THE 2014 PREDICT REPORT An Analysis of ICT - JRC

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THE 2014 PREDICT REPORT
An Analysis of ICT R&D in the EU and
Beyond
Authors: Matilde Mas and Juan Fernández de Guevara Radoselovics
(University of Valencia and Ivie)
Editors: Ibrahim K. Rohman, Giuditta De Prato and Paul Desruelle
(JRC-IPTS)
2014
Report EUR 26993 EN
European Commission
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
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All images © European Union 2014
JRC93448
EUR 26993 EN
ISBN 978-92-79-44667-2 (PDF)
ISSN 1831-9424 (online)
doi:10.2791/914700
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014
© European Union, 2014
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Abstract
The 2014 PREDICT report covers the period 2006-2011 analysing the consequences of the deep recession that began in
early 2008 which impacts the first most severe downturn in 2009 for the European Union (EU) ICT sector and its R&D
performance. The report found that the EU ICT sector continued losing share in total value added, but gaining the share in
terms of employment and BERD intensity. The share of ICT R&D public funding (GBAORD) on total GBAORD also increased
in 2010 and 2011. However, as a result of the reverse progress on the value added and employment, ICT sector’s labour
productivity showed a downward trend during the observed periods. In terms of sub-sector analysis, the ICT
manufacturing and services have both recovered to create additional employment in 2011 even though the impact is less
profound for the latter. On international comparison, the US still led in ICT sector productivity and value added in 2011.
However, in BERD activities, they are being challenged by four Asian countries: Japan, China, Korea and Taiwan.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the valuable comments and suggestions made by the editors of this
report: Ibrahim K. Rohman, Giuditta De Prato and Paul Desruelle. The authors also thank the
contributions of the Ivie team Eva Benages, Laura Hernández, Juan Pérez and Juan Carlos Robledo.
We also gratefully acknowledge Susana Sabater for thorough checking and editing of the text.
.
1
Table of contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Executive summary............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.
Overview of the EU ICT sector and its R&D ................................................................................................................. 8
1.1
ICT sector value added .................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2
ICT sector employment and ICT sector labour productivity .................................................................. 11
1.3
ICT sector business enterprise expenditure on R&D (ICT BERD) ......................................................... 15
1.4
Public Funding of ICT R&D ....................................................................................................................................... 20
1.5
ICT sector R&D personnel ......................................................................................................................................... 21
1.6
Comparison of indicators and data summary .............................................................................................. 25
2.
Analysis by ICT sub-sector............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.1
ICT sector value added ............................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.
Analysis by Member State ............................................................................................................................................. 39
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Public funding of ICT R&D ........................................................................................................................................ 48
3.5
3.6
4.
Comparison with other economies ........................................................................................................................... 57
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Public funding of ICT R&D ........................................................................................................................................ 71
4.5
4.6
List of figures ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 78
List of tables .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
List of abbreviations used ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
List of definitions ................................................................................................................................................................................ 82
2
Executive summary
Introduction
The 2014 PREDICT report provides a detailed descriptive analysis of the state of the Information
and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector and its Research and Development (R&D) in the
European Union and beyond.
This analysis has been carried out by the Valencian Institute of Economic Research (Ivie) and
Information Society Unit of the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS) under
Prospective Insights on R&D in ICT (PREDICT) project. PREDICT is being run by JRC-IPTS for
Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT) of
European Commission.
the
the
the
the
This is the seventh in a series of annually published reports, and it is the third web-based edition.
Like the previous reports, this one is based on the latest data available from official sources such
as the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD). The 2014 PREDICT covers the period 2006-2011, and as
such includes an analysis of the consequences for the European Union (EU) ICT sector and its R&D
of the deep recession that began in early 2008, but had its first most severe downturn in 2009.This
is the third year in which the PREDICT analysis has followed the NACE Rev 2 definition of the ICT
sector.1 According to this definition the ICT sector is composed of the sub-sectors described in Table
1.
Table 1: The ICT sector (2007 OECD definition)
Nace Rev. 2
Description
261-264, 268
ICT manufacturing industries
261
Manufacture of electronic components and boards
262
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment
263
Manufacture of communication equipment
264
Manufacture of consumer electronics
268
465, 582, 61, 62, 631, 951
465
4651
4652
5820, 61, 62, 631, 951
Manufacture of magnetic and optical media
ICT total services
ICT trade industries
Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software
Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts
ICT services industries
5820
Software publishing
61
Telecommunications
62
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities
631
Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals
951
Repair of computers and communication equipment
The analysis first provides an overview of the importance of the EU ICT sector and its R&D. It then
gives detailed information, by ICT manufacturing and service sub-sectors and by EU Member State,
and in comparison with other non-EU economies that are currently taking the lead in the world
economy, including both developed and emerging economies.
1
See: OECD Information Economy–Sector definitions based on the International Standard Industry
Classification (ISIC 4) available at http://www.oecd.org/science/scienceandtechnologypolicy/38217340.pdf),
Annex 1, pg. 15. More details on methodology are provided in Mas, Robledo and Pérez (2012): ICT sector
definition transition from NACE Rev. 1.1 to NACE Rev. 2: A methodological note, available at
http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub.cfm?id=5919.
3
The report confirms some of the trends observed in previous PREDICT analyses but it also shows
some improvements that will need confirmation in the coming years. The main observations made
in this year’s report are the following:

The EU ICT sector continued losing share in total value added from 4.10% in 2006 to 4.02%
in 2010 and 3.99% in 2011. The EU ICT sector share in terms of employment increased
from 2.66% in 2010 to 2.72% in 2011, as job creation in the ICT sector has been stronger.
The combination of the movements of both variables (higher reduction in Gross Value
Added –GVA- than employment in 2006-2009 and slower recovery in 2010-11) translated
in a continuous fall in the EU ICT sector labour productivity.

ICT Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD) intensity (ICT BERD/ICT value added)
has experienced an increase between 2010 (5.30%) and 2011 (5.50%).

The share of ICT R&D public funding (ICT GBAORD, Government Budget Appropriations or
Outlays on R&D) of total GBAORD also increased in these two years from 6.52% in 2010 to
6.63% in 2011, although ICT GBAORD intensity (defined as ICT GBAORD/GDP –Gross
Domestic Product) has decreased slightly.

The EU ICT manufacturing sector slowly recovered in 2011. For the first time since the
onset of the crisis the EU ICT manufacturing sector showed in 2011 a positive employment
growth rate (1.03%), BERD (3.76%) and R&D personnel (3.62%) but not in labour
productivity (-6.70%) because of the slowdown in ICT value added (-5.75%).

The US is the ICT productivity leader increasing the size of its ICT sector in terms of VA in
2011. However, it is being challenged in terms of BERD by four Asian countries: Japan,
China, Korea and Taiwan according to two indicators. First, the US lost weight in the ICT
BERD world share between 2010 and 2011 while the Asian countries gained positions.
Second, the US BERD intensity and ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) kept practically
constant in this period while it increased in the other four countries.
The impact of the crisis on the ICT sector
The EU ICT sector value added (ICT VA) showed a stable share of GDP between 4.10% and 4.09% in
2006 and 2007, before the onset of the crisis. In the following four years it experienced a slight but
steady decrease, falling to 4.02% in 2010 and to 3.99% in 2011. The opposite trend was seen in
ICT sector employment which has resisted more successfully than total employment. In 2011 it
represented 2.72% of total EU employment, a higher share than in 2006 (2.62%) and that in 2010
(2.66%). The combined movements of VA and employment translated into a continuous fall in the
ICT sector labour productivity. The ICT sector labour productivity was a 56.57% higher than the
total in 2006. This advantage fell to 50.95% in 2010 and to 46.62% in 2011, as ICT sector VA
slowed down whereas employment proved to be more resilient.
The ICT sub-sectors with the highest weight in GDP and employment in the EU -Telecommunications
and Computer programming– belong to the ICT service sector. The former sub-sector experienced a
reduction in 2011 in terms of both variables, especially in VA. For this reason its labour productivity
-which is the highest of all the ICT sub-sectors- decreased (-2.41%).
Overall, the available information indicates that the EU ICT sector lost weight in VA from 2008 to
2011, the last year analysed, but it gained weight in terms of employment. As a consequence, ICT
sector labour productivity has continued decreasing in 2011 with respect to 2006, and also to
2010, both in absolute and relative terms.
R&D in the EU ICT sector shows positive signs
The ICT sector is one of the most research-intensive sectors in the EU economy. Thus, the ICT sector
is a key contributor to the EU’s target to reach 3% of GDP invested in R&D by 2020. BERD intensity
4
was 1.29% of GDP in 2011 while ICT BERD intensity reached 5.50%. That is, it was 4.27 times
higher than total BERD intensity. Furthermore, this ratio was higher than in 2010 (5.30%).
Estimated public funding of R&D in the ICT sector ICT GBAORD (Government Budget Appropriations
or Outlays on R&D) in 2011 represented 6.63% of total EU public funding of R&D (total GBAORD).
This percentage has been increasing steadily since 2008 (6.36%), and more noticeable between
2010 (6.52%) and 2011.
Total economy and specially ICT manufacturing sectors have an important role to play within total
BERD. While manufacturing represents around 14% of VA and employment, its weight in terms of
BERD is much higher at around 64%. A similar —although less pronounced– pattern can be seen in
ICT service sectors. Their share in terms of BERD is 9.80% while the corresponding figures for VA
and employment are 3.65% and 2.35%, respectively. Thus, ICT sub-sectors –especially
manufacturing– absorb a much higher proportion of BERD than their weight in the economy.
The two ICT sub-sectors with the highest BERD share of total BERD are Computer programming,
belonging to the ICT service sector, and Manufacturing of communication equipment, belonging to
ICT manufacturing. Of the selected non-ICT manufacturing sectors2 with close relations to ICT
and/or R&D, the highest shares in total BERD correspond to Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers, and Manufacture of machinery and equipment.
The EU ICT R&D personnel and researchers maintained their positive rates of growth in 2010 and
2011 but experienced a slowdown between these two years. The reason for the slowdown of the
former is due to the deceleration of the ICT services sector personnel since R&D personnel in the
ICT manufacturing sector presented a positive growth rate although not high enough to compensate
the slowdown in the ICT service sector.
The EU ICT manufacturing sector slowly recovered in 2011
The first years of the crisis hit the EU’s ICT manufacturing sector more severely than its services
sector. The ICT manufacturing sector share of total ICT VA came down from 12.18% in 2006 to
8.56% in 2009. In 2010 it experienced a recovery due to a stronger ICT manufacturing VA growth in
comparison to ICT services or the whole economy, reaching 9.34%, which slowed down in 2011
(8.71%). ICT manufacturing employment share dropped 3.86 percentage points from 17.64% in
2006 to 13.78% in 2011. However, in 2011 –and for the first time after the onset of the crisis- it
presented a positive rate of growth of 1.03%.
The slight recovery of the ICT manufacturing sector is confirmed by the BERD variable which, also
for the first time since 2007, showed a positive growth (3.76%) in 2011. The recovery of the
number of ICT manufacturing personnel is another positive sign. In 2011 the rate of growth of ICT
manufacturing personnel (3.62%) was higher than in ICT service sectors (2.67%).
The weakness shown by the EU ICT sector during the first years of crisis was due to the slowdown
in the ICT manufacturing sector and not in the service sector. However, the most recent data seems
to indicate that the ICT manufacturing sector might have changed the downward tendency in 2011.
The EU ICT sector is concentrated in a number of Member State (MS)
countries
In 2011 ICT sector value added was highly concentrated in the five largest EU countries: Germany
(17.03%), the United Kingdom (UK) (16.95%), France (15.95%), Italy (11.26%) and Spain (7.16%).
2
The selected non-ICT manufacturing sectors are: manufacture of chemicals and chemical products;
manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products; manufacture of machinery
and equipment; manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers and manufacture of other
transport equipment.
5
These five countries together generated 68.35% of total EU ICT VA, and 64.66% of total ICT sector
employment.
The picture for ICT BERD at national level is rather different from that of employment or VA.
Germany had the highest share (22.26%) of total ICT BERD for the European Union in 2011,
followed by France (17.11%), the UK (11.68%), Finland (9.92%) and Sweden (7.62%). The
differences between the VA and BERD shares originate in the sectoral specialisation between
manufacturing and services: the higher the share of manufacturing, the higher the share in terms of
BERD, and also in terms of R&D personnel. This is the case of Finland, whose share in terms of ICT
VA was 1.63%, compared with 9.92% for ICT BERD. But it is not the case for countries that host the
production of ICT goods –such as Hungary or Ireland– since in those cases R&D is usually carried
out in the home country. In 2011 Finland had the highest BERD intensity in the ICT sector, followed
by the other two Nordic countries, Sweden and Denmark. Finland also had the highest share of ICT
sector R&D personnel of the total ICT sector employment and, together with Sweden, was the
country with the highest share of ICT manufacturing personnel. Finally, Sweden, Finland and
Denmark present also the highest share of public funding of ICT R&D (ICT GBAORD) in GDP of all
the EU MS. Thus, the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden, have a weight in ICT R&D that
goes well beyond their economic size.
The US leadership keeps being challenged by the Asian countries
The US has kept the leadership in 2011 in terms of the size of its ICT sector and labour productivity,
but is losing positions in terms of BERD. The US was almost the only country, of the thirteen
analysed, which experienced an increase in the ICT VA share of GDP in 2011. It is the leading
country in ICT sector labour productivity, both in ICT manufacture and services sectors. Norway
takes the second place –due to its prominent position in ICT manufacturing- and Australia the third
one. While these three countries experienced ICT sector labour productivity gains, the EU had a
slight contraction between 2010 and 2011. Furthermore, the EU ICT sector labour productivity falls
behind that of the US, Norway, Australia, Canada and Switzerland.
The US leadership in terms of R&D has been somehow challenged by some Asian countries. The US
and the EU lost weight in the ICT BERD world share between 2010 and 2011 while Japan, China,
Korea and Taiwan gained positions. In the EU total BERD intensity increased slightly but it kept
constant in the ICT sector. The US BERD intensity kept constant in this period while it increased in
Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China.
In terms of total R&D public funding (GBAORD) as a share in GDP, available data shows that the
differences between countries are not very significant. However, the gap in terms of ICT R&D public
funding (ICT GBAORD) is more marked. In this case, the share of ICT R&D public funding in the US
and Japan almost doubles that of the EU.
The main lessons to be learnt from the international perspective keep being the same that the
2013 PREDICT, namely having a large ICT manufacturing sector –like China, Taiwan and Korea– is
an important lever for growth, especially when it is combined with important resources devoted to
R&D, both in terms of expenditures and of qualified personnel. The strength of the US, as compared
with the EU, lies in its high productivity levels, the defence of its ICT manufacturing sector, and high
R&D resources committed to improve its competitiveness in the world markets. Some of the trends
of previous PREDICT reports are confirmed –the loss of weight of ICT sector value added in the EU,
the increase of labour productivity due to the more resilience of EU employment, or lower BERD
intensity that in the US and in other emerging economies–. However, in the PREDICT 2013 some
changes can also be observed in comparison with the previous edition: increase in the EU BERD
intensity, increase of ICT GBAORD, and the growth of manufacturing employment in 2011, among
others.
6
Introduction
The 2014 PREDICT Report: “An Analysis of ICT R&D in the EU and beyond” provides a detailed
analysis of the state of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Research and
Development (R&D) activities in the European Union. This is the seventh edition of a series that is
published annually. As in the 2012 and 2013 editions, the 2014 edition has also been published in
an online version available at: http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/PREDICT.html.
This edition is based on the latest data available from official sources, such as Eurostat and OECD.
It covers the years 2006 to 2011, a period marked by a deep financial and economic crisis.
This analysis was carried out by the Valencian Institute of Economic Research (Ivie) and the
Information Society Unit of the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS) under the
Prospective Insights on R&D in ICT (PREDICT) project, a research project analysing R&D in ICT in
Europe. PREDICT is being run by JRC-IPTS for the Directorate General for Communications Networks,
Content and Technology (DG CONNECT) of the European Commission.
The PREDICT analysis provided here is structured as follows:

An initial overview of the importance of the EU ICT sector and of its R&D.

