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Section 2
Existing State and Trends of Elderly People and their Environment
1 How Have Elderly People’s Families and Households been Changing?
○ Households with elderly people comprise 40% of the total, and out of which households
‘living alone’ or households with ‘married couple only’ hold a majority
• The number of households with elderly people aged 65 and over is increasing. As of 2011, the
number was 19.42 million, making up 41.6% of all households (46.68 million) (Chart 1-2-1).
• While “three generation households” have been in decreasing trends, households of “Parents
with unmarried children” and households of “married couple only” are in increasing trends. As
of 2011, the number of households with “married couple only” is the biggest in number
accounting for 30%. If added with the households of single person, this will exceed the
majority.
Number of households with co-resident persons aged 65 and over, their
percentage distribution (by household type) and their share in all households
Chart 1-2-1
(1,000 households)
(%)
25,000
45.0
35.8
36.6
37.7
38.6
39.4
40.1
41.2
38.5
31.1
15,000
1,924
(12.3)
26.9
25.3
24.0
1,553
4,141
(12.2)
(26.5)
1,345
(12.4)
10,000
1,062
(12.5)
Source:
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
(Note 3)
8
41.6
40.0
19,422
2,313
34.4
0
42.6
Total
20,000
5,000
41.9
4,232
(33.3) 2,268
(14.5)
1,150
(12.2)
2,254
2,241 (11.2) (11.2)
2,166
2,260 (11.3)
(11.2)
(11.7)
2,088
2,091
2,031 (11.3) (11.4)
2,120 (11.4)
1,987
3,667
1,902 (11.8) (12.3)
3,528 (18.5)
(11.6)
(18.3)
3,947 3,751
3,919 (21.3) (20.5)
(21.9)
4,001 4,169
4,179 (23.7) (24.1)
3,634
(25.5)
3,418
(18.4)
3,010 2,944 (17.7)
2,931 (16.2) (16.1)
(16.4)
2,633 2,727
2,563 (15.6) (15.8)
(15.7)
3,348
3,518 (16.2)
2,998
(17.5)
35.0
30.0
(15.4)
3,837
25.0
3,730 (18.5)3,743
(18.5)
(19.3)
20.0
6,190
5,817
5,992
5,732 5,883 (29.8) (29.9)
(30.0)
5,420 5,397 (29.8) (29.7)
5,252 (29.2) (29.5)
4,313
1,636
4,822 4,845 (29.4)
(12.9)
4,545 (28.6) (28.1)
4,254 (45.9)
4,234
(27.8)
(50.1)
(27.1)
1,275
(11.8) 3,075
1,012
(24.2)
891 (10.8) 2,314
5,0184,697
4,326 4,352 4,631
(10.5) 1,795 (21.4)
3,730 4,069 4,102
1,379 (19.1)
(22.5) (22.0) (23.0) (24.2)(24.2)
3,079 3,179 3,405 3,411
(22.4)
(22.0)
2,199 (19.7) (19.4) (20.2) (19.7) (20.9)
(16.2)
1,613
910 1,131 (14.9) (17.3)
(12.0)
(10.7)
15.0
4,270
(39.5)
10.0
5.0
0.0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (Year)
Other households
Three-generation households
Parents with unmarried children
One-couple only households
One-person only households
Share of households with 65 years old and older persons in all households
Before 1985 Ministry of Health and Welfare “Basic Survey of Health and Welfare Public Administration,” after 1986 Ministry of
Health, Labour and Welfare “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions“
The figures of 1995 exclude Hyogo Prefecture, and the figures of 2011 exclude Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures.
The number in brackets ( ) is the share in the total number of households with persons aged 65 and over.
As a result of rounding, the numbers do not necessarily add up to the total shown here.
○ The number of elderly people living alone is on the increase
• The increase in elderly people living alone is remarkable both for males and females (Chart
1-2-2).
• Percentage of elderly people living alone against the total population of elderly people was
4.3% for males and 11.2% for females in 1980. However, in 2010, these numbers turned out to
be 11.1% for males and 20.3% for females.
