Bibilografia Especializada OET 11 - Organization for Tropical Studies

Transcripción

Bibliografías Especializadas OET #15
Parque Nacional Palo Verde
Junio 2012
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Junio 2012
639.957286
P257p
Parque Nacional Palo Verde / Compilado por Gilbert Fuentes González. –
1ª ed – San José, C.R.: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 2012.
537 p.; 4 MB; PDF
ISBN 978-9930-9445-2-3
1. Parque Nacional Palo Verde - Bibliografías. 2. Parques Nacionales Bibliografías. 3. Costa Rica – Bibliografías. I. Gilbert Fuentes González. II.
Título
La OET cuenta con un Sistema de Bibliotecas, conformado por una biblioteca principal ubicada en su
oficina central en la Ciudad de la Investigación UCR y una en cada una de las 3 Estaciones Biológicas. La
colección total del Sistema de Bibliotecas de la OET esta formada por más de 12 mil volúmenes, 500
tesis, 75 títulos de publicaciones periódicas, 150 libros de cursos de OET y más de 14000 documentos en
formato pdf.
Le invitamos a visitar nuestra Biblioteca en La Ciudad de la Investigación de la UCR, de lunes a viernes de
8 a.m. a 12 m.d. y de 1 p.m. a 5 p.m. También puede localizarnos en el teléfono (506) 2524-0607, ext.
1260, en http://www.ots.ac.cr y en http://www.facebook.com/OTS.OET.
Si quiere recibir información permanente de OET ingrese sus datos en http://www.ots.ac.cr/contactos
marcando la casilla de su interés.
Créditos
Portada: Carlos Rodríguez Dussán, Departamento de Comunicación OET.
Compilación: Gilbert Fuentes, Consultor Externo – Manejo de Información OET.
Control de Calidad: Susana Aguilar, Biblioteca OET – Manejo de Información OET.
Junio 2012
Presentación
La Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) cree firmemente que el correcto manejo de los datos y la
información, es una herramienta indispensable para promover la educación y la investigación en los
trópicos y esa es una razón para que desde 1996 utilizando la plataforma de su Biblioteca, haya
desarrollado y consolidado la “Bibliografía Nacional en Biología Tropical” (BINABITROP
http://www.ots.ac.cr/binabitrop).
En la actualidad BINABITROP cuenta con más de 37900 registros de libros, publicaciones periódicas,
tesis, monografías, congresos y otros, de los cuales más de 14 mil de estos documentos se ofrecen ya en
texto completo. Este es un proyecto único en el país, cuyo objetivo principal es rescatar las
publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre Costa Rica, generadas a través de los años tanto dentro como
fuera del país para reunirlas en una base de datos disponible al público.
De esta forma la OET colabora con aumentar, conservar y difundir conocimientos generados a partir de
nuestra riqueza natural y se constituye en una herramienta de consulta obligatoria para investigadores,
siendo la temática principal de Biología Tropical y temas afines como: ecología, manejo de recursos
naturales, conservación de la biodiversidad, aspectos legales, sociales y económicos, forestales,
agroecología.
Como un subproducto de BINABITROP, hemos iniciado desde el 2001 la generación de Bibliografías
Especializadas que tienen como objetivo, compilar las referencias sobre un tema específico y crear un
documento electrónico de libre acceso, que le facilite a los interesados sobre el tema tener en un solo
punto la información que requieran y así aumentar y difundir el conocimiento que tenemos de nuestra
riqueza natural de una forma más práctica.
Parque Nacional Palo Verde, es nuestra producción 15 de las Bibliografías Especializadas OET, la cual
fue elaborada a solicitud de la Estación Biológica Palo Verde, para ser utilizada como herramienta de
referencia en sus investigaciones, al mismo tiempo puede ser compartida con las autoridades de
gobierno que administran el Parque Nacional Palo Verde y con investigadores que visitan la estación.
Esta bibliografía está compuesta por un Índice
Publicaciones compuesto por 856 referencias.
ser solicitadas por correo electrónico a la
referencias que cuentan con un enlace donde
formato pdf.
de Autores, una Lista de Descriptores, y un Listado de
Las referencias cuya localización indica NBINA pueden
dirección [email protected]. El texto contiene
el lector podrá ver el documento a texto completo en
Susana Aguilar ([email protected])
Encargada del Sistema de Bibliotecas
Organización para Estudios Tropicales
Página 1 de 535
Junio 2012
ÍNDICE DE AUTORES
Aburto, G
585
Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner
800
Acuña, A
735
Acuña-Mesén, Rafael A
104, 288, 346, 348, 442
Acuña-Monge,
Emilio
024
Anonymous
125, 308
Aldrich, P.R
377
Apsit, V.J
378, 404, 413
Almeda, Frank, Jr (ed.)
020
Aptroot, André
728, 752, 777
Alonso-Mejía, A
267
Aragón-Quesada, C, (il.)
486
Altuve-Marenco, José Luis
297, 379, 639
Araya, C
163
Alvarado-Quesada, Ghisselle
María
119, 414, 730, 739
Araya-Barrantes,
Vinicio
190
Amador-Vargas, Sabrina
851
Arias, O
613
Amat-García, Germán
334
Arias-Rodríguez, Oscar
476
Andersen, K
519
Arizmendi, María del Coro
314, 512
Anderson, Mark A
801
Armbruster, W.S
553
Anderson, William R
484
Arnaud, Paul H., Jr
179
Andersson, M
472
Arnell, J. Hal
180
Andrews, Robin M
218
Arriagada-Cisternas, Rodrigo
Antonio
Manuel
Adair, E. Carol
793
Adler, Peter H
563
Adolph, S.C
605
Agnarsson, I
704
Aguilar, L
600
Aguilar-Alvarez, Teresita
697
Aguirre-González,
Antonio
753
Aldrich, J.R
127, 148
Marco
Juan
Albertin, Andrea Ruth (ed.)
792
Página 2 de 535
Junio 2012
610, 828
Arrieta-Castro, Glen
719
Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo
551, 676
Artavia-Zamora, G
545
Augspurger, C.K
165
Austin, J.W
649
Azofeifa-Mora, Ana Beatriz
(ed.)
281
Baker, Herbert George
004, 008, 042, 054, 140, 158,
356
196, 301, 309, 321, 354, 366,
373, 396, 517
Barnard, G.S
041
Barrantes-Montero, Gilbert
584, 789
Barrett, R.H (ed.)
379
Barrett, S.C.H
151, 169, 211
Barrie, F.R
642
Barrientos-Llosa, Zaideth
541
Barthell, J.F
126, 248, 252
684
Beltrán-Sola, Javier
516
Bembé, Benjamin
855
Bentley, Barbara L (ed.)
118
Berg, Cornelis Christiaan
744
Berlanga, Humberto A
314, 512
Bernal, Blanca
820
Berniker, Lily
843
Beroza, Gregory C
799
Baker, Irene
158
Bawa, Kamaljit S
031, 057, 059, 076, 139, 142,
144, 147
Baker, Mary E
506, 528, 557, 569
Bawa, Kamaljit S (ed.)
252, 261
Bakkegard, K.A
505
Becker, Vitor O
197
Baldi-Salas, N.F
422
Becknell, Justin M
795
Billings, Sharon A
808
Billings, W.D (ed.)
043
Barbour, M.G (ed.)
043
Beletsky, L
655
Blanco-Coto, Mario A
686
Barboza, G
686
Barboza-Jiménez, G
Belkin, J.N
040
Blatch, S.A
657
Belton, P
Blazquez, M.C
Bethel, J.S
044
Billingham, M.R
646, 711
Página 3 de 535
Junio 2012
497
Blázquez, Manuel
792
Blum, M.S
127
Boake, C.R.B
758
Boggs, Carol L
763
Bolaños-Herrera, Róger
208
Bolen, E.G
066
Boutaoui, N
755
Brown, Brian V
679, 703
Boza-Loría, Mario Andrés
100, 249
Brown, Justin R
799
Bozzoli de
Eugenia
845
Buchmann, S.L
063, 362
Wille,
María
Bradbury, J.W
231
Bradshaw, K
462
Braet, Y
736
Bongers, T
485, 670
Brailovsky-Alperowitz, Harry
Urad
423, 715
Bonilla-Durán, Alexander
032, 280
Bravo-Chacón, Juan
114, 163, 298, 359
Borkent, Art
618, 684, 775
Brearley, Francis Q
793
Boshier, David H
646, 711
Brenes-Rojas, M.C
358
Boström, S
710
Brescovit, A.D
621
Botero, J.E
247, 350
Brewer, D
678
Boucher, D.H
756
Brodie, E.D., III
274, 599
Bourgeois, W.W
037
Bronstein, Judith L
238
Bullock, S.H
214, 387
Bullock, S.H (ed.)
275, 386, 387, 388
Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh
793
Burdett, B
660
Burger, J
272, 276, 291, 292, 293, 305,
307, 317, 319, 490, 491
Burke, Horace Reagan
333
Burlingame, Leslie J
501
Burnidge, W.S
437
Burns, John M
332, 415, 435
Busch, C.B
509, 526
Buskirk, R.E
246
Bussing-Burhaus, William A
Página 4 de 535
Junio 2012
707
355
Byers, G.W
452
Carriker,
Armstrong, Jr
202
Calderón-Solano, Isabel
270
Carrillo-Jiménez, Eduardo
600
Castro-Salazar, René
316
Calonge, Francisco D
627, 663, 722
Cartín, J.M (comp.)
281
Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César
613, 671, 675, 676, 689, 800,
809
Cartwright, Oscar L
186
Caterino, Michael S
532, 619
Cavers, S
552, 570
Cambra-Torok, Roberto A
329, 589, 692, 780
Canessa, G
114
Canet-Moya,
Margarita
174
Noemi
Melbourne
Castro-Salazar, G
302
Carvajal-Vanegas, Dorian
751
Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M
411, 419, 420
Castañeda-Menéndez,
Franklin Enrique
822
Cantú-Salazar, L
622
Castanho, Camila T
793
Carbonell, M
373
Castillo-Centeno, Vilma E
175
Carbonell, M (comp.)
093
Castillo-Martínez, Luisa E
600, 720, 853
Carlton, C.E
591
Castillo-Núñez, Mauricio
459, 612
Carranza, M
373
Castro, Juan Diego
824
Carranza-Velázquez, Julieta
269, 345, 663, 746
Castro-Fonseca,
Alonso
788
Carrière, Jean
357
Chacón, Santiago
723
Chalukian-Madrid, Silvia C
299
Chapman, Colin A
033
Chapman, L.J
033
Charpentier-Esquivel,
Claudia
514
Chatzimanolis, Stylianos
743
Chavarría, Ulises
455
Chave, Jérôme
793
Enrique
Chaves, R
353
Chaves-Chaves, José Luis
728, 752, 777
Castro-Moraga, B
Página 5 de 535
Junio 2012
Chaves-Kiel, Henry
373
Chaves-Quirós, Ana Cecilia
236
Chávez-Chavez, C
422
Chávez-Chávez, S
442, 521, 546
Chazdon, Robin L
284
Checa, Julia
740
Chemsak, John A
001, 184, 185, 203, 375, 533,
601
Cheung, K.Y
755
Chinchilla-Carmona, Misael
669, 731, 824
Choat, B
754
Chu, Fiona S.T
801
Clark, M
459
Clark, Wayne E
233, 333, 666
Clarke, J.F. Gates
187
852
Cleland, W. Wallace
801
Clinton-Eitniear, J (ed.)
287
Cochard, R
668, 729
Coddington, Jonathan A
352
Cole, D.W
023, 035, 037, 049
Collett, S.F
029
Colorado-Zuluaga, G.J
712
Colwell, Robert K
284
Cook, W.M
481
Cooper, A.W, (il.)
486
Cordero, A
354
Cordero-Montoya, Rebeca
800
Córdoba-Muñoz, Rocío
503
Corn, M.L
097
Clay, Rob P (ed.)
Cornejo, Xavier
781
Corona, E.M
679
Corrales-Gómez, Natalia
672
Corrales-Mayorga, Jorge F
432
Cotroneo, Laurie Anne
826
Couri, Marcia S
797
Coville, P.L
178
Coville, Rollin E
166, 168, 178, 189, 217
Crews, Sarah C
841
Cronin, G
363
Crother, Brian I
132, 779
Crow, Garrett E
072, 251, 310, 311, 499, 559
Crozier, E
114
Cubbage, Frederick W
828
Cubero-Moya, J.A
515
Página 6 de 535
Junio 2012
Cumming, Graeme S
745
Currie, Cameron R
801
Daily, Gretchen C
509
Dalton, R
700
Daly, G.L
720
Daly, H.V
176
Daniels, Amy E
628, 745
Darbyshire, S.J
806
Darwin, Steven P
232
340
299
de los Santos, Juan José
778
Di Stilio, V.S
553
de Oliveira, Alexandre A
793
Diamond, A.W (ed.)
116, 117
Dean-Bradley, K
502
Díaz, H, (ill.)
358
Dearing, M.D
567
Díaz-Fernández,
(ed.)
852
Debouck, Daniel G
549
Deinert, Erika I
793
Deitz, Lewis L
400
Delgado-Morera, Rolando
136
David
Dietrich, Chris H
400
Dilcher, D.L
012
Dillon, P.M
068, 130
Dirzo, Rodolfo
275
Davidse, Gerrit
016, 651
Delibes, M
497
Denslow, Julie Sloan
479
do Espírito-Santo,
Marcos
794
Davidson, Iann J (ed.)
852
Denyer-Chavarría, Percy
697
Dolph, G.E
012, 201
Davis, M.A
082
Devenish, Christian (ed.)
852
Domínguez, Cesar A
737
Davis, Steve R
783
Devitt, Thomas James
766, 773
Domínguez-Núñez, Edwin E
819
Dawson, J.O
253
DeWalt, Saara J
793
Domínguez-Pérez-Tejada,
C.A
275, 538, 562, 611
De Camino-Beck, Tomás
Deza-Gaviria, Maria Eugenia
F
Mario
Página 7 de 535
Junio 2012
Downhower, Jerry F
061
Downing, H.A
062
Dressler, Stefan
473
Dutky, S.R
148
Dvorak, William S
711
Dyer, Lee A
320, 376
Espinoza-Esquivel,
Mercedes
511, 588, 719, 772
Ana
Esquivel-Aguilar, Susana M
805
Esquivel-Hernández,
Alejandro
670, 833
Esser, J
516
Evans, J.P
165
Feeny, Christina, (trad.)
432
Fernandes, D.S
632
Fernandes, G. Wilson
794
Fernandes, R
632
Fernández, F.A
592
Evans, Sterling
405, 430
Fiedler, P.L
021
Fierros-López, H.E
685
Faden, R.B
559
Fischer, D.H
066
Fallas-Gamboa, Jorge
299, 373, 577, 600
Fitch, Henry S
022
Faran, Michael Ellery
844
Fitzgerald, Lee A
818
Farji-Brener, Alejandro G
470, 507, 602, 751
Flamm, B.R
300
Elgarrista-Rodríguez,
Adriana
814
Farris, C.N
426
Flaspohler, D.J
315, 397
Elias, T.S (ed.)
118
Fauth, J.E
132
Fleischer, R.C
652
Ellison, A.M
530
Fedigan, Linda M
528, 569, 665
Flores, T
163
Eltz, Thomas
855
Feeny, Christina, (tr.)
455
Flores, T.C
553
Eberhard-Crabtree, William
G
181
Ebinger, J.E
335
Edgar, B
098
Edwards, Glavis Bernard
765
Página 8 de 535
Junio 2012
Flores, Teresita
298
Flores-Reyes, Kennet
697
Fogden, Michael P.L
453
Fogden, Michael P.L (phot.)
500
Fogden, Patricia
453
Fogden, Patricia (phot.)
500
Fonseca-Calvo, M.E
447
Forero, Dimitri
843
Forero, E
149
Forsyth, Adrian
065
653
Frankie, Gordon W
004, 008, 015, 042, 054, 074,
140, 144, 166, 168, 189, 248,
252, 356, 658
Frankie, Gordon W (ed.)
582
Frankie, J.K
252
Frear, D
337
Gamboa-Poveda,
Enrique
575, 576
Mario
Ganzhorn, Jörg U
793
García, Georgina
157
García-Jiménez, Miguel
024
Freeman, C.E
268
Gardner, D, (Ill.)
204, 318
Freymann, Bernd P
761
Gargiullo, Margaret B
767
Freytag, G.F
549
Gaston, K.J
257
Fritzsch, Falko
855
Gates, Michael W
849
Froeschner, Richard C
053
Gatti, M.G
507
Foster, Mercedes S
075
Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J
331, 419, 420, 527, 810, 815,
829
Gauld, Ian D
248, 257, 282, 462, 463, 537
Fowler, N.L
128
Furth, David G
534
Gauld, Ian D (ed.)
283
Francke, O.F
107, 226
Gamarra-Toledo, Víctor
851
Geber, M.A
165
Franco, F.L
632
Gamauf, A
520
Geeta, R
650
Franke, J
279
Gamboa-Coronado,
del Mar
María
Gei-Alvarado,
Gabriela
María
Página 9 de 535
Junio 2012
751
Genthon, A
672
Gentili-Poole, Patricia
783
Gentry, Alwyn Howard
003, 192
Gessel, S.P
023, 035, 037
Gibson, Gary A.P
572
Gier, P.J
597
Giesbert, Edmund F
203, 601
Gilbert, K.A
133, 324, 382, 383
Gilbert, L.W (ed.)
015
Gilbert, Lawrence E., Jr
763
Gilbert, Matthew E
793
Gill, Douglas E
013, 108, 109, 110, 111
Gill, Douglas E (ed.)
112
Gillespie, T.W
418, 426, 436, 757
Giraldo-Beltrán, Paola
851
González-Romero, A
622
Glander, Kenneth E
033
Gorton, R.E., Jr
171
Gochfeld, M
272, 276, 291, 292, 293, 305,
307, 319, 490
Gouin, Todd
853
Godoy-Cabrera, Carolina
537, 819
Grant, J.S
559
Goldblatt, Peter
559
Grant, Jason R
328, 440
Gómez-Camacho,
Javier
814
Mario
Grayum, Michael H
559
Gómez-Laurito, Jorge
212, 325, 559
Grayum, Michael H (ed.)
559, 638, 762
González, P.E
620
Green, A
660
González, Rosa María
851
González-Iturbe,
Antonio
793
José
Green, S.M
662
Greene, Harry W
489
González-Jiménez, Eugenio
523, 524, 525, 636, 671, 689,
716, 742, 809, 825, 828, 837,
838, 850
González-Jiménez,
(ed.)
458, 459
Grau, H. Ricardo
793
Eugenio
González-Ramírez, José
455
Grenke, W.C
173
Grijalva, A
426
Gros-Louis, Julie J
506, 528, 550, 557, 569
Gross-Martínez, Norma
Página 10 de 535
Junio 2012
824
734
Gruner, D.S
390
Hall, J.C
177
Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel
R (ed.)
493
Halstead, J.A
145
Hartshorn,
(ed.)
261
Hamilton, C.W
643, 644, 645
Hatheway, W.H
038, 173
Hamilton, Robert W
647
Hauk, W.D
365
Guerrant, E.O, Jr
021
Guerrero-Barrantes, Maritza
303, 340, 803
Hartshorn, Gary Spencer
038, 043, 103, 493
Hammel-Lierheimer,
Edward
559
Barry
Barry
Guevara-Sequeira, Javier
113
Hammel-Lierheimer,
Edward (ed.)
559, 638, 762
Guido-Martínez,
Yadira
299
Hamrick, James L
377, 378, 413, 425, 609, 810,
815, 829
Guerrero-Bermúdez,
Marta
669, 731, 824
Olga
Maritza
Gutiérrez, V
480
Hancock, E. Geoffrey
482, 634
Gutiérrez-Espeleta, Gustavo
A
653, 669, 731, 824
Hanson-Snortum, Paul E
257, 462, 696, 849
Guzmán-Alvarez,
Antonio
459, 612, 727
Haber, William A
008, 011, 144, 252, 658
Hadley, Malcolm (ed.)
252
Halffter-Salas, Gonzalo
José
Hanson-Snortum,
(ed.)
283
Paul
Hansson, Christer
579, 631, 713, 802, 834, 835
Haring, E
520
Harms, Kyle E
793
Gary
Spencer
Hauser, Martin
784
Hawkins, J.A
755
Hawkins, T
114
Haynes, Robert R
322
Hazlett, B.A
764
Heinemann, S.J
040
E
Helms, J.A
195
Henderson, Andrew James
811
Hensold, N
559
Hernández, G (ed.)
503
Hernández, R.A
Página 11 de 535
Junio 2012
596
162
Hernández-Esquivel, Daniel
A
294, 325, 408, 416, 429
Hidalgo-Mihart, M.G
622
Howe, Henry F
009
Hiepko, Paul
813
Hernández-Garzón, E
716
Hernández-Garzón, Erick
448
Howell, D.J
002
Hiremath, Ankila J
793
Hubbell, Stephen P
172, 200, 206
Hodge, G.R
711
Hernández-Salas, Z.T
468, 523
Hernández-Salas,
Teresita
431
Hovore, Frank T
768
Zaida
Herrera, C.M
242
Herrera-Mora, Cecilia (ed.)
559, 638, 762
Herrera-Quirós, Jorge
303
Hespenheide, Henry A
123, 188, 261, 536, 664
Hespenheide, Henry A (ed.)
261
Heydon, Steve L
696
Heyer, W. Ronald
085
Hicks, D.J
529
Hidalgo-Calderón, Carmen
Huber, Bernhard A
360
Hodgson, F
114
Hughes, C.E
755
Hoffman, Kevin M
510
Huhndorf, Sabine M
592
Hogue, Charles L
313
Holbrook, Noel Michele
754
Holdridge-Holmes,
Rensselaer
173
Leslie
Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz B
322
Holovachov, O
670, 710
Hope, R.A
701, 702
Horn, Sally P
726
Horner, M
352
Hurtado-Astaiza, Johanna
560, 561, 616
Hutchison, E.W
086
Hyman, D.E
481
Ide, Satoshi
799
Iltis, Hugh H
781
Inman, Crist
778
Iriarte-Vivar, Silvia
793
Irving, Jennifer
Página 12 de 535
Junio 2012
795
255, 424
654
Irwin, Michael E
244
Jiménez-Morales, Floribeth
193
Kao, Honn
799
Ivie, Michael A
682
Jiménez-Navarro, Mario
776
Karr, J.R
017
Iyer, M
598, 741
Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A
198, 480, 671, 689, 742, 809
Kaspari, Michael
286
Jack, Katharine M
528, 550, 569
Jiménez-Ramón,
(ed.)
458, 459
Kattan, G.H (ed.)
493
Jackes, Betsy R
668
Jaisson, P (ed.)
167
Jantunen, L.M .M
720
Janzen, Daniel H
010, 014, 026, 045, 048, 055,
170, 182, 183, 210, 415, 435,
571, 629, 676, 681, 796
Janzen, Daniel H (ed.)
124
Janzen, Daniel H, [ed.]
289
Janzen, F.J
274, 475, 599
Jarzomski, C.M
624
Jorge
A
Jiménez-Salazar, Vladimir
439
Johnson, Clarence D
220, 240, 241, 564
Johnson, Dale W
023, 035
Johnson, Leslie K
131, 167, 172, 200, 206, 750
Jones, C. Eugene
063
Jones, C. Eugene (ed.)
144, 658
Jones, K
732
Ju, Y.M
592
Jiménez, Alejandro
809
Kalácska, Margaret Eika
Rose
581, 675, 676, 717, 794
Jiménez-Madrigal, Quirico
Kameneva, Elena P
Keeler, K.H
084, 129, 152, 234
Keller, G
650
Kellman, Martin
770
Kennedy, Helen
559
Kennedy, Lisa M
726
Kilham, Lawrence
774
Kimball, Larry (phot.)
767
Kimsey, Lynn S
159
King, L
068
Kingsolver, John Mark
083, 199, 240, 241, 604
Página 13 de 535
Junio 2012
Kitchen, D
256
Knutson, Lloyd V
625
Kobe, Richard K
598
Kochansky, J.P
148
Kohlmann, Bert
343, 401, 454
Koptur, Suzanne
008, 633
Kormilev, Nicholas A
760
Koronkiewicz, Thomas J
556
Krecek, J
649
Kress, S.W
213
Kress, Walter John Emil
559
Kruckenhauser, L
520
Kumar, Anjali
837
La Salle, John (ed.)
248
Laarman, J.G
007
772
Lacher, T.E., Jr (ed.)
398, 399
Lachniet, M.S
471
LaDuc, Travis J
773
Lahmann-Zeledón, Enrique J
181, 503
Langtimm, Catherine A
385
Larivière, M.C
603, 623
Laska, M.S
315, 397
Laurencio, David Edelman
818
LaVal-Bugg, Richard K
022, 138
Leary, C.J
498
Lerdau, Manuel T
793
Leschen, Richard A.B
591
Levi, H.W
235, 508, 574, 694
Levy, A
650
Lévy, B
718
Lewis, S.E
219, 277, 384, 513
Liang, T
173
Liébanas, Gracia
833
Liesner, R
045
Leber, K.K
070
Lindsay, C
706
Linsley, Earle Gorton
184, 185
Leclercq, J
573
Liske, J.
287
Lederhouse, R.C
339
Little, R. John (ed.)
144, 658
Lei, Ying D
720, 853
Lobo-Cabezas, Silvia Lorena
594
Lentini, Zaida
Lobo-Segura, Jorge A
Página 14 de 535
Junio 2012
266, 395, 419, 420, 451, 511,
527
Lomascolo, S
470
Longino, John T
326, 724
Loof, P.A.A
485
Lopes, Hugo de Souza
229
López de la Fuente, Adolfo
338, 371
López, J.E
390
López-González, C.A
622
López-Pizarro, Eduardo
154, 155, 156
Lorence, D
068
Lovejoy, T.E (ed.)
116, 117
Lovelock, C.E
519
Lowe, A.J
552, 570
Lowrie, S
068, 130
Lücking, Robert
728, 752, 777
Marcos-García, María A
634
Lugo, Ariel E
215, 386
Marín-León, Rolando
771
Lusby, W.R
148
Marinoni, Luciane
625
Lynn, J.C
556
Marques, B
797
Maas, Paul J.M
559
Márquez, M
258, 267, 490
Maas-van de Kamer, H
559
Márquez-Baltán, C
346, 542, 565
Maass, J. Manuel
157
Macedo, Antonio Carlos Cruz
846
Mackinnon, Katherine C
506, 528, 550, 557, 569
Madrigal-Mora, Alvaro A
514
Maglianesi-Sandoz,
Alejandra
847
María
Magnuson, Barbara (phot.)
767
Mallet, V
463
Manson, Joseph H
528, 550, 569
Manzane, Eric
793
Márquez-Luna, Juan
617, 823
Márquez-Reyes, César
295, 299, 791
Márquez-Valdelamar, Laura
314, 512
Marquis, Robert J
626
Martin, T.E
286
Martínez, Juan Andrés
851
Martínez-Esquivel,
María
830
Laura
Martínez-Yrízar, A
388
Massey, A
Página 15 de 535
Junio 2012
073
Mata, Milagro
627, 663, 722, 746, 817
Mata-Jiménez, Alfonso (ed.)
582
Mateo-Vega, Javier
458
Matos, R
718
Matson, Pamela A
157
McCarthy-Ramírez, R.G
262, 265
McClure, Mark S
064
McCoy-Colton,
837
McCoy-Colton, Michael B
036, 066, 067, 089, 090, 095,
114, 134, 223, 256, 287, 312,
373, 379, 407, 566, 600, 639,
640
McCullough, D.R (ed.)
379
McDade, Lucinda A (ed.)
261
McGuire, Jimmy A
773
McKamey, Stuart H
535
McKey, Doyle
130
McLearn, Deedra K
738
Meave, Jorge
770
Medina, E (ed.)
275, 386, 387, 388
Meerow, Alan W
559
Meinander, M
510
Mena-Araya, Yadira
545
Menacho-Odio, Rose Marie
494
Méndez, E
225
Merchán-Fornelino, Manuel
587
Merello, M
559
Mesa, Nathalia
778
Messier, S.H
351
Metz, Mark A
721, 796
Meyer, A
337
Meza-Montoya, Alejandro
024
Meza-Ocampo, Tobías
280, 304
Middleton, B.A
488
Miles, Donald B
786
Miranda-Quirós, Miriam
701, 702
Mitsch, William J
820, 827
Mitsch, William J (ed.)
312
Mitter, Charles
783
Mo, Claudette Lee
600
Monge-Meza, Javier
299
Monge-Monge, A.A
466, 525
Monge-Monge, Adrián A
427
Monge-Nájera, Julián
353
Monné, Miguel A
656, 695
Monro, Alex K
Página 16 de 535
Junio 2012
406
Morton, J.B
519
Nason, J.D
378, 413
Moscow, D
056
Navarijo, María de Lourdes
314, 512
Moser, D
039, 106
Navarro-Pereira, Carlos M
552, 570
Mueller, U.G
567
Newstrom, L.E
252
Mooellendorf, Suzanne
842
Muenchow, G.E
046
Noguera, F.A
375, 522
Mooney, Harold A (ed.)
275, 356, 386, 387, 388
Muir, Derek C.G
720
Numa, C
538
Mora, Ileana
298
Muñoz, G
096
O'Donnell, Sean
245, 250, 394
Mora-Benavides,
José
Manuel
078, 101, 120, 221, 236, 237,
380, 381, 421, 587, 821, 822
Murillo-Rodríguez,
Fernando
354
Monserrat, V.J
510
Montgomery, Rebecca A
793
Montiel-Longhi,
Brigida
588
Mayra
Morales, R
114
Morales-Quirós, J. Francisco
328, 486, 495, 559, 680, 798
Moriarty, D.J
017
Morillo-Fernández, J.M
163
Luis
Oberbauer, Steven F
019
Murphy, P.G
215, 386
Ohta, Kazuaki
799
Murray, B.G., Jr
293, 319
Olano-Marín, Juanita
751
Nabhan, G.P
362
Oldham, M.J
806
Oleas, Reyna
778
Nahlik, Amanda M
820, 827
Morón-Ríos, Miguel A
474
Naranjo-Piñera,
José
409
Morrone, O
402, 403
Naskrecki, Piotr
433
O'Malley, R.C
665
Eduardo
Olmi, M
243, 336
Opell, B.D
025
Página 17 de 535
Junio 2012
Opler, P.A
004, 031, 042, 054, 057, 059,
071, 118, 140, 142, 144, 158,
356
Ornelas, Juan Francisco
314, 512
Osland, Michael J
836, 838, 850
Otis, Gard W
246
Pacheco-Chaves, Bernald
831
Padilla-Gil, Dora Nancy
734, 839
Panger, M.A
372, 374, 391, 487, 489, 492,
506, 528, 550, 557, 569
Pape, Thomas
472, 563
Paraense, W.L
263, 548
Paschke, M.W
253, 349
Pattanayak, Subhrendu K
828
Patterson, W.P
471
Pena-Santiago, Reyes
833
Pendry, C.A
554
Pohl, Richard W
016, 058, 207, 651, 806
Penny, Norman D
510
Poorter, Lourens
793
Penny, Norman D (ed.)
510
Porras, Ina T
701, 702
Perdue, R.R
007
Powers, Jennifer S
793, 795, 816
Pérez, Antonio Mijail
371
Prena, Jens
856
Pérez-Avilés, Daniel
795
Price, P.W (ed.)
026
Pérez-Bañón, Celeste
634
Pérez-Castillo, Ana Gabriela
709, 790
Pringle, Catherine M (ed.)
020
Perry, Susan E
506, 528, 550, 557, 569
Puthz, Volker
465
Pfaff, Alexander S.P
509
Putz, F.E (ed.)
356
Picado-Calvo, Annia
618
Pyle, K
528, 569
Piel, W.H
460
Quan-Rodas, Claudia Lorena
544, 782
Pinto-Tomás, Adrián A
801
Pizarro-Bustos,
Francisco
689, 809
Pogue, Michael G
518
Primack, Richard B
214
José
Quesada, F, (il.)
455
Quesada-Avendaño,
Mauricio
331, 419, 420, 527, 539, 586,
675
Página 18 de 535
Junio 2012
Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A
198
Ramírez-Pech, Jorge
855
Quesada-Monge,
Francisco
523, 525
Ruperto
Rand, A. Stanley
218
Quesada-Monge,
Francisco (ed.)
466, 467, 468
Ruperto
Rau, Jaime R
373, 409, 600
Quesada-Vargas, T
511, 543
Rau-Acuña, Jaime R
791
Quezada-Euan, J. Javier G
855
Quicke, Donald L.J
736
Quintero-Arias, Diomedes
329, 589, 780
Razafindratsita, V.R
498
Rabbel, Wolfgang
799
Redford, K.H (ed.)
290
Rakitov, Roman A
593
Ramírez, Santiago R
855
Raven, Peter H (ed.)
015
Raw, A
747
Raabe-Cercone, C
161
Ramberg, Lars
820
Rausher, M.D
128
Raveret-Richter, M.A
062
Quirós-Jara, M
514
Ramanamanjato,
Baptiste
793
Rathet, I
238
Jean-
Reed, R.N
504
Reed, W.L
475
Reeves, W.K
563
Reid, F.A
385
Reikerk, H
037
Retana-Barrantes, José A
735
Reynolds-Vargas, Jenny
600
Reynolds-Vargas, Jenny (ed.)
359
Reznick, D.N
337
Ribbens, D.J
389
Ribbens, Eric
389, 660
Richardson, Curtis J
838, 850
Richter, W
062
Ricklefs, Robert E
786
Riekek, H
049
Riesig, M.J
520
Rifkin, Seth
851
Rivard, Benoit
675, 676
Rivarden, Leif
Página 19 de 535
Junio 2012
817
506, 528, 550, 557, 569
Rivera-Luther, Dora Ingrid
072, 514
Rodríguez-Ramírez, Manuel
Felipe
299
Rotheray, Graham E
482, 634
Rizo-Patrón, Federico Luis
595, 614, 837
Rodríguez-Ramírez, Miguel A
036
Rovinski, Y
260
Robichaux, Estelle S
854
Rodríguez-Ramírez, Miguel A
(ed.)
278
Rubio-Recio, José Manuel
769
Robinson, J.G (ed.)
290
Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J
340
Rockwood, L.L
060, 122
Rodda, G.H
502
Rodgers, J.A
307
Rodríguez, M
718
Rodríguez-Cavallini, Evelyn
653
Rodríguez-Ferraro, A.M
652
Rodríguez-Ortiz, Beatriz
669
Rodríguez-Ramírez, J.M
030, 069, 088, 091, 312, 379,
407, 639, 640
Rodríguez-Ramírez, M.A
067, 089, 092, 114
Rodríguez-Sáenz, Miguel A
050, 114, 121, 134, 256
Rodríguez-Ulloa, Alexis
790
Ruiz-Boyer, Armando
746
Ruiz-Pérez, Gustavo Adolfo
299
Rogers, J.D
592
Rojas-Alvarado,
Francisco
635, 748
Ruepert, Clemens
600, 853
Alexander
Rojas-Contreras, Galia
653, 804
Rojas-González, C.M
358
Romero, Aldemaro
224, 239, 661, 662
Romero-Fernández, C.M
683
Romero-Nápoles, Jesús
564
Romero-Vargas, Marilyn
359
Runk, J.L.V
553
Rusch, D.H
247
Russell, J.K
143
Ryvarden, Leif
746
Sack, L
754
Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris
296, 393, 441
Salas, C
088
Salas-Araya, Carlos Eduardo
087
Rose, L.M
Página 20 de 535
Junio 2012
Salazar-Figueroa,
(ed.)
262
Rodolfo
339
Santos-Murgas, Alonso
620
Salk, Carl
793
Santos-Silva, Antonio
768
Sánchez, A.J
359
Sathaye, J.A
526
Sánchez, J
093
Savage, Jay M
500
Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo
Arturo
509, 526, 675, 676, 794, 812
Savitsky, B.G (ed.)
398, 399
Sánchez-Chacón, María Ethel
457, 588
Sánchez-Londoño,
David
751
Juan
Sánchez-Palomino, Pedro
361
Sánchez-Pérez, Julio E
066, 088, 114, 584
Sánchez-Porras, Ronald E
653, 669, 731, 824
Sánchez-Ramírez, Juan José
733
Sánchez-Rojas, E.F
488
Sandoval-Vargas, Luis
789
Santos, Adalberto J
621
Scarbrough, Aubrey G
347
Scheffrahn, Rudolf H
649
Schilling, E
068
Schmidt, B
568
Schnitzer, Stefan A
794
Seal, J.N
547
Segura-López,
Gerardo
344, 399, 577
Wilfredo
Seigler, D.S
335
Shafir, S
323
Sharkey, Michael J
415, 706
Shelly, David R
799
Shoemaker, R.A
740
Shoenfelder, S
434
Short, Andrew Edward Z
607, 688, 714
Scholz, Carola
467
Shunthirasingham,
Chubashini
853
Scholz, Claudia
428
Sills, Erin O
828
Schwartz, Susan Y
799
Simberloff, D
068
Scott, D.A (comp.)
093
Sipman, Henricus J.M
728, 752, 777
Scriber, J.M
Sistachs-Díaz, O.V, (il.)
Página 21 de 535
Junio 2012
432
556
Sithole, R
537
Solano-Montero, Juan Carlos
690
Skaggs, S.C
052, 222
Solis, M. Alma
796
Skutch, Alexander F
204, 318
Solís-Blanco, Angel
401, 454
Slipinski, S. Adam
682
Solís-R., M
636
Slowinski, J.B
132
Solís-Rivera, Vivienne
141
Slud, Paul
034, 135
Smiley, J.T
763
Smith, C.M
005
Smith, David R
571, 807
Smith, Dena Michelle
469
Smith, S.M
018, 027
Snelling, R.R
228, 230, 608, 699
Snow, N
311
Soderstrom, E.A
352
Solomon, J.C
053
Stevens, R.D
687
Stevenson, David M
801
Stiles, E.W
383
Stiles, F. Gary
018, 027, 112, 116, 117, 204,
268, 318
Stockwell, S.A
107
Stone, Donald E
020, 478
Somma, Daniel
837
Stoner, Kathryn E
330, 341, 461, 539, 583, 586,
677, 812
South, J.M
580
Stouffer, P.C
133, 324, 382, 383
Stafford, P.J
406
Stowe, K.A
264
Staines, Charles L., Jr
392
Stratton, D.A
051
Stange, Lionel A
510
Suen, Garret
801
Stansifer, Charles L
845
Szalansk, A.L
649
Stephens, M.L
081, 102, 698, 759
Szerlip, Sigurd
843
Stern, M.J
539
Taylor, D.W
540
Sogge, Mark K
Página 22 de 535
Junio 2012
Teaford, Mark F (ed.)
492
Teixeira, C
720
Tenenbaum, D
271
Terán, Arturo L
604
Terborgh, John
105
Teska, William R
099
Thiele-Mora, G.M
456
Thompson, F. Christian
482, 657
Thompson, F.G
338
Thorwart, Martin M
799
Tiffin, Peter
816
Tillberg, C.V
555, 674
Timberlake, P.H
160
483
553
Torres, P.J
714
Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr
173
Ugalde-Gómez, Jesús
537
Trama, Florencia Andrea
615, 636, 659, 837
Trapnell, Dorset W
334, 609
Travis, Joseph
786
Trines, E.P
417
Triplehorn, Charles A
693
Trivelato, M
354
Trombulak, S.C
028, 285
Troyo-Jiménez, Silvia, (il.)
559, 638, 762
Tschapka, Marco
473
Tucker, G.C
216
Turner, A
306
Timm, Robert M
006, 209, 219, 384, 481, 505,
513, 583, 738
Turner, J
023, 035
Toledo, Víctor H
Tuxill, J.D
Umaña-Quesada, Alvaro
443
Umaña-Tenorio, Loengrin
592, 723, 728, 740, 752, 777
Valdez, C.N
562, 611
Valerio-Gutiérrez, Carlos E
137
Valverde-González, Adrián E
708, 825
van Klinken, R.D
755
Vande-Kerckhove, G.A
009
Vandenberg, Natalia J
648
Vardy, Colin R
449
Varela, Amanda
793
Vargas-Fonseca, John F
446
Vargas-Mena, Emilio
600
Vaughan-Dickhaut,
Christopher
Página 23 de 535
Junio 2012
036, 056, 067, 069, 089, 090,
095, 114, 121, 134, 141, 256,
287, 290, 373, 393, 434
Vaughan-Dickhaut,
Christopher (ed.)
278
Vega, A.S
403
Vehrencamp, Sandra L
231
Velasco-Abad, Eduardo
299
Vencl, Frederic V
650
Vides-Almonacid, Roberto
299
Villalobos, V
036, 134
Villalobos-Flores, Roberto
735
Villalobos-Solé, Carlos
477
Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A
342, 367, 368, 369, 370, 438,
832, 848
Vinson, S. Bradleigh
166, 168, 189, 248, 252
Vinson, S. Bradleigh (ed.)
582
Vitousek, Peter M
157
793
Vogel, E.R
506, 550, 557
Vöhringer, Frank
637
Voigt, Christian C
725
Volkmann, Carol
157
Wahis, R
692
Wahl, David B
462
Wallace, David Rains
254
Wania, Frank
720, 853
Ward, Philip S
150, 327, 785
Ward, S
462, 463
Webb, C.J
147
Webb, Donald W
244, 721
Webb, W. Donald
784
Wehncke, Elisabet V
538, 562, 611, 737
Weimer, Paul J
801
Weirauch, Christiane
843
Wells, S.A
749
Wesch, R.A
410
Westcott, Richard L
787
Wetterer, James K
390
Wheatley, N
678
Whelan, T (ed.)
259, 260
Whitehead, Donald R
199, 227, 667, 856
Whitfield, Mary J
556
Wiemann, Michael C
077, 153
Wilkinson, G.S
146, 464
Will, K.W
578
Williams, Douglas J
691
Weiblen, George D
Página 24 de 535
Junio 2012
Williams, H.J
166
Woodman, N
094
Williamson, G. Bruce
077, 153
Woodruff, Robert E
186
Wilson, Don E
061
Wright, Timothy F
273, 364, 464, 496, 580, 590,
652
Zhang, Li
820
Wyatt, Robert E
205
Zimmermann, Yvonne
855
Yépez-Zabala, Ítala (ed.)
852
Zullini, A
485
York, Heather A
558, 808
Zuloaga, F.O
402, 403
Young, Allen M
079, 080
Zumbado-Arrieta, Manuel A
482, 625, 634, 657
Young, Bruce E
286
Zúñiga-Ramírez, Ronald J
630
Zager-Fernández, I
712
Zúñiga-Rodríguez, Teresa
409
Zamora-Villalobos, Nelson A
450, 455, 762, 840
Zúñiga-Vega, Alejandra
606
Wilson, Edward O
531
Wilson, M.F
017
Windsor, D.M
334, 650
Wolfe, L.D
487
Wolski, Piotr
820
Wong-Reyes, Grace
373, 600
Wood, Thomas K
047
Wood, W.F
641
Zamora-Villalobos, Nelson A
(ed.)