Detailed information by ICT manufacturing and services sub-sectors, by EU Member State,
and compared with twelve leading ICT countries from the five continents.
The data and analyses are provided according to the following categories: size of the ICT sector
value added in terms of its share of GDP, ICT sector employment and labour productivity, ICT sector
Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (ICT BERD), Public Funding of ICT sector R&D (ICT GBAORD)
and ICT sector R&D personnel and researchers.
Methodological note
The data and analyses provided here are based on data from National Accounts and R&D statistics.
PREDICT analyses follow the NACE Rev 2 definition of the ICT sector.3 Since the adoption in 2006 of
this new definition of the ICT sector, it must now be applied by all Member States when reporting
ICT sector data, starting with year 2008.4 Data was downloaded between January and April 2014
covering the period up to 2011.
3
4
OECD Information Economy–Sector definitions based on the International Standard Industry Classification
(ISIC 4), Annex 1, p.15, available at:
http://www.oecd.org/science/scienceandtechnologypolicy/38217340.pdf. The industry classification used
appears in Box 1 (chapter 2).
More details on methodology are provided in Mas, Robledo and Pérez (2012), ICT sector definition
transition from NACE Rev. 1.1 to NACE Rev. 2: A methodological note, Ivie.
7
1.
Overview of the EU ICT sector and its R&D
This chapter provides an overview of the importance of the EU ICT sector and its R&D by presenting
the main indicators for period 2006-2011, offering a general perspective which will be analysed in
depth in the following three chapters.
1.1
ICT sector value added
EU ICT sector value added (ICT VA) amounted to 482.87 billion euros in 2006. Five years later it had
increased by 24.74 billion euros, reaching a value of 507.61 billion euros. The EU ICT VA represents
around 4% of total GDP. Figure 1a shows a slight reduction in this share from 4.10% in 2006 to
3.99% in 2011 during the most recent years of economic recession. Figure 1b shows a very similar
annual growth rate5 in both variables, especially in the first part of the period. Between 2006 and
2007, ICT VA and GDP grew at a rate of 2.92% and 3.20% in real terms, respectively. However,
during the first year of recession ICT VA growth rate fell to 0.09% and GDP to 0.41%. Both variables
experienced a drop (around -4.5%) in 2009, to recover again in 2010. This recovery continued for
ICT VA in 2011, from an annual growth rate of 0.40% in 2010 to 1.10% in 2011. However, in the
same period, the GDP annual growth rate followed the opposite path, reducing the growth rate from
1.96% in 2010 to 1.70% in 2011.
Figure 1:
a: ICT sector value added share of total value
added.
European
Union (2006-2011)
Eur opean
Union ( 2006-2011)
b: ICT sector value added and GDP real annual
growth rates. European Union (2006-2011)
4.5%
4%
4.0%
3%
3.5%
2%
3.0%
1%
3.20%
2.92%
2.0%
4.10%
4.09%
4.08%
4.08%
4.02%
1.70%
1.10%
0.41%
0.09%
0%
2.5%
1.96%
0.40%
-1%
3.99%
1.5%
-2%
1.0%
-3%
0.5%
-4%
GDP: -4.48%
ICT VA: -4.50%
-5%
0.0%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2011
2008
2009
ICT VA
2010
2011
GDP
Source: Eurostat, elaborated by Ivie and JRC-IPTS.
ICT VA is concentrated in the ICT services sectors as Figure 2a illustrates. ICT manufacturing's VA
represents throughout the period analysed around 10.3% of total ICT sector value added. However
a distinct feature is that it has been losing share since the beginning of the recession. While in 2006
ICT manufacturing VA represented 12.18% of total VA, in 2011 this share had decreased by almost
3.5 percentage points, to 8.71%. This result indicates that ICT manufacturing has suffered more
5
All growth rates are computed in real terms using the implicit GDP deflator (chained volume estimates or
fixed-base volume estimates, depending on countries).
8
from the downturn of economic activity than ICT services, as confirmed by Figure 2b. ICT
manufacturing experienced a contraction of its VA of -12.36% in 2008 and -23.43% in 2009.
However, it recovered in 2010 when it grew at a rate of 9.53% and contracted again in 2011 at a
rate of -5.75%. Compared to these figures, the pattern of growth in ICT services VA was much more
stable, decreasing only by -2.23% in the most severe drop which took place in 2009 and growing
between 2010 and 2011 at a rate of 1.80%.
Figure 2
a: Distribution of VA shares for ICT
Figur e 1 -2-a. Distribution of V A shares for IC T
manufacturing
and ICT services. European
manufactur ing and ICT ser vices. European Union
Union
(2006-2011)
( 2 0 06-2011)
b: Annual real growth rates of ICT
Figur e 1 -2-b. Annual
r ates ofvalue
ICT
manufacturing
and real
ICTgr owth
services
added.
manufactur ing and ICT ser vices value added. Eur opean
European
Union
(2006-2011)
Union ( 2 0 06-2011)
100%
15%
90%
10%
9.53%
80%
5%
ICT manuf.:
3.00%
1.82%
1.80%
-0.46%
70%
0%
60%
50%
87.82% 87.81% 89.32% 91.44% 90.66% 91.29%
-5%
-2.23%
-5.75%
-10%
40%
-15%
30%
-12.36%
-20%
20%
-25%
10%
0%
ICT
serv.:
2.92%
12.18% 12.19% 10.68% 8.56%
9.34%
8.71%
2010
2011
-23.43%
-30%
2006
2007
2008
ICT manufacturing
2009
2007
ICT services
2008
2009
ICT manufacturing
2010
2011
ICT services
The value added generated by the whole manufacturing sector (including ICT and non ICT
industries) represents around 14% of total GDP in the EU. Figure 3a shows how this percentage is
split among ICT and some selected non-ICT sub-sectors that in some way have a closer relation
with ICT and/or R&D. ICT manufacturing sectors represented 0.3%-0.5% of total GDP. Other sectors
with an important relation with ICT and/or R&D also have a small share of GDP, with Manufacture
of machinery and equipment having the highest share (around 2.2%).
9
Figure 3: ICT sector value added share of GDP and comparison with non-ICT economic activities.
European Union (2006-2011)
a) Manufacturing
b) Services
a) M anufacturing
b) Ser vices
16%
70%
14%
60%
20.40% 20.36% 20.59%
12%
10%
50%
8.85%
8.80%
8.53%
7.96%
8.02%
8.06%
40%
8%
30%
6%
0.33%
1.21%
0.33%
1.21%
0.35%
1.08%
4%
2%
0%
21.35% 21.15% 21.24%
2.22%
2.24%
2.28%
0.59%
0.93%
0.59%
0.92%
0.50%
2006
0.33%
0.86%
0.34%
1.15%
0.35%
1.24%
2.01%
2.16%
2.26%
0.62%
0.89%
0.68%
0.91%
0.67%
0.93%
0.50%
0.66%
0.83%
0.44%
0.35%
0.38%
0.35%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Rest of non-ICT manufacturi ng indust ries
20%
10%
0%
6.10%
6.00%
6.16%
6.66%
6.64%
6.63%
4.76%
3.66%
4.68%
3.73%
4.52%
3.59%
4.46%
3.69%
4.52%
3.73%
4.82%
3.62%
5.25%
5.32%
5.39%
5.33%
5.24%
5.26%
4.95%
5.03%
4.85%
5.32%
5.22%
5.00%
1.05%
1.05%
1.05%
1.07%
4.42%
4.47%
4.47%
4.39%
1.06%
1.00%
4.38%
4.31%
9.80%
9.74%
9.84%
9.76%
9.58%
9.57%
3.60%
3.59%
3.64%
3.73%
3.64%
3.65%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Rest of non-ICT service industries
Human health and social work act ivities
Education
Administrat ion and support serv ice activi ties
Professional, sci entific and technical activities
Financial and insurance activities
Information and communi cation
Transportation and storage
Wholesale and retail trade, repai r of motor vehicl es and motorcycles
ICT total serv ices
Manufacture of ot her t ransport equipment
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of machinery and equi pment
Manufacture of pharmaceut icals, medici nal chemical and botanical
products
Manufacture of chemi cals and chemical products
ICT total manufacturing industries
Note: Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning
supply; water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; and construction are not
included in either manufacturing or services industries.
Figure 3b provides similar information but related to the services VA share of GDP. Services VA
represents around 65% of total GDP in the EU. ICT services sectors account for 3.65% in 2011.
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (9.57%), Human health and
social work activities (6.63%) and Professional, scientific and technical activities (5.26%) are the
non-ICT services sectors with the highest shares of GDP. Overall, the information confirms that
services sectors are more closely related to ICT than manufacturing sectors as ICT services sector
represents 5.6% of total VA whereas ICT manufacturing only 2.6%. Now, the share of the group
termed “rest of non-ICT services industries”6– which gathers the non-ICT sectors with lower
presence of ICT- is lower than that of manufacturing, representing around one third of total service
VA share. At the same time, the share of ICT sectors is higher in service sectors than in
manufacturing.
6
This group includes accommodation and food service activities; real estate activities; public administration
and defence; compulsory social security and other service activities; activities of households as employers
and extraterritorial organisations and bodies (except repair of computers and communication equipment).
10
1.2
ICT sector employment and ICT sector labour productivity
1.2.1 ICT sector employment
Total ICT sector employment in the EU amounted to 5.86 million people in 2006 and 6.13 million
people in 2011, a positive variation of around 274.40 thousand workers. The ICT sector employment
share of total EU employment is lower than that of VA, around 2.7%. This percentage has also
remained fairly stable over the six years analysed, oscillating very slightly between 2.62% in 2006
and 2.70% in 2008 as indicated in Figure 4a. In contrast to the case of VA, ICT sector employment
share increased during the first years of the recession that started in 2008, falling since this year
until 2011, when this share increased to 2.72%. Figure 4b illustrates the pattern for the annual rate
of growth of ICT sector and total employment in the EU. In 2007 ICT sector employment grew at an
annual rate of around 3%, almost doubling total employment growth. ICT sector employment did
not suffer the deceleration that ICT VA experienced in 2008, the first year of recession, since it
continued to grow at an annual rate of 2.98%, tripling total employment growth. By contrast, the
fall in the rate of growth of ICT sector employment in the following two years was more severe
than for the total economy. In 2011, the last year for which information is available, ICT sector
employment reversed this contraction growing at a rate of 2.59% in contrast to the 0.24% rate of
total employment.
Figure 4
a: ICT sector employment share of total
employment. European Union (2006-2011)
b: ICT sector employment and total
employment annual growth rates. European
Unionannual
(2006-2011)
gr owth r ates. European Union ( 2006 -2011)
employment. Eur opean Union (2006 -2011)
4%
4%
3.0%
3.03%
2.98%
3%
3%
2.5%
2.59%
2%
2%
2.0%
1.83%
1%
1%
0.99%
1.5%
2.62%
2.65%
2.70%
2.68%
2.72%
2.66% 2.72%
0.24%
0%
0%
-0.48%
1.0%
-1%
-1%
0.5%
-1.77%
-1.28%
-2%
-2%
0.0%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
-2.57%
-3%
-3%
2011
2011
2007
2008
2009
ICT sector employment
2010
2011
Total employment
The share of ICT manufacturing employment on total ICT sector employment is higher than its
share in terms of VA. Figure 5a indicates that –as in the case of VA– this share fell throughout the
period from 17.64% in 2006 to 13.78% in 2011. It is interesting to note, in Figure 5b, that
11
employment in the ICT service sectors did not suffer the adverse effect of the economic crisis to the
same extent as ICT manufacturing employment or total employment. In fact, while manufacturing
experienced a drop of -14.10% in 2009, ICT service employment only contracted by -0.27%. In
2011, both ICT manufacturing and ICT services employment began to grow at a positive rate,
especially ICT services, whose annual growth rate (2.85%) was almost three times higher than in
ICT manufacturing (1.03%).
Figure 5
a: Distribution of employment shares for ICT
b: Annual growth rates of ICT manufacturing
Figur e 1 -5-b. Annual growth r ates of IC T
and
ICT services
employment.
European Union
manufactur
ing and ICT
ser vices employment.
Eur opean Union (2006-2011)
(2006-2011)
Figur e 1 -5-a. Distribution of employment shares for ICT
manufacturing and ICT services. European
manufactur ing and ICT ser vices. European Union (2006 2Union
0 1 1) (2006-2011)
10%
100%
90%
5%
80%
70%
60%
0%
3.17%
4.26%
2.85%
-0.27%
2.99%
1.03%
82.36% 82.34% 83.36% 85.33% 86.01% 86.22%
-3.00%
-5%
50%
40%
-5.86%
-10%
30%
20%
10%
-0.49%
-15%
-14.10%
17.64% 17.66% 16.64% 14.67% 13.99% 13.78%
-20%
0%
2006
2007
2008
ICT manufacturing
2009
2010
2007
2011
2008
2009
ICT manufacturing
ICT services
2010
2011
ICT services
Figure 6a shows that employment in the EU manufacturing sectors represents around 14%-16% of
total employment, a slightly higher share than the 13% - 15% for VA (see Figure 3a). Employment
in ICT manufacturing sectors represents around 0.4% of total employment, a percentage similar to
that of VA. Manufacture of machinery and equipment has the highest share (2.06%) in 2011, as
already seen in terms of VA. The non-ICT sub-sectors that are not closely related to ICT and/or R&D
(“rest of non-ICT manufacturing industries”7 in Figure 6a) represent more than half of total
manufacturing employment. Employment in services sectors represents around 70% of total
employment while in the ICT services sectors this figure stands at around 2.3% (Figure 6b). As
7
Rest of non-ICT manufacturing industries includes: manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco
products; manufacture of wood and paper products, and printing; manufacture of coke, and refined
petroleum products; manufacture of rubber and plastics products, and other non-metallic mineral
products; manufacture of basic metals and fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment;
manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation; watches and clocks;
manufacture of irradiation, electro-medical and electro-therapeutic equipment; manufacture of optical
instruments and photographic equipment; and other manufacturing, and repair and installation of
machinery and equipment.
12
before, the sectors with the highest share are wholesale and retail trade, repair or motor vehicles
and motorcycles (14.56%) and Human health and social work activities (9.88%).
Figure 6: ICT sector employment share on total employment and comparison with non-ICT
economic activities. European Union (2006-2011)
a) Manufacturing
b) Services
18%
80%
16%
70%
14%
60%
12%
10%
18.48% 18.36%
18.09% 18.08% 17.94% 18.31%
50%
11.01% 10.79% 10.67%
10.18%
9.87%
9.83%
40%
8%
9.02%
8.99%
9.10%
9.47%
9.75%
9.88%
6.58%
6.49%
6.50%
6.69%
6.74%
6.71%
5.39%
5.54%
5.42%
5.65%
5.81%
5.29%
2.74%
0.81%
4.99%
5.38%
2.71%
0.82%
4.99%
5.49%
2.77%
0.81%
5.02%
5.52%
2.74%
0.79%
4.99%
5.63%
2.73%
0.79%
5.00%
4%
1.10%
1.09%
1.08%
1.03%
0.34%
20%
1.00%
1.04%
5.19%
5.17%
2.73%
0.82%
5.02%
2%
2.13%
2.14%
2.20%
2.09%
2.03%
2.06%
10%
14.47% 14.53% 14.57% 14.54% 14.53% 14.56%
0.27%
0.61%
0.46%
0.27%
0.60%
0.47%
0.26%
0.59%
0.45%
0.26%
0.57%
0.39%
0.27%
0.55%
0.37%
0.27%
0.55%
0.38%
0%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
30%
6%
0%
0.35%
0.35%
0.34%
0.35%
0.34%
2.16%
2.18%
2.25%
2.29%
2.29%
2.35%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Education
Financial and insurance acti vities
products
ICT total serv ices
1.2.2 ICT sector labour productivity
Labour productivity in the ICT sector (ICT VA/ICT employment) amounted to around 76.9 thousand
euros per person in 2011, 46.64% higher than total labour productivity (total VA/total employment)
(Figure 7a). Before the onset of the economic crisis, labour productivity in the ICT sector grew at a
lower rate than in the total economy. In 2010 both variables had recovered a similar rate (2.45%
for total labour productivity and 1.70% for ICT sector labour productivity) (Figure 7b), basically due
to the recovery of VA growth together with the fall in employment. However, in 2011 these rates
have dropped again, especially for ICT sector labour productivity (-1.46% vs 1.45% for total labour
productivity).
13
Figure 7:
a: ICT sector labour productivity. European
Union (thousand constant [base year 2005]
( thousand constant [ base year 2005] EUR per person,
EUR
per person; 2006-2011)
2 0 0 6-2011)
b: ICT sector labour productivity and total
productivity annual real growth rates.
90
3%
80.62
80.54
80
78.28
76.73
78.03
2.45%
76.89
2%
1.70%
70
1.35%
1.45%
1%
60
0%
50
51.49
52.18
51.88
50.45
51.69
52.44
-0.57%
-0.10%
40
-1%
30
-1.98%
-2%
-1.46%
20
-3%
10
0
-2.80%
-2.76%
2008
2009
-4%
2006
2007
2008
ICT labour productivity
2009
2010
2011
2007
2010
2011
ICT labour productivity
Total labour productivity
Total labour productivity
Figure 8a shows that labour productivity is higher in the ICT services sector than in manufacturing.
In 2011, labour productivity in manufacturing amounted to 48.59 thousand euros per person, while
in services the corresponding figure was 67.57% higher at 81.42 thousand euros. Figure 8b reports
the time profile for labour productivity growth throughout the period 2006-2011. ICT services
sector labour productivity presented a very similar pattern to total ICT sector labour productivity due
to its high share in the aggregate. Its growth was almost 0% in 2007, the last year of the expansion
period preceding the crisis. In the first two years of recession, 2008 and 2009, ICT sector labour
productivity experienced a drop, especially intense in the ICT manufacturing sector and in 2009
when its annual contraction was -10.86%. In 2010, it experienced a notable increase, growing at an
annual rate of 16.35%, due to the combination of a manufacturing VA growth of 9.53% (Figure 2b)
and a drop of -5.86% in manufacturing employment (Figure 5b). In 2011, however, ICT sector
labour productivity suffered a general decrease of -1.46%, especially intense in ICT manufacturing
(-6.70%). Taken all together, labour productivity in the EU presented a much more cyclical pattern in
ICT manufacturing than in ICT services sectors.
14
Figure 8:
a:
ICT
sector
labour
productivity.
Manufacturing and services. European Union
(thousand constant [base year 2005] EUR per
person; 2006-2011)
b: ICT sector labour productivity annual real
growth rates. Manufacturing and services.
Eur opean Union ( 2006-2011)
2 0 0 5] EUR per per son, 2 006-2011)
20%
100
16.35%
90
85.96
85.89
83.88
82.23
82.25
81.42
15%
78.28
76.73
78.03
76.89
10%
80
80.62
80.54
70
60
50
5%
55.68
55.58
52.09
50.22
40
48.59
0%
44.77
30
ICT serv.:
-0.08%
ICT total:
-0.10%
-5%
ICT
manuf.:
-0.18%
ICT serv.:
--1,97%
ICT total:
-1,98%
-2.34%
1.70%
-1.02%
0.03%
-1.46%
-2.80%
20
-6.70%
-10%
10
-9.65%
-10.86%
-15%
0
2006
ICT total
2007
2008
2009
ICT manufacturing
2010
2011
2007
ICT total
ICT services
2008
2009
ICT manufacturing
2010
2011
ICT services
1.3
ICT sector business enterprise expenditure on R&D (ICT BERD)
ICT BERD amounted to 25.89 billion euros in the EU in 2006. In 2011, it had increased by 2.02
billion euros. The weight of BERD on GDP –or BERD intensity (BERD/GDP)– was around 1.22% over
the period. Figure 9a shows how this percentage was split between ICT and non-ICT sector. While
ICT VA represented around 4% of total VA, and ICT sector employment around 2.7%, ICT BERD had
a higher share of total BERD, around 17.7%. However, these last years have seen a continuous fall
in the ICT BERD share from 18.88% in 2006 to 17.05% in 2011. This reduction is the consequence
of the lower rate of growth of ICT BERD than total BERD, together with a more severe contraction in
