2.1.11.1 BON CHAPTER 2.1.11 ATLANTIC BONITO AUTHORS

Transcripción

2.1.11.1 BON
CHAPTER 2.1.11 ATLANTIC
BONITO
AUTHORS:
J. VALEIRAS AND E. ABAD (IEO)
LAST UPDATE: 4 Sep
2006
2.1.11.1 Description of Atlantic bonito (BON)
1. Names
1.a. Classification and Taxonomy
Species name: Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)
ICCAT species code: BON
ICCAT names: Atlantic bonito (English), Bonito (Spanish), Bonite à dos rayé (French).
According to Collette and Nauen (1983), the atlantic bonito is classified as follows:
•Phylum: Chordata
•Subphylum: Vertebrata
•Superclass: Gnathostomata
•Class: Osteichthyes
•Subclass: Actinopterygii
•Order: Perciformes
•Suborder: Scombroidei
•Family: Scombridae
1.b. Common names
List of vernacular names used by different countries according to ICCAT, FAO and Fishbase
(www.fishbase.org).
The list of countries is not exhaustive and some local names might not be included.
Albania: Palamiti.
Algeria: Bonite, Bonite à dos rayé, Palamita, Rsela.
Angola: Bonito, Sarda, Sarrajão, Serrajão, Serralhão.
Argentina: Bonito.
Azores Islands: Atlantic bonito, Bonito, Serra.
Benin: Kpokoukpokou.
Brazil: Bonito, Bonito-atlântico, Cavala, Sarda, Sarrajão, Serra, Serra-comum, Serra-de-escama, Serra-sarda.
Bulgaria: Lakerda, Palamud, Turuk.
Cape Verde: Bonito, Bonito do Atlântico, Bonito-de-lombo-listado, Sarrajão.
China Main: 狐鰹.
Colombia: Bonito.
Croatia: Palamida, Polanda.
Cuba: Bonito.
Denmark: Pelamide, Rygstribet pelamide.
Finland: Sarda.
Former USSR: Atlanticheskaya pelamida, Lacherda, Pelamida.
France: Bonite à dos rayé, Bonicou, Boniton, Boussicon, Boussicou, Conite, Pélamide, Pelamide commun,
Pelamido.
Germany: Bonito, Pelamide, Unechter Bonito.
Greece: Ρίκι, Τουλίπι, Τορνέττα, Παλαμίδα, Ντορίκι, Doriki, Koini, Palamida, Palamída, Ternata, Toriki,
Touliki.
Guinea: Koko.
Iceland: Rákungur.
Israel: Sarda.
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2.1.11.1 BON
Italy: Bonnicou, Cavaritu imperiali, Paamia, Paamie, Palameit, Palametiedde, Palametto, Palamia, Palamida,
Palamide, Palamidu, Palamita, Palamito, Palamitu, Palamitu maiaticus, Palammete, Palammete cuvarita,
Paramira, Parantuni, Pelamida, Pilamitu, Pirantuni, Pisantuni, Sangulu, Scurma, Sgamiru, Sgonfietto, Strombo,
Tombarello, Tunnacchiu, Tunnareiu.
Japan: Hagatsuo, Kigsungegatsuo.
Lebanon: Ghazâl.
Libya: ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄ‬, Balamit, Blamto, Mghatat.
Madeira Island: Cerda, Serrajão, Serralhão.
Malta: Malta: Palamia, Palamit, Palamita, Plamitu, Plamtu.
Marshall Islands: Loj, Looj.
Martinique: Bonite.
Mauritania: Bonite, Bonite à dos rayé, Bonito, Doulou doulou, Pélamide.
Mexico: Bonito del Atlántico.
Monaco: Palamida, Paramida, Piramida.
Morocco: Bonito, Cerda.
Namibia: Atlantiese bonito, Bonito, Pelamide.
Netherlands: Atlantische boniter, Bonito.
Norway: Pelamide, Stripet pelamide.
Poland: Pelamida.
Portugal: Bonito, Bonito-do-Atlântico, Sarrajâo, Serra.
