, C.A.
Z. Ind. Corinsa
Av. Gran Mariscal c/c Lazo I
Cons. Ind. Los Gallos, Galpon 6
Cagua
Tel: (58-44)95-7061
446
Fax: (58-44)95-7061
Producto(s): Bicarbonato de Sodio y Sesquicarbonato de Sodio
Industrias del Maíz, C.A., Indelma
Av. Veracruz c/Calle Calis
Ed. Aguila, Las Mercedes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)993-4644
Fax: (58-2)993-1604
Producto(s): Jarabe de Glucosa, Almidones Regulares, Modificados, Oxidados y Precocido
de Maíz, Yuca y Papa
Industrias Menequim, C.A.
Centro Profesional Tamanaco
Pb, Of. 27, Entrada Estacm, CCCT Nivel C1
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)959-3411
Fax: (58-2)959-3386
Producto(s): Solventes Preparados, Pegamentos y Detergentes Industriales
Industrias Polymaster, C.A.
Qta. Intex, C. Guarico, Clnas.
Bello Monte
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)751-3111
Fax: (58-2)751-2091
Producto(s): Auxiliares Textiles, Aceites y Productos Acabados para la Industria Tenera,
Disp. Pigmentarias
Industrias Químicas Carabobo, C.A.
Av. Principal Los Ruices
Edf. Sandoz Covigal
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-3633
Fax: (58-2)238-8662
Producto(s): Productos Auxiliares para Textil, Cuero, Papel, Plástico, Pinturas, etc.
Industrias Químicas Microcal, C.A.
Av. Principal de los Ruices
Ctro. Empresarial Los Ruices, P-1, Ofc. 114
Caracas
447
Tel: (58-2)234-6089
Fax: (58-2)237-4296
Producto(s): Carbonato de Calcio, Estearato de Calcio
Intequim, C.A., Química Integrada
Ed. Pque. Cristal, Torre Oeste, Piso 2
Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)284-3430
Producto(s): Formaldehído, Resinas Diversas
Intesika, C.A.
Ed. Pque. Cristal, Torre Oeste, Piso 2
Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)284-3430
Producto(s): Auxiliares para Construcción, Láminas Impermeabilizantes, Químicos
Industriales
Inversiones Simbi, C.A.
Calle Chicago, Edf. Chicago, Piso 3
La California Sur
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)22-9364
Fax: (58-2)22-9364
Producto(s): Pegamentos a base de: Cianoacrilato, Resinas Epóxicas, Siliconas
Investigación y Desarrollo, C.A., Indesca
Calle 77 con Av. 98
Edf. Bco. Industrial, Piso 2
Tel: (58-61)90-9401 al 06
Fax: (58-61)90-9480
Producto(s): Asistencia Técnica a los Fabricantes de Resinas Termoplásticas: Poliestirenos,
Polipropileno, otros
J.M. Huber de Venezuela, S.A.
448
C.C.C. Tamanaco, 1ra. Etapa
Torre C, Piso 8, Ofc. 804, Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)959-9011, 959-6585
Fax: (58-2)959-9355
Producto(s): Tintas, Barnices, Pinturas, Carboline
JLM Industries de Venezuela, C.A.
Av. La Estancia
Edf. Centro Banaven (cubo negro)
Piso 2, Torre B, Ofc. B-24, Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)959-9116
Fax: (58-2)993-2073
Producto(s): Distribución de Solventes y Productos Químicos
Lipesa, S.A.
Av. Orinoco con Calle Baruta
Torre Lipesa, P-9, y P-H
Bello Monte
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)952-3669, 952-4347
Fax: (58-2)952-4637
Producto(s): Productos para Petróleo, Tratamiento de Agua, Azúcar, Pinturas, Siderurgica,
Cosméticos
Lubchem de Venezuela, C.A.
Carretera Negra Km. 99
Anaco, Edo. Anzoategui
Tel: (58-82)222-54
Fax: (58-82)24-4474
Producto(s): Lubricantes y Químicos para Mantenimiento Industrial
Mantex, S.A.I.C.A.
Torre Credival, P. 12
2da. Av. de Campo Alegre, Chacao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)261-0266
Fax: (58-2)261-9287
Producto(s): Fibras Sintética
Manufacturera Venezuela, S.A., 3M
449
Puente Brión a Luis Razetti
Edf. 3M, La Candelaria
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)575-1822
Fax: (58-2)572-9276
Producto(s): Abrasivos, Adhesivos, Sellantes y Revestimientos Industriales
Master Batch de Venezuela, C.A.
Urb. La Trinidad
Av. González Rincones
Edf. Centro Ven, P. 3, Ofc. C-1
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)93-8064
Fax: (58-2)93-9886
Productos(s): Master Batch
Mavesa, S.A.
Av. Principal Los Cortijos de Lourdes
Ed. Mavesa
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)238-1633
Fax: (58-2)239-2506
Producto(s): Glicerina, Jabones, Aceite de Ajonjoli, Mayonesas y Margarinas
Merck, S.A.
Av. Principal, Urb. Lebrun Caracas
Tel: (58-2)256-6533
Fax: (58-2)256-8358
Producto(s): Proveedores, Fabricantes, Materias Primas, Reactivos Diagnóstico
Metalquímica Val, C.A., Playdeca
Plaza Venezuela
Torre Phelps, Piso 4, Ofc. Koralite
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)793-3133
Fax: (58-2)793-3636
Producto(s): Orgánicos e Inorgánicos para Industria Electrogalvánica, Res. Fenolicas,
Represent. Occidental Chemmical, Corp.
Midevensa, Midland Dexter de Venezuela, S.A.
450
Av. Rómulo Gallegos
Centro Aloa, Torre C
Piso 5, Of. C-5-6, El Marques
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)235-1008
Fax: (58-2)238-0466
Producto(s): Barnices Sanitarios
Mitsubishi Venezolana, C.A.
Edf. Parque Canaima
P. 2, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)286-1933
Fax: (58-2)285-6779
Mitsui de Venezuela, C.A.
Edf. Cavendes, P. 10, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0011
Fax: (58-2)283-4975, 283-6866
Producto(s): Representantes
Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos, S.A.
Av. José Félix Sosa
Torre Britanica, P. 3
Ofc. A, Altamira Sur
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)261-2919
Fax: (58-2)261-5018
Producto(s): Caprolactama, Fertilizantes Compuestos de Potasio, Sulfato de Amonio, Sulfato
de Sodio, Nitrato de Potasio
Monsanto Venezuela, C.A.
Edf. Pque. Cristal
Torre Este, P. 8, Of. 8-12
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-1010
Fax: (58-2)285-9125
Producto(s): Proveedores de: Fribas de Nylon 6.6 y Acrilicas, Resinas de Pvb. Productores
451
de: Herbicidas Sist. y Resinas
Montana, C.A.
Av. Hans Neumann,
Urb. Ind. El Bosque
Tel: (58-41)40-1777
Fax: (58-41)40-1786
Producto(s): Pinturas, Barnices, Solventes, Fondos
Nalco de Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Eugenio Mendoza
1a. Transversal La Castellana
Edf. Banco Lara, P-9
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-4222
Fax: (58-2)261-0789
Producto(s): Productos Químicos para Tratamiento de Agua y Procesos Industriales
Negroven, S.A.
Ed. Pque. Cristal
Torre Este, Piso 11, Of. 11-9
Caracas
Tel: (58-41)285-0313
Fax: (58-41)32-0429
Producto(s): Negros de Humo
Oakite de Venezuela, C.A.
Urb. Industrial la Quizanda
Local 96
Tel: (58-41)33-3027
Fax: (58-41)32-0437
Producto(s): Detergentes, Fosfatos, Solventes y Lubricantes, Bactericidas, Floculantes,
Inhibidores, Neutralizantes
Olin Química, S.A.
Calle Guaicaipuro con Mohedano
Edf. Torre Hener, P-3, El Rosal
Caracas
452
Tel: (58-2)953-8222
Fax: (58-2)953-7712
Oxidaciones Orgánicas, C.A., Oxidor
Torre Klm, Piso 7
Ofc. A-B, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-5370
Fax: (58-2)284-6656
Producto(s): Anhidrido Ftalico
Oxígeno Carabobo, C.A., Oxicar
Urb. Ind. Carabobo
9na. Transv., Calle 87-A, # 86-141
Tel: (58-41)32-2580
Fax: (58-41)33-4982
Producto(s): Oxígeno, Nitrógeno, Hidrógeno, Acetileno, Oxido Nitroso, Argón, Gases
Especiales, Soldadura, Oxicorte
Pequiven, S.A.
Av. Francisco de Miranda con mis encantos
Torre Pequiven, P. 21, Chacao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)201-3111
Fax: (58-2)201-3355
Producto(s): Acido Clorhídrico, Nítrico y Sulfúrico, Cloro, Sosa Caustica, Amoniaco y Urea,
Fertilizantes
Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. PDVSA
Edf. Petró leos de Venezuela
Av. Libertador, P. 6, La Campiña
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)708-4111
Fax: (58-2)708-4661
Producto(s): Petróleo y Derivados
Petrolite Suramericana, S.A.
Z. Ind. Los Montones
453
3era. Etapa (al lado de Super S)
Barcelona, Edo. Anzoategui
Tel: (58-81)77-3255
Fax: (58-81)77-8875
Producto(s): Demulsificantes, Inhibidores de Corrosión, Aditivos Antiespumantes,
Controladores de Parafinas
Petroquímica Sima, C.A.
Av. Venezuela
Torre Oxal, Ph-B, El Rosal
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)952-3320
Fax: (58-2)951-5665
Producto(s): Plastificantes, Compuestos de PVC, Resinas, Emulsiones, Anhídrido Ftálico,
Aceite de Soya, Acido Fumárico
Petroquímica Trasandina, S.A.
Av. Francisco de Miranda c/San Juan Bosco
Edf. Adriatica, Piso 3, Of. 32, Altamira
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-0748
Fax: (58-2)263-0403
Producto(s): Representante Petroquímica Colombiana, S.A., Resina PVC
Pinco Pittsburgh, S.A.
Calle Hans Neumann
Edf. C.C. Los Senderes, Piso 3
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)234-7491
Fax: (58-2)203-5723
Producto(s): Resinas y Pinturas
Pinturas International, C.A.
Ed. Pque. Cristal, Torre Oeste
P. 2, Of. Grupo Químico
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-0311
Fax: (58-2)284-3430
Producto(s): Pinturas Emulsionadas, Solventes, Epoxis, Fondos, Bituminosas
454
Plásticos del Lago, C.A.
Torre Bazar Bolívar
Piso 7, El Marques
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-8669
Fax: (58-2)239-7279
Producto(s): Polietileno de Alta Densidad
Plásticos Petroquímica, C.A., Petroplas
Torre Pequiven, Planta Baja, Chacao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)201-4512, 13
Fax: (58-2)201-3355
Producto(s): Cloruro de Polivinilo
Polímeros del Lago, C.A.
Torre Bazar Bolívar, Piso 11, El Marques
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-5812
Fax: (58-2)239-5717
Producto(s): Polietileno de Baja Densidad
Polipropileno de Venezuela, S.A. Propilven
Multicentro Empres. del Este
Av. Libertador, Edf. Libert
Núcleo A, P. 6, Ofc. A63
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)265-0879
Fax: (58-2)265-2245
Producto(s): Resinas de Polipropileno, Homopolímeros y Copolímeros
Polytex de Maracay, C.A.
Canonigos a San Ramón
Edf. Gtm, Piso 5, Altagracia
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)561-3511
Fax: (58-2)563-1174
Producto(s): Tejidos no Tejidos
455
Procter & Gamble de Venezuela, C.A.
Edf. Torre Las Mercedes
Piso 1, Ofc. 108
Av. La Estancia, Urb. Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)91-9777
Fax: (58-2)206-6985
Producto(s): Detergentes Formulados
Productora de Alcoholes Hidratados, C.A.
Av. San Ignacio de Loyola, Edif. Milano
Piso 3 y 4, Chacao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)201-3357, 201-3431
Fax: (58-2)201-3472
Producto(s): Oxido de Etileno, Etilenglicol
Productora de Gas Carbónico, S.A.
Ctro. Empre. del Este, Torre Miranda
Núcleo A, Piso 10, Ofc. 101
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)262-1952
Fax: (58-2)285-7110
Producto(s): Gas Carbónico, Benzoatos y Propionatos
Productos Ciba-Geigy, S.A.
Av. Principal con 3ra. Trsv. de los Ruices
Edf. Ciba Geigy
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-4147
Fax: (58-2)239-1068
Producto(s): Productos Químicos para Plásticos, Pinturas, Tintas para Industria Textil, Papel
y Cuero
Productos Minerales Venezolanos, Promiven, C.A.
Calle Froilan Correa c/c Sabana Larga
Ed. las Terrazas, P. 2, Of. A-B
Cagua, Edo. Aragua
Tel: (58-44)95-4328
456
Fax: (58-44)76-556
Producto(s): Carbonato de Calcio Natural, Carbonato de Calcio Precipitado, Cal Agrícola
Productos Stahl de Venezuela, C.A.
Zona Ind. Valle Abajo
Cagua, Edo. Aragua
Tel: (58-44)74-044
Fax: (58-44)79-064
Producto(s): Resinas y Productos Auxiliares para Cuero
Productos Halogenados de Venezuela, C.A. Produven
Cntro. Plaza, Torre C, P. 19, Of. E
Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-7104
Fax: (58-2)285-6073
Producto(s): Gases Propelentes, Refrigerantes CFC y HCFC, Acido Clorhídrico
Puramin, C.A.
Av. Este 2, Edf. Administradora Unión
Piso 10, Los Caobos
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)571-4843
Fax: (58-2)571-0465
Producto(s): Aceites Dielélectricos para Transformadores y Aceites Blancos Minerales
Quideco Derivados del Coco, C.A.
Av. Anton Philips
Zona Ind. La Hamaca, Sta. Rosa frente Hoechst
Tel: (58-43)54-6011
Fax: (58-43)54-8376
Producto(s): Productos Químicos Auxiliares
Química Venoco, C.A.
Edf. Bco. del Orinoco
Piso 12, La Floresta
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-2133
457
Fax: (58-2)285-2079
Producto(s): Dodecil Benceno, Cumeno, Tridecilbenceno, Trimero de Propileno
Químicas Tromar de Venezuela
Av. Rondon, Edf. Rondon
Planta Baja, Local 5
Puerto Cabello, Edo. Carabobo
Tel: (58-42)61-1411
Fax: (58-42)61-3352
Producto(s): Desinfectantes, Jabones, Detergentes, Limpiadores, Refrigerantes Sintéticos,
Ceras, Barnices
Químicas Victoria, C.A.
Zona Ind. La Vega
Av. Principal 1era. Transv.
Crrtra. Cagua-Encrucijada
Edo. Aragua
Tel: (58-44)72-866
Fax: (58-44)75-542
Producto(s): Pegamentos
Químicos Cyquim, C.A.
Edf. Centro Cyanamid
Calle 1-2, La Urbina detras de Ferrum
Caracas 1010-A
Tel: (58-2)241-4705
Fax: (58-2)241-8016
Producto(s): Resinas Diversas
Químicos de Seguridad, C.A.
Edf. Galipan, Entrada C, P. 2, Ofc. C
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)951-4616
Fax: (58-2)951-4849
Producto(s): Liga para frenos, Compuestos para frotar, Selladores, Antioxidantes
Químicos Poliven, S.A.
Av. General Motors
Zona Ind. Sur
458
Tel: (58-41)33-3135
Fax: (58-41)34-8616
Producto(s): Plastificantes, Compuestos PVC, Polímeros Acrílicos, Estabilizantes de Estaño y
de Compuestos PVC
Resimon, C.A.
Calle Hans Neumann
Edf. Corimon, P. 3
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)203-5911 al 16
Fax: (58-2)203-5908
Producto(s): Formaldehído, Plastificantes, Poliesteres, Emulsiones, Resinas Alquidica,
Fenolicas, Urea Formaldehído
Resinas Lineales, C.A., Resilin
Torre Pequiven, P. 13, Chacao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)201-4111
Fax: (58-2)201-3040
Producto(s): Polietilenos Lineales
Rhone Poulenc de Venezuela, S.A.
Av. Araure, Edf. Los Roques
Pisos 5,6,7, Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)91-4422
Fax: (58-2)993-1250
Producto(s): Química Industrial y Especialidades, Fibras Textil, Agroquímica, Farmacéutica
S.C. Johnson & Son de Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Maracay
Zona Industrial San Vicente I
Tel: (58-43)53-7668
Fax: (58-43)53-7469
Producto(s): Selladores, Ceras, Limpiadores, Desodorante Ambiente, Enjuagues,
Desinfectantes Hospitales, Polímeros
Serviquim, C.A.
459
Edf. Pque. Cristal
Torre Este, Piso 7
Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-1011, 285-4044
Fax: (58-2)284-9163, 285-6379
Producto(s): Auxiliares p/Ind. Alimentos y Bebidas, Tintorería, Química, Petrolera,
Metalmecánica, Materias Primas
Shell Química de Venezuela, C.A.
Av. La Estancia
Centro Banaven, Torre C, Piso 7, Chuao
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)91-6777, 92-5522
Fax: (58-2)92-4591
Producto(s): Proveedores de Productos Químicos e Inversionistas en Empresas Químicas
Sinthesis, C.A.
Av. Codazzi, Qta. Landa
Detras de Cada, Sta. Mónica
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)661-3638
Fax: (58-2)693-1734
Producto(s): Sistemas de Poliuretano
Sudamtex de Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Urdaneta
Ibarra a Pelota, Edf. Karam, P. 1
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)562-9222
Fax: (58-2)563-3275
Producto(s): Chips de Poliester, Chips de Nylon, Fibras Sintéticas
Suelatex, C.A.
Calle 1, La Yaguara
A media cuadra de inspectoría de tránsito
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)89-2316
Fax: (58-2)89-0039
Producto(s): Plastificantes, Estabilizantes, Aceite Epoxidados, Poliester, Poliuretano,
Melamina, Prod. Goma, Comp. Pvc
460
Suministro de Industria Textil, C.A.
Centro Empre. Don Boco
P. 7, Of. 7B, Los Ruices
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)239-1029, 34-8270
Fax: (58-2)237-2562
Producto(s): Productos Auxiliares para Textil
Super Octanos, C.A.
Carrt. La Costa
Compj. Petroq. José A. Anzoategui
Edf. Adm. Pequiven
Edo. Anzoategui
Tel: (58-81)70-9111
Fax: (58-81)70-8461
Producto(s): Metil-ter-butil-eter, Mezclas y Derivados
Tanatex de Venezuela, S.A.
Calle las Vegas
Edf. Cenco-Zotti
Urb. la Trinidad
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)93-2922
Fax: (58-2)941-1966, 941-1186
Producto(s): Auxiliares Diversos Especialidades
Transaluminio, C.A.
Zona Ind. San Vicente II
Av. Principal/Calle 3
Tel: (58-43)54-8045
Fax: (58-43)54-9206
Producto(s): Elaboración, Transformación y Comercialización de Productos Derivados del
Aluminio
Tripoliven, C.A.
Edf. Pque. Cristal
Torre Este, P. 11, Of. 11-19
461
Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-2635
Fax: (58-42)71-712
Producto(s): Tripolifosfato de Sodio y Pirofosfato de Sodio, Fosfato Bisodico/Trisodico
Grado Alimento y Técnico
Unilever Andina, S.A.
Av. Libertador, Edf. Xerox
Piso 10, Urb. Bello Campo
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-1544
Fax: (58-2)263-0525
Producto(s): Jabones, Detergentes y Productos Personales
Unión Carbide Comercial, C.A.
Av. Principal Eugenio Mendoza
C/1ra Transv., Edf. Banco Lara
P. 3-C, La Castellana
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)263-4542
Fax: (58-2)264-0095
Vencatalyst, C.A.
Av. Principal los Chorros
Edf. Ozalid, P. 2, Ofc. A
(Detras de Arturos)
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)234-1386
Fax: (58-2)235-7166
Producto(s): Microbicidas, Fungicidas, Dispersantes, Polímeros, Estabilizantes,
Antiespumantes
Venezolana de Galvanotecnia, S.A. Vegal
Avd. Alfredo Jahn, Entre 4ta. y 5ta. Transv.
Qta. Atlanta, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)283-5066
Fax: (58-2)285-6660
Producto(s): Productos para la Industria Galvánica
462
Venezolana de Silicatos, C.A. Venesil
Edif. Parque Cristal
Ala Este, Piso 7, Los Palos Grandes
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-1011
Fax: (58-2)286-0055
Producto(s): Silicatos de Sodio, Sílicas Precipitadas, Silicatos de Aluminio
Weco Agency de Venezuela, C.A.
Av. Rómulo Gallegos C
1era. Transv. de Sta. Eduvigis, Ed. Pascal
Caracas
Tel: (58-2)285-9229
Fax: (58-2)284-2609
Producto(s): Proveedor de Servicios de Transporte Marítimo y de "Tank-Containers"
ZN Fundiciones, C.A.
Multicentro Cagua
Local 29-30
Cagua, Edo. de Aragua
Tel: (58-43)61-9154
Producto(s): Oxido de Zinc, Polvillo de Zinc Malla, Zinc Recuperado, Residuos de Zinc
463
Higher Education – Venezuela
(Source: UNESCO and World of Learning, 1999)
Structure of system
Higher education is provided by universities, institutes, university colleges, university institutes
(providing humanistic, polytechnical and technological instruction); 2 ecclesiastic university
institutes and 3 military university institutes. Those institutions are grouped in two sub-systems:
1) Institutes and University Colleges, mainly for short courses of study (2 1/2 to 3 years) leading
to the award of the "técnico superior"; 2) Universities, mainly for long courses of study (5 or 6
years), leading to the award of the "Licenciado" or an equivalent professional title (e.g.
ingeniero). Courses of study are in the following areas: basic sciences, engineering and
technology, agricultural and marine sciences, health sciences, social sciences, educational
science, humanities, art and letters and military sciences. The universities are divided into two
groups: public and private. Public universities (national) are of two types: a) autonomous
institutions and b) experimental institutions. Access to higher education is organized by the
Oficina de Planificacion del Sector Universitario (OPSU) and includes 3 stages: Prueba de
Aptitud Académica; Preinscripcion Nacional y Asignacion de Aspirantes to higher education
institutions. Most institutions submit candidates to their own selection procedures. In some
institutions, preparatory, general or basic courses form part of the admission process.
Type of institution: UNIVERSIDAD
Translation: UNIVERSITY
Type of institution: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITECNICO
Translation: POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO PEDAGOGICO
Translation: UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGY
Type of institution: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE TECNOLOGIA
Translation: UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Type of institution: COLEGIO UNIVERSITARIO
Translation: UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO
Translation: UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO ECLESIASTICO
Translation: ECCLESIASTIC UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE
Type of institution: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO MILITAR
Translation: MILITARY UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE
Name of law/decree: Ley Orgánica de Educacion
Date: 26 July, 1980
Institution type: All
Name of law/decree: Ley de Universidades
Date: 8 September, 1970
Institution type: Universities
Name of body: Ministry of Education
464
Street: Edificio Sede, Esquina de Salas
City: Caracas
Postal code: 1010
Telephone: 58-2-55762459
Fax: 58-2-5638488
Name of body: National Council of Universities/Consejo Nacional de Universidades
Address:
P.O. Box: Aptd. Correos 1346
Street: Torre Capriles Piso 8, Plaza Venezuela, Carmelitas
City: Caracas
Postal code: 1010
Telephone: 58-2-7936525
Telex: 21293 CNU VC
Fax: 58-2-7932380
Academic year
Classes start: September
Classes end: June
Long vacation: from 1 July, to 1 September
Highlights
Over the last three years the Government of Venezuela has been funding programs to build
greater articulation among graduate programs in chemisty in the five national universities. To
achieve this ‘integración’ the government sponsors 2-3 day workshops annually on such topics
as environmental chemistry.
465
Faculties of Chemcial Sciences – Venezuela
(Source: Relaq, 1999)
Universidades en Venezuela
Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV)
Ciudad Universitaria
Urbanización Los Chaguaramos
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (lada 98-58-2) 61-98-11 al 30
Fax: 662-24-86 y 662-80-96
Licenciatura en Farmacia
Maestría en Química de Medicamentos
Doctorado en Química de Medicamentos
Especialización en Ingeniería Química, mención Ingeniería de Procesos
Especialización en Ingeniería Química, mención Instrum. y Control de
Procesos
Universidad de los Andes (ULA)
Avenida No. 3
Edificio del Rectorado
Plaza Bolívar
Mérida, Estado Mérida, Venezuela
Tel: (lada 98-58-74) 402-352 y 402-351
Fax: 63-63-80 y 402-327
Licenciatura en Farmacia
Universidad del Zulia
466
AP 526, Mod. No.2, Grano de Oro
Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela
Tel: (lada 98-58-61) 59-8301
Fax: (lada 98-58-61) 52-4310
Educación en Química
Ingeniería y Ciencias
Universidad de Oriente
Avenida Universidad
Cerro Colorado
Apartado Postal 094
Cumaná, Estado Sucre, Venezuela
Tel: (lada 98-58-93) 65-63-12 al 16
Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado
Carrera 19 entre Calles 8 y 9
Edif. Antiguo Hotel Nueva Segovia
Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-51) 51-00-11, 51-01-10 y 51-04-10
Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB)
Vale de Sartenejas
Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 963-30-22 y 93-83-22
Area de Ciencias Básicas
Area de Ingeniería
Departamento de Ciencias de los Materiales
Grupo de Polímeros (GPUSB)
Universidad Nacional Experimental
Simón Rodríguez
Avenida Intercomunal
Calle 14
Los Jardínes del Valle, El Valle
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 681-16-18
Universidad Nacional Experimental del Táchira
Avenidad Universidad, Paramillo
San Critóbal, Estado Táchira, Venezuela
467
Tel: (98-58-76) 59-056 y 59-292
Universidad Santa María
Avenida Páez Frente a la Plaza Madariaga
Urbanización El Paraiso
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 483-51-33
Universidad Metropolitana
Distribuidor Universidad
(Autopista Petare-Guaranas)
Urbanización La Urbina Norte
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 241-68-81 y 241-58-85
Universidad Rafael Urdaneta
Sector La Retirada, lado Noroeste de la Rinconada y Country Club, Apartado 614
Tel: (98-58-61) 92-26-59 y 92-26-04
Universidad Tecnológica del Centro
Vía Aragüita a 2 Kms. de la Carretera Nacional
Guacara, Estado de Carabobo, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-45) 71-80-88, 71-83-59 y 71-81-27
Universidad Católica del Táchira
Calle 14 con Carretera 14
San Cristobal, Estado de Táchira, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-76) 43-05-10 y 43-20-80
Universidad Sur del Lago "Jesús María Semprum"
Hacienda la Glorieta
Vía Aeropuerto
Santa Bárbara del Zulia
Estado Zulia, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-75) 98-10-36 y 91-832
Universidad San José María Vargas
Avenida Sucre, Torre Sucre Piso 2 al 10
Urbanización Los Dos Camino
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 285-08-07 y 285-49-83
Universidad Cecilio Acosta
Urbanización La Paz II Etapa entre Av. 55 con 55B
Calle 96 - J
468
(Instituto Niños Cantores del Zulia)
Tel: (98-58-61) 89-165 y 89-004
Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales "Ezequiel Zamora"
Avenida 23 de Enero
Alto Barinas, Barinas
Estado Barinas, Venezuela
Universidad Nacional Experimental "Francisco de Miranda"
Edificio Rectorado
Calle Norte (Entre Avenida Manaure y Calle Toledo)
Coro, Estado Falcón, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-68) 51-21-56 y 51-93-32
Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Centrales "Rómulo Gallegos"
Avenida José Félix Rivas con Av. Los Llanos
Edificio Albert
San Juan de los Morros, Estado Guarico, Venezuela
Universidad Nacional Abierta
Sede Central Avenida Los Calvani No. 18
San Bernardino
Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 574-13-22 (Master)
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana
Avenidas Las Américas
Edificio General de Seguros
Piso 2 al Pent House
Puerto Ordaz, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela
Universidad Nacional Experimental "Rafael María Baralt"
Avenida El Rosario
Esquina El Mulle (Antiguo Hospital Dr. Adolfo d'Empaire)
Cabinas, Estado Zulia, Venezuela
Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador
Escuela Normal Miguel Antonio Caso
Avenida Sucre
Parque del Oeste, Catia
Caracas, Venezuela
Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica "Antonio José de Sucre"
Vice-Rectorado "Luis Caballero Mejías"
Avenida Principal de la Yaguara
469
Edificio D'Ambrosio
La Yaguara, Caracas, Venezuela
Tel: (98-58-2) 49-89-17 y 443-05-84
Universidad de Carabobo
Especialización en Ingeniería Química
Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología (FACyT)
470
Chemically Related Trade Associations and Professional Societies – Venezuela
(Source: ACS/IAO and Relaq, 1999)
Venezuelan Biochemical Association (Asociación Venezolana de Bioquímica) (16.viii.1996 :
iubmb www)
President and Secretary: Dr. Andres Carmona
Colinas de Bello Monte
Calle Neveri
Edif. Fundavac
Apartado 47489
Caracas 1041-A
Telephone: 58. 2. 979 4565
Fax:
58. 2. 752 5897
Asociación Venezolana de la Industria Química y Petroquímica
ASOQUIM
Edificio Centro Solano, Piso 1, Ofc. A-1
Av. Francisco Solano López, Chacaíto
Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela
Tel: (58-2)762-5104, 5485, 4469
Fax: (58-2)762-0597
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/RLQ/venezuela/asoquim.html
Venezuelan Chemical Society (Sociedad Venezolana de Química)
letterhead)
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Instituto de Geoquímica
Apartado 3895
Caracas 1010/a Venezuela
Telephone: 58. 02. 605 2200
Fax:
58. 02. 605 2201
President: Dr. Claudio Bifano
General Manager, Support of Research and Development
CONICIT
Apado 47102 Los Chaguaramos
Caracas Venezuela
Venezuelan Society of Chemical Engineers
(Sociedad Venezolana de Ingenieros Quimicos)
c/o Colegio de Ingenieros de Venezuela
Apdo 2006
Caracas
Executive Director: Yolanda de Osorio
471
(15.ix.1997) (society
Chemically Related Learned Societies – Venezuela
Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales
Aptdo 1421, Caracas 107
tel: 2.483.41.33; fax: 2.41.66.11
Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales
Edificio Fundacion La Salle
Av Boyaca, Aptdo 1930
Caracas 1010a
tel: 782.87.11; fax: 793.74.93
472
Chemically Related Research Centers – Venezuela
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas (CONICIT)
Aptdo 70617, Los Ruices
Caracas
fax: 2398677
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientifica (IVIC)
Apdto 21827
Caracas 1020a
tel: 2.501.1122; fax: 2.571.2557
Research Areas: Isolation and synthesis of natural products with biological activity •Surface
science and catalysis applied to oil and gas conversion •Physical organic chemistry of molecular
reactions in the gas phase •Density functional theory applied to atoms and molecules •Ab-initio
and semi-empirical molecular orbital studies of the chemical reactivity of catalytic materials
•Dynamics and mechanics of molecular aggregates found in crude oil •Development of
analytical methods for the determination of trace metals in biological fluids; photodegradation of
pharmaceutical products; •Atmospheric chemistry and biogenic emissions in tropical areas
•Synthesis of organometallic complexes of importance in oil refining and in the cure of tropical
diseases •Postgraduate studies in chemistry and chemical physics.