Trends of elderly persons living alone
(1,000 persons)
Actual figures
8,500
8,000
20.3%
7,500
Persons living alone (bar graph)
7,000
19.0%
17.9%
6,500
14.7%
5,000
4,500
4,000
(4,791)
12.9%
Ratio of elderly
persons in the living
alone population
11.2%
3,500
(2,202)
4.3%
1,500
1,000
Source:
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
(Note 3)
(881)
500
688
0
193
1980
(1,623) 6.1%
5.2%
(1,181)
1,742
1,313
948
4.6%
233
310
460
1985
1990
1995
Female
12.9%
5,014
4,710
9.7%
4,119
8.0%
12
10
8
3,405
2,814
2000
14
4,506
Male
2,290
742
20
4,865
Male
2,500
13.9%
11.1%
(3,032)
3,000
2,000
(3,865)
22
16
14.6%
Female
24
16.3%
15.4%
5,500
(%)
18
(6,008)
16.2%
6,000
Estimated figures
23.1% 23.4%
22.6%
21.9%
21.3%
(7,622)
(7,298)
(7,007)
(6,679)
Ratio in the elderly population
(By sex, line graph)
Chart 1-2-2
1,051
2005
1,386
2010
1,889
2015
2,173
2,296
2,433
2,608
6
4
2
2020
2025
2030
2035
0
(Year)
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications “Population Census” till 2010, and after 2015, National Institute of Population and
Social Security Research “Future number of households estimates (estimated on January 2013),” “Future population estimates
(estimated on January 2012)”
“Living alone” indicates the one-person households of the above surveys and estimates.
In the bar graph, ( ) shows the total number of living alone males and females aged 65 and over.
As a result of rounding, the numbers do not necessarily add up to the total shown here.
2 Economic Situation of Elderly People
○ Elderly people who need not worry about their livelihood is approximately 70%
• When we look at the life circumstances of the elderly people aged 60 and over, the proportion
who are feeling “I do not worry” (the total of ‘I do not worry at all’ and ‘I do not worry very
much’) is 71.0%. In the age group, this figure is the highest being 80% for the group of “80
years old and over.” (Chart 1-2-3)
9
Livelihood of elderly persons
Chart 1-2-3
(%)
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
Total
18.0
53.0
60 to 64 years
17.5
54.8
65 to 69 years
14.9
70 to 74 years
14.7
75 to 79 years
I do not worry at all
I worry very much
Source:
(Note)
6.60.3 0.4
21.2
9.0 0.2 0.5
25.3
50.4
6.4 0.6 0.9
21.6
51.6
14.8
I do not worry so much
Others
6.2 0.2 0.2
6.6 - 0.2
22.6
50.3
28.4
100.0
21.7
55.7
20.1
80 years and over
80.0
4.0
0.8 0.4
I worry a little
I do not know
Cabinet Office “Public Opinion Survey on elderly people's economic life” (2011)
The survey was carried out nationwide on males and females aged 60 and over.
○ The annual income per person of the aged households does not differ much compared
with the average of total households. In approximately 70% of the households, the ratio of
public pensions and benefits against total income was over 80%.
• The average annual income of aged households was ¥3.072 million, which was slightly over
one-half of the average of total households (¥5.380 million) (Chart 1-2-4).
• When it comes to per person income, it turned out to be ¥1.974 million and much difference is
not seen with the average of the total households (¥2.004 million) as the average number of
personnel is less in the case of aged households.
• In approximately 70% of aged households receiving public pensions and benefits, the
percentage of such public pensions and benefits against the total income is over 80% (Chart
1-2-5).
Chart 1-2-4
Incomes of aged households
Average income
Category
Aged
household
Total income
Earned income
Public and mutual-aid pensions
Property income
Social security benefits other than pensions
Remittance and other incomes
All households
Source:
(Note)
10
Per person (average number of
household persons)
Per household
Total income
3.072 million yen
535,000 yen (17.4%)
2.074 million yen (67.5%)
272,000 yen (8.9%)
24,000 yen
(0.8%)
167,000 yen
(5.4%)
5.38 million yen
1.974 million yen (1.56 persons)
2.004 million yen (2.68 persons)
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions” (2011) (annual income for 2010 in this
survey)
Aged households are households composed of either people aged 65 and over only or with unmarried persons under 18 years.
Chart 1-2-5
Percentage of aged households by the ratio of public and mutual-aid pensions in
their total income
Households with less than 20%
Households with less than 20 to 40
3.3%
6.0%
Households with less
than 40 to 60%
8.6%
Households with
less than 60 to 80%
11.4%
Households for which
less than 80 to 100% of
their gross income is
composed of public and
mutual-aid pensions
Source:
Aged households
receiving public and
mutual-aid pensions
100% households
56.7%
14.1%
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions” (2011) (annual income for 2010 in this
survey)
○ In the households where the head of the household is 65 years old and over, the amount of
saving held by them is 1.4 times that of the average of the total households and the main
purpose of saving is to prepare for disease and care.
• It is understood that the households the head of which is 60 to 69 years old and the households
the head of which is 70 years old and over hold higher net savings compared with other age
groups (Chart 1-2-6).