Romania: Lacherda, Palamida, Pelamida.
Russian Fed: пеламида атлантическая.
Senegal: Bonite à dos rayé, Dullu dullu, Kiri kiri, wal.
Sierra Leone: Bonito.
Slovenia: Palamida.
South Africa: Atlantic bonito, Atlantiese bonito, Katonkel.
Spain: Bonito, Bonito atlántico, Bonito del Atlántico, Bonitol, Bonítol, Bonitu, Cerda, Sierra.
Sweden: Pelamida, Pelamide, Ryggstrimmig pelamid.
Syria: Palamet.
Trinidad Tobago: Bonito.
Tunisia: Balamit, Palamid, Rsela, Toumbrel.
Turkey: Altiparmak, Çingenepalamudu, Kestanapalamudu, Palamut, Palamut torik, Palamutvonozu, Piçuta,
Sivri, Torik, Zindandelen.
UK: Atlantic bonito, Belted bonito, Bonito, Pelamid, Short finned tunny, Stripe-backed pelamis.
Ukraine: Pelamida.
Uruguay: Bonito.
USA: Atlantic bonito, Bloater, Bone jack, Bonito, Boston mackerel, Common bonito, Skipjack.
Venezuela: Cabaña blanca, Cabaña cariba, Cabaña de dientes.
2. Identification
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2.1.11.1 BON
Figure 1. Drawing of an adult Sarda sarda (by A. López, ‘Tokio’).
Characteristics of Sarda sarda (see Figure 1 and Figure 2)
Atlantic bonito is a small tuna species. Maximum length in the Atlantic is 91.4 cm fork length and 5.4 kg and in
the Black Sea is 85 cm and 5 kg weight (Collete and Nauen, 1983). Common size is 50 cm fork length and about
2 kg. Maximum published weight is 11.0 kg (IGFA, 2001).
Colour:
•
•
•
Back and upper sides steel blue, silvery below.
5-11 longitudinal oblique dorsal dark stripes running forward and downward (with a greater angle than
in other species of Sarda).
Dorsal and caudal dusky. Pectoral pale. Other fins more or less silvery.
External:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Body elongate and slightly compressed.
Body completely covered with very small scales except on the well-developed corselet.
Caudal peduncle slender, with a well developed lateral keel between two smaller keels on each side.
First dorsal fin long, nearly reaches second dorsal.
Dorsal spines: 20-23.
Anal rays: 14-17.
Gillrakers on first arch: 16-22.
The mouth is moderately large. 16-26 conical teeth in upper jaw, 12 to 24 in lower. No teeth on tongue.
Lamellae of olfactory rosette 22-33.
Interpelvic process small and bifid.
Internal:
•
•
•
•
•
Swimbladder absent.
Spleen large and prominent in ventral view.
Liver with elongate left and right lobe and short middle lobe.
No cutaneus artery.
Vertebrae: 50-55.
Figure 2. Synthesis of the most outstanding characteristics of Sarda sarda (by A. López, ‘Tokio’).
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2.1.11.1 BON
3. Distribution and population ecology.
3.a. Geographical distribution
Distributed in both sides of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the
Mediterranean and Black Seas.
In the Eastern Atlantic distributes from Oslo (Norway) to Port Elizabeth (South Africa). Including the
Mediterranean and Black Sea. In the western Atlantic off the east coast of the United States and Canada its usual
northern limit is Cape Ann but also has been recorded along Nova Scotia. Off the Atlantic coast of South
America the species is recorded from Colombia, Venezuela, and south of the Amazon River to northern
Argentina; apparently absent from most of the Caribbean Sea.
Map 1 . Geographical distribution of Atlantic bonito (from Collette and Nauen, 1983).
3.b. Habitat preferences
Atlantic bonito is an epipelagic marine fish distributed at temperate and subtropical waters, from latitude
between 65°N and 40°S, longitude 98°W to 42°E. It is an oceanodromous species which lives in schools along
the neritic area and may enter in estuaries. It can be found from 80 to 200 meters depth.
Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of tuna fish. This
species can adapt to different temperatures 12° to 27°C and salinities 14 to 39 (Bianchi et al., 1999).
3.c. Migrations
Little is known about bonito migration patterns. The species migrates along the coast large distances as prove by
recaptures of tagged fish in the Black Sea and Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea) (Rey et al., 1984). A
genetic migration from Atlantic to Alboran and from Aegean to Black Sea was proved by tagging in spring.
After spawning season, bonito migrates in opposite route. In western Mediterranean Sea, 32% of recaptured fish
were found in Atlantic Ocean. Some studies suggest that the Atlantic bonito is resident in western Mediterranean
sea all over the year and the mature fish migrate from coastal areas to open sea to spawn (Sabatés and Recasens,
2001). In eastern Mediterranean Sea, the species migrate towards the Black Sea at time of spawning (May to
July) and from the end of July a reverse migration takes place, although there are a number of exceptions to these
migratory movements (Nümann, 1954)
3.d. Recruitment
Knowledge of the early life stages in tunas is very scarce. It is assumed that larval period is short. The beginning
of the juvenile period has been established arbitrarily as to sizes escaping from plankton nets, around 2 cm
(Bard, 1981). During the first life stages bonitos are not caught and juvenile life history is unknown. Inmature
fish first appear in fishery from around 15 cm of fork length (Zengin, 2005).
4. Biology
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2.1.11.1 BON
4.a. Growth
Atlantic bonito age determination and growth have been studied by means of different methodologies: otholiths,
vertebrae, spines and size frequency. The maximum reported age is 5 years.
Most of the studies are from Mediterranean stocks. There are several studies on growth biology of bonito in the
Black Sea (Yoshida, 1980) and Western Mediterranean. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters are showed in table
1 for different areas. Rey et al. (1986) studied otoliths, vertebrae, spines and length frequencies and developed a
growth equation based on a large number of specimens from western Mediterranean and Atlantic area near
Gibraltar strait.
Recently, Santamaria et al (2005) presents a estimate of growth rate, based on otolith analysis of juvenile fish
from Mediterranean Sea (18-110 days) were 5.83 mm per day (range= 4.85-6.81 mm per day) and 4.15 g per day
(range= 1.88-6.42 g per day).
There is some information from tagging of bonitos. Data from two fish recaptured in the western Mediterranean
Sea agreed with growth equation (Rey and Cort, 1978; Rey et al., 1986).
Table 1: Growth parameters for Atlantic bonito (L∞ in cm, K in y-1, t0 in y).
Growth Parameter
t0
L∞
k
64
0.693 -1.42
-1.8
103 0.132
0.795
67.8
81.5 0.525
0.86
64
95.6 0.237 -1.24
80.87 0.352
-1.7
80.6
0.36
-1.37
Area
Country
Atlantic
Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean
Mediterranean and Northeast Atlantic
Mediterranean: Ionian Sea
Morocco
Russian Fed
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Bulgaria
Spain
Italy
Reference
Dardignac, 1962
Zusser, 1954
Tkacheva, 1958
Mayorova and Tkacheva, 1959
Demir, 1963
Kutaygil, 1967
Rey et al, 1986
Santamaría et al., 1998
4.b. Length-Weight relationship
The general length-weight relationship used by ICCAT was developed by Rey et al (1984), based on fish that
ranged from 19 to 72 cm (fork length): W=0.00724 x FL 3.1644.
Other published length-weight relationships have been published for other authors for several geographical
areas. A compilation is showed in table 2.
Table 2: Different Atlantic bonito length-weight relationships published.