Universidad Central de Venezuela
Cuidad Universitaria
Los Chaguaramos
ZP 104, Caracas 1051
ESCUELA DE QUIMICA
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION QUIMICA ANALITICA
Laboratorio de Espectroscopía de Absorción Atómica
Laboratorio Espectroscopía de Emisión Atómica
Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Láser
Laboratorio de Plasma Químico
Laboratorio de Istrumentación
Laboratorio de Cromatografía
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION QUIMICA ORGANICA
Laboratorio de Fitoquímica
Laboratorio de Síntesis de Productos Naturales
Laboratorio de RMN al Servicio de la Investigación
473
Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Molecular y Química Computacional Emergente
Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Hidrocarburos
Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica
Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION CATALISIS, PETROLEO Y PETROQUIMICA
Laboratorio de Química del C1
Laboratorio de Hidrotratamiento y Catálisis por Sulfuro Metálico
Laboratorio de Infrarojo
Laboratorio de Caracterización de Sólidos por Técnicas Térmicas y Gravimétricas
Laboratorio de Petroquímica
Laboratorio de Caracterización de Sólidos por Técnicas de Absorción
Laboratorio de Tamices Moleculares
Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas
Laboratorio de Desarrollo de Procesos
GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION EQUILIBRIOS EN SOLUCION
Laboratorio de EMF/UV-VIS
Laboratorio de Calorimetría
Laboratorio de Análisis de Datos
Laboratorio de Electroquímica
Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea
GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION FISICO-QUIMICA
Laboratorio de Química Computacional
Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Láser
Laboratorio de Plasma Químico
GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION SINTESIS ORGANOMETALICO
Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica e Inorgánica y Catálisis Homogénea
Laboratorio de Química Organometálica de Superficie
GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION POLIMEROS
Laboratorio de Síntesis de Polímeros Laboratorio de Caracterización de Polímeros
474
Transition Metal Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Center, IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas
1020A, Venezuela
SANCHEZ-DELGADO, Roberto, Dr.; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 58-2
504.1320; Fax: 58-2 504.1350; http://www.ivic.ve; HERRERA, Veronica, Dr.; E-mail:
[email protected]; Phone: 58-2 504.1320; Fax:58-2 504.1350; NAVARRO, Maribel,
Dr.; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 58-2 504.1323; Fax: 58-2 504.1350
(Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry of Ru, Os, Rh, Irl. Homogeneous catalysis:
hydrogenation, carbonylation, HDS, HDN; kinetics and mechanisms. Applications of transition
metal complexes in the chemotherapy of tropical diseases)
AJ Arce, Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Chem, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
AJ Zapata, Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Quim, Apartado Postal 89000, Caracas 1080 A, Venezuela
DE Paez, Intevep SA, Res & Technol Support, Ctr Petroleos Venezuela, Apdo 76343, Caracas
1070A, Venezuela
L Rincon, Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
N Urdaneta, Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Quim, Apartado Postal 89000, Caracas 1080A,
Venezuela
475
ACS Member Characteristics – Venezuela
ACS Members in Venezuela - Interest Areas
Analytical
6%
Biochemistry
11%
Polymers/Plastics
17%
Analytical
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Chemical Education
6%
Pharm/Med
7%
11%
Chemical Education
Energy/Fuels
Environmental
Inorganic
Organic
21%
Comp/MolecModel
1%
Materials
Organic
Energy/Fuels
6%
Inorganic
16%
476
Polymers/Plastics
Physical
ACS Informant Questionnaire Responses– Venezuela
Industry: 0
Higher Education: 3
Government: 0
Other - Please specify: Consulting in industrial formulations ** Nat’l lab
activities involving Chemically Related industry / higher education
collaboration?
Yes: 2
No: 2
NA: 1
activity?
Yes: 2
No: 0
joint projects related to the characterization of catalysts
and study of the chemistry associated with catalytic processes ** Estoy a cargo de un proyecto
de investigacion aplicada en el area de
desulfuracion de combustible, financiado por CONIPET, un ente integrado por
CONICIT, el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas (oficina
gubernamental) y PDVSA, la industria petrolera nacional. **
Yes: 2
No:
Energy: 2
Polymers: 0
Fine Chemicals: 1
Metals: 0
Rubber: 0
477
Dow, Exxon, Rohm&Haas ** PDVSA, Petroleos de Venezuela **
Basic Research: 2
Faculty Visits: 0
Student Visits: 0
Consulting: 0
Contract Research: 1__
Quality Control: 0
To adapt college curricula to industry necessities. University staff know little about industry. Let
the industry people know what the universities can or can not do for them. ** Aplicabilidad de
las actividades a desarrollar en colaboracion. Informacion de los requerimientos de la industria.
Visitas a las Universidades y/o institutos a fin de divulgar y atraer al investigador o estudiante
(captación de cientificos jovenes a nivel de postgrado). Fortalecimiento del programa de
pasantias de las universidades. ** These collaborations usually involve the oil industry and
universities. The chemical industry in Venezuela is not well developed and does very little R&D
work. The chemical industry typically buys the technology from the US or Europe ** (i) un
problema claramente identificado, (ii) reconocimiento de la importancia de estudiar a fondo los
problemas, no solo encontrar soluciones empiricas a corto plazo (iii) libertad para publicar
resultados (iv) participacion del grupo de investigacion y universidad en la propiedad
intelectual y los posibles beneficios generados por la implementacion del
estudio **
Instruction workshops among both parties. ** Ocasiones de contacto con el sector industrial para
identificar problemas con experticias y suficientes conversaciones para conciliar puntos de vista
sobre los puntos (9) ii-iv ** The need to improve processes in the refining of the oil (main
resource of the country) forces the use of the existing resources in the universities ** **
There should be none but the lack of interest; ignorance. ** Problema economico del pais. Esto
debilita las posiciones de ambas partes (universidad e industria) ** With respect to the chemical
industry, the lack of collaboration is due to the lack of interest in the development of native
technologic in this area. With respect to the oil industry, changes is policy of the goverment
(which control this industry) make difficult to establish long term projects. ** En Venezuela,
una industria poco desarrollada y un distanciamiento grande entre los centros universitarios
(donde se realiza la mayor parte de la investigacion) y los actores del sector productivo. **
478
expect to encounter issues of intellectual property how can this, too be improved?
Grants for projects. Academic recognition of time consumed in such projects. Economic
recognition for Industrial research on long time. ** La propiedad intelectual en Venezuela, en los
ultimos años, se respeta. Se ha mejoraado y se sigue mejorando. Venezuela vive una epoca de
cambios y este proceso de reformas es interesante. Uno de los puntos a resaltar es el del respeto a
la propiedad intelectual. En cuanto a las colaboraciones Universidad/Industria, lo importante es
aclarar este punto si es el caso. ** La calidad de las colaboraciones parte de una comunicacion
fluida y actualizada. Durante la gestion 1993-1998 CONICIT impulso con relativo exito, mesas
de negociacion entre los investigadores y la industria. Esa iniciativa debe reforzarse. El problema
de la propiedad intelectual es un tema recurrente y puede resolverse negociando participacion en
los beneficios generados, como fuente de ingresos propios para la institucion y el grupo de
investigacion. **
13) Which particular university / industry collaborations would you
identify as outstanding? Prof. Jean Louis Salager, Lab. of Surface Phenomena, University of the
Andes;´Merida, Venezuela; [email protected] ** PDVSA (Petroleos de Venezuela)/Universidades
e Institutos de investigacion. Esto a nivel nacional. http://www.pdvsa.pdv.com/ **
CORPORACIÓN PARQUE TECNOLÓGICO SARTENEJAS,TECNÓPOLIS DE LA USB,
Edif. Bolívar.Tel: 58-2-9064237 y 4256, Fax: 58-2-9064278. Celular: 0166-145371 Email:
[email protected]; Fernando Morales,Unidad de Gestión Ambiental(Environmental Management
Unit),Universidad Simón Bolívar,Caracas, Venezuela., Phone 58-2-9063317 (3876). Tel-Fax 582-9063876,Cell. 016-6326296, email [email protected] **
14) For university / industry collaborations which involve scientist, researcher, or student
mobility across national borders, what skills or capacities should a participant have to be
successful?
Independence, easy of communication, language domain, empathy, knowledge, initiative. **
Capacidad de adaptacion a diferentes ambientes de trabajo y culturas de trabajo, cierto grado de
informacion para identificar aspectos de mutuo beneficio, capacidad para analizar los problemas
desde una perspectiva global **
15) Other comments or thoughts on university / industry collaborations in Venezuela? What
aspects of the chemical industry sector do you see as most promising for industry / university
collaboration?
Petrochemical, Formulations ( maintenance, surface treatment, water treatment, lubricants,
pesticides, food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical), chemical analysis, patents, customs. ** Quimica
del petroleo: Derivados del petroleo, agroquimica, catalizadores; Quimica Medicinal:
investigacion de nuevas drogas (sintesis organica) y fitoquimica medicinal (estudio de
propiedades medicinales); Pienso que en Venezuela existe el personal capacitado, tanto en
479
universidades como institutos, para enfrentar este tipo de investigaciones en asociacion con la
industria nacional o extranjera. José Elias Villamizar Laboratorio de Síntesis y Productos
Naturales Centro de Química, I.V.I.C. Telf. (582)504-1739, 504-1328 Fax. (582)504-1350 email: [email protected] ** Brito at the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research
([email protected]). ** joint projects related to the characterization of catalysts and study of the
chemistry associated with catalytic processes ** En Venezuela tenemos un sector industrial
primitivo que no ha requerido de R&D, salvo el sector petrolero donde se plantean problemas
tecnicos complejos. En las areas de Quimica Ambiental, Petroquimica, Conversion de energia,
Quimica Medicinal y Productos Naturales sin embargo, tenemos tanto grandes requerimientos
como ventajas comparativas. Si se reactiva el sector procutivo y se diversifica la economia en
actividades distintas a la explotacion petrolera, tenemos oportunidad de lograr una buena
relacion univesidad-industria. ** IVIC Brito basic research catalysis; removal of SO2; program
in 96 - 6-7 pub's have come out of it. Basic but has applied component for industry with
environmental. Good facilties for catalysis; here good facilities for characteristization of
catalysis; Major challenges - comm email/fax - data analysis, results descriptions / set up,
reporting; difficult to move people to work here/there - mainly economical. Ideally once a year;
now every two or three years. ** R&D in VE - basic sciences based; chem industry like to buy
license foreign tech. Makes collaboration problematic. Govt-controlled oil industry lots of
actiivty / models. Trying to move these models to chem industry; but while interest in higher ed
not much on industrial side. More of production not new products - 95% of colleagues applied
chemists. Analytical chemists QC.; TN collaboration IVIC well set up. For last ten years, Simon
Bolivar Univ doing research / incubator programs telcomm and IT; have very large industrial
parks; not much chem but coming. Intermediates dedicated to electronics; environmental chem,
too monitoring / remediation soil / water. Govt funding for. Trying to get funding from
industry.; Greatest demand produce people with KSA's associated with oil industry: treatment /
refining. Chem engineers; applied chemists focus in VE. Prof societies fostering collaboration
but don't have many resources; industry not supplying resources to societies.
480
Funding Organizations with Interests in Venezuela
(301) 215-8870
481
been awarded
Staff: 3140
Application form
required. Initial approach: Letter, proposal, or application, depending on program. Deadline(s):
482
9541 Nemours Bldg.
(302) 774-2036
483
Staff: 9
484
Voluntarism promotion; Disabled; Aging; Community development, small businesses
National Council for Scientific and TechnologicalResearch
(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas)
Address:
Gerencia de Investigación Industrial
Tel: +58-2-2356466
Avenida Principal de Los Cortijos de
Lourdes
Fax: +58-2-2391979
Edf. Maploca II, Piso 3
Caracas
Home page: http://www.fundaciepe.plant.org
In-Charge: Dr. Juan de Jesús Montilla, Presidente
Contact with WAITRO: Ms. Ana Maria Alcazar de Llovera, Gerente de Cooperación
Internacional
History
The National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICT) was created in 1967
and is an autonomous institution with the objective to promote processes of innovation through
the development of scientific and technological research and the building of a national system for
innovation (NSI). Its programmes comprise basic and applied research, the training of human
resources, the creation and strengthening of information systems, the induction of changes in the
structure of relations of the NSI agents and the promotion of links with the rest of the world in
order to favour the participation of the NSI agents in international programmes. The Council also
formulates the political policy of the NSI, acts as advisor to the national executive and
coordinates actions with public and private organizations at the national level in different
science, technology and innovation fields.
Objectives
To encourage the building of networks between different national agents, to finance R&D
projects and provide scholarships, to establish and operate an information service on R&D.
Fields of Interest: Microelectronics applied to telecommunications, control, informatics,
biotechnology applied to agriculture and pharmaceuticals, materials and construction equipment,
agriculture equipment, development of small and medium industry and innovation processes.
Specialized Fields: R&D financing, scholarships and innovation projects.
R&D information service, testing, consultancy, training and support for development of
telematics services.
485
Publications
RETO and REGISTRO (magazines). National Indicators of Science & Technology.
Microelectronics, telecommunications, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, materials, construction,
agricultural equipment and capital goods, development of small and medium industry and
innovation processes.
Financing of basic and applied research, training, seminars, workshops and information systems.
State Research Center for Experimental Agro-Industrial Production
Address:
Avda. Andrés Bello Tel: +58-2-7813423
Edif. Centro Andrés Bello
Fax: +58-2-7937564
Torre Este, Pico 5 Ofic. 54-E
Caracas
In-Charge: Dr. Rafael Avila, Executive Director
Contact with WAITRO: Dr. Luis Sánchez Font, Research 6 Development Adviser
History
The Center was conceived and built by the Venezuelan Development Corporation (C.V.F.) from
1969 to 1973. In 1976 the Foundation was created by Presidential Decree. At the same time the
objectives of the Center were clearly defined as oriented towards the development of the
Venezuelan agro-industry through industrial research, training and technological consultancy.
Objectives
To support the development of Venezuelan agro-industry through industrial research, training
and technological consultancy.
Field of interest: Industrial fermentation, cereals and oilseed technology, processing of tropical
fruits and vegetables, rheology of foods.
Specialized Fields: Food science and technology.
Applied research, development, pilot plant operations, technical information, individual training,
group training, standardization, quality control, performance testing.
486
Publications
Boletín de Niticias Agroindustrials (monthly), Actualidades CIEPE (4 times a year).
Biotechnology in the area of agro-industry.
About ten specialized courses a year on different topics in food technology, about 3 seminars per
year.
487
For More Information on Venezuela
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ipsr/contents.html
International Petroleum Statistics Report - EIA's latest monthly international petroleum data
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/venez.html
EIA - Country Information on Venezuela
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/pgem/ch5n.html
EIA Privatization Report - Venezuela
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/pgem/ch3c.html
EIA Privatization Report (oil) - Venezuela
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/pgem/ch6f.html
EIA Privatization Report (coal) - Venezuela
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/opec.html
EIA OPEC Fact Sheet
http://usembassy.state.gov/posts/ve1/wwwhmain.html
U.S. Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ve.html
CIA World Factbook - Venezuela
http://www.ita.doc.gov/uscs/ccg98/ccgovene.html
U.S. International Trade Administration, Country Commercial Guide - Executive Summary,
Venezuela
http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/venezuela.html
U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy's International section - Venezuela
http://travel.state.gov/venezuela.html
U.S. State Department's Consular Information Sheet - Venezuela
http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/venezuela_1299_bgn.html
U.S. State Department Background Notes - Venezuela
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vetoc.html
Library of Congress Country Study on Venezuela(September 1987)
http://www.state.gov/www/issues/economic/trade_reports/1999/venezuela.html
U.S. State Department 1999 Country Reports On Economic Policy and Trade Practices -Venezuela
http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/sitc1/1998/c3070.html
U.S. Department of Commerce -- U.S. Trade with Venezuela in 1998
http://www.pdv.com/english/corporacion_en.html
PdVSA
http://www.mining-technology.com/industry/venezuela.html
Venezuela's Mining Industry
http://www.latinworld.com/sur/venezuela/
LatinWorld's section on Venezuela
http://www.lanic.utexas.edu/la/venezuela/
Latin America Network Information Center (LANIC) - Venezuela
http://www.oilguide.com.ve/
Petroleum Guide for Venezuela
488
http://www.infoven.net/oil/
Venezuela Oil and Energy
http://www.iadb.org
http://www.opec.org/
OPEC
http://www.embavenez-us.org/
Venezuelan Embassy in Washington, D.C.
http://www.oas.org
Organization of American States (OAS)
http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/
Political Database of the Americas
http://www.eclac.cl/
The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
The Regional Electric Integration Commission (CIER)
http://www.petroleumworld.com/
Petroleum World.com -- Venezuela Oil and Gas
489
Chemically Related Affairs in Other Countries of Latin America
Colombia
National Overview - Colombia
(Sources: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/colombia.html;
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/RLQ/colombia/universidades_colombia.html;
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html)
With a population of 39 million and land size equivalent to New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana
combined, Colombia currently is experiencing difficult economic conditions, registering more
than a 3% contraction in gross domestic product (GDP) in 1999. From 1991 to 1998, Colombia's
GDP growth averaged about 3.8% per year. The World Bank in November 1999 approved a
$506-million loan as part of an overall World Bank strategy to promote peace in Colombia,
reduce the impact of the current recession on Colombia's poor, and help the country rebuild after
its largest earthquake of the century in January 1999. According to a December 1999 agreement
with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Colombia will receive a loan of $2.7 billion but
must reduce its fiscal deficit and inflation rate. Wage freezes and tax increases are expected as
the country works to reactivate growth. Despite its current difficulties, Colombia has a halfcentury history of overall sound government finances, and the government retains its solid
investment grade rating from the leading international credit rating agencies.
Colombia is in the process of developing a more attractive foreign investment environment. In
early 2000, Colombia and Chile signed a foreign development and protection agreement that
Colombia's foreign minister believes eliminates the risk to foreign investors in Colombia. Also in
early 2000, President Andrés Pastrana announced his "Colombia Plan", which aims to spend $7.5
billion ($4 billion from Colombia and $3.5 billion from the United States and the international
community) over three years to resolve conflicts with insurgent groups, fight illegal drug
trafficking, modernize Colombian legal and military institutions, and strengthen the economy.
Pastrana plans privatization in the energy, telecommunications, and banking industries. The
country's recurring violence problems, with armed conflict between two main rebel groups and
the government, have historically inhibited the growth of private investment.
Oil is Colombia's largest export earner, and the country was the seventh-largest source of U.S.
crude oil imports in 1999. However, current oil reserves are projected to last only for about a
decade, and some analysts predict that Colombia could become a net oil importer by 2004.
Encouraging foreign investment in oil exploration and production has become a top priority, as
much of the country remains unexplored. The oil industry accounts for an estimated 4.5% of
GDP and more than 20% of exports. Coal is also a major export earner, and privatization of the
state coal company could bolster foreign investment and add to state coffers.
The United States is Colombia's largest trade partner. Colombia seeks membership in the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which currently includes Mexico, the United States,
and Canada. President Pastrana reportedly aims to have his country accepted under the same
conditions as Mexico.
Chemically Related Affairs - Colombia
490
US / Colombian chemical and related product trade in 1999: US Imports US$ 330.49 million; US
Exports: US$ 746.76. Key imports include inorganic chemicals; precious metal compounds;
pigments, paints and varnishes; plates, sheets, film foil and strip plastics. Key exports include
hydrocarbons and derivatives; organo-inorganic and heterocyclic compounds; polymers of
ethylene; fertilizers; plastics in primary form.
Thirty-nine higher education institutions provide degrees in some form of chemical science.
Two institutions offer doctoral-level study. Chemical Engineering: Universidad Industrial de
Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Ciudad Universitaria-Carrera 27 Calle 9, Apartado 678 Tel:
(98-57)34-3655, 34-3656, 45-2101, 45-7131; Fax: (98-57)35-0541. Chemisty: Universidad
Nacional de Colombia Santafe de Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Ciudad Universitaria Apartado
14490; Tel: (98-57-1)244-2830, 244-4264, 244-2816, 269-1390; Fax: (98-57-1)221-9891.
There are four key chemically related societies / associations with the Colombian Chemical
Association being designated by Colciencias: Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la
Ciencia y la Tecnología as representing the national interests of chemistry for the country.
Key issues: deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in
Bogota, from vehicle emissions. Colombia is the world's largest processor of coca derivatives
into cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets; active aerial
eradication program seeks to virtually eliminate coca and opium crops.
491
Research Centers - Colombia
Grupo Sintesis de Compuestos de Coordinacion y Organometalicos, Depto. de Quimica, Fac.
de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Santa Fe de Bogota. COLOMBIA.
POVEDA, Arnulfo, Dr.; E-Mail: [email protected]; FIERRO, Ricardo,
Dr.; E-mail: [email protected]; PERILLA, Isabel C., Dra.; E-mail:
[email protected]; Fax: 3165220 (Organometallic and Coordination
Chemistry, Dinitrogen Complexes, Transition Metals, Small Molecules Activation, Selective
Polymerization).
492
Cuba
Country Overview – Cuba
(source: http://www.cia.gov)
Introduction
Background: Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron will has held the
country together since. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported
throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. The country is now slowly
recovering from a severe economic recession following the withdrawal of former Soviet
subsidies, worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually, in 1990. Havana blames its difficulties on the
US embargo in place since 1962.
Geography
Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, south of
Florida
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
land: 110,860 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries:
total: 29 km
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km
note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains part of Cuba
Coastline: 3,735 km
Maritime claims:
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May
to October)
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
493
highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum,
arable land
Land use:
arable land: 24%
permanent crops: 7%
other: 18% (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to October (in general, the
country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
Environment - current issues: pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting threatens wildlife
populations; deforestation
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note: largest country in Caribbean
People
Age structure:
65 years and over: 10% (male 503,711; female 580,104) (2000 est.)
494
Sex ratio:
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
male: 73.84 years
Nationality:
noun: Cuban(s)
adjective: Cuban
Ethnic groups: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Religions: nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power; Protestants,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also represented
Languages: Spanish
Literacy:
male: 96.2%
female: 95.3% (1995 est.)
People - note: illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and
enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, or falsified visas; some 3,800 Cubans took
to the Florida Straits in 1999; the US Coast Guard interdicted about 40% of these migrants
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cuba
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: Republica de Cuba
local short form: Cuba
Data code: CU
495
Government type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special
municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La
Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas,
Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898
to 1902)
National holiday: Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953); Liberation Day, 1 January (1959)
Constitution: 24 February 1976, amended July 1992
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal
theory;
does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Executive branch:
chief of state: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel
CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976, when office was
abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and
First
Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers
Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office
was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State
and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December
1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the
National Assembly note: there is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the
National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 24
February 1998 (next election unscheduled)
election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent of legislative vote - 100%; Raul
CASTRO Ruz elected vice president; percent of legislative vote - 100%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional del
Poder Popular (601 seats, elected directly from slates approved by special candidacy
commissions;
members serve five-year terms)
496
elections: last held 11 January 1998 (next to be held in 2003)
election results: percent of vote - PCC 94.39%; seats - PCC 601
Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular; president, vice president,
and other judges are elected by the National Assembly
Political parties and leaders: only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
first secretary]
International organization participation: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICRM,
IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since
1962),
OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: none; note - Cuba has an Interests Section in the Swiss
Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Fernando REMIREZ DE ESTENOZ; address: Cuban
Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: [1]
(202) 797-8518
Diplomatic representation from the US: none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Swiss
Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Vicki HUDDLESTON; address: USINT, Swiss Embassy,
Calzada between L and M Streets, Vedado Seccion, Havana; telephone: 33-3551 through 3559
and 33-3543 through 3547 (operator assistance required); FAX: 33-3700; protecting power in
Cuba is Switzerland
Flag description: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a
red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center
Economy
Economy - overview: The state under the durable dictatorship of Fidel CASTRO plays the
primary role in the domestic economy and controls practically all foreign trade. The government
has undertaken several reforms in recent years to stem excess liquidity, increase labor incentives,
and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. The liberalized
agricultural markets introduced in October 1994, at which state and private farmers sell abovequota production at unrestricted prices, have broadened legal consumption alternatives and
reduced black market prices. Government efforts to lower subsidies to unprofitable enterprises
and to shrink the money supply caused the semi-official exchange rate for the Cuban peso to
move from a peak of 120 to the dollar in the summer of 1994 to 21 to the dollar by yearend 1999.
New taxes introduced in 1996 have helped drive down the number of self-employed workers
from 208,000 in January 1996. Havana announced in 1995 that GDP declined by 35% during
1989-93, the result of lost Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. The drop in GDP apparently
halted in 1994, when Cuba reported 0.7% growth, followed by increases of 2.5% in 1995 and
7.8% in 1996. Growth slowed again in 1997 and 1998 to 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. Growth
497
recovered again in 1999 with a 6.2% increase in GDP, due to the continued growth of tourism.
Central control is complicated by the existence of the informal economy, much of which is
denominated in dollars. Living standards for the average (dollarless) Cuban remain at a
depressed level compared with 1990. The continuation of gradual economic reforms and increase
in tourism suggest growth of 4% to 5% in 2000.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $18.6 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 6.2% (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 7.4%
industry: 36.5%
services: 56.1% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.3% (1999 est.)
Labor force: 4.5 million economically active population
note: state sector 76%, non-state sector 24% (1996 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 23%, industry 24%, services 53%
Unemployment rate: 6% (December 1999 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $13.5 billion
expenditures: $14.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: sugar, petroleum, food, tobacco, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals
(particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery
Industrial production growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)
fossil fuel: 89.52%
hydro: 0.65%
498
nuclear: 0%
other: 9.83% (1998)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1998)
Agriculture - products: sugarcane, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)
Exports - commodities: sugar, nickel, tobacco, shellfish, medical products, citrus, coffee
Exports - partners: Russia 25%, Netherlands 23%, Canada 16% (1999 est.)
Imports: $3.2 billion (c.i.f., 1999 est.)
Imports - commodities: petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals
Imports - partners: Spain 16%, Venezuela 15%, Mexico 7% (1999 est.)
Debt - external: $11.2 billion (convertible currency, 1998); another $20 billion owed to Russia
(1998)
Economic aid - recipient: $68.2 million (1997 est.)
Currency: 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official rate, linked to
the US dollar)
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 353,000 (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 1,939 (1995)
Telephone system:
499
domestic: principal trunk system, end to end of country, is coaxial cable; fiber-optic distribution
in Havana and on Isla de la Juventud; 2 microwave radio relay installations (one is old, US-built;
the other newer, Soviet-built); both analog and digital mobile cellular service established
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios: 3.9 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 58 (1997)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 4,807 km
standard gauge: 4,807 km 1.435-m gauge (147 km electrified)
note: a large amount of track is in private use by sugar plantations
Highways:
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway)
Waterways: 240 km
Ports and harbors: Cienfuegos, Havana, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Nuevitas, Santiago de
Cuba
Merchant marine:
ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 7, liquified gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 5 (1999 est.)
total: 77
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
500
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 35 (1999 est.)
total: 93
914 to 1,523 m: 32
under 914 m: 61 (1999 est.)
Military
Military branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) includes ground forces, Revolutionary
Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Territorial Troops Militia (MTT), and
Youth
Labor Army (EJT); the Border Guard (TGF) is controlled by the Interior Ministry
males age 15-49: 3,079,352
females age 15-49: 3,022,063 (2000 est.)
males age 15-49: 1,906,172
females age 15-49: 1,865,369 (2000 est.)
males: 80,771
females: 76,819 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: roughly 4% (FY95 est.)
Military - note: Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba, cut off
almost all military aid by 1993
Disputes - international: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
501
Illicit drugs: territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for cocaine bound for
the US and Europe; established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999
CUBA AT A CROSSROADS
Chemical & Engineering News
Copyright © 1999 American Chemical Society
At 40, Fidel Castro's revolution looks to science to help rescue its crippled
economy
William G. Schulz
Earlier this month, the Republic of Cuba celebrated the 40th anniversary of Fidel Castro's
communist revolution. Despite the punishing U.S. economic embargo that has lasted nearly as
long, it is a revolution that has survived, often beating the odds placed against it.
Beyond mere survival, there is also a very real sense in Cuba that the revolution has
delivered--that untethered from the need to provide food, health care, and other basics,
average Cubans today have more freedom to follow individual interests and passions. Gone
are the days when their labor mostly served the corrupt Batista regime of the 1950s.
Atmospheric corrosion has almost destroyed the unique 19th Century architecture of
Havana's Malecon Boulevard.
Since 1991, however, this island nation of nearly 11 million people has been locked in what the
Communist Party of Cuba euphemistically calls the "special period." The term refers to the loss
of economic subsidies from the former Soviet Union: That loss has contributed to as much as a
40% shrinkage of the Cuban economy in the 1990s. Coupled with a tightening of the U.S.
embargo in 1996--after two sons of Cuban-American exiles were shot down and killed for
invading Cuban airspace--it is a time of hardship that leaves many Cubans hungry at night and
vulnerable every day to outbreaks of epidemic disease.
Spare parts for the U.S.-made system that treats most of Cuba's drinking water are no longer
available because of the economic embargo. According to the American Association for
World Health, the U.S. committee for the World Health Organization, morbidity rates for
waterborne diseases in Cuba have doubled since 1989, and dirty water has been linked to
rising hospital outbreaks of infections such as sepsis. There were 51 outbreaks in 1995,
affecting 349 patients and causing 60 deaths.
The individual who has followed his dreams in this "workers' paradise" today might be a taxi
driver who, on a rain-soaked Havana night, explains to a visitor that he is also a cardiologist.
"A necessity," he says, tapping his fist lightly on the steering wheel of a rusted junker. "I have to
feed my family."
502
Indeed, economic necessity drives many changes under way in Cuba today. One is an
increased focus on diversifying Cuba's agrarian economic base. Along with tourism, nickel
mining, and tobacco, Cuba is looking to science--particularly chemistry, biochemistry, and
genetic engineering--to rescue its crippled economy from an overdependence on sugarcane.
With a variety of new products, attractive marketing materials, and an infectious optimism,
Cuban scientists see their work as key to renewed hope for one of the world's last communist
systems.
Still, after 40 years of Castro's revolution--which has long promised free-dom from the
backbreaking labor demands of the sugar industry--sugar remains the country's primary source
of hard currency. Worse, the economics of sugarcane simply do not add up to a self-sustaining
economy for Cuba, especially considering the obvious needs of its crumbling infrastructure.
After buoyant predictions for last year's harvest, for example, the Cuban government has
announced 1998 crop yields so low that some analysts have placed Cuba's economic growth
for the year at or near zero. One U.S. dollar buys about 20 Cuban pesos, and since Castro
legalized the use of U.S. dollars in the 1990s, two economies have emerged creating distinct
class differences between people who earn dollars--usually from tourism--and those who do
not.
Economists--including dissident economists in Cuba--have criticized the Communist Party's
sudden shifts in policy that seek new hard-currency inputs, including its efforts in science. They
say it is too little, too late--especially after years of squandering Soviet subsidies on what is
now an outsized Cuban military and internal security apparatus. Addressing some of the latest
efforts in science, a 1997 U.S. State Department report, "The U.S. Embargo and Health Care
in Cuba: Myth vs. Reality," accuses the party of "actively developing a closed, parallel health
care system for the Communist Party elite, foreign 'health tourists,' and others who can pay in
hard currency."