559, 638
Zand, B
050
Página 25 de 535
Junio 2012
ÍNDICE DE DESCRIPTORES
ABANDONED LAND
539, 586
ACANTHACEAE
021
ABANYCHA
656
ACANTHEREMUS
433
ABARIS
578
ACANTHERMIA
518
ABDOMEN
062, 851
ACANTHOCEPHALANS
053, 715
ABDOMINAL TUBERCLES
783
ACANTHOCEREUS
486
ABIOTIC FACTORS
751, 818
ACANTHOCHALCIS
145
ABORTIPORUS
746
ACANTHODERES
656
ABOVEGROUND
388, 793
ACANTHOSCELIDES
026, 083, 170, 220
ABUNDANCE
132, 182, 461, 502, 512, 561
ACARI
091, 178, 217
ABUNDISPORUS
746
ACAULOSPORA
519
ABUTILON
002
ACAULOSPORACEAE
519
ACACIA
026, 060, 129, 134, 188, 238,
241, 286, 315, 335, 383, 397,
507, 524, 562, 611, 641, 681
ACCIDENTS
104, 288, 822
ACAKYRA
656
ACCIPITER
295, 791
ACCIPITRIDAE
029, 154, 295, 475, 513, 520,
672, 791
ACHROMOBACTER
653, 804
ACHRYSON
695
ACHYRANTHES
072, 214, 499
ACIACHNE
207
ACIDOCERINA
688
ACINETOBACTER
653, 804
ACMAEODERA
787
ACNISTUS
021
ACONOPHORA
400
ACORDULECERA
571
ACOUSTIC REPERTOIRE
758
ACOUSTIC SIGNALS
273, 364, 590, 652, 684, 775
ACRITOCENTRIS
230
ACROGONIA
Página 26 de 535
Junio 2012
593
ACROMYRMEX
390
ACULEATA
062, 131, 243, 252, 334, 547,
573, 589, 608, 692, 699, 780,
851, 855
ACROSTICTA
654
ADAPTATION
473, 553
ACROTAPHUS
282
ADAPTIVE COLORATION
274
ACTENODES
787
ADEMONIA
187
ACTINOMYCES
653
ADEPHAGA
578
ACTINOMYCETALES
253, 349
ADESMUS
656
ACTINOMYCETES
253, 349
ADETUS
656
ACTINORHIZAL PLANTS
253, 349
ADIACLEMA
571
ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED
JOINTLY
637
ADULTS
446, 505, 528
AGAONIDAE
124, 283
AGARICALES
761
AECHMEA
486
AGAVACEAE
559
AEDEOMYIA
040
AGE CLASSES
461
AEDES
040
AGE RATIO
382
ACTIVITY PATTERNS
056, 069, 434, 575, 576
AEGOPOGON
207
AGE/SEX RATIOS
104, 288
ACTIVITY PERIOD
375
AEQUINOCTIALIS
365
AGE/SEX RELATIONSHIPS
492
ACTIVITY
223, 256, 434, 441
ACTIVITY AND DIET
256
ACTIVITY AREA
036, 225
AERENICOPSIS
656
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
173, 459, 612, 800
AEROMONAS
653, 804
AEROTYPIA
197
AESCHYNOMENE
072, 499
AFLP
552, 570, 755
AFRICANIZED HONEY BEES
451
AGAMOPUS
734, 839
Página 27 de 535
Junio 2012
AGELAIUS
560
AGGREGATING BEHAVIOUR
352
AGGRESSION
200, 206, 528
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
066, 081, 315, 397, 547
AGKISTRODON
208
AGONANDRA
813
AGONIMIA
752
AGOUTI
091, 361
AGRICULTURAL HISTORY
405, 430
AGRICULTURAL PESTS
477
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
490
AGRICULTURE
161, 458, 702, 828
AGRILUS
123, 536
AGRIUS
011
AGROCHEMICALS
357, 595, 614, 671
499, 559
AGROECOLOGY
020
AGROPYRON
207
AGROSTIS
016, 207, 651
AGRYPON
462
AIR POLLUTION
771
AIRA
207
AJAIA
162
ALAS PROJECT
261, 326, 401, 433, 454, 462,
463, 531, 536, 537, 571, 579,
631, 664, 703, 724, 765, 783,
802, 849
ALBIZIA
077, 153, 342, 367, 368, 524
ALCATHOUSIELLA
656
ALEUROPTERYX
510
ALEXETER
462
ALIBERTIA
142
ALISMATACEAE
ALKALOIDS
193
ALLAMANDA
680
ALLIACEAE
559
ALLIGATORIDAE
155, 500
ALLOCATION
741
ALLOMARKGRAFIA
680
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
332
ALLOPHYLUS
059, 142, 538
ALLOTMENTS
792
ALLOTOONIA
680
ALLOZYMES
377, 378, 404, 425, 609, 711,
810, 815, 829
ALNUS
253, 349
ALOUATTA
033, 052, 073, 092, 115, 133,
222, 494, 538, 544, 562, 611,
653, 669, 673, 731, 782, 804,
805, 824, 830
Página 28 de 535
Junio 2012
ALPHA
818
ALPHADRYINUS
243
ALPOVA
663
ALSOPHIS
779
ALSTONIA
680
ALSTROEMERIACEAE
559
ALTITUDE
268
ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION
017, 631
ALTITUDINAL MIGRATION
202
ALVARADOA
059, 524
AMALLECTIS
187
AMARANTHACEAE
072, 214, 499
AMARYLLIDACEAE
021, 559
AMASTRIDIUM
779
AMAURODERMA
746
853
AMAZILIA
028, 285
AMPHIBIANS
085, 110, 132, 164, 261, 421,
498, 500, 502, 546, 684, 775
AMAZONA
273, 364, 464, 496, 580, 590,
652, 789
AMBLYCERUS
010, 083, 242, 564
AMBLYSAPHES
656
AMECANAUTA
540
AMEROPTERUS
510
AMETALLON
631
AMIANTASTIS
197
AMPHICNAEIA
656
AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT
LENGTH POLYMORPHISM
755
AMPLIFIED
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
451
AMPULLARIIDAE
029, 475, 477, 546, 672
AMPUTOEARINUS
706
ANACANTHUS
695
AMISEGA
334
ANACARDIACEAE
006, 059, 060, 142, 255, 383,
524, 534, 598, 647, 741
AMNISCITES
656
ANACARDIUM
006
AMOEA
510
ANADARA
477
AMOEBAE
669
ANAL SUCKER
482
AMPHIACUSTA
758
ANALYSIS CANONICAL
786
AMPHIBIAN POPULATION
DECLINE
ANAPSIDA
348, 565, 822
Página 29 de 535
Junio 2012
387
ANARTIA
432
ANECHITES
680
ANAS
018, 027, 088, 247, 294, 312,
350, 407, 408, 416, 444, 560,
615, 616, 659, 742, 837
ANELAPHUS
695
ANASA
053
ANASTELGIS
282
ANATHULEA
571
ANATIDAE
066, 088, 247, 294, 312, 350,
379, 407, 408, 416, 560, 615,
616, 639, 659, 730, 739, 742,
837
ANATOMY
145, 151, 403, 588
ANATONCHIDAE
485
ANCISTROCERCUS
061, 250
ANCYLOSCELIS
084
ANDIRA
019, 658, 856
ANDRODIOECY
658
ANDROPOGON
016, 499
ANELOSIMUS
704
ANEURUS
760
ANGUIDAE
500
ANHINGA
070, 162, 494
ANHINGIDAE
070, 162, 494
ANILIIDAE
221, 236
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
267, 397
ANIMAL CONSTRUCTIONS
384
ANIMAL ECOLOGY
296
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
148
ANIMAL POPULATION
141
ANIMAL RESOURCES
191
ANIMAL VECTORS
ANIMALS
001, 002, 006, 009, 010, 011,
015, 017, 018, 019, 021, 022,
025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 031,
033, 034, 036, 039, 040, 047,
048, 051, 052, 053, 055, 056,
060, 061, 062, 063, 064, 065,
066, 067, 068, 069, 070, 071,
073, 075, 078, 079, 080, 081,
082, 083, 084, 085, 086, 087,
088, 090, 091, 092, 093, 094,
095, 097, 098, 099, 100, 101,
102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111,
112, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 138, 143, 144, 145,
146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155,
156, 159, 160, 162, 164, 166,
167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174,
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 193, 196, 197,
199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206,
208, 209, 210, 213, 215, 217,
218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,
230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236,
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242,
243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250,
252, 256, 257, 258, 261, 263,
264, 266, 267, 268, 272, 273,
274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 282,
283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290,
291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,
297, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312,
313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319,
320, 323, 324, 326, 327, 329,
330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343,
344, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351,
352, 357, 360, 361, 362, 363,
Página 30 de 535
Junio 2012
364, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371,
372, 374, 375, 376, 379, 380,
381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387,
390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395,
397, 399, 400, 401, 407, 408,
409, 414, 415, 416, 421, 422,
423, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436,
438, 441, 442, 444, 446, 449,
451, 452, 454, 460, 461, 462,
463, 464, 465, 469, 470, 472,
473, 474, 475, 477, 481, 482,
483, 485, 487, 489, 490, 491,
492, 494, 496, 497, 498, 500,
502, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508,
510, 512, 513, 518, 520, 522,
528, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 538, 540, 541,
542, 544, 546, 547, 548, 550,
555, 556, 557, 558, 560, 561,
562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567,
568, 569, 571, 572, 573, 574,
575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580,
583, 584, 587, 589, 590, 591,
593, 595, 596, 597, 599, 601,
602, 603, 604, 605, 607, 608,
611, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619,
620, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629,
630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 636,
639, 641, 647, 648, 649, 650,
652, 653, 654, 656, 657, 658,
659, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666,
667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 673,
674, 677, 678, 679, 682, 684,
685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 691,
692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 698,
699, 700, 703, 704, 706, 707,
710, 712, 713, 714, 715, 721,
724, 725, 729, 730, 731, 733,
734, 736, 737, 738, 739, 742,
743, 747, 749, 750, 751, 756,
757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 763,
764, 765, 766, 768, 773, 774,
775, 776, 779, 780, 782, 783,
784, 785, 786, 787, 789, 791,
792, 796, 797, 801, 802, 804,
805, 807, 808, 809, 818, 819,
821, 822, 823, 824, 826, 830,
831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 837,
839, 841, 843, 844, 846, 847,
848, 849, 851, 852, 855, 856
ANISOMERIDIUM
752
ANISOPODUS
656
ANISOSCELIS
053
ANISOSTENA
392
ANOMALON
462
ANOPHELES
040, 844
ANOPTICHTHYS
661
ANOUS
027, 272
ANSERIFORMES
247, 312, 350
ANT INHABITANTS
555
ANNELIDS
087
ANT LION
068, 470
ANNUAL HERBIVORY
VARIATION
469
ANT LION LARVAE
470
ANNUAL RAINFALL
215, 386
ANNUAL RAINFALL
AVERAGE
476
ANNUAL VARIATION
388
ANOBIIDAE
170
ANOLIS
218, 605
ANOMALEPIDIDAE
500
ANT-GARDEN FUNGI
801
ANT-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS
674
ANT-PLANT SYMBIOSES
555
ANTEON
243
ANTHERICACEAE
559
ANTHODISCUS
255, 424
ANTHONOMUS
333, 666
Página 31 de 535
Junio 2012
ANTHOPHILY
144
ANTHOPHORIDAE
082, 084, 160, 166, 168, 189,
230, 248, 252, 658, 699
ANTHOXANTHUM
207
ANTHRAX
168, 178
ANTHROTHECIUM
752
ANTHURIUM
006
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
AGENTS
660
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
804, 805
ANTIBIOTICS
357
ANTILLOPHIS
779
ANTIPREDATOR
MECHANISMS
274, 491
ANTIVENOMS
208
ANTLION LARVAE
507, 602
122, 129, 150, 286, 326, 327,
334, 363, 507, 633
ANURANS
132, 498, 500, 502, 546, 684,
775
AOTUS
673
APEBUSU
656
APECHONEURA
463
APECHTHIS
282
APEIBA
519, 647
APHANISTES
462
APHELANDRA
021
APHELINIDAE
283
APHRIZA
027
APHYLLOPHORALES
817
APICOMPLEXA
669, 731, 830
APIDAE
063, 101, 131, 144, 159, 167,
169, 172, 176, 183, 200, 206,
ANTS
248, 283, 395, 451, 658, 703,
750, 855
APIOMERUS
376, 843
APION
667
APIS
169, 266, 395, 451
APLYTERUS
011
APOCRITA
062, 131, 243, 252, 334, 547,
563, 572, 573, 589, 608, 691,
692, 699, 713, 736, 750, 780,
807, 851, 855
APOCYNACEAE
011, 495, 571, 680, 798
APODIFORMES
268, 285
APOIDEA
131, 144, 176, 248, 252, 608,
699, 750, 855
APOLOPHUS
537
APOSEMATISM
274
APPLIED BIOLOGY
501
APTERALCIDION
656
APTERODRYINUS
243
Página 32 de 535
Junio 2012
APTROOTIA
752
ARACEAE
006, 499, 559, 696
AQUATIC ANIMALS
247, 548
ARACHNIDS
091, 107, 181, 226, 352, 460,
621, 765, 841
AQUATIC ARTHROPODS
247
AQUATIC BIRDS
081, 088, 093, 100, 119, 135,
136, 162, 584, 613, 614, 615,
616, 659, 671, 742, 832, 837
AQUATIC COMMUNITIES
264
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
444, 560, 561, 842
AQUATIC INSECTS
247, 350, 595, 831
AQUATIC ORGANISMS
247, 548
AQUATIC PLANTS
072, 093, 294, 312, 325, 429,
437, 499, 560, 606, 613, 615,
616, 640, 659, 690, 708, 726,
742, 825, 837
AQUATIC VEGETATION
370, 499, 837
AQUATIC WEEDS
251
AQUILACHRYSAETOS
520
ARA
154, 287, 568
ARADIDAE
760
ARAEOCNEMUS
823
ARALIACEAE
519
ARAMIDAE
029, 475
ARAMUS
029, 088, 475
ARANEAE
025, 178, 181, 235, 360, 460,
508, 574, 621, 694, 704, 765,
841
ARANEIDAE
178, 235, 460, 508, 574, 694
ARATINGA
789
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
422, 439, 442, 447
ARCHAEOLOGY
355, 422, 442, 447, 521, 546,
705
ARCHILOCHUS
847
ARCHIPHYSA
540
ARCHITRYPETHELIUM
752
ARCHOCOPTURUS
664
ARCIDAE
477
ARDEA
494, 561
ARDEIDAE
034, 070, 119, 143, 162, 414,
513, 560, 561
AREA DE CONSERVACION
TEMPISQUE
001, 003, 004, 005, 006, 007,
008, 009, 010, 011, 012, 013,
014, 015, 016, 017, 019, 020,
021, 022, 023, 024, 025, 026,
027, 028, 029, 030, 031, 032,
033, 034, 035, 036, 037, 038,
039, 040, 041, 042, 043, 044,
045, 046, 047, 048, 049, 050,
051, 052, 053, 054, 055, 056,
057, 058, 059, 060, 061, 062,
063, 064, 065, 066, 067, 068,
069, 070, 071, 072, 073, 074,
075, 076, 077, 078, 079, 080,
081, 082, 083, 084, 085, 086,
087, 088, 089, 090, 091, 092,
093, 094, 095, 096, 097, 098,
099, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,
117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140,
Página 33 de 535
Junio 2012
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146,
147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,
153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188,
189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194,
195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200,
201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218,
219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236,
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242,
243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248,
249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267,
268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273,
274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285,
286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291,
292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303,
304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,
310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315,
316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321,
322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327,
328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334,
335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340,
341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346,
347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352,
353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358,
359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364,
365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370,
371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376,
377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388,
389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394,
395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400,
401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406,
407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413,
414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419,
420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425,
426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431,
432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437,
438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443,
444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449,
450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455,
456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461,
462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467,
468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473,
474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479,
480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485,
486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491,
492, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510,
511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,
517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522,
523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,
529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540,
541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564,
565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570,
571, 572, 574, 575, 576, 577,
578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583,
584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589,
590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595,
596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601,
602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607,
608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613,
614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619,
620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625,
626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631,
632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637,
638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643,
644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649,
650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655,
656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661,
662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667,
668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673,
674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679,
680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685,
686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691,
692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697,
698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703,
704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709,
710, 712, 713, 715, 716, 717,
718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723,
724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729,
730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735,
736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741,
742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747,
748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753,
754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759,
760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765,
766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771,
772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777,
778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783,
784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789,
790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795,
796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801,
802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807,
808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813,
814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 820,
821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826,
827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832,
833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838,
839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844,
845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850,
851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856
ARECACEAE
006, 072, 219, 383, 384, 473,
499, 559, 767, 811
ARENAL HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECT
718
ARENAL WATERSHED
702
ARGIDAE
283
Página 34 de 535
Junio 2012
ARISTIDA
016, 207
ARISTOLOCHIA
624
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
624
ARIXIUNA
656
AROTES
282
ARRABIDAEA
571
ARRHENOPHANIDAE
197
ARRHYTON
779
ARTHOPYRENIACEAE
752
ARTHRITIS
660
ARTHROPODS
001, 010, 011, 015, 019, 021,
025, 026, 029, 031, 040, 047,
053, 055, 060, 061, 062, 063,
064, 065, 068, 071, 079, 080,
082, 083, 084, 086, 091, 097,
098, 101, 107, 122, 123, 124,
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 144,
145, 150, 152, 159, 160, 166,
167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174,
176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,
188, 189, 197, 199, 200, 203,
206, 215, 217, 220, 226, 227,
228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234,
235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243,
244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252,
257, 266, 267, 282, 283, 286,
313, 315, 320, 323, 326, 327,
329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
339, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352,
357, 360, 362, 363, 375, 376,
387, 390, 392, 394, 395, 397,
400, 401, 415, 423, 432, 433,
435, 446, 449, 451, 452, 454,
460, 462, 463, 465, 469, 470,
472, 474, 475, 482, 483, 507,
508, 510, 518, 522, 531, 532,
533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 547,
555, 563, 564, 567, 571, 572,
573, 578, 579, 589, 591, 593,
595, 601, 602, 603, 604, 607,
608, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621,
623, 625, 629, 630, 631, 633,
634, 641, 647, 648, 649, 650,
654, 656, 657, 658, 664, 665,
666, 667, 668, 672, 674, 679,
682, 684, 685, 686, 688, 691,
692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699,
700, 703, 704, 706, 713, 714,
715, 721, 724, 729, 734, 736,
743, 747, 749, 750, 751, 758,
760, 763, 765, 768, 775, 780,
783, 784, 785, 787, 792, 796,
797, 801, 802, 807, 819, 823,
831, 833, 834, 835, 839, 841,
843, 844, 846, 849, 851, 855,
856
ARTIFICIAL NESTS
297, 379, 639
ARTIODACTYLS
036, 090, 115, 134, 225, 256,
278, 290, 296, 344, 393, 399,
577, 583
ARTOCARPEAE
744
ARUNDINARIA
836
ARUNDINELLA
016
ARUNDINOIDEAE
207, 651
ARUNDO
207
ASCALAPHIDAE
510
ASCALOBYAS
510
ASCHELMINTHES
710
ASCLEPIADACEAE
079, 080
ARTHROSTYLIDIUM
207
ASCLEPIAS
079, 080
ARTIBEUS
006, 209, 330, 461, 473, 738
ASCOLICHENES
752
ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION
175
ASCOMYCOTA
Página 35 de 535
Junio 2012
592, 723, 728, 740, 752, 777,
824
ASEMOLEA
656
144
ASTELIACEAE
559
ATAENOGERA
784
ASTER
727
ATELES GEOFFROYI
033, 073, 092, 115, 653, 673,
804, 805, 824
ASTERACEAE
072, 214, 499, 696
ATEUCHUS
343
ASEROË
663, 722
ASTEROGYNE
006
ATMOSPHERE
157
ASILIDAE
261, 347
ASTHENARA
462
ATMOSPHERIC
DISTRIBUTION
720
ASPARAGACEAE
559
ASTICHOMYIIA
579
ASPASIA
486
ASTOXENA
197
ASPIDOSPERMA
680
ASTRAEUS
663
ASPIDOTHELIUM
752
ASTRIBUYN
059
ASPLUNDIA
006
ASTROCARYUM
006
ASSERTION
764
ASTRONIUM
024, 077, 153, 255, 524, 598,
647, 741
ASENTAMIENTO
CAMPESINO BAGATZI
560, 561, 577, 606, 610, 683,
753
ASSESSMENT
417, 551, 720
ASSOCIATION BIOLOGY
028
ASSOCIATIONS
286, 448, 653, 716, 824
ASSORTIVE FORAGING
ASTROTHELIUM
752
ASTURINA
520
ASTYANAX
224, 239, 661, 662
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT
853
ATOPOTROPHOS
462
ATRICHOPOGON
618
ATROPOIDES
632
ATTA
122, 619
ATTA CEPHALOTES
122, 390, 619, 801
ATTELABIDAE
647
ATTEVA
031
ATTITUDES
753
Página 36 de 535
Junio 2012
ATTRACTIONS
279
AULACIDAE
283, 807
AULACOMERUS
571
AULACUS
807
AULONEMIA
207
AUSTRINAUTA
540
AUTOCNAPTIS
197
AVAILABLE P
410
AVENA
207
AVIAN COMMUNITY
COMPOSITION
757
AVIAN EXTINCTION
436, 757
AVIAN PREDATORS
513
AVIAN PREY
513
AVIAN RESPONSE
636, 659, 742, 837
AVIFAUNA
135, 162, 512, 584
AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR
274, 750
AXIOLOGINA
654
AXONOPUS
016
AYPHAENIDAE
178
AYTHIA
018, 088
AZOLLA
499
AZTECA
326, 555, 674, 724
BACCHA
482
BACHYS
123
BACILLACEAE
719
BACILLUS
719
BACTERIA
253, 349, 653, 700, 719, 801,
804, 805
BACTERIAL FLORA
653
BACTEROIDES
653
BACTRIS
072, 383, 499, 811
BAGACES (CANTON)
003, 004, 009, 011, 014, 060,
074, 161, 168, 192, 193, 199,
207, 227, 263, 270, 354, 514,
667, 772, 843
BALANTIOPTERYX
231, 725, 738
BALMACEDA
765
BAMBOOS
207
BAMBUSA
207
BAMBUSOIDEAE
207, 651
BANDING STUDIES
350
BANNED TREE SPECIES
424
BARBACYCLUS
541
BARK
153
BARKERIA
486
BARN OWL
094, 095
BARRA HONDA FORMATION
Página 37 de 535
Junio 2012
697
BARTICONYCTERIS
138
BARYSSINUS
656
BASELINE
526, 637
BASIDIOMYCOTA
663, 722, 761, 817
BASIONYM
332
BASSUS
415
BAT COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE
677
BAT MIGRATIONS
341, 461
BATHING ASSEMBLY
028
BEES
200, 252, 257
BATOCARPUS
744
BEHAVIOUR
008, 036, 053, 055, 062, 065,
068, 078, 090, 091, 092, 104,
115, 120, 127, 128, 133, 146,
174, 181, 189, 196, 202, 217,
219, 223, 225, 239, 245, 250,
252, 256, 268, 276, 277, 278,
285, 286, 288, 291, 292, 293,
296, 305, 306, 308, 315, 317,
323, 324, 361, 372, 374, 379,
380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 391,
393, 397, 400, 487, 489, 492,
494, 496, 497, 498, 504, 506,
528, 561, 569, 593, 652, 661,
665, 774, 822
BATS
002, 006, 015, 022, 138, 146,
209, 219, 224, 277, 330, 341,
384, 385, 461, 473, 558, 677,
687, 725, 808
BATTUS
432
BAUHINIA
002, 060, 147
BEAUMONTIA
680
BEBEDERO DE BAGACES
085, 235, 520, 556, 622, 733,
843
BEHAVIOUR OBSERVATIONS
774
BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS
351
BAT POLLINATED PLANTS
002
BEBEDERO RIVER
WATERSHED
476
BAT PREDATION
239, 661
BEBELIS
656
BEHAVIOURAL
INTERACTIONS
078
BAT-PLANT RELATIONSHIP
473
BEE KILLERS
843
BEHAVIOURAL PLASTICITY
470
BATESBELTIA
656
BEE NESTING BIOLOGY
144
BEHAVIOURAL TECHNIQUES
599
BATESIAN MIMICRY
071
BEE POLLINATORS
658
BEHAVIOURAL VARIATION
273, 652
BATHELIUM
752
BEE PREFERENCES
015
BELOWGROUND
388, 793
BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES
239, 661
Página 38 de 535
Junio 2012
BENEFITS
503
BIBLIOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
445
BIOENERGETICS
285
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
595
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
281
BIOFUEL PROGRAMS
700
BENTONIA
736
BIDENS
214
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL
PATTERNS
734, 839
BENZOIC ACID
148
BIGNONIACEAE
002, 003, 054, 060, 147, 158,
255, 365, 431, 468, 523, 524,
571, 598, 741
BEPHRATA
849
BIOGEOGRAPHY
159, 311, 336, 436, 510, 540,
578, 596, 603, 623, 626, 632,
650, 757, 766, 773
BERCHMANSUS
510
BIMODAL NECTAR
PRODUCTION
658
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
668, 729
BERGIA
072, 499
BIOACCUMULATION
307
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
509, 545
BERNARDIA
054, 142
BIOCELLATA
783
BIOLOGICAL NOTES
563
BEROTHIDAE
510
BIOCHEMICAL VARIATION
652
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION
530
BESLERIA
021
BIODIVERSITY
024, 132, 164, 182, 192, 194,
248, 251, 257, 261, 314, 343,
358, 409, 418, 420, 424, 426,
443, 455, 456, 499, 516, 519,
530, 539, 552, 561, 582, 584,
585, 586, 588, 626, 628, 646,
677, 685, 687, 705, 745, 757,
770, 771, 772, 818, 831
BIOLOGICAL RESERVES
125, 126, 194, 358, 405, 430,
509, 545
BETA
818
BETHYLIDAE
283, 620
BETULACEAE
253, 349
BEZZISCA
229
BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
509, 516, 545, 583, 852
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
735
BIOLOGICAL STATIONS
007, 284, 412, 479
BIOLOGICAL STATIONS
DEVELOPMENT
412
BIOLOGICALLY
ACCOMMODATED
080
BIOLOGY
Página 39 de 535
Junio 2012
009, 010, 097, 151, 159, 169,
211, 245, 250, 283, 461, 531,
578, 587, 631, 650, 681, 682,
696, 738, 747, 787
BIOMAGNIFICATION
162
BIOMASS
165, 388, 417, 502, 565, 676,
690, 717
BIOMETRICS
348
BIOMONITORING
272
BIOMPHALARIA
263, 548
BIONOMICS
180, 433, 533, 775, 844
BIOPROSPECTING
700
BIOTA
280, 373
BIOTECHNOLOGY
457, 511, 543, 700
BIOTIC COMMUNITIES
353
BIRD AREAS
852
BIRD CALL
364, 496, 590
BIRD EGGS
162
BIRD MONITORING
847
BIRD SONG
273, 464
BIRD SPECIES RICHNESS
757
BIRD WEIGHTS
017
BIRDING
318, 678
BIRDS
005, 009, 015, 017, 018, 027,
028, 029, 034, 039, 066, 070,
075, 081, 082, 088, 093, 094,
095, 100, 102, 105, 112, 116,
117, 119, 124, 135, 136, 143,
154, 162, 164, 196, 202, 204,
210, 213, 247, 261, 268, 272,
273, 285, 286, 287, 294, 295,
297, 307, 312, 314, 315, 317,
318, 342, 350, 357, 362, 364,
367, 368, 369, 370, 379, 397,
407, 408, 409, 414, 416, 436,
438, 444, 464, 475, 494, 496,
504, 512, 513, 520, 530, 542,
556, 560, 561, 566, 568, 575,
576, 580, 584, 590, 595, 615,
616, 636, 639, 652, 659, 672,
678, 698, 712, 730, 739, 742,
757, 759, 761, 774, 786, 789,
791, 832, 837, 847, 848, 852
BIRDWATCHING
005, 039, 106, 318, 678
BIRDWATCHING TOURISM
318, 678
BITTACIDAE
452
BITTACUS
452
BIVALVES
422, 477
BLABIA
656
BLACK IGUANA
101, 292
BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING
DUCKS
297, 379, 639
BLAESOXIPHA
563
BLEPHARIDA
534
BLETIA
486
BLOOD PRESSURE
193
BLUE-WINGED TEAL
247
BOA
155, 379, 639
BOAT TRAFFIC
494
BOCANA SITE
521, 546
BOCCHUS
Página 40 de 535
Junio 2012
243
BODY CONDITION
350
BODY LENGTH
293, 305, 306
BODY ORIENTATION
319
BODY WEIGHT
017
BOETHUS
462
BOIDAE
155, 208, 379, 500, 587, 639
BOLSON
359, 480, 556, 733
BOMBACACEAE
002, 021, 153, 190, 270, 331,
473, 524, 527, 598, 646, 711,
732, 741
BOMBACOPSIS
002, 021, 077, 153, 190, 270,
331, 524, 527, 598, 646, 711,
732, 741
BOMBUS
144
BOMBYLIIDAE
168, 177, 178
BORAGINACEAE
002, 004, 019, 021, 059, 142,
255, 326, 424, 524, 555, 598,
674, 741, 754
BOTANICAL COMPOSITION
024, 163, 192, 304, 456, 539,
586, 677, 757
BOTAURUS
560
BOTHRIECHIS
632
BOTHROPS
208
BOTIJA SITE
521, 546
BOUCEKIUS
572
BOUNDARIES
439
BOUTELOUA
016, 207
BOVISTA
663, 722
BRACHIARIA
402, 499, 651
BRACHYCERA
482, 563
BRACHYCERTUS
463
BRACHYCYRTINE
463
BRACHYDIRUS
743
721
BRACHYMETRA
831
BRACHYPODIUM
207
BRACHYRHAPHIS
224, 337, 661
BRACHYS
123
BRACONIDAE
283, 691, 706, 736
BRADYNOBAENIDAE
283
BRADYSIA
686
BRASSAVOLA
486
BRASSIA
486
BREDA
765
BREEDING
070, 146, 277, 689, 809
BREEDING BIOLOGY
075, 162, 342, 367, 368, 438
BREEDING PLACE
315, 397, 446, 689, 809
BREEDING SYSTEMS
004, 139, 418, 420
BRACHYLINGA
Página 41 de 535
Junio 2012
BRIDGES
316
BRIZA
207
BROCHYMENA
603, 623
BROMELIA
486
BROMELIACEAE
328, 455, 455, 482, 486, 559
BUFFER ZONES
456, 583
BUFONIDAE
500
BUNCHOSIA
484
BUPRESTIDAE
123, 145, 261, 536, 787
BURMANNIACEAE
559
BROMUS
016, 207
BURNING
104, 288, 822
BROODS
547
BURROWS
078, 291
BROSIMUM
019, 315, 744
BURSERA
059, 077, 142, 153, 524
BROTOGERIS
789
BURSERACEAE
059, 077, 142, 153, 524, 534,
696
BRUCHIDAE
010, 026, 083, 170, 199, 220,
240, 241, 242, 564, 604, 629,
668, 729
BRUNELLIA
077, 153
BUBULCUS
034, 070, 162, 433, 494, 560
BUCRATES
433, 849
BUDGET
412
BUSARELLUS
520
BUTEO
154, 295, 520, 791
BUTEOGALLUS
513, 791
BUTHIDAE
107, 226
BUTORIDES
088, 494, 560
080, 082, 261
BUYDA
510
BUZZ POLLINATION
144
BUZZARD
520
BYRSONIMA
484
CACTACEAE
246, 455, 486, 529
CADAVERS
446
CADMIUM
272, 307, 490
CAECILIIDAE
500
CAESALPINIA
063, 147, 241, 658
CAIMAN
155
CAIRINA
066, 088, 294, 312, 407, 408,
416, 444, 560, 659, 742, 837
CALAMAGROSTIS
016, 207, 651
CALATHEA
006, 021, 174
CALIDRIS
027
BUTTERFLIES
Página 42 de 535
Junio 2012
CALIGO
174, 432
CALLIA
656
CALLIEPIALTES
282
CALLIPHORIDAE
446
CALLITYRINTHIA
656
CALLOCONOPHORA
400
CALOSTOMA
663
CALVATIA
663, 722
CALYCOPHYLLUM
315, 428, 431, 467, 468, 523,
524
CALYNDA
334
CALYPTROGYNE
473
CALYX
553
CAMPING
279
CAMPSIS
158
635
CAMPYLORHYNCHUS
286, 315, 397
CAMPYLOTHELIUM
752
CAÑAS (CANTON)
003, 010, 159, 161, 180, 216,
232, 270, 296, 359, 393, 514,
533, 536, 552, 556, 570, 574,
673, 772, 818, 844, 856
CANDIDA
824
CANIDAE
121, 622
CANIDIA
656
CANIS
121, 622
CANNA
072, 174, 499
CANNACEAE
072, 174, 499, 559
CANNIBALISM
381
CANOPY
215, 386, 300, 675, 794
CANTHARIDAE
128
CANTHON
734, 839
CAMPYLONEURUM
CAPANEUS
053
CAPERONIA
072, 499
CAPPARIDACEAE
002, 013, 019, 072, 499, 781,
796
CAPPARIS
019, 013, 796
CARABIDAE
578
CARACARA
791
CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES
741
CARBON
417
CARBON CREDITS
637
CARBON CYCLE
417
CARBON FLUXES
526
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
417, 820
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
193
CARDULOVICA
006
CARETTA
Página 43 de 535
Junio 2012
155
CARIBNAUTA
540
CARIOCARIACEAE
255
CARNEADES
656
CARNIVORES
048, 121, 156, 276, 379, 491,
497, 546, 583, 622, 639
CAROLELLA
187
CAROLLIA
330, 341, 461, 558, 738, 808
CARRION
446
CARRYING CAPACITY
778
CARTOGRAPHIC DATABASE
439
CARTOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
445
CARTOGRAPHY
398, 439
CARYEDES
199
CARYOCAR
255, 424
CARYOCARACEAE
255, 424
295, 791
CARYODAPHNOPSIS
255, 424
CARYOPHYLLALES
246, 486, 529
CASE STUDIES
316, 412, 778
CASEARIA
009, 054, 519
CASMERODIUS
070, 162
CASSIA
019, 172, 205, 383, 524
CASTE
351
CASTROSION
462
CATALINA
810
CATALINA SWAMP
548
CATALOGUES
336, 656, 663
CATASETUM
486
CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT
701
CATHARANTHUS
680
CATHARTES
CATHARTIDAE
295, 791
CATHARUS
847
CATOGENUS
682
CATOPSIS
486
CATTAIL
321, 437, 708, 726, 825, 836,
838, 854
CATTAIL ERADICATION
708, 825, 836, 838
CATTLE
539, 583, 586
CATTLE GRAZING
437, 566
CATTLEYA
486
CAUCE VIEJO SITE
521, 546
CAUDATA
500
CAULARTHON
486
CAULOPSIS
433
CAVE COLONIZATION
239, 661
Página 44 de 535
Junio 2012
CECROPIA
059, 077, 142, 153, 519
CENTRURUS
107
CECROPIACEAE
059, 077, 142, 153, 519
CENTURIO
461, 738
CEDRELA
077, 153, 255, 424, 570, 646
CEPHALOBIDAE
710
CAYAPONIA
072, 233, 499
CEIBA
002, 077, 153, 342, 367, 368,
473
CEPHALOBINA
670
CD-ROM
433
CELOTHELIACEAE
752
CEBIDAE
033, 052, 056, 073, 092, 115,
133, 222, 324, 372, 374, 382,
383, 391, 487, 491, 492, 494,
506, 528, 538, 544, 550, 557,
562, 569, 611, 653, 665, 669,
673, 731, 737, 756, 782, 804,
805, 824, 830
CELOTHELIUM
752
CEBUS
033, 056, 073, 092, 115, 324,
372, 374, 382, 383, 391, 487,
491, 492, 494, 506, 528, 538,
550, 557, 562, 569, 611, 665,
673, 737, 756, 805, 824
CENSUSES
033, 073, 164
CAVE ECOLOGY
662
CAVE HABITAT
738
CAVES
239, 661, 662, 738
CENOZOIC FOSSILS
469
CENSUS METHODS
033, 073, 791
CENTRAL AMERICA ORIGIN
386
CEPHALODINA
656
CEPHALOTES
555, 674
CEPHISE
332
CERAEOCHRYSA
510
CERAMBYCIDAE
001, 184, 185, 203, 261, 375,
483, 522, 533, 601, 656, 695,
768
CERAPHRONIDAE
283
CECIDELLIS
696
CENTRIS
063, 144, 166, 168, 189, 230,
248, 252, 658, 691, 699
CERATINA
084
CECIDOMYIIDAE
696, 713
CENTROLENIDAE
500
CERATONIA
241
CECIDOPIMPLA
537
CENTROSEMA
021
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
072, 499
CECILOIDES
546
CENTRUROIDES
107, 226
CERATOPHYLLUM
072, 499
Página 45 de 535
Junio 2012
CERATOPOGONIDAE
618
CERATOPTERIS
499
CERCIDIUM
241
CERDAIA
695
CERIPORIA
746, 817
145, 176, 283, 563, 572, 579,
631, 696, 713, 802
CHALICODOMA
608
CHAMPIONA
695
CHANGES OF ABUNDANCE
341, 461
CHARACIDAE
239, 661, 662
CERIPORIOPSIS
269, 817
CHARADRIIDAE
088, 636
CERVIDAE
036, 090, 225, 278, 290, 296,
344, 393, 399, 546, 577
CHARADRIIFORMES
081, 088, 102, 136, 143, 272,
636, 698, 759
CHACTAS
107
CHARADRIUS
027
CHACTIDAE
107
CHASMOGENUS
688
CHAETACIS
235
CHAULIOGNATHUS
128
CHAETOPSIS
654
CHECKLISTS
040, 045, 072, 107, 109, 110,
111, 112, 135, 202, 213, 499,
512, 573, 578
CHAGASIA
040
CHALCEDECTUS
572
CHALCIDIDAE
145, 283, 572
CHALCIDOIDEA
CHELICERATES
181, 360, 460, 508, 694, 704,
765
CHELONIA
155
CHELONIIDAE
155, 500
CHELYDRIDAE
500
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
162
CHEMICAL CONTENTS
166
CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
162
CHEMICAL SIGNALS
750
CHEMOTAXONOMY
855
CHEMSAKIELLA
695
CHIAPAPHYSA
540
CHILOPLATYS
462
CHIRODERMA
385
CHIROPTERA
002, 006, 022, 094, 095, 138,
146, 209, 219, 224, 231, 261,
277, 330, 341, 384, 385, 461,
473, 558, 583, 677, 687, 725,
738, 808
CHIROPTEROPHILY
002
CHIROXIPHIA
075
Página 46 de 535
Junio 2012
244
CHLAMYDOPUS
663
CHLORDANE
720
CHLORIDOIDEAE
207
CHLORIS
207
CHLOROPHORA
059, 142
CHLOROPLAST DNA
570
CHLOROTHALONIL
853
CHONDROHIERAX
295, 791
CHONDROMETOPUM
654
CHORENTA
695
CHORINAEUS
537
CHOROLOGY
627, 663, 722
CHROMIUM
272, 490
CHROMOBACTERIUM
653, 804
CHROMOSOME NUMBER
016, 058, 651
CHRONOSEQUENCES
431, 468, 523, 524
CHUSQUEA
016, 207, 651
CICADELLIDAE
535, 593, 819
CHROTOPTERUS
738
CICATRISESTOLOIDES
656
CICHLASOMA
707
CHRYSEOMONAS
653, 804
CICHLIDAE
689, 707, 809
CHRYSIDIDAE
178, 217, 243, 283, 334, 336
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
054, 435
CICONIIDAE
070, 154, 162, 295, 307, 342,
367, 368, 369, 370, 438, 513,
560, 561, 575, 576, 730, 739,
791, 832, 848
CHRYSOBOTHRIS
787
CINNA
016, 207, 651
CHRYSOMELIDAE
392, 534, 650
CIRCUS
791
CHRYSOMELOIDEA
242, 564, 604
CIROCOLLA
648
CHRYSOMYA
446
CIRRHICERA
656
CHRYSONOTOMYIA
631
CISSUS
134, 571, 696
CHRYSOPERLA
510
CITROBACTER
653, 804
CHRYSOPIDAE
510
CITRUS
339
CHRYSOPODES
510
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
591, 736
CHROMOLEPIDA
Página 47 de 535
Junio 2012
CLAMS
477
CLARISIA
744
CLASSIFICATION
163, 283, 540, 676, 717
CLATHRUS
663
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM
637
CLEARINGS
427, 466, 525
CLEOGONUS
856
CLEOME
002, 781
CLIMACIELLA
071, 510
CLIMATE
012, 037, 043, 161, 173, 201,
215, 225, 386, 458, 493, 655,
705, 735
CLIMATE CHANGE
157, 417, 501, 526, 637, 771,
820, 827, 850, 853
CLIMATE METADATA
788
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
215
624, 735, 658
CLIMATOLOGY
012, 201, 735
CLIMBING PLANTS
624
CLISTOPYGA
282
CLONAL PLANT
838
CLONES
211
CLOSTRIDIACEAE
653, 804
CLOSTRIDIUM
653, 804
CLUBIONIDAE
178
CLUTCH SIZE
070, 205
CLYDONIUM
282
CLYPEARIA
228
CLYPEOPYRENIS
752
CNIDOSCOLUS
130
COATIS
276, 491
CLIMATIC FACTORS
COBAEA
002
COBBONCHUS
485
COBELURA
656
COCCIDIA
830
COCCINELLIDAE
648
COCCLOBA
142
COCCOCARPIA
728
COCCOLOBA
059, 128, 142, 524
COCCYZUS
847
COCHLEARIUS
088, 162, 494
COCHLIOMYIA
446
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
060, 077, 147, 153, 524
COCHLOSPERMUM
060, 077, 147, 153, 524
COCHYLIS
187
COCOS
219, 384
Página 48 de 535
Junio 2012
COCYTIUS
011
COLOBOTHINA
656
COMMUNAL NESTING
078
CODATRACTUS
332
COLONIES
245
COMMUNICATION
496, 528, 550, 652
COELORHACHIS
462
COLONIZATION
214
COMMUNITIES
268, 461, 502
COEVOLUTION
009, 775
COLORATION
736, 743
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
753
COEXISTENCE
172
COLOUR
323, 475, 565
COLEOPTERA
001, 010, 026, 083, 084, 123,
128, 145, 170, 183, 184, 185,
186, 188, 199, 203, 220, 227,
233, 234, 240, 241, 242, 261,
333, 343, 375, 392, 401, 454,
465, 469, 474, 483, 522, 532,
533, 534, 536, 563, 564, 578,
591, 601, 604, 607, 617, 619,
629, 647, 648, 650, 656, 664,
666, 667, 668, 682, 685, 688,
693, 695, 714, 729, 734, 743,
749, 768, 787, 823, 839, 856
COLOURED PLASTICINE
MODELS
599
COMMUNITY FUNCTION
842
COLPOTROCHIA
537
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
753
COLUBRIDAE
208, 421, 498, 504, 596, 766,
773, 779
COMMUNITY MOVEMENTS
022
COLINUS
018
COLUMBINA
317
COLLARED PECCARY
134, 223, 256
COMBRETACEAE
021, 264, 332, 524
COLMENAR SITE
521, 546
COMBRETUM
021, 285
COLOBEUTRYPANUS
656
COMMELINA
499
COLOBOTHEA
656
COMMELINACEAE
440, 499, 559, 650
COLUMBIDAE
317
COMMUNITY EDUCATION
480
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
192
COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
480
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
022, 080, 182, 238, 566, 738,
842
COMPETITION
144, 171, 181, 200, 206, 597
COMPOSITION
038, 121, 152, 158, 261
Página 49 de 535
Junio 2012
CONGANTEON
243
CONGENERIC SPECIES
144
CONGRESSES,
CONFERENCES, ETC
116, 117, 141
CONIOPHANES
779
CONIOPTERYGIDAE
510
CONIOPTERYX
510
CONNARACEAE
149
CONOCEPHALUS
433
CONOPHIS
779
CONSEQUENCES
420
CONSERVATION
005, 041, 050, 103, 105, 116,
117, 141, 198, 204, 247, 248,
249, 252, 270, 271, 299, 314,
318, 342, 350, 367, 418, 424,
426, 443, 444, 494, 499, 501,
545, 552, 628, 655, 678, 730,
738, 739, 745, 757, 813, 814,
821, 822, 826, 852
CONSERVATION AREAS
355, 373, 509, 753
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
478
CONSERVATION GENETICS
826
CONSERVATION MEASURES
256
CONSERVATION POLICY
405, 430, 769
CONSERVATION STRATEGY
848
CONSERVATION THREATS
248
CONSERVATIONISTS
405, 430
CONTACT CALL
273
CONTRASTING ECOSYSTEMS
020
CONTRORCHIS
669
CONVALLARIACEAE
559
CONVERSION
539
485
COOPEBAGATZI R.L
610
COPAIFERA
255, 424
COPIPHORA
433
COPROLOGICAL SURVEY
669, 830
COPTODISCA
691
COPULATION
146, 597, 774
COQUILLETTIDIA
040
CORAGYPS
295, 791
CORBIALIDAE
546
CORDELEBOEA
537
CORDIA
002, 004, 019, 059, 142, 255,
326, 524, 555, 555, 754, 598,
674, 741
CONVOLVULACEAE
002, 072, 084, 152, 234, 455,
499, 633
CORDULECERUS
510
CONVOLVULUS
072, 499
COREIDAE
053, 127, 148, 423, 715
COOMANSUS
CORETHRELLA
Página 50 de 535
Junio 2012
040, 775
CORETHRELLIDAE
775
COSMISOMA
601
COSMOPTEROSIS
796
CORIOLACEAE
817
COSMOTOMA
656
CORIOLOPSIS
269
COSSIDAE
783
CORIXIDAE
247
COSSULA
783
CORMURA
725
COSTA RICA
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
007, 008, 009, 010, 011, 012,
013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018,
019, 020, 021, 022, 023, 024,
025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 030,
031, 032, 033, 034, 035, 036,
037, 038, 039, 040, 041, 042,
043, 044, 045, 046, 047, 048,
049, 050, 051, 052, 053, 054,
055, 056, 057, 058, 059, 060,
061, 062, 063, 064, 065, 066,
067, 068, 069, 070, 071, 072,
073, 074, 075, 076, 077, 078,
079, 080, 081, 082, 083, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 090,
091, 092, 093, 094, 095, 096,
097, 098, 099, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,
CORNUGON
835
COROLLA
553
CORRELATED EVOLUTION
553
CORRELATION ANALYSIS
786
CORSONCUS
462
CORTADERIA
207
CORTICIACEAE
269
CORYANTHES
486
CORYTOPHANIDAE
500
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228,
229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300,
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306,
307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318,
319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372,
373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396,
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414,
415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426,
427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432,
433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,
Página 51 de 535
Junio 2012
439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450,
451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456,
457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462,
463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468,
469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474,
475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480,
481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486,
487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,
493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510,
511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,
517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522,
523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,
529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540,
541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564,
565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570,
571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576,
577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582,
583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588,
589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594,
595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600,
601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612,
613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618,
619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624,
625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630,
631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636,
637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642,
643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648,
649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654,
655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660,
661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666,
667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672,
673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678,
679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684,
685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690,
691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696,
697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702,
703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708,
709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714,
715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720,
721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726,
727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732,
733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738,
739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744,
745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750,
751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756,
757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762,
763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768,
769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774,
775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780,
781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786,
787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792,
793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798,
799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804,
805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810,
811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816,
817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822,
823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828,
829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834,
835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840,
841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846,
847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852,
853, 854, 855, 856
COSTACEAE
559
COSTATUS
347
COSTS
610
COTINGIDAE
789
COTYACHRYSON
695
COTYCUARA
656
COUEPIA
435
COUMA
680
COUNTS
368, 438
COURATARI
255, 424
COURTSHIP
597, 774
COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR
774
COVARIANCEMULTIPLE
REGRESSION
786
COVER
491
CRACIDAE
154, 436, 757
CRAMBIDAE
796
CRASSOSTREA
477
CRATEVA
072, 499, 781
CRAX
154
CREAGRURA
463
Página 52 de 535
Junio 2012
CREMATOGASTER
021, 633, 555, 641, 674
CRESCENTIA
002, 060
CRETACEOUS
775
CRICETIDAE
094, 095, 481, 505
CRINUM
021
CRIPTODIRA
822
CRISANTOPHIS
779
CROCODYLIA
087, 155, 494, 500, 689, 733,
809, 826
CROCODYLIDAE
087, 155, 494, 500, 689, 733,
809, 826
CROCODYLUS
087, 155, 494, 689, 733, 809,
826
CROPS
458
CROTALUS
208
CROTON
054, 455
CROTOPHAGA
504
CRUCIBULUM
663
CRUSHING
312, 640, 659, 836, 837, 838
CRUSTACEANS
357
CRYMAEUS
477
CRYPTACRUS
233
CRYPTIC DIVERSITY
855
CRYPTOCHEILUS
692
CRYPTOCHLOA
207
CRYPTODIRA
348, 565
CRYPTORHYNCHUS
233
CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE
669, 830
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
830
CRYPTOSTRAKON
541
CTENOSAURA
078, 101, 120, 221, 237, 291,
292, 293, 305, 306, 308, 319,
380, 381, 497, 505, 597, 599,
821
CUBUS
537
CUCULIDAE
504, 847
CUCUMIS
137
CUCURBITACEAE
072, 137, 233, 406, 455, 477,
499
CUENCA BAJA RIO
TEMPISQUE
359, 476, 480, 609, 628, 689,
745, 792, 809
CUENCA DEL RIO
TEMPISQUE
458, 459, 612
CUERNA
593
CUEVA DEL TIGRE
094, 095
CULEX
040
CULICIDAE
040, 180, 684, 844
CULISETA
040
CULTIVATED RICE
772
CULTURAL AGREEMENTS
845
Página 53 de 535
Junio 2012
CULTURAL CONTROL
312, 640, 659, 708, 742, 825,
836, 837, 838
CULTURAL MONUMENTS
194
CULTURE
528
CUPANIA
076
CURCULIONIDAE
183, 188, 227, 261, 333, 664,
666, 667, 856
CYANOBACTERIA
700
CYATHUS
663
CYCLANTHACEAE
006, 559
CYCLANTHUS
006
CYLLOCERIA
282
CYTTAROPS
385
CYMATONYCHA
656
DACTYLIS
207
CYMBIODYTA
688
DACTYLOCTENIUM
207
CYMODOCEACEAE
559
DAILY ACTIVITY
291
CYNIPIDAE
283
DAILY DISTANCE TRAVELLED
069, 562
CYNODON
207
DALBERGIA
147, 255, 450, 598, 658, 741
CYNOMETRA
255
DAMAGE
010, 170, 264, 312
CYNOSURUS
207
DANAUS
079, 080, 432
CYPERACEAE
072, 212, 216, 247, 457, 499,
511, 543, 559
DANGER
276
DANTHONIA
207
CYCLORRHAPHA
482, 563
CYPERUS
072, 212, 216, 247, 437, 457,
499, 511, 543
CYCLOSPORA
830
CYPHOTHORAX
123
CYCNOCHES
486
CYRICTODES
197
CYCNODERUS
601
CYRTOPODIUM
486
DASYCLEONYMUS
572
DASYMETOPA
654
CYDISTA
365
CYTOLOGY
016, 651, 813
DASYPODIDAE
434, 546
DAPTRIUS
154
DARLINGTONIA
779
Página 54 de 535
Junio 2012
DASYPROCTA
069, 091, 115, 361, 756
386, 387, 388, 397, 418, 426,
461, 675, 717
DASYPUS
434, 546
DECIDUOUS SEASONAL
FORESTS
014, 023, 035, 170, 215, 246,
258, 275, 315, 328, 331, 341,
386, 387, 388, 397, 418, 426,
461, 675, 717
DATA PROCESSING
788
DECOMPOSER FAUNA
793
DAYOUNGIA
593
DECOMPOSITION
793
DDD
720
DEER MANAGEMENT
290
DDE
720
DEER POPULATIONS
290
DDT
720
DEFECATION PATTERNS
538, 562, 611
DEAD TIME
446
DEFECATION SIZE
562
DEAD TREES
789
DEFENCE MECHANISMS
021, 061, 130, 231, 276, 285,
320, 351, 376, 498, 547, 633,
750
DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR
750
DASYPROCTIDAE
069, 091, 115, 361, 756
DEBT FOR NATURE SWAPS
443
DECAY FUNGI
269, 345
DECEPTIVE ACTIONS
698
DECIDUOUS FORESTS
014, 023, 035, 170, 215, 246,
258, 275, 315, 328, 331, 341,
103, 183, 198, 254, 255, 357,
417, 501, 509, 526, 530, 544,
771, 782
DEFORESTATION RATES
509, 526
DEINOCERITES
040
DEINODRYINUS
COSTARICANUS
243
DEINODRYINUS
243
DEJUNA
510
DELTA-ENDOTOXINS
719
DEMOGRAPHICS
544, 782
DEMOGRAPHY
033, 448, 624, 716
DENDROBATIDAE
500
DEFICEPHALOBUS
670
DENDROCYGNA
027, 088, 294, 297, 312, 379,
407, 408, 416, 444, 560, 615,
616, 639, 659, 730, 739, 742,
837
DEFOLIATION
060
DENDROICA
018, 847
DEFORESTATION
DENDROLOGY
024
Página 55 de 535
Junio 2012
DENDROPANAX
519
DENSITY
733
DENSITY COMPENSATION
502
DENSITY ESTIMATES
033
DENSITY OF WOOD
153
DENSITY SPECIALIZATION
172
DENTALION
834
DERALLUS
714
243, 328, 333, 338, 406, 415,
423, 432, 440, 446, 449, 450,
452, 454, 455, 460, 462, 465,
472, 474, 482, 483, 485, 486,
495, 500, 508, 510, 531, 533,
535, 536, 537, 540, 554, 559,
571, 572, 573, 574, 579, 589,
591, 592, 601, 604, 607, 608,
617, 618, 619, 621, 623, 625,
627, 630, 631, 635, 638, 642,
643, 644, 645, 647, 648, 654,
657, 664, 666, 667, 670, 679,
680, 681, 682, 685, 688, 692,
693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 703,
704, 706, 710, 713, 714, 715,
721, 722, 723, 724, 728, 736,
740, 743, 748, 749, 752, 760,
762, 765, 768, 775, 777, 780,
781, 784, 785, 787, 796, 798,
802, 807, 811, 813, 817, 819,
823, 833, 834, 835, 840, 841,
843, 844, 846, 849, 855, 856
DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS
307
DIACRITA
654
DIAGNOSIS
085
DIAMETER
553
DIAMETER AT BREAST
HEIGHT
539
DIAMETER RELATIONS
529
DIAPORTHALES
592
DESCRIPTION AND TRAVEL
039, 106
DIAPRIIDAE
283
DESMIPHORA
656
DIATRYPACEAE
723
DERMOCHELYS
155
DESMODIUM
220, 450
DIATRYPE
723
DERRIS
840
DESMODUS
095, 146, 738
DIATRYPELLA
723
DESCHAMPSIA
016, 207
DEUTERIUM
471
DICHANTHIUM
806
DESCRIPTION
001, 025, 045, 058, 083, 107,
123, 149, 150, 160, 177, 180,
184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 196,
199, 203, 209, 212, 216, 220,
229, 232, 233, 235, 240, 241,
DEUTEROMYCOTINA
592
DICHORISANDRA
440
DEVELOPMENT
038, 246, 339, 446, 598, 718,
741
DICHOTOMIUS
401
DERMAL SKELETON
348
DERMOCHELYIDAE
500
Página 56 de 535
Junio 2012
DICHROMANASSA
RUFESCENS
027
DIFFERENTIAL MOTIVATION
372, 374, 391
DICHROPHLEPS
593
DIFFERENTIATION
451, 552, 570
DICROCOELIIDAE
669
DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC
DATABASE
459, 612
DIGITAL MAPPING
398, 399
DICROMANTISPA
510
DIDELPHIDAE
258, 385, 490, 505
DIDELPHIS
258, 490, 505
DIDYMOCENTRUS
107
DIEL ACTIVITY PATTERN
069
DIELDRIN
720
DIET
052, 056, 073, 087, 121, 222,
223, 247, 256, 320, 350, 376,
421, 505, 550, 584
DIET COMPOSITION
121, 505
DIET SPECIALIZATION
320, 376
DIETARY CHANGES
558
DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
067
DIGITAL PROCESSING OF
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
459, 612
DIGITARIA
016
DIGITARIA ABYSSINICA
058, 651
DILARIDAE
510
DILLENIACEAE
383
DIOECIOUS PLANTS
031, 057, 059
DIOECY
046, 139, 144, 418, 658
DIOSCOREACEAE
559, 650
DIOSPYROS
001, 059, 383, 524
DIPLAZON
462
DIPLOCENTRIDAE
107
DIPLOMONADIDA
669
DIPLONEVRA
679
DIPSOSAURUS
597
DIMERANDRA
486
DIPTERA
040, 080, 168, 174, 177, 178,
179, 180, 229, 234, 244, 261,
347, 446, 472, 482, 563, 618,
625, 634, 654, 657, 664, 679,
684, 686, 696, 703, 713, 721,
775, 784, 797, 844
DIMOPHORA
463
DIPTERODENDRON
647
DINITROGEN FIXATION
253, 349
DIRADOPS
537
DIOCLEA
450
DISKING
312, 640, 659, 708, 825, 837
DIMARELLA
510
Página 57 de 535
Junio 2012
DISPERSAL
009, 192, 214, 544, 562, 652,
782, 795
DISPERSION
122, 231
DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS
069, 434
DISPLAY
698, 764
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
475
DISTANCE
361
DISTENIA
768
DISTRACTION
698
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN
HABITAT
069, 352, 441
DISTRITO DE RIEGO ARENALZAPANDI
683, 792
DISTURBANCE
418, 497
DISTURBANCE BY MAN
822
DIURNAL
542
DIURNAL RHYTHM
036, 223, 256, 382
510
DIURNAL TAXA
791
DOMINANCE
394
DIVERSA / INBIO
AGREEMENT
700
DONACIDAE
477
DIVERSITY
675, 676, 717, 730
DONAX
477
DIVERSITY INDEX
410
DONISTHORPINA
243
DIVISION OF LABOUR
351
DORMANCY
303
DIXELLA
040
DORSTENIA
744
DNA
552
DOTHIDEOMYCETES
752
DNA ISOLATION
826
DRACAENA
477
DOLICHOMITUS
282
DRACAENACEAE
477, 559
DOLICHOPODIDAE
664
DRAINAGE
357, 683
DOLICHOPTERUS
695
DREISBACHIA
282
DOLLO PARSIMONY
755
DOMATIA
555
DREPANOTREMA
548
DOMBEYA
002
DREPHALYS
435
DRINKING
133, 491
DOMENECHUS
Página 58 de 535
Junio 2012
DRIOPTERON
631
DROUGHT
104, 288, 458, 754, 770, 822
DROUGHT STRESS
529
DRUG PLANTS
193
DRY FOREST
223, 256
498
016
DRYOCOPUS
789
ECHINOMYCES
723
DUCKS
294, 408, 416, 615, 616, 659,
742, 837
ECHINOPEPON
406
DUNG BEETLES
343, 454
DUSSIA
255
ECHINOPEPON
406, 455
ECHITEAE
798
ECHITES
798
DRY FOREST CONVERSION
CAUSES
586
DYNAMICS
038, 418, 426, 431, 468, 523,
524
DRY FOREST RECOVERY
215, 386
DYNASTES
563
ECHTHRODELPHAX
243
ECLIPTA
072, 499
DRY FOREST USE
215, 386
DYSDERCUS
086
ECOGEOGRAPHY
348
DRY SEASON
014, 052, 222, 246, 434, 850
DYSOPTUS
197
ECOHYDROLOGY
842
DRYAS
432
EBENACEAE
001, 059, 383, 524
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
024, 100, 163
DRYCOTHAEA
656
EBURIA
522
ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION
359
DRYINIDAE
243, 283, 336
EBURODACRYS
522
ECOLOGICAL FLOWS
809
DRYINUS
243
ECHINOCHLOA
016, 072, 499
ECOLOGICAL MAPPING
398
DRYMAEUS
541
ECHINODORUS
499
ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
453
DRYMARCHON
ECHINOLAENA
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
Página 59 de 535
Junio 2012
309, 321, 366, 396, 517, 613,
615, 616, 659, 708, 742, 825,
837
ECONOMIC USES
365
EDAPHIC
CHARACTERIZATION
024
ECOLOGICAL RISK
272
ECONOMIC VALUE
283
EDAPHIC FACTORS
003
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
428, 431, 467, 468, 523, 524,
794
ECONOMY
516
EDENTATES
434, 546
ECOREGIONS
225
EDGE EFFECT
456
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
020
EDRICUS
508
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
020
EDUCATION
020, 195, 478, 479
ECOSYSTEMS
038, 198, 268, 280, 286, 312,
353, 358, 487, 488, 497, 514,
515, 517, 524, 615, 616, 640,
659, 708, 742, 825, 836, 837,
838
EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS
560
ECOTOURISM
007, 100, 141, 254, 259, 260,
279, 355, 373, 494, 655, 678,
702, 778
EGG HARVESTING
297, 379, 639
ECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
791
ECOLOGICAL ZONATION
373
ECOLOGY
005, 010, 024, 036, 043, 055,
065, 068, 069, 090, 091, 104,
138, 144, 170, 209, 210, 218,
225, 239, 248, 251, 255, 271,
278, 287, 288, 295, 296, 312,
330, 331, 344, 351, 353, 393,
399, 400, 418, 424, 437, 446,
448, 453, 456, 500, 527, 549,
551, 555, 568, 580, 584, 597,
598, 615, 616, 627, 629, 640,
655, 659, 661, 663, 680, 707,
708, 716, 718, 738, 741, 742,
757, 813, 822, 825, 836, 837,
838
ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
610
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
701
ECONOMIC IMPACT
007, 259
ECOTYPES
417
ECTATOMMA
021, 334
ECTOPARASITES
087, 091
ECTOPHYLLA
138
ECONOMIC MALACOLOGY
477
EFFECTS
312, 544, 640, 659, 708, 782,
825, 836, 837, 838, 842
EGG PARASITISM
174
EGG PARASITOIDS
849
EGG PREDATION
210, 297, 379, 639
EGG SHELL THINING
162
EGG-PARASITOID
334
Página 60 de 535
Junio 2012
EGGS
162, 175, 297, 339, 379, 639
EGIDEMIA
593
EGRETTA
143, 494
EGRETTA THULA
494
EICHHORNIA
072, 151, 169, 211, 499
208, 274, 489, 500
ELASMIDAE
283
ELATERIDAE
749
ELATINACEAE
072, 499
ELCARIBE
721
EIMERIIDAE
830
ELECTROPHORETIC
MARKERS
544, 782
EIPHOSOMA
463
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
067, 089
EL NIÑO SOUTHERN
OSCILLATION
735
ELEOCHARIS
072, 499
EL POZO SITE
521, 546
EL PROGRESO
744
ELACHYLEON
510
ELAEAGNACEAE
253, 349
ELAEAGNUS
253, 349
ELANUS
791
ELAPIDAE
ELEONORIA
736
ELEUSINE
207
ELEVATION
182, 268
ELEVATION EFFECT
626
ELEVATIONAL PATTERNS
132
ELIOCHARIS
294, 429
ELLABIDAE
546
ELLEANTHUS
486
ELYTROSTACHYS
207
EMBALLONURIDAE
231, 725, 738
EMBERIZIDAE
018, 847
EMBOLEMIDAE
283
EMBOLISM
754
EMBRYOLOGY
813
EMBRYOTOXICITY
162
EMERGENT HEIGHT
215, 386
EMERSONELLA
579
EMPIDONAX TRAILLI
847
EMPIDONAX
556
EMYDIDAE
175, 442, 500, 546
ENCYCLIA
486
ENCYRTIDAE
Página 61 de 535
Junio 2012
283
ENDAMOEBIDAE
669
ENDANGERED SPECIES
050, 116, 117, 154, 155, 156,
255, 287, 342, 367, 368, 369,
370, 424, 438, 448, 541, 575,
576, 583, 673, 716, 730, 739,
848
ENDEMIC AREA
852
ENDOCARPON
752
ENDOLIMAX
669
ENDOSULFAN
853
ENERGETIC VALUE
285
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
814
ENERGY PRODUCTION
503
ENTAMOEBA
669
ENTANONEURA
510
ENTEDONINAE
579, 631, 713, 834, 835
ENTEROBACTER
653, 804
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
801, 804, 805
ENTEROLOBIUM
077, 153, 241, 377, 378, 404,
413, 425, 524
ENTODONTOPSIS
571
ENTRY FEES
778
ENULIUS
779
ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS
024
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
259
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
074, 373, 501, 514, 585
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
683
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
104, 223, 256, 268, 288, 519,
822
ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS
809
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
687
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
301, 426, 494, 600, 718, 814
ENVIRONMENTAL
JOURNALISM
585
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
249, 701
ENVIRONMENT
080, 165, 354, 519
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
445
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
161
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
271, 354, 443, 501, 814
ENOCHRUS
688
ENVIRONMENTAL
ATTITUDES
514
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
354, 405, 417, 430, 443, 778
ENSO
735
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
469
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESOURCES
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
285
ENIZEMUM
462
Página 62 de 535
Junio 2012
597
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
515, 517
ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIATION
351
ENYO
011
ENZYME POLYMORPHISM
266, 395
EOCENE FLORA
469
EOMICHLA
197
EPICHARIS
248, 699
EPIDEMIOLOGY
600
EPIDENDRUM
486, 594
EPIPODOCARPUS
695
EPIRHYSSA
282
EPISTENIA
572
EPPIA
433
EPRHOPALOTUS
631
197
ERAGROSTIS
016, 651
ERANINA
656
EREMOLEON
510
ERETMOCHELYS
155
ERIDOLIUS
462
ERIESTOLA
656
ERINNYIS
011, 130
ERIOCAULACEAE
559
ERIOCKLOA
016
ERIOCKRYSIS
016
ERIOLOIDES
433
ERIOLUS
433
EROSION
255, 771
ERUGA
282
ERYSIPTILA
ERYTHRINA
002, 021
ERYTHRODOLIUS
462
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
054, 059, 142, 571
ERYTHROXYLUM
054, 059, 142, 571
ESAMIRIM
656
ESCAPE DISTANCE
494
ESCHERICHIA
653, 804, 805
ESSOSTRUTHELLA
656
ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL
ENRIQUE JIMENEZ NUÑEZ
(=TABOGA)
010, 075, 083, 123, 161, 190,
192, 195, 199, 207, 213, 220,
240, 241, 273, 364, 415, 452,
464, 496, 522, 535, 540, 549,
580, 590, 629, 652, 657, 693,
694, 721, 787, 843, 846, 856
ESTIMATION
778
ESTOLA
656
ESTOLOIDES
656
Página 63 de 535
Junio 2012
ESTUARINE VEGETATION
096
ESTUARY
357
ETHICS
660
ETHNOBOTANY
365, 660
ETHOPROP
709
EUBACTERIA
253, 349
EUBACTERIUM
653
EUCALYPTUS
002
EUCHARITIDA
283
EUCOCCIDIORIDA
669
EUDOCIMUS
070, 143, 162, 560
EUFRIESEA
159
855
183
EUGLOSSINAE
183, 855
EUPOGONIUS
656
EULACHNESIA
656
EUROTIOMYCETES
752
EULAEMA
248
EURYGERRIS
831
EULOPHIDAE
283, 579, 631, 713, 802, 834,
835
EURYPTERA
184, 695
EUMATHES
656
EUMECOSOMYIA
654
EUMOMOTA
196
EUMYCOTA
592
EUPELMIDAE
174, 283, 572
EUPERA
541
EUPHARA
654
EUGENIA
002, 193, 642, 647
EUPHORBIACEAE
054, 072, 130, 142, 455, 499,
524
EUGLOSSA
084, 183, 248, 658, 855
EUPLECTALECIA
787
EUGLOSSA VIRIDISSIMA
EUPLUSIA
EURYPYGA
730, 739
EURYPYGIDAE
730, 739
EURYTOMIDAE
283, 849
EUTANYGASTER
463
EUTELEUTA
656
EUTERMES
649
EUTRICHITES
591
EUTYPA
723
EUTYPELLA
723
EUXESTA
654
Página 64 de 535
Junio 2012
EVALUATION
246
EXOMALOPSIS
160
060, 072, 220, 227, 241, 383,
424, 499, 524
EVANIIDAE
283
EXOTIC SPECIES
497
EVANIOIDEA
807, 846
EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDY
239, 661
FABACEAE/MIM.