2009, when ICT BERD experienced a -4.54% annual rate of variation while the fall in non-ICT BERD
was less pronounced, -2.24% (Figure 9b).
15
Figure 9:
a: Contribution of ICT and non-ICT BERD to
total BERD intensity (BERD/GDP). European
Union (2006-2011)
b: ICT BERD and non-ICT BERD annual real
growth rates. European Union (2006-2011)
1.4%
8%
6.09%
1.2%
6%
5.00%
4.49%
1.0%
4.89%
4%
1.89%
0.8%
82.68% 82.79%
81.12% 81.79% 82.34%
2%
82.95%
0.6%
1.19%
1.11%
0%
-0.03%
0.4%
-2%
-2.24%
0.2%
-4%
18.88% 18.21% 17.66% 17.32% 17.21% 17.05%
-4.54%
0.0%
2006
2007
2008
ICT BERD
2009
2010
-6%
2011
2007
Non-ICT BERD
2008
2009
ICT BERD
2010
2011
Non-ICT BERD
ICT manufacturing has a higher share in terms of BERD than VA or employment. As Figure 10a
shows, ICT BERD in manufacturing has a share on total ICT BERD of around 47%. However, it is
important to note that this share has gone down quite sharply, from 52.91% to 42.54%, in six
years. This reduction is the result of a continuous decline of ICT manufacturing BERD in absolute
terms, as illustrated in Figure 10b by the negative rates of growth shown throughout the period
until 2010. However, in 2011, it began to grow at a rate of 3.76%. This pattern contrasts sharply
with the trend in ICT BERD services, which even in the worst year of the crisis, 2009, presented a
positive growth rate of 4.09%.
Figure 11a shows that the ratio of ICT sector BERD to ICT sector VA –termed ICT BERD intensity–
remained fairly stable at around 5.30% over the period 2006-2011, which is on average 4.3 times
higher than the same ratio for the total economy (1.22 on average over the period). In 2011 it
reached a maximum of 5.50 %. However, the range of fluctuation is small. Real growth rates,
shown in Figure 11b, reveal that in 2007 ICT BERD moved at an annual rate of -0.03%, around
three percentage points lower than ICT VA (2.92%). From 2008 to 2010 both variables grew at a
similar path, but in 2011 the growth rate of ICT BERD was more than four times higher than ICT VA.
The combination of these movements is what explains the relatively mild oscillations shown on the
left hand side of Figure 11.
16
Figure 10:
a: ICT manufacturing and ICT services BERD.
Share of total ICT BERD. European Union (20062011)
100%
b: ICT manufacturing and ICT services BERD
annual real growth rates. European Union (20062011)
10%
90%
7.11%
5.73%
4.09%
5%
80%
47.09% 50.45%
51.22%
70%
3.20%
2.72%
55.85% 57.00% 57.46%
3.76%
0%
60%
-0.37%
50%
-1.54%
-5%
40%
30%
52.91% 49.55%
48.78%
20%
-6.38%
44.15% 43.00% 42.54%
-10%
10%
-13.60%
-15%
0%
2006
2007
2008
ICT manufacturing
2009
2010
2007
2011
2008
2009
2010
ICT manufacturing
ICT services
2011
ICT services
Figure 11:
a: ICT sector BERD share of ICT sector value
added. European Union (2006-2011)
6%
b: ICT BERD annual real growth rates. European
Union (2006-2011)
6%
4.89%
5%
5.36%
5.21%
5.27%
5.26%
5.30%
5.50%
4%
4%
2%
3%
0%
2.92%
1.19%
0.40%
-0.03%
2%
1%
1.10%
1.11%
0.09%
-2%
1.17%
1.17%
1.22%
1.24%
1.24%
1.29%
-4%
-4.50%
-4.54%
0%
2006
2007
2008
ICT BERD/ICT VA
2009
2010
-6%
2011
2007
Total BERD/VA
2008
ICT BERD
17
2009
2010
ICT VA
2011
Figure 12 completes the information related to BERD intensity, showing that ICT manufacturing
sectors have higher BERD intensity that ICT services. BERD intensity in ICT manufacturing sectors
(26.87% in 2011) is 7.8 times higher than in ICT services (3.46%) and 22 times higher than total
BERD intensity (1.22). The differences remain when we look at non-ICT BERD intensity (5.41% for
non-ICT manufacturing and 0.51% for non-ICT services).
Figure 12: ICT and non-ICT BERD intensity (BERD/VA). European Union (2006-2011)
a) Manufacturing
b) Services
b)
b)Ser
Services
vices
a) M anufacturing
4.0%
4.0%
30.0%
27.15%
25.0%
20.0%
24.41%
24.07%
23.29%
3.5%
3.5%
26.87%
26.87%
3.21%
3.0%
3.0%
3.46%
2.99%
3.02%
0.40%
0.40%
0.43%
0.45%
0.46%
0.48%
0.51%
2006
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2.88%
2.88%
21.17%
3.33%
2.5%
2.5%
2.0%
2.0%
15.0%
1.5%
1.5%
10.0%
1.0%
1.0%
5.0%
4.82%
4.79%
5.10%
5.64%
5.31%
0.5%
0.5%
5.41%
5.41%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2006
2007
2008
ICT
2009
2010
2011
2011
ICT
Non-ICT
Non-ICT
Figure 13 shows how total BERD is split among selected economic sectors. Figure 13a provides the
information for total manufacturing share as well as the share of the same selected sectors
previously analysed. The first thing to note is that while manufacturing represents around 14% in
terms of VA (Figure 2) and 15.2% in terms of employment (Figure 6), it accounted for around 64%
in terms of BERD in 2011. However, it must be highlighted that, as with most variables, it also lost
share over the period. On the other hand, ICT manufacturing sectors represent around 8.3% of total
BERD on average, while their weight in terms of VA and employment is a scant 0.4% - 0.5%. Again,
it should be noted that this share also fell over the period, from 9.99% in 2006 to 7.25% in 2011.
The two manufacturing sectors with the highest BERD share are Manufacture of motor vehicles,
trailers and semi-trailers (14.40%), which gained share over the period, and Manufacturing of
machinery and equipment, whose share fell.
18
Figure 13: ICT BERD share of total BERD and comparison with non-ICT economic activities.
European
Figur e 1Union
-12. ICT(2006-2011)
BERD share of total BERD and comparison with non
ICT BERD share of total BERD and comparison with non -ICT economic activities. European Union (2006 -2011)
a) Manufacturing
a) M anufacturing
b) Services
b) Ser vices
80%
40%
70%
35%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
13.85% 14.10%
14.24% 15.63%
14.81% 14.68%
5.55% 5.22%
5.17%
5.66% 6.11% 6.08%
12.72%
13.18% 13.92%
13.55% 13.92% 14.40%
12.47%
30%
25%
20%
12.85% 12.51%
10.69% 10.49% 10.39%
15%
7.23%
6.84%
5.61%
7.20%
6.96%
5.07%
6.88%
4.89%
4.83%
4.64%
4.23%
9.99%
9.02%
8.62%
7.65%
7.40%
7.25%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
8.19%
0%
15.62% 17.00% 17.19%
18.66%
17.70% 18.40%
10%
1.85%
1.87%
1.74%
1.81%
1.67%
2.03%
1.78%
2.15%
1.72%
2.52%
1.57%
2.72%
5%
8.89%
9.19%
9.05%
9.67%
9.81%
9.80%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0%
Education
products
ICT total serv ices
Figure 13b provides the same information but referring to services, which represent around 34% of
total BERD in the EU. ICT services sectors account for around 9.4% of total BERD but reflect an
upward trend, which contrasts with the downward trend shown by ICT manufacturing. Besides ICT,
the non-ICT sector with the highest, and continuously increasing, share on total BERD is
Professional, scientific and technical activities, which rose from 15.62% in 2006 to 18.66% in 2011.
In the interpretation of the low shares corresponding to Human health and social work activities,
together with Education, it is important to bear in mind that the BERD variable refers strictly to the
business sector and not to the non-market economy, which has a significant weight in those two
activities. Finally, it is interesting to note that, in contrast to the case of VA (Figure 3) and
employment (Figure 6), the selected sectors absorb almost all BERD leaving practically no room for
the other non-ICT sub-sectors (termed “rest of non-ICT industries”).
19
1.4
Public Funding of ICT R&D
In 2011, estimated ICT GBAORD in the EU amounted to 6.12 billion euros – 6.63% of the total EU
GBAORD. In this analysis, the estimated ICT public funding of R&D is extracted from Government
Budget and Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD),8 which is reported for 14 NABS-2007
chapters, being ICT and related R&D included in several NABS chapters. For this reason, the
estimation is carried out based on the assumption that the share of ICT R&D expenditures in
GBAORD is similar to the share of ICT R&D labour costs (from total R&D labour costs). Once a
correspondence that links NABS chapters to NACE codes has been created, the Labour Force Survey
(LFS) and the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) are used to calculate ICT R&D labour shares
separately for each NABS category, country and year. These shares are used to obtain an
estimation of ICT GBAORD9 for each country and year.
Figure 14a shows ICT GBAORD intensity (defined as ICT GBAORD/GDP in the right scale of the
figure) in the EU for the years 2006-2011. It remained fairly stable at around 0.044%, with a
maximum in 2009 of 0.050%. However, from 2009 it has decreased slightly reaching the share of
0.048% in 2011. Figure 14a also shows the share of ICT GBAORD in total GBAORD, which amounted
to around 6.5% during the period analysed. However, it went from 6.46% in 2006 to 6.63% in
2011, recovering from the drop suffered in 2008.
Figure 14b provides the annual real growth rates of ICT GBAORD and total GBAORD. Both variables
followed similar paths, especially after 2008. In the years 2007 and 2008 total GBAORD showed
higher growth rates than ICT GBAORD. However, in 2009, ICT GBAORD experienced an acceleration
reaching a growth rate of 6.04% whereas total GBAORD began to slowdown. 2010 showed a
significant decline with negative growth rates for both variables. In 2011, total GBAORD (-1.68%)
kept the negative records of the previous year, whereas ICT GBAORD reached almost a 0% growth
rate (-0.09%).
8
9
Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D by Socio-economic Objectives (GBAORD) is a
budget-based data, which allows government support for R&D to be measured. Essentially, this involves
identifying all the budget items with an R&D component and measuring or estimating their R&D content in
terms of funding. These estimates are less accurate than performance-based data but as they are derived
from the budget, they can be linked to policy through classification by “objectives” or “goals”. GBAORD
series cover R&D in natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities and in both current and
capital expenditures. They include R&D performed on national territory as well as payments to foreign
performers, including international organisations. GBAORD, however, covers only R&D financed by central
government. Local government, and sometimes also provincial government, are excluded.
For more detailed information on this estimation see Stančík, J., & Rohman, I. K. (2014). Public ICT R&D
funding in the European Union. Forthcoming. JRC Scientific and Policy Report.
20
Figure 14:
a: ICT GBAORD share in GDP and in total GBAORD.
European
Union (2006-2011)
total GBA O RD. Eur opean Union ( 2006-2011)
7%
6.63%
6.46% 6.41% 6.36% 6.48% 6.52%
0.07%
b: ICT GBAORD and total GBAORD annual
real gr
growth
rates.
European
Union (2006owth
r ates.
opean
Union
(2006
r ealr eal
gr owth
r ates.
EurEur
opean
Union
( 2006-2011)
2011)
7%
6.04%
6%
0.06%
0.050%
5%
0.044%
0.044%
5.02%
5%
0.049%
0.048%
0.045%
4%
4.08%
0.05%
0.04%
3%
0.03%
2%
0.02%
1%
0.01%
4%
share of ICT GBAORD in GDP
share of ICT GBAORD in total GBAORD
6%
2.82%
4.18%
3%
2%
2.08%
1%
-0.09%
0%
-1%
-0.94%
-2%
0%
0.00%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
-1.65%
-1.68%
2010
2011
-3%
2011
2007
Share in total GBAORD (left scale)
Share in GDP (right scale)
2008
ICT GBAORD
2009
Total GBAORD
1.5
ICT sector R&D personnel
In 2006, R&D personnel in the EU ICT sector amounted to 233.63 thousand workers and in 2011,
263.08 thousand, reflecting an increase of 29.45 thousand. At the same time, in 2006 the number
of researchers in the EU ICT sector was 151.93 thousand, rising to 165.40 thousand in 2011,
representing an increase of 13.47 thousand researchers in these two years. Figure 15a indicates
that R&D personnel in the ICT sector accounts for around 4.1% of total ICT sector employment10 in
the EU for the period analysed (see the right hand side for the scale of this variable). This share
increased from 3.99% in 2006 to 4.29% in 2011. The sharpest growth was seen in 2010 which
maintained in 2011. On the other hand, Figure 15a also shows the share of ICT sector R&D
researchers on ICT personnel (scale on the left hand side). This ratio has fluctuated around a range
of 63%-65%. The highest share, 65.03%, occurred in 2006, while a minimum was reached in 2009
(62.76%), from which it recovered slightly in the two following years, rising to 62.87% in 2011.
In the ICT sector, employment grew at a faster pace (around 3%) than R&D personnel (around
2.2%) or R&D researchers (around 0.7%) between 2006 and 2008, as Figure 15b indicates. With
the onset of the recession, ICT sector employment contracted by -2.57%, while ICT sector R&D
personnel (-0.33%) and researchers (-0.94%) defended their positions more successfully. In 2010,
ICT sector employment began to recover but the growth rate was still negative (-1.28%), whereas
ICT R&D researchers (6.59%) and personnel (5.04%) witnessed an upturn. In 2011, however, ICT
10
The statistics available for all the countries provides the data for personnel in full-time equivalent (FTE)
terms while employment is measured in terms of headcounts.
21
employment recovered and grew at a 2.59%, whereas ICT R&D personnel slowed down to 2.96%
and ICT R&D researchers to 1.65%.
Figure 15:
a: ICT sector R&D personnel share on total ICT
sector employment, and ICT sector R&D
researchers share on ICT R&D personnel.
r esear chers
share(2006-2011)
on ICT R& D.European
European
Union
b: Annual growth rates of ICT sector
employment, ICT sector R&D personnel and
ICT sector R&D researchers. European Union
and IC T R& D r esearchers. European Union
(2006-2011)
(2 0 06-2011)
Union ( 2 0 06-2011)
70%
6%
65.03%
8%
63.75% 63.15% 62.76% 63.68% 62.87%
60%
6.59%
5%
6%
50%
3.99% 3.97% 3.93% 4.02%
4%
40%
3%
30%
2%
20%
1%
10%
ICT R&D personnel over total ICT employment
ICT R&D researchers over ICT R&D personnel
4.28% 4.29%
4%
2%
3.03%
2.54%
5.04%
2.98%
2.96%
2.59%
1.87%
1.65%
0.91%
0%
-0.33%
0.52%
-0.94%
-1.28%
-2%
-2.57%
0%
0%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
-4%
2011
2007
ICT R&D researchers over ICT R&D personnel
ICT R&D personnel over total ICT employment
2008
2009
2010
ICT R&D personnel
ICT R&D researchers
ICT employment
2011
ICT R&D personnel accounts for 19.24% of total R&D personnel in 2011 (Figure 16a). This share
peaked in 2006 (19.70%) and then fell reaching its lowest level in 2008 (19.02%). Since then, it
remained fairly stable. Figure 16a also contains information on ICT sector researchers. During the
entire period, the share of ICT R&D researchers on total R&D researchers was higher than the share
of ICT R&D personnel. The evolution of the ICT R&D researchers and personnel has been similar.
Both of them only present negative growth rates between 2008 and 2009, being positive for the
rest of the years (Figure 16b). Thus, the fall in the ICT sector shares in the two variables are due to
the greater dynamism registered in total R&D personnel and researchers.
22
Figure 16:
a: ICT R&D personnel share on total R&D
personnel, and ICT R&D researchers share on
total R&D researchers. European Union
r(2006-2011)
esear chers share on total R&D
b: Annual growth rates of R&D personnel and
researchers, ICT R&D personnel and ICT R&D
researchers. European Union (2006-2011)
and IC T R& D r esearchers. European Union
(2 0 06-2011)
r esear chers.Eur opean Union ( 2006-2011)
25%
23.23%
20%
6.59%
7%
22.88%
22.17%
21.95%
22.61%
22.27%
6%
19.70% 19.39%
19.52% 19.24%
19.02% 19.08%
5.04%
5%
4.14%
4%
4.50%
4.15%
3.90%
3.47%
15%
3%
2.54%
2.66%
2%
10%
2.06%
1.87%
3.18%
2.96%
1.65%
1%
0.91%
0%
5%
0.52%
0.06%
-0.33%
-0.66%
-1%
0%
-0.94%
-2%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2007
2008
ICT R&D personnel
Total R&D personnel
ICT R&D researchers over total R&D researchers
ICT R&D personnel over total R&D personnel
2009
2010
2011
ICT R&D researchers
Total R&D researchers
Figure 17a shows how R&D personnel is split between ICT manufacturing and services sectors.
Again, it is interesting to note that ICT manufacturing has declined in almost all variables. While ICT
sector R&D personnel in manufacturing represented 45.99% of total ICT sector R&D personnel in
2006, six years later this figure had fallen by around 15.2 percentage points to 30.84%. The reason
for this decline can be seen in the annual growth rates plotted in Figure 15b. The striking fact is
that while R&D personnel in the ICT services sectors retained its positive annual growth rates, even
in the years of deep recession, the same cannot be said for ICT manufacturing sectors. In this case,
the annual variation rate has always been negative, except in 2011. In that year, ICT manufacturing
showed a positive growth rate of 3.62%, higher than the ICT services growth rate of 2.67%.
23
Figure 17:
a: Share of ICT manufacturing R&D
personnel and ICT services R&D personnel.
b: Annual growth rates of ICT manufacturing
R&D personnel and ICT services R&D personnel.
100%
15%
90%
10.56%
80%
70%
9.69%
10%
7.21%
54.01%
58.23% 61.29%
66.42% 69.36% 69.16%
8.01%
3.62%
5%
60%
50%
2.67%
0%
40%
20%
-4.15%
-5%
30%
45.99%
-5.58%
41.77% 38.71%
-6.88%
33.58% 30.64% 30.84%
-10%
10%
-13.54%
0%
-15%
2006
2007
2008
ICT manufacturing
2009
2010
2011
2007
ICT services
2008
2009
ICT manufacturing
2010
2011
ICT services
Finally, Figure 18 shows the share of R&D personnel of the total for ICT and non-ICT sector,
differentiated according to manufacturing and services. As with BERD, the share of R&D personnel
in manufacturing is higher than the shares in VA or employment (Figures 3a and 6a), but it showed
a downward tendency. ICT sector R&D personnel in manufacturing fell from 9.06% in 2006 to
5.93% in 2011. As for BERD, the two manufacturing sectors with the highest share of R&D
personnel are Manufacture of machinery and equipment and Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers, both of which lost share over the period.
R&D personnel in the services sector showed an upward trend that was very pronounced in the two
sectors with the highest weight: ICT services R&D personnel share on total went up from 10.64% in
2006 to 13.30% in 2011, and Professional, scientific and technical activities rose from 16.08% in
2006 to 18.81% in 20101. Thus, as with almost all variables, the services sector has shown
remarkable resilience even in the most difficult years of the economic recession.
24
Figure 18: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total R&D personnel and comparison with non-ICT
economic activities. European Union (2006-2011)
a) Manufacturing
b)Ser
Services
b)
vices
a) M anufacturing
50%
70%
60%
16.83%
17.18% 17.49%
50%
4.25%
40%
3.96%
3.96%
11.57% 10.95%
11.10%
30%
13.47% 13.66%
13.54%
20%
5.47%
10%
5.29%
40%
18.22% 17.77%
17.48%
4.23%
30%
4.50%
4.54%
11.14% 10.88% 10.79%
10%
4.94%
4.79%
4.71%
4.81%
4.62%
4.64%
4.55%
4.22%
9.06%
8.10%
7.36%
6.41%
5.98%
5.93%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0%
18.13%
18.37% 18.81%
20%
11.80% 11.62% 11.68%
4.89%
5.20%
16.08%
17.00% 17.23%
1.39%
1.89%
1.63%
1.87%
1.44%
2.28%
1.45%
2.34%
1.44%
2.70%
1.47%
2.96%
13.54% 13.30%
10.64% 11.29% 11.65% 12.67%
0%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Education
products
ICT total serv ices
1.6
Comparison of indicators and data summary
Figure 19 provides a comparison of the ICT manufacturing and ICT services sectors distribution of
the four main indicators analysed in this section –value added, employment, BERD and R&D
personnel– for the European Union in 2011. The data summary for those variables is provided in
Table 2. The main results of this comparison can be summarised as follows:

ICT VA and ICT sector employment are concentrated in the ICT services sectors, especially in
ICT VA, representing 91.29% of total ICT VA and 86.22% of total ICT sector employment.

ICT manufacturing has a higher share in terms of BERD and R&D personnel than VA or
employment. ICT BERD in manufacturing represents 42.54% of total ICT BERD, while the
share of ICT manufacturing R&D personnel on total amounted to 30.84%.
ICT GBAORD grew between 2006 and 2011 both in terms of its share in GDP (from 0.044%
to 0.048%) and especially in its share on total GBAORD (from 6.46% to 6.63%).

25
Figure 19: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services for value added, employment, BERD and
R&D personnel. European Union (2011)
Value added
Employment
8.71%
13.78%
86.22%
91.29%
BERD
R&D personnel
30.84%
42.54%
57.46%
69.16%
ICT manufacturing
ICT services
Table 2 summarizes the main variables reviewed in this chapter.
Table 2: Summary table of ICT indicators by broad sectors. European Union (2011)
ICT sector
ICT sector ICT sector
Value
Employment
BERD
added
ICT
GBAORD
ICT sector
R&D
personnel
(thousand
persons
employed)
(Millions of
current EUR)
(Millions of
current EUR)
(thousand
full-time
equivalent)
(Millions of
current EUR)
ICT total manufacturing
ICT total services
ICT total
44,192.89
844.40
11,875.12
-
81.13
463,412.36
5,284.97
16,041.56
-
181.95
507,605.25
6,129.37 27,916.68
26
5,961.96
263.08
2.
Analysis by ICT sub-sector
2.1
ICT sector value added (VA) amounted to 507.61 billion euros in 2011. This represented a share of
3.99% of EU GDP, a share that has reduced slightly over the last few years. ICT services contributed
by far the largest share of ICT VA (91.29%, or 463.41 billion euros in 2011), accounting for 3.65%
of EU GDP, while ICT manufacturing VA contributed 8.71% of ICT VA (44.19 billion euros), totalling
0.35% of GDP.
Figure 20 plots the ICT VA share of GDP by ICT sub-sectors. By far the two largest ICT services subsectors in the EU are Computer programming, consultancy and related activities, which generated a
VA of 192.21 billion euros in 2011 (1.51% of EU GDP) and Telecommunications, producing a VA of
171.89 billion euros in 2011 (1.35% of EU GDP). These two sub-sectors represented almost 72% of
the total VA produced by the ICT sector in 2011. ICT trade activities –Wholesale of computers,
computer peripheral equipment and software and Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications
equipment and parts– generated a VA of 45.50 billion euros in 2011, or 0.36% of EU GDP. In 2011,
the value added created in ICT manufacturing was lower than the VA produced in ICT trade services.
From 2010 to 2011, the value added generated by ICT services increased by 14.11 billion euros (a
3.14% increase).
Box 1: List of NACE Rev. 2 ICT sub-sectors:
Nace Rev. 2
Description
261-264, 268
261
262
263
264
268
465, 582, 61, 62, 631, 951
465
4651
4652
5820, 61, 62, 631, 951
ICT total services
Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software
Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts
5820
Software publishing
61
Telecommunications
62
631
951
The two largest ICT manufacturing sub-sectors in the EU are Manufacturing of electronic
components and boards and Manufacturing of communication equipment. Their cumulative
contribution to EU GDP was, however, only 0.26% in 2011. From 2010 to 2011, value added
produced by ICT manufacturing decreased by 2.08 billion euros (-4.50%). It is also noticeable the
joint weight that two of the key ICT subsectors, Telecommunications and Communication equipment
jointly represented, 1.46% of GDP.
27
Figure 20: ICT VA share of GDP by sub-sector (2010, 2011)
1.8%
1.6%
1.49%1.51%
1.41%
1.35%
1.4%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.36% 0.36%
0.4%
0.2%
0.15%0.15%
0.05%0.05%
0.19% 0.20%
0.12%0.14%
0.13% 0.11%
0.04% 0.03%
0.08% 0.08%
0.00% 0.00%
0.0%
Manufacture
of electronic
components
Manufacture of
communication
equipment
Manufacture
of computers
Manufacture
of magnetic
media
Manufacture
of consumer
electronics
Software
publishing
Wholesale of
IC equipment
2010
Computer
programming
Telecommunications
Repair of
computers
Data
processing
2011
Figure 21: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of VA among the biggest
Member State contributors (2011)
Manufacturing
Services
3.31%
1.48%
7.47%
6.30%
13.51%
16.86%
12.75%
13.36%
24.94%
16.28%
17.47%
11.51%
2.59%
Finland
France
11.05%
13.45%
8.96%
3.54%
7.59%
5.51%
2.05%
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
UK
rest of old MS
new MS
Note: New MS are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Rest of old MS comprise Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Ireland,
Luxembourg and Portugal.
Figure 20 provides a comparison of ICT manufacturing and services sectors in terms of Member
State contributions to ICT VA in 2011. On the one hand, Germany dominated ICT manufacturing
(contributing 24.94% of EU ICT manufacturing VA), followed by Italy (13.45%) and the UK (11.51%),
Sweden and France, which contributed 8.96% and 6.30% respectively. On the other hand, the ICT
28
services sector was dominated by a group of four countries (the UK, France, Germany and Italy) that
represented 61.66% of the total EU ICT services VA. Thus there are noticeable differences between
countries according to different specialization patterns. Some countries play a leading role in ICT
manufacturing while having less importance in terms of ICT services. These differences can have
important implications for each country, as ICT services have proved to be more resilient during the
recession, but on the other hand, higher shares of ICT manufacturing imply generally higher shares
in terms of BERD. The biggest differences in Member States’ contributions can be seen in Germany
(24.94% in manufacturing vs. 16.28% in services), Sweden (8.96% vs. 3.54%), France (6.30 vs
16.86%), the UK (11.51 vs 17.47) and Spain (2.59% vs 7.59%). The thirteen new Member States11
contributed more to ICT VA in ICT manufacturing (13.51%) than in ICT services (7.47%).
2.2
In 2011, 6.13 million people worked in the EU ICT sector, representing 2.72% of total employment.
ICT sector employment is highly concentrated in ICT services: 5.28 million people worked in ICT
services (86.22%) whereas 0.84 million worked in ICT manufacturing (13.78%). Overall ICT sector
employment increased by 2.59% –in absolute terms, almost 155 thousand people– from 2010 to
2011. This figure comprised 8.6 thousand people in manufacturing (1.03%) and 146.4 thousand
people in services (2.85%). The increase in employment in ICT manufacturing was therefore lower
than in ICT services in both relative and absolute terms.
Figure 21 plots the ICT sector employment share of total employment by ICT sub-sectors. As in the
case for VA, ICT sector employment in the EU is concentrated in just two service sectors, Computer
programming, consultancy and related activities, with 2.87 million people (1.28% of total
employment), and Telecommunications with 1.04 million people (0.46% of total employment). In
2011, these two sub-sectors represented 63.85% of total ICT sector employment. In the same year,
ICT trade services employed 0.60 million people (0.26% of total employment).
In ICT manufacturing, most employment is provided by two sub-sectors: Manufacturing of electronic
components and boards employs 0.37 million people (0.16% of total employment) and
Manufacturing of communication equipment employs 0.25 million people (0.11% of total
employment).
From 2010 to 2011, ICT services employment increased in Computer programming, consultancy
and related activities by 3.79% and decreased by 0.15% in Telecommunications, the only ICT
services sub-sector that showed a negative growth. Employment increased by 5.45% (7.30
thousand people) in Software publishing and also increased by 3.88% (8 thousand people) in Repair
of computers in 2011. In ICT manufacturing, employment decreased by 2.34% in Manufacture of
computers and by 1.85% in Manufacture of magnetic media. On the other hand, it increased by
7.94% in Manufacture of computers.
11
New Member States: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
29
Figure 22: ICT sector employment share of total employment by sub-sector (based on head counts;
2010,
Figur e 2011)
2 -3: IC T sector employment share of total employment by sub -sector (based on head counts).
Eur opean Union (2010-2011)
1.4%
1.28%
1.23%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.46%0.46%
0.4%
0.26%0.26%
0.2%
0.18% 0.19%
0.17%0.16%
0.11%0.11%
0.05%0.06%
0.04% 0.04%
0.09%0.10%
0.06%0.06%
0.00%0.00%
0.0%
Manufacture
of electronic
components
Manufacture of
communication
equipment
Manufacture
of computers
Manufacture
of magnetic
media
Manufacture
of consumer
electronics
Software
publishing
Wholesale of
IC equipment
2010
Computer
programming
Telecommunications
Repair of
computers
Data
processing
2011
Figure 23: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT sector employment
among the biggest Member State contributors (2011)
Manufacturing
Services
1.49%
3.34%
8.93%
14.80%
13.31%
31.68%
9.50%
21.28%
17.35%
17.93%
7.47%
10.67%
11.73%
6.81%
7.41%
3.50%
Finland
France
2.81%
2.71%
2.44%
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
4.82%
UK
rest of old MS
new MS
Figure 23 provides a comparison of employment in the ICT manufacturing and services sectors by
MS in 2011. The most striking observation is the contribution of the new Member States. These 13
30
countries together employed 31.68% of all employees from the EU ICT manufacturing sector,
significantly above the 21.28% employed by Germany. One of the explanations of this fact is the
relocation12 of production activities, especially in manufactures, from the EU-15 to newer Member
States. In services, however, their contribution was only half that value (14.80%). In terms of singlecountry contributions, Germany dominated both ICT manufacturing and services (providing 21-17%
of EU ICT sector employment). France, Italy and the UK together contributed 27.48% and 41.91% to
total EU ICT manufacturing and services employment, respectively. Compared to other indicators
analysed, the differences between individual country shares (manufacturing vs. services) remained
quite stable, except for the UK, with a 6.81% share in ICT manufacturing and a 17.93% share in ICT
services employment.
In 2011, labour productivity per person in ICT manufacturing in the EU was 52.34 thousand euros,
while the figure for ICT services was 87.68 thousand euros. The highest labour productivity was
achieved in Telecommunications, rising to more than 153 thousand euros (see Figure 24). Between
2010 and 2011, ICT sector labour productivity in the EU decreased by -1.46% in real terms. This
decrease was more intense in ICT manufacturing (-6.70%) than in services (-1.02%). The biggest
rise was recorded in Manufacture of magnetic and optical media, 19.90%, while the biggest drop
was in Manufacture of consumer electronics, which fell around 21.50%. In the Manufacture of
communication equipment labour productivity dropped from 60.95 thousand constant euros per
person in 2010 to 53.41 one year later.
Figure 24: ICT sector labour productivity by sub-sector (thousand constant [base year 2005] EUR
per person; 2010, 2011)
200
180
160
140
120
42.99
42.53
57.10
53.24
157.26
62.31
62.09
103.45
70.99
72.70
34.07
28.41
53.80
42.23
53.41
48.32
47.53
47.42
20
47.21
40
60.95
60
118.26
80
153.55
100
0
Manufacture
of electronic
components
Manufacture of
communication
equipment
Manufacture
of computers
Manufacture
of magnetic
media
Manufacture
of consumer
electronics
Software
publishing
Wholesale of
IC equipment
2010
Computer
programming
Telecommunications
Repair of
computers
Data
processing
2011
12
See Timmer, Marcel P., Bart Los, Robert Stehrer, and Gaaitzen J. de Vries (2013). ‘Fragmentation, Incomes
and Jobs. An Analysis of European Competitiveness’, Economic Policy, 28(76), 613– 61; and Marin, D.
(2006). ‘A new international division of labor in Europe: outsourcing and offshoring to Eastern Europe’,
Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2–3), 612–22.
31
2.3
Analysing ICT sector business enterprise expenditure on R&D (ICT BERD) across ICT sub-sectors
provides a quite different perspective to the picture resulting from a comparison of value added or
employment (see Figure 25).
In 2011, ICT BERD amounted to 27.92 billion euros, 6.27% more than in 2010 in nominal terms,
which meant a growth of 4.89% in real terms. This amount was divided between manufacturing
(11.88 billion euros) and services (16.04 billion euros).
In 2011, more than half ICT manufacturing BERD (55.10%) was invested in Manufacturing of
communication equipment (6.54 billion euros, or 4.00% of total BERD in the EU economy), and
32.51% in Manufacturing of electronic components and boards (3.86 billion euros). More than half
ICT services BERD (59.56%) was invested in Computer programming, consultancy and related
activities (9.55 billion euros), and 23.94% in Telecommunications (3.84 billion euros).
Figure 25: ICT BERD share in total BERD by sub-sector (2010, 2011)
Figure 2-6: ICT BERD share in total BERD by sub-sector. European Union (2010-2011)
7%
5.83%
6%
5.56%
5%
4.05% 4.00%
4%
3%
2.67%
2.36% 2.36%
2.34%
2%
1%
0.71% 0.65%
0.54% 0.50%
0.76%0.73%
0.27%0.24%
0.28%
0.38%
0.01% 0.01%
0.00% 0.00%
0%
Manufacture
of electronic
components
Manufacture of
communication
equipment
Manufacture
of computers
Manufacture
of magnetic
media
Manufacture
of consumer
electronics
Software
publishing
Wholesale of
IC equipment
2010
Computer
programming
Telecommunications
Repair of
computers
Data
processing
2011
From 2010 to 2011, ICT BERD invested in ICT manufacturing grew at a rate of 5.13% in nominal
terms, which meant a growth of 3.76% in real terms. Manufacturing of magnetic and optical media
experienced the biggest rise in nominal terms (30.27%). In absolute terms, the ICT manufacturing
sectors with higher rises were Manufacture of communication equipment, by 0.36 billion euros, and
Manufacture of electronic components, by 0.25 billion. In ICT services, ICT BERD grew less than in
ICT manufacturing, by 7.12% in nominal terms (5.73% in real terms), mostly in Computer
programming, consultancy and related activities (by 1.07 billion euros) and Data processing, hosting
and related activities; web portals, by 44.64% in real terms.
32
Figure 26 provides a comparison of the ICT manufacturing and services sectors in terms of Member
States’ contributions to ICT BERD in 2011. ICT manufacturing was dominated by Germany (27.44%
of EU ICT manufacturing BERD) and Finland (19.96%). Sweden and France then followed with
14.95% and 14.44%, respectively. These four countries represented 76.80% of the total EU ICT
manufacturing BERD. However, when ICT services BERD is considered, Finland and Sweden
contributed 2.48% and 2.19% each, in sharp contrast to their contribution to ICT manufacturing
BERD, which was 34.92% in total. In contrast, France and Germany held leading positions in services
(19.09% and 18.43%, followed by the UK with 17.90%). The UK, France and Spain are among the
Member States with larger ICT BERD contributions in services than in manufacturing: the UK (3.27%
vs. 17.90%), France (14.44% vs 19.09% and Spain (1.01% in manufacturing vs. 5.71% in services).
Figure 26: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT BERD among the
biggest Member State contributors (2011)
Figure 2-7: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT BERD among the biggest Member State contributors (2011)
Manufacturing
Services
1.14%
3.27%
2.48%
4.28%
7.71%
19.96%
19.09%
17.87%
14.95%
14.44%
1.01%
18.43%
17.90%
2.17%
7.89%
5.71%
27.44%
Finland
France
Germany
2.19%
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
7.12%
4.93%
UK
rest of old MS
new MS
The ICT sector is one of the most R&D-intensive sectors in the EU economy. In 2011, ICT BERD
made up 17.05% of total BERD, while ICT VA represented only 3.99% of GDP. In the same year, ICT
BERD intensity, measured by the ratio of ICT BERD to ICT VA, was, at 5.50%, 0.20 percentage points
higher than its 2010 value of 5.30%. In the meantime, total BERD intensity increased only by 0.05
percentage points in 2011, from 1.24% in 2010 to 1.29% (see Figure 11a).
In 2011, although ICT manufacturing sub-sectors produced only 8.71% of ICT sector value added,
they accounted for 42.54% of ICT BERD. ICT manufacturing sub-sectors are thus much more R&D
intensive than ICT services sub-sectors. In fact, ICT BERD intensity is 7.76 times higher in ICT
manufacturing (26.87%) than in ICT services (3.46%).
Figure 27 provides a comparison of BERD intensity among ICT sub-sectors. ICT BERD intensity was
particularly high, especially in one manufacturing sub-sector: 45.17% in Manufacturing of
communication equipment. From 2010 to 2011, ICT manufacturing BERD increased by 3.76% in
real terms, and ICT manufacturing VA decreased by -5.75% in real terms. This difference resulted in
an increase in ICT BERD intensity in manufacturing from 24.41% in 2010 to 26.87% in 2011.
33
Figure 27: ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) by sub-sector (2010, 2011)
50%
45.17%
45%
38.91%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
20.53%
19.07%
18.12%
16.63%
15%
9.04%
7.63%
10%
7.84%
6.62%
5.55%
5.08%
5%
4.63%4.97%
2.34% 2.23%
1.85% 1.80%
1.80%2.39%
0.17% 0.16%
0%
Manufacture
of electronic
components
Manufacture of
communication
equipment
Manufacture
of computers
Manufacture
of magnetic
media
Manufacture
of consumer
electronics
Software
publishing
Wholesale of
IC equipment
2010
Computer
programming
Telecommunications
Repair of
computers
Data
processing
2011
From 2010 to 2011, BERD in ICT services increased by 5.73% in real terms. In 2011 more than half
BERD in ICT services (59.56%) corresponds to Computer programming, consultancy and related
activities (9.55 billion euros), and 23.94% in Telecommunications (3.84 billion euros). ICT BERD
intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) in services increased slightly between 3.33% and 3.46%, although it was
significantly lower in ICT services than in most ICT manufacturing sub-sectors. This indicator
reached 6.62% in Software publishing, 4.97% in Computer programming, consultancy and related
activities, 2.39% in Data processing and 2.23% in Telecommunications.
In terms of variation, ICT BERD increased mostly in Computer programming, consultancy and related
activities (by 11.14% in real terms) and in Data processing (by 44.64%) and decreased in
Telecommunications by -6.97% in real terms.
2.4
ICT sector R&D personnel (including both researchers and R&D supporting staff) made up 4.29% of
total ICT sector employment in the EU in 2011. In this year, 9.61% of employees in the EU ICT
manufacturing sub-sectors were R&D personnel, whereas the figure for ICT services was only
3.44%. According to Figure 28, the ICT sub-sectors with the highest share of R&D personnel were
Manufacture of communication equipment and Software publishing (15.34% and 10.46%,
respectively). In contrast, the ICT sub-sectors with the lowest shares of R&D personnel were ICT
trade industries, Manufacture of magnetic media, Data processing, hosting and related activities;
web portals and Repair of computers and communication equipment–each employing less than 2%.
Telecommunications also showed low shares (3.26% in 2011).
34