This dark view, however accurate it may be, is difficult to maintain on a tour of Havana's
"Western Scientific Pole." Along a looping road near the outskirts of the city, it is a series of 38
scientific facilities staffed by many young scientists from throughout Cuba. The centers--Cuba
boasts some 230 research centers nationwide--are devoted to R&D efforts in chemistry;
biology; agricultural, industrial, and medical biotechnology; immunology; veterinary medicine;
and pharmaceutical chemistry, to name several examples.
Each center is "forward integrated," meaning that R&D, production, and marketing all are
carried out under the aegis--if not the very roof--of each center. And each center can work
with others as deemed necessary. The aim, says Alberto J. Núñez Sellés, director of the
Center for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and president of the Cuban Chemical Society (CCS), is
to develop and market products for Cuba as well as for markets in developing countries where
large multinational corporations do not dominate.
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Already, centers in this scientific pole have developed products such as a vaccine against Type
B meningitis that thwarted an outbreak of the disease in Cuba in the 1990s. Cuba is now
successfully marketing this vaccine to other nations where children are at risk for contracting
the deadly disease. Cuban scientists also have begun testing a vaccine against AIDS, Sellés
says, citing another example of a scourge that has exacted most of its grim toll in developing
countries.
The first center in Havana's scientific pole, founded in 1965, is the National Center for
Scientific Research of Cuba (CNIC, its Spanish acronym). Its broad mission is to solve
biomedical and scientific problems that have an economic or social importance to Cuba as well
as to develop scientific-technical products that will be competitive in the international market.
Lines of research span natural products chemistry, a neuroscience center, an ozone research
center, a biotechnology direction, a chemistry direction, and a center for the development of
biomedical and scientific equipment.
Scientists at CNIC have developed new therapies for speech- and hearing-impaired children;
treatments for sleep apnea and psychiatric disorders; the use of ozone to fight germs, speed the
healing of wounds, and improve blood circulation; and an anticholera vaccine from techniques
in genetic engineering. The center's chemistry division, Sellés says, also has produced materials
for the controlled release of pharmaceuticals to treat asthma and chemotherapeutic agents to
treat AIDS. Through its Dalmer marketing arm, CNIC is marketing its cholesterol-lowering
drug, called PPG, as well as bone and ocular implants made from Cuban coral.
The center also is developing coatings to combat atmospheric and marine corrosion of building
materials, and corrosion-resistant concrete--a particular need in Cuba's high-humidity tropical
environment. Only one in six buildings is considered in good shape in Old Havana, for
example, the result of neglect as well as natural environmental conditions.
At Cuba's Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (CIGB), Director Manuel Limonta
describes the center's humble beginnings in 1981. At the request of President Castro, a small
group of scientists, including Limonta, sought to produce leukocyte -interferon, thought to be
a possibly effective treatment for cancer. Working from a lab set up in a small house, the team
managed to produce the interferon in just 42 days.
Today, Limonta explains,-interferon is better known for its use as an antiviral agent.
Nonetheless, a grateful Castro rewarded the team's work with funding for the center that now
supports more than 1,000 workers in eight divisions. A portrait of Castro--blowing a cloud of
his once-trademark cigar smoke--dominates one wall of the entryway to CIGB's sparkling
new building.
The center's laboratories--192 in all--instrument rooms, and groomed campus reflect a large
part of Cuba's $1 billion investment in biotechnology in the past 12 years. Its product line, sold
through its marketing arm, Herber Biotec, includes a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, a
recombinant cattle tick vaccine, a recombinant epidermal growth factor cream, industrial
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enzymes, restriction and modification enzymes, diagnostic reagents and systems, and
monoclonal antibodies. Herber's recombinant streptokinase--a medication used to destroy
blood clots--has been patented in the U.S., Limonta says.
In the research pipeline at CIGB, Limonta says, is a possible AIDS vaccine and
disease-resistant strains of coffee, papaya, and pineapple plants. And cigar tobacco? "There is
no need to produce a new Babe Ruth," he says smiling.
At the Center for Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CQF), Sellés explains, some 200 researchers,
graduate students, and technicians work in areas of organic and inorganic chemical synthesis,
computer-aided correlation studies on structure-activity relationships, analytical and structural
chemistry, biotransformation processes for obtaining bioactive metabolites, microorganism
genetics, experimental pharmacology, preclinical toxicological evaluation, scale-up techniques,
and process engineering systems.
"We look at products near patent expiration," Sellés explains, "do reverse engineering, and are
ready when the patent expires." The most significant product development at CQF is
"Q-Ulcer" for the treatment of peptic and duodenal ulcers. The center also has developed
anti-inflammatory agents, prostaglandins for veterinary use, and antitumor drugs. The center
maintains a minimum rate of one product per year for introduction to the world market, a rate
that Sellés says can sustain CQF in dollars.
The economic benefit from such products from all of the research centers dovetails with values
long espoused by the revolution. Since 1959--along with food and access to education--the
government has emphasized health care for Cubans and other people among the world's poor.
Rosa Elena Simeón, the minister of science, technology, and the environment, has said, "When
I appraise science, I cannot think only about the millions of dollars it has meant for the
country's economy. How do we value the lives of all the children who have not died since the
vaccine against the meningococcus was applied?"
Behind all of this scientific activity is the revolution's vaunted educational system that has
produced results--in terms of basic literacy and other measures--unparalleled in Latin America
and rivaling most developing nations. By some counts, Cuba has trained about 62,000 medical
doctors, some of whom recently were dispatched to aid flood relief in devastated Nicaragua
and Honduras.
Education of Cuba's best and brightest begins at schools like the Lenin Vocational School near
Havana, opened by Castro and former Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1974. It is a boarding
school--the equivalent of high school in the U.S.--and its 3,300 students are selected by exams
and their earlier grades. There are 14 such schools in Cuba.
Campus of the Lenin Vocational School in Havana.
The Lenin School emphasizes science, but students are allowed to pursue a range of academic
studies. They follow a rigorous schedule of study, athletics, and cultural activities that begins at
505
6 AM and keeps them busy until bedtime at 10 PM. They are allowed some television viewing
in the evening, and home visits are possible on weekends. Ninety-five percent of graduates
from these schools go on to attend a university.
At the University of Havana, founded in 1728, chemistry is among 14 liberal arts departments.
The dean of chemistry, Leslie Yáñez González, earns about $25 a month. Unlike many Cubans
who must depend on public transportation or shared rides, she does own a car.
University education is free to qualifying students in Cuba, and it includes textbooks and
materials. Textbooks are recycled among students, however, and many textbooks are old and
out-of-date--to say nothing of the department's lack of materials and laboratory equipment.
The university, González says, relies on donations of textbooks or, when a professor travels, he
or she may buy books that can be added to the chemistry library. Internet access and e-mail
contacts have eased the situation somewhat, but those are certainly not long-term solutions.
Hauptman: lack of equipment.
The university also can make money by "renting out" professors to schools in other countries.
"We can send a professor out for a semester and get a fax machine in return," González says.
Professors who travel with a contract bring in money, and those who travel for research work
may come back with a donation. All transportation, lodging, and so forth for any professor's
travel must come from invitees or from sources outside the university.
González: textbook donations
Both students and professors are responsible for a student's success, González says. Because
the economic situation limits textbooks and materials, there is a focus on the didactic aspects of
education.
After five years of study, students receive a B.A. degree. The government quantifies the
number of chemists the university should graduate, which is based on the current needs of
Cuba's research centers and institutes. It is much the same system for other science disciplines.
In the past 30 years, Sellés estimates, 160,000 people in Cuba have graduated with degrees in
chemistry.
Graduating students take comprehensive exams and then are ranked according to their grades.
This ranking allows faculty to match students with the various research institutes. Students with
the highest ranking have the greatest number of choices in terms of where they will work for the
required two years of government service.
Postgraduate study is more complex, especially today. Many faculty members at the University
of Havana who spoke with C&EN completed their postgraduate work in the Soviet Union, its
satellites, or at European universities. Today, obtaining a visa to travel abroad is difficult--many
Cubans don't come back, confided one professor. But lack of money and the need to earn a
506
living are probably among the biggest factors inhibiting postgraduate education. In the end,
most chemists who do receive the equivalent of a Ph.D. degree in Cuba are in their late thirties.
International interest in Cuban science--particularly in Canada and Western Europe--also has
grown. In part, that is because Cuban scientists have been forced to work around the
constraints of the U.S. embargo. Advanced scientific instruments built in the U.S. or marketed
by U.S. companies, for example, are prohibited from sale to Cuba. More than one Cuban
chemist told C&EN of "traveling to the equipment" or spending large amounts of money to
obtain reagents or other chemicals that could be had for far less--if only nearby U.S.
companies could sell them in Cuba. Rather than isolate Cuban scientists, the embargo has
instead often drawn sympathetic attention to their plight.
In February 1997, five Cuban chemists were barred from entering and attending a scientific
meeting in the U.S. According to Zafra M. Lerman, chair of the American Chemical Society
Subcommittee on Scientific Freedom & Human Rights, at a meeting with State Department
officials in May 1997 to sort out the situation, the officials told her and representatives from
other scientific societies that they were wary of the Cubans' description as "quantum chemists,"
and thus entry to the U.S. was denied.
More recently, a group of U.S. scientists who sought licenses from the U.S. Treasury
Department to spend money in Cuba to attend an international biotechnology meeting were
first encouraged only to have their hopes dashed by Treasury officials as the date of the
meeting drew near.
When canceling his registration and apologizing to Cuban colleagues, one of the would-be
participants wrote in an e-mail message (a copy of which was provided to C&EN): "It is such
a stupid policy. . . . Most people now feel as I do that it is now very risky to attempt to come
to Cuba since if discovered by the State Department they could direct the [National Institutes
of Health] or [the National Science Foundation] to stop our funding (end of career in science)
as well as place high fines on us and force us to defend ourselves legally, which could cost a lot
in lawyers' fees."
On the other hand, several U.S. chemists--including Lerman, who is a professor of science and
head of the Institute for Science Education & Science Communication at Columbia College of
Chicago--were granted licenses allowing them to attend the 3rd International Cuban Chemical
Congress, held Dec. 1-4 in Havana, but only after Lerman fired off a round of letters to various
U.S. legislators demanding Treasury Department action.
The U.S. chemists' trip was organized by Lerman with considerable assistance from John M.
Malin, who heads the ACS Office of International Activities. With Lerman were Pratibha
Varma-Nelson, Babu George, David A. Katz, and Morton Z. Hoffman--all members of the
ACS Division of Chemical Education.
The Cuban Chemical Congress, cosponsored by the International Union of Pure & Applied
507
Chemistry, drew more than 400 attendees from around Latin America. More than 643 papers
were presented on a wide range of topics, including education, history of chemistry,
environmental chemistry, chemistry in biology, and chemistry as a basic science. An opening
ceremony, which included a presentation of Cuban music, was followed by a talk by Sellés
called "Present Situation of Science in Cuba: Results & Perspectives."
For all of their time, effort, and frustration--one license to travel to Cuba was rejected by the
U.S. Treasury Department on the first try--most members of the U.S. group departed Havana
glad they had gone.
Paul H. L. Walter, who was ACS president when he attended the December congress,
concluded that "The blockade does bad things for the U.S. and the Cuban people, and Castro
and Canada win." He was referring to the fact that much of the business the Cuban government
could conduct in the U.S. is done in Canada instead.
Among the many critics of U.S. policy toward Cuba and its impact on scientific collaboration,
Rep. Barbara Lee (D-Calif.)--a member of the House Science Committee who recently
traveled to Havana with a delegation of the National Medical Association--has questioned the
constitutionality of the travel restrictions. "Scientists should have a right to travel," she says
emphatically.
Despite Cuba's achievements in chemistry and other disciplines and the impressive creativity of
its scientists at a time of such dire economic and political straits, at least one chemistry Nobel
Laureate, Herbert A. Hauptman, president of the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research
Institute in Buffalo, N.Y., nonetheless describes chemistry in Cuba as "backward." That state,
he says, is because of the lack of advanced scientific equipment, including the X-ray
crystallography equipment he invented along with Nobel corecipient, chemist Jerome Karle of
the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. "In all of Cuba, there is not one of these
instruments," he said at a press conference during the recent Cuban Chemical Congress. "In the
U.S., by comparison, there must be hundreds of these instruments."
Walter has a somewhat different take. Impressed with the rigor of the Cuban educational
system, he says, "U.S. students must compete with those of Cuba, Germany, Singapore, and
so on, if they are to succeed." He does criticize an overreliance on theory in the teaching of
chemistry in Cuba--doubtless a condition of its overall lack of money and materials for
experimental work.
Gabriel A. Infante, president of the Latin American Federation of Chemical Associations and a
professor of chemistry at Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, describes Cuban
chemistry as "okay," but he, too, criticizes Cuba's chemistry education. He points out the lack
of textbooks and the teaching of methods in analytical chemistry that are at least 15 years old.
"The most important thing is they have the people to do it," he says. "It's just that they need
help."
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Ernest Eliel remembers the Cuba of a bygone era
Walking down the streets of Old Havana with Ernest L. Eliel is a voyage to a bygone era in
Cuba. After a dinner at the famed El Floridita--the haunt of another Ernest, last name
Hemingway--he stops and suddenly exclaims, "Oh gosh, it's the old Johnson's Drugstore." And
sure enough, a sign on the ancient-looking pharmacy reads exactly that. Though state-owned
today, it is still open for business, dispensing powders, pills, and other ministrations to ailing
Cubans.
Eliel--a former American Chemical Society president and an emeritus professor of chemistry at
the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill--received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from
the University of Havana in May 1946. Although not his first trip in recent years, Eliel was
invited back to Havana by the Cuban Chemical Society to attend the 3rd International Cuban
Chemical Congress held early last month. As a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany, he says,
"Cuba gave me asylum at a time when no other country did."
Eliel's route to Havana from Germany was circuitous. He stopped first in Edinburgh, Scotland,
where he completed a year of studies at the University of Edinburgh. After the fall of France in
1940, the British became nervous, and Eliel left Europe on a Polish ship bound for Canada.
Complications in Canada and his U.S. relatives' successful efforts to secure for him a Cuban
visa meant that Eliel was soon bound for Havana.
Cuba at that time, Eliel remembers, was made up of a very small number of very rich people, a
small middle class, and an enormously large number of very poor people who lived in hovels
and subsisted on bananas. "It was a very unequal society," he says, "dominated by the U.S.,
both politically and economically.
"I did feel like an outsider in Cuba," he says. "It was not that the Cubans were unfriendly."
Rather, Eliel says, he was a very serious student, and the Cubans he knew from the university
may have been slightly put off by the high standards he set for himself.
By the time Eliel received his degree, World War II was over, and it was no longer difficult to
obtain an immigration visa for the U.S. He went on to pursue graduate studies in chemistry at
the University of Illinois and the rest of his distinguished career in chemistry.
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Event: First International Meeting on Chemistry
Organizers: The Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy of the Central University of Las Villas,
Co-Sponsors: Cuban Chemical Society, and the Cuban Ministry of Higher Education
Location: Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Number of Attendees: ~150 (foreign participants: Mexico (10 from UNAM and IPN), Brazil,
Nicaragua, Spain, USA.
Program Themes: Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and
Education.
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RIO DE JANEIRO, July 25 (Reuters) - Cuba is keen to import a range of agricultural products
from South America's farming giant Brazil as part of a bilateral trade partnership, the Agriculture
Ministry said on Tuesday.
"Cuba intends to raise bilateral trade with Brazil...the Cubans want to import corn, soy, chicken
and rice," the ministry said in a statement, adding that the two nations would sign an agricultural
co-operation deal by the end of the year.
Citing rice as an example, the ministry said Cuba currently had an annual requirement of some
600,000 tonnes but only produced half this amount. While the island already bought rice from
Vietnam and other Asian nations, it also wanted to buy from Brazil due to competitive prices.
Cuba was also interested in acquiring some of Brazil's technical expertise with genetic crop
improvement and systems to produce alcohol from sugarcane -- Cuba's key export earner.
The communist nation wanted to "intensify negotations with Mercosur", the statement said,
citing the Cuban ambassador to Brazil. Mercosur is the world's largest trade bloc and, along with
Brazil, has Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay as members.
In exchange, Cuba may be able to offer some of its advanced research on sugarcane, particularly
its usage in making derivative products such as fertilizers and paper, it added. Cuba's production
of agricultural machinery and insecticides was also mentioned as a possible area of bilateral
trade.
511
TABLE-Estimates of U.S.-Cuba trade if no embargo
Historical profile
Despite its name, the Spanish conquistadores found no gold in Costa Rica (rich coast). The land
had
only a tiny population of migrant American Indians. It was settled by poor farmers.
1821 Gained independence from Spain.
1889 Costa Rica embraced democracy.
1948 The result of the presidential election was annulled after the government's candidate, Rafael
Calderon, who came second, refused to accept defeat. An opposition leader, Jose Figueres, led a
revolt
in favour of the winning candidate, Otilio Ulate. An interim regime was set up, the constitution
was
changed, the army was abolished, and Otilio Ulate became president.
1953 Jose Figueres Ferrer, a democratic socialist, and leader of the Partido Liberacion Nacional
(PLN)
(National Liberation Party), won the election. He began to effect social reforms with the help of
the
reformist bishop of San Jose, and a communist union leader, and remained president until 1958.
Figueres was president for a second time between 1970-74.
1998 Miguel Angel Rodriguez of the Partido Unidad Social Cristiana (PUSC) was elected
president in
February. He took over from Jose Maria Figueres in May (president since 1994).
Political structure
Constitution
Under the November 1949 constitution, government consists of three branches: legislative,
executive
and judicial. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) is considered a fourth power and its five
members
are appointed by the Legislative Assembly for five years. In 1995 it was agreed that the period
between elections would be increased from four to five years. Costa Rican citizens of at least 18
years
of age are eligibile to vote.
Form of state
512
Republic
The executive
Executive power is held by the president elected by popular vote for a five-year term - if a 40 per
cent
vote for any candidate is not obtained a second ballot is held. The term is not renewable. The
president
appoints, and is assisted by, a 22-member cabinet.
National legislature
The legislature is the unicameral 57-member Legislative Assembly elected at the same time as
the
president, also for a five-year term.
Legal system
The legal system is based on the Spanish civil law system. There are judicial reviews of
legislative acts
in the Supreme Court. Justices are elected for eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly.
Costa
Rica has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction.
Political parties
Main opposition party
The main opposition party is the Partido Liberacion Nacional (PLN) (National Liberation Party)
(23
seats).
Other political parties
National Integration Party (PIN); National Independent Party (PNI); People's United Party
(PPU);
National Christian Alliance Party (ANC); Democratic Force Party (PF D); Libertarian
Movement
Party (PML); Costa Rican Renovation Party (PRC); New Democratic Party (PDN); National
Rescue
Party (PRN); Democratic Party ( PD) Independent Party (PI) and Agriculture Labour Action.
Population
3.7 million (1999 estimate).
513
Annual population growth rate: 1.8 per cent (1990-97). Life expectancy: 77 years. The rate of
infant
mortality: 12 per 1,000 live births (1990- 97). Population density is 64 inhabitants per sq km.
Ethnic make-up
The majority of the population, 98 per cent, is white or racially mixed, except in Limon province
on the
Caribbean coast, where an estimated 70,000 blacks and 5,000 Indians live. The Northern
Guanacaste
province also has a sizeable Indian population.
Religions
Roman Catholic Church (approximately 2.33m followers); Methodist Church (estimated 6,000
followers); Baptist Church; Episcopalian Church; Jewish and Bahai Faith.
Labour market and unemployment
The labour force contains approximately 1m people; it is expected to increase to 2m by 2010.
Approximately 30 per cent of the labour force is female.
Costa Rica is renowned in the region for its highly skilled, low-cost labour force (95 per cent of
the
population is literate).
Approximately 20 per cent of the labour force is employed in agriculture, 24 per cent in industry
and 48
per cent in the services sector.
The unemployment rate was 6.2 per cent in 1999; underemployment was around 7 per cent.
Education
Education is compulsory at the elementary level, between the ages of six and 13, and is free at
both
elementary and secondary level. State- owned and private primary and secondary schools are of
a high
standard and the country has one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America
Costa Ricans are very proud of their education system, with about 12,000 university graduates
joining
the workforce each year. Costa Rica has 250,000 graduates from higher education per annum and
630,000 graduates from secondary academic schools and around 50,000 graduates of vocational
schools.
514
Health
Health services are provided by health insurance and through Ministry of Health units which
operate a
preventive health programme in all parts of the country. Life expectancy in Costa Rica exceeds
the
average for industrial nations. On average, Costa Rican governments spend 20.5 per cent of their
budget on health. Most of Costa Rica's health services are supplied by the Caja Costarricense del
Seguro Social (CCSS), an independent state institution which operates a national insurance fund.
The CCSS provides Costa Rica with two million hospital bed days per year. Despite these
figures,
there are only just over two beds and 0.8 consultants per thousand people. Nevertheless, infant
mortality is only 12 per thousand and only 10 per cent of all deaths are caused by prenatal or
infectious
diseases. Immunisation programmes against measles, diphtheria, polio and tetanus are very
successful
with between 85 and 95 per cent of all relevant age children being immunised.
Welfare
The state-owned National Insurance Institute (INS), administers all social security insurance.
Wage-earners and their dependants enjoy disability and retirement pensions, workers'
compensation
and family assistance.
Although the majority of the population has a relatively high standard of living, an estimated 20
per cent
of the population lives in relative poverty; the Rodriguez government aims to reduce this by a
quarter.
Main cities
San Jose (population 340,000 (1997); 1.4m including suburbs), Puerto Limon, Alajuela, Cartago,
Heredia, Puntarenas, Liberia.
Languages spoken
Spanish is the official language. Business is conducted in Spanish but many executives speak
English.
Some French, German and Italian are also spoken.
Media
Press
515
Dailies: The major daily newspapers are La Nacion, La Republica, Al- Dia, La Prensa Libre and
La
Extra.
Weeklies: The financial weekly El Financiero is published every Monday. The Tico Times is an
English-language weekly, concentrating on news. Costa Rica Today is a bi-lingual
English/Spanish
weekly, concentrating on tourism.
Radio: There are over 100 commercial radio stations and several cultural and religious networks.
It is
estimated that 98 per cent of the population has a radio.
Television: There are eight commercial stations, covering 90 per cent of the country and a stateowned
system. Three cable companies offer international programming. There are over 650,000
television
sets.
Advertising
Even though the advertising market in Costa Rica is growing, it is still relatively small and
fragmented.
Economy
Costa Rica's relatively healthy economy depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports.
Poverty has been substantially reduced over the past 15 years and a strong social safety net has
been
put into place.
Increased foreign and domestic borrowing and growing inflation forced the government to
introduce a
macroeconomic stabilisation programme in 1994/95. Much of Costa Rica's domestic debt is due
to
generous welfare benefits: a national health service, old-age pensions and free university
education.
Stringent austerity programmes were introduced in 1994 and 1995 and in 1996 the return of
macroeconomic stability coincided with the end of US economic aid to Costa Rica. The Figueres
government (1994-98) turned its attention to cutting the internal debt and reducing inflation.
Structural reforms included improved tax administration and management of public spending,
increased
participation by the private sector, and reform of the financial sector.
516
The Rodriguez government inherited an economy beginning to show signs of growth after GDP
grew
by only 2 per cent in 1996. Government expenditure was cut in 1998 and an austerity budget
introduced for 1999.
Costa Rica's former dependency on a handful of agricultural products, such as bananas and
coffee,
has been reduced in recent years, but the health of Costa Rica is still overwhelmingly reliant on
two
factors; the level and stability of global markets for Costa Rican agricultural goods, and upon the
scale
and scope of future operations of Intel International which accounts for around 7 per cent of
GDP.
Certain forecasts point out that once the Intel International plant reaches full capacity by mid2000, the
economy's rate of growth will plunge.
External trade
There were impressive trade revenues in 1999 due largely to exports by Intel International, an
American semi-conductor maker. Exports of computer products were estimated to have exceeded
US
$ 2bn in 1999. Although the government of President Rodriguez has invested considerable
efforts into
encouraging further growth of the high- technology manufacturing base - the vast bulk of which
is
exported - there are concerns about the long-term effect of what many regard as strategic
dependency. As recent as early 2000, the president of the central bank, Eduardo Lizano,
expressed his
anxiety over the importance of Intel International's operations upon the overall economic wellbeing of
Costa Rica.
Exports
Total exports increased to US $ 6.6bn in the first seven months of 1999, up from 5.6bn in 1998.
Main exports are industrial goods (typically 37% of total), bananas (22%), coffee (13%). Other
products include assembled electronics, chemicals and metal processing, cocoa, sugar, fertilisers
and
flowers.
Main destinations: USA (typically 37% of total), Germany (7%), Italy (5%).
Imports
517
Imports increased to US $ 6.3bn in 1999, comapred to US $ 5.8bn in 1998.
Main imports are industrial raw materials (typically 40% of total), capital goods (17%), nondurable
consumer goods (14%), oil and oil products (6%), transport equipment (3%), construction
materials
(3%) and agricultural raw materials (2%).
Main sources: USA (typically 36% total), Venezuela (5%), Mexico (5%).
Agriculture
The agricultural sector contributes around 15 per cent to GDP and employs 20 per cent of the
workforce. The share of traditional agricultural exports declined from 95 per cent of total exports
in
1990 to 30 per cent in 1999.
Around 10 per cent of the total land is cultivated arable land, 25 per cent pasture and over 50 per
cent
woodland and forest.
Most important cash crops are coffee, bananas and sugar. A considerable amount of meat, mostly
beef, is also exported.
Production of cash crops has risen in recent years, but increased exports have tended to be offset
by
falling prices.
Bananas account for nearly one-quarter of Costa Rica's exports.
Staple food crops including rice, maize and beans are grown although Costa Rica is not selfsufficient
in these.
Non-traditional products include tropical fruits, ornamental plants and cut flowers.
Fishing
Most of Costa Rica's fishing industry is concentrated on the Pacific coast and although this is a
sector
with a lot of potential, it is in need of reorganisation. Shrimp fishing has decreased due to
overfishing,
but the potential for tuna, shark and sardine fishing has remained largely unexploited due to a
lack of
investment in modern canning factories.
518
In April 2000, Ecology and Environment Inc., a US-based company, raised, harvested, and sold
approximately 65 tonnes of high-quality shrimp from its wholly owned shrimp aquaculture
facility in
Costa Rica. The shrimp were sold to a customer in Spain, as well as to Empress International of
New
York, which is expected to become the primary future buyer.
Industry and manufacturing
Unlike other Central American countries, the industrial sector rather than agricultural production
dominates the economy, contributing around 23 per cent to annual GDP and employing 24 per
cent of the workforce. The manufacturing sector alone contributes 18 per cent to GDP and is
concentrated on export-oriented processing of agricultural products. Costa Rica's manufacturing
sector is divided into small- to medium- companies producing among other things shoes, packing
materials, glass and leather goods, and larger companies involved in producing beer, cement,
paper, textiles and palm oil. There is also a growing number of companies involved in the
processing of fish, fruit and meat. Other important industries are petroleum refining and
pulp/paper processing.
The government's promotion of the manufacturing sector with investment incentives and tax
holidays has largely been curtailed in the name of fiscal discipline.
There are industrial free zones (Zonas Francas), where incentives apply, at Puerto Limon,
Puntarenas and Cartago.
Privatisation of state-run industries is in progress.
Costa Rica has one of the lowest unit costs among developing countries for the creation of new
jobs.
Tourism
The tourism sector is one of Costa Rica's biggest foreign currency earners where eco-tourism is
growing.
In 1998, hotel chains planned to invest US $ 155m in building 24 new hotels with a total of
2,000 rooms, mainly in Guanacaste and Puntarenas, on the Pacific coast.
However, infrastructure needs to be extended further to support the tourist trade.
Tourism revenues increased by 20 per cent in 1998 to US $ 829m. Most visitors are from North
America.
Environment
519
Since the 1960s and 1970s, the Costa Rican authorities have been increasingly anxious to protect
the environment.
By the end of the 1990s some 27 per cent of the total land area was protected, and there has also
been a great deal of success in protecting valuable natural resources in a sustainable way, while
at the sametime promoting a growing eco-tourism sector.
Mining
Small quantities of gold and silver are mined in the western part of Costa Rica. Deposits of
manganese, nickel, mercury, and sulfur are largely unworked. Petroleum deposits have been
found in the south, but not exploited. Salt is produced from seawater.
Discovery of a valuable bauxite deposit in Boruca area prompted large- scale investment in an
aluminium smelting plant.
Commercial deposits of iron ore may also be present.
The mining sector's contribution to the economy is negligible.
Energy
Electricity generation is predominantly hydroelectric. Geothermal and wind generation is also
present. There is huge potential for generating hydroelectricity.
Despite years of sustained investment in the electricity sector, Costa Rica is having difficulty
keeping up with domestic demand, which grew at 8 per cent per year in the 1990s.
In 1998, the president announced plans to open up the electricity market to competition, although
these plans have caused political controversy.
Financial markets
Stock exchange
The main stock exchange in Costa Rica, the Bolsa Nacional de Valores (BNV), was established
in 1976. There are 31 brokerage houses attached to it who conduct the small amount of
investment banking which is carried out. Most transactions are in finance ministry debt and
Central Bank monetary stabilisation bonds. The stock market index is the ALDESA and all
shares are traded electronically. There is another exchange, the Bolsa Electronica de Valores de
Costa Rica (BEVCR), which trades in the same amount of paper and shares. There is an
agricultural commodities exchange, set up in 1990 and trading in coffee, maize, potatoes and
timber.
Banking
520
The financial sector is being reformed, with regulations introduced for the interbank market and
for offshore banking operations.
Central bank
Banco Central de Costa Rica.
Main financial centre
San Jose.
Membership of international organisations
BCIE, Central American Common Market, Central American Democratic Community, ECLAC,
FAO, G-77, IDB, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC, ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, World Bank, WTO.
Time
GMT -6hrs.
Geography
Costa Rica is the second smallest country in Central America after El Salvador. The country lies
between Nicaragua and Panama and has coastlines on the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
A low, thin line of hills between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific is prolonged into northern Costa
Rica, broadening and rising into high and rugged mountains in the centre and south. The capital
city, San Jose, lies in the Meseta central basin set in these highlands.
Both coasts have lowland areas. The sparsely inhabited east coast has a narrow swamp strip and
tropical forests as the terrain slopes inland. The Pacific coast has two peninsulas: the
mountainous Nicoya peninsula in the north and the lowland Osa peninsula in the south. A rich
lowland savannah patched by deciduous forests stretches along the Pacific coast between the two
peninsulas.
Climate
Costa Rica's weather is influenced by altitude. The Pacific coast is drier while the Caribbean
coast has the most rainfall - about 300 days a year. It is hot and humid in lowland coastal areas;
temperate and warm in central highlands. The dry season is Dec-May; the rainy season runs from
June-Nov; The temperature in San Jose ranges from a high of 24-27 degrees C to a low of 14-16
degrees C. The hottest months are March and April. Earth tremors can occur during periods of
seasonal change.
Dress codes
521
Formal dress is required for business engagements. Shorts, especially for women, are for the
beach or country club and should not be worn in restaurants or at parties. Women can wear
trousers. Strapless dresses are only acceptable for evening events.
Entry requirements
Passports
Passports are required by all, and must be carried at all times. Passports must be valid for at least
six months.
Visa
Visas are required by all except nationals of EU countries, (excluding France, Greece, Ireland),
Canada, Japan, Israel, Scandinavian countries, Austria, Switzerland and certain others. Exit
permits are required by all whose stay exceeds 30 days, except those with an authorised stay of
90 days.