060, 101, 127, 170, 188, 220,
238, 241, 255, 286, 315, 363,
378, 383, 397, 404, 413, 419,
425, 455, 507, 519, 524, 562,
611, 629, 633, 641, 681
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
727
EXPLOITATION
COMPETITION
331
EVOLUTION
079, 139, 151, 283, 336, 528,
553, 555, 572, 578, 580, 593,
652
EVOLUTION OF SOCIALITY
704
EVOLUTIONARY
ADAPTATION
078
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
662
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
239, 661
EVOLUTIVE ECOLOGY
299
EXALLOCENTRIS
230
EXCULTANUS
535
EXETASTES
537
EXOCHUS
537
EXPOSURE
162
EXTERNAL PRESSURES
501
EXTINCT SPECIES
852
EXTINCTION RISK
545
EXTRACTIVE FORAGING
372, 374, 391
EXTRACTS
750
EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES
084, 152, 158, 234, 633
FABACEAE
002, 016, 019, 021, 026, 063,
129, 134, 147, 165, 172, 183,
205, 255, 303, 335, 340, 363,
377, 410, 411, 450, 598, 613,
615, 616, 658, 659, 668, 690,
696, 729, 741, 742, 755, 803,
816, 837, 856
FABACEAE/CAE.
FABACEAE/PAP.
060, 220, 420, 424, 455, 524,
549, 633, 667, 840
FAECAL ANALYSIS
805
FAECES
805
FAGACEAE
145, 756, 795
FALCO
154, 295, 791
FALCONIDAE
154, 295, 774, 791
FAMILIES
045, 204, 318
FARANCIA
779
FARM SIZE
610
FARMING AND
AGRICULTURE
566
FAUNA
032, 050, 280, 458, 655
Página 65 de 535
Junio 2012
072, 499
FECES
808
FERAL ANIMALS
497
FECUNDITY
337
FERAL CATS
497
FEEDING
127, 234, 380, 383, 492, 504,
737, 796
FERNALDIA
495, 680
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR
786
FEEDING HABITS
021, 056, 068, 087, 090, 091,
092, 094, 095, 101, 115, 121,
134, 221, 247, 267, 350, 421,
432, 438, 446, 506, 538, 550,
557, 562, 569, 575, 576, 587,
611, 665, 672
FEEDING PATCH DEFENCE
RELATIONSHIPS
285
FEEDING SELECTIVITY
390
FEEDING SITES
222
FELIDAE
050, 156, 497, 546
FELIS
050, 156, 497
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGIES
258
FEMALES
330, 339, 597, 684, 725, 775
FERNS
635, 767
FERTILIZATION
792
FERTILIZERS
828
FESTUCA
016, 207
FICUS
696
FIELD GUIDES
318, 455, 655, 767
FIELD STATION
005, 007
FIGITIDAE
283
FIGS
124
FINAL REPORT
301
FIRE
098, 312, 586, 640, 659, 742,
822, 837
FIRE CAUSES
299
FIRE CONTROL
309, 321, 366, 396, 517
FIRE ECOLOGY
299, 820
FIRE EFFECTS
299, 735
FIRE MANAGEMENT
098
FIRE PREVENTION
098
FIRMICUTES
719
FIRST RECORD
589, 591, 620
FISHERIES
503, 530
FILA CATALINA SITE
521, 546
FISHES
224, 239, 337, 546, 661, 662,
689, 707, 809
FILICALES
748
FISHING BAT ACTIVITY
239, 661
FIMBRISTYLIS
FITNESS
Página 66 de 535
Junio 2012
275
FLABELLOPHORA
746
FLACOPIMPLA
282
FLACOURTIACEAE
009, 054, 519
FLAVONOIDS
193
FLEAS
091
FLESHY FRUIT
046
FLIES
446
FLIGHT PERIOD
522
FLOOD CONTROL
503
FLOODED FORESTS
163, 493
FLOODED LAND
093, 325
FLOODED RICE
792
FLOODING
437, 458, 459, 612, 708, 825,
850
FLOODING REGIMES
340, 803
FLOODPLAINS
503, 530
FLORA
032, 280, 325, 458
FLORAL ANATOMY
419
FLORAL BIOLOGY
004, 046
FLORAL EVENTS
004
FLORAL MIMICRY
144
FLORAL NECTAR
021, 158
FLORAL NECTARIES
158
FLORAL SEXUALITY
144
FLORAL TRAITS
553
FLORISTIC COMPOSITION
770
FLOWER ROBBING
084
FLOWER VISITORS
011, 082, 084
FLOWERING
008, 011, 169, 331, 356, 553
FLOWERING INITIATION
054
FLOWERING PATTERNS
015
FLOWERING PERIOD
310
FLOWERING PERIODICITY
042
FLOWERING PHENOLOGY
004, 356, 527, 658
FLOWERING
SYNCHRONIZATION
054
FLOWERING TIMING
054
FLOWERS
011, 051, 553
FOLIAGE
012, 201, 264
FOLIAGE INSECTS
182
FOLIAR BELTS
012, 201
FOLIAR VARIATION
270
FOLIATION
356
FOMITOPSIS
269
FOOD ADDITIVES
357
Página 67 de 535
Junio 2012
FOOD AVAILABILITY
256
FOOD AVAILABILITY
RELATIONSHIP
256
FOOD CAPTURE
482
FOOD COMPETITION
068
FOOD CONSUMPTION
558
FOOD HABITS
223, 256
FOOD PLANTS
053, 056, 073, 080, 090, 091,
092, 256, 285, 435, 538, 564,
571, 611, 647, 763
FOOD PREFERENCES
091, 361
FOOD PROCESSING
TECHNIQUES
557
FOOD RESIDUES
422, 442, 447
FOOD RESOURCES
351, 361
FOOD ROBBING
131
FOOD SUPPLY
223, 224, 256
121, 222, 223, 224, 256, 382
FOODPLAINS
575, 576
FORENSIC MEDICINE
446
FOREST COMPOSITION
044
FOODS
202, 380, 383, 492, 504, 505,
560, 561
FOREST CONSERVATION
398, 399, 637
FORAGERS
750
FOREST COVER
526, 551
FORAGING
052, 086, 118, 167, 169, 222,
231, 245, 323, 351, 390, 394,
599, 611, 665, 712
FOREST DYNAMICS
427, 466, 525
FORAGING BEHAVIOUR
183, 206, 505, 538, 665
FORAGING ECOLOGY
544, 782
FOREST ECOLOGY
038, 248, 411, 419, 420, 582,
583, 584, 585, 586
FOREST FIRES
735
FORAGING RANGE
231
FOREST FRAGMENTATION
426, 456, 544, 551, 646, 677,
782, 810
FORAGING RATES
561
FOREST FUNCTION
215, 386
FORAGING STRATEGY
172
FOREST GROWTH
427, 466, 525
FORAGING TRADITIONS
557
FOREST INFLUENCES
014
FORECASTING
735
FOREST INVENTORIES
024
FORENSIC APPLICATION
446
FOREST LAND COVER MAP
800
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
446
FOREST MANAGEMENT
424, 427, 466, 515, 517, 525
FOOD/FEEDING
Página 68 de 535
Junio 2012
FOREST MAP
024
FOREST PESTS
264
FOREST PLANTATIONS
732
FOREST PROTECTION
280, 424, 515, 517
FOREST REGENERATION
299, 583, 716
FOREST RESERVES
545
FOREST RESTORATION
551
FOREST SEEDS
428, 467
FOREST SOILS
157, 253, 349
FOREST STRUCTURE
044, 539, 586, 675, 770
FOREST TREES
013, 015, 042, 044, 060, 077,
109, 140, 142, 145, 148, 153,
255, 264, 270, 280, 424, 426,
431, 448, 455, 468, 523, 524,
552, 716
FOREST TYPES
033, 493
FOREST UTILIZATION
215
024
FORESTRY RESERVES
509
FORESTRY SECTOR
526
FORESTS
161, 173, 248, 252, 254, 398,
415
FORMICIDAE
021, 055, 101, 122, 124, 129,
150, 152, 283, 286, 315, 320,
326, 327, 334, 335, 363, 376,
390, 397, 507, 531, 555, 619,
633, 641, 674, 724, 785, 801,
851
FORRESTOPIUS
537
FORSTERONIA
680
FOSSILS
775
FRAGMENTATION
436, 757
FRANKIACEAE
253, 349
FREE-RANGING
372, 374, 391, 487
FREGATA
027
FRESHWATER
628, 745
FRESHWATER FISHES
707
FRESHWATER FLORA
325
FRESHWATER HABITAT
482
FRESHWATER SNAILS
029, 475, 477, 672
FRESHWATER TROPICAL
SYSTEM
790
FRESHWATER WETLANDS
444
FRAGMENTED FORESTS
411
FRIENDS OF LOMAS
BARBUDAL
074
FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE
411, 420, 609
FRINGILLIDAE
847
FRAGRANCE DISPLAY
725
FROG-BITING MIDGES
684, 775
FRANKIA
253, 349
FROGS
085, 094, 546, 775
FORESTED AREAS
Página 69 de 535
Junio 2012
FRUCTOSE
268
FRUGIVOROUS BATS
341, 461
FRUGIVORY
009, 356, 558, 737, 808
FRUGIVORY AND SEED
DISPERSAL
004
FRUIT
013, 418, 629
FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
331
593
713
FUNCTIONAL TRAITS
215
GALLERY FOREST
770
FUNDACION AVINA
671
ANODERMA
269
GANODES
282
FUNDACION CR-USA
671
FUNDING DIFFICULTIES
700
FUNGAL ASSOCIATES
824
GAPS
427, 466, 525
GASTEROMYCETES
627, 663, 722
GASTERUPTIIDAE
283, 846
FRUIT PRODUCTION
013
FUNGI
269, 345, 519, 592, 627, 663,
722, 723, 728, 740, 746, 752,
761, 777, 817, 824
FRUITING
008, 013, 356
FUNGUS GARDENS
801
GASTROCOPTA
338
FRUITING ACTIVITY
042
FUNGUS GNATS
686
GASTROPODS
029, 247, 263, 338, 371, 475,
477, 540, 548, 563, 672
FRUITING PHENOLOGY
356
FUNGUS-GROWING ANTS
801
FUENTES
765
FURIPTERUS
138
FUENTES
765
GAESISCHIA
063, 248, 658
FUIRENA
499
GAGRELLIDAE
352
FUNCTION
215
GALL MAKERS
696
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
GALL MIDGES
GASTERUPTION
846
GEASTRACEAE
722
GEASTRUM
627, 663, 722
GEKKONIDAE
500
GELECHIIDAE
197
GELOCHELIDON
027
Página 70 de 535
Junio 2012
GEMELLA
653
GENE BANKS
503, 668, 729
GENE DISPERSAL
609
GENE FLOW
377, 378, 404, 425, 552, 652,
826
GENE FREQUENCY
266, 395, 652
GENERA
045, 282, 462, 463, 559, 638,
762
GENES
719
GENETIC CONSERVATION
141
GENETIC CORRELATION
553
GENETIC DIVERSITY
377, 378, 395, 404, 413, 425,
457, 511, 543, 552, 570, 609,
772, 810, 826
GENETIC DRIFT
377, 378, 395, 404, 413, 425
GENETIC MARKERS
266, 395, 652, 711
GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
181
GENETIC RESOURCES
249, 270
GENETIC STRUCTURE
377, 378, 404, 425, 451, 457,
511, 543, 552, 609, 646, 810
GENETIC VARIATION
411, 420, 544, 553, 646, 711,
782
GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN
697
GEOLOGY
032, 037, 043, 049, 304, 358,
458, 697, 705
GENETICS
146, 209, 652
GEOMORPHOLOGY
024, 032, 161, 163, 304, 458,
705
GENIPA
059, 142
GEONOMA
006
GENITALIA MORPHOLOGY
332
GEOPHIS
779
GEOGRAPHIC GENE
FREQUENCY
652
GERANOSPIZA
791
GEOGRAPHIC PATTERN
273
GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
707
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
050, 344, 398, 399, 445, 459,
476, 515, 551, 577, 612, 689,
809
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION
017, 266, 364, 395, 496, 587,
590
GEOGRAPHY
202, 204, 318, 398, 655
GEOLOGICAL AGES
227, 469, 622, 697
GERMINATION
042, 169, 303, 420, 562, 668,
729
GERMPLASM ANALYSIS
457, 511, 543
GERMPLASM
CONSERVATION
457, 511, 543
GERRIDAE
831
GESNERIACEAE
021
GIARDIA
669
GIBSONIOTHAMNUS
268
Página 71 de 535
Junio 2012
GIGASPORA
519
GIGASPOREACEAE
519
GIS
050, 344, 398, 399, 445, 459,
476, 515, 551, 577, 612, 689,
809
GLANDS
783
GLENURUS
510
GLIRICIDIA
021, 060, 524
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE
628, 745
GLOEOPORUS
817
GLYCERIA
207
GRAPHIS
777
GLYPTA
537
GRAPHOMYA
797
GNETACEAE
559
GRAPHYLLIUM
740
GODMANIA
524
GRASSLAND SOILS
157
GOETHALSIA
519
GRASSROOTS
ORGANIZATIONS
074
GOLFO DE NICOYA
530
GONATOPUS
243
GONGORA
486
GLOMUS
519
GONZAGA
510
GOUT
660
GLONIELLA
740
GOVERNMENT POLICY
430
GLOSSATA
567, 691, 763
GRADUATE EDUCATION
501
GLOSSIPHONIIDAE
087
GRAMMOTHELE
269
GLOSSOPHAGA
473, 738
GRAPHIDACEAE
777
GLUCOSE
268
GRAPHINA
777
GRAVID STATE
565
GRAZING
309, 312, 321, 366, 396, 437,
488, 517, 539, 583, 586, 640,
659, 708, 825, 836, 837, 838
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
501
GREVILLEA
002
GROTEA
463
GROUND WATER USE
RECORDED
133
GROUP BEHAVIOUR
056
GROUP COMPOSITION
033
Página 72 de 535
Junio 2012
GROUP FORMATION
277
GROUP SIZE
352, 369, 491
GYGIS
018
GYMNOPHIONA
500
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
141, 541
HABITAT DIVERSITY
098
GROWTH
038, 101, 300, 340, 427, 448,
466, 525, 598, 716, 741, 803
GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE
500
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
377, 378, 404, 413, 420, 425,
456
GROWTH ANALYSIS
246
GYMNOPOGON
016
HABITAT LOSS
290
GROWTH FORM
004, 626
GYMNOSPERMS
559
HABITAT MANAGEMENT
248, 290
GROWTH RATE
246
GYNERIUM
016, 207, 651
HABITAT PREFERENCE
033, 352, 384, 605, 688, 738
GROWTH RELATIONS
529
GYNOECIUM
553
HABITAT PROTECTION
100, 545
GRYLLIDAE
758
GYRAULUS
548
HABITAT REQUIREMENTS
689, 809
GUAIACUM
024, 255, 389, 424, 448, 660,
716, 810, 815, 829
HABITAT SELECTION
544, 602, 751, 782
GUARIANTHE
486
HABITAT
004, 010, 020, 036, 050, 087,
204, 251, 294, 296, 297, 310,
311, 318, 328, 331, 336, 338,
379, 390, 424, 429, 434, 477,
486, 512, 527, 549, 558, 559,
587, 624, 626, 634, 638, 639,
642, 646, 655, 680, 738, 762,
772, 777
GUAYAQUILA
400
HABITAT ALTERATIONS
104, 198, 288, 488, 822
HABITAT USE
068, 104, 162, 219, 225, 288,
291, 315, 324, 350, 370, 382,
384, 397, 408, 416, 434, 492,
538, 560, 561, 575, 576, 577,
584, 733, 808, 822, 832
GUAZUMA
010, 019, 077, 153, 242, 383,
428, 431, 467, 468, 523, 524
HABITAT AVAILABILITY
782
HABITAT UTILIZATION
393, 434, 441, 738
HABITAT CHANGE
615, 616, 659, 742, 837
HABROMYIA
634
GUAREA
057, 059, 696
GUIDEBOOKS
204, 279, 280
HABITAT STRUCTURE
597
Página 73 de 535
Junio 2012
HABRONYX
462
HACIENDA CATALINA
263, 520
HACIENDA CIRUELAS
646, 711
HACIENDA COMELCO
001, 003, 004, 009, 011, 014,
015, 022, 031, 037, 042, 044,
049, 054, 057, 059, 065, 071,
076, 085, 118, 131, 138, 140,
142, 144, 147, 160, 166, 167,
170, 172, 176, 183, 184, 185,
189, 200, 203, 205, 206, 210,
220, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233,
240, 241, 243, 332, 336, 356,
375, 440, 465, 482, 484, 522,
554, 573, 591, 601, 604, 608,
629, 643, 644, 645, 656, 658,
667, 687, 695, 699, 743, 747,
750, 756, 760, 785, 813, 823
HACIENDA EL PELON DE LA
BAJURA
273, 364, 464, 496, 577, 580,
590, 652
HACIENDA EL VIEJO
609
HACIENDA LOS INOCENTES
173, 192, 464, 580, 581, 652
HACIENDA MOJICA
577
HACIENDA SAN JERONIMO
273, 364, 464, 496, 580, 590,
652
609
HACIENDA SOLIMAR
609
HACIENDA TABOGA
403, 647, 785
HADELEBOEA
537
HADROEPISTENIA
572
HADROSTETHUS
537
HAEMAGOGUS
040, 180
HAEMATOMANTISPA
510
HAEMODORACEAE
559
HAEMOSPORORIDA
731
HAIR
490
HAITIA
540
HAITIMI
540
HALICODOMA
608
HALO SIZE
315, 397
HACIENDA SAN JOAQUIN
HALOBATES
831
HALOCYPTENA
027
HALORAGACEAE
762
HAMADRYAS
432
HAMAMELIDACEAE
762
HAMELIA
019, 571
HAMPEA
153
HAND PREFERENCE
372, 374, 391, 487
HANDEDNESS
372, 374, 487
HANDS
487
HAPALOPILACEAE
817
HAPLOGLENIUS
510
HAPLOTYPES
266, 395
HAPSINOTUS
537
HAREM
725
Página 74 de 535
Junio 2012
HARPAGUS
295, 791
HARPIA
154
HARPYHALIAETUS
154
HARRINGTONIA
656
HARVESTING
290
HATCHING
237
HATCHING SUCCESS
070
HAWKMOTHS
011
HAZARDS
718
477
688
HELICIDAE
477
HELORIDAE
283
HELICOBIA
229, 563
HELVINA
656
HELICONIA
006, 174
HEMEROBIIDAE
510
HELICONIACEAE
006, 174, 559
HEMEROBIUS
510
HELICONIUS
432, 763
HEMILUCILIA
446
HELIOCARPUS
019, 153
HEMIOSUS
714
HELIORNIS
730, 739
HEMIPTERA
053, 086, 127, 148, 234, 247,
423, 593, 603, 623, 715, 760,
819, 831, 843
HELIORNITHIDAE
730, 739
HEPTACHLOR
720
HCB
720
HELIOZELIDAE
691
HELISOMA
477, 541, 548
HEART RATE
193
HELLERIELLA
188
HERBACEOUS VINES
767
HEAVY METALS
272, 307, 490
HELMINTHOSPORIUM
792
HERBARIO NACIONAL DE
COSTA RICA
594
HEDQVISTIA
572
HELMINTHS
485, 669, 670, 710, 833
HEIGHT RELATIONS
529
HELOBATA
688
HELICARIONIDAE
HELOCHARES
HERACLIDES
432
HERBIVORE DAMAGE
031
HERBIVORES
031, 060, 130, 264, 567
Página 75 de 535
Junio 2012
HERBIVORY
469
HERBIVORY PATTERNS
469
HERMAPHRODITISM
144, 658
HERMEUPTYCHIA
432
617
HETEROMYIDAE
094, 095, 481, 756
HETEROMYINAE
481
HETERONEURA
567, 691, 763
HERNANDIA
519
HETEROPTERA
247, 423, 603, 623, 715, 760,
843
HERNANDIACEAE
519, 762
HETEROPTERYS
484
HERPETOFAUNA
132, 502, 818
HETEROSCELUS
027
HERPETOTHERES
791
HEXACONA
656
HESPERIA
435
HEXADESMIA
594
HESPERIIDAE
332, 415, 435
HEXISEA
486
HETERANTHERA
072, 499
HIDROLEA
455
HETERANTHERA
RENIFORMIS
499
HIEROCHLOË
207
HETERANTHERA SPICATA
499
HETEROGENEITY
266, 395
HETEROLINUS BASINIGER
HIGH MONTANE FORESTS
493
HIGHER EDUCATION
845
HIGHLAND AND LOWLAND
121
HIKING
279
HILAROLEOPSIS
656
HIMANTOPUS
027
HIPPOCRATEA VOLUBILIS
571
HIPPOCRATEACEAE
571
HIPPOMELAS
787
HIPPOPSIS
656
HIRAEA
484
HIRILCUS
053
HIRTELLA
435
HIRUDINEA
087
HISTER
532, 619
HISTERIDAE
532, 619
HISTORIS
432
HISTORY
Página 76 de 535
Junio 2012
020, 125, 126, 161, 254, 365,
430, 443
HOLCUS
207
HOLDRIDGE'S LIFE ZONE
SYSTEM
012, 173, 201, 348
HOLLOW THORNS
238
693
HORISMENUS
802
HORSEHAIR FUNGI
761
HOST PARASITE
RELATIONSHIPS
415
HOLYMENIA
053
HOST PLANTS
174, 220, 240, 241, 519, 534,
536, 624, 650, 666, 696, 856
HOMALODISCA
593
HOST RANGE
415
HOMALOLINUS
617
HOST SPECIALIZATION
047
HOME RANGE
034, 036, 056, 069, 222, 223,
225, 256, 285, 361, 371, 393,
414, 434, 441, 496, 575, 576,
620, 622, 852
HOST SPECIFICITY
629
HOMILOSTOLA
197
HOMINIDAE
319
HOMO
319
HOMOPTERA
047, 400, 535, 593
HONEYBEES
169
HOPLOCEPHALA
HOSTS
001, 083, 177, 188, 339, 375,
400, 415, 432, 463, 522, 579,
631, 691, 713
HUMAN-GENERATED FIRES
822
HUMEDAL PALUSTRINO
CORRAL DE PIEDRA
088, 093, 342, 367, 368, 369,
370, 438, 575, 576
HUMIRIACEAE
255, 762
HUMIRIASTRUM
255
HUMMINGBIRDS
015, 028, 082, 268, 285
HUNTING
290, 583
HURA
077, 153
HYACCIPITER
520
HYDNORACEAE
762
HUMAN ACTIVITY
215, 422, 442, 445, 447
HYDRANGEACEAE
762
HUMAN INFLUENCE
162, 215, 386, 494
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
754
HUMAN INTERFERENCES
033
HYDRIC BALANCE
476, 613, 615, 616, 659, 742,
837
HUMAN POPULATION
225
HUMAN USER
141
HYDROBIOMORPHA
607
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Página 77 de 535
Junio 2012
499, 559
540
HYDROCLEYS
072, 322, 499
HYLA
684, 775
HYDROGEOLOGY
458, 600
HYLESICIDA
537
HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY
628, 745
HYLETTUS
656
HYDROLOGICAL NET
459, 612
HYLIDAE
498, 500, 684, 775
HYDROLOGICAL RESOURCES
359
HYLOCEREUS
486
HYDROLOGICAL
RESTORATION
614, 671
HYLOCICHLA
847
HYDROLOGY
024, 161, 163, 355, 359, 445,
458, 476, 613, 689, 809
HYDROPHIIDAE
208
HYDROPHILIDAE
607, 688, 714
HYDROPHILINI
607, 688
HYDROPHILOIDEA
607
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
455, 762
HYDROPROGNE
018
HYGROPHILA
HYLONYCTERIS
UNDERWOODI
138
HYMENACHNE
016, 072, 499
HYMENAEA
002, 183, 227
HYMENOCHAETACEAE
269, 345, 817
HYMENOCHNE
437
HYMENOEPIMECIS
282
HYMENOLOBIUM
424
HYMENOMYCETES
817
HYMENOPTERA
021, 055, 061, 062, 063, 065,
071, 082, 084, 097, 101, 122,
124, 129, 131, 144, 145, 150,
152, 159, 160, 166, 167, 168,
169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177,
178, 183, 189, 200, 206, 217,
228, 230, 234, 243, 245, 248,
250, 252, 257, 282, 283, 286,
315, 320, 323, 326, 327, 329,
334, 335, 336, 363, 376, 387,
390, 394, 395, 397, 415, 449,
451, 462, 463, 531, 537, 547,
555, 563, 571, 572, 573, 579,
589, 608, 619, 620, 630, 631,
633, 641, 658, 674, 691, 692,
696, 699, 703, 706, 713, 724,
736, 747, 750, 780, 785, 801,
802, 807, 834, 835, 846, 849,
851, 855
HYOGONIA
593
HYPAMBLYS
462
HYPARRHENIA
539, 583, 586
HYPER-SPECTRAL REMOTE
SENSING
581, 717
HYPERICACEAE
762
HYPERTENSION
193
HYPOGEAN FISHES
662
Página 78 de 535
Junio 2012
HYPOXIDACEAE
559
HYPPOBROMA
011
HYPSELONOTUS
053
HYPSICERA
537
HYPSIRHYNCHUS
779
HYRAEA
054
HYSTERIACEAE
740
HYSTERIALES
740
676, 717
ICHNEUMONIDAE
178, 257, 282, 283, 415, 462,
463, 537, 630
IMANTODESINORNATUS
779
ICHNEUMONOIDEA
691, 736
IMMATURES
339, 796
ICHTHYOFAUNA
707
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
215, 494
ICIMAUNA
656
IMPERATA
016
ICTERIDAE
286, 397, 436, 560, 757, 761
INBIO
244, 255, 257, 282, 283, 318,
326, 327, 328, 329, 332, 343,
360, 376, 401, 405, 412, 415,
423, 424, 430, 432, 433, 435,
440, 446, 449, 450, 454, 455,
462, 463, 472, 474, 482, 483,
484, 485, 486, 495, 510, 518,
522, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535,
536, 537, 540, 541, 559, 564,
571, 572, 578, 579, 589, 592,
593, 603, 607, 617, 618, 619,
620, 621, 623, 625, 627, 630,
631, 634, 635, 638, 642, 647,
650, 654, 656, 657, 663, 664,
670, 680, 682, 684, 685, 688,
692, 693, 695, 696, 700, 703,
704, 706, 710, 713, 714, 715,
721, 722, 723, 724, 728, 733,
734, 736, 740, 743, 746, 748,
749, 752, 762, 765, 767, 768,
775, 777, 778, 780, 783, 784,
787, 796, 797, 798, 800, 802,
807, 817, 819, 823, 831, 834,
835, 839, 840, 843, 846, 849,
856
ICTERUS
286, 315, 397, 436, 757, 761
ICTINIA
295, 791
HYSTERIUM
740
IDENTIFICATION
163, 204, 283, 318, 455, 457,
511, 543
HYSTEROGRAPHIUM
740
IDENTIFICATION GUIDES
655, 767
HYSTEROSIA
187
IGUANA
078, 221, 380, 494, 497, 764
IALTRIS
779
IGUANAS
292, 293, 305, 306, 308, 494
IATUCA
656
IGUANIDAE
078, 101, 120, 218, 221, 237,
291, 292, 293, 305, 306, 308,
319, 380, 381, 494, 497, 500,
505, 546, 597, 599, 605, 764,
821
IBALIIDAE
283
ICHNANTHUS
651
INBIOPARQUE
721, 722, 777, 802, 835
IKONOS
Página 79 de 535
Junio 2012
INBREEDING
377, 378, 404, 413, 425, 704
INCEPTISOLS
410
INCOME
427, 466, 525
INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS
058, 433, 541, 559, 583, 584,
638, 643, 644, 645, 685, 762,
852
INDIGENOUS RESERVES
405, 430
INFANTICIDE
759
INFLATOSTEREUM
817
INFLORESCENCE
553
INFLUENCING FACTORS
352, 764
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
398
INGA
002, 197, 633, 696
INGROWTHS
427, 466, 525
INONOTUS
746, 817
INSECT-PLANT
INTERACTIONS
335, 469, 555
INSECTS
001, 010, 011, 015, 019, 021,
026, 031, 040, 047, 053, 055,
060, 061, 062, 063, 064, 065,
068, 071, 079, 080, 082, 083,
084, 086, 091, 097, 098, 101,
122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 144, 145, 150, 152,
159, 160, 166, 167, 168, 170,
171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, 188, 189, 197, 199,
200, 203, 206, 215, 217, 220,
227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233,
234, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244,
245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 257,
266, 267, 282, 283, 286, 313,
315, 320, 323, 326, 327, 329,
332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 339,
343, 347, 350, 351, 362, 363,
375, 376, 387, 390, 392, 394,
395, 397, 400, 401, 415, 423,
432, 433, 435, 446, 449, 451,
452, 454, 462, 463, 465, 469,
470, 472, 474, 482, 483, 507,
510, 518, 522, 531, 532, 533,
534, 535, 536, 537, 547, 555,
563, 564, 567, 571, 572, 573,
578, 579, 589, 591, 593, 595,
601, 602, 603, 604, 607, 608,
617, 618, 619, 620, 623, 625,
629, 630, 631, 633, 634, 641,
647, 648, 649, 650, 654, 656,
657, 658, 664, 665, 666, 667,
668, 674, 679, 682, 684, 685,
686, 688, 691, 692, 693, 695,
696, 699, 700, 703, 706, 713,
714, 715, 721, 724, 729, 734,
736, 743, 747, 749, 750, 751,
758, 760, 763, 768, 775, 780,
783, 784, 785, 787, 792, 796,
797, 801, 802, 807, 819, 823,
831, 834, 835, 839, 843, 844,
846, 849, 851, 855, 856
INTERACTIONS
250, 268
INTERMITTENT CATTLE
GRAZING
539, 583, 586
INTERNAL PRESSURES
501
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
845
INTERNATIONAL
EDUCATION
845
INTERPLANT POLLINATOR
MOVEMENT
144, 658
INTERPLATE SEISMICITY
799
INTERPOPULATION
DIFFERENCES
557
INTERSPECIES
RELATIONSHIPS
497, 498
INTERSPECIFIC
HYBRIDIZATION
457
INTERTROPICAL
CONVERGENCE ZONE
820
Página 80 de 535
Junio 2012
INTESTINAL PARASITES
669
INTESTINAL PARASITIC
INFECTION
669, 830
INTRASPECIES
RELATIONSHIPS
317, 492, 496, 498
INTRASPECIFIC BEHAVIOUR
698
INTRASPECIFIC
INTERACTIONS
181
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION
144, 474
INTROGRESSION
755
INVADER MANAGEMENT
668, 729, 755
INVASION
312, 640, 659, 708, 825, 836,
837, 838
INVASIVE PLANT
MANAGEMENT
838
INVASIVE SPECIES
836, 838
INVERTEBRATES
001, 010, 011, 015, 019, 021,
025, 026, 029, 031, 040, 047,
053, 055, 060, 061, 062, 063,
064, 065, 068, 071, 079, 080,
082, 083, 084, 086, 087, 091,
097, 098, 101, 107, 122, 123,
124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
144, 145, 148, 150, 152, 159,
160, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171,
172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, 188, 189, 197, 199,
200, 203, 206, 210, 215, 217,
220, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 233, 234, 235, 238, 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247,
248, 250, 252, 257, 263, 264,
266, 267, 282, 283, 286, 313,
315, 320, 323, 326, 327, 329,
332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338,
339, 343, 347, 350, 351, 352,
357, 360, 362, 363, 371, 375,
376, 387, 390, 392, 394, 395,
397, 400, 401, 415, 422, 423,
432, 433, 435, 446, 449, 451,
452, 454, 460, 462, 463, 465,
469, 470, 472, 474, 475, 477,
482, 483, 485, 507, 508, 510,
518, 522, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 540, 541, 547,
548, 555, 563, 564, 567, 571,
572, 573, 574, 578, 579, 589,
591, 593, 595, 601, 602, 603,
604, 607, 608, 617, 618, 619,
620, 621, 623, 625, 629, 630,
631, 633, 634, 641, 647, 648,
649, 650, 654, 656, 657, 658,
664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669,
670, 672, 674, 679, 682, 684,
685, 686, 688, 691, 692, 693,
694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 703,
704, 706, 710, 713, 714, 715,
721, 724, 729, 734, 736, 743,
747, 749, 750, 751, 758, 760,
763, 765, 768, 775, 776, 780,
783, 784, 785, 787, 792, 796,
797, 801, 802, 807, 819, 823,
831, 833, 834, 835, 839, 841,
843, 844, 846, 849, 851, 855,
856
IOMACHUS
107
IOTONCHUS
485
IPHIMACHAERA
197
IPOMOEA
002, 084, 152, 633
IRAZONA
187
IRIDACEAE
559
IRPEX
269
IRRIGATED RICE
828
IRRIGATION
157, 357, 792
IRRIGATION CANALS
842
IRRIGATION DISTRICTS
683, 718
IRRIGATION DRAINWATER
683
IRRIGATION PROJECT
IMPACT
577, 600
IRRIGATION WATER
Página 81 de 535
Junio 2012
683
ISACHNE
016
ISCHAEMUM
016, 651, 806
ISCHASIA
695
JABIRU
154, 342, 367, 368, 369, 370,
438, 560, 561, 575, 576, 730,
739, 832, 848
JACANA
081, 088, 102, 136, 143, 560,
698, 712, 759
ISCHIOLONCHA
656
JACANIDAE
081, 088, 102, 136, 143, 560,
698, 712, 759
ISCHNIONODONTA
601
JACQUINIA
019
ISEROPUS
282
JAGUAR PREDATION
348
ISLA PAJAROS
070, 088, 100, 119, 162, 304,
307, 494, 730
JORGEUS
462
ISOPTERA
351, 649, 700
ISOSOMODES
849
ISOZYMES
266, 395, 511, 543
ITOPLECTIS
282
ITUMBIARA
656
IUCN RED LIST
852
IXOBRICHUS
088, 414
JOURNALISM
585
JUGLANDACEAE
255, 762
JULELLA
752
JUNCACEAE
559
KARYOTYPES
016, 208, 651
KATYDIDS
061, 174, 250
KEY
085, 159, 160, 180, 185, 188,
199, 203, 216, 220, 227, 232,
233, 235, 240, 241, 243, 244,
282, 310, 329, 333, 365, 375,
392, 400, 401, 402, 406, 423,
433, 446, 449, 454, 460, 462,
463, 465, 472, 474, 495, 500,
522, 531, 532, 534, 535, 536,
537, 559, 564, 572, 573, 574,
578, 579, 601, 604, 607, 608,
617, 630, 631, 638, 643, 644,
645, 647, 648, 657, 664, 667,
670, 679, 680, 681, 682, 688,
691, 693, 694, 696, 699, 703,
706, 714, 715, 721, 724, 728,
736, 743, 749, 752, 762, 775,
780, 781, 784, 785, 796, 797,
802, 807, 811, 817, 819, 823,
831, 834, 841, 856
KEY HABITATS
852
KINOSTERNIDAE
099, 104, 175, 288, 346, 348,
442, 500, 546, 565, 822
JUNONIA
432
KINOSTERNON
099, 104, 175, 288, 346, 348,
442, 546, 565, 822
JUVENILES
712
KLEBSIELLA
653, 801, 804
KALOBITTACUS
452
KLYNGON
713
Página 82 de 535
Junio 2012
KOMATIITES
697
KRAMERIACEAE
762
KUATINGA
656
KYRANYCHA
656
LA BOCANA LAGOON
614, 671
LA VENADA SITE
521, 546
LABENA
463
LACHESIS
632
LACISTEMA
696
LACISTEMATACEAE
696, 762
LACMELLEA
680
LACTONES
193
LAGOLEPTUS
462
LAGUNA CORRAL DE PIEDRA
832
LAGUNA MATA REDONDA
403, 832
LAGUNA POZO DE AGUA
499
LAGUNA ZONZAPOTE
093
LAGUNAS DEL RIO CAÑAS
093
LAGUNCULARIA
264
LAMIACEAE
762
LAND COVER CHANGE
612, 628, 745
LAND COVER MAPS
612
LAND MANAGEMENT
583, 628, 745
LANDSAT THEMATIC
MAPPER
459, 612, 676, 717, 800
LANDSCAPE
677, 757
LANEIELLA
695
LANGERMANNIA
663
LANGERMANNIA BICOLOR
722
LANTANA
696
LARGE HERBIVORES
048
LARUS
018, 027
LARVAE
064, 320, 339, 376, 435, 446,
567, 634, 665
LARVAL MORPHOLOGY
796
LASIOTHYRIS
187
LAELIA
486, 519, 609
LAND USE
161, 194, 417, 439, 444, 456,
459, 476, 509, 526, 551, 612,
628, 705, 745
LAETIPORUS
345
LAND USE CAPABILITY
194, 458
LATERALITY
391
LAGOCHEIRUS
483, 656
LAND USE CHANGE
689, 809
LATERNEA
663
LASIURUS
738
Página 83 de 535
Junio 2012
LATHROLESTES
462
LEAF LITTER FAUNA
132
LATITUDE
251
LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION
017
LEAF MARGIN
201
LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY
261
LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS
257, 687
LAURACEAE
255, 424, 696, 762
LAURENTIPHYSA
540
LAURERA
752
LEAD
272, 307, 490
LEAF AGE
567
LEAF AREA INDEX
581, 675, 717, 794
LEAF AREA LOSS
275
LEAF FALL
042
LEAF FLUSHING
042
LEAF LITTER
132
LEAF PHENOLOGY
675
LEAF PRODUCTION
042
LEAF ROLLERS
647
LEAF SIZE
012
LEAF TOUGHNESS
567
LEAF-CUTTING ANTS
122, 390, 619, 801
LEAFHOPPERS
819
LEAKAGE
637
LEARNING
273, 323, 364, 506, 550, 590,
665
LEAVES
012, 201, 553
LECARONOMYCETES
728
LECITHOTROPHY
337
LECTOTYPES
392, 484
LECTOTYPIFICATION
840
LECYTHIDACEAE
255, 424, 762
LECYTHIS
255
LEERSIA
072, 207, 499
LEGISLATION
358
LEMA
650
LEMAIREOCEREUS
246
LEMNA
499
LEMNACEAE
499, 559
LENGTH
553
LENNOACEAE
762
LENTIBULARIACEAE
310, 762
LENZITES
345
LEOPARDUS
156
Página 84 de 535
Junio 2012
LEPANTHES
686
LEPIDOBOTRYACEAE
762
LEPIDOCHELYS
155, 500
LEPIDODEXIA
563
LEPIDOPHORA
177
LEPIDOPHORA VETUSTA
178
LEPIDOPTERA
011, 031, 079, 080, 082, 124,
130, 170, 174, 187, 197, 234,
261, 267, 320, 332, 339, 376,
387, 415, 432, 435, 518, 567,
665, 691, 763, 783, 792, 796
LEPIDOSAURIA
078, 120, 221, 236, 237, 274,
587, 596, 599, 605, 764, 821
LEPTARIONTA
541
LEPTHOMIS
267
LEPTINARIA
371, 541
LEPTOBATOPSIS
537
LEPTOCHLOA
311
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
085, 500, 775
LEPTODACTYLUS
085
LEPTODEIRA
421, 779
LEPTODON
154, 791
LEPTOGLOSSUS
053
LEPTOMANTISPA
510
LEPTONYCTERIS
002
LEPTOPIMPLA
282
LEPTOSTYLUS
001, 656
LEPTOTILA
317
LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE
500
LEUCAENA
646
LEUCOCHRYSA
510
LEUCOPHOEBE
656
LEUCOSPIDAE
176, 283
LEUCOSPIS
176
LEURUS
537
LIANAS
624, 767
LIBELLULIDAE
267
LICANIA
077, 153
LICHENES
752, 777
LEPTRICHILLUS
656
LIFE CYCLE
047, 120, 174, 178, 189, 217,
287, 337, 385, 446, 477, 505,
519, 758
LEPTURGANTES
656
LIFE ZONE SYSTEM
173
LEPTURGES
656
LIFE ZONES
161, 173, 202, 458, 459, 612
LESTRIMELITTA
131, 200
LIFE-HISTORY
CHARACTERISTICS
Página 85 de 535
Junio 2012
218, 436, 757
LIFESPAN
051
LIGHT
794
LIGHT AVAILABILITY
741
LIGHT EFFECT
598, 741
LIGHT RESPONSE
239, 661
LIGIELLA
663
LIGUSTRUM
836
LILIACEAE
559
LILIOPSIDA
006, 015, 016, 019, 021, 058,
072, 082, 098, 124, 151, 157,
169, 174, 192, 207, 211, 212,
215, 216, 219, 240, 247, 294,
311, 312, 322, 328, 362, 384,
402, 403, 437, 455, 457, 477,
482, 486, 494, 499, 511, 539,
543, 553, 559, 560, 561, 586,
588, 594, 595, 606, 609, 610,
613, 614, 615, 616, 638, 640,
650, 651, 659, 671, 686, 690,
696, 708, 709, 726, 742, 767,
772, 792, 806, 811, 825, 828,
836, 837, 838, 854
LIMATUS
040
094, 095, 481, 756
LIMAX
477
LIMERNAEA
695
LIMESTONE CAVES
024, 738
LIMNNOCHARIS
322
LIMNOBIUM
499
LIMNOCHARIS
072, 499
LIMNOCHARITACEAE
072, 322, 499, 559
LIMNOGONUS
831
LIMOSA
027
LIMPKIN
029, 475
LINACEAE
762
LINDENIA
011, 232
LINDTNERIA
345
LINSLEYELLA
695
LIPOTACTOMIMUS
433
LIROMETOPUM
433
LISSAMPHIBIA
775
LISSOCAULUS
537
LISSONOTA
537
LIST
056
LITERATURE REVIEW
248
LITHACHNE
016, 207
LITHARGYRUS
656
LITHOTHELIUM
752
LITTER PRODUCTION
388
LITTER TYPE
793
LIUS
123
LIVESTOCK
309, 321, 366, 396, 517, 702
LIOMYS
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Junio 2012
LIXOPHAGA
179
LIZARDS
078, 094, 132, 218, 221, 502
LLANOS DE CORTES
190, 273, 364, 464, 496, 580,
590, 652
LOASACEAE
762
LOBIPES
027
LOCAL POPULATION
609
LOCAL SPECIES RICHNESS
818
LOCI
266, 395
LOCOMOTION BEHAVIOUR
575, 576, 851
LOGANIACEAE
455, 762
LOGGING
389, 424
LOGISTIC REGRESSION
046
LOLIUM
207
LONCHOCARPUS
002, 840
LONCHODRYINUS
243
LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT
720
LONGEVITY
528
LOPHOMUTILLA
329
LOPHOPOEUM
656
LOPHOSTIGMA
329
LOPHOSTOMA
738
LORANTHACEAE
762
LORENZOCHLOA
207
LOS LOROS
813
LOWLAND WET FOREST
658
LOWLANDS
493, 558
LOXOCEMIDAE
221, 380, 500
LOXOCEMUS
221, 236, 380, 587
LOXODOCUS
537
LOYOLA
510
LUCILIA
446
LUCILIA
446
LUDWIGIA
294, 429
LOSSES
357
LUEHEA
002, 019, 383, 428, 467, 524,
665
LOW MONTANE FOREST
493
LUFFA
137
LOWEPORUS
345
LUTZOMIOPS
040
LOWLAND DECIDUOUS
FOREST
291
LUZIOLA
016, 207
LOWLAND FOREST
024, 469
LYCASTE
486
LYCIDAE
Página 87 de 535
Junio 2012
184
LYCISCA
572
LYCOGALOPSIS
663
LYCOPERDACEAE
722
LYCOPERDON
663, 722
LYCORINA
462
LYGRONOMA
197
LYMNAEA
541
LYMNAEIDAE
540
LYROMMATACEAE
752
LYSILINGA
721
LYTHRACEAE
002, 762
MACFADYENA
054
MACHAERIUM
455
MACHTIMA
053
MACLURA
524, 744
MACOUBEA
680
MACROCIRCA
197
MACROCOPTURS
664
MACROFUNGI
740
MACROPHARYNX
680
MAGASPOROPORIA
345
MAGNOLIACEAE
762
MAGNOLIOPHYTA
001, 002, 003, 004, 006, 008,
009, 010, 011, 013, 015, 016,
019, 021, 026, 031, 045, 051,
054, 057, 058, 059, 060, 063,
072, 076, 077, 082, 084, 086,
098, 101, 109, 118, 124, 127,
128, 129, 130, 134, 137, 139,
140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149,
151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 165,
169, 170, 172, 174, 183, 190,
192, 193, 205, 207, 211, 212,
214, 215, 216, 219, 227, 232,
233, 234, 238, 240, 241, 242,
246, 247, 251, 253, 255, 264,
268, 270, 286, 294, 303, 310,
311, 312, 315, 322, 326, 328,
331, 332, 333, 335, 339, 340,
349, 362, 363, 365, 377, 378,
383, 384, 387, 389, 397, 402,
403, 404, 406, 410, 411, 413,
418, 419, 420, 424, 425, 428,
429, 431, 435, 437, 440, 448,
450, 455, 457, 467, 468, 469,
473, 477, 484, 486, 495, 499,
507, 511, 519, 523, 524, 527,
529, 534, 536, 538, 539, 543,
549, 552, 553, 554, 555, 559,
560, 561, 562, 570, 586, 588,
594, 595, 598, 606, 609, 610,
611, 613, 614, 615, 616, 624,
626, 629, 633, 638, 640, 641,
642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647,
650, 651, 658, 659, 660, 665,
666, 667, 668, 671, 674, 680,
681, 686, 690, 696, 708, 709,
711, 713, 716, 726, 729, 732,
741, 742, 744, 754, 755, 756,
762, 767, 772, 781, 792, 795,
796, 798, 803, 806, 810, 811,
813, 815, 816, 825, 828, 829,
836, 837, 838, 840, 854, 856
MAGNOLIOPSIDA
001, 002, 003, 004, 006, 008,
009, 010, 011, 013, 015, 019,
021, 026, 031, 045, 051, 054,
057, 059, 060, 063, 072, 076,
077, 084, 086, 098, 101, 109,
118, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134,
137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145,
147, 149, 152, 153, 158, 165,
170, 172, 174, 183, 190, 192,
193, 205, 214, 215, 227, 232,
233, 234, 238, 240, 241, 242,
246, 247, 253, 255, 264, 268,
270, 286, 294, 303, 310, 315,
326, 331, 332, 333, 335, 339,
340, 349, 362, 363, 365, 377,
378, 383, 387, 389, 397, 404,
406, 410, 411, 413, 418, 419,
420, 424, 425, 428, 429, 431,
435, 440, 448, 450, 455, 467,
468, 469, 473, 484, 486, 495,
Página 88 de 535
Junio 2012
499, 507, 519, 523, 524, 527,
529, 534, 536, 538, 549, 552,
553, 554, 555, 562, 570, 598,
611, 613, 615, 616, 624, 626,
629, 633, 641, 642, 643, 644,
645, 646, 647, 650, 658, 659,
660, 666, 667, 668, 674, 680,
681, 690, 711, 713, 716, 729,
732, 741, 742, 744, 754, 755,
756, 762, 767, 781, 795, 796,
798, 803, 810, 813, 815, 816,
829, 836, 837, 838, 840, 856
MALAGONIELLA
734, 839
MALARIA
731
MALE BEHAVIOUR
178
MALE DIMORPHIC
CHARACTERS
258
MALE STATUS
597
MALE-FEMALE
INTERACTIONS
597
MALE-MALE AGGRESSION
597
MALES
330, 474, 505, 597, 725
MALONIA
187
MALOUETIA
680
812
MALPIGHIACEAE
054, 332, 484, 666, 762
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
593
MALVACEAE
153, 220, 536, 696, 762
MALVAVISCUS
696
MAMMALS
002, 006, 015, 019, 021, 022,
033, 036, 052, 056, 067, 069,
073, 086, 090, 091, 092, 094,
095, 111, 115, 121, 124, 133,
134, 138, 146, 156, 164, 193,
209, 210, 219, 222, 223, 224,
225, 231, 256, 258, 261, 276,
277, 278, 290, 296, 312, 319,
324, 330, 341, 344, 357, 361,
362, 372, 374, 379, 382, 383,
384, 385, 391, 393, 399, 434,
441, 461, 473, 481, 487, 490,
491, 492, 497, 505, 506, 528,
538, 544, 546, 550, 557, 558,
562, 569, 577, 583, 611, 619,
622, 639, 653, 665, 669, 673,
677, 687, 725, 731, 737, 738,
756, 782, 804, 805, 808, 824,
830
MANAGEMENT
030, 032, 087, 114, 247, 260,
287, 290, 297, 302, 350, 379,
444, 458, 459, 539, 586, 612,
639
MANAGEMENT PLAN
705
MANAGEMENT
RECOMMENDATIONS
252
MANDEVILLA
680
MANDIBULAR GLANDS
166, 641, 750
MANDONIA
440
MANDUCA
011
MANGANESE
272, 307, 490
MANGORA
694
MANGROVE FORESTS
357, 503, 530
MANGROVES
163, 198, 264, 357, 493, 503,
530
MANISURIS
016
MANOLEPIS
779
MANSONIA
040
MANTECO SITE
521, 546
MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Página 89 de 535
Junio 2012
MANTISPIDAE
071, 510
MANTLED HOWLING
MONKEY
033, 052, 073, 092, 133, 222,
538, 544, 562, 611, 653, 669,
731, 782, 804, 805, 824, 830
MAPS
439, 552
MARANTACEAE
006, 021, 072, 082, 174, 499,
559, 650
MARASMIUS
761
MARCGRAVIA
002
MARCGRAVIACEAE
002, 762
MARGARITARIA
054
MARGIN
799
MARGINELLIDAE
546
MARISCUS
212
MARKETING
175, 412
MARMOSA
385
MARPESIA
432
387, 420, 511, 543, 597, 829
MARSH
030, 032, 050, 066, 081, 087,
100, 102, 114, 135, 143, 163,
169, 481, 561, 566, 567, 636,
659, 742, 837
MARSILEA
499
MARSUPIALS
094, 258, 385, 490, 505
MARTYNIACEAE
762
MASS AGGREGATIONS
352
MASS MEDIA
585
MASS-FLOWERING PLANTS
658
MASTIGOPHORA
669, 775
MATA DE MONTE SITE
521, 546
MATA REDONDA WETLAND
488
MATE TAKEOVER
759
MATERNAL CARE
102, 704
MATING
489
MATING SYSTEMS
MATURE
562
MAXILLARIA
594
MAYA
499
MAYABINA
540
MAYACACEAE
499, 559
MAZAEDIOTHECIUM
752
MEASUREMENT
012, 201, 417
MECHANICAL CONTROL
312, 437, 640, 659, 708, 742,
825, 836, 837, 838
MECHANICAL CRUSHING
437, 708, 825
MECHANICAL DAMAGE
529
MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE
838
MECOPTERA
452
MECOTETARTUS
656
MEDICAL BOTANY
193
Página 90 de 535
Junio 2012
009, 789
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
040, 180, 844
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
844
MEDICINAL PLANTS
193, 660
MEGACERUS
604
MEGACHILE
063, 747
MEGACHILIDAE
063, 608, 747
MEGACHORIOLAUS
184
MEGADERUS
695
MEGALAEMYIA
654
MEGALOMUS
510
MEGALOTREMIS
752
MEGASPILIDAE
283
MELALEUCA
002
MELALONCHA
703
MELANERPES
MELANOGASTER
663
MELANTHIACEAE
559
MELASTOMATACEAE
762
MELEOMA
510
MELIACEAE
057, 059, 142, 255, 424, 524,
552, 570, 646, 696, 762
MELIPONA
200
MELIPONINAE
131, 167, 172, 200, 206
MELITOMA
084
MELOCACTUS
486
MELOLONTHIDAE
474
MEMBRACIDAE
047, 400
MEN
319
MENISCOMORPHA
537
MENISPERMACEAE
762
MENYANTHACEAE
762
MERCURY
272, 490
MEROBRUCHUS
083, 170, 629
MEROMACRUS
634, 657
MEROSTACHYS
207
MERULIACEAE
817
MESECHITES
571, 680
MESOGASTROPODA
477
MESOGRAMMA
482
MESOPLIA
168
MESSATOPORUS
178
METACAPUTUS
433
METACYRBA
765
METANTEON
243
METAPOLYBIA
Página 91 de 535
Junio 2012
065
METAZYGIA
574
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
788
METEOROLOGICAL
STATIONS
476
METEOROLOGY
735
METEPEIRA
460
METHANE EMISSIONS
820, 827
METOPIUS
537
METOPOCERIS
650
METROBATES
831
MEXINAUTA
540
MEZIA
484
MEZIRA
760
MICE
094, 095
MICONCHUS
485
027
MICRASTUR
295, 791
MICRATHENA
235
MICRO-HABITAT SELECTION
441, 605
MICROBIAL DISPERSAL
253, 349
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
519
MICROCLIMATE
014, 456
MICROCOCCACEAE
804
MICROCYTTARUS
061
MICRODONOPHAGUS
579
MICROFUNGI
740
MICROHYLIDAE
500
MICROMUS
510
MICRONYCTERIS
094, 138, 738
MICROORGANISMS
269, 345, 519, 627
MICROPALAMA
MICROPORELLUS
345
MICROSATELLITES
552, 652, 782
MICROSTEGIUM
836
MICROTHELIOPSIDACEAE
752
MICRURUS
208, 274, 489
MIGRANT BIRDS
027, 100, 202, 530, 556, 560,
561, 584, 730, 847, 852
MIGRATION
105
MIGRATION RATE
181
MIGRATORY BEHAVIOUR
079
MIGRATORY SPECIES
583
MIKANIA
696
MILESIA
657
MIMETIC RELATIONSHIPS
071
MIMICRY
123, 184, 274, 664, 686
Página 92 de 535
Junio 2012
511, 543
MIMIPTERA
184
MIMOLAIA
656
MIMON
138
MIMOSA
170, 220, 455
MIMOSESTES
241, 729
MIMOSOIDEAE
335, 377
MINQUARTIA GUIANENSIS
255, 519
MISCHOCYTTARUS
171, 174, 228
MITES
178, 217
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
266, 395, 520, 544, 609, 782
MIXOCHLORUS
787
MNIOES
537
MODIS
727
MOISTURE GRADIENT
057
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
673, 731, 737, 756, 782, 804,
805, 824, 830
MOLECULAR
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY
552
MONOBLASTIACEAE
752
MOLLUGINACEAE
762
MONOBLASTIAZ
752
MOLLUSCS
029, 247, 263, 338, 371, 422,
475, 477, 540, 541, 546, 548,
563, 595, 672
MONOMACHIDAE
283
MOLOMEA
593
MOLOSSIDAE
738
MOLOSSUS
138
MOMOTIDAE
196
MONCHECA
433
MONERA
719
MONIMIACEAE
762
MONITORING
417
MONKEYS
033, 052, 056, 073, 092, 115,
133, 222, 324, 372, 374, 382,
383, 391, 487, 491, 492, 494,
506, 528, 538, 544, 550, 557,
562, 569, 611, 653, 665, 669,
MONONCHIDAE
485
MONONCHINA
485
MONONCHUS
485
MONSOONAL WETLANDS
820
MONSTERA
006
MONTANE RAIN FOREST
077, 153
MONTESIA
656
MONTHLY RAINFALL
AVERAGE
476
MORA
255
MORACEAE
019, 059, 124, 142, 524, 696,
744, 762
Página 93 de 535
Junio 2012
MOREAE
744
MORTONIELLA
680
MORGANELLA
663, 722
MORUS
744
MORINDA
021
MOUTH
653
MORINGACEAE
762
MOUTHPARTS
062
MORMOOPIDAE
738
MOVEMENT PATTERNS
068, 361, 597
MORPHNUS
154
MOVEMENTS
036, 056, 104, 223, 225, 256,
288, 324, 382, 434, 441, 822
MORPHO
432
MORPHOLOGICAL SEX
DIFFERENCES
565
MORPHOLOGICAL
VARIATION
348
MORPHOLOGY
011, 012, 166, 201, 209, 216,
239, 266, 310, 333, 339, 371,
395, 432, 440, 465, 474, 533,
588, 597, 643, 644, 645, 661,
670, 704, 710, 721, 744, 797,
813, 819, 833
MORPHOMETRICS
346, 348, 670, 710, 833
MORTALITY
070, 104, 288, 340, 427, 466,
525, 567, 759, 803, 822
MOWING
312, 640, 659, 708, 825, 836,
837, 838
MOZENA
053, 423
MUCUNA
002
MUHLENBERGIA
651
MULTILOCUS ALLOZYME
ANALYSIS
377, 378, 404
MULTIPURPOSE TREES
270
MULVEYELLUS
485
MUNTINGIACEAE
762
MURIDAE
193, 385, 441, 481, 619
MUSA (BANANAS)
006, 174
MUSACEAE
006, 174, 559
MUSAESPORA
752
MUSCICAPIDAE
847
MUSCIDAE
797
MUTILLIDAE
283, 329, 589, 780
MUTINUS
663, 722
MUTUALISM
047, 315, 334, 363, 397, 519
MUXBALIA
601
MYCOBIOTA
746
MYCOMICROTHELIA
752
MYCOPORACEAE
752
MYCOPORUM
752
MYCORRHIZAE
Página 94 de 535
Junio 2012
519
MYCTERIA
070, 162, 272, 307, 444, 561
MYELOCONIDACEAE
752
MYIARCHUS
009, 789, 847
MYRMECOPHILY
286, 674
MYRMECOPHYLA
486
MYRMELEON
064, 068, 470, 507, 510, 602,
751
MYIASIS
446
MYRMELEONTIDAE
064, 068, 470, 507, 510, 602,
751
MYIODYNASTERS
009
MYROSPERMUM
147, 658
MYLONCHULIDAE
485
MYROXYLON
255, 424
MYRTACEAE
002, 193, 571, 642, 647, 762
MYLONCHULUS
485
MYMARIDAE
283
MYOTIS
138, 738
MYRICACEAE
762
MYRINELEON
510
MYRISTICACEAE
519
MYRISTOMA
722
MYRMECOPHILOUS PLANTS
286
MYTELLA
477
MYTILIDAE
477
NACARINA
510
NAJADACEAE
072
NAJAS
072, 499
NALLACHIUS
510
207
NASUA
276, 491
NASUTITERMES
351, 649
NATALUS
738
NATIONAL HERBARIA
594
NATIONAL PARKS
032, 041, 103, 108, 114, 194,
247, 249, 254, 260, 264, 271,
279, 280, 301, 304, 350, 353,
355, 358, 373, 405, 417, 430,
443, 453, 455, 456, 509, 526,
545, 568, 655, 705, 719, 735,
753, 778
NATIONAL PARKS SERVICE
254
NATIONAL PROFILES
516
NATIONAL RESERVES
279
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGES
113, 194, 405, 430, 509
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION
115, 294, 429
NANIUM
462
NATURAL ENEMIES
145, 178, 217, 245, 250, 415,
668, 729
NASSELLA
NATURAL HISTORY
Página 95 de 535
Junio 2012
106, 124, 154, 155, 156, 196,
227, 289, 372, 374, 385, 391,
415, 435, 449, 455, 487, 500,
650, 655, 681, 704, 821
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
565
NATURAL LICKS
067, 089
NATURAL POLLINATION
411, 420
NATURAL POPULATIONS
068
NATURAL REGENERATION
309, 321, 366, 396, 517
NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
701
NATURAL RESOURCES
020, 173, 191, 354, 359, 443,
545, 771
NATURAL SELECTION
475, 553
NATURE CONSERVATION
114, 191, 249, 254, 280, 398,
430, 456, 459, 509, 530, 545,
582, 584, 585, 586, 612, 689,
769, 809
NATURE RESERVES
280, 353, 373, 436, 509, 545,
568, 757
NATURE TOURISM
259, 260, 678, 778
NAUCLEOPSIS
744
NAVISPORUS
746
NEALCIDION
656
NECTANDRA
077, 153, 696
NECTAR
118, 152, 234, 268, 394
NECTAR EATING
285
NECTAR FLOWS
268
NECTAR MONITORING
144, 658
NECTAR PLANTS
118, 268
NECTARIES
118
NECTARIVOROUS BATS
341, 461
NEINUDA
693
NELEOTHYMUS
463
NELIOPISTHUS
462
NEMATOCHARES
197
NEMATODES
087, 485, 669, 670, 710, 776,