Equation
N
W= 0.0094 x FL
31.030
Area
Country
372
FL range (cm) Sex
19-64
-
Eastern Tropical Atlantic
Senegal
Reference
Diouf, 1980
Turkey
Kara, 1979
Rodriguez-Roda, 1966
W=0.02361 x FL
2.8703
1608
14-90
-
Mediterranean
W=0.01486 x FL
2.9719
165
40-55
-
Gibraltar
Spain
W=0.00797 x FL
3.1427
-
-
-
Atlantic
Morocco
Dardignac, 1962
W=0.00724 x FL
3.1644
878
19-72
-
Mediterranean - Atlantic
Spain
Rey et al., 1984
W=0.00653 x FL
3.1865
242
33-65
Males
Spain
Rey et al., 1984
W=0.00844 x FL
3.1218
229
33-70
Females
Spain
Rey et al., 1984
W=0.0351 x FL
2.755
663
34-78
All
Gulf of Taranto (1992)
Italy
AAVV, 1995
W=0.0311 x FL
2.789
130
39-69
Males
Gulf of Taranto
Italy
AAVV, 1995
W=0.0574 x FL
2.633
105
38-71
Females
Gulf of Taranto
Italy
AAVV, 1995
W=0.0190 x FL
2.909
158
38-81
All
Italy
AAVV, 1995
AAVV, 1995
W=0.0149 x FL
2.963
33
-
Males
Gulf of Taranto
Italy
W=0.0177 x FL
2.924
44
-
Females
Gulf of Taranto
Italy
AAVV, 1995
W=0.0071 x FL
3.150
833
36-80
All
Italy
AAVV, 1995
W=0.046 x FL
2.6772
W=0.0039 x FL
3.3263
183
41-48
All
Western Mediterranean
Spain
Macías et al., 2005
1168
23-66
All
Eastern Mediterranean
Turkey
Oray et al., 2004
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2.1.11.1 BON
4.c. Reproduction
•
Spawning
Atlantic bonito is a multiple spawner with asynchronous oocyte development that carried out 3 or 4 spawning
batches by reproductive season (Majorova and Tkacheva, 1959; Rey et al., 1984). The spawning grounds are
typically in coastal areas. The spawning season occurs from May to July in Mediterranean and Morocco, JuneJuly in Northwestern Atlantic, January-July in Senegal. In the Mediterranean, there are known several areas of
spawning: Balearic area, Algerian coasts, Sicilian coast, Aegean Sea and Black Sea (Dardinag, 1962; RodriguezRoda and Dicenta, 1980; Rey et al., 1984).
•
Maturity
There is some studies on maturity of the species: Rey et al., (1984) estimated that first sexual maturity is reached
at 38 and 39 cm FL (males and females respectively) in Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Morocco. Postel (1955)
estimated 39.2 and 37 cm FL in Tropical Atlantic and Dardinag (1962) estimated the first maturity in 40 and 45
cm FL in Atlantic Morocco.
•
Sex ratio
The sex ratio have been studied for the Mediterranean and there is a 1:1 sex ratio. However, a higher presence of
females in the larger length classes has been noted (Macías et al., 2005)
•
Fecundity
This species is a fish with indeterminate fecundity (Macías et al., 2005). In the Mediterranean the average
fecundity is 79,432 oocytes by spawning batch, while the total annual fecundity estimates range form 304,000
and 1,150,000 oocytes (Macías et al., 2005).
4.d. First life stages
Eggs and Larvae
Eggs are pelagic, 1.15-1.57 mm of diameter and with a variable number (1 to 9) of oil globules (0.28-0.36 mm of
diameter when single, 0.02-0.24 when multiple). The yolk is homogeneous. The hatch size is 4 mm. Larvae
present pigmentation on tips of jaws, forebrain, midbrain, gut, cleithral symphysis, ventral margins of tail,
usually over hypural plate area and P2 rays (Richards, 2005).
4.e. Diet
Adult bonitos prey on schooling sardine, anchovy, mackerel and other small pelagic fishes. Main food species
reported in eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea: Engraulis engrasicholus, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella sp.,
Spratella sprattus, Ammodytes cicerellus, Scomber scombrus, Scomber japonicus, Trachurus mediterraneus,
Trachurus trachurus, Mullus barbatus, juvenile Sarda sarda, Atherina spp., Boops boops and Caprella, Penaeus
sp., Euphausia spp. (Yoshida, 1981). Main species reported in western Atlantic: clupeids, Peprilus paru,
Leiosomus xanthurus, Anchoa sp, Scomberomorus sp., Prionotus sp., Loligo sp., Penaeus sp. and squid
(Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953; Boschung, 1966).