Regulations are liable to change at short notice; check with embassy/consulate.
Prohibited entry
Entry is refused to persons of unkempt appearance or without sufficient funds (minimum US $
200), who will be deported immediately.
Currency advice/regulations
No restrictions on import of foreign or local currency. Foreign currency should be changed only
at banks and authorised bureaux. Street- corner foreign exchange transactions are illegal. Visitors
may change excess local currency back to US dollars, but only at main offices of state
commercial banks and on production of an onward airline ticket and passport.
Customs
It is prohibited to import arms and drugs. Import tariffs range from 1 to 20 per cent except for
vehicles, textiles, shoes, clothing, (which are higher). Food products and medicines require
registration
Health (for visitors)
Mandatory precautions
There are no compulsory vaccinations.
Advisable precautions
522
Typhoid, tetanus, hepatitis 'A' and polio vaccinations are advised.
There is a malaria risk in some low-lying areas - prophylaxis is advisable if visiting the provinces
of Limon, Guanacaste, Alajuela and Heredia. Dengue fever mosquitoes are present throughout
the country.
Water precautions should be taken outside of San Jose. There is a risk of rabies.
Hotels
It is advisable to book well in advance. A 3 per cent tourism tax, 10 per cent sales tax and 10 per
cent service charge will be added to the bill. Gratuities of around 5-10 per cent are also expected.
Public holidays
Fixed dates
1 Jan (New Year's Day), 11 Apr (Anniversary of the Battle of Rivas), 1 May (Labour Day), 29
Jun (St Peter and St Paul), 25 Jul (Anniversary of the Annexation of Guanacastle Province), 2
Aug (Our Lady of the Angels), 15 Aug (Assumption/Mothers' Day), 15 Sep (Independence Day),
12 Oct (Columbus Day), 8 Dec (Immaculate Conception), 24 Dec (Christmas Eve), 25 Dec
(Christmas Day), 28-31 Dec (San Jose only).
Variable dates
Maundy Thursday, Good Friday.
Working hours
Banking
Mon-Fri: 0900-1500.
Business
Mon-Fri: 0800-1200; 1400-1600.
Government
Mon-Fri: 0800-1600.
Shops
Mon-Sat: 0900-1800/1900.
523
Telecommunications
Costa Rica has one of the most modern systems of communications in the region. Telephone,
telex, facsimile, packet switching and private leased channels for data transmission and reception
are available. All telecommunications are handled by the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad
(ICE) (Costa Rican Electricity Institute). Radiografica Costarricense (RACSA) is the
government agency responsible for all written telecommunications and data transmission
services.
Telephone/fax
There are 169 telephone mainlines per 1,000 people. There is a significant disparity between
rural and urban areas.
Mobile phones
There are 20 mobile phones per 1,000 people.
Internet/e-mail
There are 10 Internet hosts per 10,000 people.
Electricity supply
110/220V AC, 60 Hz. Two-pin plugs are standard.
Social customs/useful tips
Appointments must be made in advance. It is customary to shake hands on meeting and taking
leave. The usual form of address is Don for a man, and Dona for a woman, followed by the first
name. Business cards to indicate academic/professional titles are exchanged after introduction.
Costa Ricans are not very punctual for social activities, except for football matches, the cinema
and weddings, but are more formal with their business appointments.
Mothers are regarded as the leading family figures; grandparents and elders are highly respected.
The national pastimes are football and politics. The people have a strong sense of democracy.
Costa Ricans are called Ticos, for short.
Although a service charge is added to restaurant and hotel bills, gratuities of 5-10 per cent are
also expected.
Security
524
Petty crime is frequent. Thefts, especially in urban areas, and car break-ins are common. Thefts
take place on the street and from cars. The loss or theft of a passport should be reported
immediately to the local police and the relevant embassy. Some remote trails in national parks
have been closed because of the low number of visitors and reported robberies of hikers in the
area. Tourists should check with forest rangers for current park conditions. There are pickpockets
in downtown San Jose. Beware of mugging in the national parks at night and of theft at beaches
and ports.
Getting there
Air
National airline: LACSA (Lineas Areas Costarricenses).
Main airport: San Jose Juan Santamaria International (SJO), 17km from city.
Airport tax: International departures: nationals US $ 37, resident aliens US $ 57, non-residents
US $ 15.
Surface
Road: It is possible to travel overland from North or Central America. The nearest US town is
Brownsville, Texas, on the Mexican border. From there it is about 4,000km by road to San Jose,
crossing Mexico and going through Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and into Costa Rica. There
is one major crossing point between Nicaragua and Costa Rica at Penas Blancas, which is not a
town, so there is nowhere to stay. There are two border crossings between Panama and Costa
Rica.
Water: Freighters may accept a small number of passengers, and private yachts cruise down the
Pacific coast from North America.
Getting about
National transport
Air: SANSA is the main domestic carrier and operates very cheap regular flights from San Jose
to provincial towns (e.g. San Jose to Golfito near the south-west border, 55 minutes). Travelair
also provides domestic services. There is a bus service from the airline office in San Jose to the
airport. It is advisable to book in advance. A number of smaller airlines provide internal flights.
There are over 200 small airfields throughout the country.
Road: Taxis are a form of public transport outside urban areas and can be hired by the hour, halfday or the day. Arrange the fare beforehand.
Buses: There are bus services around the country, but both the quality of services and prices vary
525
considerably. Major tourist areas are better provided with short-distance buses services.
Rail: There is a short commuter train which links San Jose with Heredia and one which links
Puerto Limon with the Rio Estrella area. There is also a 'banana train' which travels on a section
of track in the banana plantations around Guapiles.
Water: There are passenger and car ferries in operation.
City transport
Taxis: Within San Jose taxis can be hailed or ordered by telephone (235- 9966, 22l-8466, 2212552); they have white number plates; checking fixed-rate fare beforehand is generally advised.
Tipping is unnecessary. All taxis are red except those serving the Juan Santamaria international
airport which are orange. In San Jose make sure the electronic meter is used from 0600-2100.
Buses/trams: Local buses serve urban and suburban areas. Buses between Alajuela and San Jose
pass the airport several times an hour.
Car hire
A temporary permit must be obtained from local traffic authorities on production of a national
licence. Always carry a driving licence. There are tough drink-drive laws - the penalty includes
having your driving licence impounded for a minimum of three years.
BUSINESS DIRECTORY
Telephone area codes
The international direct dialling (IDD) code for Costa Rica is + 506 followed by the customer
number.
Hotel addresses
San Jose
Ambassador, Calle 26 and 28, Avenida Central, Paseo Colon, PO Box 10186 (tel: 221-8155,
221-8089; fax: 255-3396).
Aurola, Calle 5, Avenida 5, PO Box 7802, 1000 (tel: 233-7233; fax: 255- 1036; e-mail:
[email protected]).
Balmoral, Calle 7 y 9, Ave Central, PO Box 3344 (tel: 222-5022; fax: 221-7826).
Cariari, PO Box 737-1007, San Jose (tel: 239-0022; fax: 239-3007).
Europa, Calle Central, Avenida 5, PO Box 72 (tel: 222-1222; fax: 221- 3976; e-mail:
526
[email protected]).
Gran Costa Rica, Av 1 & 2, Calle 3, PO Box 527, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221- 4000, 221-9706; fax:
221-3501; e-mail: [email protected]).
Holiday Inn Aurola, Calle 5, Ave 5 (tel: 233-7233, 233-7036; fax: 255- 1036).
Irazu, La Uruca, PO Box 962 (tel: 232-4811, 220-1441; fax: 232-4549).
La Sabana, Sabana North, PO Box 11400-1000 (tel: 220-2422, 296-0876; fax: 231-7386; e-mail:
[email protected]).
Melia Costa Rica, San Rafael de Heredia (tel: 232-8122; fax: 231-5834; e-mail:
[email protected]).
Palacio, Sabana Norte (tel: 220-2034; fax: 220-2036).
San Jose Palacio, PO Box 458, 1150 San Jose (tel: 220-2034; fax: 220- 2036).
Suites Royal Dutch, Calle 4, Ave Central y 2, PO Box 4258 (tel: 228- 6992; fax: 228-9651).
Tara, PO Box 1459, 1250 Escazu, San Jose (tel: 228-6992; fax: 228-9651; e-mail:
[email protected]).
Car hire
San Jose
Ada Rent-a-Car: PO Box 64 (tel: 222-7929; fax: 233-5555).
Avis: Avenida Las Americas, PO Box 508, Centro Colon, Sabana Norte Contiguo Agencia
Datsun (tel: 232-9922; fax: 232-5048).
Budget: central reservations (tel: 223-3284; fax: 255-4966).
Elegante: (tel: 221-0066; fax: 221-5761).
National: PO Box 1128, 36th St, 7th Ave (tel: 233-4044; fax: 233-2186).
Hertz: international reservations (tel: 233-1011; fax: 233-1447; domestic reservations (tel: 2211818; fax: 233-7252).
Thrifty: (tel: 257-3434; fax: 223-0660).
Juan Santamaria international airport
527
Ada Rent-a-Car: (tel: 441-1260).
Budget: (tel: 441-4444).
Hertz: (tel: 221-1818; fax: 221-1949).
National: (tel: 441-6533).
Chambers of commerce
Camara de Azucareros (Chamber of Sugar Manufacturers), Apartado 1577- 1000, San Jose (tel:
221-2103, 222-1358).
Camara de Comercio de Costa Rica (Costa Rican Chamber of Commerce), Urbanizacion
Tournon, Apdo 1114, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-0005, 221- 0201; fax: 233-7019).
Camara de Exportadores de Cafetaleros (CAMEXPORT) (National Chamber of Coffee
Exporters), Apartado 1310-1000, San Jose (tel: 221-8207; fax: 222-9936).
Camara de Exportadores de Costa Rica (CADESCO) (Chamber of Exporters of Costa Rica),
Apartado 213-2010 Zapote, San Jose (tel: 224-8397, 224- 4035; fax: 225-6779).
Camara de Industrias de Costa Rica (CAMIND) (Chamber of Industries of Costa Rica), Apdo
10003, Calle 13-15, Avenida 6, San Jose (tel: 223- 2411; fax: 222-1007).
Camara de Representantes de Casas Extranjeras (CRECEX) (Chamber of Representatives of
Foreign Companies), Apartado 3738-1000, San Jose (tel: 253-0126; fax: 234-2557).
Camara Nacional de Agricultura y Agroindustria (CNAA) (National Chamber of Agriculture and
Agro-Industry), Apartado 1671-1000, San Jose (tel: 221-6864, 233-8567; fax: 233-8658).
Camara Nacional de Bananeros (CANABA) (National Chamber of Banana Growers), Apartado
10273-1000, San Jose (tel: 222-7891).
Camara Nacional de Finanzas, Inversion y Credito (CANAFIC) (National Chamber of Finance,
Investment and Credit), Apartado 5510-1000, San Jose (tel: 233-7631).
Camara Nacional de Turismo (CANATUR) (National Chamber of Tourism), Apartado 828,
1000 San Jose (tel: 234-6222; fax: 253-8102).
Banking
Banco Banex, Apdo 7983, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233-4855; fax: 223-7192).
Banco BCT, Apdo 7698, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233-6611; fax: 233-6833).
528
Banco Continental, Apdo 7969, 1000 San Jose (tel: 257-1155; fax: 255- 3983).
Banco Co-operativo Costarricense, Apdo 8593, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233- 5044; fax: 233-9661).
Banco Credito Agricola de Cartago, Apdo 5572, 1000 San Jose (tel: 251- 3011; fax: 252-0364).
Banco de Costa Rica, Apdo 10035, 1000 San Jose (tel: 255-1100; fax: 255- 0911).
Banco del Comercio SA, Apdo 1106, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233-6011; fax: 222-3706).
Banco de Fomento Agricola, Apdo 6531, 1000 San Jose (tel: 231-4444; fax: 232-7476).
Banco de la Construccion, Apdo 5099, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-5811; fax: 222-6567).
Banco de la Industria, Apdo 4254, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-3355; fax: 233-8383).
Banco de San Jose, Apdo 5445, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-9911; fax: 222- 8208).
Banco Federado de Co-operativas de Ahorro y Credito, Apdo 4748, 1000 San Jose (tel: 2223323; fax: 257-1724).
Banco Fincomer, Apdo 57, Cartago (tel: 251-1351, 233-7822; fax: 222- 0405).
Banco Germano Centroamericano, Apartado 2559, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233- 8022; fax: 2222648).
Banco Interfin, Apdo 6899, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-8022; fax: 233- 4823).
Banco Internacional de Costa Rica, Apdo 6116, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223- 6522; fax: 233-6572).
Banco Lyon, Apdo 10184, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-2611; fax: 221-6795).
Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica, Apdo 32101, 1000 San Jose (tel: 231- 0724, 255-3636; fax: 2553076).
Banco Metropolitano, Apdo 3932, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233-8111; fax: 222- 8840).
Banco Nacional de Costa Rica, Apdo 10015, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223-2166; fax: 255-2436).
Corporacion Costarricense de Financiamiento Industrial, Apdo 10507, 1000 San Jose (tel & fax:
221-2212).
Central bank
Banco Central de Costa Rica, Avenida Central y Primera, Calles 2-4, Apdo 10058, San Jose (tel:
529
233-4233; fax: 223-4658).
Travel information
American Airlines, Calle 26 & 28, Paseo Colon, San Jose (tel: 257-1266; fax: 222-5213).
British Airways, Calle 32, paseo Colon and Avenida 2, San Jose (tel: 223-5648; fax: 223-4863).
SANSA (Servicios Aereos Nacionales), Apdo 999-1007, Centro Colon, San Jose (tel: 233-2714,
233-1673; fax: 255-2176).
Tourist Information Office, Plaza de la Cultura, Calle 5, Avenida 0-2, San Jose (tel: 223-1733
Ext 277; fax: 222-1090).
Ministry of tourism
Ministry of Tourism, Apdo 777-1000, San Jose (tel: 233-9605; fax: 255- 4997).
National tourist organisation offices
Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT) (Tourism Institute main office), Edificio Genaro
Valverde, Calles 5 y 7, Avenida 4, PO Box 777, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223-8423; fax: 255-4997,
223-5452).
Ministries
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Science and Technology, Apdo 10094, 1000 San Jose
(tel: 232-4496; fax: 232-2103).
Ministry of Culture, Apdo 10227, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223-1658; fax: 233- 7066).
Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce, Foreign Commerce, Apdo 10216-1000, San Jose
(tel: 222-1016; fax: 222-2305).
Ministry of Environment and Energy, Apdo 10104 1000 San Jose (tel: 257- 1417; fax: 2570697).
Ministry of Finance, Apdo 5016, San Jose (tel: 222-2481; fax: 255- 4874).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Apdo 10027-1000, San Jose (tel: 223-7555; fax: 223-9328).
Ministry of Foreign Trade, Apdo 96-2050 Mtes de Oca, San Jose (tel: 222- 5910; fax: 233-5090).
Ministry of Health, Apdo 10123, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233-0683; fax: 255- 4997).
Ministry of Housing, Apdo 222-1002 Paseo de Los Estudiantes, San Jose (tel: 233-3665; fax:
530
255-1976).
Ministry of Information, PO Box 520-2010, Zapote (tel: 225-9936/9797; fax: 253-6984).
Ministry of the Interior, Police and Public Security, Apdo 10006, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223-8354;
fax: 222-7726).
Ministry of Justice, Apdo 5685, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223-9739; fax: 223- 3879).
Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Apdo 10133, 1000 San Jose (tel: 221-0238; fax: 2228085).
Ministry of the Presidency and Planning, Apdo 520 Zapote, San Jose (tel: 224-4092; fax: 2536984).
Ministry of Public Education, Apdo 10087, 1000 San Jose (tel: 222-0229; fax: 255-2868).
Ministry of Public Security, Apdo 55-4874, San Jose (tel: 226-0093; fax: 226-6581).
Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Apdo 10176, 1000 San Jose (tel: 226-7311; fax: 2271434).
Ministry of Science And Technology, Apdo 5589-1000, San Jose (tel: 253- 7446; fax: 2248295).
Other useful addresses
Bolsa Nacional De Valores S.A. (Stock Exchange), Central Street, 1st Avenue, PO Box 17361000, San Jose (tel: 221-8011; fax: 255-0131).
British Embassy, Apdo 815, 11th Floor, Edificio Centro Colon, 1007 San Jose (tel: 221-5566,
255-2937; fax: 233-9938).
Centro de Promocion de Exportaciones e Inversiones (CENPRO) (Costa Rican Export &
Investment Promotion Centre), Apdo 5.418, San Jose (tel: 221-7166; fax: 223-5722).
Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), Apdo 10032, 10 San Jose (tel: 220-7720; fax: 220-1555).
Costa Rican Investment and Development Corporation (CINDE), P.O. Box 7170-100 San Jose
(tel: 220-0366, 220-4755; fax: 220-4750, 220-4754).
Costa Rican Investment Promotion Programme (CINDE-EUROPE), Eisenhowerlaan 128, 22517
KM
Den Haag, The Netherlands (tel: (31-70)512- 1212, 515-010).
531
Costa Rican Oil Refinery (RECOPE), Apdo 43351, 1000 San Jose (tel: 223- 9611; fax: 2552049).
Costa Rican Stock Exchange (BNVSA), Apartado 1736-1000, San Jose (tel: 222-8011; fax: 2550131).
Ferias Internacionales SA (FERCORI), Apartado 1843, 1000 San Jose (tel: 233-6990; fax: 2335791).
Free Zones Export Corporation, Apdo 96, 2020 Montes de Oca (tel: 222- 5855).
Grupo Centro, PO Box 6133, 1000 San Jose (tel: 235-4509; fax: 240- 7591).
National Association for Economic Development (ANFE), Apartado 3577- 1000, San Jose (tel:
253-4497).
Red Nacional de Television, PO Box 7-1980, 1000 San Jose (tel: 231-333; fax: 231-6604).
Sistema Nacional de Radio y Television Cultural (SINART), PO Box 27941, Admistracion
Central,
1000 San Jose (tel: 231-6474; fax: 231-6604).
Televisora de Costa Rica, PO Box 3786, 1000 San Jose (tel: 232-2222; fax: 231-7545).
US Embassy, Pavas Frente Centre Comercial, Apdo 920-1200, San Jose (tel: 220-3939; fax:
220-2305).
Internet sites
Costa Rica yellow pages: http:/www.ipl.com.gt/cgi-bin/busca-costaing
Hotel Tara: http:/www.crnn.com/tara
Information about the country, investment and the Stock Exchange:
http:/supersite.incostarica.net/
Copyright: Walden Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Walden Publishing Ltd and JMIS assume
no liability for the consequence of reliance upon any opinion or statement.
532
Ecuador
(Sources: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/ecuador.html;
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/RLQ/ecuador/ecuador.html)
National Overview
Ecuador is a country of 12 million inhabitants; it is located on the equator in northwestern South
America. The economy generates a gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 20 billion and
provides formal sector jobs for about one million people. Ecuador is the size of the state of
Colorado and contains dramatic geographical and biological diversity with rich economic
potential. The country consists of three distinct regions: the tropical lowlands of the Pacific
coast, the mountains and valleys of the Andean Sierra, and the Amazonian rainforest of the
Oriente, plus the Galapagos Islands. Until the 1970's, Ecuador was an agrarian country
dependent on commodity exports. Boom periods were linked to high world prices for coastal
products, such as cacao and bananas. Starting in 1972, oil development in the Amazon basin
fueled a decade of rapid growth, averaging 9 percent annually, that financed expanded public
services, state enterprises, infrastructure, and import-substitution manufacturing. When oil prices
fell, Ecuador failed to reduce inefficient state involvement in the economy. Consequently the
1980's were a decade of stagnation under the burdens of debt, inflation, incomplete adjustment
measures, and volatile international oil prices. During the 1990's, Ecuador began to make
market-oriented structural reforms, but incomplete implementation has failed to create
sustainable growth. Petroleum production and agricultural exports continue to form the pillars of
the Ecuadorian economy. The largely state-operated petroleum sector accounts for about one
third of both public sector revenue and export earnings, virtually ensuring a favorable balance of
trade. Significant new investment in the sector has lagged due to delays in expanding the oil
pipeline (much of current potential production cannot be brought to market) and the
government's practice of violating contract provisions with private companies. Ecuador is the
world's largest exporter of bananas and roses as well as a major producer of shrimp, which
together account for about half of the country's exports. Ecuador's farmers also produce a variety
of domestic consumption crops. Industry is largely oriented to producing for the domestic
market, but regional economic integration is creating more export opportunities for
manufacturers. The services sector provides some modern infrastructure and a relatively
significant tourism industry.
Chemically Related Affairs
US / Ecuadoran chemical and related product trade in 1998: US Imports US$4 million; US
Exports: US$217 million. No key imports in the top 20 commodities. Key chemically related
exports include polymers of ethylene in primary form; additives for mineral oils; insecticides.
There are 10 institutions of higher education in Ecuador and two regional organizations
representing chemical engineers. An active IUPAC affiliate is represented through the Dean of
the Faculty of Sciences of the Pontifica Universidad Catolica del Ecuador.
533
Peru
Peru
(Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/peru.html;
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/RLQ/peru/peru.html; Quimica Latinoamerica, Feb. 2000)
Overview
Located in western South America, Peru is a country of 26.6 million inhabitants; its land size is
slightly smaller than Alaska. After a decade of economic liberalization, the pace of privatization
in Peru is slowing. Government revenues from privatization in 1999 amounted to some $350
million, rather than the $800 million that had been targeted originally. Peru's economy has
weathered recent global economic difficulties better than many of its neighbors. In the wake of
the Asian financial crisis, many of Peru's Latin American neighbors experienced economic
downturns. Throughout the 1990s, Peru maintained positive economic indicators, such as gross
domestic product (GDP) growth, despite fallout from the Asian financial crisis, El Nino weatherrelated problems, and low prices for mining exports, a major revenue source for Peru. GDP
growth for 2000 is predicted to reach 6.5%. Peru is a member of the Andean Community
(ANCOM), set up in March 1996 by leaders of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and
Venezuela. At that time, the five national leaders expressed their intent to move towards a single
market along the lines of the European Union, although significant policy differences need to be
worked out. In November 1997, Peru joined the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
forum. Peru and neighboring Ecuador have fought over a disputed 50-mile stretch of highland
jungle in the Cordillera del Condor region along Peru's northeastern border 3 times in the last 47
years, most recently in 1995, when 19 days of fighting left hundreds of casualties. The two
nations almost went to war a fourth time in August of 1998, but pulled back and negotiated a
border settlement and peace treaty -- brokered by the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Chile - in October 1998. In August 1999, the countries signed bilateral agreements to build bridges and
roads between the neighbors.
US / Peruvian chemical and related product trade in 1998: US Imports US$10 million; US
Exports US$220 million. No chemical or related products represented in the top 20
commodities. Among Peru’s key resources is natural gas and plans are underway for the
construction of world-scale methanol and ammonia plants based on the natural gas.
There are three universities offering degree programs in chemical sciences. Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) offers a doctoral program in pharmacy and
biochemistry. Founded in 1933, the Peruvian Chemical Society has a membership of 1300 and
hosted the December 2000 FLAQ meeting in Lima.
534
Higher Education – Peru
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org
Universidades en Perú
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM)
República de Chile No. 295, Of. 606, Lima 1
Tel: (51-14)433-63449, 433-6109
Fax: (51-14)433-6337
Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química
Maestría en Química, mención Fisicoquímica
Maestría en Química, mencion Química Orgánica
Maestría en Química, mencion Química Inorgánica
Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
Licenciatura en Química Farmacéutica
Doctorado en Farmacia y Bioquímica
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín
Santa Catalina No. 117, Casilla 23
Arequipa
Tel/fax: (51-54)237-808
[email protected]
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales
Química
Facultad de Ingeniería de Procesos
Ing. Química
Ing. Metalúrgica
Ing. de Industrias Alimentarias
Ing. de Materiales
Maestría en Bioquímica y Biología Molecular
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
Av. Túpac Amaru 210 - Rimac, Lima
Tel: (51-14)481-1035, 481-1070
Fax: (51-14)481-9830, 481-1035
Escuela Profesional de Química
Especialidad en Química (nivel licenciatura)
Maestría en Ciencias, mención Química
535
Facultad de Ingeniería de Petróleo
Especialidad en Ingeniería de Petróleo (nivel licenciatura)
Especialidad en Ingeniería Petroquímica (nivel licenciatura)
Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Manufacturera
Maestría en Ciencias con Mención en Ingeniería Química
536
Industry / Higher Education Interactions
(source: www.sqp.pe)
CHEMISTRY SECTION of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru created for 32 years
has been mainly developing to academic activities and of investigation covering the
following fields:
• Chemistry of Natural Products
• Organic Synthesis
• Catalyses and Adsorbents
• Corrosion and Protection
• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Control
• Polymers and New Materials
• Chemistry of Foods
• Biochemistry
• Total Quality
• Petrochemical petroleum and
• Cosmetic Products
Flat the educational one is formed by 26 professors among them 45% are Doctors, 45%
Magisteres and 10% are withdrawn of programs of Postgraduate. 87% of the
professionals, who work in the specialized laboratories, have carried out studies of
Postgraduate.
For the attainment of the objectives raised for this Program, one counts on the
collaboration of the Institute of Corrosion and Protection of PUCP (ICP-PUCP), in which
there are 4 professors and 6 professionals, of which 30% have the Degree of Doctor,
whereas 70% rest have made studies of Postgraduate abroad.
SECTION QUIMICA has a modern infrastructure that allows the use him of the
technology of outpost in following the technique instrumental:
• Spectroscopy FT-IR
• Spectroscopy UV-V
• Spectrometry of Plasma Transmission
• Atomic Absorption
• Chromatography of:
• Gases
• Liquid of Hi-res
• Crosscurrent
• Medium Pressure
• Polarimeter
• Optica Microscopy
• X ray fluorescence
• Polarography
• Analytical Techniques Electrochemical
• Spectroscopy of Electrochemical Impedance
• Camera of accelerated Corrosion (saline fog, UV climátic, sulfur dioxide)
537
Program UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY will guarantee one narrow collaboration to execute:
• Optimization of processes
• Development of new catalysts and improvement of the existing ones
• Development of new products: fitofármacos, colorantes, adsorbent, reactive or
additives.
• Validation of analytical determinations in different fields.
• Implementation of quality systems.
• Training and qualification of personnel.
• Studies of environmental impact.
• Program of remediación of impacts
• Diagnoses of remediación of corrosion problems
MODALITIES OF THE PROGRAM
INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT BY CHEMISTRY SECTION - PUCP
Company will order the execution from a project to the University, which will be
committed to give the results to a certain term. These projects can include/understand
from precise verifications to integral developments of products or processes.
MIXED INVESTIGATIONS
Personal of the Industry and the University will participe simultaneously The University
will carry out advising activities and consults, execution of experiments, calculations,
interpretation of results, verifications or strategic planning according to is the case.
PROJECTS OF THE INDUSTRY
Companies will be able to send to their personnel to the campus where a work place will
be assigned to them, facilitating them material and equipment to it, under the
supervision of an educational one. The professionals of the University will not have
direct intervention in this modality.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT OUTSIDE THE CAMPUS
Behind this modality will be able to be made investigations or programs of qualification
on the part of the professors of the University in atmospheres of the company. The
company will closest have a contact with the project and equipment and own
infrastructure will be able to be used that perhaps do not exist in the University.
PROJECTS EXECUTED IN SECTION QUIMICA - PUCP
• Recovery of ligneous material of agro-industrial remainders for the chemical
product production - Cervecerías Unidas Backus y Johnston S.A..
• Protein recovery of leaves of yuca and its enriched food use. Cervecerías Unidas
Backus y Johnston S.A..
• Manufacture of borax and boric acid. Boroquímica S.A..
• Ink manufacture for paper coal. Carbolán S.A..
• Design of process and escalamiento at industrial level for the obtaining of Bixina.
Peruvian Hoescht
• Process and industrial escalamiento for the obtaining of Norbixina. Bixa S.A..
Projects executed by the ICP-PUCP:
• Studies of permeability of organic coverings CPPQ S.A..
538
•
•
Evaluation of effects of dreg addition in four types of cement. Cemento Norte
Pacasmayo S.A..
Evaluation of the efficiency of a sellador for cements as opposed to the ion
penetration cloturo. CONCRET S.A..
539
Chemical Industries – Peru
LABORATORIOS MAGMA, S.A.
PRODUCTOR
EXPORTADOR
Presidente Ejecutivo: Juan J. Garrido Pinson
Gerente de Comercialización: Juan de Dios Miranda Tejada
Gerente de Finanzas: Luis Moron Bretel
Adjunto Gerencia General: Marco Antonio Garrido Koechlin
Fundada: 1946
Actividad:
Fabricantes de productos farmacéuticos, tanto penicilínicos como no penicilínicos.
Av. del Ejército 490, Miraflores
Lima,
Perú
Tel: (511) 348-7775, 348-3300, 348-7772 y 348-0354
Fax: (511) 348-3400
PRODUCTOS - PRODUCTS
ACIDO ASCORBICO
ASCORBIC ACID
AMPICILINA
AMPICILLIN
ANTIBIOTICOS
ANTIBIOTICS
CARBONATO DE LITIO
LITHIUM CARBONATE
CIMETIDINA
CIMETIDINE
COLCHICINA
COLCHICINE
PARACETAMOL
PARACETAMOL
PENICILINA
PENICILLIN
PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS PARA LA INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA
CHEMICALS, FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS PARA LA INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA
CHEMICALS, FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
540
Quimica Suiza SA
Apartado 3919
2577 Av Republica de Panama
Lima 100
Tel: +511 211 4043
Fax: +511 211 4044
541
Trade and Professional Associations - Peru
SOCIEDAD QUIMICA DEL
PERUhttp://www.pucp.edu.pe/~quimica/sqp.htmhttp://www.pucp.edu.pe/~quimica/sqp.htm
Institución Científica - Fundada en 1933
Dirección: Nicolás de Araníbar 696 - Santa Beatriz - Lima 1
Casilla 14-0576 Lima 14
Teléfono: (51-1) - 4723925
COLEGIO DE QUIMICOS DEL PERU
Direccción: Jr. Nicolás Corpancho 181 - Santa Beatriz - Lima 1
Teléfono: (51-1) - 433-6717
Fax: (51-1) - 332-1198
ASOCIACION PERUANA de FACULTADES y ESCUELAS de QUIMICA e
INGENIERIA QUIMICA - APFEIQ
Fundada eL 18 de Junio de 1992
RED CIENTIFICA PERUANA
Direccción: Jr. Augusto Tamayo 125 - San Isidro - Lima 27
Teléfono: (51-1) - 421-1343
Fax: (51-1) - 421-8086
CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA
Direccción: Calle El Comercio 197 - San Borja - Lima 41
Teléfono: (51-1) - 225-1150
Fax: (51-1) - 225-1150
542
Uruguay
(Sources: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/uruguay.html;
http://www.redhucyt.oas.org/RLQ/uruguay/uruguay.html; Moyna, P. et al – Situation of the
Chemical Industry in Uruguay)
National Overview
Uruguay is a highly urban country of about 3.3 million people, nearly half of whom reside in
greater Montevideo, Uruguay's capital and largest city. Uruguay ranks among the highest in
Latin America in literacy, education, provision of social services, and political cohesion. In
November 1999, Jorge Batlle was elected to be Uruguay's new president, and he will take office
on March 1, 2000. Batlle is a member of the right-of-center Colorado Party, as is the current
president, Julio Maria Sanguinetti. The public sector in Uruguay is unusually large, but the
country is moving towards liberalization. Privatization activities in recent years have included
concessions for cellular telephone networks, a container terminal at the Port of Montevideo, a
major private toll road between Montevideo and the resort town of Punta del Este, and a new
$40-million airport for Punta del Este. A $1-billion, 22-mile bridge -- the longest of its kind in
the world -- between Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Colonia, Uruguay, is under consideration.