Figure 28: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total ICT sector employment by sub-sector (based on
FTE; 2010, 2011)
18%
15.52% 15.34%
16%
14%
12%
10.60% 10.46%
10%
8%
8.06% 8.23%
7.23%
7.20%
6%
3.90%4.10%
3.72%
3.26%
3.87%
3.51%
4%
2%
0.93%1.12%
1.66%1.78%
1.55%
1.25%
0.16%0.18%
0%
Manufacture
of electronic
components
Manufacture of
communication
equipment
Manufacture
of computers
Manufacture
of magnetic
media
Manufacture
of consumer
electronics
Software
publishing
Wholesale of
IC equipment
2010
Computer
programming
Telecommunications
Repair of
computers
Data
processing
2011
There were around 263.08 thousand R&D employees working in the EU ICT sector in 2011, 2.96%
more than in 2010. This is the result of a 3.62% increase in ICT manufacturing R&D employment
(from around 78.30 thousand employees in 2010 to 81.13 thousand in 2011) and a 2.67%
increase in ICT services employment (from 177.21 thousand employees in 2010 to 181.95
thousand in 2011). The increase in ICT manufacturing personnel occurred mainly in the Manufacture
of electronic components, Manufacture of consumer electronics and Manufacture of magnetic media
sub-sectors, while the largest increases in ICT services personnel occurred in Repair of computers
and communication equipment, Data processing and Computer programming. Similar trends are
observed in the numbers of ICT researchers.
Figure 29 provides a comparison between the share of ICT sector R&D personnel employed in the
ICT manufacturing sector and the ICT services sector by Member State in 2011. On the one hand,
similarly to previous indicators, Germany has the highest share: 32.86% of EU ICT manufacturing
R&D personnel followed by 18.11% in France and 10.24% in Finland. These three countries alone
account for 61.21% of the total EU ICT manufacturing R&D personnel. On the other hand, in ICT
services, the highest share corresponds to France (18.56%), followed by the UK (16.47%) and
Germany (13.40%). Finland, which employs a significant portion of EU ICT manufacturing R&D
personnel, accounts only for 2.37% of ICT services R&D personnel. A large difference in ICT sector
R&D personnel employment figures can also be observed in Spain (2.42% in manufacturing vs.
7.98% in services), the Netherlands (1.71% in manufacturing vs. 6.59% in services), the UK (5.59%
in manufacturing vs. 16.47% in services) and Sweden (6.52% in manufacturing vs 1.90% in
services).
35
Figure 29: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel
among the biggest Member State contributors (2011)
Figure 2-10: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT R&D personnel among the biggest Member State contributors (2011)
Manufacturing
Services
4.60%
8.11%
2.37%
10.24%
10.56%
18.56%
5.59%
14.26%
18.11%
6.52%
2.42%
1.71%
13.40%
16.47%
9.84%
7.89%
32.86%
7.98% 6.59%
1.90%
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
UK
rest of old MS
new MS
2.5
Figure 30 provides a comparison by ICT sub-sectors of the four main indicators –value added,
employment, BERD and R&D personnel– for 2011. The main results of this comparison can be
summarised as follows:
The Computer programming, consultancy and related activities sub-sector consistently scored
the highest in all four indicators, with shares between 34.22% and 46.89%.
Manufacturing of communication equipment is a highly R&D-intensive sub-sector. While it
produced only 2.85% of the total ICT VA in 2011 and employed only 4.11% of the total ICT
workers, it invested 23.44% of the total ICT BERD and employed 14.69% of ICT sector R&D
personnel. Similar characteristics can be seen also in Manufacture of electronic components
and boards.
A different situation is observed in the Telecommunications sub-sector. On the one hand, this
sub-sector produced 33.86% of the total EU ICT VA. On the other hand, it represented only
half this share in terms of ICT sector employment (16.96%), ICT BERD (13.75%) and ICT
sector R&D personnel (12.88%). A similar pattern was seen in ICT trade industries, with
8.96% of the total ICT sector value added, and only 2.94% of the total ICT BERD.
36
Figure 30: Comparison of value added, employment, BERD, and R&D personnel by ICT sub-sectors
(2011)
Figure 2-11: Comparison of value added, employment, BERD and R&D personnel by ICT sub -sector (2011)
Value added
Employment
3.70%
5.10%
1.95% 1.27%
2.85%
3.49%
2.06%
0.86%
6.87%
6.01%
4.11%
1.57%
8.96%
3.55%
9.71%
2.31%
37.87%
16.96%
46.89%
33.86%
BERD
R&D personnel
2.22%
2.84%
11.28%
13.83%
3.45%
3.84%
34.22%
14.69%
44.84%
23.44%
1.41%
5.63%
13.75%
1.41%
4.28%
2.82%
12.88%
2.94%
Manufacture of electronic components
Manufacture of computers
Manufacture of magnetic media
Wholesale of IC equipment
Software publishing
Telecommunications
Computer programming
Data processing
Repair of computers
Table 3 shows the data for the main variables analysed in this chapter.
37
Table 3: Summary table of ICT indicators by sub-sectors. European Union (2011)
NACE Rev. 2
Description
261-264, 268
261
262
263
264
268
465, 582, 61, 62, 631, 951
ICT total services
465
4651
Value added
Employment
BERD
R&D
personnel
(Millions of
current EUR)
(thousand
persons
employed)
(Millions of
current EUR)
(thousand fulltime equivalent)
44,192.89
844.40
11,875.12
81.13
18,803.39
368.18
3,860.59
29.69
6,448.60
125.98
1,072.09
9.07
14,486.51
251.84
6,542.89
38.64
4,365.66
95.99
394.63
3.71
88.74
2.42
4.93
0.03
463,412.36
5,284.97
16,041.56
181.95
45,499.58
595.11
819.36
7.42
Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment
and software
28,075.40
358.30
-
-
4652
Wholesale
of
electronic
equipment and parts
17,424.18
236.81
-
-
5820, 61, 62, 631, 951
417,912.78
4,689.86
15,222.20
174.53
5820
Software publishing
18,030.98
141.56
1,193.82
14.81
61
Telecommunications
171,886.60
1,039.41
3,839.89
33.90
62
192,207.17
2,874.08
9,554.20
117.96
631
25,878.73
420.79
618.39
7.48
951
9,909.31
214.01
15.89
0.38
261-264, 268, 465, 5820, 61,
62, 631, 951
ICT total
507,605.25
6,129.37
27,916.68
263.08
and
telecommunications
Note: There is no data available for BERD and R&D personnel in the Statistics on Research and Development (Eurostat) for the ICT trade industries sub-sectors (NACE
4651, NACE 4652).
38
3.
Analysis by Member State
3.1
ICT sector value added (ICT VA) in the EU amounted to 507.61 billion euros in 2011. This
represented a share of around 4% of EU GDP that has reduced slightly over the last few years.
From the individual country perspective, in 2011 the share of ICT sector ranged from 10.07% of
total VA for Ireland down to 2.85% for Lithuania and 2.97% for Poland (see Figure 31). Ireland
maintained the leading position with a slight reduction in the ICT sector share in VA from 10.16% to
10.07%. In 2011, Malta13 and Luxembourg came next with a share 3 percentage points lower
(7.35% and 6.31%, respectively). Three other countries had shares above or around 5% (Hungary,
Sweden and the United Kingdom) and fourteen countries had shares below the EU level (3.99%).
Newer Member States as a whole achieved a share below the EU average in 2011 (3.92%), but it is
worth saying that seven of these thirteen countries (Malta, Hungary, Estonia, Bulgaria, Slovakia,
Czech Republic and Romania) have ratios of ICT VA to GDP above the EU level.
Figure 31: ICT VA share of GDP by Member State (2010, 2011)
Figure 3-1. ICT VA share of GDP by Member State (2010-2011)
12%
10%
4%
2%
0%
6.68%
7.35%
6.00%
6.31%
4.86%
5.31%
5.36%
5.29%
4.71%
4.87%
4.71%
4.82%
4.91%
4.76%
4.82%
4.73%
4.62%
4.59%
4.46%
4.43%
5.18%
4.40%
4.40%
4.28%
4.26%
4.05%
4.02%
3.99%
4.12%
3.92%
3.87%
3.91%
4.10%
3.86%
3.92%
3.83%
3.79%
3.64%
3.67%
3.62%
3.51%
3.48%
3.30%
3.44%
3.40%
3.37%
3.25%
3.36%
3.25%
3.32%
3.03%
3.13%
2.99%
2.97%
3.32%
2.85%
6%
10.16%
10.07%
8%
Ireland
Luxembourg
Ma lta
Sweden Es tonia Sl ovakia Nether- Romania
l a nds
Hungary
United Bul garia Czech
Fi nland
Ki ngdom
Republic
EU
Fra nce
2010
Greece Denmark
La tvi a
Croa tia
Ita ly
Belgium
Portugal Cyprus
Spain
Aus tria
Sl ovenia Germany Pol and
2011
In almost all countries the ICT VA share of GDP remained fairly stable from 2010 to 2011.The
United Kingdom, Portugal, Cyprus, Estonia and Austria experienced moderate increases between
2010 and 2011, between 0.15 and 0.09 percentage points, whereas Finland and Lithuania saw falls
of -0.77 and -0.46 percentage points respectively. Here, however, it should be stressed that these
falls and increases are relative to GDP, and consequently they depend both on ICT VA as well as on
GDP evolution of each country. In this sense, for instance, the ratios of some countries like, for
13
Greece, Luxembourg, Croatia and especially Malta lack official data, therefore we recommend taking the
results with caution. The missing data not covered with sources mentioned above has been estimated
using NACE Rev. 1.1 data, correspondence table between NACE Rev. 1.1 and NACE Rev. 2, European
averages ICT shares, and turnover/GVA ratio.
39
Li thua nia
example, Sweden or Latvia experienced a decline in 2011 due to a significant increase in GDP (in
current terms), which exceeded ICT VA growth. At the EU level, ICT services contributed by far the
largest share of ICT VA (91.29% in 2011), while ICT manufacturing VA contributed only 8.71%.
Figure 32 shows the distribution of VA shares for ICT manufacturing and ICT services by country in
2011. The two most ICT manufacturing-oriented countries in the EU are Malta (its ICT
manufacturing industries produced 33.60% of total ICT VA) and Hungary (32.28%). Other countries
with ICT manufacturing sectors that produced relatively high percentages of ICT VA were Romania
(20.21%), Estonia (19.77%), Slovakia (19.55%), Sweden (19.28%), Finland (17.49%, although this
share was much higher in 2010(30.92%), Austria (14.85%) and Ireland (14.68%). As the countries
with larger shares for ICT manufacturing correspond mainly to newer Member States, it is not
surprising that their ICT manufacturing sector has a higher share on total VA (14.58%) compared
with the EU average (8.71%).
Figure 32: Distribution of VA shares for ICT manufacturing and ICT services by Member State
(2011) Distribution
100%
90%
99.80%
99.80%
0.20%
0.20%
96.88%
99.46%
3.12%
0.54%
96.60%
96.85%
3.40%
3.15%
95.38%
96.59%
4.62%
3.41%
94.92%
95.25%
5.08%
94.14%
5.86%
4.75%
92.56%
93.25%
7.44%
6.75%
90.67%
91.29%
9.90%
8.71%
89.69%
90.10%
10.31%
88.70%
89.49%
11.30%
10.51%
85.32%
87.37%
14.68%
12.63%
85.15%
14.85%
80.72%
82.51%
19.28%
50%
17.49%
80.23%
80.45%
19.77%
19.55%
67.72%
79.79%
32.28%
20.21%
60%
66.40%
70%
33.60%
80%
40%
20%
10%
0%
Ma lta
Romania Sl ovakia
Hungary Es tonia
Fi nland
Sweden
Ireland Portugal
Italy
Austria Germany Sl ovenia
9.33%
30%
Czech
Poland
Manufacturing
Li thuania United Denmark Fra nce Bulgaria Greece Cyprus
Ki ngdom
EU
Belgium Croa tia La tvia Nether- Spain Luxeml ands
bourg
Services
Clearly, in terms of VA, the ICT sector of every EU Member State is dominated by ICT services. In
2011, the ICT services sectors of nine countries produced over 95% of total ICT sector VA: Cyprus
(99.80%), Luxembourg (99.80%), Greece (99.46%), Spain (96.88%), Bulgaria (96.85%), the
Netherlands (96.60%), France (96.59%), Latvia (95.38%) and Denmark (95.25%). Moreover, Croatia
produced also almost 95% of its total ICT sector VA, namely 94.92%.
Figure 33 provides a comparison of contributions by Member State to EU ICT VA in 2011. It comes
as no surprise that the largest EU economies contributed the most –Germany (17.03%), the United
Kingdom (16.95%), France (15.95%), Italy (11.26%) and Spain (7.16%). Together, these five
countries produced 68.35% of total EU ICT VA. The Netherlands followed with 5.22%. Overall, the
thirteen newer Member States contributed 8.15% to total EU GDP in 2011, a figure similar to their
ICT sector contribution of 7.99% to EU ICT VA. In 2011, the six EU economies that are most
specialised in ICT (Ireland, Malta, Luxembourg, Hungary and Sweden –see Figure 31) together
produced only 8.88% of the EU ICT VA, i.e., less than the share of Italy and around 1.7 percentage
points more than the share of Spain.
40
Figure 3-3. Distribution of ICT VA among Member States (2011)
Figure 33: Distribution of ICT VA among Member States (2011)
Portugal
1.16%
Netherlands
5.22%
Spain
7.16%
Sweden
4.01%
Luxembourg
0.52%
Bulgaria: 0.36%
UK
16.95%
Czech Republic
1.41%
Italy
11.26%
Hungary
1.03%
newer MS
7.99%
Ireland
3.22%
Austria
1.84%
Greece
1.60%
Belgium
2.65%
Germany
17.03%
Denmark
Finland
1.81%
1.63%
France
15.95%
Poland
2.17%
Romania
1.11%
Slovakia
0.64%
Croatia: 0.33%
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia
Note: Newer MS are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
3.2
In 2011, 6.13 million people worked in the EU ICT sector, representing 2.72% of employment in the
EU. This percentage was 2.66% in 2010.
Figure 34 compares the ICT sector employment shares of total employment by Member State
(based on head counts). As with ICT sector value added in GDP, the leading country in 2010 and
2011 was Ireland with a share of almost 5% in both years (4.92% in 2010 and 4.90% in 2011).
Only Finland (4.20%) and Hungary (4.19%) exceeded a 4% share in 2011 (4.31% for Finland in
2010 and 3.75% for Hungary). At the other end of the scale, seven countries –Poland, Lithuania,
Cyprus, Croatia,14 Portugal, Romania and Greece– had shares below 2% in 2011.
14
Recall that Greece, Luxembourg, Croatia and especially Malta lack official data, therefore we recommend
taking the results with caution. The missing data for ICT sector employment has been estimated using
some alternative methods like NACE Rev. 1.1 data, correspondence table between NACE Rev. 1.1 and NACE
Rev. 2, and European average ICT shares.
41
Figure 34: ICT sector employment share of total employment by Member State (% of head counts;
2010, 2011)
Figure 3-4. ICT sector employment share of total employment by Member State (% of head counts, 2010-2011)
6%
5%
4%
2%
1%
0%
4.92%
4.90%
4.31%
4.20%
3.75%
4.19%
3.85%
3.91%
3.77%
3.81%
3.86%
3.74%
2.83%
3.54%
3.51%
3.52%
3.25%
3.44%
3.13%
3.16%
2.96%
2.92%
2.82%
2.88%
2.78%
2.84%
2.66%
2.72%
2.66%
2.66%
2.63%
2.65%
2.49%
2.46%
2.38%
2.43%
2.22%
2.39%
2.46%
2.36%
2.16%
2.23%
1.94%
2.07%
1.98%
1.98%
1.62%
1.95%
1.82%
1.84%
1.97%
1.72%
1.57%
1.68%
1.45%
1.60%
1.54%
1.58%
3%
Ireland Hungary
Fi nland
Luxem- Es tonia Uni ted Czech Sl ovakia
bourg
Ki ngdom Republic
Ma lta
Sweden Denmark Nether- Fra nce
l a nds
EU
Italy
Sl ovenia
La tvi a
Germany Aus tria
2010
Spa in
Pol and
Cyprus
Portugal Greece
Belgium Bulgaria Li thuania Croa tia Romania
2011
Between 2010 and 2011, the EU ICT sector gained around 155 thousand workers. The largest
increases were in the United Kingdom with around 59.70 thousand workers, Germany (around 22.18
thousand workers), France (around 20.65 thousand workers) and Hungary (around 18.68 thousand
workers) (jointly, 78.22% of the total EU rise). In general, all countries experienced a rise in ICT
employment, while Croatia experienced a fall of around 4.42 thousand workers, Belgium of around
2.93 thousand, Greece 2.08 thousand, Ireland around 1.90 thousand, Sweden around 1.78
thousand, the Czech Republic around 1.70 thousand, Finland around 1.14 thousand and Slovenia of
around 0.59 thousand. Thus, these eight countries accounted for -10.68% of the shrinkage in EU
ICT sector employment.
At the EU level in 2011, ICT manufacturing employed 13.78% of the ICT sector workforce. There is
considerable variation between Member States in the distribution of labour between the two ICT
sub-sectors (manufacturing and services). A large number of newer EU Member States have
become important ICT manufacturing countries, and have relatively high employment in ICT
manufacturing (see Figure 35). This was the case for Hungary (50.92% of ICT sector employment in
manufacturing), Malta (38.55%), Estonia (37.92%), Slovakia (24.58%), Romania (21.63%), Poland
(20.98%), the Czech Republic (20.37%) and Slovenia (18.40%). Other EU countries with a relatively
high share of ICT manufacturing employment were Finland (25.60%) and Ireland (22.29%). On the
other hand, countries with the biggest share of ICT services employment in 2011 were Luxembourg
(99.23%), Greece (97.86%), Cyprus (97.23%), Latvia (95.00%), Spain (94.50%) and the United
Kingdom (94.49%).
42
Figure 35: Distribution of employment shares between ICT manufacturing and ICT services by
Member State (% of head counts, 2011)
100%
97.23%
97.86%
99.23%
2.14%
0.77%
94.50%
95.00%
5.50%
5.00%
2.77%
94.08%
94.49%
5.92%
92.93%
7.07%
5.51%
90.96%
92.80%
9.04%
7.20%
90.66%
90.71%
9.34%
9.29%
87.95%
88.08%
12.05%
11.92%
89.62%
85.56%
86.22%
14.44%
13.78%
84.16%
81.60%
83.48%
18.40%
16.52%
50%
15.84%
79.02%
79.63%
20.98%
78.37%
21.63%
20.37%
75.42%
77.71%
24.58%
22.29%
62.08%
74.40%
37.92%
60%
25.60%
61.45%
70%
38.55%
80%
49.08%
90%
20%
10%
0%
10.38%
30%
50.92%
40%
Hungary Es tonia Sl ovakia Romania
Ma lta
Fi nland
Ireland
Czech Sweden
Italy
Austria Bulgaria Belgium Nether- Croa tia Spain
Cyprus LuxemRepublic
l ands
bourg
Poland Sl ovenia Germany
EU
Portugal Fra nce Li thuania Denmark United La tvia Greece
Ki ngdom
Manufacturing
Services
Figure 36 compares Member State contributions to EU ICT sector employment in 2011. As can be
expected, EU ICT sector employment was concentrated in the five largest EU economies. Germany
came first with 17.87% of total ICT sector employment in 2011. The UK was second with 16.45%,
followed by France (12.73%), Italy (10.81%), and Spain (6.80%). Thus, 64.66% of EU ICT sector
employment is concentrated in these five countries. Other EU countries with fairly high shares of
ICT sector employment relative to their economic size are Poland (5.13%) and the Netherlands
(4.50%). Sweden is next with 2.82%, followed by three newer Member States with high
contributions relative to their economic size: Hungary (2.81%), the Czech Republic (2.42%), and
Romania (2.38%). Overall, newer Member States contributed 17.05% to ICT sector employment.
43
Figure 3-6.
Distribution
of ICT sectorof
employment
among Member
States (% head
counts, 2011)
Figure
36:
Distribution
ICT sector
employment
among
Member States (head counts, 2011)
Sweden
2.82%
Portugal
1.34%
Netherlands
4.50%
Spain
6.80%
UK
16.45%
Bulgaria: 1.16%
Luxembourg
0.23%
Czech Republic
2.42%
Hungary
2.81%
Italy
10.81%
newer MS
17.05%
Ireland
1.49%
Poland
5.13%
Greece
1.16%
Austria
1.65%
Germany
17.87%
Belgium
Denmark 1.76%
1.60%
Finland
1.74%
France
12.73%
Romania
2.38%
Slovakia: 1.03%
Croatia: 0.42%
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia
Figure 37 shows that the EU ICT sector labour productivity level in 2011 was around 82.8 thousand
euros per person. Ireland had the highest level (164.22), followed by Luxembourg (155.03), then
Greece (125.63) and Belgium (112.51). All the newer Member States (except Malta, Cyprus, Slovakia
and to a lesser extent Romania and the Czech Republic) had the lowest levels of ICT sector labour
productivity. It is also interesting to note that ICT services in almost all countries (25 out of 28) had
a higher labour productivity than the total and, therefore, than ICT manufacturing.15 The only
exceptions were Sweden, Austria and to a lesser extent the United Kingdom.
15
The bright blue bubbles in Figure 37 indicate the value of ICT sector labour productivity in the
manufacturing sector whereas the light blue bubbles indicate the value of ICT sector labour productivity in
the services sector.
44
Figure 37: ICT sector labour productivity by Member State (thousands of EUR PPS [Purchase Power