Predators: Acanthocybium solandri, Sarda sarda, Coryphaena hippurus.
4.f. Physiology
There is a lack on information on this topic.
4.g. Behaviour
Little is known about bonito behaviour patterns.
4.k. Natural mortality
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2.1.11.1 BON
There is a lack on information available on this biological parameter.
5. Fisheries biology
5.a. Populations/Stock structure
There is little information available to determine the stock structure of Atlantic bonitos. Current information
does not allow for an evaluation of stock status.
5.b. Description of fisheries: catches and effort
Atlantic bonito is exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries. The species is particularly
important in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, where several fisheries exploit the stocks, including tuna traps,
gill nets, trammel nets, purse seine, hooks and hand lines.
Annual catches reach 46,382 MT in 1988. Average estimated landings from 1980 to 2004 is 28,527 MT.
Average catch in Mediterranean is 20,071 MT. Unknown quantities of bonito are incidental catches of purse
seine fisheries in the Atlantic. Also sport fishing takes the species (ICCAT, 2006).
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
03
02
01
00
99
98
04
20
20
20
20
20
19
96
95
94
93
97
19
19
19
19
19
91
92
19
19
89
88
87
86
85
84
90
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
82
81
83
19
19
19
19
19
80
0
Year
BON_Med
BON_Atl
BON_Total
Figure 3. Catch distribution of atlantic bonito in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea for 1980-2004
(MT).
6. List of references
AAVV. 1995. Characterization of large pelagic stocks (Thunnus thynnus L., Thunnus alalunga Bonn, Sarda
sarda Bloch, Xiphias gladius L.) in the Mediterranean. Final report. E.C. Contract N° XIV
MED/91/012.
Bard, F.X., 1981. Le thon germon (Thunnus alalunga Bonnaterre, 1788), de I’Océan Atlantique. De la
dynamique des 1981 populations à la stratégie démographique. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat des Sciences
Naturelles présentée à I’Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 335 p.
Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer, 1999 Field guide to the living
marine resources of Namibia. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome, FAO. 265
p., 11 colour plates.
Bigelow H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull., 53,
577 pp.
Boschung, H. T., 1966. The occurrence of common bonito, Sarda sarda, in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc., 95: 227-228.
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2.1.11.1 BON
Cayré, P., J.B. Amon Kothias, T. Diouf and J.M. Stretta, 1993 Biology of tuna. p. 147-244. In A. Fonteneau and
J. Marcille (eds.) Resources, fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the Eastern Central Atlantic.
FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 292. Rome, FAO. 354 p.
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen., 1983 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and
illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop.
125(2). 137 pp.
Dardignac, J. 1962. La bonite du Maroc Atlantique (Sarda sarda Bloch). Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit., 26(4):
399-406.
Demir, M. 1963. Synopsis of biological data on bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch). FAO Fish. Rep, 6: 101-129.
Diouf, T., 1980 Peche & biologie de trois scombridae exploités au Sénégal: Euthynnus , Sarda sarda et
Scomberomorus tritor. These de Doctorat 3ème cycle, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, France. 159
p.
ICCAT, 2006. Report for biennial period, 2004-05 PART II (2005) - Vol. 2., Executive Summaries on species:
Small Tunas: 128-135.
IGFA, 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
Kutaygil, N. 1967. Preliminary age analysis of Mullus barbatus L. and Merluccius merluccius L. in the Sea of
Marmara and some pelagic fish of Turkey. Proc. Tech. Pap. Gentile. Fish. Counc. Medit. FAO 8: 361383.
Kara, F., 1979 Observations on growth and relation ship between length and weight of Sarda sarda (Bloch). Inv.
Pesq. , 43(1): 95-105.
Macías, D., Gómez-Vives, M.J., García, S. and Ortiz de Urbina, J.M., 2005. Reproductive characteristics of
Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) from the south western Spanish Mediterranean. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap.