This would further open up Uruguay as a major trade and transit center between Argentina and
Brazil. Uruguay has a strong domestic economy, but its small size and geographic location make
it susceptible to economic downturns in its larger neighbors, Brazil and Argentina. Trade with
these countries accounts for a large share of the Uruguayan economy. From 1992 to 1998,
Uruguay's real gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 4.2% per year. However, the
devaluation and accompanying economic difficulties in Brazil and the downturn in Argentina
negatively impacted Uruguay's GDP growth for 1999, resulting in a 2% contraction in GDP.
Growth is predicted to exceed 3% for 2000.
Montevideo is establishing itself as an important regional capital. In recent years, a number of
multilateral political, economic, and energy organizations and institutions have established their
headquarters in Montevideo. Mercosur, the Southern Cone Common Market composed of Brazil,
Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, is headquartered in Montevideo. The Organization of Mutual
Assistance Between Latin American State Oil Companies (ARPEL) and the Regional Electrical
Integration Commission (CIER) now reside in Uruguay's capital as well. In addition, the Latin
American Integration Association (ALADI) has its headquarters in Montevideo. Most Latin
American and Caribbean nations are members of ALADI.
US / Uruguayan chemical and related product trade in 1998: US Imports – US$2 million; US
Exports – US$98 million. There are no chemical or related products US imports represented in
the top 20 commodities; Among top US exports perfumery, cosmetics or toilet products;
fertilizers; insecticides; polymers of vinyl chloride were represented. The Universidad de la
Republica Faculty of Chemistry is the only specialized chemistry teaching institution in the
country. It is aimed at the teaching of chemistry, pharmacy, chemical engineering and food
science and operates a laboratory dedicated to solid state chemistry. The Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Association of Uruguay was founded in 1888 and has approximately 600
members.
543
Conclusion
The principal aims of this brief are to provide a basis for informed governance discussion and to
function as a roadmap in preparation for follow up as the ACS considers how to best organize
itself for activity related to Latin America, activity providing effective and timely service to its
membership and activity promoting regional economic development through the chemical
enterprise.
The findings of this report indicate that there is a need in Latin America to find ways to adapt
education and training to national and international economies; develop and improve continuing
education for chemists and researchers in industry; develop and improve university-industry cooperation; render explicit the role of education and industry in creating sustainable development
with acceptable environmental impact; and improving transfer of technology and management
for better university-industry linkage in the chemical enterprise in the region.
In the USA, the ACS impacts chemically related policy development, education and training,
professional practice through its membership and staff expertise and experience in professional
society management, publications, membership development, legislative advocacy, chemical
education program development and quality assurance, meeting planning, and outreach
(including Internet-based), and industry relations. In fostering and enhancing Society exchange
and collaboration, these capabilities can be catalytic in developing broad, sustainable programs
and services with counterpart organizations in Latin America.
The ACS Latin American Collaboration Matrix
Based upon the activities investigated in this report, following is a collaboration matrix
developed by ACS International Activities Office summarizing chemically related cross-sector
collaboration activities for Latin America.
544
545
External Funding and Other Agencies with Interests in Latin America
(Compiled by ACS Office of International Activities and the ACS Library, Feb 2000)
Governmental and multilateral
agencies with interests in Latin
America.
Americas (AMERICAS) Program of the National Science Foundation
Ph: 703/306-1706;Fax: 703/306-0474
www.nsf.gov
Regional Coordinator:Harold Stolberg [email protected]
Central and South America (except Mexico, Brazil): Beverly [email protected]
Brazil: Susan Parris [email protected]
Brazil: Jean Barile [email protected]
Canada, Mexico, regional initiatives: Harold Stolberg [email protected]
OAS: Eduardo Feller, 703/306-1709 [email protected]
Americas (AMERICAS) Program, Suite 935
International Division
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22230
The Americas Program supports the initiation of mutually beneficial cooperative activities with
the countries of the region in all science and engineering fields normally funded by the NSF.
Through collaborative research projects, workshops, short-term planning visits, and dissertation
improvement grants, it helps the U.S. research and education community engage in cooperative
work with counterparts in unique research environments and facilities, ranging from the frozen
Canadian tundra to the tropical environments of the Amazon basin in Brazil and Colombia; from
the Chickxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula to the Atacama desert and the fjords of Chile.
The Program supports bilateral programs with five countries of the region: Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, Mexico and Venezuela. These programs are extremely useful in leveraging considerable
contributions from these countries and serve to identify and bring to the attention of the U.S.
science and engineering community the considerable human resource in the Americas. In the
decade of the 90's most of these countries have been able to lower inflation, increase investments
in science and technology, and generally have developed stronger programs to support their
scientists in collaborative activities with U.S. scientists.
US Environmental Protection Agency – Office of International Activities
546
www.epa.gov/oia/annrep2.htm
William A Nitze, Asst Admin
2610R, USEPA Headquarters
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.
Washington, DC 20460; tel: 202-564-6600
Through bilateral relationships and exchanges with many countries and with certain regional
and multilateral organizations, EPA receives the benefits of foreign regulatory and
management experience, scientific and technical information, and innovative policy
approaches. These are put to use in EPA's domestic programs, thereby providing improved
information sooner and at a lower cost than might otherwise be available. EPA carries out
major cooperative programs with Mexico and Canada to help protect residents living in the
shared ecosystems along our borders. EPA's strong international assistance programs allow
other countries - especially developing countries and countries with economies in transition benefit from the US experience in developing appropriate and effective domestic environmental
programs. These programs also promote collaboration with the US and other nations in
addressing global environmental problems.
The Office of International Activities (OIA) at EPA enlists the cooperation of other nations
in solving environmental problems of concern to the United States. Providing leadership and
coordination on behalf of the EPA Administrator, and working closely with other EPA
Headquarters and Regional offices, OIA manages EPA programs with Mexico, Canada, and
other priority countries; provides leadership, analysis and coordination for international
negotiations on trade and environment, marine pollution, and other international policy
initiatives; manages the Agency's international technology diffusion and technical assistance
programs; and provides essential support services, including inter-agency coordination,
management of the Agency's international travel, and liaison with U.S. missions abroad.
USAID
U.S. Agency for International Development Information Center
Ronald Reagan Building
Washington, D.C. 20523-0016
Telephone: 202-712-4810
FAX: 202-216-3524
The resources requested by USAID for the LAC region in FY 2000 total $653.3 million. Of this,
$233 million is Development Assistance (DA), $76.2 is Child Survival and Disease, $160.5
million is Economic Support Funds, $50 million is International Narcotics Control funds, and
$135.6 is P.L. 480 Title II.
The activities planned for FY 2000 will directly contribute to achieving the shared vision for the
hemisphere as ratified by the Summit of the Americas and its follow-up process. USAID's
program will provide impetus to a second generation of reforms vital for substantially
accelerating growth, improving income distribution, ensuring political stability and increasing
547
participation in decision-making by all segments of society. Additionally, the USAID request
will provide critical hurricane reconstruction support to help the countries of Central America
and the Caribbean regain what was lost in the storms and reactivate their economies.
The USAID FY 2000 program will contribute to the following results:
•Strengthening democratic institutions, promoting broad citizen participation, and promoting
respect for human rights; •Expanding economic growth, reducing poverty and improving income
equality; •Reducing levels of illegal emigration to the United States; •Stemming the flow of
illegal narcotics to the United States; •Reducing fertility and population growth, improving
maternal and child health, and slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
•Increasing sustainable development and sound environmental practices; and •Improving the
quality of education.
The World Bank in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region
www.worldbank.org
World Bank LAC Region
Chris Neal
tel: 202 473-7229; fax: 522-3698
Lee Morrison
tel: 202 458-8741; fax: 522-3698
World Bank Sector Office: CHEMICALS, PETROCHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS
Jean-Philippe
Halphen, IFC
tel: 202 473-0573; fax: 974-4325
The Bank has a three-pronged medium-term poverty reduction strategy in the region:
First, the Bank seeks to help remove impediments to poverty-reducing growth. Sustained
stronger economic growth in the region will require improvements in human capital (crucially
through investments in better education achievements), financial market reforms, a better legal
and regulatory environment, public sector modernization, and improved public finances. Key to
the Bank's strategy in these priority areas is the development of sound institutions.
Second, the Bank supports targeted poverty reduction programs to benefit those least likely to be
pulled out of poverty by growth alone, or those vulnerable to falling into poverty during
economic downturns. Special support to Argentina and Brazil last year reflects both elements of
this strategy.
Third, the Bank supports environmentally and socially sustainable development in the region.
Promoting environmentally sustainable development: Lending and advisory services are
supporting the tremendous challenge of preserving one of the world's richest ecosystems while
meeting the development needs of nearly 500 million people in an environmentally and socially
548
sustainable manner. Major programs the Bank is supporting include:
The Meso-american Biological Corridor, a multi-donor initiative in Belize, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama to protect terrestrial and marine
ecosystems and promote sustainable rural development.
The Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest, another multi-donor program, which
includes new projects to manage Amazon floodplains and protect rain forest corridors.
Ongoing activities support indigenous and extractive reserves, regional scientific research
centers, state environmental institutions, local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
new approaches in community-based natural resource management.
The Clean Air Initiative in Latin American Cities, which brings together city managers,
development agencies, leaders from public sectors, and NGOs to address air quality problems
in large metropolitan areas. It involves a series of workshops in cities throughout the region
over the next few years to formulate and carry out local action plans to reduce air pollution.
Investing in education: The Bank in FY99 developed a new education strategy for Latin America
and the Caribbean to raise the region's human capital, especially, that of the poor. The Bank will
support this goal with investments in quality education targeted specifically to the poor, but also
through systemic education reforms. Education projects in FY99 included:
A Youth Development Project in Colombia is using special school and community programs to
boost children's self-esteem, help them stay in school and out of gangs, and prepare older
teens for the workforce. An education household survey and a series of projects to expand El
Salvador's successful EDUCO model of community-based schooling to all rural areas and
marginal urban zones. The Millennium Science Initiative in Chile, which aims to establish
virtual centers of excellence to carry out advanced research and training in science and
technology.
Investing in health: In the health sector the Bank is helping client countries undertake
comprehensive reforms to improve performance of both private and state-run health systems.
In Bolivia, IDA is supporting a Health Sector Reform Project approved this past June to set up
a basic health insurance system, immunize children, and finance a program to reduce the
infant and maternal mortality rates. In Brazil, a disease surveillance and control project was
approved in September 1998 to improve data management and telecommunications systems;
rehabilitate the laboratory network; and train staff, part of a long term program to strengthen the
national surveillance system.
549
Private Philanthropic
Organizations with Interests in
Latin America
Lampadia Foundation
Postfach 86
FL-9490 Vaduz
Liechtenstein
Lampadia provides funding for Latin America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) through three
agencies:
Fundación Andes
San Patricio 4099, Casilla 19000 Correo 19
Teléfono: 56(2)228 55 76 Fax: 56(2)228 78 83
Santiago-CHILE
http://www.fundandes.cl
Tomás Chotzen M., Presidente del Consejo Directivo
The Andes Foundation works to improve the conditions of life in Chile. In order to fulfill this
objective, it stimulates, it supports and it finances projects and programs in the education areas
and sciences, culture and social development. The main emphasis is centered on the
development of human resources at the highest academic levels, as a form to build Chile’s
scientific capacity. Also it builds communities of researchers in national academic
research centers as well as foreign centers.
2) Fundación Antorchas
Calle Chile 300
Tel: +54-11-4331-9905
Fax: +54-11-4331-5673
[email protected]
http://www.fundantorchas.retina.ar/index.html
Josef E. Oppenheimer, President
550
The Fundación Antorchas is a non-profit legal entity constituted in Argentina. Its aim, as laid
down in its statutes, is to promote activities that help improve the well-being of the
community. To achieve this objective, Antorchas focuses on three major areas: education and
scientific research; culture; and community development. The Foundation’s main function is to
assist the work of other bodies and individuals.
3) Vitae, Apoio à Cultura, Educação e Promoçao Social
Rua Oscar Freire 379, 5 andar
01426-001 Sao Paulo, Brazil
Tel: +55-11-3061-5299; Fax: +55-11-883-6361
Regina Weinberg, Executive Director
AT&T Foundation
32 Ave. of the Americas, 24th Fl.
New York , NY 10013
(212) 387-4801
Purpose and Activities: Support for programs that serve the needs of people in communities
where AT&T has a significant business presence around the world; for initiatives that use
technology in inventive ways; for innovative programs that focus on helping people achieve
self-sufficiency and lead productive lives; and programs that AT&T employees are actively
involved with as contributors and/or volunteers.
Science-Related Grantmaking Programs:
Support environmental projects or initiatives, particularly in the areas of technology, education,
volunteerism, sustainability and clear water. The AT&T foundation supports education
programs that focus on the use of technology to enhance teaching and learning. Through the
AT&T Learning Network Grants Program, as well as through invitational grants, the foundation
concentrates on the role of technology in education and its capacity to connect students,
teachers, classrooms, institutions and communities. The program provides funding to projects
which demonstrate effective and innovative uses of technology in supporting families, schools,
and communities to accomplish the following: 1) Encourage family involvement in education;
2) Provide professional development opportunities for educators and assist in the preparation of
future teachers; and 3) Develop and implement plans to promote lifelong learning and
community collaboration. Special consideration will be given to: 1) Projects that
involve collaboration among families, schools, colleges, universities, educational organizations,
and/or community-based organizations; and 2) Schools, institutions, organizations, and projects
located in areas where AT&T has large concentrations of employees and business operations.
To apply, submit a brief letter of introduction and description of the project to the appropriate
AT&T Regional Contributions Manager. Regional Contributions Managers will determine
eligibility for AT&T Foundation consideration. The foundation will then invite full proposals
and applications from projects of interest. In addition to the AT&T Learning Network Grants
551
Program, the foundation also identifies national organizations, programs and/or projects of
particular interest, and invites proposals for consideration. Through this initiative, the foundation
supports projects that address issues of technology in public policy; systemic education reform;
academic standards, assessment and accountability; and access to educational opportunities by
all segments of society. ** Matching Gift Program: The purpose of the matching gift program is
to encourage employees, both active and retired, to support their communites by stimulating and
magnifying their gifts to eligible nonprofit organizations. The progam offers employees, retirees
and members of the AT&T Board of Directors an opportunity to join in the foundation's support
of higher education and arts and culture by providing a dollar-for-dollar match of employees'
donations. The process for matching gifts is simple. All employees need to do to register a gift
for matching is make one telephone call, no forms are necessary (if you are a U.S.- or Canadabased AT&T employee and would like to register a gift of $25 or more or receive additional
information about the program, please call 800-424-6030).
Geographic Limitation: Giving on a national and international basis including Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Spain,
Russia, and United Kingdom.
Program Limitations: No support for religious organizations for sectarian purposes, political
campaigns, local chapters of national organizations, social sciences or health sciences programs,
medical or nursing schools, or junior and community colleges, industrial affiliate programs or
technical trade associations, medical research projects, disease-related health associations other
than AIDS-related programs, operating expenses or capital campaigns of local health or human
service agencies other than hospitals, or sports teams, or sports-related activities.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for capital development, endowments, deficit
financing, construction or renovation, or land acquisition; does not purchase advertisements and
sponsorships or donate equipment.
Publications: Biennial report (BR); Informational brochure (IB)
Officers and Trustees:* Richard J. Martin*, Chair.; Esther Silver-Parker*, Pres.; Marilyn
Reznick, V.P., Education Prog.; Suzanne Sato, V.P., Arts and Culture Prog.; Mitzi Vaimberg,
V.P., Civic and Community Svc. Prog.; Vivian Nero, Secy.; Robert E. Angelica, Treas.; Timothy
J. McClimon, Exec. Dir.; Harold W. Burlingame; R. Steven Davis; John C. Guerra, Jr.; William
H. Oliver; Maureen B. Tart
Staff: 16
Application Information: First obtain guidelines by written request. Detailed program limitations
and addresses of regional Contributions Managers provided in guidelines. Application form
required. Initial approach: Letter (no more than 3 pages). Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s):
None. Board meeting date(s): Monthly. Final notification: None.
Write: Ronald Dabney, Comm. Mgr.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Annual campaigns; Emergency funds; Program
development; Fellowship funds; Technical assistance; Consulting services; Employee matching
gifts; Matching/challenge support; Arts, alliance; Arts, multipurpose centers/programs; Arts,
cultural/ethnic awareness; Arts councils; Media/communications; Visual arts; Museums;
Performing arts; Performing arts centers; Dance; Music; Arts, services; Elementary/secondary
education; Higher education; Teacher school/education; Engineering school/education;
Continuing education/lifelong learning; Libraries/library science; Education,
Community/cooperative; Natural resource conservation & protection; Wildlife preservation &
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protection; Medical care, rehabilitation; Public health; Health care; Mental health/crisis services;
AIDS; Safety/disasters, volunteer services; Disasters, preparedness & services; Youth
development; Human services; Women, centers & services; International exchange; International
affairs; Civil rights; Economic development; Community development;
Philanthropy/voluntarism; Science; Public affairs; Canada; France; Italy; United Kingdom;
Spain; Germany; Russia; Mexico; Argentina; Brazil; India; China; Korea; Japan; Australia; Arts
education; Arts/cultural programs; Community development, volunteer services; Business &
industry; Children & youth, services; Family services; Education, PTA groups; Education;
Science; Mathematics; Engineering
(301) 215-8870
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been awarded
Staff: 3140
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Application form
required. Initial approach: Letter, proposal, or application, depending on program. Deadline(s):
Cabot Corporate Giving Program
75 State St.
Boston , MA 02109
(617) 345-0100
Purpose and Activities: The Cabot Corporation makes contributions through the Cabot
Corporation Foundation and the company's operating divisions. The company gives priority to
projects in science, technology, education, and environmental education in communities where
Cabot employees live and work.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in communities where employees live and work.
Application Information: The Community Relations Department handles giving at each local
facility. Initial approach: Maximum 2-page written proposal to nearest company facility.
Contact Foundation for nearest company facility.
Write: Dorothy L. Forbes, Exec. Dir.
Descriptors: ; Employee volunteer services; Loaned talent; Use of facilities; Employee-related
scholarships; Donated equipment; Donated products; Visual arts; Museums; Performing arts;
Elementary school/education; Secondary school/education; Business school/education;
Adult/continuing education; Adult education--literacy & basic skills; Reading; Education;
Environment; Hospitals (general); Substance abuse, services; Mental health/crisis services;
Safety/disasters; Human services; Youth, services; Women, centers & services; Voluntarism
promotion; Federated giving programs; Physical/earth sciences; Chemistry; Mathematics;
Engineering & technology; Biological sciences; Science; Disabled; Women; Economically
disadvantaged; General charitable giving; Italy; Spain; Latin America; Mexico
Dow Corning Corporate Contributions Program
Midland , MI 48686-0994
(517) 496-6290
Purpose and Activities: "Dow Corning's vision recognizes that enduring success requires
sensitivity to the public interest...not only through products and services that improve the quality
of life, but also through our responsiveness to priority social issues. We recognize that there are
many social issues worthy of our attention and many organizations addressing these issues. We
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cannot attempt to support them all, so we have invested our time and effort to focus on issues we
consider to be of vital concern to Dow Corning employees, neighbors and to society."
Commitments are maintained to Matching Gifts Programs in Education and the Arts, EEO
Scholarships and Contributions, United Way and a number of scholarships for children of
employees. Other support is divided into the following categories: K-12 Educational Reform,
Higher Education, New Community Development in communities where Dow Corning has
facilities, Local Arts and Culture, and the Environment.
Matching Gifts Amount: $82,900 NO. OF MATCHING GIFTS: 1,501
Grantmaking Programs: Higher Education: Ensuring continued quality in chemistry and
engineering at the university level in the following areas is Dow Corning's priority: 1) programs
that encourage interface with private industry; 2) improvement of a curriculum at a school of
interest to Dow Corning; 3) faculty skill improvement; 4) acquisition of new faculty; 5)
building/capital programs that support one of the above options; and 6) non-scientific education
programs that support other funding or business priorities. Key Criteria: 1) The project must
strengthen existing, or establish new, relationships between Dow Corning and the college or
university. 2) The project must implement change or improvement. 3) Goals, objectives, and
results must be clearly defined and measurable. A reporting mechanism must be in place and
progress reports submitted on a regular basis. 4) Projects in chemistry and engineering are
considered a priority. 5) Building and capital projects will be considered ONLY if they support
one of the other prioritized funding options. ** K-12 Educational Reform: Recognizing that there
are many efforts underway to improve the quality of public education, Dow Corning has
prioritized the following funding options: 1) current teacher skill upgrade; 2) programs to
promote parental involvement; 3) preparation of new teachers; and 4) drop-out retention
programs. Key Criteria: 1) Goals, objectives and results must be clearly defined and measurable.
A reporting mechanism must be in place and progress reports submittted on a regular basis. 2)
The program focus must be change, the reform, replacement or enhancement of existing
programs. 3) The project should have a multiple funding base. 4) Workforce readiness
must be impacted significantly by the proposed project. 5) The project must have a direct or
indirect impact on a Dow Corning community. ** The Environment: Two areas of funding are
targeted for the environment: 1) public education on environmental issues; and 2) efforts to
establish new methods for environmental improvement. Key Criteria: 1) Goals, objectives, and
results for the project must be clearly defined and measurable. A reporting mechanism must be in
place and progress reports submitted on a regular basis. 2) Projects must impact states and
communities with Dow Corning operations. ** The New Community Development Program:
The priority is on proposals that originate in a Dow Corning community or are specific to one or
more of these communities, and address one of the following: 1) job training and skill
development programs; 2) development of a new or improved community service; 3) literacy
programs; and 4) economic development. Key Criteria: 1) Projects must be implemented in a
community where a significant number of Dow Corning employees reside and should benefit a
broad range of residents. 2) Goals, objectives, and results for the project must be clearly defined
and measurable. A reporting mechanism must be in place and progress reports submitted on a
regular basis. 3) Change must be the focus of the project.
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Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in Midland, Bay, and Saginaw counties, MI; Carollton
and Elizabethtown, KY; Greensboro, NC; and some local giving internationally in cities where
company offices are located.
Program Limitations: No support for political, veterans', or religious organizations, or athletic
activities at the college/university level.
Support Limitation: Generally, no contributions of company products, materials, or equipment;
no grants to individuals, or for fundraising events.
Staff: 2
Application Information: Requests for less than $2,000 are usually handled by plant locations, as
are overseas requests. Application form required. Initial approach: Letter or phone. Deadline(s):
Aug. 15 and Jan. 15 for school reform and higher education grants; Oct. 15 and Mar. 15 for arts
and community development grants; Nov. 15 and May 15 for environmental improvement
grants. Board meeting date(s): Decisions are made within six months. Final notification: Within
one month. Write: Anne M. DeBoer, Mgr., Corp. Contribs.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Capital campaigns; Program development; Seed
money; Employee matching gifts; Employee-related scholarships; Matching/challenge support;
Visual arts; Performing arts; Arts/cultural programs; Engineering school/education; Adult
education--literacy & basic skills; Reading; Education; Environment; Youth, services;
Community development; Federated giving programs; Chemistry; Engineering & technology ;
Engineering; Science; Government/public administration; Minorities; Canada; Europe; Latin
America; Asia
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
90 Park Ave.
New York , NY 10016
(212) 687-4470
Purpose and Activities: Fellowships offered to further the development of scholars and artists by
assisting them to engage in research in any field of knowledge and creation in any of the arts,
under the freest possible conditions and irrespective of race, color, or creed. Fellowships are
awarded by the trustees upon nomination by a Committee of Selection. Awards are made to
citizens and permanent residents of the U.S., Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
Financial Data (Fiscal Date: 97/12/31 )
Scholarship Amount: $5,466,776
Grantmaking Programs: ** Fellowships to Assist Research and Artistic Creation: Fellowships
are awarded to citizens and permanent residents of the United States, Canada, Latin America,
and the Carribean who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or
exceptional creative ability in the arts. Applicants are asked to show evidence of achievement
through publication or exhibition; if applying in the arts, they are also asked to submit examples
of work. Individuals in all branches of the sciences and mathematics, all areas of the humanities,
social sciences, and the creative arts may apply. The usual term of the fellowship is one year, but
periods between six and twelve months can be arranged. Amounts of the grants vary according to
the needs of the individuals and their projects.
Geographic Limitation: Giving to citizens and permanent residents of the U.S., Canada, Latin
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America, and the Caribbean.
Support Limitation: No grants for endowments, operating budgets, special projects, or any other
expenses of institutions.
Officers and Trustees:* Joseph A. Rice*, Chair.; Joel Conarroe*, Pres.; G. Thomas Tanselle,
V.P. and Secy.; Coleen P. Higgins-Jacob, Treas.; Peter F. Kardon, Dir., Planning and Latin
America Prog.; Richard W. Hatter, Dir., Devel. and Public Rels.; Sue Schwager, Assoc. Secy.;
Edward E. David, Jr.; Leon Levy; Joyce Carol Oates; A. Alex Porter; C. Nicholas Potter;
Richard A. Rifkind; Charles Andrew Ryskamp; Charles P. Stevenson, Jr.; Wendy Wasserstein;
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
Staff: 23
Application Information: Grants are awarded to individuals rather than institutions. Application
form required. Initial approach: Letter. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s): Oct. 1 for U.S. and
Canada; Dec. 1 for Latin America and the Caribbean. Board meeting date(s): Apr., June, and as
required. Final notification: Approximately 6 months.
Write: Joel Conarroe, Pres.
Descriptors: ; Fellowship funds; Performing arts; Humanities; Arts/cultural programs;
Physical/earth sciences; Science; Social sciences; Caribbean; Latin America ; Visual arts;
Mathematics; Engineering & technology
IBM Corporate Giving Program
Old Orchard Rd.
Armonk , NY 10504
(914) 765-1900
Purpose and Activities: IBM considers good corporate citizenship to be one of its basic
responsibilities and tries to be responsive to community efforts in locations where it does
business and where employees and customers live and work. The company's primary
grantmaking focus is public education. IBM employees, shareholders, and customers agree that
improving schools helps build strong communities, a healthy economy, and an informed
democracy. Individual and collective aspirations are inextricably linked to a successful system of
education. IBM is using their expertise in technology to help school systems solve some of their
toughest challenges.
Matching Gifts Amount: $18,200,000 NO. OF MATCHING GIFTS: 13,692
Grantmaking Programs: ** Employee Charitable Contributions Campaign: Through corporate
and employee contributions in the form of cash and IBM equipment, IBM provides support to
hundreds of human service organizations around the country and to local United Way and many
other community-based health and human service agencies. These organizations provide disaster
relief and offer an array of services addressing child care, substance abuse, health and medical
care, hunger and homelessness, illiteracy and education, physical and developmental disablilities,
children and youth at risk, and the elderly. ** Environment: IBM has pledged $16 million to 14
major universities through this international, multi-year environmental research program. The
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program promotes the optimal use of leading-edge technology to conduct environmental research
into solutions to such problems as groundwater pollution and the depletion of the ozone layer.
Because of IBM's commitment, the universities have been able to secure substantial additional
support from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and the Fish & Wildlife Foundation. ** IBM Fund for
Community Service: The IBM Fund for Community Service supports IBM employees, retirees,
and/or their spouses in volunteer efforts through community organizations. A cash donation must
be used for a specific project, rather than general operating expenses, and organizations may
receive grants every other year. In the past, grants have been used for various purposes including
the purchase of ambulance electrocardiogram equipment, teaching aids and physical therapy
equipment for children with disabilities, furniture for a senior citizen center, and cooking
equipment for Meals on Wheels. ** Matching Grants Program: The IBM Matching Grants and
K-12 Matching Grants Programs encourage employees and retirees to become involved in their
communitites and support a wide range of educational, cultural, health, and environmental
organizations. Under the IBM Matching Grants Program, IBM matches the contributions of
active and retired employees to accredited colleges and universities, hospitals, nursing homes,
and cultural institutions with cash or equipment. The K-12 Matching Grants Program provides
equipment to primary and secondary schools. ** Reinventing Education: Aimed at K-12
education, this program calls upon local U.S. school districts to join IBM as partners in a
dramatic and deeply-rooted restructuring of primary and secondary schools. The goal is to
support nothing less than fundamental school restructuring and broad-based systemic change to
improve student performance throughout the nation. Over the next 3-5 years, IBM will invest
$25 million in ten U.S. school districts and states that have committed to use technology to
reform schools. These grants reflect the belief that information technology can fundamentally
redefine and improve the way schools function. The technology solutions that are
being crafted will improve teacher preparation and development, provide more individuallytailored instruction, help teachers communicate more efficiently with parents, and strengthen
school management and administration. In 1996, Reinventing Education 2 was announced. This
additional program will provide an additional $10 million in grants over three years to school
districts and states replicating one of five projects from the original Reinventing Education
program. ** Workforce Development Technology Grant Program: The program consists of 12
grants totaling $2.5 million which will be used for technology and technical services in support
of nonprofits engaged in the innovative use of technology to address key issues in job training
and adult education.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas of company operations, including Armonk,
NY, nationally, and internationally in areas of company operations, including Asia, Australia,
Canada, Europe, and Latin America.
Program Limitations: No support for political, religious, fraternal, or animal welfare
organizations.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for telethons, walkathons, sponsorships, raffles,
auctions, capital campaigns, construction and renovation projects, endowments, chairs or
scholarships sponsored by academic institutions, or athletic and competitive events.
Staff: 19
Application Information: Local or regional organizations should contact the nearest company
facility. National organizations should contact headquarters. The company has a staff that only
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handles contributions. Application form not required. Initial approach: Letter. Copies of
proposal:
1. Deadline(s): None. Board meeting date(s): As needed. Final notification: 2 to 3 weeks.
Priority is assigned to proposals requesting IBM technology.
Write: Stanley S. Litow, V.P., Corp. Community Rels.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Capital campaigns; Equipment; Program development;
Curriculum development; Fellowship funds; Technical assistance ; Employee volunteer
services; Loaned talent; Sponsorships; Employee matching gifts; Donated equipment; Donated
products; In-kind gifts; Matching/challenge support; Education, public education;
Elementary/secondary education; Early childhood education; Elementary school/education;
Secondary school/education; Elementary/secondary school reform; Higher education;
Adult/continuing education; Education; Environment, research; Environment; Health
organizations; Employment, on-the-job training; Employment, retraining; Employment; Human
services; Youth, services; Engineering & technology; Computer science; Engineering; Public
policy, research; Government/public administration; Minorities; Disabled; Canada; Europe;
Latin America; Asia; Australia; Reading; Medicine/medical care, management/technical aid;
Health care; Substance abuse, services; Abuse prevention; Disasters, preparedness & services;
Human services, association; Children & youth, services; Children, services ; Senior continuing
care community; Federated giving programs; Homeless; Environment, air pollution;
Environment, water pollution; Environment, global warming; Community
development, association; Community development, volunteer services; Community
development, service clubs; Community development; Arts/cultural programs; College;
University; Medicine/medical care, formal/general education; Hospitals (general); Health
associations; Education, alliance; Education, public policy; Education, reform; Education,
community/cooperative; Science; Mathematics; Employment, alliance; Employment,
formal/general education; Employment, services; Vocational rehabilitation, disabled/aging;
Urban/community development
The International Foundation
c/o Carrico Assocs., P.A.