• The average amount of savings of the households the head of which is 65 years and over was
22.57 million yen, 1.4 times as big as the average saving of the entire households of 16.64
million yen (Chart 1-2-7).
• Looking at the purpose of savings, “to prepare for disease and care” was the highest being
62.3% (Chart 1-2-8).
11
Amounts of Savings, Liabilities, Yearly Income and Ratio of Owned Dwellings
per Household by Age Group of Household Head
Chart 1-2-6
(10,000 yen)
(%)
2,500
90.9
83.9
100
88.6
71.9
2,000
80
54.4
1,500
60
2,363
1,000
730
570
21.3
500
443
559
595
1,118
282
0
▲ 226
▲ 842
466
20
0
▲ 90
▲ 551
▲ 871
-20
-1,000
-40
Younger 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 to 69 70 years
than 30
years
years and over
years
years
years
(3.64)
(3.77)
(3.33)
(2.68)
(2.43)
(3.21)
Liabilities
Source:
40
1,588
▲ 311
-500
2,211
793
Savings
Yearly income
(Average household menbers)
Ratio of owned dwelling (%)
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications “Family Income and Expenditure survey (two-or-more-persons households)”
(2011)
Distribution of Households by Amount Group of Savings
Chart 1-2-7
(%)
20
All households
18
16
14
12
Households with the head aged 65 and over
16.1
16.64 million yen
Average of all households
Average of households with the head aged 65 and over 22.57 million yen
11.2
10.2
10
8
8.8
8.8
7.0
6.2
5.3
6
3.4
4
5.2
4.9
3.9
2.9
5.9 6.0
4.5
3.8 4.2 3.3 3.8
3.5
3.4
3.2 3.4
3.3 3.0
5.0
4.7
6.2
4.6
4.1
3.8
3.6
2.4
6.7 6.0
4.8
2.7
2
0
Below 1
million yen
1 to 2
million
yen
Source:
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
12
2 to 3
million
yen
3 to 4
million
yen
4 to 5
million
yen
5 to 6
million
yen
6 to 7
million
yen
7 to 8
million
yen
8 to 9
million
yen
9 to 10
million
yen
10 to 12
million
yen
12 to
14
million
yen
14 to
16
million
yen
16 to
18
million
yen
18 to
20
million
yen
20 to
25
million
yen
25 to
30
million
yen
30 to
40
million
yen
40
million
yen or
more
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications “Family Income and Expenditure survey (two-or-more-persons households)”
(2011)
One-person households are not included.
Total amount of deposits in Japan Post Bank, Management Organization for Postal Savings and Postal Life Insurance (former
Japan Post), banks and other financial institutions, life insurance premiums, securities such as stocks, bonds, investment trusts
and cash or money trusts and deposits in non-financial institutions such as ones own companies.
Purpose of savings
Chart 1-2-8
-
20.0
20.0
40.0
4.61.6
100.0 (%)
80.0
2.7 2.8 4.5
1.5
62.3
To maintain living
To prepare for disease and care
No savings
Source:
(Note)
60.0
Wealthy life and hobbies
To leave to child
I do not know
Travel and shopping
Others
Cabinet Office “Public Opinion Survey on elderly people's economic life” (2011)
The survey was carried out nationwide on males and females aged 60 and over.
○ The number of Persons Receiving Public Assistance is on the increasing trend
• In 2011, the number of Public Assistance Recipients aged 65 and over was 780 thousand
people, which was an increase from the previous year (Chart 1-2-9).
• As of 2011, the ratio of Public Assistance Recipients aged 65 and over against the total
population aged 65 and over 2.63% which was higher than the ratio of Public Assistance
Recipient of the total population (1.58%).
Transition in number of Persons Receiving Public Assistance
Chart 1-2-9
(%)
(10,000 people)
250
2.63
3.00
2.51
200
2.11
1.90
2.15
2.28
2.25
2.21
2.37
2.50
202
2.01
2.00
150
100
50
129
119
0.93
1.01
1.08
1.12
1.15
1.18
188
167
154
150
147
143
138
1.47
1.20
1.31
56
64
69
53
62
49
59
45
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1.50
1.00
74
78
0.50
0
Source:
1.58
2010
0.00
2011 (Year)
Number of Persons Receiving Public Assistance (total)
Number of Persons Receiving Public Assistance (aged 65 and over)
Percentage of Persons Receiving Public Assistance (total)
Percentage of Persons Receiving Public Assistance (aged 65 and over)
Created by Cabinet Office based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Population Estimates” and “Population
Census” and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “National Survey on Public Assistance Recipients.”