Standard] per person, 2011)
Figure 3-7. ICT labour productivity by Member State (thousands EUR PPS [Purchase Power Standard] per person, 2011)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ireland
Greece
Ma lta
Spain
Luxem- Belgium Croa tia
bourg
Fra nce
Cyprus
NetherItaly
EU
Sl ovakia Romania Czech Sl ovenia Li thuania Bulgaria Hungary
l ands
Republic
Sweden Portugal Austria United Germany Denmark Fi nland Poland La tvia Es tonia
Ki ngdom
Total
Manufacturing
Services
3.3
In 2011, EU ICT sector Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (ICT BERD) amounted to 27.92
billion euros, 6.27% more than in 2010 (26.27 billion euros). This represented 17.05% of the total
EU BERD in 2011.
Figure 38 presents ICT BERD shares of total BERD by Member State. Of total BERD in the ICT sector
in 2011, Finland spent 54.85%, 10.95 percentage points more than the next country, Ireland
(43.90%). Malta, Lithuania, Cyprus and Portugal followed with shares between 41.37% and 33.10%.
Poland and Sweden, whose ICT sector spent between 20% and 30% of total BERD, were next. In
2011 the country with by far the lowest share of ICT BERD in total BERD was Bulgaria, with 2.90%.
In 2011, half of the twenty-eight countries had a higher ICT BERD share of total BERD than in 2010.
This group consisted of six countries belonging to the former EU15 (Ireland, Portugal, the United
Kingdom, Spain, Austria and Germany) and eight countries that entered the EU in recent years
(Malta, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia). The biggest
jump took place in Lithuania, from 24.63% in 2010 to 37.40% in 2011. In the remaining countries,
the ICT BERD share of total BERD dropped. The sharpest drop occurred in Estonia, from 27.91% in
2010 to 15.90% in 2011, mostly due to the significant growth of total BERD, far exceeding the
increase of ICT BERD.
45
Figure 38: ICT BERD share of total BERD by Member State (2010, 2011)
Figure 3-8. ICT BERD share of total BERD by Member State (2010-2011)
70%
60%
50%
30%
20%
10%
0%
58.33%
54.85%
39.26%
43.90%
34.82%
41.37%
24.63%
37.40%
39.00%
36.68%
31.42%
33.10%
26.65%
27.44%
24.34%
23.68%
24.79%
19.99%
20.58%
19.20%
27.90%
18.96%
18.90%
18.43%
13.08%
18.35%
17.21%
17.05%
16.70%
16.61%
15.67%
16.26%
15.88%
16.25%
27.91%
15.90%
16.76%
15.37%
15.59%
15.25%
14.67%
15.18%
13.88%
14.00%
12.71%
12.84%
11.68%
12.17%
10.75%
10.92%
13.55%
8.31%
3.62%
4.04%
3.93%
3.55%
6.66%
2.90%
40%
Fi nland
Ma lta
Cyprus
Pol and
Croa tia
Ireland Li thuania Portugal Sweden
Greece Romania Fra nce
Ita ly
Denmark
EU
2010
Uni ted Nether- Hungary Aus tria Sl ovenia Sl ovakia Bul garia
Ki ngdom l a nds
Czech Es tonia Belgium
Republic
Spain
Germany La tvi a
Luxembourg
2011
At EU level in 2011, ICT BERD (27.92 billion euros) was divided between manufacturing (11.88
billion euros) and services (16.04 billion euros), with a higher presence of ICT services.
Figure 39 shows the distribution of ICT BERD between ICT manufacturing and ICT services by
Member State in 2011. Only four EU countries recorded more ICT BERD in manufacturing than in
services. Finland led with a share of 85.63%, followed by Sweden (83.46%). The remaining two
countries in this group were Germany (52.44%) and Austria (50.57%).
On the other hand, shares of ICT BERD in services were especially important in Cyprus (100.00%),
Luxembourg (99.02%),16 Romania (96.84%), Lithuania (94.78%), Estonia (94.53%), and Portugal
(94.39%).
In 2011, the largest contributors to EU ICT BERD (Figure 40) were Germany and France (22.26%
and 17.12%, respectively). These two countries alone constituted for 39.38% of total EU ICT BERD.
They were followed, albeit at a certain distance, by the United Kingdom (11.68%), Finland (9.92%),
Sweden (7.62%) and Italy (7.45%). These six countries together spent 76.04% of total EU ICT BERD
in 2011. On the other hand, in the case of BERD, the newer Member States had a smaller
contribution to EU aggregate (2,94%) when compared with ICT VA and employment, as these
countries have benefitted from the relocation process in the production but not in the R&D
activities, which remain in the home country.
16
Greece and Luxembourg lack official data, therefore we recommend taking the results with caution. The
missing data has been estimated using some alternative methods like NACE Rev. 1.1 data and
correspondence table between NACE rev. 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 or percentage structure of turnover.
46
Fi nland Germany
Sweden
Italy
EU
Belgium
Austria Hungary Sl ovenia
La tvia
Fra nce
Greece
Netherl ands
100.00%
99.02%
0.98%
94.78%
96.84%
5.22%
3.16%
94.39%
94.53%
5.61%
92.73%
7.27%
5.47%
91.64%
92.26%
8.36%
7.74%
89.96%
91.33%
10.04%
88.42%
11.58%
8.67%
87.35%
88.07%
12.65%
11.93%
84.58%
65.72%
75.38%
0%
15.42%
10%
78.26%
20%
78.64%
30%
21.74%
40%
21.36%
50%
34.28%
64.10%
35.90%
60%
24.62%
58.74%
61.12%
41.26%
38.88%
56.00%
57.46%
44.00%
42.54%
54.95%
45.05%
47.56%
49.43%
70%
52.44%
80%
50.57%
16.54%
83.46%
90%
14.37%
100%
85.63%
Figure 39: Distribution of ICT BERD between ICT manufacturing and ICT services by Member State
(2011)
Sl ovakia
Ma lta
United
Czech Poland Croa tia Es tonia Romania Cyprus
Ki ngdom Republic
Ireland
Spain Bulgaria Denmark Portugal Li thuania Luxembourg
Manufacturing
Services
Figure
40: Distribution of ICT BERD among Member States (2011)
Figure 3-10. Distribution of ICT BERD among Member States (2011)
Luxembourg
0.05%
Ireland
2.92%
Greece
0.33%
Netherlands Portugal
1.44%
3.76%
Spain
3.71%
Italy
7.45%
Sweden
7.62%
Czech Republic
0.82%
UK
11.68%
Estonia: 0.14%
newer MS
2.94%
Austria
2.62%
Germany
22.26%
Hungary
0.41%
Poland
0.84%
Belgium
3.07%
Finland
9.92%
France
17.12%
Denmark
3.11%
Romania: 0.16%
Slovenia
0.26%
Croatia: 0.12%
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Slovakia
Slovenia
Croatia
47
ICT BERD intensity (defined as the ratio of ICT BERD to ICT VA) in the EU in 2011 amounted to
5.50%. Finland, despite being a small economy in terms of GDP and even in terms of absolute ICT
VA, had by far the highest ICT BERD intensity, 33.32% (see Figure 41). Sweden and Denmark also
had relatively high ICT BERD intensities, but only less than a third that of Finland. In the same year,
ICT BERD intensity in Sweden amounted to 10.44% and in Denmark, 9.45%. Six other countries had
ICT BERD intensities above the EU level: Austria (7.81%), Germany (7.18%), Portugal (6.83%),
Belgium (6.37%), Slovenia (5.92%) and France (5.89%). Some of the newer Member States –
Bulgaria (0.18%), Slovakia (0.22%) and Latvia (0.41%) together with Luxembourg (0.56%) - had the
lowest levels.
ICT BERD intensity increased slightly in the EU as a whole between 2010 and 2011 (from 5.30% to
5.50%). The countries where it increased include Finland, Slovenia, Lithuania, the Netherlands,
Belgium, Malta, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, France, Romania, the United Kingdom
and Estonia. Hungary, Slovakia and Spain remained stable, whereas Greece, Latvia, Denmark,
Croatia and Cyprus experienced the highest drops, comprised between 0.44 and 0.25 percentage
points.
Figure 41: ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) by Member State (2011)
Figure 3-11. R&D intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) by Member State (2011)
35%
30%
25%
15%
33.32%
20%
Sweden
Austria
EU
Netherl a nds
Es tonia
Ita ly
Li thuania Ma l ta
Uni ted Czech
Ki ngdom Republic
Spa in
Pol and
Greece Romania
Hungary Croa tia
Cyprus
La tvi a
0.22%
0.41%
0.77%
0.56%
1.13%
0.77%
1.76%
2.13%
2.17%
2.85%
2.67%
3.21%
3.14%
3.63%
3.96%
Ireland
3.78%
4.94%
4.99%
5.89%
Portugal Sl ovenia
5.50%
6.37%
5.92%
6.83%
7.81%
7.18%
Fi nland Denmark Germany Bel gium Fra nce
0.18%
0%
10.44%
5%
9.45%
10%
Bul ga ria
Luxem- Sl ovakia
bourg
3.4
Public funding of ICT R&D
In 2011, estimated public ICT R&D funding in the EU amounted to 6.12 billion euros – 6.63% of the
total EU public funding of R&D. In this analysis, public ICT R&D funding is obtained by estimating17
the share of total EU GBAORD that is allocated to ICT R&D.
Figure 42 shows public ICT R&D funding intensity (defined as public funding of ICT R&D / GDP) in EU
Member States in 2010 and 2011. In both years, Sweden led (with 0.123% in 2011), followed by
Finland (0.107%) and Denmark (0.084%). With the exception of the Czech Republic, Denmark,
Slovenia, Luxembourg, Estonia, Croatia and Lithuania that experienced increases in their shares; and
17
Stančík, J., & Rohman, I. K.(2014). Public ICT R&D funding in the European Union. Forthcoming. JRC
Scientific and Policy Report.
48
Malta, Romania, Greece and Bulgaria which remained stable, all other EU Member States
experienced decreases in their shares of public funding of ICT R&D in GDP in the period 2010 to
2011.18
It is also interesting to note that between 2010 and 2011, the same ten countries were above the
EU level, namely Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovenia, the
Netherlands, Spain and Germany. However, five of them changed their relative positions. The most
remarking cases are the Czech Republic, which went from the eight to the fifth position, being the
country with the highest increase (0.011 percentage points), and Spain, which went from the sixth
to the ninth position.
Figure 42: Share of ICT GBAORD in GDP by Member State (2010-2011)
Note: Data not available for Poland for the period 2009-2011.
As noted in the introduction to this subsection, another interesting figure that measures the
intensity of ICT GBAORD is the ratio between the estimated ICT GBAORD and total GBAORD (Figure
43). In this case, Sweden ranked first again for both years 2010 and 2011, with 14.80% in 2011,
followed by Belgium (11.23%), the Czech Republic (10.10%), Finland (9.77%) and Slovenia (9.51%).
All countries, including the EU, which went from 6.52% in 2010 to 6.63 in 2011, increased their
shares between 2010 and 2011 except for Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Cyprus, France, Greece,
Portugal, Latvia, the Netherlands, Italy and Germany.
It can be seen that countries with high ICT GBAORD shares in total GBAORD also have high ICT
GBAORD shares in GDP and the contrary happens also in the opposite direction. The least ICT
GBAORD intensive countries in terms of ICT GBAORD shares in total GBAORD 2011 were Malta,
Portugal, Cyprus, Slovakia, France, Croatia and Estonia, all below 4%. These countries also devoted
less or around 0.03% of their GDP to ICT GBAORD.
18
Please note that data from Poland are missing for 2010 and 2011. For illustration, in the last available
year, 2008, the estimate of publicly-funded ICT R&D expenditures in Poland was 64.61 million euros.
49
Figure 43: Share of ICT GBAORD in total GBAORD by Member State (2010-2011)
Note: Data not available for Poland for the period 2009-2011.
In 2011, the EU’s five largest economies –plus Sweden – provided the largest contributions to total
public funding of ICT R&D in the EU: Germany (22.55%), the UK (11.20%), France (10.69%), Spain
(10.40%), Italy (8.67%) and Sweden (8.25%). These six countries together accounted for 71.76 % of
total ICT GBAORD in the EU. Next came the Netherlands (6.17%), Belgium (4.68%), Finland (3.52%)
and Austria (3.20%). The newer Member States together accounted for only 4.67% of the total ICT
GBAORD, a contribution that was significantly below their economic weight (8.15% of the total EU
GDP).
50
Figure 44: Distribution of ICT GBAORD among Member States (2011)
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Note: 2012 for Poland.
3.5
In 2011, ICT sector R&D personnel (including both researchers and R&D supporting staff) made up
4.29% of total ICT sector employment in the EU. This share remained constant between 2010 and
2011 (4.28% in 2010).
Figure 45 presents ICT sector R&D personnel shares of total ICT sector employment by Member
State. During the analysed period (2010-2011), Finland led the EU Member States with a share of
13.00% in 2010 and 11.92% in 2011. At a distance of more than 4 percentage points was
Denmark with a 7.68% share in 2011, followed by Slovenia (7.12%). Nine other countries scored
above the EU level. The lowest ranking countries were mostly newer Member States (the Czech
Republic (3.40%), Croatia (3.14%), Lithuania (2.34%), Hungary (2.22%), Poland (2.14%), Romania
(1.70%), Cyprus (1.47%), Latvia (0.69%), Slovakia (0.32%) and Bulgaria (0.26%)), but also several
important ICT R&D players like Spain (3.98%), the United Kingdom (3.44%), Italy (3.39%), Greece
(2.43%)19 and Luxembourg (2.13%).
19
Again, Greece and Luxembourg lack official data also for this variable, therefore we recommend taking the
results with caution. The missing data has been estimated using some alternative methods like NACE Rev
.1.1 data and correspondence table between NACE rev. 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 or percentage structure of
Highly Qualified employment.
51
Figure 45: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total ICT sector employment by Member State (based
on FTE; 2010, 2011)
Figur e 3 -15. ICT R& D personnel share of total ICT sector employment by M ember State (based on FTE, 2 010 -2011)
14%
12%
10%
4%
2%
0%
Finland
4.71%
7.12%
5.41%
6.67%
4.65%
6.39%
6.44%
6.25%
5.44%
6.00%
5.87%
5.81%
5.84%
5.74%
5.18%
5.09%
4.23%
4.87%
4.47%
4.69%
4.28%
4.29%
4.58%
4.15%
4.17%
3.98%
3.53%
3.44%
2.99%
3.40%
3.51%
3.39%
2.60%
3.14%
3.39%
2.43%
2.09%
2.34%
2.03%
2.22%
2.01%
2.14%
2.25%
2.13%
0.94%
1.70%
1.68%
1.47%
1.26%
0.69%
0.31%
0.32%
0.67%
0.26%
8.29%
7.68%
6%
13.00%
11.92%
8%
Slovenia
Denmark
Malta
Ireland
Belgium
France
Austria
Portugal
Netherlands
EU
Spain
Sweden Germany Estonia
Czech
Republic
United
Kingdom
2010
Croatia Lithuania Poland
Italy
Greece
Hungary
Romania
Luxembourg
Latvia
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Slovakia
2011
Figure 46: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total R&D personnel by Member State (based on FTE;
2010, 2011)
Figur e 3 -16. ICT R& D personnel share of total R&D per sonnel by M ember State ( based on FTE, 2010-2011)
50%
45%
40%
35%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
41.08%
42.83%
38.86%
41.81%
36.47%
40.83%
45.54%
40.49%
40.13%
39.55%
33.74%
34.30%
29.96%
31.75%
32.52%
29.59%
20.49%
27.53%
31.43%
27.04%
15.13%
24.72%
20.65%
22.11%
21.51%
21.79%
22.27%
21.35%
20.65%
20.28%
20.52%
19.86%
19.52%
19.24%
21.14%
18.36%
18.31%
18.36%
18.41%
18.35%
15.96%
17.26%
16.58%
17.02%
18.73%
16.32%
16.41%
16.11%
14.15%
14.29%
14.14%
13.75%
8.97%
8.86%
16.52%
7.42%
5.88%
6.09%
30%
Ireland
Estonia
Malta
Cyprus
Finland
Croatia Lithuania Romania
Poland
Portugal
Greece
United
Kingdom
France
Hungary Denmark
2010
EU
Italy
Belgium
Nether-
Slovenia
Spain
Latvia
Czech
Republic
Germany Luxembourg
Sweden
Austria
Slovakia
Bulgaria
2011
In terms of ICT R&D personnel over total R&D personnel, Ireland, Malta, Estonia and Finland are the
leading countries with a share of more than 40% in 2011. Twelve other countries scored above the
EU level, many of which belong to newer Member States. This is the case of Cyprus (39.55%),
Poland (34.30%), Croatia (31.75%), Lithuania (27.53%), Romania (24.72%) and Hungary (22.11%).
The other countries above EU level are Portugal (29.59%), Greece (27.04%), United Kingdom
52
(21.79%), Denmark (21.35%), France (20.28%) and Italy (19.86%). On the other hand, Slovakia,
Bulgaria and Luxembourg show shares below 10%.20
Figure 47 provides a comparison of the distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel between
manufacturing and services by Member State. In countries like Finland, Sweden and Germany, the
manufacturing sector plays a major role in terms of ICT sector R&D personnel. In all three of these
countries more than 50% of their ICT R&D employees were working in ICT manufacturing in 2011.
In Finland, this ratio was as high as 65.80%. At the EU level, however, more than two thirds of ICT
R&D jobs were in services in 2011. In fact in 2011, 25 EU countries had more ICT R&D jobs in
services than in manufacturing, with over 90% shares in Malta, Poland, Croatia, Denmark, Portugal,
Romania, Estonia, Cyprus and Luxembourg.
Figure 48 shows the distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel among Member States. As with other
indicators, the largest EU economies took the lead in 2011. Germany and France led the field, each
with shares of 19.40% and 18.42% respectively, followed by the United Kingdom (13.12%) and
Italy (8.49%). These four countries together employed 50.44% of ICT R&D workers in the EU in
2011. What is also remarkable is Finland’s relatively high share (4.80%). Among the main
contributors, Spain- which employed almost 6.27% of ICT R&D employees- should also be
mentioned, followed by the Netherlands (5.09%). It is also of interest that Germany, France and the
UK, individually, employed more ICT R&D workers than the whole group of thirteen newer Member
States (8.72%). In this group, Poland had the highest share (2.55%).
Figure 47: ICT
manufacturing/services distribution of countries’ shares (based on FTE, 2011)
Distribution
Fi nland Germany Belgium Sl ovenia
Sweden
Austria
Italy
EU
Hungary
La tvia
Fra nce
93.88%
7.12%
6.12%
100.00%
92.88%
8.14%
100.00%
91.86%
91.86%
8.14%
91.22%
91.54%
8.78%
8.46%
90.50%
9.50%
89.62%
10.38%
89.64%
88.10%
11.90%
10.36%
86.85%
0%
87.80%
10%
13.15%
20%
52.22%
30%
65.80%
40%
60.50%
50%
12.20%
81.77%
85.31%
18.23%
14.69%
81.31%
18.69%
70.42%
74.09%
29.58%
25.91%
69.16%
69.68%
30.84%
65.88%
34.12%
30.32%
64.25%
64.66%
35.75%
35.34%
63.09%
36.91%
47.78%
60%
63.09%
70%
36.91%
80%
34.20%
90%
39.50%
100%
Sl ovakia
Greece
Czech Li thuania Ireland Ma lta
Croa tia Portugal Es tonia LuxemRepublic
bourg
Bulgaria United
Spain Nether- Poland Denmark Romania Cyprus
Ki ngdom
l ands
Manufacturing
Services
20
Again, Greece and Luxembourg lack official data also for this variable, therefore their results should be
taken with caution. The missing data has been estimated using some alternative methods like NACE Rev
.1.1 data and correspondence table between NACE rev. 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 or percentage structure of
Highly Qualified employment.
53
Figure 48: Distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel among Member States (based on FTE, 2011)
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
3.6
In this section, all five previously analysed indicators are compared in terms of Member State
contributions (see Figure 49). Overall, due to the importance of their economies or to their
particularly large ICT sector or strong ICT BERD intensities, only eight countries play significant roles
in both ICT VA generation and ICT BERD in the EU according to this particular selection of indicators.
This does not mean that important ICT activities do not take place in other Member States, but that
a size effect makes these particular Member States stand out. A finer regional analysis would most
certainly identify important ICT regions in other Member States.
These eight countries are analysed individually in this section. The other countries are grouped into
older MS and newer MS categories.
Unsurprisingly, the fact that emerges most clearly is the dominance of four major economies
(France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) in all five indicators. There are some exceptions
(e.g., Finland in ICT BERD), but these four countries together systematically contributed around 60%
in all indicators.
Other interesting facts (all related to 2011) can be summarised as follows:

Finland produced 1.63% of total EU ICT VA and employed 1.74% of the total EU ICT sector
employees, but invested 9.92% of total EU ICT BERD. Sweden was in a similar position,
producing 4.01% and employing 2.82%, but investing 7.62% in ICT BERD and 8.25% in ICT
GBAORD.
54

The thirteen newer Member States together produced 7.99% of total EU ICT VA. For this, they
needed 2.94% of total EU ICT BERD but employing 17.05% of the total EU ICT sector
workforce and 8.72% of EU ICT sector R&D personnel.

In terms of public funding of ICT R&D, it is interesting to note the case of Spain, with a share
of 7.16% in EU ICT VA and 3.71% in EU ICT BERD, but with an ICT public funding share of
10.40% of EU ICT GBAORD. On the other hand, France showed a relatively lower share in EU
ICT GBAORD as compared with the rest of indicators, always between 12.73% and 18.42%,
but with an ICT GBAORD share of 10.40%.

The contribution of Germany was very consistent across all four indicators (always between
17.03% and 22.60%). Similarly consistent patterns can be seen in Italy (always between
7.45% and 11.26%), the United Kingdom (always between 9.38% and 16.95%) and in the
group of other older Member States (always between 9.23% and 14.89%).
Figure 49: Comparison of ICT VA, ICT sector employment, ICT BERD, ICT GBAORD and ICT sector
R&D personnel by Member State (2011)
Note: ICT GBAORD, 2008 for Poland. Newer MS are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Other old MS comprise Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and Portugal.
55
Table 4 summarizes the main information presented in this chapter.
Table 4: Summary table of ICT indicators by European country. European Union (2011)
ICT sector
Value added
ICT sector
Employment
ICT sector
BERD
ICT
GBAORD
(Millions of
current EUR)
(1000 persons
employed)
(Millions of
current EUR)
(Millions of
current EUR)
ICT sector
R&D
personnel
(1000 Full
Time
Equivalent)
Finland
8,307.81
105.92
2,768.53
202.42
12.63
France
81,061.10
776.04
4,778.10
614.93
48.47
Germany
86,555.92
1,089.31
6,214.70
1,297.59
51.05
Italy
57,211.54
659.04
2,078.93
498.83
22.34
Netherlands
26,510.40
274.52
1,048.98
355.20
13.38
Spain
36,388.35
414.57
1,035.50
598.34
16.49
Sweden
20,385.92
171.82
2,127.85
474.82
8.74
United Kingdom
86,164.73
1,002.97
3,260.24
644.23
34.52
65,065.08
562.58
3,782.33
799.01
32.52
40,618.91
1,039.35
821.53
268.52
22.95
507,605.25
6,129.37
27,916.68
6,118.39
263.08
Other
States
old
Member
Newer Member States
European Union
Note: ICT GBAORD, 2008 for Poland.
56
4.
Comparison with other economies
This section places the EU in the international context by comparing its ICT R&D position with the
most relevant players in the world economy: the United States, Canada, Australia, five Asian
countries (Taiwan, Korea, Japan, China and India); three European countries not belonging to the EU
(Russia, Norway and Switzerland); and one Latin American country (Brazil). The comparison is made
for the two most recent years for which information is available, 2010 and 2011. It uses the ICT
sector Operational Definition21 in the JRC-IPTS database, following the same structure as previous
chapters.
4.1
The importance of the ICT sector is very uneven among the countries considered. Figure 50 plots
the weight of the value added (VA) generated by the ICT sector on total GDP. The message it gives
is clear: the five Asian countries, together with the US, have the highest share of ICT in their VA. Of
those, the high share of the ICT sector in Taiwan and Korea –especially the former– is outstanding.
While ICT VA represented 3.63% of VA in the EU22 in 2011, it was 3.2 times higher in Taiwan, at
11.63%, and in Korea more than double (2.1 times higher) at 7.68%. These two countries are
therefore the most ICT oriented in the world economy. However, this share decreased in all
countries between 2010 and 2011, except for the United States and India, with small growths of
0.04 and 0.07 percentage points. On the other hand, Australia and Switzerland remained constant.
The share of one country in the total ICT VA depends on two conditions: 1. its ICT sector VA share on
total VA; and 2. its economic size, as measured by total GDP or total employment. Figure 51 shows
how total ICT VA is split among the different countries. As expected, due to their economic size, the
US enjoys the highest share (30.51%), followed by the EU countries (25.08%), China (12.84%) and
Japan (12.81%).23 Thus, in 2011 these four players together represented 81.25% of total ICT VA
produced by the thirteen countries selected for analysis.
21
22
23
The Comprehensive definition of ICT sector is available mainly for EU Member States for the period 20082010. It corresponds to the definition given by the OECD in 2007. This definition includes ICT
manufacturing industries, ICT trade industries and ICT services industries. Data in accordance with this
classification are not available for some non-EU countries. See OECD definition:
http://www.oecd.org/science/sci-tech/38217340.pdf. The Operational definition of ICT sector allows for an
international comparison with non-EU countries over a longer period of time (2006-2011), as some of
these countries do not have the necessary disaggregated information to estimate all the ICT sub-sectors
included in the comprehensive definition. This definition takes into account the standard distinction
between manufacturing and services, but does not include the following sectors: Manufacture of magnetic
and optical media (268) and ICT trade industries (465). In addition, ICT services industries are only
available for two sub-sectors: Telecommunication (61) and the aggregate Computer and related activities
(5820, 62, 631, 951). See Technical report: http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC77364.pdf.
Recall that in this chapter we are using the Operational Definition; some discrepancies may therefore arise
between the figures provided in this chapter and in previous ones.
Data for Japan refers to 2010.
57
Figure 50: ICT VA share of GDP for the European Union and other economies (2010, 2011)
14%
12%
10%
2.44%
2.30%
2.81%
2.63%
2.75%
2.65%
3.11%
3.11%
3.66%
3.63%
3.73%
4.10%
4.10%
4.21%
4.14%
4.50%
United
States
4.68%
Japan
5.19%
5.15%
2%
5.69%
4%
7.68%
8.08%
6%
11.63%
12.20%
8%
0%
Taiwan
Korea
China
India
2010
Switzer- Canada
land
2011
EU
Australia Norway Brazil
Russia
Note: ICT VA was not available for Canada and Japan in 2011.
Source: See methodology (hyperlink), elaborated by Ivie and JRC-IPTS.
Figure 51: Distribution of ICT sector VA among the European Union and other economies (2010,
2011)
2010
2010
1.69%
1.57%
2.21%
2011
2011
0.95%
0.49%
2.12%
2.54%
2.54%
2.54%
2.98%
1.86% 1.70%
1.06%
0.51%
2.47%
United States
EU
China
3.16%
Japan
3.46%
31.48%
3.34%
30.51%
Korea
India
Brazil
12.81%
13.18%
Canada
Taiwan
Australia
11.71%
Russia
12.84%
25.08%
25.21%
Switzerland
Norway
Note: 2010 for Canada and Japan for both years.
58
Figure 52 reports the different ICT sub-sectors’ share of total ICT VA.24 Of the five ICT sub-sectors
represented in the figure, three stand out for their importance, especially in four Asian countries
(China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan): Manufacture of electronic components and boards; Computer and
related activities; and Telecommunications. Both Taiwan and Korea have a very high share of the
first sector, Manufacture of electronic components and boards; China has a relatively high share of
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment and Manufacture of consumer electronics;
India and Norway have high shares of Computer and related activities, while Brazil, Russia, Australia
and Canada25 present the highest Telecommunications share of the thirteen countries considered.
The most remarkable difference between the EU and the US is the former’s relatively high share in
Computer and related activities, together with the relative low share in Manufacture of electronic
components and boards as compared with the US.
Figure 52: Distribution of ICT sector value added by manufacturing and services sub-sectors for
the European Union and other economies (2011)
100%
3.99%
80%
11.51%
16.48%
90%
49.55%
45.11%
40.75%
22.97%
33.50%
41.97%
70%
46.14%
19.59%
53.25%
6.98%
60%
16.62%
50%
33.47%
10.13%
3.31%
68.68%
40%
30%
46.43%
50.82%
33.17%
23.80%
47.24%
4.78%
7.58%
37.20%
20%
26.92%
10%
0%
43.68%
9.27%
64.85%
66.98%
14.00%
1.22%
2.22%
5.80%
4.85%
1.64%
Australia
Brazil
Canada
20.12%
1.94%
China
3.14%
2.34%
44.00%
30.98%
20.67%
4.07%
3.24%
1.90%
EU
India
Japan
38.59%
58.24%
Korea
3.12%
1.69%
2.08%
2.91%
16.35%
5.44%
Norway
Russia
Switzerland
3.11%
4.42%
10.21%
Taiwan
United
States
Computer and related activities
Telecommunications
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment and manufacture of consumer electronics
Note: 2010 for Canada and Japan.
Figure 53 offers a complementary perspective by plotting the ICT and non-ICT activities shares of
GDP, differentiating between manufacturing and services industries. As we have already seen
(Figure 50) ICT sector has a small share of GDP. ICT manufacturing sectors are relevant in terms of
VA for only four Asian countries, Taiwan, Korea, Japan26 and China, while for the remaining
countries its presence is almost nil, below 1% (0.92% in the US) of total GDP. For all the countries
the highest share of GDP corresponds to non-ICT services industries. This is especially true for the
US (75.36%), Japan (65.56%), Switzerland (65.12%) and Canada (62.76%). Non-ICT manufacturing
sectors are very relevant in China (30.30%) and also Korea (23.28%), while the sectors that fall
under the “Rest” heading (agriculture, mining and quarrying, energy and construction) are relatively
24
25
26
The figure represents five ICT sub-sectors instead of the six for which the database offers information. It
combines Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment with Manufacture of consumer electronics
in order to make the information more easily readable.
Data for Canada refers to 2010.
Data for Japan refers to 2010.
59
more significant in Norway (42.56%), Russia (36.95%) and India (34.01%). A comparison of the EU
and the US reveals the main difference as the relatively higher share in the US of non-ICT services
and the lower share of the “Rest” component, together with the higher share of the ICT sector
already highlighted.
Figure 53: ICT sector value added share of GDP and comparison with non-ICT economic activities.
European
economiesUnion
(2011)and other economies (2011)
100%
90%
11.56%
27.86% 30.45%
23.79% 23.89% 21.08%
34.01%
80%
13.54%
19.98%
42.56%
9.26%
8.88%
36.95%
70%
60%
50%
40%
62.07% 55.11%
62.76%
75.36%
48.65%
47.67%
48.34%
20%
0%
65.12%
61.79%
30%
10%
62.27%
65.56% 49.06%
41.31%
30.30%
6.96%
3.01%
11.81%
2.41%
Australia Brazil
13.50% 13.14%
9.73%
16.83%
23.28%
3.41%
2.07%
2.43%
3.29%
Canada
China
EU
17.19%
3.95%
3.81%
1.88%
2.77%
4.91%
India
Japan
Korea
6.45%
2.54%
13.09%
2.11%
17.24%
3.25%
2.97%
8.67%
Norway Russia Switzer- Taiwan
land
10.56%
4.27%
United
States
Rest: Agriculture, mining and quarrying, energy and construction
Non-ICT service industries
Non-ICT manufacturing industries
ICT service industries
Note: 2010 for Canada and Japan. Non-ICT service industries include total Trade.
4.2
Figure 54 plots the ICT sector employment share of total employment. The picture reveals not so
different findings from that for value added. Taiwan, Korea, and Japan are, again, the countries with
the highest shares of ICT. The first two countries, and especially Taiwan, increased this share in
2011 compared to 2010. On the other hand, the EU had a similar share (2.46%) to Norway and the
United States (2.49% for both of them).
60
Figure 54: ICT sector employment share of total employment for the European Union and other
economies (2010, 2011)
10%
9%
8%
7%
Taiwan
Korea
Japan Switzer- Canada Norway United
land
States
2010
EU
Australia Brazil
China
Russia
0.93%
1.41%
0%
1.37%
1.82%
1.74%
2.00%
2.02%
2.26%
2.25%
2.46%
2.40%
2.49%
2.46%
2.49%
2.49%
2.60%
2.56%
3.05%
2.99%
1%
3.89%
2%
3.80%
4.63%
3%
4.73%
4%
9.23%
5%
8.81%
6%
India
2011
Note: 2011 data were not available for India.
Figure 55 shows each country’s contribution to the aggregated employment of the thirteen selected
countries.27 Now the picture is rather different from that obtained for VA (Figure 51). The highest
contribution to total ICT sector employment in 2011 corresponded to China (38.74%), followed at a
large distance by the EU (15.38%, less than half of China’s contribution), India (12.06%), the United
States (10.21%) and Japan (6.65%). The sum of these five shares amounts to 83.04% of ICT sector
employment. It is interesting to recall that the share of the ICT sector in the EU represented 25.08%
in terms of ICT aggregate VA, but only 15.38% in terms of ICT aggregated employment. For the US
the gap is even more striking: 30.51% for VA and 10.21% for employment. On the other hand, the
contribution of the different countries to aggregated ICT sector employment remained practically
constant between 2010 and 2011, which was not the case for VA (see Figure 51).
27
Recall that the information for India refers to 2010 instead of 2011.
61
Figure 55: Distribution of ICT sector employment among the European Union and other economies
(2010, 2011)
2010
2011
2010
2011
0.73%
1.27%
3.00%
2.65%
0.40%
2.75%
0.18%
3.03%
3.19%
3.16%
0.72% 0.40%
1.28%
0.18%
China
EU
India
United States
5.42%
5.60%
Japan
37.85%
7.02%
38.74%
6.65%
Brazil
Korea
Russia
10.21%
10.27%
Taiwan
Canada
Australia
12.06%
12.42%
15.45%
Switzerland
15.38%
Norway
Note: 2010 for India for both years.
Figure 56 plots the shares of the employment in five ICT sub-sectors on total ICT sector
employment. The picture it reveals is similar to that provided by Figure 52, which gave the same
information but in reference to VA rather than employment. As before, three ICT sub-sectors show
the highest share: Manufacture of electronic components and boards, which is especially relevant
for four Asian countries –Taiwan, Korea, China and Japan– and also for Switzerland.
Telecommunications has a high share in total ICT sector employment in almost all countries, but it
is especially high in India28 and Russia. The Computer and related activities sub-sector is very
relevant for Norway, Brazil and Australia, while for Taiwan and China the contribution of
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment and manufacture of consumer electronics is
also relevant. The main difference to emerge in a comparison of the EU and the US is the relatively
high US share of the Telecommunications sub-sector and the low share of Computer and related
activities, together with the higher share of Manufacture of electronic components and boards.
28
Recall that the information for India refers to 2010 instead of 2011.
62
Figure 56: Distribution of ICT sector employment by manufacturing and services sub-sectors for
the European Union and other economies (2011)
100%
2.25%
13.28%
90%
80%
70%
60%
59.96%
70.67%
48.03%
51.63%
60.59%
65.99%
72.35%
13.51%
9.49%
50%
7.34%
5.43%
22.29%
40%
30%
20%
24.08%
20.97%
10%
0%
45.98%
30.37%
1.99%
2.32%
4.43%
1.54%
Australia
Brazi l
Canada
10.58%
10.40%
50.27%
6.11%
7.78%
3.80%
China
27.81%
4.55%
4.01%
6.66%
1.74%
3.17%
EU
India
Japan
60.91%
73.46%
18.59%
65.78%
21.11%
18.79%
30.81%
4.27%
1.61%
4.45%
5.91%
31.70%
33.63%
35.15%
36.35%
Korea
19.83%
3.18%
3.32%
3.53%
7.99%
3.33%
2.49%
3.28%
6.71%
Norway
Russia
16.20%
Switzerland
11.13%
Taiwan
United
States
Computer and related act ivities
Telecommunications
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment and manufacture of consumer elect ronics
Note: 2010 for India.
Figure 57 shows the distribution of total employment between ICT and non-ICT activities, as well as
between manufacturing and services. The image this figure provides is very different from Figure
53, which contained similar information but for VA rather than employment. Generally speaking, in
developed countries the contribution of non-ICT service industries VA to total GDP is lower than the
contribution to total employment. For instance, in the EU the contribution of non-ICT service
industries to GDP amounted to 61.79%, while for employment the percentage was 69.73%. A
similar difference can be observed in the US with a 75.36% share in GDP, as compared with an
82.21% share in total employment. For less developed countries, and as expected, the contribution
of the “Rest” industries (agriculture, mining and quarrying, energy and construction) is higher in
terms of employment than in terms of GDP. This is especially true –also as expected– for India and
China. The most notable fact when comparing the EU with the US is the higher share of non-ICT
services industries and the lower share of non-ICT manufacturing industries in the US.
63
Figure 57: Share of ICT sector employment in total employment and comparison with non-ICT
economic activities. European Union and other economies (2011)
Eur opean Union and other economies (2011)
100%
90%
12.92%
15.40%
11.81% 13.87%
13.20% 14.25% 13.31%
13.73%
24.65%
31.42%
80%
44.06%
70%
61.12%
60%
50%
56.96%
74.10%
40%
68.77% 66.64%
69.73%
75.23%
71.14%
75.00%
62.23%
25.57%
20%
0%
82.21%
55.05%
35.02%
30%
10%
7.60%
19.94%
8.24% 11.12%
9.25%
2.14%
1.87%
Australia Brazi l
19.10% 14.08%
2.35%
0.68%
2.08%
Canada
China
EU
12.38%
14.22% 14.37%
0.87%
2.24%
1.56%
2.23%
2.50%
India
Japan
Korea
9.19% 12.12%
2.33%
Norway
1.15%
13.99%
2.42%
1.64%
7.59%
Russia Switzer- Taiwan
land
7.70%
2.04%
United
States
Non-ICT servi ce industries
Non-ICT manufacturing industri es
ICT service industri es
Note: 2010 for India. Non-ICT service industries include total Trade.
The profiles followed by GDP and employment in the different countries and sectors have their
counterpart in the levels of labour productivity achieved, since this variable is the ratio between the
two. Figure 58 shows the levels of labour productivity in the ICT sector (panel a), ICT manufacturing
(panel b) and ICT services (panel c), expressed in thousands of euros PPS per worker. Now the
picture is rather different from what we have reported in the previous sections. The United States
leads in total ICT sector labour productivity, ICT manufacturing and ICT services. Norway lies in
second position –due to its more productive ICT service sector – followed by Australia. Brazil, China,
India and Russia can be found at the opposite side of the spectrum; while the three large ICT
countries –Taiwan, Korea and Japan– have lower ICT sector labour productivity levels than the EU
average.
64
Figure 58: ICT sector labour productivity for the European Union and other economies (thousand
EUR PPS per person; 2010, 2011)
P P S per per son; 2 010, 2 011)
a) ICT total
a) T otal
200
180
160
140
120
Norway Australia
EU
Taiwan
2010
Japan
Korea
Russia
23.85
23.21
27.22
India
China
Brazi l
21.13
United
States
23.18
0
27.47
30.31
51.10
20
52.04
77.78
72.73
76.13
77.00
82.18
83.52
Switzerland
83.58
85.94
Canada
86.52
86.97
89.15
40
86.65
91.73
60
93.36
160.29
80
158.72
100
2011
IC Tmanufacturing
M anufacturing
b)b)ICT
180
160
140
120
170.33
80
158.09
100
United
States
Korea
Switzerland
Japan
Norway Australia
2010
2011
65
EU
India
Brazi l
China
23.66
0
23.72
29.41
30.40
37.78
55.44
52.38
54.56
49.14
58.05
57.22
Taiwan
20
62.35
76.04
Canada
69.73
75.76
86.03
78.41
92.88
40
87.96
60
Russia
Figure 58 (cont.): ICT sector labour productivity for the European Union and other economies
(thousand EUR PPS per person; 2010, 2011)
c) ICT services
200
180
160
140
120
United
States
Taiwan
Norway Australia
EU
2010
Japan
Russia
Korea
China
India
22.77
0
23.36
29.84
33.75
33.80
60.16
55.65
59.12
20
57.14
Switzerland
85.44
88.16
Canada
86.65
88.17
89.11
88.71
91.07
88.88
95.90
40
94.45
60
110.77
110.15
80
160.77
156.15
100
Brazi l
2011
Note: 2010 data were not available for Canada, India and Japan.
4.3
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) is very unevenly distributed among ICT and non-ICT
sector in the countries investigated. As Figure 59 shows, in 2011, more than 70% of total BERD
(73.57%) in Taiwan was devoted to the ICT sector, 51.21% in Korea and 31.23% in the US. In the
EU the share was around half of that of the US (16.54%), and it was even lower in India (15.89%).29
The other countries recorded different ratios: Brazil (13.59%), Switzerland (12.95%), Australia
(11.27%) and Russia (1.74%).
ICT BERD is much more concentrated in a small number of countries than VA or employment.
According to the information provided in Figure 60, 41.13% of total ICT BERD of the thirteen
countries considered was made in the United States in 2011. The EU follows –but at a large
distance – representing 16.89% of the total, close to the 16.80% contribution of Japan, and the
even smaller Chinese and Korean contribution (8.69% and 7.91%, respectively). When Taiwan
(3.37%) is also considered, these six countries represent 94.79% of total ICT BERD undertaken by
the thirteen countries under consideration. Note also that while the contributions of the US, the EU
and Switzerland decreased between 2010 and 2011, those of Taiwan, Korea and China increased.
29
The figures for China, India and Russia should be interpreted with caution since the available information
is scarce and not fully comparable. In the three countries the correspondence between the sector
classification and the one followed in the PREDICT methodology is an approximation. Many sectors are
estimated as there is not enough available official disaggregation. In China, for sectors 63 and 58 Korean
weights are used. In India, for sectors 63 and 58 United Kingdom’s weights are used. In Russia, only GERD
(Gross domestic Expenditure on Research and Development) data are available, so this structure is applied
to total BERD in order to estimate the sub-sectors. Besides, the Russian sector classification uses NACE
Rev 1.1 and not NACE 2, so the sectoral correspondence is not exact.
66
Figur
e 4 -10.
of ICT
BERD for the
European
and other economies
Figure
59:Share
Share
ofand
ICTnon-ICT
and non-ICT
BERD
for Union
the European
Union(2011)
and other
economies (2011)
100%
90%
26.43%
80%
48.79%
70%
68.77%
60%
71.85%
75.64%
76.30%
80.93%
83.46%
84.11%
86.41%
87.05%
88.73%
98.26%
50%
40%
73.57%
30%
51.21%
20%
31.23%
10%
28.15%
24.36%
23.70%
19.07%
16.54%
15.89%
13.59%
12.95%
11.27%
1.74%
Switzer- Australia
land
Russia
0%
Taiwan
Korea
United
States
Canada
Japan
Norway
China
EU
ICT
India
Brazi l
Non-ICT
Note: 2008 for Brazil and Switzerland.
Figure 60: Distribution of ICT BERD among the European Union and other economies (2010, 2011)
2010
2010
0.66%
2011
2011
0.45%
0.90%
0.56%
2.02%
3.33%
0.32%
2.03% 0.95%
0.07%
0.73%
0.61%
0.45%
0.34%
0.10%
3.37%
United States
EU
Japan
7.60%
China
7.91%
Korea
7.78%
43.04%
41.13%
8.69%
Taiwan
Canada
Australia
Brazil
16.09%
16.80%
Switzerland
Norway
India
17.18%
16.89%
Russia
Note: 2008 for Switzerland for both years.
Figure 61 plots the distribution of ICT BERD between ICT manufacturing and services sub-sectors in
2011. Now all the sub-sectors appear almost equally relevant in one way or another. Manufacture
of electronic components and boards is very relevant for Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, Russia, and to
a lesser extent for the US and China. Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment, together
with Manufacture of consumer electronics, is relevant for Brazil, Taiwan, Japan, China, and to a
lesser extent for the United States. Manufacturing of communication equipment has a high share in
ICT BERD in the EU, Japan, Canada, China and Russia. For Telecommunications the highest shares
are reflected for Brazil, Switzerland and Australia. Finally, Computer and related activities have a
67
very high presence in India, Norway and Australia. Overall, ICT BERD is more evenly distributed than
ICT VA or ICT sector employment among the ICT sub-sectors. The main differences between the EU
and the US is that the latter has a much higher share of Manufacture of electronic components and
boards and Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment, and a lower share in Manufacture
of communication equipment and Telecommunications.
Figure 61: Distribution of ICT BERD by manufacturing and services sub-sectors for the European
Union and other economies (2011)
100%
8.80%
3.50%
90%
9.99%
32.92%
80%
70%
8.79%
42.01%
44.55%
39.73%
38.49%
0.78%
5.15%
2.54%
18.59%
73.90%
33.71%
7.31%
2.35%
26.31%
72.13%
66.68%
23.45%
14.25%
11.24%
Brazi l
Canada
10.66%
52.74%
12.62%
5.41%
18.92%
13.78%
24.15%
8.40%
1.49%
46.98%
10.96%
4.93%
32.55%
9.21%
Australia
28.99%
14.17%
10.17%
24.52%
23.34%
20%
0%
17.75%
85.74%
40%
10%
17.01%
31.11%
60%
30%
1.76%
1.83%
59.76%
50%
3.71%
1.76%
9.26%
6.53%
China
EU
8.59%
9.74%
3.48%
1.32%
India
43.56%
26.24%
23.80%
2.86%
Japan
Korea
Norway
Russia
Switzerland
Taiwan
United
States
Computer and related act ivities
Telecommunications
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment and manufacture of consumer elect ronics
Note: 2008 for Switzerland.
The distribution of ICT BERD by ICT and non-ICT sub-sectors, and between manufacturing and
service industries, is shown in Figure 62.30 As already highlighted, BERD in ICT manufacturing
industries is very high in Taiwan and Korea and it is relatively higher in Japan, China and the US
than in the other countries. BERD in non-ICT manufacturing industries is very important in all
countries, except for Russia, but it is especially high in Japan, Switzerland, India and China. When
the EU and the US are compared the most notable fact is the lower US share of non-ICT industries –
both manufacturing and services– and thus, the higher share of ICT industries.
30
Information for Brazil is not available due to lack of data for BERD in the service sector.
68
Figure 62: ICT BERD share of total BERD and comparison with non-ICT economic activities.
Figur e 4 -13. Share of ICT BERD in total BERD and comparison with non -IC T economic activities. Eur opean Union
European
Union and other economies (2011)
and other economies (2011)
100%
8.76%
90%
80%
7.02%
1.84%
4.07%
6.40%
1.39%
6.16%
4.61%
7.74%
9.46%
9.76%
9.42%
29.48%
40.58%
60%
39.05%
33.62%
70.88%
4.02%
83.87%
67.86%
29.51%
69.55%
30%
10%
0%
14.65%
52.64%
4.25%
56.67%
22.66%
9.37%
15.40%
12.74%
16.72%
Canada
9.30%
14.99%
China
EU
15.41%
46.96%
20.51%
19.79%
7.25%
1.91%
Australia
4.58%
2.35%
3.20%
India
Japan
1.48%
23.34%
68.08%
69.84%
36.09%
40%
20%
2.82%
6.83%
24.94%
29.97%
70%
50%
3.61%
Korea
Norway
3.76%
4.92%
9.20%
Russia
Switzerland
15.83%
Taiwan
United
States
Non-ICT servi ce industries
Non-ICT manufacturing industri es
ICT service industri es
Note: 2008 for Switzerland. Data were not available for Brazil. Non-ICT service industries include total Trade.
BERD intensity measures the weight of BERD in GDP. Figure 63 plots the BERD/GDP ratio for the
years 2010 and 2011, distinguishing between ICT and non-ICT sector. The order of the countries
remained almost constant in both years, with the exception of Switzerland and Taiwan, and
Australia and the EU, which switched places between 2010 and 2011. The highest BERD intensity
corresponded to Korea (3.09%) in 2011, and three other countries had BERD/GDP ratios above 2%:
Japan (2.60%), Taiwan (2.19%) and Switzerland (2.11%). For the EU the corresponding figure was
1.29%, and in the US 1.95%. As expected, ICT BERD intensity was relatively very high in Taiwan and
Korea, followed, at a significant distance, by the US and Japan. ICT BERD intensity accounted for a
0.21% in the EU, as compared with 1.58% in Korea and 1.61% in Taiwan, or 0.61% and 0.63% in
the US and Japan, respectively.
69
Figure 63: Contribution of ICT and non-ICT BERD to total BERD intensity (BERD/GDP). European
Union and other economies (2010, 2011)
a) 2010
3.0%
b) 2011
3.5%
2.80%
3.5%
3.09%
2.49%
3.0%
2.5%
3.0%
2.60%
2.5%
0.56%
1.92%
Tot al
1.34%
Non-ICT
0.42%
0.24%
0.21%
0.66%
0.20%
0.48%
0.66%
0.65%
1.13%
1.08%
1.84%
ICT
0.14% 1.09%
0.0%
0.67%
0.26%
0.0%
0.61%
0.5%
0.63%
0.5%
0.27%
1.61%
1.58%
0.24%
0.20%
0.43%
0.68%
0.65%
0.24%
0.91%
0.86%
0.21%
1.0%
1.39%
1.29%
1.23%
0.27%
1.0%
0.58%
1.5%
1.97%
1.5%
0.50%
0.20%0.67%
0.21%
0.14%
0.58%
0.27%
0.26%
Non-ICT
0.68%
0.25%
1.03%
1.03%
1.14%
1.52%
1.47%
0.5%
0.57%
2.0%
0.86%
0.21%
1.84%
0.93%
ICT
2.0%
1.24%
1.34%
1.29% 1.28%
1.0%
0.0%
2.19%
2.11%
1.95%
1.92%
1.5%
2.5%
1.51%
1.33%
2.0%
2.11% 2.08%
Tot al
Note: 2008 for Switzerland for both years.
Figure 64 plots ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) for the total ICT sector as well as for each of
the five sub-sectors considered. As in the previous cases, Korea and Taiwan also stand out for this
variable. ICT BERD intensity in Korea reached 20.61% in 2011, followed by Taiwan (13.85%) and
the US (11.74%). Japan (10.10%) came next while the figure for the EU was 5.86%. Again, in Korea
and Taiwan the sector with the highest ICT BERD intensity is Manufacture of electronic components
and boards. This sub-sector is also important for Switzerland, Japan and the US. Computer and
related activities is the most prominent sub-sector in the US, Norway and Australia. This sub-sector
also has the highest ICT BERD intensity in the EU, followed by Manufacture of communication
equipment.
70
Figure 64: Contribution of ICT sub-sectors to ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA). European Union
Figur
e 4 -15: economies
C ontribution of IC
T sub-sectors to R& D intensity ( ICT BERD/ICT GVA). Eur opean Union and
and
other
(2011)
other economies (2 011)
25%
20.61%
20%
1.35%
0.36%
3.66%
13.85%
15%
1.28%
11.74%
10.10%
2.58%
10%
5.52%
1.00%
0.93%
0.28%
3.56%
7.70%
6.60%
14.86%
5%
9.24%
1.62%
1.25%
3.08%
0%
Korea
Taiwan
United
States
5.69%
0.48%
2.76%
1.86%
Japan
1.91%
0.72%
0.97%
0.75%
3.48%
Norway Switzerland
6.59%
2.99%
0.90%
1.74%
5.90%
5.86%
4.47%
0.52%
2.34%
1.45%
2.46%
0.83%
1.42%
0.84%
1.38%
0.84%
Canada
China
EU
2.67%
1.04%
2.49%
0.82%
0.96%
0.92%
0.41%
0.47%
0.79%
Australia
Brazil
India
Computer and related activities
Telecommunications
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment and manufacture of consumer electronics
Total
Note: 2008 for Brazil. 2010 for Canada and Japan.
4.4
Public funding of ICT R&D
Figure 65 shows ICT GBAORD as the share in GDP and in total GBAORD for the EU, Japan31 and the
United States in 2010 and 2011. In both years, the US and Japan led, with shares in total GDP of
0.078% and 0.073% in 2011, followed by the EU at a certain distance (0.048%). Regarding the
share of ICT GBAORD with respect to total GBAORD in 2011, both Japan (9.37%) and the US
(8.18%) were above the EU (6.63%), although in this case the difference is not as big as with the
share in total GDP.
31
Methodology for Japan is not fully homogeneous with the EU and the US due to lack of equivalent high
level data disaggregation.
71
Figure 65: Share of ICT GBAORD in GDP and total GBAORD for the European Union, the United
States and Japan (2010, 2011)
a) Share in GDP
b) Share in total GBOARD
a) Shar
in total
GBOARD
a) eShar
e in total
GBOARD
a) Shar e in GDP
12.00%
12.00%
0.10%
10.00%
10.00%
0.08%
8.00%
0.06%
6.00%
0.04%
0.087%
0.078%
9.60%
0.071% 0.073%
9.37%
4.00%
8.49%
8.18%
6.52%
0.049% 0.048%
0.02%
6.63%
2.00%
0.00%
United States
2010
Japan
0.00%
EU
Japan
2011
United States
2010
EU
2011
Note: Figures for Japan not fully homogeneous with the EU and the United States (see methodology).
4.5
ICT sector R&D personnel32
Figure 66 plots the share of ICT sector R&D personnel (expressed in full-time equivalent terms) in
total ICT sector employment (expressed in terms of headcounts). As in many other variables already
reviewed, Taiwan and Korea take the lead. In Taiwan the share of ICT sector R&D personnel
amounted to 10.99% in 2011, and in Korea it was 10.65%. It is interesting to note the high share
for Canada (8.15%), and also for Norway (7.81%). By contrast, in the EU the equivalent percentage
was less than half, 4.62%. Note that Taiwan, Korea,33 Japan, Norway, but also the EU, showed
increases in the ICT personnel ratio between 2010 and 2011.
32
33
Data limitations impede inclusion of information for the ICT personnel variable for the US. Although the
Survey of Industrial Research and Development (SIRD) and Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS)
offer domestic R&D employment figures, these are not comparable with the definition of FTE R&D
personnel used by OECD and Eurostat (following Frascati Manual), since they only include R&D scientists
and engineers.
As for the BERD variable, the figures for China, India, Russia, and also Korea should be interpreted with
caution since the available information is scarce and not fully comparable. Chinese, Korean and Russian
data are estimated (see methodological notes).
72
Figure 66: ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) share of total ICT sector employment for the European
Union and other economies (2010, 2011)
Union and other economies (2010, 2 011)
12%
10%
0.62%
0.77%
0.73%
1.11%
0.56%
2.26%
2.27%
4.43%
4.39%
4.62%
4.57%
2%
5.62%
7.35%
6.66%
7.81%
7.78%
8.25%
10.65%
8.15%
4%
10.00%
10.99%
6%
10.93%
8%
0%
Taiwan
Korea
Canada Norway
Japan
Switzerland
2010
EU
Australia
China
Brazil
Russia
India
2011
Note: 2011 data were not available for India and Switzerland . 2010: 2008 for Brazil and Switzerland. Data
were not available for the United States.
The absence of reliable data for the US limits the interest of the information in Figure 67, which
shows the contribution of the twelve remaining countries to total ICT sector R&D personnel
(excluding the US). For those countries the EU presents the second highest share in 2011, only
behind China, followed by Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Canada. China, the EU and Canada decreased
its share between 2010 and 2011, whereas the other three leading countries, Japan, Korea and
Taiwan, gained weight.
The ICT and non-ICT share of total R&D personnel is shown in Figure 68. Taiwan (68.40% of R&D
personnel assigned to the ICT sector) and Korea (48.06%) are the leading countries. Japan
(29.17%), Norway (28.25%), Canada (26.66%), Brazil (21.01%) and Switzerland (18.91%) have
higher shares than the EU (18.69%).
Finally, Figure 69 shows the distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel in manufacturing and services
sectors. The overwhelming superiority of manufacturing in the Asian countries is striking, but the
position of Russia and Switzerland is also noteworthy. 91.75% of Taiwan’s ICT sector R&D
personnel worked in manufacturing, the share was also high in Russia (89.02%), Japan (84.64%),
China (83.71%) and Korea (80.47%). Compared with these percentages the share of ICT sector R&D
personnel in the EU ICT manufacturing sector is very modest (31.73%). These figures again
highlight the prominence of the ICT sector in the Asian countries –especially in their manufacturing
sub-sectors– and the opposite situation of the EU, with a lower presence of the ICT sector, and its
higher specialisation in ICT service sub-sectors.
73
Figure 67: Distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) among the European Union and other
economies (2010, 2011)
2010
2011
2010
1.10%
1.02%
0.75%
0.73%
2.62%
3.58%
2011
1.03%
1.97%
0.49%
0.76% 0.69%
0.47%
China
2.82%
EU
3.40%
Japan
9.85%
29.18%
Korea
28.65%
9.88%
Taiwan
Canada
10.74%
India
11.11%
Brazil
Australia
Russia
15.92%
23.24%
15.97%
24.03%
Switzerland
Norway
Note: 2008 Switzerland for both years. 2008 for Brazil for 2010. Data were not available for the United
States.
Figure 68: Share of ICT and non-ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) for the European Union and other
economies (2011)
100%
90%
80%
31.60%
51.94%
70%
70.83%
60%
71.75%
73.34%
78.99%
81.09%
81.31%
82.57%
82.70%
85.48%
98.10%
50%
40%
30%
68.40%
48.06%
20%
29.17%
10%
28.25%
26.66%
21.01%
18.91%
18.69%
17.43%
17.30%
14.52%
1.90%
0%
Taiwan
Korea
Japan
Norway
Canada
Brazi l
Switzerland
ICT
EU
Australia
Non-ICT
Note: 2008 for Switzerland. Data were not available for the United States.
74
India
China
Russia
Figure 69: Distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) by manufacturing and services for the
Figur
e 4 -20. Union
Distr ibution
ICT R&
D personnel ((2011)
FTE) by M anufacturing and Ser vices for the Eur opean Union and
European
and of
other
economies
other economies (2011)
100%
90%
8.25% 10.98%
15.36% 16.29% 19.53%
35.55%
80%
70%
62.91% 66.87%
68.27%
60%
85.07% 86.87%
50%
91.75% 89.02%
40%
92.31%
84.64% 83.71% 80.47%
64.45%
30%
20%
37.09% 33.13%
31.73%
10%
14.93% 13.13%
0%
Taiwan
Russia
Japan
China
Korea
Switzerland
ICT Manufacturing
Canada
Brazi l
EU
Australia
Norway
7.69%
India
ICT Services
Note: 2008 for Switzerland. Data were not available for China, India and the United States.
4.6
Figure 70 summarizes ICT sector value added, employment, BERD and R&D personnel in terms of
the countries’ contributions in 2011.