ICCAT, 58(2): 470-483.
Macías, D., Lema, L., Gómez-Vives, M.J., Ortiz de Urbina, J.M. and de la Serna, J.M., 2006. Some biological
aspects of small tunas (Euthynnus , Sarda sarda & Auxis rochei) from the south western Spanish
Mediterranean traps. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 59(2): 579-589.
Mayorova, A. and K.S. Tkacheva, 1959. Distribution and conditions of reproduction of pelamid, Sarda sarda
(Bloch), in the Black Sea according to data for the period 1956-1957. Proc. Tech. Pap. GFCM, 5: 509514.
Nümann, W., 1954. Growth and migration of short-finned tuna (Sarda sarda) in Turkish waters. Document
technique, 42: 377-379.
Oray, I.K., Karakulak, F.S. and Zengin, M., 2004. Report on the Turkish bonito (Sarda sarda) fishery in
2000/2001. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 56(2): 784-788
Orsi Relini, L., F. Garibaldi, C. Cima, G. Palandri, L. Lanteri and M. Relini, 2005. Biology of Atlantic bonito,
Sarda sarda (bloch, 1793), in the western and central Mediterranean a summary concerning a possible
stock unit. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 575-588
Postel, E. 1955. Contributions à l’étude de la biologie de quelques Scombridae de l’Atlantique tropicooriental.
Ann. Stn. Oceanogr. Salammbò 10: 167 pp.
Rey, J.C. and J.L. Cort. 1978. Nota sobre los primeros resultados de la campaña de marcado de túnidos frente al
litoral de Castellón. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 4 (3): 140-142
Rey, J.C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A., 1984. Synopsis biologica del bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch) del Mediterráneo y
Atlántico Este. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 20(2): 469-502.
Rey, J.C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A., 1986. Growth of the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch) in the Atlantic and
Mediterranean ara of the Strait of Gibraltar. Inv. Pesq., 50(2): 179-185.
Richards, W.J., (ed.), 2005. Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An identification guide for the western central North
Atlantic. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2640 pp.
Rodriguez-Roda, J. and A. Di Centa. 1980. Área de puesta del atún, melva y bonito en las costas de España y
Marruecos. Col. Doc. Cient. ICCAT 15 (2).
Sabatés, A. and Recasens, L. 2001. Seasonal distribution and spawning of small tunas, Auxis rochei (Risso) and
Sarda sarda (Bloch) in the northwestern Mediterranean. Sci. Mar., 65 (2): 95-100.
Santamaria, N., L. Sion, M. Cacucci, G. De Metrio. 1998. Età ed accrescimento di Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)
(Pisces, Scombridae) nello Ionio Settentrionale. Biol. Mar. Medit. 5 (1): 721-725.
Santamaria, N., M. Deflorio, G. De Metrio, 2005. Preliminary study on age and growth of juveniles of Sarda
sarda, Bloch and Euthynnus alletteratus, Rafinesque, caught by clupeoids purse seine in the Southern
Italian Seas. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 630-643
Sanzo, L. 1932. Uova e primi stadi larvali di Pelamys sarda Cuvier e Valenc. Mem. Com. Talass. Ital. 188: 3-9 +
1 Plate.
Tkacheva, K.C. 1958. Conditions of pelamid stocks in the Black Sea and fishery prospectives. Rybn. Khoz. 34
(12): 10-13.
Yoshida, H.O. 1980. Sinopsis of biological data on Bonitos of the genus Sarda. FAO Fish. Synop., 118.
8
2.1.11.1 BON
Zengin, M., F.S. Karakulak and I.K. Oray, 2005. Investigations on bonitos (Sarda sarda, Bloch 1793) on the
southern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 510-516
Zusser, S.G. 1954. Biology and fishery for bonito in the Black Sea. Tr. VNIRO 28:160-174.
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2.1.11.1 BON
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2.1.11.1 BON CHAPTER 2.1.11 ATLANTIC BONITO AUTHORS

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