833
NEMOGNATHA
084
NEOCHRYSIS
178, 217
NEOCONIS
510
NEOCONOCEPHALUS
433
NEODRYINUS
243
NEOEUTRYPANUS
656
NEOGERRIS
831
NEOHAPLOGLENIUS
510
NEOLEMA
650
NEOLIBERAL POLICY
357
NEOLYSURUS
663
NEOMEGADERUS
695
NEOMIDA
693
Página 96 de 535
Junio 2012
NEOTHERONIA
282
NEOTOMA
619
NEOTRICHIA
595
NEPTICULA
691
NEPTICULIDAE
691
078
NESTING
119, 175, 189, 286, 287, 297,
315, 367, 368, 379, 397, 438,
496, 547, 555, 639
NESTING BEHAVIOUR
171, 297, 639, 789
NESTING BIOLOGY
075, 178, 217
NESTING COLONIES
100, 494, 730
NEW COMBINATIONS
197, 199, 233, 332, 375, 402,
450, 483, 510, 518, 571, 572,
578, 601, 656, 664, 693, 695,
710, 736, 765, 780, 783, 811,
846
NEW FAMILY
752
NEW FORM
232
NESTING ECOLOGY
390
NEW GENUS
433, 462, 540, 579, 592, 625,
648, 654, 696, 710, 713, 721,
783, 834, 835
NESTING PATTERNS
070
NEW LECTOTYPES
333, 472, 666, 688
NESTING SEASONS
175
NEW NICHE
239, 661
NEST
075, 078, 168, 171, 189, 217,
237, 286, 315, 397, 496, 619
NESTING SITE
286, 315, 397
NEW PLANT HOST RECORDS
604
NEST BOXES
297, 379, 639
NESTLING SEX RATIO
580
NEST CONSTRUCTION
761
NET PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
388
NEW RECORD
018, 084, 138, 176, 212, 311,
423, 455, 474, 564, 596, 604,
620, 636, 663, 682, 714, 715,
738, 768, 797, 806, 817
NEPTUNIA
072, 294, 429, 499
NERIUM
680
NERODIA
779
NEST DENSITY
070
NEST SHARING
078
NEST SITE
286, 315, 397, 789
NEST STRUCTURE
NETELIA
462
NEUROPTERA
064, 068, 071, 234, 470, 507,
510, 602, 751
NEUZINA
625
NEW SECTION
232
NEW SPECIES
001, 025, 058, 083, 085, 107,
123, 150, 160, 177, 179, 180,
184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 199,
216, 220, 227, 229, 230, 233,
235, 243, 244, 328, 329, 332,
333, 338, 343, 347, 360, 375,
Página 97 de 535
Junio 2012
392, 400, 401, 406, 415, 423,
433, 435, 440, 449, 450, 452,
454, 455, 460, 462, 465, 472,
474, 484, 485, 508, 510, 522,
531, 533, 535, 536, 537, 540,
554, 564, 571, 572, 574, 578,
579, 589, 591, 592, 601, 603,
604, 607, 608, 617, 618, 619,
623, 625, 627, 630, 631, 635,
642, 643, 644, 645, 647, 654,
657, 664, 666, 667, 670, 679,
681, 682, 685, 688, 691, 692,
693, 694, 696, 699, 703, 704,
710, 713, 714, 715, 721, 724,
736, 740, 743, 748, 749, 752,
760, 775, 777, 780, 783, 784,
787, 796, 802, 807, 811, 817,
819, 823, 833, 834, 835, 840,
841, 843, 846, 849, 855, 856
NEW SUBGENUS
230, 435
NEW SUBSPECIES
203, 433
NEW SYNONYMS
107, 184, 203, 220, 228, 230,
233, 235, 326, 333, 375, 482,
495, 510, 518, 522, 533, 572,
573, 578, 608, 619, 623, 630,
648, 649, 656, 657, 679, 693,
695, 699, 710, 714, 715, 721,
724, 743, 749, 775, 802, 823,
841, 843
NEW TRIBES
540
NEW VARIETY
663
NEWS REPORT
098
120
NICHE PARTITIONING
808
NICHE SPECIFICITY
003
NICOYA COMPLEX
697
NIGROFOMES
345
NIGROPORUS
345, 746
NINIA
779
NITROGEN
816
NITROGEN CYCLE
157
NITROGEN FIXATION
023, 035, 253, 349, 351, 801
NITROGEN LIMITATION
838
NITROUS OXIDE
157
NOCTILIO
738
NOCTILIONIDAE
738
NOCTUIDAE
518, 792
NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY
NODULES
253, 349
NOLIMA
510
NOMENCLATURE
280, 840
NOMOSPHECIA
282
NONGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
814
NORDIIDAE
833
NORDUS
743
NORMANDINA
752
NOTAPICTINUS
760
NOTHOLAENA
748
NOTHOPHAGUS
696
NOTIOBIELLA
510
NOXIOUS MOLLUSCS
477
NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES
215, 386
Página 98 de 535
Junio 2012
NUMBERS OF SPECIES
182
NYSSODRYSINA
656
NUMENIUS
018
NYSSODRYSTERNUM
656
NUSALALA
510
OBJECT MANIPULATION
372, 374, 391, 487
NUTRIENT CYCLING
023, 035
OBLIGATE ACACIA-ANT
055
NUTRIENTS
035
OBRIMA
518
NUTRIENTS RETENTION
503
OCCIA
537
NUTRITION
550
OCEANITES
027
NYCTAGINACEAE
059, 142, 762
OCEANODROMA
027
NYCTANASSA
088, 494
OCHNACEAE
762
NYCTICORAX
088, 119, 162, 494
OCHROMA
153
NYMPHAEA
072, 247, 294, 429, 499, 567,
762
OCTAVIUS
465
NYMPHAEACEAE
072, 247, 294, 429, 499, 567,
762
NYMPHALIDAE
079, 080, 174, 267, 432, 763
NYSSODECTES
656
OCYPTAMUS
482
ODONTADENIA
680
ODONTOPHORIDAE
018
ODONTOPIMPLA
282
OECOPHORIDAE
197
OEDEMOPSIS
462
OEDOPEZA
656
OFFSPRING
337
OKAVANGO
820
OLACACEAE
255, 519, 762
OLEACEAE
762, 836
OLENOSUS
656
OLLA
648
OLYRA
207
ODOCOILEUS
036, 090, 225, 278, 290, 296,
344, 393, 399, 546, 577
OMMATA
695
ODONATA
261, 267
OMMATIUS
347
Página 99 de 535
Junio 2012
OMOLABUS
647
OMPHALE
631
ONAGRACEAE
220, 762
ONALCIDION
656
ONARION
462
ONCIDIUM
486
ONCOMETOPIA
593
ONTHOPHAGUS
454
OPEAS
477, 541
OPERCULINA
455
OPHIONELLUS
462
OPHIOPTERUS
462
OPHTHALMOPTERA
654
OPILIACEAE
762
OPILIONES
352
OPSIPHANES
432
OPUNTIA
455, 486
ORADIS
579
ORAL CAVITY
804, 824
ORCHIDACEAE
486, 594, 609, 638, 686, 849
OREODERA
656
OREOMUNNEA
255
OREOPANAX
077, 153
ORGANIC CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
044
ORGANISMS
020
ORGANIZATION
412
ORGANIZATION FOR
TROPICAL STUDIES
005, 007, 012, 013, 014, 015,
016, 017, 018, 019, 020, 021,
022, 023, 025, 026, 027, 028,
029, 030, 031, 032, 033, 034,
035, 036, 037, 038, 039, 040,
041, 087, 088, 089, 090, 091,
092, 093, 094, 095, 099, 100,
101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
108, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125,
126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,
144, 149, 158, 166, 167, 170,
171, 180, 182, 195, 200, 201,
205, 210, 214, 224, 226, 231,
242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
252, 253, 256, 257, 259, 260,
261, 264, 266, 267, 268, 275,
276, 277, 279, 280, 284, 285,
286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,
293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298,
299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310,
311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317,
319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 335,
336, 337, 344, 346, 349, 352,
354, 356, 360, 361, 363, 366,
372, 374, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388,
390, 391, 392, 395, 397, 399,
405, 416, 430, 438, 441, 443,
444, 450, 458, 459, 461, 469,
478, 479, 480, 487, 490, 491,
497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 504,
507, 513, 539, 544, 547, 553,
555, 556, 581, 599, 606, 609,
610, 612, 613, 615, 633, 659,
671, 681, 709, 712, 724, 726,
751, 758, 761, 767, 778, 788,
790, 792, 801, 810, 814, 845
ORGANOCHLORINE
PESTICIDES
162, 350, 720, 853
ORGANOCHLORINE
RESIDUES
350
Página 100 de 535
Junio 2012
ORGILONIA
736
ORIGIN
451, 707
ORIVERUTUS
833
ORMYRIDAE
283
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
246
OROBANCHACEAE
762
ORTALIS
436, 757
ORYZOMYS
094, 481, 385
OSBORNELLUS
819
OSSTELLIDAE
670
OSTEICHTHYES
337, 689, 809
OSTREA
477
OSTREIDAE
477, 546
ORTHALICIDAE
546
OSTROPALES
777
OTITIDAE
654
ORTHOCLADA
207
OTOTYLOMYS
094, 441, 505
ORTHOPODOMYIA
040
OTS
005, 007, 012, 013, 014, 015,
016, 017, 018, 019, 020, 021,
022, 023, 025, 026, 027, 028,
029, 030, 031, 032, 033, 034,
035, 036, 037, 038, 039, 040,
041, 087, 088, 089, 090, 091,
092, 093, 094, 095, 099, 100,
101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
108, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125,
126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,
144, 149, 158, 166, 167, 170,
171, 180, 182, 195, 200, 201,
205, 210, 214, 224, 226, 231,
ORTHOPTERA
061, 174, 250, 433, 758, 849
ORTHORECTIFICATION
800
ORUSSIDAE
283
ORYZA
072, 207, 247, 457, 499, 511,
543, 560, 561, 588, 595, 610,
614, 651, 671, 709, 772, 792,
828
242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
252, 253, 256, 257, 259, 260,
261, 264, 266, 267, 268, 275,
276, 277, 279, 280, 284, 285,
286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,
293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298,
299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310,
311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317,
319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 335,
336, 337, 344, 346, 349, 352,
354, 356, 360, 361, 363, 366,
372, 374, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388,
390, 391, 392, 395, 397, 399,
405, 416, 430, 438, 441, 443,
444, 450, 458, 459, 461, 469,
478, 479, 480, 487, 490, 491,
497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 504,
507, 513, 539, 544, 547, 553,
555, 556, 581, 599, 606, 609,
610, 612, 613, 615, 633, 659,
671, 681, 709, 712, 724, 726,
751, 758, 761, 767, 778, 788,
790, 792, 801, 810, 814, 845
OTS REPORTAGE
479
OUTCROSSING
144, 658
OVACHLAMYS
477, 541
OVERALL STRUCTURE
215, 386
OVIPOSITION
334, 339, 593
OVULES
553
Página 101 de 535
Junio 2012
OXALIDACEAE
762
002, 021, 077, 153, 190, 270,
331, 524, 527, 598, 646, 711,
732, 741
OXYBELIS
596
PACHYLIS
148
PANICEAE
402, 403, 437
PANICUM
016, 651
OXYCARIUM
072, 499
PACHYPTERA
019
PANTHERA
156, 348
OXYGEN-18
471
OXYOPIDAE
621
PACHYSCEHLUS
123
PANTOEA
801
PACHYTRYPE
592
PAPAVERACEAE
762
PALAECOLOGY
469
PAPER PRODUCTION
606
PALAEONTOLOGY
469
PAPILIO
339
PALPADA
634
PAPILIONIDAE
339, 432, 763
PALUSTRINE VEGETATION
096, 163
PARABROCHYMENA
603, 623
PAMPLONA
593
PARABUTEO
295, 791
PANAGROLOBUS
710
PARACENTRIS
230
PANAGROTERATUS
710
PARACHALASTINUS
656
PANDANACEAE
638
PARACHROMIS
689, 809
PANDION
154, 295, 791
PARACRASSIBUCCA
485
PANDIONIDAE
PARACRIAS
OXYPORUS
817
OXYRHOPUS
779
OXYSARCODEXIA
229
OXYTORUS
463
OXYURIDAE
830
OYSTERS
477
OZINEUS
656
P-WAVE
799
PACEMAKER
764
154
PACHIRA
Página 102 de 535
Junio 2012
579
PARADISCOPUS
656
PARAGORGOPIS
654
PARAGRILUS
123, 536
PARAMACHAERIUM
255, 424
PARAMPHISPHAERIA
592
PARANIA
462
PARANISOPODUS
656
PARAPONERA
320, 376
PARAPOYNX
567
PARASITES
179, 400, 563, 691, 830
PARASITISM
080, 174, 415, 669, 830, 846
PARASITOIDS
010, 080, 145, 168, 170, 176,
177, 415, 703, 706, 846
PARENTAL CARE
547, 712
PARIANA
207
PARIDES
432
PARKELLA
765
PARKERIACEAE
499
PARKIA
255, 424
PARKINSONIA
063, 072, 205, 241, 499, 613,
615, 616, 659, 668, 690, 729,
742, 755, 837
PARQUE NACIONAL PALO
VERDE
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
007, 008, 009, 010, 011, 012,
013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018,
019, 020, 021, 022, 023, 024,
025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 030,
031, 032, 033, 034, 035, 036,
037, 038, 039, 040, 041, 042,
043, 044, 045, 046, 047, 048,
049, 050, 051, 052, 053, 054,
055, 056, 057, 058, 059, 060,
061, 062, 063, 064, 065, 066,
067, 068, 069, 070, 071, 072,
073, 074, 075, 076, 077, 078,
079, 080, 081, 082, 083, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 090,
091, 092, 093, 094, 095, 096,
097, 098, 099, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228,
229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300,
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306,
307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318,
319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372,
373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396,
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
Página 103 de 535
Junio 2012
409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414,
415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426,
427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432,
433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,
439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450,
451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456,
457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462,
463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468,
469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474,
475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480,
481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486,
487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,
493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510,
511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,
517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522,
523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,
529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540,
541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564,
565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570,
571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576,
577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582,
583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588,
589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594,
595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600,
601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612,
613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618,
619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624,
625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630,
631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636,
637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642,
643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648,
649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654,
655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660,
661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666,
667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672,
673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678,
679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684,
685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690,
691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696,
697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702,
703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708,
709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714,
715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720,
721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726,
727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732,
733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738,
739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744,
745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750,
751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756,
757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762,
763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768,
769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774,
775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780,
781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786,
787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792,
793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798,
799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804,
805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810,
811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816,
817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822,
823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828,
829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834,
835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840,
841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846,
847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852,
853, 854, 855, 856
PARROTS
273, 364, 464, 496, 590
PARTIAL MANTEL TESTS
795
PARTICIPATION
753
PARULIDAE
847
PASPALIDIUM
072, 294, 429, 437, 499
PASPALUM
016, 072, 403, 499, 651
PASSANDRA
682
PASSER
018
PASSERIFORMES
286, 315, 397, 786
PASSERINA
847
PASSIFLORA
021
PASSIFLORACEAE
021, 762
PASTURES
157
PATERNITY
527, 725
PATH ANALYSIS
687, 751
PATHS
439
PATTERN RECOGNITION
676, 717
PATTERNS
257, 436, 757, 763
PAYMENT FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
Página 104 de 535
Junio 2012
701, 800
255
PEAKELESTES
462
PENDIMETHALIN
853
PEASANTRY PARTICIPATION
354
PENIOCEREUS
486
PECARI TAJACU
134, 223, 256, 546, 756
PENNISETUM
058, 806
PECKIA
472
PEDALIACEAE
762
PENTACLETHRA
019, 205, 410, 519
PEDIOBIUS
579, 835
PEDIOBOMYIA
579
PEHUENIA
695
PELAMIS
208
PELECANUS
018, 027
PELECINIDAE
283
PELECOPSELAPHUS
787
PELECYPODA
422, 477
PELTASTES
680
PENTATOMIDAE
603, 623, 760
PENTHOBRUCHUS
729
PEPSIS
449
PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS
653
PERDITORULUS
631
PEREILEMA
016
PERENNIPORIA
345
PERESKIA
486
PERGIDAE
283, 571
PERILAMPIDAE
283
PELTOGYNE
PERILISSUS
462
PERIODICITY
008
PERISODACTYLS
223, 756
PEROPTERYX
138, 231, 725
PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL
477, 792
PEST INSECTS
170, 264
PESTICIDE LEVELS
162
PESTICIDE POLLUTION
445, 583
PESTICIDE RESIDUES
162
PESTICIDE USE
141, 771
PESTICIDES
162, 490, 595, 600, 614, 671,
709, 720, 853
PESTS
001, 010, 170
PESTS OF PLANTS
264
PETASTOMA
019
PETIVERIA
Página 105 de 535
Junio 2012
214
PHAROMACHRUS
154
PHEROMONE ANALOGUE
855
PHARUS
016, 651
PHEROMONES
131
PHASEOLUS
549
PHEUCTICUS
018
PHASMIDA
334
PHILODENDRON
696
PHASMIDAE
334
PHILOMACHUS
018
PHEIDOLE
021, 531
PHILOPONELLA
025, 181
PHELLINUS
269, 345, 817
PHILYDRUS
688
PHLUGIS
250
PHALANGIIDAE
352
PHENOLOGY
008, 015, 042, 051, 140, 252,
328, 365, 387, 424, 448, 486,
495, 642, 716
PHALARIS
207
PHENOTYPES
553
PHALLACEAE
722
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
662
PHALLOGASTER
663
PHENOTYPIC SELECTION
672
PHALLUS
663, 722
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
553
PHALONIIDAE
187
PHERA
593
PHARAS
207
PHEREURHININAE
593
PETS
175
PEUCETIA
621
PEZIZOMYCOTINA
728
PHAEA
533
PHAENOLABRORYCHUS
462
PHAEOPROGNE
018
PHALACROCORAX
494
PHOBETES
462
PHOLCIDAE
360
PHORIDAE
679, 703
PHOSPHORUS
519, 741, 816
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
800
PHOTORECEPTION
599
PHOTORECEPTORS
323
Página 106 de 535
Junio 2012
199, 227, 241, 244, 520, 532,
540, 555, 572, 578, 591, 603,
623, 632, 648, 650, 704, 706,
755, 779, 783, 816
151, 277, 323
PHYMATOPHOSUS
233
PHYSISPORIUM
269
PHYSA
540
PHYSOTARSUS
462
PHYSALAEMUS
775
PHYTODIETYS
462
PHYSELLA
540
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
043, 744
PHYSICAL CONDITION
350
PHYTOLACCACEAE
214, 762
PHYTOMASS
388
PHYLLODERMA
138
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
215, 386, 597
PHYSICAL FACTORS
493
PHYLLOPHAGA
474
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
551, 705
PHYLLOPORIA
345
PHYSIDAE
477, 540
PHYLLOSTACHYS
207
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
373
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
006, 146, 209, 219, 277, 330,
341, 384, 461, 473, 558, 677,
738, 808
PHYSIOGRAPHY
043, 202, 225, 493
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
019
PHRAGMITES
207
PHRYNOHYAS
498
PHRYNOSOMATIDAE
500
PHTHEOCHROA
187
PHTHIA
053
PHYGOPODA
695
PHYLLOSTOMUS
473, 738
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY
252
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
162
PHYLOGENY
PHYSIPHORA
654
PHYTOTELMATA
482, 775
PIBANGA
656
PICIDAE
789
PICRAMNIA
059
PICTORIAL WORKS
453
PIERIDAE
432
PIMPLA
282
PHYSIOLOGY
Página 107 de 535
Junio 2012
PINACEAE
559
PINOPHYTA
255, 559
PIPER
455, 626, 696
PIPERACEAE
455, 626, 650, 696
PIPRIDAE
075
PIPTADENIA
220
PIPTOPORUS
345
PIRANGA
847
PISCIDIA
524, 658
PISOLITHUS
663
PISONIA
059, 142
PITCAIRNIA
328, 455, 486
PLANT ECOLOGY
118, 173, 553
PITHECELLOBIUM
024, 101, 127, 411, 419, 420,
524, 629
PLANT EXTRACTS
193
PITTIERIA
541
PLACOBDELA
087
PLANORBELLA
541
PLANORBIDAE
263, 477, 548
PLANORBIS
263, 548
PLANT AREA INDEX
675
PLANT ASSOCIATION TYPES
024
PLANT BREEDING
457, 511, 543
PISTIA
499
PLANT COMMUNITIES
024, 043, 144, 231, 251, 304,
519
PISTILLATE PLANTS
057, 059
PLANT COMPOSITION
193
PIT TRAPS
507, 602
PLANT COVER
494
PITANGUS
286
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
553
PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPE
816
PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
249, 511, 543, 552
PLANT HEIGHT
340, 553, 803
PLANT HOSTS
242, 604
PLANT LIFE FORMS
850
PLANT LIST
073
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
553, 772
PLANT PARASITIC
NEMATODES
776
PLANT PESTS
776
PLANT PHENOLOGY
252, 341
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
019
PLANT PROSPECTION
193
Página 108 de 535
Junio 2012
PLANT REPRODUCTION
144, 275, 387
PLANT SECONDARY
COMPOUNDS
376
PLANT SUCCESSION
539, 586
PLANT TISSUES
246
PLANT-ANIMAL
RELATIONSHIPS
362
PLANT-ANT-HEBIVORE
INTERACTIONS
363
PLANT-HERBIVORE
INTERACTIONS
275, 469
PLANT-WATER RELATIONS
165
PLANTS
001, 002, 003, 004, 006, 008,
009, 010, 011, 012, 013, 015,
016, 019, 021, 026, 031, 045,
046, 051, 054, 057, 058, 059,
060, 063, 072, 076, 077, 082,
084, 086, 098, 101, 109, 118,
124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134,
137, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145,
147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153,
157, 158, 165, 169, 170, 172,
174, 183, 190, 192, 193, 201,
205, 207, 211, 212, 214, 215,
216, 219, 227, 232, 233, 234,
238, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247,
251, 252, 253, 255, 264, 268,
270, 275, 286, 291, 294, 300,
303, 310, 311, 312, 315, 322,
326, 328, 331, 332, 333, 335,
339, 340, 349, 362, 363, 365,
377, 378, 383, 384, 387, 389,
397, 402, 403, 404, 406, 410,
411, 413, 418, 419, 420, 424,
425, 428, 429, 431, 435, 437,
440, 448, 450, 455, 457, 467,
468, 469, 473, 477, 482, 484,
486, 495, 499, 507, 511, 519,
523, 524, 527, 529, 534, 536,
538, 539, 543, 549, 552, 553,
554, 555, 559, 560, 561, 562,
570, 586, 588, 594, 595, 598,
606, 609, 610, 611, 613, 614,
615, 616, 624, 626, 629, 633,
635, 638, 640, 641, 642, 643,
644, 645, 646, 647, 650, 651,
658, 659, 660, 665, 666, 667,
668, 671, 674, 680, 681, 686,
690, 696, 708, 709, 711, 713,
716, 726, 729, 732, 741, 742,
744, 748, 754, 755, 756, 762,
767, 772, 781, 792, 795, 796,
798, 803, 806, 810, 811, 813,
815, 816, 825, 828, 829, 836,
837, 838, 840, 854, 856
PLASMODIIDAE
731
PLASMODIUM
731
PLASTICITY
754
PLATYGASTERIDAE
283
PLATYGERRIS
831
PLATYHELMINTHES
669
PLATYMISCIUM
424
PLATYNOCERA
695
PLEGA
510
PLEGADIS
027, 143
PLEISTOCENE
622, 770
PLEISTOCENE REFUGIA
770
PLESIOCHRYSA
510
PLETHODONTIDAE
500
PLEUROTHALLIS
594
PLOCHIONOCERUS
823
PLATALEA
070, 143, 494, 560, 561, 730,
739
PLOCOSPERMA
455
PLATYCRYPTUS
765
PLUMANA
197
Página 109 de 535
Junio 2012
PLUMERIA
011, 680
POLEMONIACEAE
002
PLUVIASILVA
433
POLISTES
061, 062, 071, 097, 228, 245,
250, 376, 394, 547
POA
058, 207
POACEAE
058, 072, 157, 207, 247, 311,
402, 403, 437, 457, 499, 511,
539, 543, 560, 561, 583, 586,
588, 595, 610, 614, 638, 651,
671, 709, 767, 772, 792, 806,
828, 836
PODACANTHOPHORUS
433
PODELEBOEA
537
PODILYMBUS
088
PODOCARPACEAE
255, 424, 559
PODOCARPUS
255, 424
PODOGASTER
462
PODOSCYPHACEAE
817
POECILIIDAE
224, 337
POISONOUS ANIMALS
498
POLITICAL HISTORY
405, 430
POLLEN
011, 144, 406, 726, 813
POLLEN COMPETITION
331, 527
POLLEN DISPERSAL
377, 378, 404, 425
POLLEN EXPLOITATION
763
POLLEN FLOW
829
POLLINATION
002, 011, 046, 051, 082, 084,
124, 169, 248, 268, 341, 362,
387, 420, 473, 499, 553, 686,
744, 763, 813
POLLINATION BEHAVIOUR
252
POLLINATION ECOLOGY
248, 252
POLLINATION STRATEGY
003, 192
POLLINATION SYSTEMS
015, 063, 144
POLLINATOR BEHAVIOUR
015, 144
POLLINATOR VISITATION
RATES
658
POLLINATORS
004, 015, 248, 252, 268, 356,
553
POLLUTION
162, 198, 272, 307, 357, 445,
490, 595, 614, 671, 709, 720
POLLUTION BY PESTICIDES
357
POLLUTION CONTROL
417
POLYANDRY
102, 136
POLYBIA
061, 171, 245, 323
POLYBLASTUS
462
POLYBORUS
774
POLYCHRIDAE
605
POLYCHROMATISM
843
POLYCHROTIDAE
500
POLYCYRTUS
Página 110 de 535
Junio 2012
630
510
POLYGAMY
759
POLYTHRIX
332
POLYGONACEAE
057, 059, 128, 142, 326, 524,
554
POMACEA
029, 475, 477, 546, 672
POLYMERIDIUM
752
POLYMESODA
546
POLYMORPHISM
071
POMPILIDAE
283, 449, 692
PONTEDERIACEAE
072, 151, 169, 211, 499, 638
POOIDEAE
207, 651
POLYPHAGA
242, 563, 564, 591, 604, 607,
647, 666, 667, 749, 823
POPULATION
033, 068, 257, 270, 273, 287,
295, 342, 364, 367, 464, 496,
511, 543, 590, 673, 690, 830
POLYPODIACEAE
635
POPULATION BIOLOGY
068
POLYPOGON
207
POPULATION CENSUSES
033, 073, 314, 542, 826
POLYPORACEAE
269, 345, 746, 817
POPULATION DECLINE
290
POLYPORUS
345
POPULATION DENSITY
073, 122, 132, 352, 361
POLYSPHINCTA
282
POPULATION DYNAMICS
448, 716, 822
POLYSTACHYA
486
POPULATION ESTIMATION
092
POLYSTOECHOTES
510
POPULATION EVOLUTION
115
POPULATION
FLUCTUATIONS
314
POPULATION GENETIC
CONSEQUENCES
609
POPULATION GENETIC
STRUCTURE
464, 826
POPULATION GENETICS
146, 273, 395, 511, 543, 552,
652, 826
POPULATION GENETICS
CONSEQUENCE
544, 782
POPULATION GROWTH
530
POPULATION ORIGIN
161
POPULATION SEX RATIO
580, 605
POPULATION SIZE
352, 733
POPULATION STATUS
367, 368, 438
POPULATION STRUCTURE
073, 146, 580, 733
POPULATION STUDIES
311, 596
POPULATION TRENDS
297, 379, 639
POLYSTOECHOTIDAE
Página 111 de 535
Junio 2012
POPULATION-DYNAMICS
580
PORE FUNGI
817
PORINACEAE
752
POROGRAMME
345, 746
POROZOL
609
PORPHYRULA
081, 088, 560
POSOQUERIA
571
POTAMOBATES
831
POTAMOGETONACEAE
638
POULSENIA
744
POVERTY REDUCTION
701
PRATYMISCIUM
255
PRAWNS AND SHRIMPS
357
662
680
PRECIPITATION
476, 754, 793
PREVOTELLA
653
PREDATION
010, 026, 048, 056, 121, 170,
174, 178, 183, 217, 221, 245,
250, 267, 275, 286, 320, 351,
369, 376, 380, 421, 475, 498,
504, 505, 507, 513, 550, 567,
569, 629, 668, 729
PREY CAPTURE
602
PREDATION AVOIDANCE
293, 305, 306, 308
PREDATOR-PREY
RELATIONSHIPS
267, 276, 293, 305, 308, 317,
320, 376, 498
PREDATORS
061, 081, 245, 250, 319, 379,
400, 470, 482, 497, 639
PREDATORY ARTHROPODS
245
PREDATORY BEHAVIOUR
482
PREDATORY BIRDS
295, 542
PREDATORY INSECTS
245, 250
PREGNANCY
277, 528
PRE-COLUMBIAN
SETTLEMENT
521, 546
PRESERVES
279
PREADAPTATION
PRESTONIA
PRIMATE ECOLOGY
544, 782
PRIMATE HANDEDNESS
372, 374, 391, 487
PRIMATES
033, 052, 056, 073, 092, 115,
133, 222, 319, 324, 372, 374,
382, 383, 391, 487, 491, 492,
506, 528, 538, 544, 550, 557,
562, 569, 611, 653, 665, 669,
673, 731, 737, 756, 782, 804,
805, 824, 830
PRIONCHULUS
485
PRIONOSTEMMA
352
PRIORANTEON
243
PRIORIA
255
PRISTAULACUS
807
PRISTIPHORA
571
PRISTOMERUS
463
Página 112 de 535
Junio 2012
PRIVATE PROTECTED AREAS
516
PROCELLARIA
027, 730
PROCELLARIIDAE
730
PROCESTUS
537
PROCKIA
054
PROCTOTRUPIDAE
283
PROCYON
379, 639
PROCYONIDAE
276, 379, 491, 639
PRODUCTION
013, 169, 674
PRODUCTIVITY
388
PROFITABILITY
610
PROKARYOTES
253, 349, 653, 719
PROPOSAL WRITING
074, 248
PROSHIZONOTUS
572
PROTAMBULYX
011
161, 301, 357, 359, 445, 458,
459, 577, 600, 610, 683, 718,
792, 842
PROTEACEAE
435
PROYECTO TAMARINDO
595, 614, 671, 683
PROTECTED AREAS
041, 098, 103, 108, 113, 114,
125, 126, 161, 191, 194, 249,
254, 260, 262, 265, 280, 301,
302, 358, 405, 430, 443, 455,
456, 458, 485, 515, 526, 545,
628, 670, 705, 719, 735, 745,
753, 769, 771, 776, 852
PSAPHAROCHRUS
656
PROTECTED SPECIES
296, 393
PSEUDAETHOMERUS
656
PROTIUM
696
PSEUDESTOLOIDES
656
PROTOEPISTENIA
572
PSEUDOANTHONOMUS
666
PROTOGRAPHIUM
432
PSEUDOBOMBAX
002, 077, 153
PROTOPHOTOPSIS
589
PSEUDOCANTHON
734, 839
PROTOTHACA
477
PSEUDOCOPULATION
686
PROTOZOANS
669, 775
PSEUDODYSCRASIS
654
PROVENANCE
711
PSEUDOFAVOLUS
345
PROYECTO DE RIEGO
ARENAL-TEMPISQUE
PSEUDOGNAPTODON
691
PROSOPIS
241
PSEDUDOMYRMEX
055
PSELAPHIDAE
591
PSEUDOGONATOPUS
Página 113 de 535
Junio 2012
243
PSEUDOLMEDIA
744
PSEUDOMETHOCA
780
PSEUDOMONADACEAE
804, 805
PSEUDOMONAS
653, 804, 805
PSEUDOMOPSIS
233
PSEUDOMYRMEX
021, 055, 129, 150, 286, 315,
326, 327, 335, 363, 397, 507,
641, 785, 851
PSEUDOPHERA
593
PSEUDOPTEROCALLA
654
PSEUDOPYRENULA
752
PSIDIUM
571, 647
PSITTACIDAE
154, 273, 287, 364, 464, 496,
568, 580, 590, 652, 789
PSOROGLAENA
752
PSOROPHORA
040
PSYCHIDAE
197
PSYCHOTRIA
643, 644, 645, 696
PTERIDACEAE
748
PUFFINUS
018, 027, 730
PUJOLIA
695
PTERIDOPHYTA
499, 635, 748, 767
PULMONATA
338, 371, 563
PUMA
050, 156
PTEROCALLA
654
PUPAE
547, 634
PTEROCARPUS
147, 450, 658, 667
PUPILLACEA
338
PTEROCERINA
654
PURENLEON
510
PTERODROMA
730
PURGLEPTES
656
PTEROMALIDAE
283, 563, 572, 696
PYCNOPORUS
345
PTERONOTUS
738
PYCREUS
499
PTILOBAPTUS
463
PYEMOTES
178, 217
PTYCHOPSIS
537
PYLLOSTOMIDAE
002
PUERTO HUMO
556, 733
PYRALIDAE
567, 792
PUERTO JESUS
544, 782
PYRENOMYCETES
592
PUERTO MORENO
733
PYRENOTRICHACEAE
752
Página 114 de 535
Junio 2012
PYRENULA
752
PYRENULACEAE
752
PYRGILLUS
752
PYRGOCORYPHA
433
PYRGOPHORUS
247
PYRICULARIA
792
PYRRHOCORIDAE
086
593
011, 019, 054, 057, 059, 142
QUILLONOTA
537
RANDOM AMPLIFIED
POLYMORPHIC DNA
552
RACER
497
RACHIPTERON
541
RADDIA
207
RADIATION BIOLOGY
598, 741
RADIOTELEMETRY
146
RANGE EXTENSION
018, 622
RANGING BEHAVIOUR
538, 562
RANIDAE
421, 500
RAPD MARKERS
511, 543
RARE PLANTS
300
RAIN
223, 246, 256, 370, 476, 735,
832
RARITY
418, 436, 757
RAINFALL ISOLINEAS
476
RATS
193, 497
RAINY SEASON
850
RATTUS
497
RALLIDAE
560
RAUVOLFIA
680
QUASISOCIALITY
704
RAMSAR CONVENTION ON
WETLANDS
444, 503, 530
RAUVOLFIOIDEAE
680
RAVINIA
229
QUATERNARY
227
RAMSAR SITES
444, 503, 530, 708, 742, 825
QUERCUS
077, 145, 153, 756, 795
RANA
421
QUICHIRA
RANDIA
QUADRIOPS
688
QUALEA
255
QUALITY OF LIFE
354
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
553
RECOGNITION
273, 364, 464, 496, 590
RECORDED CALLS
ATTRACTION
684, 775
Página 115 de 535
Junio 2012
RECORDS
236
RECREATION
503
RECREATION AREAS
194
REFUGIO DE VIDA SILVESTRE
RIO CAÑAS
194
RIO TEMPISQUE
194
RECREATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES
279
REGENERATION
309, 321, 366, 396, 426, 427,
466, 517, 525, 708, 795, 812,
825, 836, 838
RECRUITMENT
297, 379, 639
REGIME SHIFT
838
RECURVIROSTRA
027
REGIONAL HISTORY
279
RED RICE
772
REGIONAL SCALE
272
REDESCRIPTION
226, 229, 796
REGIONAL VOCAL DIALECTS
273, 652
REDISCOVERY
371
REGULATIONS
424
REGURGITATION
505
REDUVIIDAE
843
REFORESTATION
517, 628, 702, 745
DR. RAFAEL LUCAS
RODRIGUEZ CABALLERO
304, 705
LAGUNA MATA REDONDA
088, 093, 342, 367, 368, 369,
370, 438, 471, 499, 575, 576
REINFORCEMENT
855
REITHRODONTOMYS
094, 385
RELATIONSHIPS
171, 172
REMOTE SENSING
398, 399, 551, 581, 676, 717,
718
REMOTE SENSORS
361
REMOTELY SENSED DATA
676, 717
RENDA
823
RENDA BRACHYPTERA
823
REPRODUCTION
004, 022, 076, 119, 175, 209,
211, 252, 258, 277, 296, 303,
331, 339, 411, 420, 424, 489,
527, 528, 580, 597, 652
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
008, 054, 147
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
038, 076, 162, 205, 377, 378,
404, 411, 413, 420, 425, 511,
543, 584
REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY
054, 411, 419, 420
REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT
218, 387
REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT
004, 331, 527
REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE
331, 527, 597, 725
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
218, 258
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
332
Página 116 de 535
Junio 2012
REPTILES
048, 078, 087, 099, 101, 104,
110, 120, 124, 132, 155, 164,
175, 208, 218, 221, 236, 237,
261, 274, 288, 291, 292, 293,
305, 306, 308, 319, 346, 348,
379, 380, 381, 421, 442, 489,
494, 497, 498, 500, 502, 504,
505, 546, 565, 587, 596, 597,
599, 605, 632, 689, 733, 764,
766, 773, 779, 809, 818, 821,
822, 826
RESEARCH
005, 020, 051, 195, 284, 412,
479, 501, 845
RESERVA BIOLOGICA ISLA DE
PAJAROS
070, 088, 100, 119, 162, 304,
307, 494, 730
RESIDENT SPECIES
202
RESTORATION ECOLOGY
586
RESIDUE ANALYSIS
162
RESTORATION PROJECTS
098
RESOURCE ABUNDANCE
558
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT
LENGTH POLYMORPHISM
266, 395
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
544, 782
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
098, 254, 262, 265, 309, 321,
354, 355, 359, 366, 373, 396,
436, 457, 511, 517, 543, 757
RESOURCE DISPERSION
206
RESOURCE DYNAMICS
597
RESERVA BIOLOGICA LOMAS
BARBUDAL
033, 074, 098, 110, 125, 126,
161, 248, 252, 281, 335, 362,
373, 376, 398, 399, 402, 417,
423, 453, 454, 483, 500, 506,
509, 526, 528, 539, 545, 550,
557, 569, 577, 578, 582, 585,
586, 592, 600, 642, 646, 673,
685, 711, 722, 728, 743, 752,
777, 840
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
262, 265, 456, 503, 530, 778
RESERVE STANDS
114, 254, 280, 453
RESTING
324, 382
RESERVED AREAS
655
RESTOCKING
290
RESIDENT BIRDS
100, 584, 730, 852
RESTORATION
321, 560, 636, 659, 742, 837
RESOURCE PARITIONING
172
RESOURCE USE
733
RESOURCES
163
RETURNS
610
REVISION
392, 533
RHABDADENIA
680, 798
RHABDEPYRIS
620
RHABDITIDA
710
RHADINAEA
779
RHAMNACEAE
220
RHEMATOBATES
831
RHEOMYS
385
RHEUMATISM
660
RHEUMATOBATES
831
RHINOCHENUS
Página 117 de 535
Junio 2012
183, 227
RHINOCLEMMYS
175, 442, 546
RHINOPHRYNIDAE
500
RHIPIDOCLADUM
207
RHYNCHOSPORA
212
RHYPARELLA
RHYPARUS
186
RHYSSINAE
282, 462
RIO TEMPISQUE
087, 088, 162, 307, 316, 367,
368, 369, 370, 407, 438, 444,
445, 458, 459, 471, 494, 575,
576, 612, 707, 733
RIPARIAN FORESTS
014, 770
RIPARIAN PATCH ECOLOGY
842
RHIZOCTONIA
792
RICE
247, 350, 457, 595, 610, 614,
671, 772, 792, 828
RHOPALIELLA
695
RICE FIELDS
560, 561, 709
RHOPALINA
695
RICE PRODUCTION
610, 610
RHOPALOCERA
124
RICHNESS
561
RHOPALOPHORA
601
RIGIDOPORUS
269
RHOPALOPHORELLA
601
RINGING
847
RHOPALOSOMATIDAE
283
RIO ABANGARES
471
RODENTS
069, 086, 091, 094, 095, 115,
193, 361, 385, 441, 481, 497,
505, 619, 756
RHOPALUM
573
RIO BEBEDERO
707
RODRIGAMA
282
RHORUS
462
RIO BOLSON
494
RHYNCHONYCTERIS
231
RIO CAÑAS
088, 359
ROMANISCA
572
ROOST TENT
CONSTRUCTION SITE
384
RHYNCHOSIA
220
RIO PIEDRAS DE BAGACES
452
ROOSTING
219, 273, 277, 384, 496
RISK
503, 718
RISK DISCRIMINATION
292
RIVER CONTINUUM
842
RIVERINE
163
RIVERINE VEGETATION
096
Página 118 de 535
Junio 2012
ROOSTING BEHAVIOUR
006
ROOSTING SITES
006
ROOT GROWTH
741
ROOT NODULES
253, 349
ROSALBA
656
ROSARIO
810
ROSTHRAMUS
029, 088, 154, 475, 672, 791
ROTA
502
ROUPALA
435
RUBIACEAE
011, 019, 021, 054, 057, 059,
142, 232, 428, 431, 467, 468,
523, 524, 571, 643, 644, 645,
696
RUNOFF
476
RUPELA
792
RUPORNIS
520
RUPRECHTIA
554
499
RURAL COMMUNITIES
354
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
701
RUTACEAE
057, 059, 339
SABETHES
040
SACCHAROMYCETALES
824
SACCHAROMYCETES
824
SACCIOLEPIS
016
SACCOPTERYX
231, 725, 738
SAGITTARIA
499
SAGUINUS
673
SALT MARSH
503, 530
SALTATOR
026
SALTATORIA
758
SALTICIDAE
178, 765
SALVINIA
SALVINIACEAE
499
SAMANEA
524
SAMPLING
182, 690, 791
SAN BUENAVENTURA
FORMATION
697
SAN BUENAVENTURA
RANCH
342, 367, 368, 369, 370, 438,
575, 576
SANGARIS
656
SAPHENOPHIS
779
SAPINDACEAE
059, 076, 142, 524, 538, 647,
713
SAPINDUS
524
SAPIUM
077, 153, 524
SAPONEGINS
660
SAPONINS
193, 660
SAPOTACEAE
255
Página 119 de 535
Junio 2012
572
SAPYGIDAE
283
SARANISULA (=VAGINULUS)
477
SARCOPHAGIDAE
229, 472, 563
SARCORAMPHUS
791
SARDINAS
768
SATELLITE IMAGERY
050
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING
675
SAURIA
078, 101, 120, 132, 218, 221,
237, 291, 292, 293, 305, 306,
308, 319, 380, 381, 497, 500,
502, 597, 599, 605, 764, 821
SAVANNA
770
SAVIUS
053
SAYOMYIA
040
SCAMBUS
282
SCANNING MICROSCOPY
406, 457, 833
SCAPHEPISTENIA
SCAPHIDIUM
685
SCAPHYGLOTTIS
486
SCARABAEIDAE
186, 343, 401, 454, 563, 734,
839
SCARIFICATION
303
SCARLET MACAW
287, 568
SCELIONIDAE
283
SCHACHTICRASPEDON
462
SCHEELEA
006
SCHIZACHYRIUM
016
SCHIZOPORA
269
SCHIZOPORACEAE
817
SCHLEGELIACEAE
268
SCHOMBURGKIA
486
SCIARIDAE
686
SCIENCE TRAVEL
007
SCINCIDAE
500
SCIOMYZIDAE
625
SCIURIDAE
086, 756
SCIURUS
086, 756
SCLERODERMA
663, 722
SCLERODERMATACEAE
722
SCLEROGIBBIDAE
283
SCLEROLOBIUM
424
SCOLEBYTHIDAE
283
SCOLIIDAE
283
SCOLOPACIDAE
088
SCORPIONS
107, 226
SCOTOPHILIA
239, 661
SCUTELLASPORA
Página 120 de 535
Junio 2012
519
SEASON EFFECT
182
SEASONAL ACTIVITY
256
SEASONAL DROUGHT
850
SEASONAL DRY FORESTS
558, 582, 583
SEASONAL FLOODING AND
DROUGHT
838
SEASONAL VARIATION IN
DIET
256
SEDIMENT
503, 726
SEASONAL WET FORESTS
558
SEED BANK
838, 850
SEASONAL WETLANDS
429
SEED BIOLOGY
004
SEASONALITY
157, 215, 275, 356
SEED DISPERSAL
009, 086, 091, 137, 341, 418,
538, 552, 562, 611, 737, 757,
815
SEBS
727
SECALE
207
SEASONAL FLOODING
LAGOONS
790
SECERNENTEA
710
SEASONAL HOME RANGE
256
SECHIUM
233, 477
SEASONAL HYDROLOGY
850
SECONDARY COMPOUNDS
026
SEASONAL MARSHES
163
SECONDARY FORESTS
431, 468, 523, 524, 551, 581,
717
SEASONAL MIGRATION
341, 461
SEASONAL MOVEMENTS
223, 256
SEASONAL SHORT-DISTANCE
MIGRATION
330
SEASONAL VARIATION
246, 256, 735
SECONDARY SEXUAL
STRUCTURES
743
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
428, 467
SECRETIONS
118, 148, 166
SECURITY BEHAVIOUR
491
SEED PREDATION
756, 856
SEED PRODUCTION
060, 165, 211, 411, 420
SEED SET
013
SEED SIZE
205
SEED TREATMENT
303
SEEDBANKS
708, 825
SEEDLING SURVIVAL
598, 741
SEEDLINGS
389, 431, 468, 523, 524, 562,
598, 741
SEEDS
001, 009, 010, 013, 042, 169,
170, 214, 303, 420, 562, 611,
629, 668, 729
Página 121 de 535
Junio 2012
SEGMENTINA
548
SERJANIA
713
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
211
SEXUAL SELECTION
597, 725
SELENICEREUS
486
SERPENTES
048, 155, 208, 221, 236, 274,
379, 380, 421, 489, 498, 500,
587, 596, 632, 766, 773, 779
SELENIUM
272
SERRATIA
653, 804
SELENOPIDAE
841
SESBANIA
165, 303, 340, 803
SELENOPS
841
SETICORNUTA
537
SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY
527
SETTLEMENT AGE
422, 442, 447
SEM
710, 833
SEUDOGNAPTODON
691
SEMIAQUATIC HABITAT
822
SEX
652
SEMIDALIS
510
SEX BIASED DISPERSAL
652
SEMIOTUS
749
SEX DETERMINATION
580
SENARA
671
SEX RATIO
142, 330, 341, 461
SENDERO GUAYACAN
620
SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
128
SENNA
220
SEXUAL DECEPTION
686
SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS
653
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
017, 258, 346, 565, 597
SELECTIVE PRESSURE
346
SHANNON-WIENER INDEX
410, 539
SHEDOEPISTENIA
572
SHELL THINING
162
SHELLS
422
SHOOTS
246
SHRUBS
767
SIBLING SPECIES
855
SIBON
779
SIDA
536
SIDEROXYLON
255
SIEROLOMORPHIDAE
283
SIGMODON
094, 095, 481
SIGNIPHORIDAE
Página 122 de 535
Junio 2012
283
SIMAROUBA
031, 059, 077, 142, 153, 519
SIMAROUBACEAE
031, 059, 142, 519, 524
SIMPLICIVALVA
783
SIMULATION MODELS
079
SINAC
412, 545
SIOPA
654
SIPHONAPTERA
091
SIPROETA
267, 432
SISYRA
510
SISYRIDAE
510
SIT-AND-WAIT PREDATORS
470
SITE FACTORS
373, 456
SIZE
017, 029, 236, 475, 565
SIZE RECORDS
236
SIZE RELATIONS
529
SKELETOCUTIS
269
SNAKES
048, 155, 208, 221, 236, 274,
379, 380, 421, 489, 498, 500,
587, 596, 632, 766, 773, 779
SKIN
498, 824
SOBRALIA
486, 594
SLIP
799
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
062, 167, 273, 276, 277, 394,
496, 506, 528, 550, 569, 597,
611
SLOANEA
665
SLOPING LAND
024
SLUGS
477
SMALL FARMS
792
SMALL TREES
767
SMILACACEAE
638
SMYRNA
432
SNAIL KITE
029, 475, 672
SNAILS
029, 263, 475, 477, 672
SNAKE VENOM
208
SNAKEBITES
208
SOCIAL IMPACT
814
SOCIAL INSECTS
245, 394
SOCIAL NETWORKS
557
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
146, 219, 384, 547
SOCIAL STUDIES
358
SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
161, 373, 753
SODIUM
067, 089
SOFTWOODS
269, 345
SOIL
602, 720
SOIL ASSOCIATIONS
304
Página 123 de 535
Junio 2012
SOIL BIOLOGY
519
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
024
SOIL CONSERVATION
539
SOIL FERTILITY
519, 598, 741
SOIL INFILTRATION
024
SOIL LEACHING
023, 035
SOIL MICROBIOLOGY
253, 349
SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION
024
SOIL NUTRIENTS
795
SOIL PROPERTIES
410
SOIL SEED BANKS
428, 467
SOIL SEED COMPOSITION
708, 825
SOIL TEXTURE
024, 410
SOIL TYPES
157, 165, 854
SOILS
035, 037, 043, 049, 161, 163,
448, 458, 493, 610, 705, 716
SOILS DEPTH
024
SOILS DESCRIPTION
037
SOILS DRAINAGE
024
SOLANACEAE
019, 021, 333, 650
SOLANUM
019
SOLARIOPSIS
541
SOLECURTIDAE
477
SOLENOPSIS
021
SOLID WASTES
445
SOLITARY SPECIES
248
SORGHASTRUM
016
SOROCEA
744
SOUND
433
SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
758
SPARASSIDAE
178
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
064, 251, 264, 411, 420
SPATIAL GENETIC
STRUCTURE
815
SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MODEL
745
SPECIATION
273, 376, 855
SPECIES COMPOSITION
677
SPECIES CONSERVATION
544, 782
SPECIES DENSITY
024
SPECIES DOMINANCE
251
SPECIES EXTINCTION
424, 426, 448, 716
SPECIES LOSS
436, 757
SPERM TRANSFER
APPARATUS
647
SPERMATOPHYTES
001, 002, 003, 004, 006, 008,
009, 010, 011, 013, 015, 016,
019, 021, 026, 031, 045, 051,
054, 057, 058, 059, 060, 063,
072, 076, 077, 082, 084, 086,
Página 124 de 535
Junio 2012
098, 101, 109, 118, 124, 127,
128, 129, 130, 134, 137, 139,
140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148,
149, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158,
165, 169, 170, 172, 174, 183,
190, 192, 193, 205, 207, 211,
212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 227,
232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 241,
242, 246, 247, 251, 253, 255,
264, 268, 270, 286, 294, 303,
310, 311, 315, 322, 326, 328,
332, 333, 335, 339, 340, 349,
362, 363, 365, 377, 378, 383,
384, 387, 389, 397, 402, 403,
404, 406, 410, 411, 418, 419,
420, 424, 425, 428, 429, 431,
435, 437, 440, 448, 450, 455,
457, 467, 468, 469, 473, 477,
482, 484, 486, 495, 499, 507,
511, 519, 523, 524, 527, 529,
534, 536, 538, 539, 543, 549,
552, 553, 554, 555, 559, 560,
561, 562, 570, 586, 588, 594,
595, 598, 606, 609, 610, 611,
613, 614, 615, 616, 624, 626,
629, 633, 638, 640, 641, 642,
643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 650,
651, 658, 659, 660, 665, 666,
667, 668, 671, 674, 680, 681,
686, 690, 696, 708, 709, 711,
713, 716, 726, 729, 732, 741,
742, 744, 754, 755, 756, 762,
767, 772, 781, 792, 795, 796,
798, 803, 806, 810, 811, 813,
815, 816, 825, 828, 829, 836,
837, 838, 840, 854, 856
SPERMOPHAGUS
564
SPHAENOTHECUS
375
663
SPHECIDAE
177, 178, 217, 283, 573
SPHECOIDEA
573
SPHELODON
537
SPHINCTUS
462
SPHINGIDAE
011, 124, 130
SPHINX
011
SPHYROMETOPA
433
SPIDER MONKEY
033, 073, 092, 653, 804, 805,
824
SPIDER-HUNTING WASPS
449
SPIDERS
025, 178, 181, 235, 460, 508,
574
SPINULATA
783
SPINY TAILED IGUANAS
101, 291, 292, 305, 306, 319,
597, 821
SPIROBEROTHA
510
SPHAEROBOLUS
SPIRODELA
499
SPIZAETUS
154, 295, 791
SPIZASTUR
154
SPIZELLA
018
SPODOPTERA
792
SPONDIAS
059, 060, 077, 142, 153, 383,
524, 647
SPONDYLUS
546
SPONGIPELLIS
269
SPOROBOLUS
016, 651
SPORULATION
519
SQUAMATA
078, 120, 132, 221, 236, 237,
274, 500, 587, 596, 599, 605,
764, 779, 821
STABLE ISOTOPES
471, 808, 816
STAHELIOMYCES
663
STAMENS
553
Página 125 de 535
Junio 2012
680
571
STEMS
246
STERNA
027, 272
STENOCEREUS
486, 529
STERNOCHEIRUS
483
STENOLIS
656
STEROIDS
193
STENOPHYSA
477, 540
STETHONCUS
537
STENORHOPALUS