1700 Rte. 23 N., Ste. 170
Wayne , NJ 07470-9113
Purpose and Activities: Giving "to help people of developing nations in their endeavors to solve
some of their problems, to attain a better standard of living, and to obtain a reasonable degree of
self-sufficiency. Grants are made in four general areas: 1) Agriculture - research and production,
2) Health - medical, nutrition, and water, 3) Education - formal at all levels and research, and 4)
Social Development - cultural, economic, community, and entrepreneurial activity. Some aid to
refugees and grants for population planning are given."
Grants Amount: $878,000
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, the Middle
East, the Philippines, the South Pacific, and Southern Africa through U.S.-based philanthropies.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for endowment funds, operating budgets,
scholarships, fellowships, matching gifts, video productions, or conferences; no loans.
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Officers and Trustees:* Frank Madden*, Pres.; David S. Bate*, V.P.; John D. Carrico*,
Secy.-Treas.; Edward A. Holmes*, Grants Chair.; Duncan W. Clark, M.D.; Gary Dicovitsky;
William McCormack, M.D.
Staff: 2
Application Information: Application form required. Initial approach: Letter requesting
descriptive brochure. Copies of proposal: 2. Deadline(s): Submit proposal preferably from Nov.
to Mar. Board meeting date(s): Jan., Apr., July, and Oct. Final notification: 6 months; grants paid
Nov. 30. Write: Dr. Edward A. Holmes, Grants Chair.
Descriptors: ; Building/renovation; Equipment; Emergency funds; Program development;
Publication; Seed money; Arts/cultural programs; Libraries/library science; Education; Natural
resource conservation & protection; Environment; Hospitals (general); Medical care,
rehabilitation; Health care; Health associations; AIDS; Biomedicine; Medical research; AIDS
research; Agriculture; Food services; Human services; International economic development;
Urban/community development; Rural development; Voluntarism promotion; Marine science;
Engineering & technology; Science; Roman Catholic agencies & churches; Caribbean; Southern
Africa; Latin America; Oceania; Middle East; Philippines
W. K. Kellogg Foundation
1 Michigan Ave. E.
Battle Creek , MI 49017-4058
(616) 968-1611
Purpose and Activities: The W.K. Kellogg Foundation was established in 1930 to help people
help themselves through the practical application of knowledge and resources to improve their
quality of life and that of future generations. The foundation targets its grants toward specific
focal points or areas. These include: health; food systems and rural development; youth and
education, and higher education; and philanthropy and voluntarism. When woven throughout
these areas, funding also is provided for leadership; information systems/technology; efforts to
capitalize on diversity; and family, neighborhood, and community development programming.
Grants are concentrated in the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in the south
African countries of Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
Operating Program Amount: $15,550,579
Grantmaking Programs: ** Employee Matching Gifts: The foundation matches gifts of all
full-time employees, officers, trustees, and retired employees to eligible organizations having
status as a public institution under Section 501(c)(3) and 509(a) of the Internal Revenue Code
and foreign charitable organizations determined equivalent to a U.S. Section 501(c)(3) and
509(a) organization. This includes schools, government units, hospital or medical research
facilities, religious organizations, and public-supported charities. Only direct gifts of cash or
marketable securities to the charity by an eligible donor will be matched. The minimum gift is
$25 and the maximum is $100,000 per eligible donor per calendar year. The maximum total
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corporate payout per employee, per year is $200,000. Gifts are matched on a two-to-one ratio.
Contributions by the foundation may not be used to provide personal benefits to, or to discharge
a pledge or other legal obligation of, the donor. Similarly, contributions by a donor that provide
personal benefits to the donor or other person such as payments of tuition, membership dues,
subscriptions, and other similar fees, are not eligible for matching grants by the foundation. **
Food Systems and Rural Development: This program consists of two areas: 1) Food Systems:
aims to meet the need for a safe and nutritious diet while ensuring that food production systems
are environmentally sensitive, economically viable, sustainable over the long term, and socially
responsible; 2) Rural Development: aims to fund collaborative and comprehensive approaches to
rural development that emphasize community problem solving, leadership development, delivery
of human services, and training of local government officials. ** Integrated Comprehensive
Health Care Systems: This program aims to improve the health of people in communities
through increased access to integrated, comprehensive health care systems, organized around
public health, prevention, and primary care. ** Kellogg International Study Grants Program: The
program provides financial assistance to non-U.S. citizens from countries within the foundation's
geographic scope of Latin America, the Caribbean, and the five southernmost countries in
Africa. Study grants are made in the fields of health, agriculture, education, and youth
development. Grants enable individuals to obtain advanced degrees (master's and doctoral
degrees) or acquire specialized knowledge. Typically, awards are made to faculty and staff
members of universities, centers, institutes, councils, ministries, and agencies which have active
projects funded by the foundation; however, some study grants are provided to project-related
fellows whose organizations may not currently be receiving foundation funding. Awards provide
these individuals with an opportunity to acquire specialized knowledge to improve the quality of
life in their home country as well as contribute to the success of the foundation-assisted
programs there. In addition to individual study grants, group study awards are made to allow two
or more individuals to attend a special short course or to participate in a traveling seminar
dedicated to acquiring new knowledge and skills in the field. ** Philanthropy and Volunteerism:
Supports change agents in communities and in systems which will improve human life
by increasing philanthropy and volunteerism. ** Youth and Education: Higher Education: In the
area of education, the foundation supports: 1) Higher Education: efforts to strengthen higher
education and mobilize resources to help address societal needs; and 2) Youth and Education:
efforts to improve the well-being of America's youth (prenatal to 20 years of age) through
comprehensive, collaborative, community-based initiatives.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in the U.S., Latin America and the Caribbean, and the
south African countries of Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe; support
also for international fellowship programs in other countries.
Program Limitations: No support for religious purposes.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals (except through fellowship programs), or for
building or endowment funds, research, development campaigns, films, equipment, publications,
conferences, or radio and television programs unless they are an integral part of a project
already being funded; no grants for operating budgets, annual campaigns, emergency funds,
deficit financing, land acquisition, or renovation projects; no loans.
Officers and Trustees:* William C. Richardson, Ph.D.*, Pres. and C.E.O.; Gregory A. Lyman,
Sr. V.P. and Corp. Secy.; Anne C. Petersen, Sr. V.P., Progs.; Paul J. Lawler, V.P., Finance and
Treas.; Geraldine Kearse Brookins, V.P., Progs.; Richard M. Foster, V.P., Progs.; Gail D.
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McClure, V.P., Progs.; Dan E. Moore, V.P., Progs.; Gloria R. Smith, V.P., Progs.; Shirley D.
Bowser; Chris T. Christ; Dorothy A. Johnson; William E. LaMothe; Hanmin Liu; Russell G.
Mawby; Wenda Weekes Moore; Robert L. Raun; Howard F. Sims; Jonathan T. Walton
Staff: 265
Application Information: Proposals must conform to specified program priorities. Application
form not required. Initial approach: Pre-proposal letter (1 to 2 pages). Copies of proposal: 1.
Deadline(s): None. Board meeting date(s): Monthly.
Descriptors: ; Seed money; Fellowship funds; Employee matching gifts; Early childhood
education; Elementary school/education; Secondary school/education; Higher education; Health
sciences school/education; Adult/continuing education; Education; Health care, support
services; Health care; Health associations; Agriculture; Agriculture/food; Youth development,
services; Youth, services ; Aging, centers & services; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services;
Community development, neighborhood development; Rural development; Community
development; Voluntarism promotion; Computer science; International studies; Leadership
development; Minorities; African Americans; Aging; Caribbean; Botswana; Lesotho; South
Africa; Swaziland; Zimbabwe; Latin America; Nutrition; Agriculture, soil/water issues; Public
health; Elementary/secondary education; Youth development
J. P. Morgan Charitable Trust
(Formerly Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York Charitable Trust)
c/o J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc.
60 Wall St., 46th Fl.
New York , NY 10260-0060
(212) 648-3246
Purpose and Activities: Emphasis is on helping to find solutions to social problems and needs
through support of competent agencies in fields of health, social services, culture, education, the
environment, and international affairs. Special attention to job training, youth programs,
international relief, housing, economic development, and advocacy and citizen involvement
programs in New York City. Matches employee gifts to educational programs, cultural
institutions, hospitals and health care agencies, human services and local development
organizations, and environmental and international organizations.
Grantmaking Programs: ** Arts: The trust's goal in supporting the arts is to help encourage and
sustain cultural institutions that enrich the quality of life in New York City. The trust's grants
assist organizations working in theater, dance, music, visual arts, and film, including some that
teach the arts to public school children and some that expand access to the arts for low-income
New Yorkers. To help create a climate in which the arts can prosper, the trust aids agencies that
provide advocacy for the arts. To help improve the organizational stability and management
expertise of arts groups, the trust supports organizations that provide technical assistance and
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other services. The trust supports both large and small organizations, believing that it is
important not only to strengthen the city's major cultural institutions but also to encourage less
established organizations whose work fosters artistic vitality and cultural diversity. ** Education:
Improvement in the quality of education in the New York City public school system continues to
be one of the trust's primary concerns. The trust has identified and encouraged programs that
give promise of improving public education, particularly those that can be replicated throughout
the educational system. The trust recognizes the need to assist not only programs aimed at
developing student skills but also those designed to foster teacher training and support,
professional development, educational advocacy, and parental involvement. The trust also
supports programs that work to improve adult literacy. In the area of higher education, the focus
is on colleges and universities that are located in areas of the U.S. where the firm has a physical
location. The trust also supports local colleges and universities which provide
educational opportunities for economically disadvantaged students or that work collaboratively
with the New York City public school system. ** Employee Matching Gifts: Contributions to
eligible organizations in the areas of culture, education, the environment, human services, and
international affairs of $25 to $8,000 per employee, per year are matched on a one-to-one basis.
All full-time employees, retired employees, members of the board of directors and their spouses
are eligible to participate. The matching gift policy is applicable when the gift is a personal
contribution, subject to personal income-tax deduction, by an eligible employee; it does not
apply to group fundraising efforts. ** Environment: The trust grants in the environmental area
are to organizations that work to conserve and make wise use of natural resources. The trust
supports local environmental organizations addressing issues ranging from preservation of open
space to recycling, and local and national organizations that do or promote scientific research,
economic analysis, and advocacy for improved environmental quality. The trust also assists
programs that educate policymakers and the general public on current environmental issues. **
Health Care: The trust recognizes the need to maintain both the quality of and access to all levels
of health care services, particularly for low-income residents of New York City. In response to
these needs, the trust supports community-based primary care programs and advocacy efforts to
increase the availability of primary care in underserved communities. The trust also supports
programs that emphasize health education, early detection, and intervention, particularly as it
applies to major public health challenges such as AIDS. The trust acknowledges the need to help
New York City hospitals overcome severe strains on their finances, personnel, and physical
plants by assisting initiatives that will help increase both the quality of and access to hospitalbased care and that help meet the capital needs of major medical institutions. ** International
Affairs: As a global financial institution, the trust supports organizations that promote
development and improvement in the quality of life in the developing regions of the world where
it does business. The trust targets support to organizations working in the fields of economic
development, education and relief. While most of the grants are to U.S. nonprofits, the trust's
chief interests are in organizations that rely on the involvement of local nonprofits and residents
in designing and operating their programs. The bulk of contributions assist organizations with
economic development programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The trust also aids selected
U.S. nonprofit organizations based overseas and matches selected grants to nonprofits abroad
made by the company's foreign offices. ** Urban Affairs: The trust's principal objective in its
urban affairs grantmaking is to promote stability and self-sufficiency among low-income
families. The trust supports public and private service providers as well as advocates addressing
issues such as child care, foster care, domestic violence, homelessness, and hunger. The trust
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assists employment training and placement efforts and community economic development
projects that create and preserve jobs. Recognizing the continuing need to provide adequate and
affordable housing for moderate and low-income New Yorkers, the trust supports a variety of
housing development organizations. The trust also aids efforts to achieve efficiency and
effectiveness in public and nonprofit institutions by supporting organizations that provide
training, strategic planning, and other management assistance. The problem of racial and ethnic
polarization in society is addressed through support of efforts to secure and maintain the civil
rights of all citizens, and to promote understanding and cooperation among people of diverse
backgrounds. ** The Volunteer Involvement Fund: The fund exists to provide financial
assistance to nonprofit organizations that benefit from contributions of time and talent from
Morgan employee volunteers. The fund encourages volunteers to take the initiative in seeking
support for programs or projects that they believe will help nonprofit groups in better serving the
community. The fund makes contributions of $100 to $1,000 to eligible organizations,
concentrating on projects that would not normally be funded by traditional corporate contribution
programs.
Geographic Limitation: Giving limited to New York, NY, except for certain higher education
programs and in the area of international affairs.
Program Limitations: No support for organizations working with chemical dependency, specific
disabilities or diseases (except AIDS), or churches for non-secular purposes.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for scholarly research, scholarships,
fellowships, or conferences; no loans.
Advisory Committee: Roberto G. Mendoza, Jr.; Michael E. Patterson; Hildy J. Simmons
Trustee: J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Staff: 2
Application Information: Accepts New York Common Application form. Application form
required. Initial approach: Letter. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s): Sept. 15. Board meeting
date(s): Every 9 weeks. Final notification: 3 months.
Write: Hildy Simmons, Managing Dir.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Annual campaigns; Capital campaigns;
Building/renovation; Equipment; Endowments; Program development; Seed money ; Technical
assistance; Employee matching gifts; Matching/challenge support ; Performing arts;
Arts/cultural programs; Elementary school/education; Higher education; Libraries/library
science; Education; Environment; Hospitals (general); Health care; Health associations; AIDS;
Medical research; Housing/shelter, development; Human services; Children & youth, services;
Aging, centers & services; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services; International relief;
International affairs; Economic development ; Community development; Minorities; Theater;
Dance; Film/video; Secondary school/education; Health organizations; Natural resource
conservation & protection; Public policy, research; AIDS research; International economic
development; Africa; Asia; Latin America; Economically disadvantaged; Food services;
Employment; Public affairs; Vocational education; Family services ; Homeless, human services;
Homeless; Race/intergroup relations; Civil rights
The David and Lucile Packard Foundation
300 2nd St., Ste. 200
Los Altos , CA 94022
565
(650) 948-7658
Purpose and Activities: The foundation provides grants to nonprofit organizations in the
following program areas: science, children and community, population, conservation, arts and
film preservation, education, and special areas that include organizational effectiveness and
philanthropy. The foundation provides national and international grants, and also has a special
focus on the northern CA counties of San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and Monterey.
Grants Amount: $173,060,589 Number of Grants: 1,481
Operating Program Amount: $5,302,000 Number of Operating Programs: 1
Loan Amount: $18,350,000 Number of Loans: 5
Matching Gifts Amount: $13,411 NO. OF MATCHING GIFTS: 60
Grantmaking Programs: Conservation: The program seeks to achieve a sustainable future for all
life. To this end, the foundation supports projects that protect the earth's natural systems,
conserve habitats rich in biological diversity, and advance the environmentally sound use of
natural resources to meet human needs. Grantmaking focuses on model projects in California,
the West Coast of North America, and the Pacific Ocean. Priorities include conservation of
threatened natural systems in California and along North American's West Coast, and marine
fisheries and habitats in the Pacific. ** Education: The primary focus is on reading. The Packard
Foundation Reading Initiative supports California school districts with a commitment to
implementing instructional programs based on scientific research on how children learn to read.
** Matching Gifts: All foundation employees are eligible to have their gifts to public charities,
schools, colleges and other 501(c)(3) organizations matched by the foundation. The gifts may
range from $35 to $1,000 per calendar year. ** Organizational Effectiveness Program: The
mission of the program is to enhance the management, governance, and leadership capabilities of
grantees and other nonprofits. Through this program, the foundation ensures that grantees and
other nonprofits have access to information and resources needed to pursue excellence in
management and governance, and that David Packard's legacy in innovative, quality
management practices is carried forward for the benefit of the nonprofit sector.
The program provides two kinds of support: grants to current and recent foundation grantees to
enable them to undertake projects that will enhance their management or governance; and grants
to organizations that provide management services to nonprofits. ** Population: To improve the
quality of life for women, men, and their families, and to help reduce the pressure on the earth's
resources posed by the continued growth of the world's population, the program seeks to
broaden access to safe reproductive choices around the world. In particular, the foundation
supports programs that address the large unmet need for family planning methods in the
developing world. The foundation also supports organizations that educate policymakers and the
public about the importance of reproductive choices. The program seeks to ensure that women
and men have realistic access to fertility options. In particular, the foundation supports family
planning programs in developing countries that are sensitively offered with attention to
reproductive health concerns. The foundation supports organizations that educate citizens and
policymakers, particularly in industrialized countries, about the significance of population
growth and the impact of consumption patterns on the environment and on our planet's resource
base. The foundation has a long-standing commitment to supporting access to safe abortion and
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contraception. Grants in this area focus on projects and organizations working to preserve and
promote reproductive rights both in the United States and throughout the world. ** Science:
Fellowships for Science and Engineering: The program was established in 1988 to encourage
promising young university professors to pursue their science and engineering research. Every
year, 50 universities are invited to nominate two young professors from their institutions.
Nominations are reviewed by a committee of distinguished scientists, who select 24 Fellows to
receive individual grants of $125,000 annually for five consecutive years. The foundation hopes
that this program will improve and increase scientific research by persuading exceptional
scientists and engineers to remain within academia to conduct research and to teach the next
generation. ** Science: Historically Black Colleges and Universities Science Program: To
improve the teaching of science at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), the
foundation invites proposals annually from approximately 40 HBCUs and awards
grants of approximately $100,000 each to ten selected schools. The goal of this program is to
increase the number of young black graduates in science who can become leaders in their fields
and role models for the next generation. An advisory committee of eminent educators assists
staff in evaluating proposals. ** Science: Interdisciplinary: The foundation recognizes that
interdisciplinary research is of growing significance in both pure and applied science. Certain
scientific problems demand an interdisciplinary approach. The foundation is launching this new
program intended to assist scientists who see the need for an interdisciplinary approach to answer
questions and make discoveries in any areas of natural science and engineering. ** Science:
Ocean Science: David Packard founded the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in 1987,
to bring scientists and engineers together to perform research and develop new technologies for
undersea exploration. Today, MBARI remains a high priority project of the foundation and
continues to develop and operate unmanned remote vehicles and their associated equipment for
ocean science research in the deep canyons of Monterey Bay and elsewhere. Grants to other
ocean science organizations are generally limited to research projects in the Monterey Bay area.
** Science: Graduate Scholars: Through a competitive process, the foundation supports
graduates of HBCUs who are admitted to doctoral programs in the sciences. Up to 15
scholarships are awarded annually; each scholarship is for $100,000 to be disbursed over five
years. Qualified nominees are solicited once a year from approximately 40 historically black
colleges and universities. An advisory committee of eminent educators assists staff in evaluating
candidates. ** Science: Tribal Colleges Program: The goal of the program is to help tribal
colleges better serve the needs of students studying science. Grants of
approximately $100,000 are awarded annually. An advisory committee of experts who are
actively
involved in tribal colleges assists staff in evaluating proposals. ** Science: Tribal Scholars
Program:
This program supports graduates of tribal colleges who are admitted to four-year colleges and
universities for studies in the sciences and math. The program awards up to ten scholarships
annually, each in the amount of $20,000 disbursed over two years. Nominees are solicited
annually from tribal colleges. ** Special Area: Archaelogy: Historically, the foundation has
provided support for selected excavations in Greece, notably the ancient marketplace (Agora) of
Athens. ** Special Areas: Lucile Packard Children's Health Services at Stanford: This hospital,
which opened in 1991, remains a high-priority project of the foundation. Grants in this area help
to ensure the ongoing ability of the hospital to provide world-class pediatric health care to
children in the San Francisco Bay Area. ** Special Areas: Philanthropy: The goals of the
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program are to strengthen the private, nonprofit sector and to increase organized philanthropy.
The foundation supports national efforts to promote the nonprofit sector. Particular emphasis is
placed on projects that help the public, the media, and government understand the role and
contributions of these organizations. ** Special Area: Pueblo, Colorado: David Packard was
born in Pueblo, Colorado, and this city's well-being is of special concern to the foundation. An
advisory board of Pueblo County residents evaluates proposals and recommends funding for
projects that will benefit the community. The foundation is particularly interested in projects to
improve education and community health, and to support the arts and the community's youth.
Geographic Limitation: Giving for the arts and community development primarily in Santa
Clara, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties, CA, with some support also in the Pueblo,
CO, area; national giving for child health and development; national and international giving for
population and the environment.
Program Limitations: No support for religious purposes.
Officers and Trustees:* Susan Packard Orr*, Chair.; Nancy Packard Burnett*, Vice-Chair.;
David Woodley Packard*, Vice-Chair.; Julie E. Packard*, Vice-Chair.; Barbara P. Wright,
Secy.; Edwin E. van Bronkhorst*, Treas.; Colburn S. Wilbur, Exec. Dir.; Robin Chandler Duke;
Dean O. Morton; Lew E. Pratt; Frank Roberts
Staff: 95
Application Information: Application form not required. Initial approach: Proposal or 2- to
3-page letter of inquiry. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s): Sept. 15, Dec. 15, Mar. 15, and June
15. Board meeting date(s): Dec., Mar., June, and Sept. Final notification: 2 weeks after board
meetings.
Write: Prog. Off. of area of interest
Building/renovation; Equipment; Land acquisition; Emergency funds; Program development;
Conferences/seminars; Professorships; Seed money; Fellowship funds; Internship funds;
Scholarship funds; Research; Technical assistance; Consulting services; Program evaluation;
Program-related investments/loans; Employee matching gifts; Matching/challenge support;
Performing arts; Dance ; Theater; Music; History & archaeology; Arts/cultural programs; Early
childhood education; Child development, education; Reading; Education; Natural resource
conservation & protection; Environment; Family planning; Health care; Health associations;
Employment; Housing/shelter, development; Human services; Children & youth, services; Child
development, services; Homeless, human services; Urban/community development; Community
development; Philanthropy/voluntarism; Marine science; Engineering & technology; Science;
Population studies; Minorities; Economically disadvantaged; Homeless; Latin America;
Mexico; Museums; Health organizations; Public policy, research; Vocational education; Youth,
services; Business & industry; Food services; Wildlife preservation & protection; Agriculture;
Secondary school/education; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services; Mathematics;
Engineering school/education; Engineering; Higher education; Historic preservation/historical
societies; Hospitals (general); Pediatrics; Philanthropy/voluntarism, government agencies;
Foundations (private grantmaking); Foundations (public); Aging, centers & services; Aging
Byron Robinson Education Foundation
2315 Washington St.
568
P.O. Box 900
Boston , MA 02119
(617) 445-9800
Purpose and Activities: The propagation of business and science education in the West Indies,
West Africa, and Latin America.
Assets Amount: $525,753 AM
Grants Amount: $34,352
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in the West Indies, West Africa, and Latin America.
Limitation: International (I)
Officers and Directors:* Byron C. Robinson, D.D.S.*, Chair.; Mark A. Robinson,
B.Sc.,J.D.,MBA*, Pres.; Dorothea Robinson, R.N., M.A., Corp. Secy.; Stacey C. Robinson,
B.A., J.D.*, Cont. and Treas.
Descriptors: ; Scholarships--to individuals; Business school/education; Science, public
education; Caribbean; Western Africa; Latin America
The Tinker Foundation Inc.
55 E. 59th St.
New York , NY 10022
(212) 421-6858
Purpose and Activities: Broadly, to promote better understanding among the peoples of the
U.S., Latin America, Portugal, and Spain. More specifically, grants are awarded to organizations
and institutions which promote the interchange and exchange of information within the
community of those concerned with the affairs of Spain, Portugal, Ibero-America, and
Antarctica. (Ibero-America is defined here as the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries of
the Western Hemisphere.) Emphasis is placed on those activities that have strong public policy
implications, offer innovative solutions to many of the problems facing these regions today, and
incorporate new mechanisms for addressing environmental, economic, political and social issues.
Such activities may include, but are not limited to, research projects, conferences and workshops.
The foundation also promotes collaboration between organizations in the U.S. and Iberia or Latin
America and among institutions in those regions.
Grantmaking Programs: ** Tinker Field Research Grants: Open to all recognized centers or
institutes of Latin American or Iberian studies with graduate doctoral programs at accredited
U.S. universities. The awards for graduate students are to be used for travel to Latin America,
Spain, or Portugal to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of language, terrain, and culture, and
to develop contacts with scholars and institutions in their fields. Programs are subject to the
following selection criteria: quality of the area studies program and immediate benefit to the
program that will result from the grant as demonstrated by past commitments and future projects.
These individual awards should reflect the major interests of the foundation. Up to three new
$15,000 Field Research Grants will be awarded annually. There is the possibility of up to two
569
one-year renewals of the initial award. The award has a matching requirement of $15,000. **
Tinker Institutional Grants: To be considered for a grant, a proposal must be submitted by a
specific institutional entity and be concerned with topics or activities related to Iberia, Latin
America or Antarctica. Emphasis is placed on those activities that have strong public policy
implications, offer innovative solutions to many of the problems facing these regions today, and
incorporate new mechanisms for addressing environmental, economic and political issues. Such
activities may include, but are not limited to, research projects, conferences and workshops. The
foundation also promotes collaboration between and among organizations in the United States,
Latin America, Spain and Portugal. Applications are considered biannually by the Board of
Directors, in mid-June and mid-Dec. The deadline is Mar. 1 for the summer meeting and Oct. 1
for the winter meeting. Geographic Limitation: Giving limited to projects related to Latin
America, Spain, Portugal, and Antarctica.
Program Limitations: No support for projects concerned with health or medical issues or the arts
and humanities.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for building or endowment funds, equipment,
annual campaigns, operating budgets, annual appeals of community funds, or production costs
for film, television, and radio projects.
Officers and Directors:* Martha T. Muse*, Chair.; Renate Rennie*, Pres.; Raymond L.
Brittenham*, Secy.; John A. Luke, Jr.*, Treas.; William R. Chaney; Richard A. Grasso; John N.
Irwin II; Charles McC. Mathias, Jr.; Richard de J. Osborne; Susan L. Segal
Staff: 6
Application Information: Application form required. Initial approach: Letter. Copies of
proposal: 2. Deadline(s): Institutional grants: Mar. 1 for summer meeting and Oct. 1 for winter
meeting; Field Research Grants: Oct. 1. Board meeting date(s): Institutional grants: June and
Dec.; Field Research Grants: Dec. Final notification: Institutional and Field Research grants: 2
weeks after board meetings.
Write: Renate Rennie, Pres.
Descriptors: ; Program development; Conferences/seminars; Seed money; Research;
Matching/challenge support; Natural resource conservation & protection; Environment; Foreign
policy; International affairs; Marine science; Economics; Political science; Public policy,
research; Government/public administration; Welfare policy & reform; Portugal; Spain; Latin
America; Mexico; Antarctica; Higher education; International studies
Damien Foundation
Russ Bldg.
235 Montgomery St., Ste. 1120
San Francisco , CA 94104
(415) 421-7555
Purpose and Activities: "The foundation's aim is to empower those whose vision for humanity
and the planet is democratic, fair and environmentally sound. The foundation supports grassroots
organizations and projects whose work reflects compassion, consciousness and commitment. The
foundation takes an international approach to grantmaking, awarding many of its grants in South
America, especially in Brazil. The planet's delicate ecological situation is a challenge to which
the foundation responds by directing a significant portion of our grants to environmental
projects, particularly those that help raise awareness of the complex issues involved. Projects
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organized by women or that evoke women's transformative potential are encouraged.
Communities that nurture the social, psychological and spiritual dimensions of the individual are
favored."
Grants Amount: $76,900 Number of Grants: 6
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, with emphasis on Brazil;
giving also in Europe.
Officers and Trustee:* Tara Lamont*, Pres.; Mark Rabine, Secy.; Humberto Mafra, Treas. and
Exec. Dir.
Application Information: Application form not required. Copies of proposal: 1. Deadline(s):
None. Board meeting date(s): Varies.
Write: Mark Rabine, Secy.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Program development; Natural resource conservation
& protection; Environment; Women, centers & services; Psychology/behavioral science;
Women; South America; Brazil
9541 Nemours Bldg.
(302) 774-2036
571
Staff: 9
572
Voluntarism promotion; Disabled; Aging; Community development, small businesses
Ford Motor Company Corporate Giving Program
The American Rd.
P.O. Box 1899, Rm. 949
Dearborn , MI 48121-1899
(888) 313-0102
Purpose and Activities: Makes contributions of land, buildings, equipment, and in-house
services. Gives to colleges and universities for specific research projects. Also maintains
memberships in Chambers of Commerce and other area organizations.
In-Kind Amount: $1,734,041 Number of In-Kind Gifts: 13
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas of operations, including internationally in Asia,
Australia, Canada, Europe, Mexico, and South America.
Program Limitations: No support for capital funds or endowments.
Staff: 9
form not required. Initial approach: Letter of inquiry to headquarters. Copies of proposal: 1.
Deadline(s): None. Board meeting date(s): 6 to 8 weeks. Final notification: 10 to 12 weeks.
Write: Gary L. Nielsen, V.P. and Exec. Dir.
Descriptors: ; General/operating support; Building/renovation; Technical assistance; Use of
facilities; Sponsorships; Donated equipment; Donated land; Donated products; Journalism &
publishing; Visual arts; Performing arts; Arts/cultural programs; Higher education; Business
school/education; Education; Environment; Medical research; Youth, services;
Minorities/immigrants, centers & services; International affairs; Federated giving programs;
Engineering & technology; Science; Minorities; Asia; Australia; Canada; Europe; Mexico; South
America
Merck & Co., Inc. Corporate Giving Program
573
1 Merck Dr.
P.O. Box 100
Whitehouse Station , NJ 08889-0100
(908) 423-2042
Purpose and Activities: The business of Merck is improving the quality of life throughout the
world. Main emphasis is on the development of innovative products for the health and wellbeing of society. Cash grants and donated products support science education on all levels,
community services in areas where Merck operates, environmental policies that protect the
health of company employees and communities, and medical outreach that responds to major
natural disasters and the medical needs of developing countries. A major portion of Merck
funding is committed annually to higher education programs initiated in cooperation with
selected medical schools and universities. Operating support for health and social service
agencies is targeted to Merck communities and generally directed through annual contributions
to the United Way. Requests for support are evaluated on the basis of relevance to Merck's
strategic interests. Sufficient resources are not available to fund unsolicited requests from
educational institutions or organizations with purposes of limited relationship to Merck's
mission.
Grantmaking Programs: ** International Support: Support for development, relief, and scientific
research where the company has major operations. Grants complement those made by overseas
subsidiaries, some of which have their own grants programs. Foreign recipients are primarily
universities. ** Medical and Science Education: Merck's goal is to ensure there will be a future
reservoir of qualified physicians, veterinarians, pharmacists, scientists, and engineers by
supporting pre-college and college science and math education, with support also for research.