3 Health and Welfare of Elderly People
○ Nearly one-half of the elderly people complain of some subjective symptoms but the
people adversely affected to their daily life is around one-fifth of them
• Looking at the health conditions of the elderly people aged 65 and over, the ratio of people with
some complaints in 2010 (the number of people with complaints of subjective symptoms due to
illness or injuries in these several days (excluding hospitalized people) per 1,000 of population)
was 471.1, meaning nearly one-half of people complain of some subjective symptoms.
On the other side, with respect to people aged 65 and over, the ratio of people having adverse
effect to their daily life the number of people (excluding hospitalized people) per a population
of 1,000, with adverse effect for their activities of daily living, going out, works, household
13
works, studies, exercises, etc. was 209.0 in 2010, which was less than one-half of the ratio of
people with complaints.
If we look at this by age-group wise and by gender, the ratio is higher if the ages become higher
and for the age group of second half of seventies and elder, the number is higher for females
than for males (Chart 1-2-10-(1)).
If we check these adverse effects to the daily life, in the case of elderly people, the figure
related to “Activities of daily living” (get out of bed, putting on/off of clothes, taking meals,
taking bath, etc.) was 100.6 per a population of 1,000 followed by 90.5 for “going out,” 79.6
for “works, household works, studies” and 64.5 for “Exercising (including sports).” (Chart
1-2-10-(2))
•
Chart 1-2-10-(1)
Ratio of elderly persons aged 65 and over with subjective symptoms and with
influence on daily life (per 1,000 population)
Ratio of persons with subjective symptoms
(per 1,000 population)
600.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
Ratio of persons with influence on daily life
(per 1,000 population)
428.6
377.8
433.7
491.1
481.6
529.3 522.7 545.4
510.8 509.4
471.1
500.0
400.0
300.0
300.0
200.0
200.0
100.0
100.0
139.1
168.2
121.7
216.1
229.4
272.0
308.3
396.5
209.0
165.5
0.0
0.0
65 to 69
years old
70 to 74
years old
Male
Female
Source:
75 to 79
years old
80 to 84 85 years old
and over
years old
Total of
persons
aged 65
and over
and
over
Total of persons aged 65 or
over
65 to 69
years old
70 to 74
years old
Male
Female
75 to 79
years old
80 to 84
years old
Total of
persons
aged 65
and over
and
over
Total of persons aged 65 or
over
Ratio of elderly persons aged 65 and over with influence on daily life
(multiple answer) (per 1,000 population)
209.0
196.3
219.0
Total
Activities of daily
living
87.8
100.6
110.5
90.5
Going out
75.2
works, household
works, studies
61.5
102.4
79.6
93.7
64.5
71.4
59.1
Exercising (including
sports)
Total
Male
23.7
24.9
22.8
Others
0
Source:
85 years old
and over
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions” (2010)
Chart 1-2-10-(2)
14
344.0
Female
50
100
150
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions” (2010)
200
250
○ As the age group gets higher, the ratio of people declaring their health condition as being
“Good” or “Sort of good” is decreasing
○ If we look at the awareness on the current health conditions by age group, the ratio of those
feeling their health condition is “good” or “sort of good” is on a decreasing tendency while
“bad” or “not so good” is on an increasing tendency with the age group advance. (Chart 1-2-10
(3))
Chart 1-2-10-(3)
Awareness on the health conditions
0%
20%
60 to 64
years old
10.9%
12.7%
65 to 69
years old
10.5%
12.1%
70 to 74
years old
8.8%
80 to 84
years old 4.8% 8.9%
85 years old
and over 3.8%7.9%
Good
60%
11.4%1.5% 17.7%
12.3% 2.1%
41.0%
38.0%
36.8%
22.7%
35.1%
Sort of good
14.8% 3.0%
19.3%
35.6%
Fair
100%
80%
45.8%
11.6%
75 to 79
years old 6.3% 9.9%
Source:
40%
22.1%
23.8%
4.2%
23.4%
5.5%
22.4%
24.7%
7.9%
20.6%
Not so good
Bad
Not stated
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions” (2010)
○ Healthy life expectancy is extended but its length of extension is shorter compared with
the extension of average life expectancy.