695
STILETTO FLIES
244, 721, 784
STENOS
053
STINGLESS BEES
131, 167, 172, 200, 206
STENOSPHENOPSIS
203
STIPA
207, 651
STENOSPHENUS
203
STOICHIOMETRY
816
STENOTROPHOMONAS
805
STOMACH CONTENTS
505
STEPHANIDAE
283
STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE
019
STERCORARIUS
027
STORAGE
417
STERCULIA
077, 086, 153, 524, 823
STRANGALIA
185
STRATIGRAPHIC DATA
697
STEM DOMATIA
674
STERCULIACEAE
002, 010, 019, 077, 086, 153,
220, 242, 383, 431, 468, 523,
524, 536, 823
STEMMADENIA
STEREOPHYLLACEAE
STAMINATE PLANTS
057, 059
STAND CHARACTERISTICS
539
STAND DENSITY
539
STANHOPEA
486
STANTONIA
736
STAPHYLINIDAE
465, 617, 685, 743, 823
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
804
STATOR
170, 240, 629
STATUS
018, 297, 379, 512, 639, 673,
739
STEGANOPUS
027
STEIRASTOMA
656
STELOPOLYBIA
061
STEM DENSITIES
312, 640, 659, 837
STRATIGRAPHY
697
Página 126 de 535
Junio 2012
STREAM ECOLOGY
842
STRUCTURE
215, 283
STREPTOCHAETA
016, 207
STRYPHNODENDRON
519
STUDENT EXCHANGE
845
STREPTOGYNA
207
STRIATACANTHUS
572
STRIGULA
752
STRIGULACEAE
752
STROMBIDAE
477
STROMBUS
477
STRONGYLOIDES
669, 830
STRONGYLOIDIDAE
669, 830
STRUCTURAL COLOR
PATTERNS
835
STUDY AND TEACHING
732
STURMIA
179
STURNIRA
461
STYLOMMATOPHORA
338, 563
SUBADULTS
505
SUBDUCTION ZONES
799
SUBMERGENCE
264
SUBRIA
433
SUBSOCIALITY
704
STRUCTURAL EQUATION
MODEL
751
SUBTERRANEAN HABITAT
738
STRUCTURAL TRAITS
215
SUBULINIDAE
371, 477
STRUCTURAL TRENDS
192
SUCCESSION STAGE
299, 431, 468, 523, 524, 676,
717
SUCCINEA
477, 563
SUCCINEIDAE
477
SUCROSE
268
SULA
018, 027
SULORGILUS
736
SURFACE WATER
471
SURVEYS
017, 073, 090, 092, 163, 251,
359, 407, 448, 544, 556, 716,
782
SUSSABA
462
SUSTAINABILITY
443
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
501, 583, 637, 771, 778
SUWATNUS
571
SWALLENOCHLOA
207, 651
SWAMP SOILS
165
SWAMPS
Página 127 de 535
Junio 2012
444, 503, 530
482, 634, 657
SWARTZIA
205
SYRPHIDEPULO
462
SWEEP SAMPLES
182
SYRPHOCTONUS
462
SWIETENIA
255, 424, 552
SYZEUCTUS
537
SWIMMING ABILITY
481
TABEBUIA
054, 147, 255, 431, 468, 523,
524, 598, 658, 741
SWOLLEN-THORN ACACIAS
055
SYMBIONTS
519
SYMBIOSIS
253, 349, 801
TABERNAEMONTANA
680
TACHIGALI
255
TACHINIDAE
080, 174, 179
SYMBIOTIC N2-FIXING
BACTERIA
801
TACHYGERRIS
831
SYMPHEROBIUS
510
TADPOLES
500
SYMPLOCOS
077, 153
TAGELUS
477
SYNOECA
061, 071
TALL TREES
767
SYNONYMS
197, 263, 329, 449, 454,474,
483
TANAOSTIGMATIDAE
283
SYNOSIS
537
SYRPHIDAE
TANYCHELA
463
TAPAJOSA
593
TAPHONOMIC BIASES
469
TAPHROCERUS
123
TAPHROSCELIDIA
682
TAPINILLUS
621
TAXONOMY
001, 025, 058, 083, 085, 107,
123, 149, 150, 159, 160, 177,
179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187,
188, 197, 199, 203, 207, 212,
216, 220, 226, 227, 228, 229,
230, 232, 233, 235, 240, 241,
243, 244, 269, 282, 283, 310,
322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 332,
333, 335, 338, 343, 345, 347,
360, 365, 371, 375, 392, 400,
401, 402, 403, 406, 415, 423,
433, 435, 440, 449, 450, 452,
454, 455, 457, 460, 462, 463,
465, 472, 474, 483, 484, 485,
495, 500, 508, 510, 518, 522,
531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536,
537, 540, 548, 549, 554, 559,
564, 571, 572, 573, 574, 578,
579, 589, 591, 592, 601, 603,
604, 607, 608, 617, 618, 619,
623, 625, 627, 630, 631, 632,
634, 635, 638, 642, 643, 644,
645, 647, 648, 649, 650, 654,
656, 657, 663, 664, 666, 667,
670, 679, 680, 681, 682, 685,
688, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695,
696, 699, 703, 704, 706, 710,
713, 714, 715, 721, 722, 723,
724, 728, 736, 740, 743, 744,
747, 748, 749, 752, 760, 762,
Página 128 de 535
Junio 2012
765, 766, 768, 773, 775, 777,
780, 781, 783, 784, 785, 787,
796, 797, 798, 802, 807, 811,
813, 817, 819, 823, 833, 834,
835, 840, 841, 843, 844, 846,
849, 855, 856
563, 572, 691, 713, 736, 807
TEMPERATE POPULATIONS
080
TEMPERATURE
291, 605, 668, 729, 851
TAYASSUIDAE
134, 223, 256, 546, 756
TEMPORAL PATTERN
764
TAYGETIS
432
TEMPORAL VARIATION
361, 363, 735
TEACHING
020
TENEBRIONIDAE
693
TEACHING FACILITIES
501
TENSILE STRENGHT
761
TEACHING MATERIALS
358
TENT ARCHITECTURE
006, 219, 384
TECHNIQUES
297, 379, 542, 639
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
480
TENT-MAKING BAT
006
TECTONA
732
TELEMETRY
069, 091, 393, 398, 434
TELMATOMETRA
831
TELMATOMETROIDES
831
TEMELUCHA
463
TEMPERATE FORESTS
023, 035, 077, 153, 741
TENT-MAKING BEHAVIOUR
006, 219, 384, 567
TENTHREDINIDAE
283, 571
TENURE
516, 610
TERAMNUS
220
TERATOLOBUS
710
TERATOLOBUS OBSCURUS
710
TEREBRANTIA
TERMINALIA
524, 797
TERMITE-DERIVED ENZYMES
700
TERMITES
351, 700
TERMITIDAE
649
TERPNOMYENNIS
654
TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS
338
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
121, 505, 738
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCS
477
TERRESTRIAL MOVEMENTS
099
TERRESTRIAL SNAILS
477
TERRESTRIALLY FORAGING
324
TERRITORIAL DEFENSE
496
TERRITORIALITY
028, 102, 189, 223, 256, 285,
725
TERRITORY
166, 222, 223, 256, 285, 496
Página 129 de 535
Junio 2012
TERTIARY FOSSILS
469
TESTUDINATA
099, 104, 155, 175, 288, 346,
348, 442, 500, 546, 565, 822
TETRACAMPIDAE
283
TETRACERA
383
TETRAOPES
656
TETRASARUS
656
TETTIGONIIDAE
061, 174, 250, 433, 849
TEXTBOOKS
353
THALASSEUS
027
THALIA
072, 082, 294, 429, 499
THASUS
127
THAUMATODRYINUS
243
THELENELLACEAE
752
THEOBROMA
002
THEOPHRASTACEAE
019
THEREVIDAE
244, 721, 784
THERIDIIDAE
704
THERMAL STRUCTURES
799
THERMOREGULATION
605, 851
THERMOREGULATORY
BENEFIT
277
THEVETIA
680
THIARA
541, 595
THIESSEN'S POLYGONS
476
THOMISIDAE
178
THRASYA
016
THREATS
248, 556, 739, 852
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
070, 143, 162, 494, 560, 561,
730, 739
THRYALLIS
656
THYMARIS
462
THYNCHOPS
027
TICAPIMPLA
282
TICKS
091
TICOLICHEN PROJECT
728, 752, 777
TIGRISOMA
513
TILIACEAEii
002, 019, 153, 220, 383, 428,
467, 519, 524, 536, 647, 665
TILLANDSIA
486
TIMBER
024, 586
TINCTOPORELLUS
269
TINEIDAE
197
TIPHIIDAE
283
TIPPMANNIA
695
TITANOGRYPA
563
Página 130 de 535
Junio 2012
TITHONUS
656
TITYRA
789
TITYUS
107
TOLMOMYIAS
286, 315, 397
TOMOGRAPHY
799
TOURNEFORTIA
021
TOXICITY
307
TOXINS REMOVAL
503
TOXORHYNCHITES
040
TRACHOPS
738
279
TRANSPORTATION
503
TRAP DESIGN
470
TRAPLINING
144, 658
TRATHALA
463
TRECHISPORA
269
TONATIA
138, 385
TRACHYDERINA
695
TOOL USE
372, 374, 391, 487
TRADE
161
TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES
439
TRADESCANTIA
440
TOPOGRAPHY
024, 204, 318
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
193
TORTOISES
099, 104, 288, 346, 348, 442,
565, 822
TRADITIONS
528
TREES
004, 010, 255, 286, 300, 455,
676, 717
TRAILS
439
TREMATODES
669
TRAMETES
269, 746
TRENDS
260
TRANSLOCATION
393
TREPOBATES
831
TRANSPARENT INSECT
WINGS
835
TRETANORHINUS
779
TORTUGAL COMPLEX
697
TORYMIDAE
283
TOURISM
007, 161, 191, 249, 260, 494,
503, 586, 753, 778
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
444, 753
TRANSPORT
TREE HEIGHT
315, 397
TREE LEGUMES
410
TREE VARIATION
013
TRICHAPTUM
269
Página 131 de 535
Junio 2012
TRICHILIA
142, 524
TRICHOCENTRIS
230
TRICHODERMA
792
TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
283
TRICHOLOMATACEAE
761
TRICHOMALOPSIS
563
TRICHOMMA
462
TRICHOMONAS
669
TRICHOPILIA
486
TRICHOPLON
695
TRICHOPROSOPON
040
TRICHOPTERA
595
TRICHOSALPINX
486
178
662
TRICLISTUS
537
TROGONIDAE
154
TRIECES
537
TROMATOBIA
282
TRIGONA
063, 131, 167, 172, 200, 206,
750
TROOP FOOD HABITS
056
TRIGONALYIDAE
283
TRIGONIDIUM
486
TRIGRISOMA
494
TRIMORPHODON
504, 766, 773
TRINIOCHLOA
207
TRIPLARIS
057, 059, 142, 326
TRISETUM
016, 207, 651
TRIURIDACEAE
638
TROCHILIDAE
028, 082, 285, 847
TRICHOSCELIA
510
TROGLODYTIDAE
286, 315, 397
TRICHRYSIS
TROGLOMORPHISM
TROOP MOVEMENTS
056
TROOPS
056, 092
TROPHIC LEVEL
808
TROPHIS
744
TROPICAL DECIDUOUS
FORESTS
014, 023, 035, 170, 215, 246,
258, 275, 315, 328, 331, 341,
386, 387, 388, 397, 418, 426,
461, 675, 717
TROPICAL DEFORESTATION
509
TROPICAL DRY FORESTS
003, 008, 009, 011, 013, 014,
015, 021, 023, 024, 025, 026,
027, 028,029, 030, 031, 032,
033, 034, 035, 036, 038, 039,
042, 044, 051, 052,054, 056,
061, 062, 063, 066, 067, 068,
069, 077, 080, 089, 098,
100,101, 106, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 123, 128, 129, 130,
140, 144, 147,152, 153, 163,
170, 171, 173, 182, 189, 200,
Página 132 de 535
Junio 2012
206, 210, 215, 222, 225, 234,
248, 258, 267, 275, 294, 299,
304, 309, 314, 315, 321, 341,
356, 361, 366, 377, 378, 386,
387, 388, 390, 396, 397, 404,
410, 411, 413, 418, 419, 420,
425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 431,
435, 436, 441, 448, 453, 455,
456, 466, 467, 468, 481, 488,
490, 507, 514, 515, 517, 519,
523, 524, 525, 527, 539, 551,
562, 581, 584, 585, 586, 598,
602, 605, 609, 611, 624, 646,
658, 674, 675, 676, 677, 711,
716, 717, 732, 734, 738, 741,
754, 757, 766, 773, 794, 795,
800, 810, 812, 827, 839, 842,
847, 850, 854
TROPICAL ECOLOGY
501, 737, 794
TROPICAL SEASONAL
WETLANDS
408, 416
TROPICAL SEASONS
827
TROPICAL SOILS
253, 349
TROPICAL SWAMPS
820
TROPICAL TREES
341, 658
TROPICAL VS. TEMPERATE
COMPARISONS
218
TROPICAL WET FORESTS
173, 732
TROPICAL ECOLOGY
COURSES
020
TROPICAL WETLANDS
827
TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM
020, 658
TROPICHARIS
631
TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS
DESTRUCTION
405, 430
TROPICORBIS
263
TROPICAL FORESTS
157, 195, 246, 424, 487, 509,
771, 793
TROPICAL HABITATS
251
TROPICAL POPULATIONS
080
TROPIDURUS
497
TROPINAUTA
540
TRYPANOSOMA
775
TRYPANOXYURIS
669, 830
TRYPETHELIACEAE
752
TRYPETHELIUM
752
TRYPOXYLON
177, 178, 217
TULOSTOMA
663, 722
TULOSTOMATACEAE
722
TURDIDAE
847
TYLOMYS
385
TYLOPHORON
752
TYPE SPECIMENS
594
TYPES
179
TYPHA
072, 294, 312, 321, 429, 437,
499, 560, 583, 606, 613, 615,
616, 638, 640, 659, 690, 708,
726, 742, 825, 836, 837, 838,
854
TYPHACEAE
072, 294, 312, 321, 429, 437,
499, 560, 583, 606, 613, 615,
616, 638, 640, 659, 690, 708,
726, 742, 825, 836, 837, 838,
854
Página 133 de 535
Junio 2012
TYPHLOPIDAE
500
TYRANNIDAE
018, 286, 315, 397, 556, 789,
847
TYRANNULUS
018
TYROMYCES
269, 817
282
UNDERGROWTH
163
UNGLA
510
UNIOLA
016
TYTO
094, 095
UNIVERSAL CPDNA
MARKERS
552
TYTONIDAE
094, 095
UNIVERSAL PRIMERS
552
ULIDIIDAE
654
URAGUS
695
ULOBORIDAE
025, 181
URANOTAENIA
040, 684
ULOBORUS
025
URGLEPTES
656
ULTISOLS
410
UROCHLOA
402, 651
ULTRAPHYSELLA
540
URODERMA
006, 219, 277, 384, 738
ULTRASTRUCTURE
588
UROGRAPHIS
656
ULTRAVIOLET FLORAL
PATTERNS
063
UROLYCISCA
572
ULULODES
510
UMANELLA
UROMACER
779
UROPSILA
315
URORCITES
695
URTICACEAE
428, 467
URTICALES
124, 428, 467
USE OF COMPUTERS
398
USES
024, 424, 455, 813
UTAHPHYSA
540
UTRICULARIA
310
VAGINAL FLORA
824
VALLESIA
680
VAMPYRUM
385, 738
VANELLUS
636
VANILLA
486
VANTANEA
255
VARIABILITY
314, 451, 511, 543
VARIANTS
Página 134 de 535
Junio 2012
077, 153, 348, 580, 652
VASCELLUM
663, 722
VECTOR
535
VEGETATION
008, 024, 043, 051, 182, 268,
291, 426, 539, 545, 586
VEGETATION COVER
742
VEGETATION INDEXES
024
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
437, 708, 825
VEGETATION MAPS
742
VEGETATION STRUCTURE
757
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
190
VEILLONELLA
653
VELIFERA
541
VELLA
510
VELOCITY
494
VENERIDAE
477
VENOMOUS SNAKES
208
VENOMS
482
VERBENACEAE
696, 732
VERMIVORA CELATA
018
VERMIVORA
847
VERRUCARIACEAE
752
VERTEBRATES
002, 006, 009, 015, 017, 018,
019, 021, 022, 027, 028, 029,
033, 034, 036, 039, 048, 052,
056, 066, 067, 069, 070, 073,
075, 078, 081, 082, 085, 086,
087, 088, 090, 091, 092, 093,
094, 095, 098, 099, 100, 101,
102, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112,
115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121,
124, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136,
138, 143, 146, 154, 155, 156,
162, 164, 175, 193, 196, 202,
204, 208, 209, 210, 213, 215,
218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225, 231, 236, 237, 239, 247,
256, 258, 261, 268, 272, 273,
274, 276, 277, 278, 285, 286,
287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293,
294, 295, 296, 297, 305, 306,
307, 308, 312, 314, 315, 317,
318, 319, 324, 330, 337, 341,
342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 357,
361, 362, 364, 367, 368, 369,
370, 372, 374, 379, 380, 381,
382, 383, 384, 385, 391, 393,
397, 399, 407, 408, 409, 414,
416, 421, 434, 436, 438, 441,
442, 444, 461, 464, 473, 475,
481, 487, 489, 490, 491, 492,
494, 496, 497, 498, 500, 502,
504, 505, 506, 512, 513, 520,
528, 530, 538, 542, 544, 546,
550, 556, 557, 558, 560, 561,
562, 565, 566, 568, 569, 574,
575, 576, 577, 580, 583, 584,
587, 590, 595, 596, 597, 599,
605, 611, 615, 616, 619, 622,
632, 636, 639, 652, 653, 659,
661, 662, 665, 669, 672, 673,
677, 678, 684, 687, 689, 698,
707, 712, 725, 730, 731, 733,
737, 738, 739, 742, 756, 757,
759, 761, 764, 766, 773, 774,
775, 779, 782, 786, 789, 791,
804, 805, 808, 809, 818, 821,
822, 824, 826, 830, 832, 837,
847, 848, 852
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
132
VERTICAL MOVEMENT
132
VERTIGINIDAE
338
VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZAE
519
VESPERTILIONIDAE
738
VESPIDAE
061, 062, 065, 071, 097, 171,
174, 228, 245, 250, 283, 323,
394, 547
Página 135 de 535
Junio 2012
491
VESTRIA
433
VIANAURAGUS
695
VICIA
633
VIDEO CASSETTE VHS
358
VIEIRA
510
VIGILANCE
491
VIGOUR
303
VINCA
680
VINES
356
VIP GENES
719
VIPERIDAE
208, 500, 632
VIREO
009, 018, 847
VIREONIDAE
009, 018, 847
VIROLA
519
VISION
323
VISITOR FACILITIES
279
VISITORS
778
VISUAL OBSTRUCTION
491
VITACEAE
571, 624, 696
VITIDACEAE
134, 624
VITIS
624
VOCAL COMMUNICATION
273, 364, 464, 496, 590, 652
VOCAL DIALECTS
464
VOCAL LEARNING
464
VOCALIZATION
496, 498, 550
VOCHYSIA
435
VOCHYSIACEAE
255, 435, 696
VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
011
VISIBILITY
VOLUME OF WATER
689, 809
VULPIA
207
WAGNERIANA
508
WAHLAMIA
537
WALDEHEIMIA
571
WALKING
851
WALKING SPEED
851
WASPS
228, 323
WASTE DISPOSAL
445, 814
WASTE MANAGEMENT
445
WASTES
445
WASTEWATER
445
WATER
394
WATER BALANCE
727
WATER CHEMISTRY
854
Página 136 de 535
Junio 2012
WATER CONSUMPTION
276, 317
WATER FLOW
683
WATER HYACINTH
169
WATER LEVEL
312, 370, 615, 616, 640, 659,
708, 742, 825, 832, 836, 837,
838
WATER MANAGEMENT
671, 792, 814
WATER POLLUTION
307, 514, 709
WATER QUALITY
445, 530, 595, 614, 671, 709
WATER QUALITY INDEX
709, 790
WATER RELATIONS
019, 165
WATERFOWL
027, 070, 143, 312, 494, 560,
561, 640, 708, 726, 730, 739,
825
WATERFOWL HABITATS
162, 444
WATERSHED
CONSERVATION
445
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
198, 628, 745
WATERSHEDS
458, 459, 545, 612, 689, 809
WEATHER INFORMATION
735
WEATHERING RATES
023, 035
WEED CONTROL
312, 437, 560, 606, 640, 659,
668, 708, 729, 742, 825, 836,
837, 838
WATER RESOURCES
PLANNING
809
WEED MANAGEMENT
437
WATER STRIDER
831
WEEDS
151, 169, 251, 668, 729
WATER SUPPLY
503
WEEDY RICE
772
WATER TRAILS
279
WEIGHT
017, 346, 565
WATER UPTAKE
761
WERAUHIA
486
WET CRUSHING
CULTIVATION
560, 561
WET SEASON
014
WETLAND DEGRADATION
357
WETLAND RESTORATION
480, 708, 825, 836, 838
WETLAND VALUE
444
WETLANDS
005, 007, 018, 027, 030, 032,
034, 050, 066, 070, 081, 087,
088, 093, 096, 100, 102, 114,
119, 135, 136, 143, 162, 163,
169, 198, 223, 247, 249, 256,
258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265,
269, 273, 276, 279, 280, 281,
284, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290,
291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,
297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 304,
305, 306, 307, 309, 311, 312,
316, 317, 319, 321, 324, 325,
338, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350,
353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359,
361, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369,
370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 378,
379, 382, 383, 391, 393, 396,
398, 399, 405, 407, 408, 409,
412, 414, 416, 421, 422, 429,
430, 431, 433, 434, 437, 438,
442, 444, 445, 447, 458, 459,
468, 480, 481, 488, 490, 496,
503, 509, 514, 517, 521, 523,
530, 545, 546, 560, 561, 566,
575, 576, 590, 595, 606, 612,
614, 636, 639, 640, 659, 671,
Página 137 de 535
Junio 2012
683, 689, 690, 708, 709, 727,
735, 742, 745, 790, 809, 822,
825, 832, 836, 837, 838, 850,
854
WETLANDS CLASSIFICATION
298
WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM
444
WETLANDS MANAGEMENT
480
WHITE-FACED CAPUCHIN
MONKEY
033, 056, 073, 092, 324, 372,
374, 382, 383, 391, 487, 491,
492, 506, 528, 538, 550, 557,
562, 569, 611, 665, 805, 824
WHITE-TAILED DEER
036, 090, 115, 141, 225, 278,
290, 344, 393, 399, 577
WIDTH
553
WILD ANIMALS
115, 247, 296, 350, 393
WILD BIRDS
247, 350
WILD RICE
772
WILD RICE SPECIES
457, 511, 543, 588, 772
WILD UNGULATES
067, 089
WILDLIFE
024, 032, 113, 124, 141, 164,
299, 453, 494, 514, 545, 600,
655, 705
WILDLIFE ABUNDANCE
164
WILDLIFE AREAS
194
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
090, 278, 312, 398, 399, 577,
640, 701, 708, 825
WILDLIFE DIVERSITY
164
WILDLIFE EXPLOITATION
141
WILDLIFE HABITATS
162
268
WILDLIFE/HUMAN
RELATIONSHIPS
305, 497
WIND
553
WIND EXPOSURE
529
WING INTERFERENCE
PATTERNS
835
WING SAC MORPHOLOGY
725
WINGS
266, 395
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
036, 090, 141, 225, 278, 287,
290, 568
WINTER
350
WINTER HABITAT
556
WILDLIFE ORGANIZATIONS
141
WOLDSTEDTIUS
462
WILDLIFE PREFERENCES
494
WOLFFIELLA
499
WILDLIFE PROGRAMS
141
WOMEN FARMERS
606
WILDLIFE REFUGES
100, 279, 545
WOMEN WORKERS
606
WILDLIFE SPECIES
050
WOOD DENSITY
044
WILDLIFE/HABITAT
RELATIONSHIPS
WOOD DESTROYING FUNGI
746
Página 138 de 535
Junio 2012
563
WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY
077, 153
XANTUSIIDAE
500
WOOD STRUCTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
044
XEMA
027
WOOD TISSUE
ORGANIZATION
044
WOODY PLANTS
624
WOODY VINES
624, 767
WORKER SIZE DISTRIBUTION
390
WORKING PLANS
301, 373
WYEOMYIA
040
XANTHACRONA
654
XANTHOCEPHALUS
018
XANTHOMONADACEAE
805
XANTHOPIMPLA
282
XANTHOPYGINA
743
XANTHOSOMA
006
XENOCONA
656
XENODON
779
XENOSTILUS
656
XEROCENTRIS
230
XIOMARA
462
XIPHOSOMELLA
463
XIPHYDRIIDAE
283
XORIDES
462
XYLARIACEAE
592, 723
XYLOCOPA
063, 082, 176, 248, 658
XYLOPHANES
011
XYLOPHRAGMA
054
XYLORYCTES
XYLORYCTIDAE
197
XYRIDACEAE
499, 638
XYRIS
499
YELLOW-NAPED AMAZON
273, 364, 464, 496, 580, 590,
652
YIELDS
118
YPONOMEUTIDAE
031, 197
YUSHANIA
207
ZABROTES
564
ZACOMPSIA
654
ZAGLYPTOMORPHA
537
ZAGLYPTUS
282
ZAGRYPHUS
462
ZAMIACEAE
559
ZANTHOXYLACEAE
142
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ZANTHOXYLUM
057, 059, 142
ZATYPOTA
282
ZEA
157
ZEUGITES
016, 207
ZEUGOMANTISPA
510
ZIGOMORPHY
144
ZINGIBERACEAE
638
ZONOPIMPLA
282
ZONZAPOTE SITE
521, 546
ZOOCHORY
418
ZOOGEOGRAPHY
227, 496, 578, 603, 623, 648,
649, 652, 707, 775
ZURQUILLA
462
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
255, 389, 448, 660, 716, 810,
815, 829
ZYGOPSELLA
664
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LISTA DE PUBLICACIONES
Publicación no.: 001 A new seed inhabiting cerambycid from Costa Rica [Un nuevo cerambícido
habitante de semillas de Costa Rica] / Chemsak, John A. (University of California at Berkeley. Essig
Museum of Entomology, Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603), v. 48, no. 2, p. 150-152. 1972.
Describes Leptostylus spermovoratis, emerging from fruits of Diospyros sp. The seed-eating habit, rare
in the Cerambycidae, is also found in 8 other New World species (listed with their hosts).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7412. Museo de Insectos (UCR).
Publicación no.: 002 Pollinating bats and plant communities [Murciélagos polinizadores y comunidades
de plantas] / Howell, D.J. (Purdue University. Department of Biological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN
47907-1145, US).
En: National Geographic Society Research Reports (ISSN 0077-4626), v. 15, p. 311-329. 1983.
This report describes a pilot study of interactions between pollinating bats and host-plant populations.
The aims of the study were: (1) to describe aspects of the sociality of bats and plants that might be coevolved; (2) to determine ways that sympatric chiropterophilous plant species blooming in the same
season might maximize appropriate pollination and minimize competition for pollinators; and (3) to
investigate those buffers against perturbations in mutualistic interactions that might provide the steady
state conditions neccessary to maintain equilibrium.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S740.
Publicación no.: 003 Bignoniaceae of southern Central America: distribution and ecological specificity
[Bignoniaceae de Centroamérica meridional: distribución y especificidad ecológica] / Gentry, Alwyn
Howard. (Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63116, US).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 8, no. 2, p. 117-131. 1976.
This study describes the distributional patterns of Costa Rican and Panamanian species of Bignoniaceae.
These species tend to be wide-ranging but restricted to certain climatic zones. Abundance and ecological
importance of Bignoniaceae are greatest in dry areas, but species diversity is generally constant in
lowland dry, moist and wet forest habitats. About 20 of the 80 Costa Rican/Panamanian species occur at
any suitable site. A comparison of pollination strategies with species distributions suggests unique
pollination niches for the strictly sympatric species. In any given area only one (uncommonly two)
species with a given pollination strategy is in flower at any one time.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S217. NBINA-3460.
Publicación no.: 004 Reproductive biology of some Costa Rican Cordia species (Boraginaceae) / Opler,
P.A.; Baker, Herbert George.; Frankie, Gordon W. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Endangered
Species, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240, US).
Reproductive features of eight Cordia species (Boraginaceae) from the seasonally dry Pacific slope of
Costa Rica are described. Components of the floral, pollinatory, breeding, and seed-dispersal systems of
each species are interactive. Two sets of syndromes are recognized: one consisting of floral, pollinatory,
and breeding-system traits; the other composed of growth form, habitat preferences, and seeddispersal traits. Within the genus, in the Neotropics, there has been a radiation from an ancestor
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presumably characterized by a basic chromosome number of 8, heterostyly, and fleshy fruitedness.
Within the separate lines that have diverged in respect of the second syndrome, episodes of
polyploidization have occurred as well as chromosomal loss (aneuploidy). Homostyly and dioecism, have
appeared several times in Cordia, in different lines. Comparisons with the reproductive characteristics
shown by Cordia species in two other neotropical communities reveal no contradictions to the
generalizations drawn from the Pacific slope results.
Publicación no.: 005 The impact of the OTS on the ecology of Costa Rica [El impacto de la OET en la
ecología de Costa Rica] / Smith, C.M. (Baylor University, Waco, TX 76703, US).
En: The Texas Journal of Science (ISSN 0040-4403), v. 30, no. 3, p. 283-289. 1978.
This article relates to a visit, Feb. 21-Mar. 7, 1976, made to 3 field stations of the Organization for
Tropical Studies in Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 006 Tent construction by bats of the genera Artibeus and Uroderma [Construcción de
tiendas por parte de murciélagos de los géneros Artibeus y Uroderma] / Timm, Robert M. (University of
Kansas. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Natural History Museum & Biodiversity Research
Center, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Fieldiana. Zoology (ISSN 0015-0754), no. 39, p. 187-211. 1987.
Herein, I describe new styles of tents cut and utilized by Artibeus anderseni, A. glaucus, A. gnomus, A.
phaeotis, A. toltecus, A. watsoni, Uroderma bilobatum, and U. magnirostrum; review and summarize the
literature on tent use by Artibeus and Uroderma; and discuss the effectiveness of tents as diurnal roosts.
Artibeus anderseni alters the shape of Heliconia leaves by cutting the lateral nerves and interconnected
tissue extending out from the midrib. Artibeus glaucus cuts the basal lateral nerves in Xanthosoma,
causing the two sides of the leaf to collapse downward around the midrib. Artibeus phaeotis cuts the
lateral nerves and interconnected tissues in both banana and Heliconia imbricata; the basal cuts veer
out from the midrib such that a distinctive V-shaped enclosure is formed by the hanging leaf Artibeus
toltecus cuts the basal nerves on Anthurium, causing the sides of the leaf to fold down around the
midrib to form a pyramidshaped tent. Artibeus watsoni was found to make four distinctive styles of
tents, including simple V-shaped cuts on bifurcated palms, cuts of a few side veins on aroids to produce
a rounded pyramid, elongate J-shaped cuts on banana and Heliconia, and polygonal cuts on Carludovica
palmata. Artibeus watsoni has the greatest repertoire in tent styles, and uses the most diverse array of
plant species and leaf shapes. Two styles of tents constructed by Uroderma bilobatum are reported for
the first time, one on the large pinnately leafed palm Scheelea rostrata and the second on banana. The
common denominator between the Uroderma bilobatum tents reported herein and those previously
described is that all are on large, broad leaves and all have a distinctive V-shaped pattern cut by the
bats. Uroderma magnirostrum also creates an inverted elongate V-shaped tent on pinnately leafed
palms. All New World tent-makers described to date are tropical members of the phyllostomid
subfamily Stenoderminae. Each species of tent-making bat has one or more distinctive style of tent. Bats
select leaves of specific shapes, sizes, and angles for tent construction. Most species appear to be
obligate tent- roosters. Tents provide bats with a cryptic diurnal roost site, in addition to providing
shelter from both the sun and rain and an early warning to the approach of predators.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S544. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 590F.
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Publicación no.: 007 Tropical science and tourism: the case of OTS in Costa Rica [Ciencia tropical y
turismo: el caso de la OET en Costa Rica] / Laarman, J.G.; Perdue, R.R. (Programa Ambiental Regional
para Centroamérica, 10a calle 6-40, Zona 9, 01009, GT <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Tourism Management (ISSN 0261-5177), v. 10, no. 1, p. 29-38. 1989.
Expenditure in support of tropical science may have a measurable impact on the tourist sectors of
certain small economies. This hypothesis is tested through estimation of spending attributable to the
Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), with field stations in Costa Rica. Although containing wide
margins of uncertainty, a simple expenditure model suggests that OTS accounts for perhaps 2-3% of
Costa Rica's national tourist receipts. Important qualitative dimensions of OTS expenditure are rapid
growth, sustainable activity, and relatively small economic leakages. Indirectly, OTS generates additional
tourism exports by laying a technical-scientific base for management of Costa Rica's national parks and
other wildlands.
Publicación no.: 008 Phenological studies of shrub and treelet species in tropical cloud forests of Costa
Rica [Estudios fenológicos de especies de arbustos y arbolitos en bosques nubosos tropicales de Costa
Rica] / Koptur, Suzanne.; Haber, William A.; Frankie, Gordon W.; Baker, Herbert George. (Florida
International University. Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Tropical Ecology (ISSN 0266-4674), v. 4, no. 4, p. 323-346. 1988.
Leafing, flowering and fruiting behaviour were monitored at monthly intervals in 1978-81 for marked
individuals of 107 species in 3 forest types at 1300-1650 m alt. at Monteverde. Seasonality of flowering
and fruiting was more pronounced than at a lowland wet site (La Selva) and less obvious than at a
lowland dry site (Guanacaste). Flowering peaks occurred from April to July with fruiting over a more
extended period. Most species had a 'generalist' pollination system and fleshy fruits.
Publicación no.: 009 Fecundity and seed dispersal of a tropical tree [Fecundidad y diseminación de
semillas de un árbol tropical] / Howe, Henry F.; Vande-Kerckhove, G.A. (University of Iowa. Department
of Zoology, Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, Iowa City, IA 52242, US).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 60, no. 1, p. 180-189. 1979.
Feeding assemblages of birds were observed in 1976 at a Costa Rican dry forest population of Casaearia
corymbosa. The most effective seed disperser was Vireo flavoviridis with 3 other species also being
common.
Publicación no.: 10 Intra- and inter-habitat variations in Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) seed
predation by Amblycerus cistelinus (Bruchidae) in Costa Rica [Variaciones intra e interhábitats en la
depredación de semillas de Guazuma ulmiflia (Sterculiaceae) por parte de Amblycerus cistelinus
(Bruchidae) en Costa Rica] / Janzen, Daniel H. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology,
University Park, PA 16802, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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The severity of the attacks on the seeds of the sterculiaceous tree Guazuma ulmifolia by Amblycerus
cistelinus (Gylh.) ranged from 12 to 42% in a series of habitats, ranging from extremely dry deciduous to
semi-evergreen riparian moist forest in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Within a site, the range of seed
attack on individual trees ranged from 2-22% at the driest site to 7-75% at the wettest site. These
extreme ranges showed that records for single-seed crops should be evaluated with care. No parasites
of the bruchid were found in a total of 23 285 fruits examined.
Publicación no.: 11 Pollination by deceit in a mass-flowering tropical tree Plumeria rubra L.
(Apocynaceae) [Polinización por engaño en el árbol tropical Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) que florece
masivamente] / Haber, William A. (Missouri Botanical Garden, Apdo. 50-5655, Monteverde, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
Flowers of Plumeria rubra share many traits with hawkmoth-pollinated flowers, though nectaries are
lacking. The pollen was recovered from the tongues of 17 of 50 hawkmoths collected during the main
flowering period (April-June) in Costa Rica. Rates of visitation and fruit set were very low compared with
other hawkmoth flowers of the deciduous forest. Hawkmoths in a flight cage avoided nectarless P. rubra
flowers, but fed readily from these flowers when artificial nectar was added. Although no specific model
for P. rubra was found in Costa Rica, the presentation of generilized scent and visual cues that mimic
typical hawkmoth flowers may facilitate deceitful pollination of this species.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. NBINA-8987.
Publicación no.: 12 Variation in leaf size with respect to climate in Costa Rica [Variación en el tamaño
de la hoja con relación al clima en Costa Rica] / Dolph, G.E.; Dilcher, D.L. (Indiana University at Kokomo.
Division of Biological & Physical Sciences, Kokomo, IN 46901, US).
Leaf-size variation with respect to climate was studied at 38 sample sites in Costa Rica. The variation in
leaf size was analyzed by plotting the sample sites on Holdridge's (1967) life zone chart and comparing
the percentage of species having large leaves (greater than 20.25 sq cm in area) in the different life
zones. Three foliar belts could be identified in the tropical basal and altitudinal belts. Although the
percentage of species having large leaves is significantly different between the foliar belts, the variation
in leaf size is not continuous along environmental gradients either within or between foliar belts. The
variation in leaf size within each foliar belt recognized suggests that other environmental parameters
also have an important influence on leaf size. Extreme care must be exercised in the estimation of
paleoclimate by angiosperm paleobotanists is because of the potential variation in leaf size within a
single foliar belt and the recognition that this variation is does not follow climatic gradients.
Publicación no.: 13 Within tree variation in fruit production and seed set in Capparis odoratissima
Jacq. in Costa Rica / Gill, Douglas E. (University of Maryland. Department of Zoology, College Park, MD
20742, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), no. 21, p. 33-40. 1983.
Fruit-laden canopy trees (2 in 1979, and a third in 1981) in natural forest at Palo Verde National Park,
Costa Rica, were sampled. Quantitative variation among major branches in fruit production and seed set
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was sometimes significant, and could be greater than among-tree variation. Among the trees as wholes,
significant differences in seed set were not found between years. The phenotypic 'mosaicism' found in
one tree in one year was absent in another year, indicating that the degree of mosaicism itself is subject
to yearly variation. The possibility of genetic control of the mosaicism observed is discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B.
Publicación no.: 14 The microclimate differences between a deciduous forest and adjacent riparian
forest in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica / Janzen, Daniel H. (University of Pennsylvania. Department
of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), no. 8, p. 29-33. 1976. The microclimate of (a) the evergreen riparian
forest along the Río Potrero below a large waterfall is briefly contrasted with that of (b) the adjacent
deciduous forest in the dry and wet seasons. Toward the end of the dry season a station in (a) had soil
temperatures 6.5 °C lower, air temperatures 5.5 °c lower and r.h. values 20% higher than a station 62 m
distant in (b). During the rainy season, differences between the two sites were largely obliterated.
Publicación no.: 15 Tropical forest phenology and pollinator plant coevolution / Frankie, Gordon W.;
Gilbert, L.W. (ed.); Raven, Peter H. (ed.) (University of California. Department of Entomological Sciences,
Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Symposium V First International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, CO, US,
August 1973.
En: Coevolution of animals and plants Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1975. p. 192-209. ISBN: 0292-71031-3.
Patterns of flowering phenology are presented for wet and dry forest trees, shrubs and herbs in lowland
sites in Costa Rica. In the case of the tree species of both forests, patterns are broken down and sorted
to specific floral types of systems based on interaction with the most probable pollinator. This
categorization allows viewing of the organization of pollination systems on temporal al spatial bases in
the case of wet forest species and on a temporal basis in the case of dry forest species. Organized
pollination interactions in each forest ecosystem are considered in light of information on biological and
behavioral features of suspected pollinators. With regard to dry forest trees, distinct patterns involving
bee preferences and moth breeding cycles are presented and evaluated within the context of this
ecosystem. Hypothetical cases, involving invasion by a tree species from one ecosystem into an adjacent
ecosystem with organized pollination systems, are offered.
Publicación no.: 16 Chromosome numbers of Costa Rican grasses [Número de cromosomas de zacates
costarricenses] / Pohl, Richard W.; Davidse, Gerrit. (Iowa State University. Department of Botany and
Plant Pathology, Ames, IA 50011-1020, US).
En: Brittonia (ISSN 0007-196X), v. 23, p. 293-324. 1971.
Chromosome counts are presented for 217 species of 103 genera of grasses from Costa Rica. Four of the
genera and 90 of the species are reported for the first time. In addition, 26 counts differ from previous
records for the same taxon. The genera Gynerium, Lithachne, Luziola, and Thrasya were heretofore
unknown cytologically. First counts are also given for the following species: Agrostis bacillata, A. pittieri,
A. subpatens, Andropogon angustatus, A. bicornis, A. virgatus, Aristida capillacea, A. jorullensis,
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Arundinella berteroniana, A. deppeana, Axonopus aureus, A. capillaris, A. chrysoblepharis, Bouteloua
americana, B. disticha, Bromus exaltatus, Calamagrostis intermedia, C. nuda, C. pittieri, Chusquea
lehmannii, C. tonduzii, Cinna poaeformis, Deschampsia pringlei, Digitaria panicea, Echinochloa
polystackya, Echinolaena gracilis, Eragrostis simpliciflora, Eriockloa distackya, E. polystachya, Eriockrysis
cayennensis, Festuca dolichophylla, Gymnopogon fastigiatus, Gynerium sagittatum, Hymenachne
amplexicaulis, Imperata contracta, Isachne polygonoides, Ischaemum latifolium, Lithachne pauciflora,
Luziola fragilis, Manisuris aurita, Panicum aquaticum, P. arundinariae, P. boliviense, P. cordovense, P.
grande, P. haenkeanum, P. milleflorum, P. parviglume, P. pilosum, P. polygonatum, P. rudgei, P.
stenodes, P. trichanthum, P. trichoides, P. viscidellum, Paspalum candidum, P. centrale, P. decumbens,
P. fasciculatum, P. jimenezii, P. microstackyum, P. multicaule, P. nutans, P. parviflorum, P. pilosum, P.
prostratum, P. pumilum, P. reclinatum, P. saccharoides, P. scabrum, P. serratum, P. squamulatum, P.
standleyi, Pennisetum bambusiforme, P. distachyum, Pereilema beyrichianum, Pharus parvifolius,
Sacciolepis myuros, Schizachyrium condensatum, Sorghastrum incompletum, Sporobolus ciliatus, S.
purpurascens, Streptochaeta sodiroana, Thrasya gracilis, T. petrosa, T. robusta, Trisetum pringlei, T.
tonduzii, Uniola pittieri, and Zeugites pittieri. In addition, the following counts are different from
previous records for the same taxon: Aegopogon cenchroides, Axonopus poiophyllus, Bouteloua media,
Brachiaria plantaginea, Chusquea subtessellata, Digitaria adscendens, Homolepis aturensis,
Hymenachne donacifolia, Ichnanthus axillaris, I pallens, I tenuis, Ischaemum ciliare, Ixophorus unisetus,
Oplismenus burmannii, O. hirtellus, Panicum geminatum, P. glutinosum, P. mertensii, P. parvifolium, P.
sellowii, Paspalum convexum, Pennisetum nervosum, P. setosum, Polypogon elongatus, Raddia
costaricensis, Schizackyrium hirtiflorum.
Publicación no.: 17 Weights of some Central American birds [Pesos de algunas aves centroamericanas]
/ Karr, J.R.; Wilson, M.F.; Moriarty, D.J. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. Department of
Biology, Blacksburg, VA 24060, US).
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), no. 14/15, p. 249-258. 1978.
The weights of birds from two localities in Panama and three localities in Costa Rica are compared in
terms of size, sexual dimorphism, distribution (geographical, altitudinal, latitudinal). Of the species
studied 154 show no size difference, 7 show significant sexual dimorphism, 16 show geographic
variation in size and 6 show geographic variations as species pairs.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S889. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 570B.
Publicación no.: 18 Notes on bird distribution in Costa Rica [Apuntes sobre la distribución de aves en
Costa Rica] / Stiles, F. Gary.; Smith, S.M. (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Now data, on the status and distribution of 79 species of Costa Rican birds are presented, including 26
first records and 18 first specimen records for the country, 14 range extensions, and 35 changes or
clarifications of status. Reported for the first time from Costa Rica or its adjacent waters are: Puffinus
tenuirostris, Sula sula, Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Anas crecca carolinensis, Aythya marila, Colinus
cristatus, Numenius americanus, Philomachus pugnax, Larus philadelphia, Hydroprogne caspia, Gygis
alba Tyrannus dominicensis, Tyrannulus elatus, Phaeoprogne tapera, Vireo griseus, V aldloquus,
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Vermivora celata, Dendroica caerulescens, A. pinus, D. palmarum, D. striata, D. discolor, Xanthocephalus
xanthocephalus, Pheucticus melanocephalus, Spizella passerina, and Passer domesticus.
Publicación no.: 19 Plant water relations of selected species in wet and dry tropical lowland forests in
Costa Rica / Oberbauer, Steven F. (Florida International University. Department of Biological Sciences,
Miami, FL 33199, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 33, no. 2, p. 137-142. 1985.
The water relations of early and late-successional plant species of pre-montane wet forest and lowland
dry forest in Costa Rica were compared during the dry season. Early-successional species had higher
stomatal conductances than late-successional species at both sites. The same pattern did not hold for
plant water potentials. A wide array of daily patterns of water potentials and stomatal conductances
was found among species of the same successional status. Midday stomatal closure was found in more,
than half of the wet forest species and nearly all of the dry forest species examined. Despite the absence
of substantial rainfall for several months, all species in the dry forest with expanding leaves at the time
of sampling had predawn water potentials values that were above -1.0 MPa, indicating available sources
of soil water.