The Merck Fellowship in Lipidology at the Mayo Clinic and Fellowships in Clinical
Epidemiology were two more fellowship programs established in 1989. Types of grants include
fellowships, research, and faculty hiring; recipients include American Federation for Aging
Research, Salk Institute, Aspira Inc., The Protein Society, WNET/Channel 13, and numerous
colleges and universities. Merck also participates in programs with school systems, universities
and educational organizations to update science education for teachers through workshops and
internships, help school districts revamp their science programs, and prepare students for science
careers. Contributions, both large and small, have helped healthcare organziations educate both
professionals and the public about disease treatment and prevention. Support for such programs
range from an education and research center for the European Society of Cardiology to AIDS
service and advocacy groups that are working to educate the public on the prevention and early
detection of the disease. ** Medical Outreach Program: Through the Medical Outreach Program,
Merck donates products in response to major natural disasters and medical needs in developing
countries. The major focus, however, of product donations continued to be the Mectizan
Donation Program, now in its eighth year. Since 1987, Merck, in partnership with the Carter
Center in Atlanta, GA, has donated Mectizan for the treatment of river blindness. More than 13
million people have received treatment. Merck will continue to donate Mectizan for as long as
treatment is needed. As a result of this commitment, there is for the first time the possibility of
eradicating river blindness. In 1996, Merck donated more than $125 million in products for
574
humanitarian relief. ** Public Policy: The emphasis is on improving health care delivery,
quality, and cost effectiveness. Support also for programs which help shape a business
environment supportive of innovative research-intensive companies.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in headquarters city and major operating locations in
U.S. and abroad; plants exist in Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, England, France, Germany,
Holland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Pakistan, Portugal, Scotland, South Wales, and Spain.
Program Limitations: No support for political, labor, fraternal, sectarian, or veterans' groups.
Support Limitation: No grants to individuals, or for endowments, publications, media
productions, elementary or secondary education, scholarships, fellowships, research,
conferences, seminars, or symposia, or travel except within established programs.
Contributions Staff: John R. Taylor, Dir., Corp. Contribs.; Shuang Ruy Huang, Mgr., Corp.
Contribs.; Brenda D. Colatrella, Mgr., Product Donations
Staff: 6
form not required. Initial approach: Proposal to headquarters (no longer than 2 pages). Copies of
proposal: 1. Deadline(s): None. Board meeting date(s): As required. Final notification: 3 months
required for full review and decision.
Write: John R. Taylor, Dir., Corp. Contribs.
Descriptors: ; Program development; Fellowship funds; Research; Program-related
investments/loans; Donated products; Secondary school/education; Higher education;
Engineering school/education; Education; Environment; Health care; AIDS; Health
organizations; Medical research; AIDS research; Human services; Minorities/immigrants,
centers & services; Engineering & technology; Engineering; Science; Government/public
administration; Minorities; Canada; Europe; France; Italy; United Kingdom; Portugal; Spain;
Germany; Latin America; Mexico; Asia; Japan; Australia; International development;
Elementary/secondary education; Science, research; Health organizations, named diseases;
Disasters, preparedness & services; International relief; Public policy, research
Way organizations.
575
American Red Cross.
the United Kingdom.
Staff: 4
Schering-Plough Corporate Giving Program
1 Giralda Farms
P.O. Box 1000
Madison , NJ 07940-1000
(973) 822-7412
Purpose and Activities: The company focuses most of its philanthropic endeavors on institutions
576
and organizations that will have a direct impact on its employees and the communities where
they live and work. Community affairs activities and corporate contributions are directed
primarily at community health, educational partnerships, the environment, citizenship and inkind contributions.
Grantmaking Programs: ** Community Health: As a leader in the health care industry,
Schering-Plough is committed to the support of community-based health programs. The
company is an active participant in drug abuse education and offers programs that help patients
gain access to medicines at affordable prices and provide free medicines to indigent patients. **
Citizenship and Community Affairs: Responsible corporate citizenship demands attention to
environment issues. On the local level Schering-Plough's goal is to operate as a responsible
corporate citizen and good neighbor. ** In-Kind Contributions: An important aspect of ScheringPlough's philanthropic activity is the donation of equipment, products and services to nonprofit
organizations. In-kind contribution of equipment and services were also an important aspect of
the company's philanthropic activity. Several nonprofit organizations are now the proud owners
of a varied inventory of used Schering-Plough equipment, from vans to computers to
refrigeration units. Employees also contributed their skills. ** International Giving: As a
worldwide business, Schering-Plough believes its social responsibilities extend around the globe.
In each country where Schering-Plough is an important member of the business community,
local management is sensitive to the needs of the people there and works to improve their quality
of life. The company is particulary attentive to health care issues and seeks to address them
through sponsorship of clinics and through educational programs.
Geographic Limitation: Giving primarily in areas where corporate sponsor has major facilities in
CA, FL, IL, NE, NJ, PR, TN, and TX; giving also abroad in Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy,
Mexico, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela.
Publications: Corporate giving report (CR)
Members: Hugh A. D'Andrade; Richard J. Kogan*; Jack L. Wyszomierski
Trustees: Raul E. Cesan; Donald R. Conklin; Joseph C. Conners; Geraldine U. Foster; Richard J.
Kinney
Application Information: Application form required. Initial approach: Letter to nearest facility
manager. Deadline(s): Feb. 1 and July 1. Board meeting date(s): Spring and Fall.
Write: Andrew Hageman, Mgr., Corp. Philanthropy
Descriptors: ; Employee volunteer services; Employee matching gifts; Employee-related
scholarships; Donated equipment; Donated products; In-kind gifts; Museums; Theater; Music;
Arts/cultural programs; Business school/education; Adult/continuing education; Adult
education--literacy & basic skills; Reading; Education; Environment; Hospitals (general); Health
care; Substance abuse, services; Alcoholism; Health organizations; Medical research; Food
services; Youth development, citizenship; Human services; Children & youth, services; Youth,
services; Women, centers & services; Minorities/immigrants, centers & services; Homeless,
human services; International relief; International affairs; Rural development; Voluntarism
promotion; Engineering & technology; Science; Government/public administration; Public
affairs, citizen participation; Public affairs; Minorities; Women; Homeless; General charitable
giving; Canada; Austria; France; Greece; Ireland; Italy; United Kingdom; Portugal; Spain;
577
Egypt; South Africa; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Ecuador; Venezuela; India ;
Indonesia; Thailand; Australia.
578
Organizations Funding R&D Collaboration
(Source: http://waitro.dti.dk/home.htm)
National Council for Scientific and TechnologicalResearch
(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas)
Address:
Gerencia de Investigación Industrial
Tel: +58-2-2356466
Avenida Principal de Los Cortijos de
Lourdes
Fax: +58-2-2391979
Edf. Maploca II, Piso 3
Caracas
Home page: http://www.fundaciepe.plant.org
In-Charge: Dr. Juan de Jesús Montilla, Presidente
Contact with WAITRO: Ms. Ana Maria Alcazar de Llovera, Gerente de Cooperación
Internacional
History
The National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICT) was created in 1967
and is an autonomous institution with the objective to promote processes of innovation through
the development of scientific and technological research and the building of a national system for
innovation (NSI). Its programmes comprise basic and applied research, the training of human
resources, the creation and strengthening of information systems, the induction of changes in the
structure of relations of the NSI agents and the promotion of links with the rest of the world in
order to favour the participation of the NSI agents in international programmes. The Council also
formulates the political policy of the NSI, acts as advisor to the national executive and
coordinates actions with public and private organizations at the national level in different
science, technology and innovation fields.
Objectives
To encourage the building of networks between different national agents, to finance R&D
projects and provide scholarships, to establish and operate an information service on R&D.
Fields of Interest: Microelectronics applied to telecommunications, control, informatics,
579
biotechnology applied to agriculture and pharmaceuticals, materials and construction equipment,
agriculture equipment, development of small and medium industry and innovation processes.
Specialized Fields: R&D financing, scholarships and innovation projects.
R&D information service, testing, consultancy, training and support for development of
telematics services.
Publications
RETO and REGISTRO (magazines). National Indicators of Science & Technology.
Microelectronics, telecommunications, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, materials, construction,
agricultural equipment and capital goods, development of small and medium industry and
innovation processes.
Financing of basic and applied research, training, seminars, workshops and information systems.
State Research Center for Experimental Agro-Industrial Production
Address:
Avda. Andrés Bello Tel: +58-2-7813423
Edif. Centro Andrés Bello
Fax: +58-2-7937564
Torre Este, Pico 5 Ofic. 54-E
Caracas
In-Charge: Dr. Rafael Avila, Executive Director
Contact with WAITRO: Dr. Luis Sánchez Font, Research 6 Development Adviser
History
The Center was conceived and built by the Venezuelan Development Corporation (C.V.F.) from
1969 to 1973. In 1976 the Foundation was created by Presidential Decree. At the same time the
objectives of the Center were clearly defined as oriented towards the development of the
Venezuelan agro-industry through industrial research, training and technological consultancy.
Objectives
To support the development of Venezuelan agro-industry through industrial research, training
and technological consultancy.
580
Field of interest: Industrial fermentation, cereals and oilseed technology, processing of tropical
fruits and vegetables, rheology of foods.
Specialized Fields: Food science and technology.
Applied research, development, pilot plant operations, technical information, individual training,
group training, standardization, quality control, performance testing.
Publications
Boletín de Niticias Agroindustrials (monthly), Actualidades CIEPE (4 times a year).
Biotechnology in the area of agro-industry.
About ten specialized courses a year on different topics in food technology, about 3 seminars per
year.
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Puerto Rico Report Summary
1. Introduction
In 1998 / 1999 the A.D. Little Corporation produced a series of reports on economic
development and S&T strategy for Puerto Rico. The following report summary constitutes a
general extraction of salient features of the report especially those which might be applicable to
other countries of Latin America and those recommendations which resonate, corroborate and/or
extend the findings from the 2000 ACS / IAO Research Brief on Chemically Related Activity in
Selected Countries of Latin America.
2. Report Rationale and Background
Puerto Rico relies heavily upon its manufacturing sector for contributions to GDP. While the
sector is known for its operating efficiencies and skilled labor, it has high operating costs (i.e.
utilities and labor), is aging, is moving rapidly toward consolidation, is deficient in R&D, and
many (~ 1/3) of the concomitant industries operate under the soon-to-be-repealed Section 936 of
the US Tax Code allowing them preferential tax treatment and incentives in PR. The largest
manufacturing industry sector in PR is chemicals and allied products (85 companies; 153,000
employees) and specifically drugs and pharmaceutical companies working in dosage formulation
manufacturing (DFM); PR has the highest concentration of DFM in the world. With the
imminent repeal of Section 936 multinational companies will have to choose between operating
under controlled foreign corporation status or relocating to other tax havens. Another challenge
is that over the next ten years ~150 pharmaceutical products will lose patent protection and PR
will see consolidation and intense global competition in its substitute product manufacturing
industry from competitors in Eastern Europe, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, India,
Singapore, Ireland, and Italy. In this context and to offset negative emerging trends in the
manufacturing sector as a whole and with special attention to the pharmaceutical preparation
industry segment the PR government commissioned a series of strategic reports to retain, attract
and grow industry on the island through the concerted effort of cross-sector (business,
government, finance and academic) innovation clusters in communication and information
technologies, life sciences, health care, pharmaceuticals and manufacturing.
3. Methodologies
Data for the reports was gathered through 14 interviews with local executives and 6 executives
of multinational corporation at their respective headquarters. A survey was developed and
distributed to 3,000 PR-based employees from major sectors (chemical and related product,
rubber/plastic, metal products/machinery, food, apparel, electronics assembly, and medical
instrument and devices). Survey response rate is not reported. Desk research and analysis was
also conducted as were (apparently) visits to public and private higher education institutions and
interviews with faculty and administrators. Missing from the data gathering was input from the
chemical sourcing / supply providers in PR.
4. Related Recommendations and Findings
♦ In general multinational pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is attracted to operate in a
given country or location by tax incentives, training grants, government investment,
accelerated depreciation schedules, low labor costs, advanced labor skill base, welldeveloped supply / sourcing industries, and infrastructure.
582
♦ While there is an increase in international industrial R&D, R&D performed internationally is
on the decline.
♦ In the pharmaceutical industry, advances in S&T occur at (a) corporate R&D facilities; (b)
major universities / hospital research centers – preferably in close physical proximity to the
company ; (c) or as a result of R&D performed by production machinery suppliers – typically
Swiss, German or Japanese.
♦ Pharma R&D prospects in PR are most promising in quality control and process
development, clinical evaluation, biological screening, dosage formulation, and
bioavailability.
♦ Closer links between the pharma industry and higher education can be catalyzed by: (a)
developing curricula specific to highly skilled labor especially in industrial pharmaceutical
formulations; (b) producing more analytical and formulation chemists and skilled
professionals in other areas where there are technology gaps; (c) attracting experienced
scientists to work with local scientists; (d) participating on economic development task
forces; (e) fostering applied research in the design and development of manufacturing
systems; (f) fostering R&D and launching S&T platforms for the development of facility
monitoring systems, sterile filling technology, production data acquisition systems,
automated inspection systems, material handling systems, robotics, software development,
production simulation, internships, visiting researcher programs, and worker retraining.
♦ There is a need in PR to establish on-island facilities for the handling and disposal of
hazardous industrial wastes (including the improvement of the operation of existing waste
water treatment plants), establish centers of flexible and lean manufacturing and packing,
industry / university incubators, and inter-university research institutes.
♦ Puerto Rico’s higher education system can have substantial impact on economic
development in three key ways: (a) providing skilled human resource (traditional role); (b)
transferring expertise (faculty consulting, joint development projects, seminars / workshops);
and (c) creating business (licensing proprietary technologies, creating start ups, promoting
entrepreneurship). While the academic sector in PR is providing an adequate employee
stream to industry, it transfers minimally expertise (mostly through faculty moonlighting)
and creates almost no business.
♦ Faculty teaching loads are high in PR (12 credits @ UPR, for example) detracting from
research, consulting, managing student coop projects, organizing industry workshops /
seminars, and engaging in other technology transfer activities.
♦ To better contribute to PR economic development the S&T segment of higher ed needs to
focus on (a) curricula which develop entrepreneurial skills – especially at the graduate level;
(b) formation of new business and start-up companies; (c) better understanding of venture
capital and intellectual property; (d) linking business schools / departments with S&T
departments; (e) developing R&D infrastructure and activity; (f) coordinating S&T strategic
plans, actions and resource allocations across public and private institutions; (g) improve
S&T teacher preparation, training and certification; (h) launching an S&T expertise database
and a repatriation and networking initiative for off-island PR scientists and engineers; (i)
fostering S&T graduate programs and R&D at private universities; (j) evaluating all
departments, majors and advanced degree programs for their contributions to institutional
missions and competitiveness; (k) developing programs to create, commercialize and protect
institutional intellectual property; (l) marketing institutional capabilities to industries on the
island and to corporate headquarters in the US; (m) creating industrial advisory committees
583
in all R&D thrust areas; (n) providing support to faculty in recognizing the commercial
potential of their work; (o) creating and maintaining a directory of S&T faculty research
interests and activities and providing such a directory to industry; (p) expanding local
graduate fellowship opportunities oriented toward industrial needs; (q) developing university
/ industry research consortia where for a fee industry can have access to university R&D
expertise; ( r ) developing contacts in the financial and venture capital communities on and
off the island.
5. Note
Not covered in this report summary is a rather extensive action plan to put into operation the
A.D. Little recommendations through forming and launching multi-sector innovation clusters.
Prepared by Bradley Miller, ACS Office of International Activities
584
ACS International Activities in A World of Collaborative Opportunity
Key Indicators
Following are polar or radar charts which allow visual comparison between several aspects of
chemically related activity in Latin America. Drawn and embellished from similar key scientific
indicators developed by UNESCO, these aspects in charts I and II cover human resources (ACS
customers, total research scientists, tertiary level chemical science enrollments); chemically
related organizations (institutions conferring chemical degrees, professional associations,
companies, governmental agencies, research centers, and learned societies); financial resources
(R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP, US chemical and allied product exports and
imports,); R&D outputs (numbers of chemical publications, transnationally co-authored science
& technology articles, Internet servers). The arrangement of these attributes provide a medium to
compare visually the congruencies or gaps through frequency distriubtions between and among
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela.
KEY COLLABORATION INDICATORS I
Latin America - Selected Countries
ACS CUSTOMERS
70%
TOTAL RES SCIENTISTS
AR
BR
60%
R&D EXP % of GDP
50%
CL
40%
MX
30%
VE
20%
INTERNET HOSTS
TN S&T CO-AUTHORING
10%
0%
US CHEM IMPORTS
US CHEM EXPORTS
CHEM PUB'S
CHEM INST'S
585
KEY COLLABORATION INDICATORS II
CHEM COMPANIES
60%
CHEM INST'S
AR
50%
BR
40%
CL
PROF ASSN'S
30%
MX
VE
20%
10%
0%
GOVT
RES CTRS
LEARNED SOC'S
586
ACS International Activities: A Framework for Decision-Making (Source: ACS Education
and International Activities Division, 1998). The following matrix includes three major areas of concentration
internationally – more may be factored in. All of the areas are impacted by different governmental policies in
different nations. Where the areas over lap, there is clearly the possibility of activities that will address a large
number of issues of concern to ACS members and the global chemical enterprise.
5
Education
2
4
1
Business &
Industry
6
3
Environment
7
Governmental Policies
1. Education for sustainable development: green chemistry; environmental monitoring and remediation; R&D;
training for industry, curriculum issues at all levels; international environmental standards; literacy for the
general public.
2. Training for industry: professional and technician training; continuing education; international standards;
diversity issues; globalization of the workforce; emigration issues; industry funding of academic research;
more broadly education about industry; chemphobia.
3. Regulatory issues: developing and complying with international standards in workplace and environment;
monitoring and remediation; green chemistry; R&D; more broadly exploitation of natural products.
4. Environmental science literacy: curriculum at all levels; ethics; informal education; green chemistry;
environmental science issues more generally; technical assistance / information transfer; R&D.
5. Chemistry for all: curriculum reform at all levels; assessment issues; interdisciplinary issues; science
literacy; chemophobia.
6. Commerce & trade: barriers to competition; trade tariffs; intellectual property rights; electronic commerce;
standards issues.
7. Global issues: international protocols; green chemistry; information transfer.
587
To enhance ACS relations and collaboration across chemically related sectors in Latin America
our activities:
♦ at the levels of policy, education and practice, can involve aspects of local need, expertise
and infrastructure;
♦ may / should coincide with the interests of ACS and its cognate organizations in country;
♦ contribute to economic development;
♦ be global in scope and information-based;
♦ encourage technological innovation;
♦ break down barriers to access;
♦ involve small and medium-sized industrial enterprise,
♦ should be flexible.
Attractive areas likely to be applicable and relevant to problems and issues in Latin America
include:
1. the opportunity to invest, develop policies and train human resource in environmentallybenign processes and products as capital investments are made in Latin America,;
2. natural products chemistry and characterization of new compounds and their routes to
production;
3. environmental monitoring and remediation, including industrial chemical waste minimization
and reuse;
4. advanced chemistry in catalysis and petrochemical processes;
5. chemical aspects of health (including sanitation) and agriculture (including GM crops).
Opportunities for follow-on discussion in the following areas hold promise to advance ACS
activity in chemically related endeavors with Latin America.
♦ Meet with Latin American counterparts at least every two years to continue to gather
information on needs, activities, issues and exchange (and funding for exchange)
opportunities within chemically-related industry, higher education and trade / professional
communities.
♦ Use this presence to gather and report systematically information on how chemists
communicate, share information, network with their peers, lobby their government, educate
for entry-to-practice / professional development, conduct and publish research, assure
competency, and develop standards.
♦ Conduct on-going needs assessment, create and promote specific products that add value and
serve ACS international membership and internationally-based US chemists in industry and
higher education;
♦ Encourage Latin American representation on ACS committees and participation in award
programs;
♦ Identify and expand educational programs and conduct orientations to ACS member services
to reach groups of Latin American students in the USA, international members and/or
expatriate ACS members;
♦ Translate key ACS publications and collateral materials (print and electronic) into Spanish as
a way to recruit and serve ACS members based in Latin America.
588
♦ Publish biannually an ACS / IAO newsletter on transnational collaboration policies, practices
and case studies in chemically related endeavor.
Evaluating Impacts of ACS Activity in Latin America
Quantitaive and qualitiative multi-method assessment of impacts of ACS programming and
activitiy in Latin America might include some of the following factors. Many are drawn and
adpated from the US National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and
the Institute of Medicine and their collective work in identifying international benchmarking of
US research fields:
♦ publication counts and citation analysis in the chemical sciences (in-country and
transnational);
♦ greater use of Internet technologies in the chemical enterprise and in research collaborations;
♦ increases R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP;
♦ attraction of venture capital and other investment to the chemical enterprise;
♦ improvement of instrumentation and computation facilities and methods;
♦ increases in and greater sustainability of interactions with in-country chemical societies;
♦ greater international participation in ACS annual meetings;
♦ increases in sales of ACS publications;
♦ increases in Latin American student enrollments in US undergraduate and graduate chemical
science program;
♦ greater and more sustainable levels of cooperation between and among governments on
projects associated with chemistry – especially government/industrial/academic research;
♦ greater awareness in the US of challenges facing chemistry in Latin America.
These factors and others might afford the ACS a unique opportunity to develop and test a set of
world-class benchmarks through which to view and evaluate transnational chemical and
scientific exchange and collaboration.
589
Appendices
ACS Surveys
ACS Cuestionario – Facultades de Ciencias Químicas
1) Favor de proveer lo siguiente:
Nombre:
Dirección:
Tel:
Fax:
Email:
WWW:
2) ¿En cuales aspectos de la química enseña, investiga, o consulta Ud?
590
Química de Alimentación / Agricultura ___
Química Analítica___
Tecnología Bioquímica___
Química Biológica___
Desarrollo del Negocio / Administración___
Química del Carbohidrato___
Celulosa, el Papel & el Textil___
Educación Química___
Salud Química & la Seguridad___
Información Química___
Educación de Técnicos Químicos___
Toxicología Química___
Química & la Ley___
Química Coloide & Superficial___
Computadoras/Informatica en la Química___
Química Ambiental___
Química de los Fertilizantes / del Suelo ___
Química de Flúor ___
Química de Combustible___
Geoquímica___
Historia de Química___
Química Industrial & Ingeniería Químcia___
Química Inorgánica___
Química Medicinal___
Química & Tecnología Nuclear___
Química Orgánica___
Química de Petróleo___
Química Física___
Química de Polímeros___
Materias Polimericas:
Ciencia & Ingeniería___
Caucho___
Companias Pequeñas
de Química___
Otros aspectos de Química___ (especifique por favor)
3)¿Cuál es el numero de profesores permanentes en su facultad? ____ (favor de proveer sus nombres,
emails, diplomas, publicaciones recientes, e interes en investigación química)
4) ¿Para el semestre lo más reciente, cuál es el numero de alumnos al nivel de licenciatura en su
facultad? ____
5) ¿Cuál es la duración del curso del estudio, carrera, o programa al nivel de licenciatura en su
departamento?
6) ¿Al nivel de licenciatura cuál es el numero de alumnos graduados cada año en su facultad?
0-25___
26-50 ___
51-75 ___
76-100 ___
100+ ___
591
7) ¿Para el semestre lo más reciente, cuál es el numero de alumnos al nivel de posgrado? ____
8) ¿Cuál es la duración del curso del estudio, carrera, o programa a los niveles posgrados de
licenciatura en su facultad o departamento?
9) ¿Al nivel posgrado cuál es el numero de alumnos graduados cada año?
0-25___
26-50 ___
51-75 ___
76-100 ___
100+ ___
10) ¿Dónde sus diplomados esperan asegurar el empleo? ¿Hacer qué? ¿En qué rango de sueldo?
11) ¿En cuáles sociedades químicas y/o asociaciones profesionales es usted un miembro?
12)¿En cuáles laboratorios trabaja Ud.? (address, telephone, fax, email, www)
11) ¿Para los propósitos educacionales o de la investigación, cuál instrumentación química del análisis
usted utiliza en su departmento?
NMR:___
GC-MS:___
DTA:___
DSA:___
IR:___
UV:___
HPLC:___
Other / Otro?:___ (especifique por favor)
12) En asuntos químicos trabaja Ud. con las agencias que siguen? (especifique por favor: a.
investigación básica; b. consulta; c. investigación del contrato; d control de calidad; e. remediación
ambiental; f. otro (especifique por favor)
World Bank / Banco Mundial ___
Development Banks / Bancos de Desarrollo___
UNESCO___
European Union___
National Aid Agencies / Agencias Nacionales de Desarrollo___
Other (please specify) / otro (especifique por favor)____
13) ¿Qué opina usted como los desafíos que enfrenten a estas organizaciones?
14)¿Cómo pueden estos desafíos ser resueltos?
15) ¿En vinculación con estas agencias cuáles son las ventajas a la empresa química y al desarrollo
económico en su país?
592
16)¿Si usted podría señalar a un factor que hizo su vinculación con estas agencias ser exitosa o no
exitosa, cuále eso sería?
17) ¿Usted o sus colegas han participado en programas de vinculación de la industria química /
educación superior?
18)¿Usted está involucrado personalmente en la actividad?
Yes/ Sí___
No___
19)¿Qué forma de actividad?
a. investigación básica ___
b. consulta___
c. investigación del contrato ___
d. control de calidad ___
e. Remediación ambiental ___
f. otro (especifique por favor)
20) ¿Cuáles compañías están participando en la vinculación?
21) ¿Cuál le hizo participar en la vinculación?
22)¿Cómo usted se comunicó o matenia contacto mientras que progresó la vinculación?
23) ¿En su opinión cuáles son las características de una vinculación exitosa de la universidad / de la
industria en su país? Qué vinculacións usted identificaría como excepcional? Si en todo posible,
proporcione por favor al direccionamiento del nombre, de la posición, de la compañía, del
direccionamiento, del teléfono, del fax, del email y de WWW del contacto.
24)¿Cuál obstaculiza o es problemático para el desarrollo de estas vinculaciones? Cómo pueden estos
desafíos ser resueltos?
25) ¿Cómo piensa que vinculación entre la industria química y la universidad puede ser mejorado en
su país?
26) Para las vinculaciones internacionales de la universidad / de la industria que implican el científico,
el investigador, o la movilidad de estudiante a través de las fronteras nacionales, qué conocimiento, las
habilidades o las capacidades son importantes para que el participante posea?
593
27) ¿Otros comentarios o pensamientos en vinculación industria / universidad? Qué aspectos para del
sector industrial químico usted ve como el más prometedor de la vinculación?
Gracias por su ayuda.
Cuestionario – Sociedades de Ciencias Químicas
Favor de proveer lo siguiente:
Nombre:
Dirección:
Tel:
Fax:
Email:
WWW:
¿Cuáles son los objectivos de su sociedad?
¿Como se hace socio?
594
¿Cuota anual de la sociedad? (en $US)
¿Cuáles ramas de la química representa la sociedad?
Química de Alimentación / Agricultura ___
Química Analítica___
Tecnología Bioquímica___
Química Biológica___
Desarrollo del Negocio / Administración___
Química del Carbohidrato___
Celulosa, el Papel & el Textil___
Educación Química___
Salud Química & la Seguridad___
Información Química___
Educación de Técnicos Químicos___
Toxicología Química___
Química & la Ley___
Química Coloide & Superficial___
Computadoras/Informatica en la Química___
Química Ambiental___
Química de los Fertilizantes / del Suelo ___
Química de Flúor ___
Química de Combustible___
Geoquímica___
Historia de Química___
Química Industrial & Ingeniería Químcia___
Química Inorgánica___
Química Medicinal___
Química & Tecnología Nuclear___
Química Orgánica___
Química de Petróleo___
Química Física___
Química de Polímeros___
Materias Polimericas:
Ciencia & Ingeniería___
Caucho___
Companias Pequeñas
de Química___
Otros aspectos de Química___ (especifique por favor)
¿Quienes son las autoridades actuales de la comisión directiva de la sociedad? (Favor de incluir sus nombres,
correos electronicos, intereses de la química)
¿Aproximadamente cuantos socios hay en la sociedad? (Favor de incluir los numeros de asociados por division)
¿Provee la sociedad cursos o entrenamiento para los afiliados? (Favor de incluir los topicos y frecuencia de
ofrecimiento)
¿Cuáles premios se ha instituido en reconocimiento a los socios que se han destacado en la química? (Favor de
proveer las ramas de química y los titulos de los premios)
¿Cuáles son las publicaciones de la sociedad? (Frecuencia?)
595
¿La sociedad celebra reuniones anuales? (Favor de proveer los temas de los últimos cinco años)
¿Asistencia en las reuniones anuales?
¿Otras actividades / servicios de su sociedad (aseguramiento de calidad de programas educativos o Responsibilidad
Integral)?
¿Qué opina usted como los desafíos que enfrenten a la sociedad química?
¿Cómo pueden estos desafíos ser resueltos?
En su pais, aproximadamente la matriculación y número de diplomados annual de estudiantes en programas de
quimica al nivel de licientura.
En su pais aproximadamente la matriculación y número de diplomados annual de estudiantes en programas de
quimica al nivel de posgrado.
Número aproximado de empleados en la industria química en su pais.
¿En ventas anuales cúales son las compañias (5) más grandes en su pais?
¿ Cuáles son los laboratorios (5) más reconocidos en su pais?
¿Cuál(es) es /son la(s) agencia(s) gubermental(es) que se encarga(n) de asuntos químicos para el pais? (Favor de
proveer el nombre del director, direccion, tel / fax, correo electronico y www)
596
¿En asuntos químicos trabaja Ud. con las agencias que siguen? (especifique por favor: a. investigación básica; b.
consulta; c. investigación del contrato; d control de calidad; e. remediación ambiental; f. otro (especifique por favor)
World Bank / Banco Mundial ___
Development Banks / Bancos de Desarrollo___
UNESCO___
European Union___
National Aid Agencies / Agencias Nacionales de Desarrollo___
Other (please specify) / otro (especifique por favor)____
¿Qué opina usted como los desafíos que enfrenten a estas organizaciones?
¿Cómo pueden estos desafíos ser resueltos?
¿En vinculación con estas agencias cuáles son las ventajas a la empresa química y al desarrollo económico en su
país?
¿Si usted podría señalar a un factor que hizo su vinculación con estas agencias ser exitosa o no exitosa, cuál eso
sería?
¿Usted o sus colegas han participado en programas de vinculación de la industria química / educación superior?
¿Usted está involucrado personalmente en la actividad?
Sí___
No___
¿Qué forma de actividad?
a. investigación básica ___
b. consulta___
c. investigación del contrato ___
d. control de calidad ___
e. Remediación ambiental ___
f. otro (especifique por favor)
¿Cuáles compañías están participando en la vinculación?
¿Cuál le hizo participar en la vinculación?
¿Cómo usted se comunicó o matenia contacto mientras que progresó la vinculación?
597
¿En su opinión cuáles son las características de una vinculación exitosa de la universidad / de la industria en su país?
Qué vinculacións usted identificaría como excepcional? Si en todo posible, proporcione por favor al
direccionamiento del nombre, de la posición, de la compañía, del direccionamiento, del teléfono, del fax, del email y
de WWW del contacto.
¿Cuál obstaculiza o es problemático para el desarrollo de estas vinculaciones? Cómo pueden estos desafíos ser
resueltos?
¿Cómo piensa que vinculación entre la industria química y la universidad puede ser mejorado en su país?