• The period during which the daily life is not hindered (healthy life expectancy) was 70.42 years
for males and 73.62 years for females as of 2010. Compared with 2001, these figures are longer
respectively. However, the extension of healthy life expectancy from 2001 to 2010 (1.02 years
for males and 0.97 year for females) are shorter compared with the extension of average life
expectancy during the same period (1.48 years for males and 1.37 years for females). As the
result, the difference between average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy has been
widened in 2010 both for males and females compared with year 2001. (Chart 1-2-11)
15
Chart 1-2-11
(Age)
Trends of healthy life expectancy and average life expectancy
Male
Female
(Age)
90
90
Average life expectancy
Healthy life expectancy
85
85
84.93
80
86.30
85.99
80
78.07
78.64
79.19
79.55
75
75
72.65
70
85.59
69.40
69.47
70.33
72.69
73.36
73.62
2007
2010
70.42
70
65
65
2001
Source:
2004
2007
2010 (Year)
2001
2004
(Year)
For Healthy life expectancy, Health and Labour Science Research Grant “Research about estimates in healthy life expectancy
and cost effectiveness of measures for lifestyle-related diseases. For Average life expectancy in 2010, Ministry of Health,
Labour and Welfare “Complete life table” and from 2001 to 2007, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Abridged life table”
Time without any limitations in daily life is “Healthy life expectancy” and life expectancy at birth is “Average life expectancy.”
(Note)
○ Looking at the diseases causing the death of the elderly people, the rate of death (ratio of
the number of deaths per elderly population of 100,000) was highest in 2011 in the case of
“malignant neoplasms (cancers)” at 970.3.
• Looking at the diseases caused the death of the elderly people, the rate of death (ratio of the
number of deaths per elderly population of 100,000) was highest in 2011 in the case of
“malignant neoplasms (cancers)” at 970.3, followed by heart diseases at 589.2 and pneumonia
at 406.3. These three diseases account for half of the deaths of the elderly people. (Chart
1-2-12)
Chart 1-2-12
Trends in death rates by major cause of death for elderly persons aged 65 and
over
(per 100,000 population of elderly persons aged 65 and over)
1,200
Malignant neoplasms (Cancers)
Heart diseases
Pneumonia
Cerebrovascular diseases
Senility
970.3
800
589.2
400
406.3
374.5
176.3
0
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
(Year)
Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Vital Statistics”
* Heart diseases have decreased largely during the period of 1990 to 1995 because of the following directions added to the death certificates
from January 1995: “Do not enter heart failure or respiratory failure etc. as a symptom in the terminal stage of disease in the columns for
the cause of death.”
16
○ The number of persons needing long-term care is increasing rapidly among elderly people,
the ratio is high especially for the people aged 75 and over.
• The number of people aged 65 and over who are certified as requiring long-term care is 4.907
million people at the end of FY 2010, an increase of 2.03 million from the end of FY 2001.
(Chart 1-2-13)
• The number of people aged 75 and over who are certified as requiring long-term care account
for 22.1 % of all insured persons aged 75 and over. (Chart 1-2-14)
• As for the bearing of expenses when long-term care becomes necessary, in the Cabinet Office
research when asked how to bear the expenses for receiving care from children, or expenses for
entering homes for elderly people, or expenses for receiving helping services at home, 42.3%
replied “while not specifically provided for, such expenses could be covered by income such as
pensions, etc.,” 7.7% replied “if relying only to our savings, it could be insufficient, but would
be able to finance borrowing money by offering own home and other real estate property as
collateral.” 7.4% of respondents thought “The expenses could be covered by the sale of assets,
etc.,” 9.9% expected to “receive economical assistances from their children” and 20.3%
expressed “the amount needed would be provided as saving.” (Chart 1-2-15)
Trends in number of Primary Insured Persons (aged 65 and over) requiring
Long-Terms Care or Support by Care level
Chart 1-2-13
(thousand people)
5,000
3,943
4,000
3,704
3,324
3,000
2,000
2,877
390
360
405
376
408
373
4,251
445
467
443
432
526
504
457
556
569
709
567
1198
1282
385
493
584
659
2001
2002
2003
2004
607
688
619
675
768
787
816
868
748
764
825
45
490
606
639
631
647
706
519
541
562
591
652
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 (FY)
605
1022
569
538
717
616
582
4,907
620
531
501
466
Support required
Temporary certification as required care
Care level 3
Source:
(Note 1)
(Note 2)
479
494
4,696
679
1374
848
0
4,378
476
536
1,000
4,175
4,524
Support required 1
Care level 1
Care level 4
2
862
882
Support required 2
Care level 2
Care level 5
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “Report survey on situation of Long-Term Care Insurance service (annual report)
Following the revision of Long-Term Care Insurance Act in April 2006, the classification of care levels has changed.
Due to the Great East Japan Earthquake, five towns and 1 village in Fukushima Prefecture (Hironomachi, Narahamachi,
Tomiokamachi, Kawauchimura, Futabamachi and Shinchimachi) were excluded because there were difficulties to report.
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