Publicación no.: 20 The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS): a success story in graduate training
and research [La Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET): una historia exitosa en entrenamiento e
investigación a graduados] / Stone, Donald E.; Almeda, Frank, Jr. (ed.); Pringle, Catherine M. (ed.) (Duke
University. Department of Botany & Organization for Tropical Studies, Inc., P.O. Box DM, Duke Station,
Durham, NC 27706, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Tropical rainforests: diversity and conservation. Almeda, F.; Pringle. C.M. (eds.) San Francisco, CA:
California Academy of Sciences, 1988. p. 143-187. ISBN: 0-940228-19-X.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1060.pdf
The seeds for a cooperative program in tropical studies date back to the late 1950s. This common base
of interest leading to the establishment of the Association for Tropical Biology in 1962 and the
Organization for Tropical Studies in 1963 is documented, and the history and development of OTS is
covered through the administration of five executive directors. The research and particularly the
education programs that account for OTS's preeminence in tropical biology are surveyed. The last
section on OTS TODAY presents an overview of current programs and alludes to new challenges and
action plans that are designed to continue the success achieved in the first 23 years.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S906. NBINA-1060. 333.7516 T856t. LS. LC.
Publicación no.: 21 Flower defenses against nectar-pilferage by ants [Defensas de la flor contra el hurto
del néctar por hormigas] / Guerrant, E.O, Jr.; Fiedler, P.L. (University of California. Department of
Botany, Berkeley, CA 94720, US).
To determine palatability, floral nectars from 25, and floral tissue extracts from 17, plant species of wet
and dry forests of Costa Rica were offered to foraging ants in pairwise tests with sugar solutions. Nectars
from all 25, and floral tissues from 10, species were analyzed chemically to ascertain the presence of
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potentially attractive and deterrent substances. In general, floral nectars are palatable to ants, whereas
floral tissues showed highly variable palatability. We observed ants foraging in flowers of only 10 species
of plants. Defense from nectar thievery by chewing insects seems most often to involve varying degrees
of chemical and morphological modification of floral parts, rather than by the production of deterrent
compounds in the nectar itself.
Publicación no.: 22 Structure, movements and reproduction in three Costa Rican bat communities
[Estructura, movimientos y reproducción en tres comunidades de murciélagos costarricenses] / LaValBugg, Richard K.; Fitch, Henry S. (Santa Elena de Monteverde, Apdo. 24, 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail:
En: Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History (The University of Kansas) (ISSN 0091-7958), no.
69, p. 1-28. 1977.
Harp traps and mist nets were used to sample bats at monthly intervals for one year at three sites of
contrasting climate and natural vegetation in Costa Rica. Bats were examined, banded and released in
order to document community structure, distribution among habitats, movements. and reproductive
strategies. Community, structure at the Tropical Wet Forest site is characterized by high species diversity
(H'=2.69.) and high occupancy rate (48%) of niche matrices (body size plotted against food preferences),
with as many as 7 species per cell. At the Tropical Dry Forest site species diversity is lower (H'=2.07), as
is the occupancy rate (40%), with no more than 5 species per cell. At the Premontane Moist Forest site,
both species diversity (H'=1.94), and occupancy rate (27%), are even lower, with no more than 4 species
per cell. Bats were unequally distributed among habitats at the two sites where pertinent data were
collected. At La Selva Biological Station trap results showed nearly twice the catch-rate in secondgrowth, as compared to primary forest, whereas net results at the two sites differed little. At
Monteverde trap data showed a somewhat greater catch-rate in second-growth forest, whereas netting
results gave much higher catch-rates in second-growth than in primary forest. Mean movements of
banded bats were high at La Selva Biological Station (332 m), lower at La Pacífica Ecological Centre (258
m), and still lower at Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve (193 m). As there is no reason to believe some
bats banded in this project did not move beyond the radius of the study areas during the study period,
mean distances moved are minimal. Because this sequence is the reverse of the predicted sequence of
mean distances moved, it is not possible to relate them to food habits and activity ranges in any
meaningful way based on our data. However, recapture rates suggested that activity ranges are smaller
at La Selva (recapture rate of 23.9%), as compared to Monteverde (15.9%) and La Pacífica (12.9%). All
bats in this study except Molossus sinaloae at La Selva, were found to have seasonal reproduction, with
the shorter, more sharply delineated reproductive seasons characteristic of La Pacífica, with its relatively
brief wet season; longer reproductive seasons, as evidenced by polyestry, were more typical of La Selva,
with its very long wet season. Monteverde, with its wet season of intermediate length, was more like La
Pacífica than it was like La Selva, in terms of reproductive cycles.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1310. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-10453.
Publicación no.: 23 The nutrient cycles of two Costarican forests [Los ciclos de nutrimentos de dos
bosques costarricenses] / Gessel, S.P.; Cole, D.W.; Johnson, Dale W.; Turner, J. (University of
Washington. Institute of Forest Products, Seattle, WA 98195, US).
En: Progress in Ecology (ISSN 0253-665X), v. 3, p. 23-44. 1981.
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Comparisons of nutrient cycles in a wet and a seasonally dry tropical forest with cycles in a deciduous
(red alder) and a coniferous (Douglas-fir) temperate forest, showed marked contrasts that were
apparently due to N-fixation abilities, productivity, decomposition, and soil weathering rates. One
tropical and one temperate (red alder) site was dominated by N-fixing species and soil N concentrations
reflected this. Of the long term nutrient storage pools, and soil contained most of the nutrient capital at
all sites, but the tropical sites had a greater woody nutrient capital than the temperate sites. Of the soil
K and Ca capital, a much greater percentage was in an exchangeable fraction in the tropical soils than in
the temperate soils. This is probably due at least in part to the greater weathering in the tropical soils.
Nutrient returns by litter plus crownwash were generally similar in the tropical and the deciduous Nfixing (red alder) temperate forests, and those in the temperate coniferous forest were much lower, the
similarities and differences are probably due to the relative productivities and phenologies of the four
stands. The wet tropical forest had a very high decomposition rate relative to the temperate stands.
Annual soil leaching rates reflected the abundance of N and the intensity of soil weathering. For
example, leaching of nitrogen was relatively high at the three sites where nitrogen was being fixed,
whereas leaching in the N-limited Douglas-fir stand was low. Ca and K fluxes through the tropical soils
were higher than in the temperate soils. In general, the deciduous nature and N-fixing capabilities of red
alder apparently cause its nutrient cycle to be similar to that of the tropical stands in terms of nutrient
fluxes in litter and crowinwash. On the other hand climate appears to have a major influence on
decomposition, soil leaching and weathering rates; the two temperate sites are quite similar to each
other and quite distinct from the tropical sites in these respects.
Publicación no.: 24 Estudio de la vegetación en bosque seco tropical: Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
Bagaces, Guanacaste / Acuña-Monge, Manuel Emilio.; García-Jiménez, Miguel.; Meza-Montoya,
Alejandro. Cartago: Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 1983. 92 p. Informe de Práctica de Especialidad,
Ingeniero Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Departmento de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago
(Costa Rica).
Se realizó un estudio de la vegetación de una sección de 2762 ha del Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. La zona en estudio se dividió en tres unidades ambientales, haciendo uso de
factores edáficos, de relieve y tipos de vegetación. En cada unidad ambiental se determinaron cuatro
asociaciones diferentes. La información que se obtuvo incluyó, entre otros, un inventario dendrológico
en las asociaciones identificadas, una lista de especies y la elaboración de un mapa de cobertura vegetal.
Los autores esperan que este trabajo sirva como base para un futuro plan de manejo del Parque y
promueva investigaciones que busquen los mecanismos para mantener y elevar las poblaciones
vegetales, especialmente de las especies de maderas preciosas como guayacán real Guaiacum sanctum),
ron-ron (Astronium graveolens ), cenízaro (Pithecellobium saman), cocobolo (Dalbergia retusa), entre
otros.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 332.
Publicación no.: 25 New Central and South American Uloboridae (Arachnida, Araneae) [Nuevos
Uloboridae (Arachnida, Araneae) Centro y Suramericanos] / Opell, B.D. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University. Department of Biology, Blacksburg, VI 24061, US).
En: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (ISSN 0003-0090), v. 170, p. 219-228. 1981.
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The new species Uloborus metae, U. eberhardi, and Philoponella subvittata are described and Zosis
peruvianus (Keyserling) and P. collina (Keyserling) are redescribed. Males of Ariston aristus Opell and P.
vicina (O.P. Cambridge) are described for the first time. Uloborus trilineatus is placed as a senior
synonym of U. penicillatus Simon.
Publicación no.: 26 Interactions of seeds and their insect predators/parasitoids in a tropical deciduous
forest [Interacciones de semillas y sus insectos depredadores/parasitoides en un bosque tropical
caducifolio] / Janzen, Daniel H.; Price, P.W. (ed.) (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Evolutionary strategies of parasitic insects and mites New York, N.Y: Plenum Press, 1975. p. 154-186.
In this paper I will touch on some of the patterns and processes that have come to light in an on-going
study of how the insects that eat seeds in tropical vegetation influence the structure of that vegetation
and the characteristics of its individual members, and how the characteristics of the plants influence the
insects.
Publicación no.: 27 New information on Costa Rican waterbirds [Nueva información sobre aves
acuáticas costarricenses] / Stiles, F. Gary.; Smith, S.M. (Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Departamento de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The Condor (ISSN 0010-5422), v. 79, p. 91-97. 1977.
Over the past three years we have studied the distribution and abundance of seabirds, shorbirds and
other waterbirds on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica. These studies have included three main phases:
offshore voyages in small boats for seabirds; censusing waterbirds on certain freshwater marshes; and
an intesive shorebird banding program. The results of this first study will be treated in some detail, as
we have no immediate possibilities of continuing it; the other two programs are ongoing and we present
here only those data that add significantly to knowledge of a species' status in Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 28 A bathing assembly of blue-vented hummingbirds (Amazilia saucerottei) in Costa
Rica / Trombulak, S.C. (Middlebury College. Department of Biology, Middlebury, VT 05753, US).
En: The Condor (ISSN 0010-5422), v. 85, no. 4, p. 495-496. 1983.
I report here more detailed observations of a bathing assembly of Blue- vented Hummingbirds (Amazilia
saucerottei) in Costa Rica. Observations were made during the dry season (24 January to 17 March
1980) at the Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 29 Sizes of snails eaten by Snail Kites and Limpkins in a Costa Rican marsh [Tamaños
de los caracoles comidos por los Gavilanes Caracoleros y los Correas en un pantano costarricense] /
Collett, S.F. (Michigan State University. The Museum and Department of Zoology, East Lansing, MI
48824, US).
En: The Auk (ISSN 0004-8038), v. 94, p. 365-367. 1977.
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(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1838. NBINA-7580. Biblioteca de Malacología (INBio): 236.
Publicación no.: 30 Problemática actual del manejo de los humedales de Palo Verde / RodríguezRamírez, J.M. (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas. Dirección General de Vida Silvestre,
Sección de Investigaciones, San José, CR). San José: MIRENEM, 1988. 7 p.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: DOC 2044.
Publicación no.: 31 Why are pistillate inflorescence of Simarouba glauca eaten less than staminate
inflorescences [¿Por qué las inflorescencias pistiladas de Simarouba glauca son menos comidas que las
inflorescencias estaminadas?] / Bawa, Kamaljit S.; Opler, P.A. (University of Massachusetts. Department
of Biology, 100 Morrissey Bldvd, Boston, MA 02125, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Evolution (ISSN 0014-3820), v. 32, no. 3, p. 673-676. 1978.
Recent studies indicate that the response of plant species to herbivores varies in time and space.
Intraspecific variation in levels of herbivore damage as well as defense against herbivores have been
demonstrated on a geographical as well as on a temporal scale. Here, we report striking differences in
the occurrence of feeding by the moth larvae, Atteva punctella Cram (Yponomeutidae), upon the
inflorescences of staminate and pistillate individuals of Simarouba glauca DC. (Simaroubaceae). To the
best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative demonstration of disparate damage to dioecious
plants by herbivores.
Publicación no.: 32 Palo Verde, refugio de fauna silvestre / Bonilla-Durán, Alexander.
En: Prociencia, v. 5, no. 5, p. 4-5. 1980.
Palo Verde, localizado en la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica, es a la fecha, el único refugio de fauna
silvestre protegido en Latinoamérica y la única zona que conserva el bosque tropical seco típico. Este
refugio se desarrolló como plan piloto a nivel nacional y también para el resto de América Latina, con el
fin de impulsar el establecimiento de áreas de este tipo en otras localidades. El presente artículo hace
referencia a las principales características del sitio, incluyendo su flora y fauna, así como algunas de las
metas propuestas después de su creación como Reserva Biológica en 1978.
Publicación no.: 33 Primate populations in Northwestern Costa Rica: potential for recovery
[Poblaciones de primates en el noroeste de Costa Rica: recuperación potencial] / Chapman, Colin A.;
Chapman, L.J.; Glander, Kenneth E. (University of Florida. Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall,
Gainesville, FL 32611, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: ljchapman @zoo.ufl.edu> <E-mail:
En: Primate Conservation (ISSN 0898-6207), no. 10, p. 37-44. 1989.
Here we report the results of census of Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve and Guanacaste National
Park which was conducted to compare primate abundances in areas with different histories of human
interference and different forest types. We discuss the effects of historical interference on the primates,
evaluate their potential for recovery, and provide baseline data for future studies. We show how
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demographic parameters vary among the primate groups in different areas and consider the degree to
which habitat alterations and conspecific densities may account for the differences.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1969. S1598.
Publicación no.: 34 Cattle Egret in Costa Rica / Slud, Paul. (University of Michigan. Museum of Zoology,
Ann Arbor, MI, US).
En: The Condor (ISSN 0010-5422), v. 59, p. 400. 1957.
On December 3, 1954, and for three days thereafter, I observed a group of twelve Cattle Egrets
(Bubulcus ibis) at Palo Verde, a cattle ranch located in the lower Tempisque Valley in the province of
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. This is the first record for Costa Rica and apparently the first report of the
species in Central America north of Panamá.
Publicación no.: 35 The nutrient cycles of two Costa Rican forests / Gessel, S.P.; Cole, D.W.; Johnson,
Dale W.; Turner, J. (University of Washington. Institute of Forest Products, Seattle, WA 98195, US). Actas
del IV Simposium Internacional de ecología tropical, Panamá PA7-11 marzo, 1977. Panamá: Instituto
Nacional de Cultura, 1977. p. 623-642.
In recent years mineral cycling has been extensively studied in a number of forest ecosystems
throughout the world. However, the vast majority of this research has been directed to the temperate
and northern forest regions with little attention given to the tropical forest areas. The studies of Odum
(1970), Jordan (1972), Klinge (1976), and the earlier work by Nye (1961) have provided us with an initial
insight into the accumulation and rate of elemental transfer in some tropical forest ecosystems. In
general, however, information of this type has been very limited, especially when the extensive
distribution and productivity of these systems is considered. Reasons for the current paucity of data for
tropical forest areas include th difficulties of securing and instrumenting appropiate sites. Over the past
few years the authors have been able to instrument two tropical forest research areas and maintain
data collection from previously established temperate sites. In this paper we will integrate mineral
cycling and elemental distribution data we have collected from two tropical forests and compare it to
two temperate forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Due to the obvious differences in the nutrient
cycles of the tropical and temperate forests. However, one of our major contentions is that nutrient
status of a forest can influence the rate of forest nutrient cycling at least as much as climate. Thus, in
this paper two tropical forests are compared to a temperate deciduous species (red alder), which is
capable of fixing nitrogen and a temperate coniferous species (Douglas-fir), which is typically limited in
its growth by nutrient supply.
Publicación no.: 36 Notas sobre los movimientos del venado colablanca (Odocoileus virginianus
Rafineque) en un bosque tropical seco de Costa Rica / Rodríguez-Ramírez, Miguel A.; VaughanDickhaut, Christopher.; Villalobos, V.; McCoy-Colton, Michael B. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad de Areas Protegidas y Biodiversidad, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Investigaciones sobre fauna silvestre de Costa Rica San José: EUNED, 1985. p. 37-46.
El presente estudio describe el área de actividad, patrón de movimientos y uso de hábitat de dos
venadas (Odocoileus virginianus) durante un período de seis meses, en el Refugio Nacional de Fauna
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Silvestre Dr. Rafael L. Rodríguez, actualmente conocido como Parque Nacional Palo Verde y ubicado en
la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. A los animales capturados se les colocó un radiotrasmisor y se
liberaron. Los movimientos se registraron utilizando receptores LA12 y antenas Yagi desde estaciones
fijas ubicadas cada 50 m en un camino que bordea el bosque. El área de actividad se calculó conectando
los puntos extremos y midiendo el área del polígono resultante. El uso de habitat se determinó
sobreponiendo las localizaciones en un mapa de vegetación y anotando la comunidad natural utilizada
en cada caso. Se encontró que el área de actividad basada en el 95% de las radiolocalizaciones varió
entre 14,8 ha para la venada H1 y 7,7 ha para la venada H2. Estos resultados indican un área de
actividad inferior a la normalmente reportada. Las comunidades naturales más utilizadas fueron el
bosque y el pasto-charral, en tanto que la distancia promedio recorrida diariamente fue de 1612 m
(alcance: 807-2400 m) para la venada H1 y 1665 m (alcance: 1335-2032 m) para la venada H2. Estos
resultados concuerdan con los de otros estudios realizados, los cuales indicaron movimientos diarios
inferiores a 2415 m.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S788. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 591.0724 I62.
Publicación no.: 37 Geology and soils of comparative ecosystem study areas, Costa Rica / Bourgeois,
W.W.; Cole, D.W.; Reikerk, H.; Gessel, S.P. (University of Washington. Institute of Forest Products,
Seattle, WA, US). Seattle, WA: University of Washington / College of Forest Resources, 1972. 36 p.
(Tropical Forestry Series; Contribution no. 11). (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 38 Composition and dynamics of forest ecosystems in Costa Rica [draft] [Composición
y dinámica de ecosistemas boscosos en Costa Rica [borrador]] / Hartshorn, Gary Spencer.; Hatheway,
W.H. (Duke University, Box 90630, Durham, NC 27708-0630, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). San
José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1972. 33 p.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: DOC 36. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 24629.
Publicación no.: 39 Searching for Rima / Moser, D.
En: Central American Jungles. Alejandria, VA: Time Life Books, 1975. p. 88-101.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 40 Collection records of the project "Mosquitoes of Middle America" 7. Costa Rica
(CR) / Heinemann, S.J.; Belkin, J.N. (University of California. Department of Biology, Los Angeles, CA
90024, US).
En: Mosquito Systematics (ISSN 0091-3669), v. 9, no. 2, p. 237-287. 1977.
Lista con 661 localidades de este país, donde fueron recolectadas numerosas especies pertenecientes a
los génerosÑ Aedomyia, Aedes, Anopheles, Chagasia, Coquillettidia, Corethrella, Culex, Culiseta,
Deinocerites, Dixella, Haemagogus, Limatus, Lutzomiops, Mansonia, Orthopodomyia, Psorophora,
Sabethes, Sayomyia, Toxorhynchites, Trichoprosopon, Uranotaenia y Wyeomyia.
Publicación no.: 41 Costa Rica: model for conservation in Latin America / Barnard, G.S.
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En: The Nature Conservancy News (ISSN 0028-0852), v. 32, p. 7-11. 1982.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 42 Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in the
lowlands of Costa Rica [Estudios fenológicos comparativos de árboles de los bosques húmedos y secos
en las tierras bajas de Costa Rica] / Frankie, Gordon W.; Baker, Herbert George.; Opler, P.A. (University
of California. Department of Entomological Sciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail:
En: The Journal of Ecology (ISSN 0022-0477), v. 62, no. 3, p. 881-919. 1974.
During 1969-70, 185 tree species at a wet forest site and 113 species at a dry forest site in Costa Rica
were systematically observed for changes in leafing, flowering and fruiting. (1) At the wet forest site, the
greatest amount of leaf fall in the overstorey and understorey trees occurred primarily during the first
(more severe) dry season. At that time, 17% of the tree species from both storeys lost leaves. (3) Most
wet forest species flushed large quantities of new leaves during the first dry season. This was in contrast
to the dry forest site where most species flushed leaves at the onset of the first rainy season. (4) Two
apparent flowering peaks in the overstorey tree species and thee apparent flowering peaks in the
understorey tree species were recorded during the year at the wet forest site. These major flowering
periods in both layers occurred during wet as well as dry seasons, and two of the peak periods of the
overstorey appeared to be out of phase with two of the understorey. The species at the wet forest site
were well represented by both 'seasonal' and 'extended' flowering species. (5) At the dry forest site, two
peak periods of flowering activity were recognized. One extensive period occurred during the long dry
season and a second peak period was recorded at the onset of the rainy season. Most species were of a
'seasonal' rather than 'extended' flowering nature. (6) With regard to wet forest fruiting, substantial
numbers of species (at least 37) from both storeys were in mature fruit during each month, but a peak in
fruiting occurred in both layers during the second dry season (August-October); the fruiting peaks of the
two storey were separated by one month. The disseminules of most wet forest species were not
adapted for wind dispersal. (7) A peak period in the production of mature fruit occurred during the
latter part of the long dry season at the dry forest site. A significant proportion (31%) of the dry forest
species had disseminules adapted for wind dispersal. (8) When phenological patterns of vicarious
species of the two forests were compared, only flowering patterns showed similarity (11/27 species).
Leafing and fruiting patterns of vicarious species tended to follow the general trends of the respective
forest ecosystems. (9) Periodicity patterns of most species in common between the two forest sites
were similar. (10) The phenological patterns recorded are discussed in relation to climatic 'triggers'
(proximate factors) and plant- animal interactions (ultimate factors).
Publicación no.: 43 Tropical and subtropical vegetation of Meso-America / Hartshorn, Gary Spencer.;
Barbour, M.G. (ed.); Billings, W.D. (ed.) (Duke University, Box 90630, Durham, NC 27708-0630, US <Email: [email protected]>).
En: North American Terrestrial Vegetation Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 366-390.
ISBN: 0-521-26198-8.
(Sin resumen).
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Publicación no.: 44 Structure, composition and organization of tropical trees: interim report / Bethel,
J.S. (University of Washington. College of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98195, US). Seattle, WA:
University of Washington. College of Forest Resources, 1972. 21 p.
The objective of this study is to examine trees as productive systems yielding wood as an important
component of the biomass output. The wood component of the biomass is treated in terms of its
structural and chemical organization such as to permit the various components of biomass and the
various mixtures of these components to be evaluated, if desired, in terms of human use priorities. An
ultimate objective would be to permit the development of a weighted biomass output for inclusion in
biological productivity models appropriate to the ecosystem. Weighting might be in terms of utilization
or economic criteria.
Publicación no.: 45 Annotated check-list of plants of lowland Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica,
exclusive of grasses and non-vascular cryptogams [Lista anotada de plantas de las tierras bajas de la
provincia de Guanacaste, exclusivamente pastos y criptógamas no vasculares] / Janzen, Daniel H.;
Liesner, R. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail:
Esta lista de plantas que se presentan en las tierras bajas de la Provincia de Guanacaste
(aproximadamente por debajo de los 400 m de elevación), está ordenada por familias, géneros y
especies y contiene una breve descripción de las mismas. Se indica mediante simbología las que se
conoce crecen en el Parque Nacional Santa Rosa.
Publicación no.: 46 Is dioecy associated with fleshy fruit? [¿Está la dioecia asociada con la carnosidad
del fruto?] / Muenchow, G.E. (Ohio University. Department of Botany, Athens, OH 45701, US).
En: American Journal of Botany (ISSN 0002-9122), v. 74, no. 2, p. 287-293. 1987.
The floras of the northeastern U.S. and California were analyzed with respect to the question whether
dioecy is associated with fleshy fruit. These analyses control for mode of pollination, woodiness, and
flower color. Weak associations between dioecy and fleshy fruit were observed, unconvincing because
of the difficulty of controlling for phylogenetic constraint. Other such studies are reviewed, however,
and, because the better studies all do show a weak association, it is concluded that the weak association
may be real. An ecological explanation is postulated and defended. The much stronger association
between dioecy and floral biology is noted.
Publicación no.: 47 Life history patterns of tropical membracids (Homoptera: Membracidae) [Patrones
de ciclos de vida de membrácidos tropicales (Homoptera: Membracidae)] / Wood, Thomas K. (University
of Delaware. Department of Entomology, Newark, DE 19717-1303, US).
En: Sociobiology (ISSN 0361-6525), v. 8, no. 3, p. 299-347. 1984.
Treehoppers exhibit a variety of life histories ranging from solitary to presocial. How these life histories
and behaviors are distributed within the New World Membracidae and their occurrence in a variety of
geographic regions is essential to understanding the evolution of presocial behavior in this group of
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insects. In this paper I provide observations on the life histories, host plants, mutualists, and habitats of
126 species found in Central America. In general, life history type follows tribal and generic lines.
However, the occurrence of presocial behavior in a number of subfamilies suggests that it has arisen
several times. This suggests to me that intense selection pressures have acted on the group independent
of phylogenetic considerations. The geographic trends are examined in species patterns, life histories,
mutualism, and host specialization. The observed patterns lead me to suggest that presocial behavior in
membracids evolved out of mutualism with ants in low land wet tropical forests. The development of
highly developed presocial behavior probably occurred as a result of moving into higher elevations
where ants are less diverse and abundant. Apparently high tropical elevations prompted either the
development of more sophisticated presocial behavior or the complete abandonment of sociality.
Movement into north temperate regions apparently favors solitary species host specialization, and low
reliance on mutualism.
Publicación no.: 48 The depression of reptile biomass by large herbivores / Janzen, Daniel H.
(University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail:
En: The American Naturalist (ISSN 0003-0147), v. 110, p. 371-400. 1976.
I hypothesize that an apparent very low density of reptiles in a wide variety of African habitats is due to
exceptional predation pressure on reptiles by a large array of carnivores that are maintained in two
ways by the exceptionally large biomass of large herbivores in these habitats. First, there is anecdotal
and circumstantial evidence suggesting that some of the regular predators on reptiles may take carrion
or other products from big game in times of short supply of regular prey, thereby maintaining higher
population densities than would otherwise be the case. Second, there is anecdotal evidence suggesting
that regular consumers of large game may take reptiles as the occasion permits. A brief examination of
the reptile fauna of eastern and southern Africa, in search of traits expected of a reptile fauna under
exceptional predator pressure, reveals little to support or deny this hypothesis. Additionally, but not
developed in depth, it is postulated that African large herbivores may substantially reduce reptile
biomass through habitat destruction especially in more seasonal areas where local water sources and
riparian vegetation are important to reptiles, their prey, and large herbivores.
Publicación no.: 49 Soils and geology of the Comelco Ranch (Guanacaste, Costa Rica) / Cole, D.W.;
Riekek, H. (University of Washington. College of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA 98105, US). , 19-. s.p.i.
The following report was prepared as the initial part of an ecological survey of the COMELCO Ranch. It is
the purpose of this report to describe the major geological features and soil types of this area. This
report has been divided into two parts. The first section considers the general distribution of the
geology and soils. A profile description of the major soils and their plant associations follows in the
second section.
Publicación no.: 50 Uso de imágenes de satélite, sistemas de información geográfica y visitas al sitio
para valorar la efectividad conservacionista en especies faunísticas: el estudio base del Parque
Nacional Palo Verde en Costa Rica, América Central / Rodríguez-Sáenz, Miguel A.; Zand, B. (Centro
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Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad de Areas Protegidas y Biodiversidad,
Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias
Ambientales, 1987. 30 p.
Wetlands comprise some of the most important ecosystems in tropical lowland regions, The provide
critical habitat for many species of plants and animals, support for recreational activities a major
hydrological role in agricultural development, and the basis for most fisheries around the world,
Increasing pressures to develop the Northern region in Costa Rica threaten its wetlands, as a result of
activities like agricultural frontier enlargement, massive application of agrochemicals, extraction of salt
and other natural products, their dregging for harbours or construction materials, new settlements,
roads, and tourism projects. Information is required on the Costa Rican Northwest wetlands to assure
that their values receive the least negative impact from changes in land use. The Project "Guanacaste
Northern Wetlands"(GNW), started in 1983 to address this pressing need. Two primary questions are
dealt here: a. Are the protected areas as Palo Verde National Park, really meeting the objectives that
justified their current legal status-with special reference to endangered species of fauna? b. How large, a
protected area or equivalent reserve must be, in order to adequately conserve wildlife species such as
felines, in a tropical country like Costa Rica? This project has three objectives: 1. Develop a preliminary
assessment (quali-quantitative), concerning the contribution of satellite imagery to improve the
conventional methods used in wildlife habitat assessment-at a fixed time framework-by using the
unsupervised classification procedures of ERDAS and ELAS, on a microcomputer IBM-AT and a
minicomputer Perkin-Elmer 3241 CPU, respectively. 2. Evaluate the current effectiveness of
conservation measures to protect wildlife species e.g. Felidae, using a Geographic Information System
(GIS), to overlay the Park's physical boundaries (as opposed to biological ones), forest communities,
edaphic types, soil covert topography and geology,, against the ideal spatial distribution of Felidae
within the area; and 3. Analyze the data gathered through remote sensing, GIS, and on-site visits to
monitor environmental macro- changes(e.g. seasonal floodings, or man-induced fires), with full support
from UNEP's Global Resource Information Database(GRID) on its Processing Facility at Geneva, and
successive inventories in the field. A cloud-free LANDSAT-4(Tm)image, generated on 15 April 1985
served as one of our primary information sources about the current environmental status of Palo Verde
National Park, in Northwestern Costa Rica. Several maps, with scales ranging from 1:25,000 to 1:50,000 prepared in early 1983 as part of the "Master Plan for Management and Development, Palo Verde
National Park" - were put in digital form and overlayed using McHarg's (1969) methodology. The
ground-truthing, carried out in early 1986,, corroborated our interpretation of high-altitude photos (at
scale 1:20,000), and LANDSAT-4 (Thematic Mapper) imagery, about topographic, geologic, edaphic soil
cover, and vegetational types (in terms of forest communities), used to built our primary database. The
IUCN's Commission on Species Survival, provided the basis to theoretically estimate the ideal spatial
distribution of Felis concolor (mountain lion), F. pardalis (ocelot), F. wiedii (margay), and F. yaguaroundi
(yaguarundi) within Palo Verde National Park. We gathered all these data at a scale of 1:50,000 through
ERDAS & ELAS software in April 1987. The following modules from ERDAS were used; CORE, IMAGE
PROCESSING (IP), GIS, TAPES, HARD SCALE COPY, POLYGON DIGITIZING, and TOPOGRAPHIC (ERDAS
version 7.2.xx.1Jan86), along with ELAS' programs SRCH (Automated Spectral Signature Extraction), STPR
(Statistics Subfile Printout), and MXAP (Maximun Likelyhood Classificator using an Array Processor). Our
preliminary results and future areas of research are outlined and discussed here.
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Publicación no.: 51 Ecological determinants of flower longevity [Research project] / Stratton, D.A.
(Duke University. Botany Department, Durham, NC 27706, US). Stony Brook, NY: State University of New
York, 1983. 14 p.
Selective forces that determine flower lifespan will be investigated to explain the observed increase in
flower longevity along an elevational gradient. The question will be approached from two levels,
through a correlative, community level, survey of flowering species to look for associations of flower
longevity with major pollinator type, and through experimental manipulations of flower longevity. The
experiments are designed to determine if there is a cost of early corolla abscission, if there is a
significant cost of maintaining floral structures, and if there is a significant cost of pre-dispersal seed
damage due to insects. The shape of the cost and benefit curves of floral longevity will be compared for
species with long-lived and short-lived flowers.
Publicación no.: 52 Resource utilization by mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) during the dry
season in a dry tropical forest [Utilización de los recursos por los monos congo (Alouatta palliata)
durante la época seca en un bosque seco tropical] / Skaggs, S.C. San José: Associated Colleges of the
Midwest, 1988. s.p.i.
The dry season is a time of reduced leaf abundance in a dry tropical forest. This study reports the
patterns of resource utilization by a howler monkey troop during twelve days of the dry season. The
howler diet consisted of 64 individual trees comprising 12 species from 8 families. Diet composition for
the total study period, based on time feeding per plant part type, consisted of 30.6% leaves, 48.6%
flowers, and 21.9% fruit. Diet varied significantly over time (x² = 226.71, p . 001 d.f.
Publicación no.: 53 Notes on food resources and behavior of the family Coreidae (Hemiptera) in a
semi-deciduous tropical forest [Apuntes sobre los recursos alimentarios y comportamiento de la familia
Coreidae (Hemiptera) en un bosque tropical semicaducifolio] / Solomon, J.C.; Froeschner, Richard C.
(Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, US).
En: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (ISSN 0013-8797), v. 83, no. 3, p. 428-431.
1981.
Seventeen species of the family Coreidae were collected in a semi-deciduous tropical forest of
Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Observations were made on the feeding behavior and food plants for
11 species. These observations indicated a remarkable specificity between the insects and plants. Other
types of behavior, such as aggregation, and sex ratios are included when available.
Publicación no.: 54 Rainfall as a factor in the release, timing, and synchronization of anthesis by
tropical trees and shrubs [La lluvia como un factor en la liberación, momento y sincronización de la
antesis de árboles y arbustos tropicales] / Opler, P.A.; Frankie, Gordon W.; Baker, Herbert George. (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. 20240, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 3, p. 231-236. 1976.
Although a number of studies have described seasonality of flowering by tropical plants (most often
trees) either at the species or community level, for tropical plants there have been few studies treating
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the induction of reproductive structures, their ensuing development, or the triggering of anthesis
(opening of the flower). In this paper we present data which demonstrates that rainfall, either directly
or indirectly, is an important timing and spacing mechanism for the flowering of at least some tropical
plants. We also attempt to relate this phenomenon to some prior relevant studies on flowering in the
tropics.
Publicación no.: 55 Pseudomyrmex nigropilosa: a parasite of a mutualism / Janzen, Daniel H.
En: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 188, p. 936-937. 1975.
Pseudomyrmex nigropilosa is a parasite of the ant-acacia mutualism in Central America in that it
harvests the resources of swollen-thorn acacias but does not protect the acacias. In the process, it also
lowers the rate of occupation by the obligate acacia-ants, species of ants that do protect swollen-thorn
acacias. Tenancy of an acacia by P. nigropilosa must be temporary, since the unoccupied plant is shortly
killed by herbivores or competing plants, or is taken over by obligate acacia-ants. As expected of a
species of short-lived ant, a P. nigropilosa colony produces reproductives earlier in the life of the colony
and maintains fewer grams of workers per gram of brood than does a colony of the long-lived obligate
acacia-ants.
Publicación no.: 56 Troop movement and food habits of white-faced monkeys in a tropical-dry forest
[Movimiento de la tropa y hábitos alimentarios de los monos carablanca en un bosque tropical seco] /
Moscow, D.; Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher. (University of California. Department of Plant Pathology,
Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 35, no 2, p. 287-297. 1987.
Home-range, movement and activity patterns and diet of a group of 16 white-faced monkeys (Cebus
capucinus) were studied in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest (Palo Verde National Park) at the end of the
dry season (March and April) of 1982. The troop used an area of 0.67 km² and moved an average of 4.5
km ± 0.6 daily. Three basic daily activities were identified: resting, moving and feeding. Resting was
greatest between 1000-1500 hours. Movement, which was strongly correlated with feeding, occurred
most between 0500-0900 hrs and 1300-1800 hrs. The primates were omnivores, feeding on parts of 27
species of plants, four species of insects and an Anolis lizard.
Publicación no.: 57 Spatial relationships between staminate and pistillate plants of dioecious tropical
forest trees / Bawa, Kamaljit S.; Opler, P.A. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100
Morrissey Bldvd, Boston, MA 02125, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
An analysis of the spatial relationships between staminate and pistillate plants of dioecious Guarea luxii,
Randia spinosa, Triplaris americana and Zanthoxylum setulosum was made by using Pielou's (1961)
nearest-neighbor method. This analysis revealed that staminate and pistillate plants are distributed at
random with respect to each other. An examination of the distribution of two sexes along an
environmental gradient also revealed no segregation. The results are discussed in relation to a
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differential niche utilization hypothesis. It is suggested that although there might be selection for
exploitation of different habitats by the two sexes, this might be opposed by selection for high
pollination levels and increased escape from seed-feeding insects, both of which are probably enhanced
by random dispersion of staminate and pistillate plants. The results also suggest that deviations of sexratios from one to one, common in tropical forest trees, are not due to greater vegetative multiplication
of one sex than the other.
Publicación no.: 58 New species of Digitaria, Pennisetum, and Poa (Gramineae) from Costa Rica
[Nuevas especies de Digitaria, Pennisetum y Poa (Gramineae) de Costa Rica] / Pohl, Richard W. (Iowa
State University. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Ames, IA 50011, US).
En: Fieldiana. Botany (ISSN 0015-0746), v. 38, no. 2, p. 5-13. 1976.
Descriptions of four endemic grasses from Costa Rica, Digitaria costaricensis, Pennisetum tempisquense,
Poa talamancae, and Poa chirripoensis, are given. Chromosome number of D. costaricensis is n = 27 and
that of P. tempisquense n = 36. Fractions stated after shapes of structures indicate length/width
proportions.
Publicación no.: 59 Dioecism in tropical forest trees / Bawa, Kamaljit S.; Opler, P.A. (University of
Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Bldvd, Boston, MA 02125, US <E-mail:
En: Evolution (ISSN 0014-3820), v. 29, p. 167-179. 1975.
In tropical lowland forests, one fourth to one half of all species have unisexual flowers, and a majority of
such species are dioecious. Almost all dioecious species have relatively small (¾ 1.0 cm in length and
breadth) pale yellow to pale green flowers. Field observations of selected species indicate that a large
number of dioecious species are pollinated by small bees such as various species of Anthophoridae,
Halictidae, Megachilidae and Meliponinae, while a small number is pollinated by moths. In the light of
the high incidence of dioecism and the prevalence of entomophily in tropical trees, it is suggested that
as far as tropical trees are concerned, anemophily cannot be invoked to explain the origin of dioecism
(and monoecism) as has been done for temperate plants. In order to explan the evolution of dioecism in
tropical trees, it is postulated that, with the exception of a few taxa where dioecism has evolved from a
self-compatible breeding system in response to selective pressure for outcrossing. The main question on
which attention is focused is: When selective pressure of outcrossing arises, what favors the evolution of
dioecy over self-incompatibility? Four specific hypotheses are proposed which provide possible answers
to the question. These are based on the assumptions of relative ease with which dioecism can arise,
increased pollination success allowed by dioecism under certain conditions, enhanced escape from seed
predators under a diocious breeding system and the ability of dioecious species to exploit a wider
variety of microhabitats than hermaphroditic species.
Publicación no.: 60 The effect of defoliation on seed production of six Costa Rican tree species [Efecto
de la defoliación en la producción de semilla de seis especies de árboles costarricenses] / Rockwood, L.L.
(George Mason University. Biology Department, Fairfax, VA 22030, US).
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En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 54, no 6, p. 1363-1369. 1973.
The experiments reported here test the hypothesis that increased foliage losses lead to decreased
reproduction in plants. Six Costa Rican tree species were defoliated by hand twice during 1970.
Subsequent collection of fruit crops during 1971 showed that control totals for fruit number and weight
were much larger than totals of defoliated trees in all six species. Over 80% of the experimental
defoliated plants produced no fruit whatsoever. Individual controls outproduced their experimental
counterparts in 39 of 41 paired cases where reproduction occurred in either. It is concluded that heavy
defoliation of wild trees will practically eliminate seed production for the year in which it takes place.
These data and other work with crop plants have shown that both growth and reproduction are
functions of leaf area. Consequently, heavy defoliation drastically reduces the fitness of a plant.
Herbivore consumption of plant parts has probably played an important role in the evolution of both the
morphology and chemistry of plants. These data support the view that physical and chemical defenses
evolved by plants have played an important role in plant-herbivore co-evolution.
Publicación no.: 61 Wasps as a defense mechanism of katydids [Avispas como mecanismo de defensa
de chapulines] / Downhower, Jerry F.; Wilson, Don E. (Ohio State University. Department of Zoology,
Columbus, OH 43210, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The American Midland Naturalist (ISSN 0003-0031), v. 89, no. 2, p. 451-455. 1973.
Individuals of Ancistrocercus inficitus (Walker) roost in association with nests of five genera of wasps in
Costa Rica. The wasps (Polistes, Stelopolybia, Polybia, Mischocyttarus and Synoeca) apparently afford
these otherwise defenseless tettigoniids with some measure of protection from predators and/or
parasites. Individual orthopterans are faithful to particular nests until disturbed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S235. Biblioteca Museo Nacional: Ind. Publ. Ent. No. 244.
Publicación no.: 62 A novel social wasp behavior: worker mouthing and rubbing of teneral Polistes
pacificus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) / Raveret-Richter, M.A.; Downing, H.A.; Richter, W. (Skidmore
College. Department of Biology, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, US).
En: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (ISSN 0022-8567), v. 60, no. 2, p. 347-349. 1987.
A worker Polistes pacificus mouthed and rubbed her gaster over two newly emerged wasps. We
describe this behavior, which differs from previously documented behaviors in Polistes, and consider
possible functions.
Publicación no.: 63 Ultraviolet floral patterns as functional orientation cues in hymenopterous
pollination systems / Jones, C. Eugene.; Buchmann, S.L. (Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St.
Louis, MO 63166-0299, US).
En: Animal Behaviour (ISSN 0003-3472), v. 22, no. 2, p. 481-485. 1974.
Field modifications of U.V floral patterns of Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth. and Parkinsonia aculeata L.
showed that bees used U.V. designs as orientation cues. Bees exhibited an in-flight orientation ability
which was apparently correlated with size, with smaller bees frequently orienting to the manipulated
position of the U.V. absorbent banner petal prior to landing on the flower. The U.V absorptive banner
petal and staminal portions of the flowers of both species seemed to be the most important visual
orientation guides, and except for Trigona fuscipennis and T. pectoralis, the banner petal was the more
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important of the two. Emasculation of the flowers may have removed the orientation cue used by these
species of Trigona, which may be orienting to the flowers solely on the basis of pollen odour.
Morphological and physiological changes in the floral colour patterns of both species following
pollination appear to inhibit visitation by bees. The significance of U.V floral patterns was also
considered.
Publicación no.: 64 Spatial distribution of pit-making ant lion larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae):
density effects / McClure, Mark S. (The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
065505, US).
The spatial distribution of larvae of a tropical pit-making ant lion, Myrmeleon sp. (Neuroptera:
Myrmeleontidae) was responsive to changes in population density in experimental plots. With
increasing larval density the spatial distribution of pits became increasingly regular and approached
maximum uniformity at the highest density (5 larvae per 100 cm²). This uniform spatial arrangement of
pits maximizes the distance between competitors. The diameters of ant lion pits were not significantly
affected by changes in larval density. However, at high densities there was a 20 percent reduction in the
number of larvae which built pits, suggesting that space became limiting. Only at the lowest
experimental density (1.1 larvae per 100 cm²) was there a significant difference in the sizes of larvae
which built pits in the central versus peripheral areas of the plots. At higher densities this apparent sizespecific habitat selection and dominance were less evident as all available space became occupied.
There was no evidence that larval pits were constructed in a "doughnut" configuration, instead, an ant
lion larva apparently optimizes prey capture by constructing its pit at a maximum distance from
neighboring pits. This mode of construction results in the uniform spatial distribution observed at high
densities.
Publicación no.: 65 Nest site and habitat selection by the social wasp, Metapolybia azteca Araujo
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) [Lugar de anidamiento y selección del hábitat por parte de la avispa social,
Metapolybia azteca Araujo (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)] / Forsyth, Adrian. (Queen's University. Biology
Department, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CA).
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), v. 17, p. 157-162. 1980.
Colonies of M. azteca Araujo wasps in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, nested preferentially on large
trees which had smooth bark, an inclining surface and little obscuring vegetation. Open riparian habitat
had highest nest densities. Riparian forest appears essential for the survival of several ecologically
important social wasp species in Guanacaste.
Publicación no.: 66 Aggressive displays of male Muscovy Ducks [Exhibiciones agresivas de los machos
de patos reales] / Fischer, D.H.; Sánchez-Pérez, Julio E.; McCoy-Colton, Michael B.; Bolen, E.G. (Texas
Technical University. Department of Range and Wildlife Management, Lubbock, TX, US <E-mail:
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), v. 19/20, p. 541-544. 1982. Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) were
observed in December and January at Palo Verde National Park in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Aggressive
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encounters between males were signaled by head bobbing and other displays; 90% of the encounters
terminated with these displays but 10% entered a second, more intensive, pattern involving hovering
flights. Aggressive displays were most intensive in the early morning hours and again just before
nightfall.
Publicación no.: 67 Composición elemental de algunos lamederos minerales utilizados por los
ungulados silvestres en Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Rodríguez-Ramírez, M.A.; VaughanDickhaut, Christopher.; McCoy-Colton, Michael B. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y
Enseñanza. Unidad de Areas Protegidas y Biodiversidad, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Soil samples were analyzed from seven natural licks (and nearby control areas) used seasonally by wild
and domestic ungulates in Palo Verde National Park in Costa Rica. Sodium was apparently the element
attracting animals as it was from 2.5 to 5.1 times more abundant in the natural lick then the central in all
but one site.
Publicación no.: 68 Holes in doughnut theory: the dispersion of ant-lions / Simberloff, D.; King, L.;
Dillon, P.M.; Lowrie, S.; Lorence, D.; Schilling, E. (Florida State University. Department of Biological
Science, Tallahassee, FL 32306-3050, US).
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), v. 14/15, p. 13-47. 1978.
Ant-lion populations in nature and in the laboratory are not overdispersed and may be clumped;
classical nearest neighbor techniques overestimate degree of regularity. They do not tend to any regular
geometric pattern, such as a torus. In nature, major determinants of dispersion seem to be soil moisture
and texture; laboratory experiments confirm that ant-lions avoid wet and/or large particle-size soil.
Local topographic features such as stones are also important. All these forces would tend to cause
clumping. If local topography is homogeneous, three mechanisms suggest themselves as leading to
greater dispersion; we have performed experiments which strongly imply that two of these are
important, while results bearing on the third are too scant to be conclusive. We feel that sand-throwing
during pit maintenance is most important in breaking up clumped or even dense but random
dispersions. Secondly, cannibalism is frequent and may increase dispersion. Finally, food limitation may
cause movement, which could conceivably increase dispersion if small, hungry ant-lions leave a clumped
area or encounter large individuals and are cannibalized. Simulations of ants running through ant-lion
populations and randomly dispersed analogs provide no evidence that groups of ant-lions disperse
themselves so as to maximize food intake by the group.
Publicación no.: 69 Notas sobre la ecología de la guatuza (Dasyprocta punctata Gray) en el bosque
seco tropical de Costa Rica [Notes on the ecology of Dasyprocta punctata Gray in the tropical dry forest
of Costa Rica] / Rodríguez-Ramírez, J.M.; Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher. (Ministerio de Recursos
Naturales, Energía y Minas. Dirección General de Vida Silvestre; Apdo. 10104-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
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A female agouti, Dasyprocta punctata punctata Gray, was studied using radio telemetry during August
and September, 1982, at the Palo Verde National Park in northwest Costa Rica. Home range was 3.9 ha
and maximum and minimum distances traveled daily were 1,800 m and 727 m. The animal was active
between about 5:30 and 20:00 hours.
Publicación no.: 70 Habitat utilization in a tropical heronry [Utilización del hábitat en un garcero
tropical] / Leber, K.K. (2745 E. Del Mar Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91109, US).
A heronry located on a small island in north-western Costa Rica was studied over a period of 29 months
to determine nesting chronology, density, clutch size, hatching success and patterns of habitat
utilization in six species of waterbirds. These are the first breeding records for Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus
ibis) and White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) in Costa Rica, and the second for Roseate Spoonbills (Ajaia
ajaja). Mortality factors and the need for protective measures are discussed.
Publicación no.: 71 Polymorphic mimicry of polistine wasps by a neotropical Neuroptera / Opler, P.A.
(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. 20240, US).
Climaciella brunnea is a polymorphic mantispid studied in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Five distinct
color morphs were sampled, each being a presumed Batesian mimic of a different polistine wasp. The
proportion of morphs varied between three separate localities and presumably reflected the differential
abundance and aggressiveness of models at each site. Mark-release-recapture studies did not reveal any
significant difference in mortality rates between morphs. Frequency-dependent selection via differential
predation is probably responsible for the evolution of the polymorphism and would maintain different
morph frequencies at different sites.
Publicación no.: 72 Aquatic vascular plants of Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica [Plantas vasculares
acuáticas del Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Costa Rica] / Crow, Garrett E.; Rivera-Luther, Dora Ingrid.
(University of New Hampshire. Department of Plant Biology, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail:
En: Uniciencia (ISSN 1011-0275), v. 3, no. 1-2, p. 71-78. 1986.
A study of the aquatic plants of Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica, was undertaken during the rainy
season of 1984. The swamp habitat is transitory, disappearing during the dry season, leaving only a few
pools. The aquatic vegetation consists of a mosaic with emergent vegetation predominant and with
intermittent pools and lagunas, characterized by submersed and floating-leaved vegetation. Eleocharis
mutata is the most important emergent. Other important plants include Typha dominguensis, Canna
lutea and Thalia geniculata. Large patches of Neptunia plena and Aeschynomene sensitiva are also
characteristic. In the pools Nymphaea ampla, Eichhornia crassipes, Heteranthera limosa and Najas
guadalupensis are important.
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Publicación no.: 73 A population survey of Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus and Ateles geoffroyi at
Palo Verde, Costa Rica [Recuento de la población de los monos Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus y
Ateles geoffroyi en Palo Verde, Costa Rica] / Massey, A. (North Carolina State University. Zoology
Department, Raleigh, NC 27695, US).
Calculations of Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus and Ateles geoffroyi densities from a census of
tropical dry forest in the Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica are provided (69,15 and 0.6/km²
respectively). Adult sex ratios, adult female: juvenile + infant ratios, and demographic differences are
provided for A. palliata troops in riparian and dry forests.
Publicación no.: 74 A new advanced program in conservation education in the Cantón (county) of
Bagaces, especially in the vicinity of Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve and Palo Verde National Park,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica: a proposal for matching funds with the Friends of Lomas Barbudal / Frankie,
Gordon W. (University of California. Department of Entomological Sciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <Email: [email protected]>). Berkeley, CA, [1991].
During the past four years the Friends of Lomas Barbudal has developed an extensive grass-roots
conservation education program in the Cantón (county) of Bagaces, Guanacaste Province, with an
emphasis on the communities around the Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, including the town of
Bagaces. A great number of important lessons were learned over this time period. Four of the most
important lessons were: 1) The amount of conservation education work to be done in the Cantón of
Bagaces is overwhelming, but even small organized groups can make valuable contributions.
Communication by word-of-mouth and by simple newsletters contributes greatly to information transfer
in the region. 2) A great many private citizen groups have the interest and capacity to make meaningful
contributions to conservation. However, these interests and capacities are diverse, and most groups
need assistance to realize goals. 3) No single organization (governmental or nongovernmental) should
assume overall responsibility for all conservation education in the Cantón; the job is too large and too
diverse. 4) Territoriality associated with conservation projects (including conservation education) in the
Cantón is a serious problem between certain government agencies. A new forum where governmental
agencies, NGOs and private citizens can work productively together on conservation problems is
needed. These and other important lessons form the basis of proposed work in this document. The work
will be centered in Bagaces and in the communities that surround the Lomas Barbudal Biological
Reserve and Palo Verde National Park. Six specific project goals are presented. Three of the goals
represent a continuation and expansion of ongoing successful work; that is, hands-on activities/projects
with school children, youth, and teachers and the development of the visitor/community center at
Lomas Barbudal. The second three goals represent new and advanced work that is unique to an NGO
with much experience in research biology, teaching, publishing and public relations. These latter goals
will specifically address the four important lessons mentioned above. The new goals are: 1) Develop a
user-friendly conservation resource Center in the town of Bagaces that will serve as a major facility for
information transfer, direct exchange, and a forum for government agencies, NGOs and private citizens.
One of the policies of the Center will be to work towards reducing barriers between groups through
improved and innovative communication. 2) Work with diverse private groups whose special interests
can be combined and integrated with those of conservation. Look for opportunities for mutual projects
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that will empower private individuals and/or provide for sustainable development. 3) Develop a series of
popular and environmentally-relevant publications on tropical dry forest biodiversity/ecology, natural
resource management, agriculture, conservation and sustainable development. Use published scientific
papers and unpublished materials to tailor make this new information to meet the needs of specific
audiences - governmental and nongovernmental. Make the information available through the Bagaces
resource Center and other outlets in the Cantón.
Publicación no.: 75 Nesting biology of the Long-tailed Manakin [Biología de anidamiento del toledo] /
Foster, Mercedes S. (National Museum of Natural History. National Biological Survey, Washington, DC
20560-0111, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Wilson Bulletin (ISSN 0043-5643), v. 88, no. 3, p. 400-420. 1976.
The nesting biology of the Long-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis) was studied over several months in
1971-1974 in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Thirty-nine nests were discovered, 12 of which contained
eggs or young. These nests were shallow cups suspended from forks in small trees. They were placed so
that adjacent branches provided camouflage and protection from weather. Nest materials included
primarily spider web or insect cocoon fibers, fungal rhizomorphs (Marasmius), moss, leaf blades and
petioles, bark fibers, grass blades, and other dry plant fibers. Nest building normally took about 3 days
when not interrupted. Females did not incubate over much of the morning and in the late afternoon,
although they often remained in the vicinity of the nest. Clutch size was 1 or 2. Young were sparsely
covered with grayish-tan natal down; gapes and mouth linings were golden-yellow. Older young, at
least, were fed on fruit, and they repeatedly made soft, cheep notes. Nesting success was very low,
presumably because of high predation. Only one of 15 eggs which were followed hatched; neither of 2
nestlings observed fledged. Growth form, size, and fruiting time are probably the most important
features of the tree controlling the selection of trees for nest placement because of their influence on
nest suspension, camouflage, and protection from weather and predators. Long-tailed Manakin nests
described from Chiapas, Mexico by Wagner (1945) were probably misidentified. The Costa Rican nests
and eggs also are compared to those from Oaxaca, Mexico and to those of the other 3 species of the
genus Chiroxiphia. All are strikingly similar.
Publicación no.: 76 The reproductive biology of Cupania guatemalensis Radlk (Sapindaceae) / Bawa,
Kamaljit S. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Bldvd, Boston, MA
En: Evolution (ISSN 0014-3820), v. 31, p. 52-63. 1977.