¿Para las vinculaciones internacionales de la universidad / de la industria que implican el científico, el investigador,
o la movilidad de estudiantes químicos a través de las fronteras nacionales, qué conocimiento, las habilidades o las
capacidades son importantes para que el participante posea?
¿Otros comentarios o pensamientos en vinculación industria / universidad? Qué aspectos para del sector industrial
químico usted ve como el más prometedor de la vinculación?
Gracias por su ayuda.
(E)
ACS Questionnaire - Chemical Industry
(F)
Questionnaire ACS - Industrie Chimique
(S)
Cuestionario de la ACS - Industria Química
1)
1)
1)
Please provide the following:
Name:
Position:
Mailing Address:
Physical Address:
Telephone:
Fax:
Email:
WWW:
Veuillez donner l’information suivante:
Nom:
Position:
Adresse:
Téléphone:
Fax:
Email:
WWW:
Nombre:
Dirrección
Tel:
Fax:
Email:
WWW:
2)
2)
2)
What is the name of your company and when was your company founded?
Nom de compagnie et année elle a été fondée?
Nombre de su compañía y cuando era fundida?
598
3)
3)
3)
What are the chemically-related products of your company?
Produits chimiques de votre compagnie?
Productos químicos de su compañia?
4)
4)
4)
What volume of each product is produced yearly?
Volume de ces produits chaque année?
Cantidad de estos productos cada año?
5)
What are the annual sales of chemically-related products for your company (most recent year in
US$ equivalent)?
Les ventes annuelles de votre compagnie?
Ventas anuales de su compañia?
5)
5)
6)
6)
6)
7)
7)
7)
How many full-time employees?
Of those employees, how many graduate chemists?
Graduate chemical engineers?
Combien d’employés à plein temps y-a-t-il dans votre compagnie?
Employés diplômés de chimie au niveau de diplôme supérieure?
Employés diplômés de chimie d' ingénierie au niveau de diplôme supérieure?
Cuantos empleados a tiempo completo en su compañia?
Empleados al nivel de posgrado en química?
Empleados al nivel de posgrado en ingeneria química?
How does your company acquire new technology?
On-site research & development___
Purchase of patents / licenses___
Merger & acquisition___
Other (please specify) ____
Comment votre compagnie saisit-elle la nouvelle technologie?
Recherches et de développement dans la compagnie ___
Achat des license / permis ___
Fusion & acquisition ___
Autre (indiquez s'il vous plaît) ____
Cómo su compañía adquiere nueva tecnología?
De la investigación y del desarrollo en sitio___
Compra de las patentes / de las licencias ___
Por la fusión y adquisición ___
Otro (especifique por favor) ____
8)
8)
8)
How much does your company spend yearly on research & development (In US$ equivalent)?
Combien votre compagnie dépense-t-elle annuellement sur la recherche et le développement
(dans l'équivalent d'US$)?
Cuánto su compañía gasta anualmente en la investigación y el desarrollo (en equivalente de
US$)?
9)
9)
9)
In which chemically-related professional societies are you or your company active?
Dans lesquelles sociétés chimiques sont vous ou votre compagnie active?
En cuales de las sociedades químicas son usted o su compañía activa?
10)
10)
10)
How does participation in these societies add value to the company’s activities?
Comment la participation à ces sociétés ajoute la valeur aux activités de votre compagnie?
Cómo la participación en estas sociedades agrega valor a las actividades de la compañía?
599
11)
11)
11)
12)
What do you see as the top three greatest challenges facing the chemical industry in your
country?
Quels sont les trois défis principaux auxquels vous faites face dans l’industrie chimique?
Qué usted ve como los tres desafíos más importantes que hacen frente a la industria química en
su país?
12)
12)
What annual meetings or conferences do you attend or does your company send a
representative to?
À quelles réunions annuelles ou conférences participez-vous ou employés de votre compagnie?
Cuales reuniones anuales o congresos usted assiste o empleados su compañía?
13)
13)
13)
Do you have a Responsible Care programme in your company?
Y-a-t-il un programme de Gestion Responsable dans votre compagnie?
Usted tiene un programa Responsabilidad Integral en su compañía?
14)
14)
What do you view as the top three environmental challenges facing your company?
A votre avis, quelles sont les trois défis environnementaux les plus importants faisant face à votre
compagnie?
Qué opiña usted como los tres desafíos ambientales lo mas importantes que hacen frente a su
compañía?
14)
15)
15)
15)
How can these challenges best be met?
À votre avis comment ces défis peuvent-ils être relevés?
Cómo pueden estos desafíos ser resueltos?
16)
Please list the top three chemical research labs in your country. With which ones do you work?
(please provide address, telephone, fax, email, www information)
16)
Veuillez énumérer les trois laboratoires chimiques principaux de recherches dans
votre pays. Avec lesquels vous travaillez? (fournissez s'il vous plaît l'adresse, le téléphone, le
fax, l'email, les informations de WWW)
16)
Enumere por favor los tres principales laboratorios de investigación químicos en su país. Con
cuales trabaja? (proporcione por favor la direccion, teléfono, fax, email, WWW)
17)
With which government agency does your company work in your country? (Please include
agency head, address, telephone, fax, email and www.)
Dans l'activité chimique avec lesquelles agences gouvernmentales travaillez-vous (votre
compagnie)? (Fournissez s'il vous plaît l'adresse, le téléphone, le fax, l'email, les informations de
WWW.)
En actividad química, con cuales agencias del gobierno trabaja Ud. y su compañia? (Proporcione
por favor la direccion, teléfono, fax, email, WWW.)
17)
17)
18)
18)
18)
For what purposes do you work with that agency?
Dans quels buts travaillez-vous avec cette agence?
Para qué propósitos usted trabaja con esa agencia?
19)
19)
19)
What challenges do you face in working with governmental agencies?
Quels défis vous faites face en travaillant avec les agences gouvernementales?
Qué desafíos usted hace frente en el trabajo con las agencias gubernamentales?
20)
20)
20)
How do you meet those challenges?
Comment relevez-vous ces défis?
Cómo usted resuelve esos desafíos?
21)
Does your company participate in any professional scientific activities involving chemically-related
industry / higher education collaboration?
600
Yes___ No___
If your answer is Yes, are you personally involved in the activity?
Yes___ No___
21)
Votre compagnie participe-t-elle à des activités scientifiques professionnelles impliquant la
collaboration universitaire?
Oui ___ Non ___
Si votre réponse est oui, êtes-vous personnellement impliqués dans l'activité?
Oui___ Non___
Usted o su compania ha participado en programas de vinculación de la industria química /
educación superior?
21)
Sí___ No___
Si contestó en el afirmativo, esta Ud. personalmente involucrado?
22)
22)
Sí___ No___
What type of activity is carried out in the collaboration?
a. Basic Research___
b. Consulting___
c. Contract Research___
d. Quality Control___
e. Environmental Remediation or Monitoring___
f. Other (please specify) __
Quel type d'activité est effectuée dans la collaboration?
a. Recherche Fondamentale ___
b. Consultation ___
c. Recherches de Contrat ___
d. Contrôle de Qualité ___
e. Remédiation
Environementale ___
22) ¿Qué forma de
actividad?
f. Autre (indiquez laquelle s'il vous plaît) __
a. Investigación Básica ___
b. Consulta___
c. Investigación del Contrato ___
d. Control de Calidad ___
e. Remediación Ambiental ___
601
f. Otro (especifique por favor) __
23)
23)
23)
What higher education institutions are participating in the collaboration?
Quelles corps d’enseignement superieure participent cette collaboration?
Cuales facultades / departmentos de ciencias quimicas participan en la vinculación?
24)
24)
24)
What caused you, your colleagues or your department to collaborate?
Est-ce qu’il y avait une motivation principale pour participier cette collaboration?
Qué le hizo participar en la vinculación?
25)
25)
25)
How did you communicate or stay in touch as the collaboration progressed?
Comment avez-vous communiqué ou êtes-vous restés en contact durant cette collaboration?
Cómo usted se comunicó o matenia contacto mientras que progresó la vinculación?
26)
What do you feel are the characteristics of a successful university / industry collaboration in your
country? Which particular university / industry collaborations would you identify as outstanding?
If at all possible, please provide contact name, position, company, address, telephone, fax, email
and www address.
Quelles sont les caractéristiques d'une collaboration réussie entre université / industrie dans
votre pays? Quelles collaborations particulieres entre université et industrie identifieriez-vous
comme exceptionnel? Fournissez s'il vous plaît la companie, l'adresse, le nom, la position, le
téléphone, fax, et WWW de votre contact.
En su opinión qué son las características de una vinculación exitosa de la universidad / de la
industria en su país? Qué vinculacións usted identificaría como excepcional? Si en todo posible,
proporcione por favor al direccionamiento del nombre, de la posición, de la compañía, del
direccionamiento, del teléfono, del fax, del email y de WWW del contacto.
26)
26)
27)
What hinders or is problematic for development of such collaborations? How can
these challenges best be met?
27)
27)
28)
28)
28)
29)
29)
29)
30)
30)
Quels sont les problémes liées au développement de telles collaborations? Comment relevez-v
ous ces défis?
Qué obstaculiza o es problemático para el desarrollo de estas vinculaciones? Cómo pueden
estos desafíos ser resueltos?
What, in your opinion, would improve university / industry collaborative activitity in your country?
À votre avis, comment peut- on améliorer la collaboration entre universités / industries dans votre
pays?
Cómo piensa que vinculación entre la industria química y la universidad puede ser mejorado en
su país?
For university / industry collaborations which involve scientist, researcher, or student mobility
across national borders, what knowledge, skills or abilities are important for the participant to
possess?
Pour les collaborations université / industrie de nature et scientifique, le chercheur, ou la mobilité
de chercheurs et des étudiants entre pays, quelles connaissances et qualifications sont
importantes?
Para las vinculaciones internacionales de la universidad / de la industria que implican el
científico, el investigador, o la movilidad de estudiante a través de las fronteras nacionales, qué
conocimiento, las habilidades o las capacidades son importantes para que el participante posea?
Other comments or thoughts on university / industry collaborations? What aspects of the
chemical industry sector do you see as most promising for industry / university collaboration?
D'autres commentaires ou réflexions pensées sur les collaborations universités / industries?
Quels aspects du secteur industriel chimique voyez-vous comme le plus prometteur pour ces
collaborations?
602
30)
Otros comentarios o pensamientos en vinculación industria / universidad? Qué aspectos para del
sector industrial químico usted ve como el más prometedor de la vinculación?
(E)
(F)
(S)
Thank you.
Merci
Gracias
603
AMERICAN CHEMICAL FIRMS OPERATING IN LATIN AMERICA
Compiled by J.N. Osborne, ACS / IAO
(including food, flavorings, pharmaceutical
and chemical instrumentation firms)
Sources: American Firms Operating in Central America/Mexico/South America, 14th edition, 1996 (updated),
published by Uniworld Business Publications, Inc.,
257 Central Park West, New York, NY.
ARGENTINA (48 of a total 254 US firms operating in the country)
3M Argentina SACIFIA, Los Arboles 842, 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires
Abbott Laboratories Argentina SRL, Buenos Aires
Allergan SAICyF, Buenos Aires
BetzDearborn Argentina SA, Avenida del Libertador 8616, 1429 Buenos Aires
Bristol-Myers Squibb Argentina, Calle Pellegrini 1365-PB, Buenos Aires
Bulab Holdings Inc.: Laboratorios Buckman SA, Avenida San Isidro 4602, Piso 1, 1429 Buenos Aires
Cabot Argentina SAlyC, Sarmiento 930, Piso 2, Buenos Aires
Carboline Co.: Tintas Letta SAIC, Mendoza 1290, Villa Zagala 1651, PCIA de Buenos Aires
Cargill SACI, Casilla de Correo 2495, 1000 Buenos Aires
Clorox Argentina SA, Buenos Aires
Colgate-Palmolive Ltda., SAI, Av. Antartida Argentina 2269, 1836 Llavollol, Buenos Aires
Conoco: PASA Petroquimica Argentina SA, Suipacha 1111, Piso 11, Buenos Aires
Datascope Corp.: InterVascular SA, Buenos Aires
DeKalb Genetics: DeKalb Argentina SA, Maipu 1252, Piso 5, 1006 Buenos Aires
Dow Chemical: Indoquim SA, Av. L. N. Alem 896, 1001 Buenos Aires
Dow Corning de Argentina SRL, El Cano 2853, 1355 Buenos Aires
E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co.: Ducilo SA, E. Madero 1020, 1106 Buenos Aires
Eastman Kodak: Kodak Argentina SAIC, Casilla de Correo Central 5200, 1000 Buenos Aires
Exxon: Esso SA Petrolero Argentina, Carlos Maria Della Paolera 297/299, 1001 Buenos Aires
Ferro Corporation: Ferro Enamel Argentina SA, Casilla de Correo 2553, Correo Central, 1000 Buenos Aires
FMC Corporation: FMC Argentina SA, Av. Madero 1020-22, 1106 Buenos Aires
Minera del Altiplano SA
Goodyear Tire & Rubber: Neumatricos Goodyear SA, Lavalle 341, 1047 Buenos Aires
W R Grace: Grace Argentina SA, Casilla Correo 85, 1878 Quilmes, Prov. Buenos Aires
International Flavors and Fragrances SACyl, Parque Industrial OKS, Einstein 824, 1619 Garin, Buenos Aires
International Specialty Products: ISP Argentina
Johnson & Johnson: Cilag Farmaceutica SA, Janssen Farmaceutica SA, Cassila de Correo 29, Suc. 28, 1428
Buenos Aires
Johnson & Johnson de Argentina Scyl, Casilla 79, Fatima-Pilar 1629,
Buenos Aires
Johnson & Johnson Medical SA, Buenos Aires
S C Johnson & Son de Argentina S.A.I.C., Casilla de Correo 4747, Coreo Central, 1000 Buenos Aires
Eli Lilly Interamerica Inc., Av. Scalabrini Ortiz 3333, piso 5, 1425 Buenos Aires
Liquid Carbonic Argentina SAIC, Av. Leandro N. Alem1110, 1001 Buenos Aires
Loctite Argentina SA, Augustin de Elia 856, 1704 Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires
Merck Sharpe & Dohme (Argentina)SACyl, Av. Libertador 1406/1410, Vincente Lopez, Buenos Aires
Nalco Chemical Co.: Nalco Argentina SA, Av. Leandro N. Alem 712, Piso 10, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires
National Starch and Chemical SA, San Isidro
Oakite Products: Oakite Argentina SA, Balcarce 880- Piso 8, 1064 Buenos Aires
Peavey, Co / Conagra Trading Companies: Conagra SA, Buenos Aires
Perkin-Elmer Corporation: Biosystems SA, Viamonte 965, 5 Piso, 1053 Buenos Aires
Perkin-Elmer Argentina, Tronador 620 (1427), Capital Federal, Argentina
Pfizer SACI - Argentina
Pharmacia Upjohn: Laboratorios Upjohn Anodia SAIC, Ruta NAC km 35, Florencio Varela, 1888 Buenos Aires
Pioneer Hi-Bred International: Pioneer Argentina SA: Reconquista672, Buenos Aires
604
Praxair Argentina SA, Saavedra 2953, 1618 El Talar, Buenos Aires
Raychem Corporation: Raychem SAIC, Carlos Pellegrini 1363, 1101 Buenos Aires
Rohm and Haas Latin America Inc., Santa Fe 962, Primer Piso 1059 Buenos Aires
R P Scherer Argentina SAIC, Av. Marquez 691, Villa Loma Hermose 1657, Pdo. 3 de Febrero, Buenos Aires
Schering International: Plough Essex Argentina SAIC, Maipu 1300, 1006 Buenos Aires
Stiefel Laboratories: Laboratorios Stiefel Argentina, Amenabar 1595, Piso 4 Of. 35/36, 1426 Buenos Aires
Union Carbide Corporation: Union Carbide Argentina SAIC, Leandro N. Alem, piso 13, 1001 Buenos Aires
Uniroyal Quimica SAIC, Av. Ing. Huergo 1439, Buenos Aires
West Chemical Products Argentina SA, Belgrano 407, Piso 4, 1092 Buenos Aires
BELIZE [none]
BOLIVIA (6 of 41 US firms)
Occidental Petroleum: Occidental Boliviana, Casilla 1296, La Paz
Perkin-Elmer: Beco International Ltda., Rosendo Gutierrez 608, Piso 1, La Paz
Phillips Petroleum: Phillips Petroleum, Calle Tumusia 5444, Casilla 2846, Cochabamba
Praxair: Ptaxair Bolivia, Plaza Isabel la Catolica 2498, Murillo, La Paz
Tesoro Petroleum: Tesoro Bolivia Petroleum Co., Casilla 2449, Carretera Cochabamba km 31/2, Santa Cruz
Western Atlas International: Western Geophysical Co., Casilla de Correo 2497, Calle Colon 280, Santa Cruz
BRAZIL (81 of 512 US firms)
3M: 3M, Itapetininga, Brazil
3M do Brasil Ltda., Via Anhuanguera km 110, Sumare, SP 13177-070
Abbott Laboratories: Abbott Laboratories do Brasil Ltda., Rua Nova Iorque, 245, Brooklin, São Paulo, SP 04560908
Acheson Colloids: Acheson do Brasil Ltda., Rua Howard A. Acheson Jr., 279 Cotia, São Paulo, SP 06700-000
Air Products: Air Products Gases Industrials Ltda., Praca Radialista Manoel de Nobrega 65, 02517 Casa Verde ,
São Paulo, SP
Albany International Corp.: Albany Internacional Filtros e Telas Indústria Ltda., Rua Colorado, 350, Indaial, SC
89130-000
Allergan: Allergan-Lok Produtos Farmacéuticos Ltda., Av. Diederichsen, 1057, São Paulo, SP 04310-000
Allied Signal: Allied Chemical do Brasil, Av. Paulista 688, São Paulo, SP
Allied Signal Aerospace Co., Rua Visconde de Piraja 430, t-andar, Ipanema, 22410 Rio de Janeiro
Garrett Equipamentos Ltda., Av. Julia Gaiolli 212/250, AMP de Rod. Pres. Duzra, 097210, Guarulhos, São Paulo
Robert Bossy Freios Ltda., Rua João Felipe Zavier da Silva, 384, Campinas, SP 13001-970
Amoco Chemical Co.: Rhodiaco Industrias Quimicas Ltda., Brazil
Atlantic Richfield Co. : AM PM Comestivels Ltda., Praia do Flamengo 66, 22210 Rio de Janeiro
Arco Chemical Co.: ARCO Quimica do Brasil / SGS do Brasil S.A. av. Vereador Alfredo das Neves 480, CEP
11095-510 Alemoa, Santos
ARCO Quimica do Brasil , Av. Roque Petroni Jr., 999cj 123, São Paulo, SP 04708-000
Ashland Oil: Ashland Resinas Sinteticas Ltda., Caixa postal 1838, 13000 Campinas, SP
Avery Dennison Corp.: Avery Dennison Ltda., Rodovia Vinehedo-Viracopos km 177, Vinehedo, SP 13280-000
Dennison do Brasil Commercial Ltda., Av. Eng. Alberto G. Zagotis 254, Jurubatuba, SP 04675
Baxter Healthcare Corp.: Baxter Hospitalar Ltda., Av. Interlagos 3509, CEP 04661 Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP
04661-905
BetzDearborn: Betzdearborn Brasil Ltda., Rodovia Raposo Tavares, 22.901, Granja Vianna 06700-000, Cotia - SP
Bristol-Myers Squibb: Bristo-Myers Squibb Brasil SA, Rua Carlos Gomes, 924, San Amaro, São Paulo, SP 04743903
Bulab Holdings Inc.: Buckman Laboratorios Ltda., Caixa Postal 899, 13001-970 Campinas, SP
Cabot Corp.: Cabot do Brasil Ind. E Com. Ltda. Av. Dos Eucaliptos, 88, São Paulo, SP 04517-900
Carboline Co.: Sumare Industria Quimica SA, Caixa Postal 20971, 01491 São Paulo SP
Chevron Chemical Co.: Chevron do Brasil Ltda., Alameda dos Lupinas 512, Blocko B, 2o. andar, São Paulo,
01059-970
The Clorox Company: Clorox do Brasil Ltda., Av. Brigadeiro Fairo Lima 2161, 5o. andar, sala 700, São Paulo, SP
01451-001
Conoco Inc. : Conoco Quimica do Brasil Ltda. Av. Paulista 1499, 13 andar, Conj 1301, 01311 São Paulo, SP
605
Coulter Corp. : Coulter Electronics Industria e Commercio Ltda. , Estrada do Mapua 591, Taquara, Jacarepagua,
22713 Rio de Janeiro
DeKalb Genetics Corp.: Braskalb Agropecuaria Brasileira Ltda., PO Box 1741 Rua Fernando Martini, CEP
13073-060, Campinas, SP
Sementes Selecionadas AD Ltda. , Rodovia Assis Chateaubriand km. 85, Caixa postal 371, 14780 Barretos, SP
Dow Chemical: Cloroquim SA Ind. E Com. Praca do Patriarca, Predio Conde Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP
Dow Quimica SA, Rua Alexandre Dumas, 1671, São Paulo, 04717-903 SP
Dow Corning Corp.: Dow Corning do Brasil Ltda., Rua Francisco Tramontano, 100. 8o.andar, São Paulo, SP
06061-970
E I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co.: Du Pont do Brasil SA, Rua de Consolação 57, 1-andar, Caixa postal 8112, São
Paulo, SP
Eastman Kodak: Eastman Chemical Brasileira Ltda., Rua George Eastman 213, Caixa postal 225, São Paulo, SP
Kodak Brasileira CIL, Rua George Eastman 213 , São Paulo, SP 05690-900
Kodak Brasileira CIL: also in Porto Alegre, Recife, Resende, Rio de Janeiro, & San Jose dos Campos
Kodak do Amazonas Ind. e Com. Ltda., Avda. Maues 1330, 69000 Amazonas
Exxon Corporation: Esso Brasileira de Petroleo Ltda., Av. Presidente Wilson 118, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22020-030
Ferro Corporation: Ferro Enamel do Brasil Ind. e Com. Ltda., Av. Senador Vergueiro 2720, Rudge Ramos, 09740
Sao Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo
Nutriplant ICL, Caixa postal 097, Av. Constante Pavan 1155, 13140 Paulina, São Paulo
Fisher Scientific Inc.: Vidy Fabricação de Laboratórios, Rodovia Regis Bittencourt, 3360, Taboão da Serra, SP
06793-000
Florasynth Inc.: Florasynth Fragrances e Aromas Ltda. Rua Frei Fabiano 36, 20780, Engenho Novo, Rio de
Janeiro
FMC Corporation: CBV Industria Mecanica SA
FMC Brasil Ind. E Com. Ltda. 462 1o. andar, São Paulo, SP 01404-902
FMC-Kramer SA
Jetway Systems Equipamentos Aeroportarios Ltda.
Foamex International: Foamex do Brasil, Rua Gilbergo Laste 110, 90850-300 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
H. B. Fuller Co.: H. B. Fuller Brasil Ltda. Av. Paulista 807, Conj. 606/607, 01311 São Paulo
H.B. Fuller Brasil Ltda., Rua Professor Joaquim Silva 669, Sorocaba, Caixa Postal 777, 18000 São Paulo
GAF Corporation: GAF do Brasil Industria e Comercio Ltda., Rua Majo Sertoria 212-2, andar, caixa Postal, 9693,
01222, São Paulo SP
General Foods Corporation: Kibon SA, Caixa Postal 30266, São Paulo
Q-Refres-Ko SA, Caixa Postal 30700, São Paulo
The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.: Goodyear do Brasil Produtos de
Borracha Ltda., Av. Paulista 854, 01310
São Paulo
W R Grace & Co.: Grace Brasil Ltda., Av. Mofarrej, 619, São Paulo SP 05311-902
Hercules Inc.: Hercules Chemicals , Paulinia, Brazil
Hercules do Brasil Produtos Quimicos, Rua Mariana Correa, 562, São Paulo, 01444-900 SP
Houghton International Inc: E.F. Houghton do Brasil Ltda., Rua Alpont, 170, Maua, SP 09390-1100
Huntsman Corporation: Huntsman do Brasil Participaçoes Ltda. Av. Paulista 807, cj. 2314, 01311-000 São Paulo,
SP
International Flavors and Fragrances Inc.: IFF Essencias e Fragrancias Ltda., Av. Brasil 22351, Caixa postal
21670, ZC-27, Rio de Janeiro RJ
: IFF Essencias e Fragrancias Ltda.,
Av. Cauaxi, 65, Barrueri, SP 06454-020
: IFF Essencias e Fragrancias Ltda.,
Taubate, São Paulo
International Paint Co Inc.: Tintas Intl. SA, Caixa Postal 872, ZC-00, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
Johnson & Johnson; Janssen-Cilag Farmaceutica Ltda., caixa postal 7136, CEP 01064-970, São Paulo
Johnson & Johnson Professional Products Ltda., Caixa postal 5030, CEP 01061-970 São Paulo, SP
Johnson & Johnson SA, Ind e Com., Rua Gerivatiba, 207, Butanta, 05501-90 São Paulo SP
Koppers Co. Inc.: Koppers Importadora, Caixa Postal 13.273, 02064 São Paulo SP
Eli Lilly & Company: Eli Lilly do Brasil Ltda. Av. Morumbi 8264, 04703-002 São Paulo SP
Liquid Carbonic Industries Corporation: Liquid Carbonic Industries SA, Av. Rio Branco 15, 13 andar, Caixa Postal
4630, 20089-900 Rio de Janeiro RJ
606
Lord Corporation: Lord Industrial Ltda., Via Anhuangera Km 63,5 Jundial, SP 13213-180
The Lubrizol Corporation: Lubrizol do Brasil Aditivos Ltda., Estrada Belford Roxo, 1375, Boa Esperanca Nova
Iguacu, RJ 26110-260
Merck & Company Inc: Merck Sharp & Dohme Industria Quimica e Farmaceutica Ltda., Av. Brig Faria 1815,
andar 12, Caixa Postal 8734, 01451 São Paulo SP
Millipore Corporation: Millipore Ind e Com Ltda., Rua Prof. Campos de Oliveira 430, CEP 04675, São Paulo
Mobil Corportion: Mobil Oil do Brasil (Industria e Comercio) Ltda., Caixa Postal 8121, CEP 01001 São Paulo SP
Monsanto Company: Monsanto Co. Agricultural Group, San Jose dos Campos
Monsanto Co. Chemical Group, San Jose dos Campos
Monsanto do Brasil Ltda., Edificio Passarelli, Rua Paes Leme 523, Caixa postal 61535, 05424-904 Pinheiros, São
Paulo
Searle do Brasil Ltda., Biolab Industrial Farmaceutica SA, Departamento Cientifico, Rua Independencia, 706,
01524, Cambuci, São Paulo
Nalco Chemical Company: Nalco Brasil Ltda., Av. das Naçoes Unidas 17.891, andar 11, Santo Amaro, São Paulo
SP
National Chemsearch Corporation: National Chemsearch Ind. e Com. Ltda.,
Rua Tabatinguera 278, Caixa Postal 7023, São Paulo SP
National Starch & Chemical Company: National Starch & Chemical Industrial Ltda., Rua Caetano Dreke, 20, 12o.
andar, Centro Blumenau, Santa Catarina 89010
Occidental Petroleum Corporation: Eriez Produtos Magneticos e Metalurgicos, Av. Ipirange 318, Bloco B, andar
5, Caixa Postal 2632, 01046 Sao Paulo SP
Vulcan Material Plastico SA, Av. Rio Branco 156, andar 20, Caixa Postal 4400, ZC-21, Rio de Janeiro RJ
Olin Corporation: Olin Brasil Ltda., Av. Naçoes Unidas, 11857, 12o.andar,
São Paulo 04578-000 SP
Osram Sylvania Chemicals Inc.: Osram Sylvania Chemicals Brasil
The Perkin-Elmer Corporation: Perkin-Elmer Industria e Comercio Ltda., Rua Pageu 76, CEP 04139 São Paulo
SP
Pfizer: Laboratorios Pfizer Ltda., Av. Presidente Tancredo de Almeida Neves, 1111, Guarulhos, SP 07190-916
Pharmacia Upjohn: Asgrow do Brasil Sementes Ltda., caixa Postal 1564, 13100 Campinas SP
Phillips Petroleum: CCC-Companhia de Carbonos Coloidais, Rua Algibebes 6/12, andar 8, Caixa Postal 948,
Salvador BA
Produtos Petro-Quimicos “66” Ltda., Av. Brig. Luiz Antonio 1343, andar 5, Caixa Postal 30.818, 01317 São Paulo
Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. : Pioneer Agricultura Ltda., Caixa Postal 89, 96800 Santa Cruz do Sul, RS
Pioneer Sementes Ltda., Br. 471, Km. 49, Santa Cruz do Sul, 96800 Rio Grande do Sul
Praxair Inc: S. A. White Martins, Rua Mayrink Veiga, 9, 20090-050 Rio de Janeiro
Quaker Chemical Corporation: Quaker Chemical Industria e Comercio Ltda., Av. Bernardino de Campos 98-9,
São Paulo SP
Quaker Chemical Participaçoes Ltda., Av. Bernardino de Campos 98-9, São Paulo SP
Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Inc.: Rorer do Brasil Ltda., Sao Paulo
Sydney Ross Company: The Sydney Ross Co., Av. Rio Branco 251, andar 9, Caixa Postal 1363, ZC-00, Rio de
Janeiro RJ
R P Scherer Corporation; R P Scherer do Brasil Encapsulaçoes Ltda., Avenida Jerome case 1277, Zona Industrial,
Soracaba, 18087-370 SP
Schering International: Industria Quimica e Farmaceutica Schering SA, Rua Moraes e Silva 43, Caixa Postal 540,
ZC-00, Rio de Janeiro RJ
Spartan Chemical Company: Spartan do Brasil Produtos Quimicos Ltda., Rua Fernao Pompeo de Camargo, 1704,
Campinas SP 13036-321
Stiefel Laboratories; Laboratorios Stiefel Ltda., Av. Narain Singh 400, Bonnsucesso, Guarulhos SP 07250-000
Tenneco Inc: J. I. Case do Brasil & Cia., Avda. Jerome Case 1951, 18100 Sorocaba, São Paulo SP
Texaco Inc: Texaco Brazil SA, Rua Dom Gerardo 64, Caixa Postal 520, Rio de Janeiro RJ
Thetford Corporation: Thetford do Brasil, Av. Samuel Aisemberg 399, 09700 Sao Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo
SP
Union Carbide Corporation: Union Carbide do Brasil Ltda., Rua Dr. Eduardo de Souza Aranha, 153, Sao Paulo,
SP 04543-904
Union Oil International DIV: Unionoil Exploração de Petrolea Ltda., Praia do Flamengo 200, Rio de Janeiro RJ
607
Uniroyal Inc.: United States Rubber Intl., do Brasil Ltda., Rua Dona Veridiana 158, Caixa Postal 8041, São Paulo
SP
Warner-Lambert Company: Warner-Lambert Industria e Comercio Ltda., Rua Estrela d’Oeste, 701, Guarulhos, SP
07140-902
Waters Corporation: Waters Associates Brasil
Westvaco Corporation: Rigesa Ltda., Rua 13 de Maio 755, 13270 Valinhos SP
Witco Corporation: Witco do Brasil Ltda., Rua Verbp Divino, 1661, cjto. 64, São Paulo SP 04719-002
CHILE (32 of 187 companies)
BetzDearborn: BetzDearborn de Chile Ltda. , Avda La Travesia 6967, Parque Industrial Inve

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