The US enjoyed the highest share in ICT VA (30.51%) in 2011, followed by the EU (25.08%),
China (12.84%), Japan (12.81%) and Korea (3.34%). These five players together represent
84.59% of the total ICT VA produced by the thirteen countries selected.

In terms of ICT sector employment, the picture is rather different from that obtained for ICT
VA. The highest contribution to total ICT sector employment in 2011 corresponded to China
(38.74%), followed by the EU (15.38%, less than half of China’s contribution), India
(12.06%), the United States (10.21%) and Japan (6.65%). The sum of these five shares
amounts to 83.04% of ICT sector employment in the thirteen countries analysed.

The share of the ICT sector in the EU represents 25.08% in terms of ICT aggregate VA, but
only 15.38% in terms of ICT sector employment. For the US the gap is even more striking:
30.51% for VA and 10.21% for employment.

ICT BERD is much more concentrated in a small number of countries than value added or
employment: 41.13% of total ICT BERD is made in the United States. The EU follows
representing 16.89% of the total, close to the 16.80% contribution of Japan, and the even
smaller contribution of China (8.69%) and Korea (7.91%). These five countries represent
91.42% of total ICT BERD undertaken by the thirteen countries under consideration.

The absence of reliable data for the US limits the interest of the information of the
contribution of the twelve remaining countries to total ICT sector R&D personnel (excluding
the US). For those countries the EU presents the second highest share in 2011, only behind
China, followed by Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Canada.
75
Figure 70: Comparison of ICT sector value added, employment, R&D personnel and BERD for other
economies and the EU (2011)
Value added
1.86%
1.70%
1.06%
3.16%
2.75%
0.51%
2.12%
2.47%
Employment
0.72%
3.03%
2.54%
5.42%
3.34%
0.40%
0.18%
1.28%
10.21%
United States
30.51%
15.38%
12.06%
EU
China
12.81%
3.19%
Japan
6.65%
Korea
12.84%
38.74%
25.08%
India
Brazil
R&D personnel
BERD
0.73%
2.03%
0.95%
3.37%
0.61%
0.45%
0.34%
1.03%
0.76%
0.68%
Canada
0.47%
3.40%
Australia
9.88%
1.97%
7.91%
41.13%
23.25%
2.82%
16.80%
Russia
Switzerland
Norway
11.11%
8.69%
Taiwan
15.97%
28.64%
16.89%
Note: ICT totals correspond to the operational definition of ICT sector.
Value added: Value added: 2010 for Canada and Japan. Employment: 2009 for India. R&D personnel
and BERD: 2008 for Switzerland. Data not available for R&D personnel for the United States.
76
Finally, Table 5 presents the main variables analysed in this chapter.
Table 5: Summary table of ICT indicators for the European Union and other economies (2011)
ICT total:
ICT sector
Value added
ICT sector
Employment
ICT sector
BERD
ICT GBAORD
ICT sector
R&D
personnel
(Millions of
current EUR)
(thousand persons
employed)
(Millions of
current EUR)
(Millions of
current EUR)
(thousand
full-time
equivalent)
European Union
462,016.93
5,531.84
27,092.39
5,961.96
255.64
United States
562,067.83
3,670.67
65,988.18
8,695.56
0.00
Japan
235,986.21
2,391.09
26,945.29
3,270.62
175.68
9,366.47
65.55
721.15
-
5.12
Switzerland
19,462.15
144.69
977.70
-
7.53
Australia
34,238.11
257.90
1,531.85
-
11.31
Brazil
46,833.73
1,950.22
1,165.99
-
21.71
Canada
45,413.02
459.23
3,264.30
-
37.44
China
236,545.35
13,935.10
13,947.30
-
315.06
India
58,169.58
4,338.65
537.83
-
31.06
Korea
61,558.29
1,147.33
12,686.22
-
122.22
Russia
31,301.85
1,088.63
158.57
-
8.37
Taiwan
38,992.31
988.18
5,402.25
-
108.64
Norway
Note: ICT totals correspond to the operational definition of ICT sector.
Value added: 2010 for Canada and Japan. Employment: 2010 for India. R&D personnel and BERD: 2008 for
Switzerland. Data not available for R&D personnel for the United States.
77
List of figures
Figure 1a: ICT sector value added share of total value added. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 1b: ICT sector value added and GDP real annual growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) .................................................8
Figure 2a: Distribution of VA shares for ICT manufacturing and ICT services. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 2b: Annual real growth rates of ICT manufacturing and ICT services VA. EU (2006 – 2011) ...........................9
Figure 3: ICT sector value added share of GDP and comparison with non-ICT economic activities. European
Union (2006-2011)........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 4a: ICT sector employment share of total employment. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 4b: ICT sector employment and total employment annual growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) ....................... 11
Figure 5a: Distribution of employment shares for ICT manufacturing and ICT services. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 5b: Annual growth rates of ICT manufacturing and ICT services employment. EU (2006 – 2011) ............ 12
Figure 6: ICT sector employment share on total employment and comparison with non-ICT economic activities.
European Union (2006-2011) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 7a: ICT sector labour productivity. EU (thousand contstant, base year 2005, EUR per person, 2006 2011)
Figure 7b: ICT sector labour productivity and total productivity annual real growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) .. 14
Figure 8a: ICT sector labour productivity. Manufacturing and services. EU (thousand constant, base year
2005, EUR per person, 2006 – 2011)
Figure 8b: ICT sector labour productivity annual real growth rates. Manufacturing and services. EU (2006 –
2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 9a: Contribution of ICT and non-ICT BERD to total BERD intensity (BERD/GDP). EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 9b: ICT BERD and non-ICT BERD annual real growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) ..................................................... 16
Figure 10a: ICT manufacturing and ICT services BERD. Share of total ICT BERD. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 10b: ICT manufacturing and ICT services BERD annual real growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) ..................... 17
Figure 11a: ICT sector BERD share of ICT sector value added. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 11b: ICT BERD annual real growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) .............................................................................................. 17
Figure 12: ICT and non-ICT BERD intensity (BERD/VA). European Union (2006-2011) ...................................................... 18
Figure 13: ICT BERD share of total BERD and comparison with non-ICT economic activities. European Union
(2006-2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 14a: ICT GBAORD share in GDP and in total GBAORD. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 14b: ICT GBAORD and total GBAORD annual real growth rates. EU (2006 – 2011) ........................................... 21
Figure 15a: ICT sector R&D personnel share on total ICT sector employment, and ICT sector R&D researchers
share on ICT R&D personnel. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 15b: Annual growth rates of ICT sector employment, ICT sector R&D personnel and ICT sector R&D
researchers. EU (2006 – 2011) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Figure 16a: ICT R&D personnel share on total R&D personnel, and ICT R&D researchers share on total R&D
researchers. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 16b: Annual growth rates of R&D personnel and researchers, ICT R&D personnel and ICT R&D
researchers. EU (2006 – 2011) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 17a: Share of ICT manufacturing R&D personnel and ICT services R&D personnel. EU (2006 – 2011)
Figure 17b: Annual growth rates of ICT manufacturing R&D personnel and ICT services R&D personnel. EU
(2006 – 2011) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 18: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total R&D personnel and comparison with non-ICT economic
activities. European Union (2006-2011) .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 19: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services for value added, employment, BERD and R&D
personnel. European Union (2011) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
78
Figure 20: ICT VA share of GDP by sub-sector (2010, 2011) ............................................................................................................. 28
Figure 21: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of VA among the biggest Member State
contributors (2011) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 22: ICT sector employment share of total employment by sub-sector (based on head counts; 2010,
2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 23: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT sector employment among the
biggest Member State contributors (2011) .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 24: ICT sector labour productivity by sub-sector (thousand constant [base year 2005] EUR per person;
2010, 2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 25: ICT BERD share in total BERD by sub-sector (2010, 2011) ......................................................................................... 32
Figure 26: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT BERD among the biggest Member
State contributors (2011) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 27: ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) by sub-sector (2010, 2011) ........................................................................ 34
Figure 28: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total ICT sector employment by sub-sector (based on FTE; 2010,
2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 29: Comparison of ICT manufacturing and services: distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel among the
biggest Member State contributors (2011) .................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 30: Comparison of value added, employment, BERD, and R&D personnel by ICT sub-sectors (2011) .... 37
Figure 31: ICT VA share of GDP by Member State (2010, 2011) ..................................................................................................... 39
Figure 32: Distribution of VA shares for ICT manufacturing and ICT services by Member State (2011) ................ 40
Figure 33: Distribution of ICT VA among Member States (2011) ..................................................................................................... 41
Figure 34: ICT sector employment share of total employment by Member State (% of head counts; 2010,
2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 35: Distribution of employment shares between ICT manufacturing and ICT services by Member State
(% of head counts, 2011) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 36: Distribution of ICT sector employment among Member States (head counts, 2011) ................................. 44
Figure 37: ICT sector labour productivity by Member State (thousands of EUR PPS [Purchase Power Standard]
per person, 2011) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 38: ICT BERD share of total BERD by Member State (2010, 2011) ................................................................................ 46
Figure 39: Distribution of ICT BERD between ICT manufacturing and ICT services by Member State (2011) ..... 47
Figure 40: Distribution of ICT BERD among Member States (2011) ............................................................................................... 47
Figure 41: ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA) by Member State (2011) ............................................................................... 48
Figure 42: Share of ICT GBAORD in GDP by Member State (2010-2011) .................................................................................. 49
Figure 43: Share of ICT GBAORD in total GBAORD by Member State (2010-2011) ............................................................ 50
Figure 44: Distribution of ICT GBAORD among Member States (2011) ....................................................................................... 51
Figure 45: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total ICT sector employment by Member State (based on FTE;
2010, 2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 46: ICT sector R&D personnel share of total R&D personnel by Member State (based on FTE; 2010,
2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 47: ICT manufacturing/services distribution of countries’ shares (based on FTE, 2011) ................................... 53
Figure 48: Distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel among Member States (based on FTE, 2011)......................... 54
Figure 49: Comparison of ICT VA, ICT sector employment, ICT BERD, ICT GBAORD and ICT sector R&D
personnel by Member State (2011) .................................................................................................................................................................... 55
79
Figure 50: ICT VA share of GDP for the European Union and other economies (2010, 2011) ...................................... 58
Figure 51: Distribution of ICT sector VA among the European Union and other economies (2010, 2011) ........... 58
Figure 52: Distribution of ICT sector value added by manufacturing and services sub-sectors for the European
Union and other economies (2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 53: ICT sector value added share of GDP and comparison with non-ICT economic activities. European
Figure 54: ICT sector employment share of total employment for the European Union and other economies
(2010, 2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 55: Distribution of ICT sector employment among the European Union and other economies (2010,
2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 56: Distribution of ICT sector employment by manufacturing and services sub-sectors for the European
Figure 57: Share of ICT sector employment in total employment and comparison with non-ICT economic
activities. European Union and other economies (2011) ....................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 58: ICT sector labour productivity for the European Union and other economies (thousand EUR PPS per
person; 2010, 2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 58 (cont.): ICT sector labour productivity for the European Union and other economies (thousand EUR
PPS per person; 2010, 2011) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 59: Share of ICT and non-ICT BERD for the European Union and other economies (2011)............................. 67
Figure 60: Distribution of ICT BERD among the European Union and other economies (2010, 2011) .................... 67
Figure 61: Distribution of ICT BERD by manufacturing and services sub-sectors for the European Union and
other economies (2011) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Figure 62: ICT BERD share of total BERD and comparison with non-ICT economic activities. European Union
and other economies (2011) ................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 63: Contribution of ICT and non-ICT BERD to total BERD intensity (BERD/GDP). European Union and
other economies (2010, 2011) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Figure 64: Contribution of ICT sub-sectors to ICT BERD intensity (ICT BERD/ICT VA). European Union and other
economies (2011) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Figure 65: Share of ICT GBAORD in GDP and total GBAORD for the European Union, the United States and
Japan (2010, 2011) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 66: ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) share of total ICT sector employment for the European Union and
other economies (2010, 2011) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 73
Figure 67: Distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) among the European Union and other economies
(2010, 2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 68: Share of ICT and non-ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) for the European Union and other economies
(2011)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 69: Distribution of ICT sector R&D personnel (FTE) by manufacturing and services for the European
Figure 70: Comparison of ICT sector value added, employment, R&D personnel and BERD for other economies
and the EU (2011) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
80
List of tables
Table 1: The ICT sector (2007 OECD definition) ................................................................................................................... 3
Table 2: Summary table of ICT indicators by broad sectors. European Union (2011) ................................. 26
Table 3: Summary table of ICT indicators by sub-sectors. European Union (2011) ..................................... 38
Table4: Summary table of ICT indicators by European country. European Union (2011) ......................... 56
Table 5: Summary table of ICT indicators for the European Union and other economies (2011) ........ 77
List of abbreviations used
BERD:
Business Expenditure on Research and Development
BRDIS:
Business R&D and Innovation Survey
DG CONNECT: Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology
EU:
European Union
EUR:
Euros
Eurostat:
Statistical Office of the European Communities
FTE:
Full-time equivalent
GBAORD:
Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on Research and Development
GDP:
Gross domestic product
GERD:
Gross domestic Expenditure on Research and Development
ICT:
Information and Communication Technologies
ISIC:
International Standard Industry Classification
Ivie:
Valencian Institute of Economic Research
JRC-IPTS:
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
MS:
Member State
NACE:
Nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la Communauté
européenne
OECD:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PPS:
Purchase Power Standard
PREDICT:
Prospective Insights on R&D in ICT
R&D:
Research and Development
SIRD:
Survey of Industrial Research and Development
SNA:
System of National Accounts
US:
United States
VA:
Value added
81
List of definitions
BERD: Intramural expenditures on R&D performed within business enterprise sector during a
specific period, whatever the source of funds (Frascati Manual).
BERD intensity: BERD/GDP.
Business R&D personnel: All persons employed directly on R&D by business enterprise sector, as
well as those providing direct services such as R&D managers, administrators and clerical staff.
Those providing indirect services, such as canteen and security staff, should be excluded (Frascati
Manual).
Business R&D researchers: Business enterprise sector’s professionals engaged in the conception
or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and also in the
management of the projects concerned (Frascati Manual).
Full-time equivalent (FTE): A full-time equivalent corresponds to one year’s work by one person.
Consequently, someone who normally spends 40% of his or her time on R&D and the rest on other
activities (e.g. teaching, university administration or counselling) should be counted as only 0.4 FTE.
Employment: Number of persons employed. In the SNA is defined as all persons, both employees
and self-employed, engaged in some productive activity that falls within the production boundary of
the SNA and that is undertaken by a resident institutional unit.
GBAORD: Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on Research and Development are a way
of measuring government support for research and development activities. GBAORD include all
appropriations (government spending) given to R & D in central (or federal) government budgets.
Provincial (or State) government posts are only included if the contribution is significant. Local
government funds are excluded.
GDP: Measures the total final market value of all goods and services produced within a country
during a given period. GDP is the most frequently used indicator of economic activity and is most
often measured on an annual or quarterly basis to gauge the growth of a country's economy
between one period and another.
GERD: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) is total intramural
expenditure on research and development performed on the national territory during a given period.
GDP deflator: Implicit price deflator for GDP is calculated as GDP at current prices divided by GDP
at “constant prices” (chained volume estimates or fixed-base volume estimates, depending on
countries).
ICT BERD intensity: ICT BERD/ICT VA.
ICT manufacturing industries: Manufacture of electronic components and boards (NACE 261),
Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment (NACE 262), Manufacture of communication
equipment (NACE 263), Manufacture of consumer electronics (NACE 264), Manufacture of magnetic
and optical media (NACE 268).
ICT sector comprehensive definition: this definition is available mainly for EU Member States
for the period 2008-2010. It corresponds to the definition given by the OECD in 2007. This
definition includes ICT manufacturing industries, ICT trade industries and ICT services industries.
82
Data in accordance with this classification are not available for some non-EU countries. See OECD
definition: http://www.oecd.org/science/sci-tech/38217340.pdf.
ICT sector employment: all employed people in the ICT sector definition given by the OECD in
2007.
ICT sector operational definition: this definition allows for an international comparison with
non-EU countries over a longer period of time (2006-2011), as some of these countries do not have
the necessary disaggregated information to estimate all the ICT sub-sectors included in the
comprehensive definition. This definition takes into account the standard distinction between
manufacturing and services, but does not include the following sectors: Manufacture of magnetic
and optical media (268) and ICT trade industries (465). In addition, ICT services industries are only
available for two sub-sectors: Telecommunication (61) and the aggregate Computer and related
activities (5820, 62, 631, 951). See Technical report: http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC77364.pdf.
ICT services industries: Software publishing (NACE 5820), Telecommunications (NACE 61),
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (NACE 62), Data processing, hosting and
related activities; web portals (NACE 631), Repair of computers and communications equipment
(951).
ICT trade industries: Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software
(NACE 4651), Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts (NACE 4652).
ICT total services: ICT trade industries and ICT services industries.
Labour productivity: Is defined as value added per unit of labour input (persons employed).
Member States: Member States of the European Union up to 2012: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom.
New Member States: 2004 and 2007 European Union Eastern enlargements consisting of
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia.
Other economies: countries included for the non-European comparison using the ICT sector
operational definition (see definition above), consisting of: Australia, Canada, China, Brazil, India,
Japan, Korea, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Taiwan, United States.
Purchasing Power Standard (PPS): The artificial currency unit in which the PPPs and real
expenditures for the European Union are expressed – namely, euros at average EU price levels.
Euros at average EU price levels are euros that have the same purchasing power over the whole of
the European Union. Their purchasing power is a weighted average of the purchasing power of the
national currencies of EU Member States. As such they reflect the average price level in the
European Union or, more precisely, the weighted average of the price levels of EU Member States.
PPS are defined by equating the total real expenditure of the European Union on a specific basic
heading, aggregation level or analytical category to the total nominal expenditure of the European
Union on the same basic heading, aggregation level or analytical category.
83
Value added: In the SNA is defined as the value of output less the value of intermediate
consumption; it is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or
sector.
84
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European Commission
EUR 26993 EN – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
Title: THE 2014 PREDICT REPORT. An Analysis of ICT R&D in the EU and Beyond
Authors: Matilde Mas and Juan Fernández de Guevara Radoselovics
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
2014 – 84 pp. – 21.0 x 29.7 cm
EUR – Scientific and Technical Research series – ISSN 1831-9424 (online)
ISBN 978-92-79-44667-2 (PDF)
doi:10.2791/914700
LB-NA-26993-EN-N
JRC Mission
As the Commission’s
in-house science service,
the Joint Research Centre’s
mission is to provide EU
policies with independent,
evidence-based scientific
and technical support
throughout the whole
policy cycle.
Working in close
cooperation with policy
Directorates-General,
the JRC addresses key
societal challenges while
stimulating innovation
through developing
new methods, tools
and standards, and sharing
its know-how with
the Member States,
the scientific community
and international partners.
Serving society
Stimulating innovation
Supporting legislation
doi:10.2791/914700
ISBN 978-92-79-44667-2

THE 2014 PREDICT REPORT An Analysis of ICT - JRC

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