The flowering pattern and floral morphology of Cupania guatemalensis is interpreted in terms of the
foraging behavior of pollinators on the one hand and the degree of outcrossing and inbreeding on the
other. The plants of Cupania guatemalensis bear first staminate, then usually pistillate and finally again
staminate flowers. Thus the species, although morphologically monoecious, is functionally "dioecious";
the temporal separation of staminate and pistillate phases leads to almost complete outcrossing. The
primary pollinators of Cupania guatemalensis appear to be several species of Trigona. These bees tend
to forage on the same plant day after day. It is suggested that the staggering of staminate and pistillate
phases eliminates the possibility of selfing which would inevitably result from the foraging pattern of
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pollinators if the two kinds of flowers on the same tree matured contemporaneously. Another
interesting feature of the re productive biology of Cupania guatemalensis is that the pistillate flowers
have well developed stamens with anthers containing pollen grains. However, the anthers do not
dehisce, and it appears that their main function is to make pistillate and staminate flowers look alike to
pollinators. Since the pollinators primarily collect pollen, they prefer to visit staminate flowers. It is
suggested that the pistillate flowers mimic staminate flowers and that without anthers the pollinators'
visitation rate to pistillate flowers would be much lower than observed here. In order for the "mimicry"
effect to be successful the pistillate flowers, as compared with staminate flowers, are produced in low
numbers and over a short duration of time. Although Cupania guatemalensis is almost completely
outcrossed, it is pointed out that considerable potential for inbreeding in the populations exists because
of differences in flowering times of different plants, the non-random movement of pollinators and the
failure of many reproductive individuals to bear pistillate flowers and/or fruits. Finally it is suggested
that the breeding system displayed by Cupania guatemalensis is prevalent in other members of the
family Sapindaceae as well as many other monoecious species in lowland tropical forests.
Publicación no.: 77 Wood specific gravity gradients in tropical dry and montane rain forest trees
[Gradientes en la gravedad específica de la madera en árboles del bosque tropical seco y montano] /
Wiemann, Michael C.; Williamson, G. Bruce. (Louisiana State University. Department of Plant Biology,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1705, US).
Pith to bark specific gravity (SG) trends were investigated in 18 tropical dry forest and six montane rain
forest tree species of Costa Rica. Eleven dry forest species showed statistically significant increases in SG
with distance from pith. The increases ranged from 20-80%; the greatest changes were exhibited by
species which are known to occur in tropical wet as well as tropical dry forests. The other seven species
showed no change in SG with distance from pith. Of the montane forest species, one showed a
significant decrease of 20%, and three showed significant increases ranging from 20-40%. Two species
exhibited no change in SG. Comparison of these changes with trends found in tropical wet forest and
temperate forest suggests that the increase in SG with size is most common in tropical wet forest, least
common in temperate forest, and intermediate in tropical dry and montane forests.
Publicación no.: 78 Eco-behavioral aspects of two communally nesting iguanines and the structure of
their shared nesting burrows [Aspectos ecológicos y de comportamiento de dos iguánidas anidando
comunalmente y la estructura de las galerías del nido compartidas] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail:
En: Herpetologica (ISSN 0018-0831), v. 45, no 3, p. 293-298. 1989.
Communal nesting has recognized disadvantages, but it seems to be more common than formerly
thought. Communal nesting has been attributed to the scarcity of suitable nesting sites; this paper
discusses other possible reasons for communal nesting in large iguanids. Four nesting burrow systems
were excavated in four different ctenosaur (Ctenosaura similis) and green iguana (Iguana iguana)
nesting sites in Palo Verde National Park, northwestern Costa Rica. The excavations showed simple and
complex burrow systems that were sometimes shared by the two species. The number of nests and
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characteristics of the tunnels varied from three ctenosaur nests (in one simple system of two entrances
and 7.5 m excavated) to 10 ctenosaurs and six green iguana nests (in a complex burrow system of five
entrances and 68 m excavated). A fifth system excavated during the nesting season showed five female
ctenosaurs working simultaneously in the same burrow system. Observations and population density
estimates were carried out during the 1984-1986 nesting seasons.
Publicación no.: 79 An evolutionary-ecological model of the evolution of migratory behavior in the
Monarch Butterfly, and its absence in the Queen Butterfly / Young, Allen M. (Milwaukee Public
Museum. Invertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee, WI 53233, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Acta Biotheoretica (ISSN 0001-5342), v. 31, p. 219-237. 1982.
This paper presents a model that generates testable hypotheses concerning the evolution of long-range
migratory behavior in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus and the general absence of such
behavior in a related form, the Queen, D. gilippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). An attempt is
made to reconstruct a probable transition within the Neotropical forest-dwelling danaines associated
with woody Asclepiadaceae (and to a lesser extent, perhaps some Apocyanaceae) as larval food plants
to a progenitor stock of the Monarch and Queen in more seasonal tropical regions, and eventually
temperate regions, and associated with herbaceous asclepiads such as Asclepias. A basic premise of the
proposed hypothetical model is that the colonization of secondary habitats in seasonal tropical regions
of Central America preadapted both forms to an eventual colonization of the sub-temperate and
temperate zone of North America.. The assumed evolutionary diversification of the herbaceous
Asclepias species in North America provided an evolutionary stepping stone for the expansion of these
danaines into this region. Owing to strong selection arising from the co-association of the Monarch and
Queen with the same species of Asclepias in the subtropical region of North America, eventually there
was selection for the colonization of the higher latitudes by the Monarch, where Asclepias thrived. Being
essentially a tropical insect, the Monarch evolved an obligatory long-range migratory behavior to allow
colonization of the temperate zone annually, and necessitating the use of overwintering sites in Mexico
and other places.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2208. PVB. NBINA-6909. Museo de Insectos (UCR).
Publicación no.: 80 Some differences between temperate and tropical populations of Monarch
(Danaus plexippus) and Queen (Danaus gilippus) butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) [Algunas
diferencias entre poblaciones de la zona templada y tropical de la mariposa monarca (Danaus plexippus)
y la reina (Danaus gilippus) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)] / Young, Allen M. (Milwaukee Public Museum.
Invertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee, WI 53233, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Entomological News (ISSN 0013-872X), v. 85, p. 116-126. 1974.
This report concerns some preliminary studies on the comparative population structure and incidence of
parasitism by tachinid flies (Tachinidae) in temperate and tropical populations of the Monarch Butterfly,
Danaus plexippus, and the Queen Butterfly, Danaus gilippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae).
Various aspects of population structure and mortality from tachinids are given for one mixed tropical
population of Monarchs and Queens during wet and dry seasons, and lesser data of this sort are
summarized for two temperate populations of the Monarch alone. From these findings the testable
hypothesis is advanced that tropical populations of these ecologically similar butterflies should, on the
average, (1) suffer from higher amounts of biotic mortality, especially on immature stages, than
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comparable temperate populations, and (2) further studies should reveal that Monarchs and Queens in
the tropics are biologically-accommodated species while physically-con trolled species at northern
latitudes.
Publicación no.: 81 Interspecific aggressive behavior of the polyandrous Northern Jacana (Jacana
spinosa) [Comportamiento agresivo interespecífico del poliándrico gallito de agua (Jacana spinosa)] /
Stephens, M.L. (The University of Chicago. Allee Laboratory of Animal Behavior, 940 East 57th Street,
Chicago, IL 60637, US).
En: The Auk (ISSN 0004-8038), v. 101, no. 3, p. 508-518. 1984.
Adults of the polyandrous Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) defend their offspring against avian
territorial intruders that are potential offspring predators. I investigated this defensive behavior in Costa
Rica during 1980 and 1981. Jacanas attacked 15 species; most attacks were against Purple Gallinules
(Porphyrula martinica), which are known predators of Jacana eggs and offspring. Three factors
influenced the probability of attacks: (1) spatial proximity of intruders to Jacana offspring, (2) species
identity of intruders, and (3) stage of breeding (Jacanas were most responsive to intruders when young
offspring were present). Attacks prevented intruders from reaching Jacana offspring, and limited
evidence suggests that attacks also reduced the density of intruders near jacana nests. The female's role
in offspring defense was substantial. Females participated in the defense of eggs and small young at
levels comparable to those of males. This participation included: (1) joining ongoing attacks when their
mates solicited aid, (2) continuing attacks while their mates led offspring away from intruders, and (3)
launching attacks in the absence of their mates, especially during incubation.
Publicación no.: 82 The role of flower visitors in the explosive pollination of Thalia geniculata
(Marantaceae), a Costa Rican marsh plant [Papel de los visitantes de las flores en la polinización
explosiva de Thalia geniculata (Marantaceae), una planta del pantano costarricense] / Davis, M.A.
(Macalester College. Department of Biology, 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55105, US).
En: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (ISSN 0040-9618), v. 114, no. 2, p. 134-138. 1987.
Carpenter bees, hummingbirds, and butterflies are common flower visitors to a population of Thalia
geniculata (Marantaceae), located in the Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. In
this study, the role of these pollinators in triggering the explosive pollination mechanism of Thalia was
assessed and visitation rates were recorded in three successive years. Bees were found to trigger most
flowers they visited, hummingbirds triggered approximately 50% of visited flowers, and butterflies did
not trigger any. Visitation activity at flowers varied significantly in both space and time, and was
influenced by flower height, a plant's proximity to other conspecifics, the strength of the wind (which
varied daily) and possibly by the flowering state of other species growing nearby (which varied
annually). T. geniculata was found to be able to produce seeds autogamously which prevents reduction
in seed set in areas, or during periods, of low pollinator activity.
Publicación no.: 83 Eighteen new species of Bruchidae, principally from Costa Rica, with host records
and distributional notes (Insecta: Coleoptera) [Dieciocho especies nuevas de Bruchidae, principalmente
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de Costa Rica, con registros de hospederos y observaciones de distribución (Insecta: Coleoptera)] /
Kingsolver, John Mark. (ARS/USDA. c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, DC 20560, US).
En: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (ISSN 0006-324X), v. 93, no. 1, p. 229-283. 1980.
Diagnostic descriptions, illustrations of salient characters, geographic distribution, and host plants are
given for the following new species: Amblycerus epsilon, A. imperfectus, A. multiflocculus, A.
pterocarpae, A. spondiae, A. vegai, Zabrotes chavesi, Merobruchus santarosae, M. boucheri, M.
hastatus, M. paquetae, M. sonorensis, M. terani, Acanthoscelides hectori, A. johnsoni, A. megacornis, A.
petalopygus, and A. triumfettae.
Publicación no.: 84 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. (Convolvulaceae) in Costa Rica [Ipomoea carnea Jacq.
(Convolvulaceae) en Costa Rica] / Keeler, K.H. (University of California. Department of Genetics,
Berkeley, CA 94720, US).
This is the first report of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) from lowland Costa Rica. These populations
are unusual for the species in flower color, flowering season and pollinator. Other aspects of the biology
of the species in Guanacaste, especially pollination, flower robbing and extrafloral nectary visitors, are
discussed.
Publicación no.: 85 Systematics of the fuscus group of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia,
Leptodactylidae) [Sistemática del grupo fuscus del género de ranas Leptodactylus (Amphibia,
Leptodactylidae)] / Heyer, W. Ronald. (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition
Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, US).
En: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Bulletin (ISSN 0076-0943), no. 29, p. 1-85.
1978.
Thirteen characters of external morphology are analyzed in detail for the species comprising the fuscus
group (genus Leptodactylus). The major method of data analysis is application of the multivariate
stepwise discriminant function analysis. Results of the morphological analysis are compared with known
information on mating calls, larvae, and karyotypes. Based on all available data, taxonomic conclusions
are drawn. The nomenclature of the group is described in detail, associating proposed names with the
species units recognized in this study. Wherever possible, the original type material was re-examined for
this study. Of the 19 species recognized in the fuscus group, 4 are described as new. For each species,
the following information is provided: a synonymy of primary names, a diagnosis for adults, adult and
larval morphological characteristic summaries, diagnostic description of the mating call, diagnostic
description of the karyotype, and distribution including localities and associated specimen museum
numbers for the specimens examined. A key is provided at the end of the species accounts. The
composite range of the group is extensive, ranging from Texas to Argentina, on both sides of the Andes,
and certain islands of the West Indies. Several characters used in the analysis are sexually dimorphic. It
is postulated that sexual dimorphism in hind limb proportions is due to differential selection, the shorter
male limb the result of selection for the burrowing activity of incubating chamber formation, the longer
female limb the result of selection for avoiding above ground vertebrate predators. Sexual dimorphism
occurring in the lip and thigh stripes of some species is explained by the hypothesis that males are using
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the information to discriminate among females in mate recognition. The ancestral stock of the fuscus
group is presumed to have been fossorially adapted to an area with a vegetation type similar to that
now found in the Gran Chaco. Evolutionary events within the species group correlate with adaptations
to more mesic environments.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: N.
Publicación no.: 86 The utilization of a tropical seed resource by the variegated squirrel and the cotton
stainer bug / Hutchison, E.W. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State Universtiy, 1980. 88 p. Thesis, M.Sc,
Michigan State University, Department of Zoology, East Lansing, MI (USA).
The high species diversity in the tropics often results in complex interactions between predators and
resources. Up to eleven animal species may utilize the seed crops of the deciduous tree, Sterculia
apetala. Two species, the variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) and the cotton stainer bug
(Dysdercus bimaculatus) play important roles in the tree's ecology. The squirrels harvest the majority of
each tree's crop. Their patterns of feeding resemble those predicted by optimal foraging theory. The
bugs must scramble for the seeds dropped by the squirrels. The bugs respond to food limitation by
developing to a smaller size, by migration or by cannibalism. To reproduce successfully, seeds must
escape the injurious insects. The squirrels, as dispersers, preferentially visit large tree crops. The
squirrels may create selection pressure for trees to concentrate squirrels' activities in one canopy
simultaneously, resulting in the population's asynchronous fruiting and in individual trees producing
crops every other year.
Publicación no.: 87 Contribución al conocimiento sobre manejo de Crocodylus acutus Cuvier
(Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) en el Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodríguez
Caballero / Salas-Araya, Carlos Eduardo. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1985. 49 p. Tesis,
Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
Se capturó 16 cocodrilos (Crocodylus acutus Cuvier) en el Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre Dr. Rafael
Lucas Rodríguez C., específicamente, en la sección del Río Tempisque, que colinda con dicho Refugio. Los
tamaños de los cocodrilos abarcaron desde 29.0 cm a 125.0 cm. Se determinó la ecuación de regresión
lineal Y' = 4.69 + 9.86(X), donde 'X' = distancia entre nariz y ojo y "Y" = longitud total del cocodrilo. Con
base a lo anterior, se puede realizar una estimación del tamaño total del cocodrilo con sólo una
estimación visual del observador de la distancia entre la nariz y los ojos del cocodrilo. Además se
realizaron análisis de los contenidos estomacales, encontrando que la clase Insecta y Crustacea poseen
el mayor porcentaje de frecuencia de aparición (% Fa), con un 45.09% y 28.07% respectivamente. La
Clase Insecta representada por 7 familias y la clase Crustacea con 3 familias. También se encontró que
un 50% de los cocodrilos capturados, contenían nematodos estomacales y un 6.25% poseían
sanguijuelas ectoparásitos (Placobdela). Asimismo se tomaron diversas medidas biométricas y además
se recopiló información, para conocer el hábitat natural de esta especie en el Río Tempisque. Se
realizaron diversos muestreos de salinidad en la Laguna Palo Verde y en el Río Tempisque, así como
levantamiento de dos listas sobre la vegetación tanto en las márgenes del río, como de la vegetación
acuática de la Laguna Palo Verde. También se recogió información sobre comportamiento de C. acutus
en su hábitat natural en el Río Tempisque.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 240. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-13770.
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Publicación no.: 88 Distribución, ciclos reproductivos y aspectos ecológicos de aves acuáticas /
Sánchez-Pérez, Julio E.; Rodríguez-Ramírez, J.M.; Salas, C. (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento
de Historia Natural, Apdo. 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Las lagunas y pantanos de las cuencas de los ríos Cañas, Tempisque y Bebedero ubicados en Guanacaste,
Costa Rica, albergan unas sesenta especies de aves acuáticas; sin embargo, las aves acuáticas son las
menos estudiadas en el país. Es por ello que el presente trabajo tuvo por objeto obtener una estimación
del tamaño de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas en la provincia de Guanacaste; recopilar datos básicos
para establecer políticas de manejo de dichas aves y determinar los hábitos de alimentación y
reproducción más importantes para aves acuáticas de Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 89 Composición elemental de algunos afloramientos minerales utilizados por los
ungulados silvestres en Palo Verde / Rodríguez-Ramírez, M.A.; Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; McCoyColton, Michael B. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad de Areas
Protegidas
y
Biodiversidad,
Turrialba,
CR
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Soil samples were analyzed from seven natural licks (and nearby control areas) used seasonally by wild
and domestic ungulates in Palo Verde National Park in Costa Rica. Sodium was apparently the element
attracting animals as it was from 2.5 to 5.1 times more abundant in the natural lick then the central in all
but one site.
Publicación no.: 090 Resultados preliminares del estudio del venado colablanca (Odocoileus
virginianus) en Costa Rica / McCoy-Colton, Michael B.; Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher. (Universidad
Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Investigaciones sobre fauna silvestre de Costa Rica. San José: EUNED, 1985. p. 25-79.
Con base en una encuesta efectuada a 210 cazadores en la Provincia de Guanacaste sobre la ecología
del venado colablanca, se analizaron dos preguntas relacionadas con la época de nacimiento de la cría y
un aspecto de los hábitos alimenticios de la especie. Los resultados mostraron que de los 214 meses
mencionados por los encuestados como de nacimientos de venados, el 39,7% correspondió a los meses
de abril y mayo, período en que comienza la época lluviosa. Además, 86 de los 176 encuestados (48,9%)
creen que el venado colablanca se reproduce solamente una vez al año, mientras que el 26,7% cree que
se reproduce durante todo el año, pero con picos durante ciertos meses. Aunque hacen falta estudios
más detallados, con base en los datos preliminares se recomienda no permitir la cacería desde enero
hasta noviembre. La especie de árbol cuyas hojas son las más importantes para el venado tanto en el
verano como en el invierno es el guácimo. Los encuestados señalaron 36 especies más. Como conclusión
general se anota la importancia de llevar a cabo profundos estudios acerca de la especie. Este paso será
iniciado en el Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Palo Verde, donde se estudiará por medio de radiotelemetría
una serie de parámetros de la población. Esto incluirá el área que necesitan para vivir durante verano e
invierno, los patrones de actividades diurnas y anuales, el porcentaje de utilización de diferentes
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hábitats, las épocas de nacimientos, los hábitos alimenticios y las diferencias de tales parámetros entre
clases de edad y sexo diversas. Además deberá evaluarse si el refugio es lo bastante amplio como para
sostener una población viable de venados.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S789. AD 151. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 591.0724 I62.
Publicación no.: 091 Ecología de la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata punctata Gray) / Rodríguez-Ramírez,
J.M. (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas. Dirección General de Vida Silvestre, Sección de
Investigaciones, San José, CR).
El objetivo de esta investigación se enfocó hacia el conocimiento de movimientos diarios, área de
actividad, preferencias alimenticias y épocas de reproducción de la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata
punctata), en el Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Rafael Lucas Rodríguez, localizado en Palo Verde, en la región
noroccidental de Costa Rica. Se capturaron 11 animales, se identificaron, pesaron y se registró su estado
productivo. Posteriormente se liberaron. A uno de los animales capturados se le colocó un radio collar lo
que permitó realizar radiolocalizaciones cada hora, comenzando a las 4:30 a.m. y terminando a las 9:00
p.m. Se obtuvieron 153 radio-localizaciones que dieron una área de actividad de 3,9 ha para este animal.
En cuanto a los hábitos alimenticios de la guatusa, se encontró que éstos varían a lo largo del año, según
la fructificación de las especies vegetales. El estado de desarrollo de las glándulas mamarias en las
hembras capturadas en abril y mayo, hizo suponer que estaban lactando en esa épocañ además, una
hembra que murió en cautiverio estaba preñada, lo cual pareciera sugerir que la guatusa se reproduce a
finales de la época seca. Se considera necesario continuar el estudio de la ecología por un año más como
mínimo, dando mayor énfasis a la reproducción de la guatusa.
Publicación no.: 092 Algunos aspectos sobre comportamiento, alimentación y nivel de población de
los monos (Primates: Cebidae) en el Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Palo Verde (Guanacaste, Costa Rica) /
Rodríguez-Ramírez, M.A. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad de Areas
Protegidas y Biodiversidad, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Investigaciones sobre fauna silvestre de Costa Rica. San José: EUNED, 1985. p. 53-71.
Tres especies de cébidos han sido identificadas en la provincia de Guanacaste: mono congo (Alouatta
palliata) (Gray), mono carablanca (Cebus capucinus Thomas) y mono colorado (Ateles geoffroyi)(kuhl).
La información publicada sobre la dinámica de poblaciones en la región y, en general, en el país es muy
escasa. Este documento describe algunos aspectos sobre alimentación, comportamiento, nivel de
población y preferencia de hábitat de Allouatta palliata, el Cebus capucinus y el Ateles geoffroyi en el
Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Dr. Rafael L. Rodríguez, ubicado en Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Recomendaciones: Con base en los resultados obtenidos se recomienda el inicio inmediato de estudios
sobre la dinámica de población del mono colorado (Ateles geoffroyi), para asegurar la conservación de la
especie en el área. Es conveniente además, un censo sistemático de monos en la Provincia de
Guanacaste que permita determinar la condición de las poblaciones.
Publicación no.: 093 Costa Rica / Sánchez, J.; Scott, D.A. (comp.); Carbonell, M. (comp.)
En: Inventario de humedales de la región neotropical Gloucester: Buró Internacional para el Estudio de
las Aves Acuáticas IWRB / UICN, 1986. p. 333-342. ISBN: 2-88032-507-2.
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(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 094 More barn owl barf from Palo Verde, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica /
Woodman, N. (The University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, KS 66045-2454, US). ,
1987. s.p.i.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 095 Barn owl food habits [Hábitos alimentarios de la lechuza ratonera] / VaughanDickhaut, Christopher.; McCoy-Colton, Michael B. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias
Ambientales, Programa Regional Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), no. 19-20, p. 614-615. 1982.
A bar owl (Tyto alba Ridgeway) roosting site at Cueva del Tigre, Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Guanacaste
Province, Costa Rica, was visited in January, 1980. Beneath it several piles of owl pellets were found to
contain remains of small mammals. The analysis of the craniums to determine food habits of the barn
owl population resulted as follows: Desmodus rotundus (16%); Liomys salvini (7.3%); Sigmodon hispidus
(91.1%).
Publicación no.: 096 Los humedales de Palo Verde / Muñoz, G. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de
Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR).
En: UNA Visión, Año 5, no. 12, p. 18-19. 1989. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 097 Notes on the biology of Polistes carnifex (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Costa Rica
and Colombia [Apuntes sobre la biología de Polistes carnifex (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) en Costa Rica y
Colombia] / Corn, M.L. (Harvard University. The Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02138, US).
En: Psyche (ISSN 0033-2615), v. 79, no. 3, p. 150-157. 1972.
Conclusion: The behavioral repertoire of this wasp is very similar to that of P. canadensis as reported by
Eberhard (1969). The size and gentleness of this wasp make it very suitable for behavioral observations.
The association of P. carnifex with other social wasps has not been reported outside of Costa Rica. Data
on the nesting success is associated and non-associated nests are needed to determine what advantage,
if any, Polistes carnifex receives or confers in this association.
Publicación no.: 098 Seeds of change in the dry forest [Semilas de cambio en el bosque seco] / Edgar, B.
En: Pacific Discovery (ISSN 0030-8641), v. 42, no. 3, p. 24-27. 1989.
Conservationsits struggle to save Costa Rican remnants of a rare habitat that once blanketed
Mesoamerica's Pacific coast. This paper describes the ecological diversity that characterizes and
distinguishes the tropical dry forest of the Guanacaste province, and some efforts to save it by local
organizations.
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Publicación no.: 099 Terrestrial movements of mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides in Costa Rica /
Teska, William R. (Michigan State University. The Museum, East Lansing, MI 48824, US).
En: Copeia (ISSN 0045-8511), v. 1976, no. 3, p. 579-580. 1976.
Between 5-19 February, 1974 terrestrial movements were note for the mud turtle Kinosternon
scorpioides, near Palo Verde marsh, 15 km southwest of Cañas, in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 100 Aves sobresalientes de Palo Verde / Boza-Loría, Mario Andrés. (The Leatherback
Trust Fideicomiso Baulas, Ap. 11046, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Biocenosis (ISSN 0250-6963), v. 3, no. 1/3, p. 23-25. 1981.
Comentario sobre la importancia de la creación del Parque Nacional Palo Verde, especialmente al
constituirse en una de las áreas más importantes de Costa Rica para la protección de aves acuáticas
residentes y migratorias. Se calcula que alrededor de unas 272 especies de aves se concentran en las
lagunas y pastizales inundados del Parque, por lo que se constituye en una zona ideal para el turismo
científico y el disfrute de la diversidad de sus hábitats y vida silvestre.
Publicación no.: 101 Alimentación y crecimiento corporal del garrobo Ctenosaura similis Gray, en su
primer año de vida / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1986.
86 p. Tesis, Mag.Sc, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, San José
(Costa Rica).
Se estudió la tasa de crecimiento y los hábitos alimentarios de Ctenosaura similis Gray (garrobo) durante
su primer año de vida en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodríguez (conocido
actualmente como Parque Nacional Palo Verde), durante el período de mayo de 1984 a abril de 1985. Se
realizó una colecta que comprendió seis muestreos, uno cada diez semanas (aproximadamente) durante
un año, colectando 20 individuos cada vez; en total se colectó 120 individuos. La colecta se hizo con el
fin de obtener datos sobre la longitud hocico-ano (LHA), la longitud total (LT) y el peso corporal (PC) de
los garrobos (para evaluar el crecimiento), y sobre los contenidos estomacales (para evaluar los hábitos
alimentarios). Se comparó el contenido estomacal de los individuos de los dos últimos muestreos con la
disponibilidad aparente de las especies vegetales en el campo. Se hizo observaciones preliminares sobre
el tiempo necesario para el paso del alimento a través del tracto digestivo de cuatro garrobos en
cautiverio, así como del número y forma de los dientes de 20 individuos. La LHA promedio al nacimiento
de los garrobos fue 54.20 mm y a las 48 semanas de edad fue 175.85 mm. Esto significa una tasa de
incremento lineal diario de 0.362 mm para el período de estudio. La LT se incrementó de 185.75 mm a
529.30 mm en 48 semanas. El promedio de PC de los garrobos recién nacidos fue 5.019, con una tasa de
incremento diario de 0.362 mm; el PC promedio a las 48 semanas de edad de los garrobos fue 126.55 g.
El ajuste de los datos a un modelo cuadrático tanto de LEA como de PC, dio una primera indicación de
que el incremento en estas dos variables no es constante, LO QUE se espera que sea así a causa del
crecimiento escalonado que muestra la mayoría de los animales. Se encontró un porcentaje similar de
casi 50:50 de alimento vegetal y alimento animal en los individuos de 11 semanas de edad. El porcentaje
de alimento animal en la dieta bajó con el aumento de edad de los garrobos. Al final del estudio
(garrobos de 48 semanas de edad) fue 5.93%. Tanto el componente animal como el vegetal mostraron
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una alta diversidad. El componente vegetal estuvo constituido casi exclusivamente por hojas de varias
especies siendo las principales Pithecellobium dulce y Corchorus sp.; las flores y semillas fueron
ocasionales. Los insectos constituyeron el 90% del número total de presas consumidas. De estos, los
himenópteros (principalmente formícidos y ápidos) formaron el 34%. El estudio compara y contrasta la
dieta de los garrobos en cinco edades diferentes, para lo cual se analizó los tipos de alimento obtenidos
de 100 contenidos estomacales. Los parámetros de la dieta que se analizaron fueron el tipo de alimento,
la diversidad de cada tipo de alimento (animal y vegetal) y el número de ocurrencias por estómago. Las
curvas de saturación de la diversidad de Brillouin (E) del alimento y las de acumulación de TAZA como
función del número de estómagos muestreados mostraron que hubo un adecuado esfuerzo de
muestreo para la mayoría de los grupos, con aproximadamente 13 estómagos; y que los grupos de cada
edad difirieron en el número y los taxa consumidos. La comparación de los grupos de cada edad con
respecto a esos parámetros de la dicta ayudó a identificar el recurso alimentario para cada edad. El
supuesto de que las especies con grupos determinados de prosa en sus estómagos, se alimentan
oportunístamente de presas relativamente efímeras, así como las diversidades promedio tan variables
encontradas permite concluir que los garrobos muestran una tendencia oportunista en su dieta. Esto es
reforzado por el hecho de que ellos seleccionaron las especies vegetales que consumieron.
Aparentemente no hubo diferencia en el tiempo de permanencia de los dos tipos de alimento en el
tracto digestivo. Aún así, es de suponer que hay un sesgo en los datos de cantidad de contenido
estomacal, pues la materia animal pudo haber sido mejor aprovechada. Sí parece que hubo diferencia
en la forma de los dientes de los individuos juveniles de edades diferentes.
Publicación no.: 102 Maternal care and polyandry in the northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) / Stephens,
M.L. (The University of Chicago. Allee Laboratory of Animal Behavior, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL
60637, US). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1984. 160 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL (USA).
This thesis examines the dynamics of maternal care in the northern jacana (Jacana spinosa), a
neotropical shorebird that I studied in Costa Rica. Northern jacanas are polyandrous: females defend the
adjacent territories of their one to four mates, each of whom raises a family. Maternal care is virtually
restricted to the defense of offspring from potential predators. During this study, females' participation
in offspring defense was substantial. Moreover, females probably are more effective than males in
defending offspring, given their larger body size. Polyandrous females' participation in offspring defense
was about 35% less than that of monandrous females. This resulted primarily from the fact that
polyandrous females generally were farther from their offspring than were monandrous females. The
lower level of care provided by polyandrous females had no apparent adverse effect on offspring
survivorship. In fact, polyandrous females had higher offspring survivorship. Polyandrous females
concurrently defended all of their families, although they defended chicks more than eggs or juveniles.
Chicks probably are more vulnerable to predators than are eggs and juveniles. Females were able to
defend all of their families for several reasons. Foremost among these are (1) that offspring defense was
not a time-consuming activity, and (2) that females usually were near their offspring, because of their
small territory size. Polyandry in northern jacanas probably has evolved in response to an unusual
combination of environmental and phylogenetic factors. The environmental factors include high food
density, limited breeding habitat, long breeding season, high clutch loss, and moderate climate. The
phylogenetic factors include high male participation in incubation, precociousness of offspring, and
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reversed dimorphism in body size. Polyandrous females provide substantial levels of defense to all of
their families while concurrently performing activities necessary for polyandrous reproduction, such as
egg production and territory defense. Whether or not offspring defense is compatible with polygamy in
other polyandrous or polygynous birds is largely unknown. I suggest that offspring defense is compatible
with polygamy in birds. If so, then the ability of polygamous individuals to provide substantial levels of
offspring defense may have been a factor in the evolution of avian polygamy.
Publicación no.: 103 Wildlands conservation in Central America [Conservación de áreas silvestres en
Centroamérica] / Hartshorn, Gary Spencer. (Duke University, Box 90630, Durham, NC 27708-0630, US
En: Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Sutton, S.L.; Whitmore, T.C.; Chadwick, A.C. (eds.)
Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ., 1983. p. 423-444. (British Ecological Society Special Publ. Series; v. 2).
1. Conservation efforts in Belize have been oriented towards tiny wildlife sanctuaries for bird-watching
on the mainland and protecting seabird rookeries on small mangrove islands. Half-Moon Caye National
Monument protects one of the few true coral atolls in the Western Caribbean. Although representative
forest ecosystems are not protected, the low population pressure and the emphasis on pine exploitation
do not yet pose serious threats to the broad-leaved forests. 2. In 12 years, Costa Rica has developed a
model system of twenty-two functional national parks and equivalent reserves. Though close to its goal
of protecting 10% of the country, the Costa Rican National Park Service is having difficulty consolidating
the national parks system due to numerous private land-holdings (23% of the parks area)- and the 1;
very serious national economic problems. Costa Rica's part of the Friendship International Park (La
Amistad) has recently been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. 3. El Salvador's few conservation
units have been seriously degraded by population pressures and the current civil war. Montecristo
National Park contains the only significant forest remaining in the country, but the park suffered from
uncontrolled logging and slash and burn agriculture long before this civil war. 4. Guatemala has
established sixteen national parks since 1955, but only four meet the recommended international
criteria. The Tikal World Heritage Site is the most significant conservation unit in Guatemala; most of the
other conservation units are non-functional 'paper parks'(e.g. Rio Dulce) or too small to effectively
protect critical habitats or populations (e.g. Quetzal biotope). Terrorism and civil warfare have greatly
reduced the government presence in conservation units. Guatemala's conservation efforts, continue to
suffer from the assassination of Mario Dary, the country's leading conservationist. 5. In the past -few
years Honduras has made impressive progress in conservation, highlighted by establishment of the Rio
Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Rio Plátano is the most significant conservation unit in northern Central
America, particularly because of its pristine nature and large size. 6. After the 1979 revolution,
Nicaragua's new government created a National Park Service (SPN) to administer the two existing
national parks. SPN is actively evaluating thirty-five wildlands for conservation potential and designation
as conservation units. 7. Panama's national parks and equivalent reserves cover nearly 12% of the
country; however, most of the conservation units are merely 'paper parks'. The remote Darién World
Heritage Site remains intact because of its inaccessibility, but construction of the Pan-American Highway
to the Colombian border would seriously threaten the integrity of an area that might be the most
biologically rich in the world.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S884. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: AS 50028.
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Publicación no.: 104 El impacto de las quemas y la sequía sobre las poblaciones de las tortugas de Palo
Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Acuña-Mesén, Rafael A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de
Biología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: OET, [1989]. 37 p.
The effects of fire and the drought upon the population structure of Kinosternon scorpioides is reported
in the "Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero" located at Palo Verde
National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The number of Kinosternon scorpioides of the sampling was 206.
Within the dead turtles (n=164), 140 (85.36%) died through the effect of the fire in only three days and
24 (14.64%) during the rest of the year for other reasons (drought, sickness or depredation). Among the
tortoises that died because of burnings, 44.08% were young ones, 37.63% were females and 18.27%
males. The effects of the drought upon the tortoises are dehydration, suffocation and death because
starvation within the ground cracked.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 598.1397286 A184i.
Publicación no.: 105 Where have all the birds gone?: essays on the biology and conservation of birds
that migrate to the American tropics [¿Adonde se han ido todas las aves?: ensayos sobre la biología y
conservación de aves que migran a los trópicos americanos] / Terborgh, John. (Duke University. Center
for Tropical Conservation and Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90381, Durham, NC 27708, US
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1989. 207 p.
This book is about the conservation of North American migratory birds, particularly those that migrate
to winter homes south of the United States. It is intended for people who appreciate birds and care
about them-bird-watchers, amateur naturalists, lovers of the outdoors, as well as my professional
colleagues in the biological sciences. Readers attracted to bird books for their color illustrations will be
disappointed, because I am much more a scientist than a photographer. Only a few birds are pictured
here. Most of the illustrations are of the tropical habitats that serve as wintering grounds of migrants
and accompany descriptions in the text. Some parts of the account have a personal flavor, others may
seem dry and technical to the nonspecialist. Wherever technical subjects are discussed, as in Chapters 3,
8, 9, and 10.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 598.2525 T315w.
Publicación no.: 106 Central American jungles [Selvas centroamericanas] / Moser, D. Alejandria, VA:
Time Life Books, 1977. 184 p.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.9728 M899c.
Publicación no.: 107 Scorpions (Arachnida) from Costa Rica [Escorpiones (Arachnida) de Costa Rica] /
Francke, O.F.; Stockwell, S.A. (Texas Tech University. Department of Biological Sciences, Lubbock, TX
79409, US). Texas: Texas Tech University Press, 1987. 64 p. (Special Publications of the Museum Texas
Tech University; no. 25). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 773.
Publicación no.: 108 A naturalist's guide to the OTS Palo Verde Field Station (la Estación Biológica de la
OET). El Refugio de Fauna Silvestre "Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero", Guanacaste Province,
Costa Rica / Gill, Douglas E. (University of Maryland. Department of Zoology, College Park, MD 20742,
US <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: OTS, 1988. 63 p.
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(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 109 List of trees of La Pacífica and COMELCO (Palo Verde), Guanacaste Province [Lista
de árboles de La Pacífica y COMELCO (Palo Verde), Provincia de Guanacaste] / Gill, Douglas E. (University
of Maryland. Department of Zoology, College Park, MD 20742, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: A naturalist's guide to the OTS Palo Verde Field Station (la Estación Biológica de la OET).
El Refugio de Fauna Silvestre "Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero", Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica
San José: OTS, 1988. p. 42-44. Prepared by W. Haber and G. Frankie, in OTS Course Book 83-3:25. (See
also: (1) Table by G. Hartshorn, pp. 158-183 in Janzen (1983), and (2) Janzen, D.H. and R. Liesner. 1980.
Annotated checklist of plants of lowland Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, exclusive of grasses and nonvascular cryptogams. Brenesia 18: 15-90. (The latter is the most valuable reference on the plants of Palo
Verde; it is a must for the serious Palo Verde naturalist.
Publicación no.: 110 List of reptiles and amphibians of Lomas Barbudal and probably Palo Verde [Lista
de reptiles y anfios de Lomas Barbudal y probablemente de Palo Verde] / Gill, Douglas E. (University of
Maryland. Department of Zoology, College Park, MD 20742, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: A naturalist's guide to the OTS Palo Verde Field Station (la Estación Biológica de la OET). El Refugio
de Fauna Silvestre "Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero", Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica San José:
OTS, 1988. p. 45-47.
This list is taken from List of Reptiles and Amphibians of Lomas Barbudal prepared by N.J. Scott in 1986
for Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve. It has been supplemented with listings for Cañas and Taboga as
found in Table by N.J. Scott, J.M. Savage and D.C. Robinson, pp. 367-374 in Janzen (1983). The
descriptions were taken from Annotated Checklist of the Common Amphibians of the Pacific Lowlands of
Costa Rica, prepared by Roy W. McDiarmid for OTS in July 1969, and found in OTS Course Book 77-4: 6368.
Publicación no.: 111 List of mammals in Guanacaste [Lista de mamíferos en Guanacaste] / Gill, Douglas
E. (University of Maryland. Department of Zoology, College Park, MD 20742, US <E-mail:
OTS, 1988. p. 48-49.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 112 Checklist of the birds of Palo Verde, Provincia Guanacaste [Lista de las aves de
Palo Verde, Provincia Guanacaste] / Stiles, F. Gary.; Gill, Douglas E. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional de
Colombia. Departamento de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail:
OTS, 1988. p. 50-58.
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The area covered by this checklist essentially coincides with that of the new Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
a wildlife refuge administered by the Servicio de Parques Nacionales de Costa Rica. This area is
especially noteworthy for its spectacular concentration of waterbirds during the dry season, but it
boasts a diverse array of landbirds as well. Through February 1978 about 240 species have been
recorded in this area, but much remains to be done before we have a reasonably complete view of the
avifauna. Most of the available observations were made during the dry season; we badly need more
data for the wet season, particularly during September and October, the months of fall migration of
species breeding in North America. Because visits of most observers have been brief, it is difficult to
assess abundance of many species, especially the rarer ones. For many species, information on breeding
is also badly needed. It is hoped that this checklist - with its obvious deficiencies - will stimulate some of
the observations needed to fill these gaps. Finally, many people have generously contributed
observations or data that have greatly improved the completeness of this list. Time and energy prohibit
thanking them all individually, but I do wish to acknowledge a special debt of gratitude to Paul Opler,
who made available extensive lists and censuses gathered over a four-year period.
Publicación no.: 113 Refugios nacionales de fauna silvestre / Guevara-Sequeira, Javier. San José:
MIRENEM / Dirección General de Vida Silvestre, 1988. [57 p].
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 639.9597286 G939r.
Publicación no.: 114 Refugio de fauna silvestre Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero (Palo Verde). Plan de
manejo y desarrollo / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; Canessa, G.; McCoy-Colton, Michael B.;
Rodríguez-Sáenz, Miguel A.; Bravo-Chacón, Juan.; Sánchez-Pérez, Julio E.; Morales, R.; Hawkins, T.;
Crozier, E.; Rodríguez-Ramírez, M.A.; Hodgson, F. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of
Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: EUNA, 1982.
272 p.
Prólogo: El liderazgo de Costa Rica a nivel latinoamericano en materia de conservación de áreas
silvestres se fundamenta no sólo en la sustancial extensión de tierra que se encuentra protegida,
relativa al total del territorio nacional, sino sobre todo en los adelantos hechos en la ordenación de estas
áreas, con base en un proceso ascendente de planificación. Una serie de intentos a través de más de
diez años ha establecido una tradición vigorosa, que si bien fue relativamente empírica y coyuntural en
sus principios, tiende a consolidarse tanto institucional como científicamente. Como producto de esta
maduración, el presente trabajo se destaca por responder al aprendizaje anterior y por representar un
primer paso en importantes sentidos. En primer lugar marca un hito en cuanto a la calidad de la
información utilizada, tanto en los datos en que se basa como en la amplitud de consulta y consenso
alrededor de los diagnósticos y recomendaciones. La metodología de trabajo, en sentido amplio, merece
evaluarse como contribución al avance de la trayectoria planificadora ya establecida en Costa Rica.
Posibilitó esta profundidad informativa el carácter verdaderamente interdisciplinario e interinstitucional
de las labores, así como el compromiso a largo plazo que sostuvieron las instituciones involucradas.
Funcionarios del Departamento de Fauna Silvestre del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG),
ente responsable del ordenamiento del refugio, trabajaron por más de dos años, en íntima colaboración
con profesores de la Universidad Nacional (UNA), para quienes el refugio ha sido objeto de
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investigaciones durante varios años, y un experto del Programa de Recursos Naturales Renovables del
Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). Ese equipo básico se benefició con un
taller propiciado por personeros del Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos. Cooperaron
además profesionales de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) y la Organización para Estudios Tropicales
(OTS), cuyos cursos e investigadores habían recopilado datos sobre el sitio durante una docena de años.
Estos esfuerzos contaron con el respaldo presupuestario de las instituciones principales como parte
orgánica de sus programas, lo cual permitió una adecuada organización de las labores de campo, de
análisis y de redacción, a la vez que garantizó el apoyo material imprescindible. Esta obra presenta el
primer plan de manejo que se ha hecho para un refugio de fauna silvestre en América Latina, de
acuerdo con nuestros conocimientos. En el plano nacional es el primer plan para un área dependiente
de la Dirección General Forestal, extendiendo así la tradición ya establecida por el Servicio de Parques
Nacionales y el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. En el fondo, no obstante, la importancia M esfuerzo
proviene no sólo de su relativa novedad, ni de sus méritos en terreno metodológico y de cooperación
institucional, sino de las características M sitio en sí. El refugio de fauna silvestre Rafael Lucas Rodríquez
Caballero (conocido como Palo Verde) representa uno de los últimos y más grandes remanentes de la
flora y fauna del Pacífico Seco. Su diversidad de ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos es impresionante, y
representa uno de los últimos lugares de supervivencia para muchas especies faunísticas y florísticas.
Como hábitat temporal para variadas aves acuáticas y otras especies migratorias, extiende su influencia
e un ámbito nacional e internacional que transciende por mucho sus linderos. A sus calidades ecológicas
habría que agregar su importancia histórica como centro educativo y de investigación. Centenares de
científicos nacionales y extranjeros han trabajado en Palo Verde, especialmente a partir de 1971,
cuando la Organización para Estudios Tropicales estableció una estación biológica en el sitio. Varios de
los estudios han sido a largo plazo, estableciendo una importante base de datos. Son numerosas las
investigaciones publicadas, casi cien, y las poblaciones naturales que se sigan estudiando constituyen un
capital investigativo de inmenso valor. Por eso en la formación de profesionales en los campos de las
ciencias biológicas y forestales, el sitio se ha hecho prácticamente imprescindible como lugar de
prácticas de campo. Durante los últimos años, la investigación sistemática de la ecología y manejo de
vida silvestre, en que colaboran el MAG y la UNA, ha transformado el refugio en uno de los principales
centros latinoamericanos en este campo. Los estudios de poblaciones de venado, saíno, aves acuáticas,
armadillos, garrobos y otros responden a un diagnóstico de la importancia económica de estas especies,
y a una cuidadosa priorización de las tareas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 639.95972866 V365r.
Publicación no.: 115 Investigaciones sobre fauna silvestre de Costa Rica / Ministerio de Agricultura y
Ganadería / Uiversidad Estatal a Distancia / Fundación de Parques Nacionales, San José, CR. San José:
EUNED, 1985. 104 p.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 591.0724 I62i. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 591.0724 I62.
Publicación no.: 116 Conservation of forest birds in Costa Rica: problems and perspectives
[Conservación de las aves del bosque en Costa Rica: problemas y perspectivas] / Stiles, F. Gary.;
Diamond, A.W. (ed.); Lovejoy, T.E. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>). Proceedings of a Workshop
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and Symposium held at the XVIII World Conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation,
Kings College, Cambridge GB7-10 August 1982.
En: Conservation of tropical forest birds Kings College, Cambridge: International Council for Bird
Preservation, 1985. p. 141-168. (ICBP Technical Publication; no. 4). ISBN: 0-946888-05-1.
Costa Rica represents something of a special case with respect to bird conservation in the Neotropics: its
stable democratic government, literate public, and high standard of living have made it possible for
conservation measures to make great strides in the last 15 years. However, some of the very factors that
have facilitated these advances will come to pose direct or indirect threats in the coming years; the real
question is whether the gains of recent years can be maintained. Threats to the Costa Rican avifauna ca
be classified into two general sorts: general and specific. The former affect many or all bird species over
a considerable area, while the latter affect only certain species - or particular populations of these
species. Habitat destruction is the most critical general threat; specific threats include the cagebird
trade, and hunting. Proposed or extant legislation can deal with the specific threats, assuming adequate
enforcement (which has not been the case to date), but the situation with respect to the general threats
is less clear. Deforestation is not being effectively regulated, and within a relatively short time the future
of the avifauna will become synonymous with the future of the country's system of parks and reserves.
Most such protected areas were not set aside while taking into account such features of the avifauna as
local and altitudinal migrations, and more land is needed in several key areas. However, the real
problem will come in protecting the parks and reserves as pressure on the land grows in the coming
years. The underlying causes of this problem include uncontrolled population growth and the need to
develop an export-based agroeconomy to maintain a high standard of living for this population. The lack
of ecological and biological input into the decision-making process is an aggregating factor. Perspectives
for bird conservation in Costa Rica for the short and long term are discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.958 C755c. NBINA-9270.
Publicación no.: 117 On the role of birds in the dynamics of neotropical forest [Sobre el papel de las
aves en la dinámica del bosque neotropical] / Stiles, F. Gary.; Diamond, A.W. (ed.); Lovejoy, T.E. (ed.)
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá,
CO <E-mail: [email protected]>). Proceedings of a Workshop and Symposium held at the XVIII World
Conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation, King College, Cambridge GB7-10 August
1982.
En: Conservation of tropical forest birds Kings College, Cambridge: International Council for Bird
Preservation, 1985. p. 49-59. ISBN: 0-946888-05-1.
Most of the contributors to this symposium have emphasized that conserving tropical forest avifaunas
requires the preservation of sizeable tracts of relatively undisturbed tropical forest. This paper
addresses the other side of the coEn: in conserving tropical forest ecosystems, how important is the
preservation of the forest avifauna? In other words, what biological role(s) do birds play in the dynamics
of tropical forest? I shall attempt to answer these questions for Neotropical forests, particularly those of
southern Central America, with which I have first-hand experience. It would be most interesting to
extend this analysis to the forests of the Old World Tropics.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.958 C755c; S1158.
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Publicación no.: 118 Nectar production in a tropical ecosystem [Producción de néctar en un ecosistema
tropical] / Opler, P.A.; Bentley, Barbara L. (ed.); Elias, T.S. (ed.) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of
Endangered Species, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240, US).
En: The biology of nectaries New York, N.Y: Columbia University Press, 1983. p. 30-79.
An area 40 x 10 km in Costa Rica was studied, using a selected sample of 600 species of plants producing
nectar and 1200 species of nectar-feeding animals. The volume of nectar produced per flower varied
from 0.03 to 9400 micro l. Flowers visited by different groups of pollinators gave average maximum
volumes varying from 0.63 micro l (wasps and small bees) to 9.75 (large bees), 131 (hawkmoths) and
1311 (bats). Floral biomass showed a similar trend (0.02, 0.60, 2.15, 13.4 g), and to some extent corolla
length (0.41, 3.05, 6.99, 6.06 cm).Clear diagrams show the position of nectaries in 20 of the flowers, and
many aspects of flower-pollinator relationships are examined in the light of the data obtained.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 582.014 B615.
Publicación no.: 119 Estudio de la anidación del martinete coroninegro o chocuaco Nycticorax
nycticorax (Ardeidae) en Isla Pájaros, Río Tempisque, Costa Rica / Alvarado-Quesada, Ghisselle María.
(Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo. Postal 749-1000, San José, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1986. 85 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en
Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 118. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-13788. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: Tesis
9292.
Publicación no.: 120 Actividad nocturna de Ctenosaura similis (Gray) (Reptilia: Iguanidae) en Palo
Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica [Nocturnal activity of Ctenosaura similis (Gray) (Reptilia: Iguanidae) at
Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela
de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Vida Silvestre Neotropical (ISSN 0889-3284), v. 1, no. 1, p. 81-82. 1986. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 121 Comparación de los hábitos alimentarios del coyote (Canis latrans) en dos
localidades en Costa Rica [Comparison of coyote (Canis latrans) food habits from two sites in Costa Rica]
/ Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; Rodríguez-Sáenz, Miguel A. (University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Vida Silvestre Neotropical (ISSN 0889-3284), v. 1, no. 1, p. 6-11. 1986.
Using fecal analysis, coyote (Canis latrans) food habits were studied in two Costa Rican sites marked by
climatic and biotic differences. Coyote diet at the highland site (Cerro de la Muerte) revealed a great
dependency on mammals and birds, with little vegetation consumed. Rabbit (Sylvilagus dicei) was the
most important species in the diet, appearing in 50% of the feces analyzed. Contents of coyote feces at
the lowland site (Palo Verde National Park) contained mostly mammals and reptiles, with vegetation,
birds, and arthropods less commonly found. Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and ctenosaur
(Ctenosaura similis) and iguana (Iguana iguana) lizards were the most common species found in Palo
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Verde coyote feces. Significant differences were noted at both sites between wet and dry seasons in
coyote utilization of some prey species.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: V. S8696. PVB.
Publicación no.: 122 Distribution, density, and dispersion of two species of 'Atta' (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica [Distribución, densidad y dispersión de dos especies de
hormigas zompopa 'Atta' (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la Provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica] /
Rockwood, L.L. (George Mason University. Biology Department, Fairfax, VA 22030, US).
En: The Journal of Animal Ecology (ISSN 0021-8790), v. 42, no. 3, p. 803-817. 1973.
(1) The distribution, density, and dispersion of two species of leaf -cutting ants (Atta) on the tropical dry
forests of Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, are analysed and compared with data from Tropical Wet
forests. (2) A. colombica is found only in evergreen riparian forests bordering areas of secondary
succession in Guanacaste. A. cephalotes is found in other kinds of mature evergreen forest including
Quercus oleoides forests and riparian forests which are part of mature deciduous forests. (3) Neither
species is found in deciduous forest. The two species are found together in the Tropical Wet forests on
the Atlantic side of Costa Rica and in the wet montane regions of Guanacaste. (4) Atta colombica
colonies accur at a higher density in riparian forests in the Tropical Wet forest life zone than in riparian
forests of lowland Guanacaste which is part of the Tropical Dry forest life zone. (5) A. cephalotes is not
necessarily less dense in evergreen regions with long dry seasons than in the Tropical Wet forest. (6) The
colonies within a habitat are overdispersed. Two important modes of overdispersion are territorial
fighting, which occurred in both species, and movement of nest sites, which was observed only in A.
colombica. (7) It is suggestd that the large territories in Guanacaste are a result of the small amount of
suitable vegetation available to colonies of Atta during the dry season, and that territorial fighting may
not occur as frequently in Tropical Wet forests.
Publicación no.: 123 Buprestidae of the subfamilies Agrilinae, and Trachyinae from the Chamela
Biological Station, Jalisco, Mexico (Coleoptera) / Hespenheide, Henry A. (University of California at Los
Angeles. Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Los Angeles, CA 90095, US <E-mail:
En: Folia Entomológica Mexicana (ISSN 0430-8603), v. 77, p. 141-210. 1988.
This paper reports collections of Buprestidae of the subfamilies Agrilinae and Trachyinae from the
Chamela Biological Station and nearby areas in Jalisco, Mexico. These include 28 species described and
illustrated here for the first time (25 Agrilus, two Brachys, one Pachyschelus) and 45 species previously
described (36 Agrilus, two Paragrilus, one Cyphothorax, two Taphrocerus, one Lius, three Pachyschelus).
Of these, 66 are known to occur at Chamela and 15 additional species of Agrilus have been collected
that are presumed to be undescribed. The total fauna is estimated to include more than 100 species and
to be one of the largest known. Species recorded from Chamela are part of a fauna characteristic of the
seasonal dry forests of the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. Larval
hosts are known for only four species, so that much biological study remains to be done. Species of
Agrilus are part of several mimicry complexes, and other distinctive color patters are shared among
species and presumed to have a function such as mimicry.
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Publicación no.: 124 Costa Rican natural history [Historia natural de Costa Rica] / Janzen, Daniel H. (ed.)
[email protected]>). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1983. 816 p. ISBN: 0-226393321.
This book on the natural history of Costa Rica, which comprises contributions by many different authors,
contains a section on insects, which includes an introduction, checklists of insects and species accounts.
The topics dealt with in the introduction include the attraction of moths to lights, the seasonal effects on
the fauna, the species of pollinators (including agaonids, which pollinate figs), a comparison of the fauna
on offshore islands with that on the mainland, and insects at carrion and dung. The checklists are for the
Sphingidae, army ants, acridoid grasshoppers and butterflies. Species accounts are given for about 70
species or groups of species, including various species of ants, wasps, bees, Culicoides, dung beetles,
Eutrombicula, mosquitoes and Simulium. (Esta obra, en su mayoría, fue escrita por autores
angloparlantes, para uso de estudiantes del neotrópico americano que hablan el inglés como lengua
materna. Se refiere a condiciones climáticas, ecológicas o ambientales más conocidas por los habitantes
del hemisferio norte).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 500.997286 C837c.
Publicación no.: 125 Roots of Lomas Barbudal and friends / Anonymous.
En: Bee Line: News and Bulletin [Friends of Lomas Barbudal], v. 1, no. 1, p. 2. 1987. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 126 Lomas OTS visit / Barthell, J.F.
En: Bee Line: News and Bulletin [Friends of Lomas Barbudal], v. 1, no. 1, p. 5-6. 1987. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. S8697. PV.
Publicación no.: 127 Aposematic aggregation of a bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae): the defensive display
and formation of aggregations [Agregación aposemática de un chinche (Hemiptera: Coreidae): la
exhibición defensiva y formación de agregaciones] / Aldrich, J.R.; Blum, M.S. (USDA/ARS. Insect
Physiology Laboratory, Building 467, BARC-East, Beltsville, MA 20705, US).
Immature coreid bugs, probably Thasus acutangulus, form aposematic feeding aggregations on twigs of
the legume tree, Pithecellobium dulce, during the dry season in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Nymphs are
bright orange, yellow, and black, and, if disturbed, individuals of the aggregation pulsate, spray jets of
anal fluid into the air, and exude a defensive secretion over the abdominal terga. An aggregation
pheromone, perceived by receptors on the distal segment of each antenna, enables bugs displaced from
aggregations to reaggregate. Alarm behavior was never observed when an open bottle of (E)-2-hexenal
was held below an aggregation; only mechanical disturbance released the aposematic display. Adults of
T. acutangulus are migratory and conspicuously large, but are not aposernatically colored.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. S8692. PV. NBINA-8851.
Publicación no.: 128 Intersexual aggression and nectar defense in Chauliognathus distinguendus
(Coleoptera: Cantharidae) [Agresión intersexos y defensa del néctar en Chauliognathus distinguendus
(Coleoptera: Cantharidae)] / Rausher, M.D.; Fowler, N.L. (Cornell University. Department of Entomology,
Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, US).
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The soldier beetle, Chauliognathus distinguendus, which defends inflorescences of the tree Coccoloba
floribunda against intrusion by conspecific individuals, is unusual among insects in that intersexual
agonistic behavior is as strong As intrasexual agonistic behavior. Both types of behavior probably result
from competition among individuals of both sexes for a common limiting resource. Several lines of
evidence suggest that the limiting resource is nectar produced by C. floribunda.
Publicación no.: 129 Infidelity by acacia-ants [Infidelidad por parte de las hormigas de las acacias] /
Keeler, K.H. (University of California. Department of Genetics, Berkeley, CA 94720, US).
Informe de la existencia de hormigas Pseudomyrmex belti, asociadas con plantas cornizuelo (Acacia
spp.) que consumen néctar extrafloral de otra planta, Ipomoea carnea. La hormiga, a pesar de vivir
también asociada con acáceas, se alimenta del néctar extrafloral de Ipomoea. Se sugieren algunas
explicaciones para esta "infidelidad" de la hormiga hacia la planta.
Publicación no.: 130 Disarming the "evil woman": petiole constriction by a sphingid larva circumvents
mechanical defenses of its host plant, Cnidoscolus urens (Euphorbiaceae) / Dillon, P.M.; Lowrie, S.;
McKey, Doyle. (The University of Michigan. Division of Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, US).
In Costa Rica, the "mala mujer" (or "evil woman") (Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur ssp. urens.
Euphorbiaceae), is protected from herbivores by urticating hairs and sticky latex. Erinnyis ello L. larvae
(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) exploit C. urens as a food source using an unusual and previously undescribed
behavior. Before attempting to feed on a leaf, a larva grazes the hairs from the petiole, then constricts
the petiole, effectively stopping latex flow into the leaf. The larva thus avoids the deleterious effects of
copious latex flow normally resulting from a break in the plant's epidermis. The process of latex flow
prevention appears to be mechanical, as shown by laboratory and field experiments.
Publicación no.: 131 The pyrrhic victory of nest-robbing bees: did they use the wrong pheromone? [La
victoria pírrica de las abejas ladronas de nidos: ¿utilizan ellas la feromona equivocada?] / Johnson, Leslie
K. (The University of Iowa. Department of Biology, Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, Iowa
City, IA 52242, US).
The stingless bee community of Comelco Ranch, Guanacaste province, Costa Rica includes Melipona
beecheii, 9 species of Trigona, and Lestrimelitta limao. L. limao does not visit flowers; instead it is an
obligate robber of the nest of other stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae). Reported here is a raid on
Trigona fulviventris that was unusually costly to L. limao. I hypothesize that T. fulviventris mounted a
strong defense because the raiding odor of L. limao is similar to the alarm pheromone of T. fulviventris.
Publicación no.: 132 Elevational patterns of species richness, evenness, and abundance of the Costa
Rica leaf-litter herpetofauna [Patrones de elevación en la riqueza de especies, uniformidad, y
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abundancia de la herpetofauna en la hojarasca de Costa Rica] / Fauth, J.E.; Crother, Brian I.; Slowinski,
J.B. (Duke University. Department of Zoology, Durham, N.C. 27706, US).
The abundance, species richness, and evenness of the Costa Rican leaf-litter herpetofauna was
estimated during the late wet season of 1985 by quantitative sampling of replicate plots at ten sites
encompassing an elevation range of 3 to 1670 m. Species richness was positively correlated with leaflitter depth, and negatively correlated with elevation. Herpetofaunal density also tended to increase
with litter depth and decline with elevation. A strong positive correlation existed between species
richness and herpetofaunal density. Evenness was highly variable and independent of both leaf-litter
depth and elevation. Analysis of a subset of the data, representing an elevational transect from
Tortuguero, to the Braulio Carrillo National Park Extension, yielded similar results. Tropical leaf-litter
reptiles and amphibians appear to be both more diverse and more abundant at lower elevations. Sites
with deep leaf litter generally sustain dense and diverse reptile and amphibian populations. Local
herpetofaunas typically consist of a few very common species along with a large number of
comparatively rare species.
Publicación no.: 133 Use of a ground water source by mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata)
[Utilización de una fuente de agua subterránea por los monos congo (Alouatta palliata)] / Gilbert, K.A.;
Stouffer, P.C. (Rutgers University. Department of Anthropology, P.O. Box 270, New Brunswick, NJ 08903,
US).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 21, no. 4, p. 380. 1989.
This note describes the first observations of mantled howler monkeys coming to the ground to drink
from a standing ground water source. These observations took place in the lowland tropical dry forest of
Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, during February and March 1988 when the
region experienced unusually dry conditions.
Publicación no.: 134 An interesting feeding habit for the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu Bangs) in
Costa Rica [Un interesante hábito alimentario del saino (Tayassu tajacu Bangs) en Costa Rica] / McCoyColton, Michael B.; Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; Rodríguez-Sáenz, Miguel A.; Villalobos, V.
(Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional Manejo de Vida Silvestre,
Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), no. 21, p. 456-457. 1983. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 135 The birds of Hacienda Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Slud, Paul. (University
of Michigan. Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI, US).
En: Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (ISSN 0081-0282), no. 292, p. 1-92. 1980.
Hacienda Palo Verde [now Parque Nacional Palo Verde] is located geographically in northwestern Costa
Rica, climatically and vegetationally in the Tropical Dry Forest life zone. Avifaunally it is the southern
terminus of the Central American Arid Avifauna ranging southward in the Pacific lowlands from western
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Mexico. Palo Verde is also the site of a field station of the Organization for Tropical Studies, and it
possesses one of the few remaining areas of tropical dry forest. Until recently a cattle ranch, it has been
decreed a protected area and will soon become a national park. To my knowledge this is the first
comprehensive report on the avifauna of any locality in the Central American Arid Pacific lowlands. It is
intended to provide a point of reference for the making of avifaunal or environmental comparisons
among comparably known localities anywhere in tropical America.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-14422. Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 590.82 S564s.
Publicación no.: 136 Una superhembra con varios machos: la curiosa historia de una ave / DelgadoMorera, Rolando. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Estación Experimental Los Diamantes,
Guápiles, CR).
En: Biocenosis (ISSN 0250-6963), v. 2, no. 2, p. 29-30. 1985. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 137 Dispersal by anemogeochory in some neotropical Cucurbitaceae [Dispersión
mediante rodamiento por viento en algunas Cucurbitaceae neotropicales] / Valerio-Gutiérrez, Carlos E.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail:
Se informa sobre el sistema de dispersión mediante rodamiento por viento, observado en las
cucurbitáceas Cucumis anguria L. y Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn. Ambas especies son rastreras anuales en
la formación tropical seca del noroeste de Costa Rica, y fructifican durante la época seca (enero-marzo).
Los frutos, demasiados pesados para flotar, son rodados por el viento distancias considerables.
Aparentemente, este es el único medio de dispersión en estas especies, aunque en otras cucurbitáceas
de hábitos ribereños la dispersión podría ser por flotación en el agua.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 138 Notes on some Costa Rican bats [Apuntes sobre algunos murciélagos
costarricenses] / LaVal-Bugg, Richard K. (Santa Elena de Monteverde, Apdo. 24, 5655 Puntarenas, CR <Email: [email protected]>).
During 1973 and 1974 biological and distributional data on 24 species of bats normally considered as
rare were gathered at three sites in Costa Rica. Micronycteris nicefori, Barticonycteris daviesi,
Phylloderma stenops, Furipterus harrens, and Molossus pretiosus are here reported for the first time
from Costa Rica, while Tonatia sylvicola, Mimon crenulatum, Mimon cozumelae, Myotis elegans, Myotis
riparius, and Molossus bondae are reported for the second time. Details of roosting behavior are noted
for Peropteryx kappleri, Mimon cozumelae, Hylonycteris underwoodi, Ectophylla alba, Furipterus
horrens, and Molossus bondae.
Publicación no.: 139 Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants [Evolución del sistema reproductivo dioico
en angiospermas] / Bawa, Kamaljit S. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100
Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125-3393, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics (ISSN 0066-4162), v. 11, p. 15-39. 1980. (Sin resumen).
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: A. NBINA-1068.
Publicación no.: 140 Comparative phenological studies of treelet and shrub species in tropical wet and
dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica [Estudios fenológicos comparativos de especies de arbolillos y
arbustos en los los bosques húmedos y secos en las tierras bajas de Costa Rica] / Opler, P.A.; Frankie,
Gordon W.; Baker, Herbert George. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Endangered Species, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
(1) During 1970-73, marked individuals of 154 treelet and shrub species at a Wet forest site and 95
species at a Dry forest site in Costa Rica were observed regularly at 4 to 6 week intervals for changes in
leafing, flowering and fruiting. (2) All the shrubs in the Wet forest were evergreen. New leaves were
produced continually throughout the year by half the species, although this behaviour was more
pronounced in species of secondary forest (87%). For the community as a whole, leaf production was
equable throughout the year. (3) About half of the treelets and shrubs in the Dry forest were deciduous.
Hill forest treelets and shrubs produced most leaves at the beginning of the wet season, Riparian forest
treelets and shrubs had a peak in leaf production near the end of the wet season, and leafing of species
of secondary forest was continuous throughout the wet season. Most treelets and shrubs were bare or
dormant during the dry season. Leaf loss was greatest during February. (4) There were no consistent
peaks of flowering for treelet and shrub species in the Wet forest, but flowering levels tended to be
greatest in the first half of each year. (5) Continuous flowering was rare among Wet forest treelets and
shrubs, being characteristic of only a few species of secondary forest. Most Wet forest treelets and
shrubs (64%) had several flowering episodes each year, with the episodes separated by 3-5 month
intervals. Species with only a single brief synchronous flowering period were rare. (6) By contrast,
flowering amongst Dry forest treelets and shrubs showed a pronounced seasonal pattern. The Hill forest
treelet and shrub community had a sharp peak of flowering at the beginning of the wet season, while, in
contrast, the Riparian forest treelet and shrub community had its major flowering at the end of the wet
season. Most Dry forest species flowered synchronously once or twice each year. (7) There was a weak
tendency for maximum fruiting of Wet forest shrubs in the second half of each year. A short period of
fruit maturation (4 months) was shown by most Wet forest treelets and shrubs, although one species
had a fruit maturation time of 27 months. Ten species of Wet forest treelets and shrubs flowered at
least once during the study, but failed to produce fruit.
Publicación no.: 141 Wildlife conservation in Costa Rica: ecological, sociological and behavioral science
contributions in policy making [Conservación de la vida silvestre en Costa Rica: contribuciones de las
ciencias ecológicas, sociológicas y de comportamiento en la formulación de políticas] / VaughanDickhaut, Christopher.; Solís-Rivera, Vivienne. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife
Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Advances in Comparative Psychology (ISSN 0394-9478), v. 1, p. 93-117. 1988. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A. LS.
Publicación no.: 142 Sex ratios in tropical forest trees [Proporción de sexos en árboles del bosque
tropical] / Opler, P.A.; Bawa, Kamaljit S. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Office of Endangered Species,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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Sex ratios were investigated in 23 species of tropical lowland forest trees. In 13 species sex ratios were
close to unity. Eight species had staminate-biased sex ratios while two species had pistillate-biased sex
ratios. The number of staminate flow ers was much higher than pistillate flow ers in all the six species
examined for this purpose. The data on the distribution of size classes in staminate and pistillate trees
indicate differential attainment of reproductive status by the two sexes in some species. Staminate
plants seem to attain d maturity earlier than pistillate plants in Cordia collococca, Randia subcordata,
Randia spinosa, and Trichilia cuneata. In these species, except for Trichilia cuneata, pistillate plants also
appear to live longer than staminate plants. Both differential mortality and differential attainment of
reproductive status may be responsible for biased sex ratios in some species. Another possible cause for
bias might be gamete selection. There are no data to eliminate completely other factors such as
apomixis, genetics of sex determination, differential parental investment in male and female offspring
and a differences in propensity for flowering that can also introduce bias in sex ratios.
Publicación no.: 143 Effects of interspecific dominance among egrets commensally following roseate
spoonbills / Russell, J.K.
En: The Auk (ISSN 0004-8038), v. 95, no. 3, p. 608-610. 1978.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 144 Characteristics and organization of the large bee pollination system in the Costa
Rican dry forest. [Galley proof] [Características y organización de una gran sistema de polinización por
abejas en el bosque seco costarricense. [Prueba de galera]] / Frankie, Gordon W.; Haber, William A.;
Opler, P.A.; Bawa, Kamaljit S.; Jones, C. Eugene. (ed.); Little, R. John. (ed.) (University of California.
Department of Entomological Sciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Jones, C.E.; Little, R.J. (eds.) New York, N.Y: Scientific
and Academic Editions, Division of Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. p. 411-447. ISBN: 0442246765.
Flowers that showed adaptation for pollination by large bees were studied in the highly seasonal dry
forest of Costa Rica from 1969 to 1981. Characteristics of large bees that made them appropriate
pollinators of these plants were also studied. Plants with this adaptation were found primarily in the
tree (35 of ca. 160 species) and vine-liana (39 of ca. 130 species) life forms. About 60% of the tree
species belonged to the Bignoniaceae, Caesalpinaceae, or Fabaceae, and 85% of the vine-liana (or
climber) species belonged to the Bignonicaceae, Fabaceae, Malpihiaceae, or Passifloraceae. Plants
pollinated by large bees were generally absent in the shrub, herb, and epiphyte life form. Large bee
flowers were diurnal, relatively large, and generally colorful, and usually lasted for only one day. Most
were hermaphroditic, and many were zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical). Among the nectarproducing species, nectar sugar concentration averaged at least 24%. A seasonal sequence of flowering
was observed during the year in the tree and climber species. In general, large bee plants producing
massive displays of flowers bloomed in the dry season, whereas those producing a few flowers over
extent periods bloomed commonly in the wet season. Characteristics of small bee flowers in this forest
contrasted sharply with those of large bee flowers. Small bee flowers were well represented in tree,
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shrub, some climbers, and herb species. Flowers were generally small, white to cream-colored, and
radially symmetrical. Most species produced considerable less nectar than the large bee flowers. The
majority was hermaphroditic, but many were dioecious. Finally, a large number of the species flowered
from March through May. Two bee groups are believed to be most important pollinators of large bee
flowers. The first group consisted of Centris spp. and Gaesischia exul (Anthophoridae), which were
almost exclusively confined in flight and nesting activities to the dry season, the period when most mass
flowering species were in bloom. The second bee group, the euglossines (Apidae), were generally more
abundant and diverse during the wet season, the period when most extended flowering species were in
bloom. Both groups had wide host ranges. Large bees were not attracted equally to all host species. In
the more attractive nectar producers, some trees were known to draw up to 15,000 bees. Those bee
levels quickly removed nectar from host trees such that none remained by the end of the day. An
examination of flowering times and floral reward presentation patterns suggested that the plants were
not :actively: competing for the services of pollinators. However, the possibility that competition may
have been of the organizing (selective) forces in sorting out flowering periods was not ruled out.
Organization of the interactions between large bees and their plants was viewed at the community
level. Previously published work on intertree movement patterns, self-incompatibility, and preference to
forage in the canopy was considered with the current work to suggest that overall the large bee plant
species and their bees are spatially and temporally structured, and this in turn is related to certain
biological and behavioral traits of the two groups of organisms.
Publicación no.: 145 Acanthochalcis nigricans Cameron - new distribution information, including
Central America (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) [Acanthochalcis nigricans Cameron (Hymenoptera,
Chalcididae) - información sobre nueva distribución, incluyendo Centroamérica] / Halstead, J.A. (Kings
River Conservation District, 4886 E. Jensen Avenue, Fresno, CA 93725, US).
En: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603), v. 63, no. 3, p. 236. 1987.
Acanthochalcis nigricans, which is presumed to be a parasitoid of buprestids infesting oaks [Quercus], is
known from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Mexico (no specified state).
New records are presented for the chalcidid in Nevada (USA), Baja California Sur (Mexico),
Quezaltepeque (El Salvador) and Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste (Costa Rica). Attention is drawn
to colour variations in the specimens from El Salvador, in which body areas that are typically black were
reddish brown; no colour variation has previously been observed in species of this genus, which also
includes A. unispinosa from Texas, Arizona and California.
Publicación no.: 146 The social organization of the common vampire bat. II. Mating system, genetic
structure, and relatedness [La organización social en el murciélago vampiro común. II. Sistema
reproductivo, estructura genética y falta de parentesco] / Wilkinson, G.S. (University of Maryland.
Department of Zoology, College Park, MD 20742, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (ISSN 0340-5443), v. 17, no. 2, p. 123-134. 1985.
Variability at seven polymorphic allozyme loci and observations of dispersal and mating provide
evidence for nonrandom genetic structure among adult female groups of the highly social bat,
Desmodus rotundus. The average degree of relatedness, estimated by allelic correlations at each locus,
within three and six groups of females is 0.018 (SE = 0.013) and 0.032 (SE = 0.023), respectively. Even
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though these estimates do not differ significantly from zero, a multivariate analysis of variance of
individual allele frequencies reveals that three of six pairwise comparisons of groups reach significance.
This genetic heterogeneity within a population does not lead to increased genetic subdivision between
populations. Occasional movements of unrelated females between groups lead to the formation of
multiple matrilines within groups. Although males fight viciously for access to the top of preferred
female roosting sites and top males mate preferentially with females in that roost, mean maximum
paternity for top males is only 46%. Consequently, male mating success is sufficiently random to
maintain gametic equilibria among all pairs of loci. Computer simulations of the growth of a group of
female D. rotundus show that the low level of relatedness within groups is expected even if the
proportion of unrelated females allowed into a group decreases. This pattern holds for any animal which
recruits one sex into its social group and has relatively high juvenile mortality followed by low adult
mortality.
Publicación no.: 147 Flower, fruit and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: implications for the
evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns / Bawa, Kamaljit S.; Webb, C.J. (University of
Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Bldvd, Boston, MA 02125, US <E-mail:
The reproductive biology of Bauhinia ungulata, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Dalbergia retusa, Myrospermum
frutescens, Pterocarpus rohrii, Cochlospermum vitifolium and Tabebuia rosea is described from studies
in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica and from other studies on natural populations. The species showed
considerable variation in fruit and seed set and in the rate at which flowers and fruits were aborted. It is
concluded that much of the variation among species in ratios of flowers to fruits and of ovules to seeds
is inherent and due to differences in the intensity of sexual selection rather than to availability of
pollinators or resources. In particular, selection for increased pollen dispersal and uncertainty in
paternity of the zygotes are major factors underlying abortions.
Publicación no.: 148 Volatile male-specific natural products of a coreid bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
[Productos naturales volálites específicos del macho de un chinche coreido (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)] /
Aldrich, J.R.; Kochansky, J.P.; Lusby, W.R.; Dutky, S.R. (USDA/ARS. Insect Physiology Laboratory, Building
467, BARC-East, Beltsville, MA 20705, US).
En: Journal of Chemical Ecology (ISSN 0098-0331), v. 8, no. 11, p. 1369-1376. 1982.
The large coreid bug Pachylis laticornis (F.) feeds on several mimosaceous trees in Palo Verde National
Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. In addition to the presumably defensive metathoracic exocrine glands that
occur in both sexes of this species, the adult males also possess a ventral abdominal gland, opening
midventrally in the 7-8th abdominal intersegmental membrane, that releases volatile compounds. Two
esters, (E)-2-hexenyl tiglate [(E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate] and (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate,
account for over 90% of the total volatiles in the ventral abdominal gland secretion of males. (E)-2Octenyl tiglate [(E)-2-octenyl (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate] and (E)-2-hexenyl benzoate are present at low
concentrations, as are at least 3 other unidentified compounds. The biological role of this fragrant malespecific exudate is unknown.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5480.
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Publicación no.: 149 Connaraceae / Forero, E. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesMuseo de Historia Natural, Apartado Aéreo 7495, Bogotá, CO).
En: Flora Neotropica (ISSN 0071-5794), Monograph no. 36, 208 p. 1983. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: F. LC.
Publicación no.: 150 Systematic studies on pseudomyrmecine ants: revision of the Pseudomymex
oculatus and P. subtilissimus species groups, with taxonomic comments on other species [Estudios
sistemáticos sobre hormigas Pseudomyrmecinae: revisión de las especies de los grupos Pseudomymex
oculatus y P. subtilissimus, con comentarios taxonómicos sobre otras especies] / Ward, Philip S.
(University of California. Department of Entomology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, US <E-mail:
En: Quaestiones Entomologicae (ISSN 0033-5037), v. 25, no. 4, p. 393-468. 1989.
The first part of this paper contains a synopsis of the major species groups and revisions of two such
groups (P. oculatus group, P. subtilissimus group) in the large Neotropical ant genus Pseudomyrmex.
Eleven species are recognized in the P. oculatus group, of which three are new: P. alustrus Ward (from
Perú), P. cretus Ward (Costa Rica), and P. pisinnus Ward (Brazil). Four species are recognized in the P.
subtilissimus group of which two are new: P. spiculus Ward (Costa Rica), and P. villosus Ward (Brazil).
Identities of some of the Pseudomyrmex species inhabiting Acacia, Tachigali, and Triplaris are clarified.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2836. Biblioteca Museo Nacional: QL476/Q8.
Publicación no.: 151 The evolutionary breakdown of tristyly in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
(water hyacinth) / Barrett, S.C.H. (University of Toronto. Department of Botany, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1,
CA).
Although vegetative propagation is the principal means of reproduction in Eichhornia crassipes, sexual
reproduction does occur in certain seasonal habitats. A sexually reproducing population of E. crassipes
at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica, is composed of 80.2% mid- and 19.8% long-styled forms. The
expression of heterostyly differs in the two forms. Wide variation in the length of the long stamen whorl
occurs in mid-styled forms, whereas long-styled forms exhibit the conventional configuration of
reproductive organs. In 4% of mid-styled flowers, the long anther level is adjacent to the stigma, a
condition known as semi-homostyly. Size dimorphism of pollen from the two anther levels of each style
form is identical. Both floral forms are highly self-compatible but differences in seed-set following
legitimate and inter-form illegitimate pollinations demonstrate the presence of weak or residual selfincompatibility. Autogamous seed-set is greatly enhanced by the close proximity of anthers and stigma
in semi-homostylous flowers. Long-styled flowers set 0.5% capsules autogamously compared with 0.066.9% in mid-styled flowers. In naturally pollinated flowers, an increase in pollen deposition
accompanies a reduction in the distance separating anthers and stigmas. Seed production in artificially
and naturally pollinated flowers is significantly higher in mid- than in long-styled forms. Progeny tests of
naturally pollinated plants indicate that both floral forms experience low levels of disassortative mating.
The Palo Verde population of E. crassipes may exemplify a transitional stage in the evolutionary
sequence from outbreeding to inbreeding in the species. Selection for autogamy during periods of
unreliable or inefficient pollinator activity may account for the evolution of semi-homostyly in E.
crassipes.
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Publicación no.: 152 The extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) [Los nectarios
extraflorales de Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae)] / Keeler, K.H. (University of California. Department of
Genetics, Berkeley, CA 94720, US).
Observations were made during the rainy and dry seasons in a tropical dry forest at Guanacaste, in the
Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. Nectaries on the petioles became functional when the leaves were
almost ready to unfold; they remained active for 2-3 weeks. Nectaries on the pedicels began secreting
when the buds separated from the cluster; they continued production for up to 6 weeks. Free sugar
content of nectar from both types of nectary was similar, with a higher monosaccharide content than
floral nectar. Raffinose was present in petiolar nectar. Ants were the most abundant extrafloral nectary
visitors and the ant-guard theory of the function of extrafloral nectaries was substantiated by a number
of observations.
Publicación no.: 153 Radial gradients in the specific gravity of wood in some tropical and temperate
trees [Gradientes radiales en la gravedad específica de la madera en algunos árboles tropicales y de las
zonas templadas] / Wiemann, Michael C.; Williamson, G. Bruce. (Louisiana State University. Department
of Plant Biology, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-9122, US).
En: Forest Science (ISSN 0015-749X), v. 35, no. 1, p. 197-210. 1989.
Pith to bark wood samples from 20 Costa Rican tropical wet forest and 17 United States temperate
forest tree species showed wide variability in specific gravity trends among species. Specific gravity
increased significantly from pith to bark in 16 of the tropical tree species. The increases were most
dramatic (90-270%) in species that are typically colonizers of clearings and disturbed sites; species of
later stages of succession showed moderate increases (20-70%) or, in some instances, no change in
specific gravity from pith outward. Statistically significant linear pith to bark trends were found in only
four temperate species--two of these increased specific gravity with diameter and two decreased. None
of the temperate species showed a change greater than 40%, and no clear relationship between specific
gravity pattern and shade tolerance was evident. In tropical wet forests, increase in wood specific
gravity with diameter may be an adaptation by shade intolerant species to the highly competitive
conditions on disturbed sites.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S11282. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton.
Publicación no.: 154 Historia natural de las aves en peligro de extinción de Costa Rica / López-Pizarro,
Eduardo. (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas (MIRENEM). Dirección General de Vida
Silvestre, San José, CR). San José: MIRENEM, 1988. 46 p.
Costa Rica es un país de apenas 50.900 km² pero con una condición especial de tener el efecto del
Océano Pacífico y del Atlántico, teniendo además una variedad de zonas de vida debido a su topografía
especial. Esta situación ha permitido que en Costa Rica existan 850 especies de aves, en su mayoría de
bosques pero a la vez con una buena representación de aves acuáticas. Los problemas de contaminación
del ambiente, alteración del mismo por el avance de la agricultura y la ganadería, además del desarrollo
urbano e industrial, han colocado a un grupo de aves en especial peligro de extinción. Dos especies de
ellas, Jabiru mycteria (quedan 40 ejemplares) y Harpia harpyia (probablemente sobreviven no más de 10
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ejemplares), son las más afectadas. El papel que desempeñan las aves en los ecosistemas es muy
variado por lo que su extinción es muy peligrosa para el hombre. Una gran cantidad de turistas visita a
Costa Rica para admirar nuestra ornitofauna. La desaparición de muchas especies, tendrá por lo tanto
un impacto negativo en el turismo. Los costarricenses debemos ser conscientes que es necesario
proteger nuestros recursos naturales renovables. A veces pienso que la gente no entiende mucho de
esto. Por ejemplo, no considero razonable el destruir el Parque Nacional Corcovado para extraer un
poco de oro, parte del cual sale incluso de contrabando fuera del país, si por otro lado, estamos
perdiendo el turismo que viene al país para admirar la gran variedad de aves de este Parque Nacional. Si
valoramos ambas actividades, gana más en divisas el país con el turismo que con todo el oro que se
pueda explotar de la Península de Osa. La presente edición pretende que conozcamos algo sobre la
ornitofauna costarricense y logremos entender la importancia de resguardar nuestras riquezas
naturales.
Publicación no.: 155 Historia natural de los reptiles de Costa Rica en peligro de extinción / LópezPizarro, Eduardo. (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas (MIRENEM). Dirección General de
Vida Silvestre, San José, CR). San José: MIRENEM, 1988. 20 p.
Describe la historia natural y distribución de los siguientes reptiles en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica:
Crocodylidae (Crocodilus acutus), Alligatoridae (Caiman crocododilus), Boidae (Boa constrictor),
Cheloniidae (Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata, Lepidochelys olivacea y
Dermochelys coriacea).
Publicación no.: 156 Historia natural de los felinos de Costa Rica / López-Pizarro, Eduardo. (Ministerio
de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas (MIRENEM). Dirección General de Vida Silvestre, San José, CR).
San José: MIRENEM, 1988. 20 p.
Costa Rica tuvo su primera ley de caza en 1943. Posteriormente ésta fue reformada por otras leyes en
1956, 1961, 1970 y en 1984. Sin embargo, a pesar de contar con el marco legal para proteger animales
silvestres, factores como la caza furtiva, comercio ilegal de animales silvestres, la deforestación masiva,
el uso irracional de plaguicidas, las quemas y el avance del desarrollo urbanístico, industrial y
agropecuario han colocado actualmente a 97 especies de nuestra fauna silvestre en peligro de extinción.
Los felinos forman parte del grupo de animales silvestres amenazados de desaparecer de nuestro país.
El presente trabajo trata de informar al público sobre la biología de estas especies con el fin de que el
público al conocer mejor sobre sus hábitos, en vez de eliminarlos, pueda ayudar a que no los maten y
por lo tanto, a que no se extingan. Costa Rica recibe turismo en gran cantidad. Se ha demostrado que
alrededor de un 80% de los extranjeros que nos visitan, vienen a conocer nuestras bellezas naturales. El
turismo representa actualmente la tercera fuente productora de divisas. Los dólares que dejan estos
visitantes ayudan a nuestra economía y por lo tanto favorece esta situación al bienestar de todos los
costarricenses. Si desaparecen estos animales, el turista ya no tendrá ningún atractivo en nuestro país.
Por lo tanto, es obligación de todo costarricense proteger la fauna silvestre. Los animales en peligro de
extinción están protegidos por la Ley 6919, Ley de Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre, Decretos 17857 y
cuadros de vedas, así como por la Ley 5605, Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies
Amenazadas de Flora y Fauna Silvestre.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: DOC 471. Biblioteca del Museo Nacional: QL737.C23 L66.
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Publicación no.: 157 Nitrous oxide flux from dry tropical forests [Flujo de óxido nitroso de bosques
secos tropicales] / Vitousek, Peter M.; Matson, Pamela A.; Volkmann, Carol.; Maass, J. Manuel.; García,
Georgina. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 3, no. 4, p. 375-382. 1989.
Fluxes of nitrous oxide were determined in several sites in drought-deciduous tropical forest, an
extensive but little-studied biome. N2O-N fluxes from eight sites within intact Mexican forest averaged
0.91 ng cm-2 h-1 during the wet season; they were virtually absent in the dry season. Two subsistence
maize fields yielded increased soil N2O -N fluxes, while five pastures were more variable. Watering
during the dry season caused a substantial but short-lived pulse of N2O. Similar fluxes were observed in
less-intensive sampling of dry-forest sites in Hawaii and Costa Rica. Overall, N2O fluxes from soils of dry
tropical forests appear to be similar to those from moist tropical forests during the wet season and very
low during the dry season.
Publicación no.: 158 A comparison of the amino acid complements of floral and extrafloral nectars
[Comparación de los complementos de los aminoácidos de los néctares florales y extraflorales] / Baker,
Herbert George.; Opler, P.A.; Baker, Irene. (University of California. Department of Botany, Berkeley, CA
94720, US).
En: Botanical Gazette (ISSN 0006-8071), v. 139, no. 3, p. 322-332. 1978.
The amino acid complements of extrafloral nectars from 34 species of tropical- and temperate-zone
flowering plants were analyzed. Comparisons were made between 33 of these and analyses of floral
nectars from 248 species. Also, in 21 cases, direct comparisons were made between extrafloral and
floral nectars from the same species. The extrafloral nectar always differed in its complement of amino
acids from that of the floral nectar. Certain acids that are only moderately frequently represented in the
floral nectars are more frequently represented in the extrafloral nectars, most notably the cysteine
group and lysine, asparagine, and tyrosine. Differences between extrafloral and floral nectar
complements presumably relate to the function of the latter in feeding ant or wasp "guards," which may
have different nutritional requirements from those of pollinators. Nonprotein amino acids are
represented more frequently in extrafloral nectars, possibly indicating chemical protection of exposed
nectar from "thieves." In Campsis X tagliabuana (Bignoniaceae) there are four distinguishable groups of
extrafloral nectaries -as well as conventional floral nectaries. The amino acid on petioles, sepals, petals,
and de loping fruits complements were slightly different in each case, but no statistically significant
differences were found between the frequencies of individual amino acids in nectars from 21 species
where the producing nectaries are in a vegetative part of the plant and nectars from 12 species where
the extrafloral nectaries are restricted to the inflorescence. Until the biological functions of extrafloral
nectar can be elucidated for each species in which it is produced, the full significance of variation
between the amino acid complements cannot be appreciated.
Publicación no.: 159 Systematics of bees of the genus Eufriesea (Hymenoptera, Apidae) [Sistemática
de abejas del género Eufriesea (Hymenoptera, Apidae)] / Kimsey, Lynn S. (University of California at
Davis. Department of Entomology, Bohart Museum of Entomology, Davis, CA 95616, US <E-mail:
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En: University of California Publications in Entomology, v. 95, p. 1-125. 1982.ISBN: 0-520-0643-6.
The Euglossini are large, colorful bees in the Apidae. This tribe contains five genera, Eufriesea, Eulaema,
Euglossa, Aglae, and Exaerete, and about 200 species- Aglae and Exaerete are nest parasites of Eufriesea
and Eulaema. Historically the work on Eufriesea has been piecemeal at best. Most of the species were
described by Mocsary (1896, 1897, 1898, 1908), Friese (1898, 1899, 1903, 1923, 1925, 1930), Moure
(1965, 1976) and Schrottky (1902, 1907, 1913). Moure (1967) published a checklist of the Euglossini in
which he designated lectotypes and species distributions. The only other major taxonomic work on
Eufriesea is a redescription of species described by Mocsary (Moure, 1976). No keys which include all
species in this genus have previously been published. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide
a general overview of the Euglossini, with a key to the genera; and (2) to present a revision of the genus
Eufriesea, including taxonomic and biological information and a key to species.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: U.
Publicación no.: 160 Review of North American Exomalopsis (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). Part. IV.
The subgenus Exomalopsis [Revisión de las abejas Exomalopsis Norteamericanas (Hymenoptera,
Anthophoridae). Parte. IV. El subgénero Exomalopsis] / Timberlake, P.H. (University of California Citrus
Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station. Department of Biological Control, Riverside, CA,
US).
En: University of California Publications in Entomology, v. 86, p. 119-158. 1980.ISBN: 0-520-09606-1.
Here I treat the subgenus Exomalopsis, with E. aureopilosa Spinola as type. The species are of median
size, ranging from about five to eight millimeters in length, and have the pterostigma about as long as
the length of the marginal cell on the outer margin of the wing. This group is tropical in distribution,
barely intruding into Florida and Texas of the United States and is well represented in the West Indies.
Thirty-six named forms are here treated, of which twenty-two are considered to be new, and a new
subspecies of E. similis is also included. It will be noticed that only two of the new species are described
in both sexes and of the previously known species, E. otomita Cresson and E. tepaneca Cresson are
known in only one sex. This is an indication that more work is necessary in the group, not only in
collecting material but obviously also in revisionary work. Although this treatise is primarily concerned
with North American forms, two species from Trinidad are included and one from Colombia. The type
species of the group is briefly noted from Brazil and E. zexmeniae Cockerell is recorded from Texas to
Panama and Peru.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: U.
Publicación no.: 161 Diagnósticos de la zona este del Tempisque / Raabe-Cercone, C. (Consultoría
Agroeconómica, Apartado 153, Cañas, CR). Cañas: Fundación Friedrich Ebert / Consultoría
Agroeconómica, 1987. 31 p.
El presente documento ha sido elaborado, en calidad de propuesta, por el Proyecto Asesoría Económica
Internacional de la Fundación Friedrich Ebert, como apoyo a la Presidencia de la República. Constituye
uno de cinco diagnósticos microrregionales, correspondientes a igual número de zonas, en que se
dividió -para efectos de análisis- al área constituída por la Provincia de Guanacaste y por los distritos de
Lepanto, Paquera y Cóbano del Cantón Central de Puntarenas. Cada uno de los diagnósticos
microrregionales, así como el que analiza globalmente toda el área bajo estudio, han sido generados
como documentos independientes. Para la elaboración de estos diagnósticos, se hizo uso de la
información existente en diversas instituciones públicas y privadas. En forma especial, se han utilizado
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los datos aportados por los Censos de Población, Vivienda y Agropecuario de 1984, los cuales no han
sido adecuadamente explotados hasta la fecha. La subdivisión del área bajo estudio en cinco zonas o
microrregiones, tuvo como objetivo efectuar análisis más profundos y específicos. Para la definición de
dichas zonas se tomaron en cuenta aspectos tales como las áreas de influencia de los principales centros
urbanos, las características del poblamiento de los diversos sectores geográficos, los aspectos básicos
sobre la producción y algunos de los condicionantes naturales más importantes (suelos, pendientes y
clima). La metodología utilizada para la subdivisión del área, se describe en el capítulo 11 del documento
resumen. La zona concreta analizada en este documento, está constituida por la parte este del Valle del
Tempisque y su entorno inmediato: parte baja de Bagaces y la mayor parte de Cañas y Abangares. Entre
las variables que se han considerado prioritarias en los análisis efectuados, se cuentan las relacionadas
con el empleo; esta decisión se fundamentó en el hecho de que el desempleo, el subempleo y el escaso
dinamismo en la absorción de mano de obra son algunos de los problemas básicos de la región. También
se le ha dado gran importancia a la utilización de la tierra, variable que, a su vez, explica en buena
medida la situación en el empleo. Otros aspectos analizados son los condicionantes naturales,
especialmente en su papel explicativo de la problemática agropecuaria, así como algunos indicadores de
la situación socioeconómica de la población.
Publicación no.: 162 Determinación de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en huevos de ocho
especies de aves acuáticas, colectados durante 1983-1984 en la Isla Pájaros, Guanacaste, Costa Rica /
Hidalgo-Calderón, Carmen. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre,
Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1986.
86 p. Tesis, Mag. Sci. en Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en
Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
Con el propósito de evaluar el grado y los efectos de la contaminación ambiental en la avifauna
costarricense, se llevó a cabo el análisis de los residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en los huevos de
Nycticorax nycticorax, Casmerodius albus, Bubulcus ibis, Mycteria americana, Ajaia ajaja, Cochlearius
cochlearius, Anhinga anhinga y Eudocimus albus, colectados durante 1983-1984 en la Isla Pájaros,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Estas especies de aves acuáticas son consideradas como buenos indicadores
biológicos de la contaminación ambiental. El proceso de extracción y purificación de los residuos de
plaguicidas organoclorados se realizó en el contenido total de 137 huevos, utilizando el método descrito
por Steinwandter. La cuantificación e identificación cualitativa de los residuos se hizo mediante las
técnicas de cromatografía gas-líquido y las de multicolumna para la prueba de confirmación. Los
resultados obtenidos indican que la frecuencia de la detección y las concentraciones de los plaguicidas
organoclorados varían considerablemente entre las diferentes especies; no obstante, en la mayoría de
las muestras se encontró residuos de: HCB, lindano, heptacloro, aldrín, epóxido de heptacloro, clordano,
endrín, p,p'-DDT, p,p'DDE, p,p'DDD y o,p'-DDT. La elevada proporción de los residuos del p,p'-DDE
detectado en las muestras analizadas sugiere una acumulación crónica de estos plaguicidas en las
especies de aves estudiadas. La presencia de los residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en especial el
p,p'-DDT y sus metabolitos, podrían ocasionar problemas en la biología reproductiva de estas especies,
principalmente en Mycteria americana, en la cual se detectó las mayores concentraciones de dichos
plaguicidas y un mayor adelgazamiento de la cáscara del huevo, así como la presencia de fisuras en la
superficie externa de algunos huevos. En las otras especies, excepto en Eudocimus albus, se obtuvo una
correlación inversa altamente significativa entre los residuos de p,p'-DDE en el contenido del huevo y el
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grosor de la cáscara. En Costa Rica el problema de la contaminación ambiental causada por el uso
inadecuado de los plaguicidas es serio. A pesar que la importación anual de los plaguicidas
organoclorados es inferior al 1% de la importación total de plaguicidas, a corto plazo debe evaluarse el
impacto de estos productos químicos sobre el medio ambiente e incluso considerar la posibilidad de
sustituirlos por otros menos perjudiciales para los seres vivos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 398. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: Tesis 9558.
Publicación no.: 163 Uso y conservación de humedales de Guanacaste. Los humedales de Palo Verde /
Bravo-Chacón, Juan.; Flores, T.; Araya, C.; Morillo-Fernández, J.M. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de
Ciencias Ambientales; Programa ECOMA; Apdo. 86-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1988.
Los hábitats húmedos son áreas generalmente delimitadas entre los terrenos elevados y áreas de aguas
profundas; dichos terrenos son propicios para que se desarrollen los humedales. En Costa Rica, algunas
entidades gubernamentales y universitarias comienzan a tomar en cuenta dichos ambientes, en especial
como hábitats para especies de aves acuáticas y migratorias. En la actualidad se reconocen la Laguna
Mata Redonda y el área húmeda de Palo Verde (Refugio y Parque) que pueden considerarse como
humedales de importancia internacional. Cabe destacar que existen otras áreas, en la región baja de
Guanacaste, que eventualmente deben ser protegidas, como por ejemplo, Pozo de Agua, Corral de
Piedra y Laguna Zonzapote. El objetivo del presente documento fue clasificar los humedales de Palo
Verde de acuerdo con las modificaciones realizadas a la metodología de L. M. Cowardin. Se espera que
el trabajo ayude a ampliar los conocimientos de los recursos naturales de Costa Rica y en especial de los
humedales.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 164 Lista de especies animales observadas en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre
Palo Verde, Guanacaste / Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG), San José, CR. San José: MAG /
Departamento de Pesca Continental y Vida Silvestre, 1978.
Esta lista de especies de la fauna de la Hacienda Palo Verde, ubicada en Bagaces, Guanacaste, se logró
mediante observaciones directas del personal de la Organización para Estudios Tropicales y del personal
del proyecto Ecología y Manejo de Especies Silvestres, perteneciente al Departamento de Pesca
Continental y Vida Silvestre del MAG, durante los años 1975, 1976 y 1977. El trabajo se encuentra aún
incompleto pues falta incluir algunas especies de mamíferos, así como cerca de 200 especies de aves de
bosque, cuya presencia en la zona está siendo confirmada por parte del personal del MAG. Este trabajo
es preliminar a la guía de campo que elaborará el Departamento, con la esperanza que pueda ser útil
para los científicos y estudiantes que visiten en un futuro el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Palo
Verde.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: PV.
Publicación no.: 165 Reproductive output and biomass allocation in Sesbania emerus in a tropical
swamp / Augspurger, C.K.; Geber, M.A.; Evans, J.P. (Illinois University. Department of Plant Biology,
Urbana, IL 61801, US).
In 1984, Sesbania emerus plants were collected along a moisture gradient in a swamp in Costa Rica.
Early-, mid- and late-flowering plants were collected from a relatively dry site and the effect of plant
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density on reproductive output was examined over a 12-fold range of density of mature plants. The
effects of early herbivory on plant growth were observed. Morphological changes included production
of more stems and branches in response to herbivory, more and higher prop roots and more
aerenchyma as water depth increased and greater stem diam. at lower densities. Plant height varied
greatly within a site, but not among habitats. Reproductive output was generally more sensitive to
environmental variables than was plant size; plants began to produce flowers and fruits later in wet sites
than in dry sites. Fruit number and plant height were positively correlated for almost every treatment.
Greater fruit and seed production were correlated with drier sites, earlier phenology and lower density,
but not with herbivory. Total biomass accumulation did not vary among moisture sites, but the
root:shoot ratio was nearly 5 times higher in the wet than the dry site. Seed number/plant averaged 6
800 at the wet site and 16 878 at the dry site.
Publicación no.: 166 Comparative morphology and chemical contents of male mandibular glands of
several Centris species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) in Costa Rica [Morfología comparativa y
contenidos químicos de las glándulas mandibulares del macho de numerosas especies de Centris
(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) en Costa Rica] / Vinson, S. Bradleigh.; Williams, H.J.; Frankie, Gordon W.;
Coville, Rollin E. (Texas A&M University. Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843, US <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B. Comparative Biochemistry (ISSN 0305-0491), v. 77, no.
4, p. 685-688. 1984.
Species that marked their territories with oral secretions had enlarged mandibular glands containing
varying amounts of known monoterpenes. Species that marked territories with hindleg secretions and
those that are not known to mark territories chemically had vestigial mandibular glands containing little
or no volatile oil.
Publicación no.: 167 Foraging strategies and the structure of stingless bee communities in Costa Rica
[Estrategias de forrajeo y estructura de las comunidades de abejas jicotes de Costa Rica] / Johnson,
Leslie K.; Jaisson, P. (ed.) (The University of Iowa. Department of Biology, Program in Evolutionary
Ecology and Behavior, Iowa City, IA 52242, US).
En: Social Insects in the Tropics, 2 Paris: Presses de l'Universite Paris-Nord, 1983. p. 30-58.
The foraging behaviour of Trigona species was observed at 3 habitats in Costa Rica. Four solitary
foraging strategies (avoidance, displacement, gleaning, insinuation) and 4 group strategies (scramble,
bustling, extirpation, opportunism) were recognized. Examples of these types of behaviour are
described and discussed. Their different foraging strategies allow stingless bees to share resources by
exploiting them at different times or different spatial densities.
Publicación no.: 168 Nests of Centris segregata (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) with a review of the
nesting habits of the genus [Nidos de Centris segregata (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) con una revisión
de los hábitos de anidamiento del género] / Coville, Rollin E.; Frankie, Gordon W.; Vinson, S. Bradleigh.
(6201 Tehama Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
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Nests were located in earth banks in a slightly disturbed dry forest habitat in Costa Rica. They contained
1-3 burrows that originated in a chamber near the nest entrance. Each burrow had 1-11 urn-shaped cells
arranged in a linear series. Cell caps had a hollow central process and were slightly recessed. In many
burrows a short, uncapped, partly provisioned cell was placed above the last fully provisioned cell.
Normal (buff) males and females were reared from the same nests, but from some nests only beta
males (reddish-brown and larger than normal) were reared. Parasites included the anthophorid bee,
Mesoplia rufipes, and the bombyliid fly, Anthrax cintalapa. The diverse nesting habits of species of
Centris are discussed in relation to the subgenera.
Publicación no.: 169 Sexual reproduction in Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). II. Seed production
in natural populations [Reproducción sexual en Eichhornia crassipes (jacinto de agua). II. Producción de
semilla y poblaciones naturales] / Barrett, S.C.H. (University of Toronto. Department of Botany, Toronto,
ON M5S 1A1, CA).
En: Journal of Applied Ecology (ISSN 0021-8901), v. 17, no. 1, p. 113-124. 1980.
Sexual reproduction and natural seed production in Eichhornia crassipes was examined in a total of 19
populations from 2 tropical regions (Lower Amazon and Costa Rica) and 2 temperate regions (California
and southern USA). Of 7750 flowers sampled, 45.9% produced capsules with an average of 44.2
seeds/capsule. Seed production was twice as great in tropical populations as in temperate populations.
This difference is probably associated with higher levels of insect visitation to flowers of E. crassipes in
tropical regions. Seedlings growing in saturated soil were observed in 3 of the populations. The seasonal
pattern of seed production during 1976 was estimated for a population at Stockton, California. Seed
production was low at the beginning and end of the flowering season (June-November) but reached a
peak in September. Controlled field pollinations showed that seed set was sub-maximal throughout the
season. The foraging behaviour of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) largely determined the seasonal levels
of seed production at Stockton, California. The major factors limiting sexual reproduction in E. crassipes
are low and 'inefficient' pollinator service, which limits fecundity and the absence of suitable ecological
conditions for seed germination and seedling establishment.
Publicación no.: 170 Specificity of seed-attacking beetles in a Costa Rican deciduous forest
[Especificidad de los abejones que atacan semillas en un bosque deciduo costarricense] / Janzen, Daniel
H. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail:
Of 975 species of dicotyledonous forest plants, at least 100 usually had beetle larvae (Coleoptera) in
their mature fruits or seeds; 75% of the 110 beetle species observed were specific to a particular plant
species.
Publicación no.: 171 Observations on the nesting behavior of Mischocyttarus immarginatus (Rich.)
(Vespidae: Hymenoptera) in a dry forest in Costa Rica [Observaciones sobre el comportamiento de
anidamiento de Mischocyttarus immarginatus (Rich.) (Vespidae: Hymenoptera) en un bosque seco en
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Costa Rica] / Gorton, R.E., Jr. (The University of Kansas. Department of Entomology, Lawrence, KS 66045,
US).
En: Insectes Sociaux (ISSN 0020-1812), v. 25, no. 3, p. 197-204. 1978.
The establishment of two M. immarginatus nests near a nest of Polybia occidentalis was observed.
There was fierce competition for nesting sites by foundresses of Mischocyttarus colonies. In an
established nest, the queen spends most of her time constructing and inspecting cells, whereas workers
spend most of their time foraging. Sometimes, a queen was seen to force a worker to leave the nest. It is
suggested that P. occidentalis nests on buildings and spiny plants to avoid nest destruction by grazing
animals and that M. immarginatus nests nearby to avoid visual predators, such as birds and lizards.
Publicación no.: 172 Contrasting foraging strategies and coexistence of two bee species on a single
resource [Estrategias de forrajeo contrastantes y coexistencia de dos especies de abejas en un único
recurso] / Johnson, Leslie K.; Hubbell, Stephen P. (The University of Iowa. Department of Biology,
Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, Iowa City, IA 52242, US).
The foraging patterns of Trigona fuscipennis and T. fulviventris were studied on a population of the
shrub Cassia biflora in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. T. fuscippenis, which forages in large groups
that monopolize plants, restricted its visits to large, dense clumps of Cassia. T. fulviventris, which forages
as individuals or in small groups, visited more widely spaced or isolated plants. These observations and
those on inter-specific aggression suggest that T. fulviventris is excluded from the better plants in
clumps by T. fuscippenis. The terms "low- and high-density specialists" are proposed to describe species
such as these.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10468. NBINA-817. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 570.
Publicación no.: 173 Forest environments in tropical life zones: a pilot study [Ambientes forestales en
zonas de vida tropicales: un estudio piloto] / Holdridge-Holmes, Leslie Rensselaer.; Grenke, W.C.;
Hatheway, W.H.; Liang, T.; Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr. (Centro Científico Tropical, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San
José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1971. 747 p.
The potential of a bioecological classification of tropical forests to organize quantitative data on
undercanopy environments into a predictive system is examined. The Holdridge Classification of World
Life Zones is selected for trial because it is relatively advanced, has been widely applied in the American
tropics (in other contexts), and has demonstrated possibilities for necessary extension and refinement.
During 1964-66, field research was conducted in Costa Rica, where a wide range of tropical forest types
is to be found. Detailed vegetation and soils data were collected by an interdisciplinary team at 46 forest
sites, and aerial photography was obtained of a representative sample of these. In addition a brief
exploratory Life Zone mapping exercise was conducted in Thailand in 1965. Irrespective of the specific
analyses for which these data were collected, they are of immediate value to the scientific and
engineering communities. Analyses of the data are directed to the determination and quantification of
recognition patterns for the several Life Zones and the demonstration of quantitative linkages between
airphoto patterns and measurements and vegetation features, and between vegetation and a sampling
of undercanopy environmental conditions of engineering interest. The Life Zone system is found to be a
convenient and effective organizer for environmental data of several kinds, while the brief preliminary
trials in Thailand suggest that it is generally applicable there as well as in the American tropics. The
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preliminary recognition keys and air-to-ground linkages established for the Costa Rica sites presage
predictive value for the system. Although not yet demonstrated with statistical confidence, the findings
indicate that the approach is correct and useful and that a quantitative prediction system based on the
Holdridge Life Zone system is feasible. Since no similarly general system has attained the same advanced
and detailed state of development, the further data collection and analyses necessary for statistical
reliability should be undertaken.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.52 H728f. LS.
Publicación no.: 174 Algunos aspectos del comportamiento, ciclo de vida, parasitismo y depredación
de Caligo mennon, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae [Some behavioral aspects, life cycle, parasitism and
predation on Caligo mennon, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae] / Canet-Moya, Noemi Margarita. San José:
Universidad de Costa Rica, 1986. 47 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Biología con énfasis en Zoología,
Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
Se llevó a cabo el estudio del comportamiento larval y el ciclo de vida de Caligo memnon (Lepidoptera:
Nymphalidae). Esta mariposa de hábitos crepusculares, tienedurante su desarrollo cinco estadios
larvales, que lleva enteramente en su plantas hospederas pertenecientes a los géneros Heliconia
(Heliconiaceae) y Musa (Musaceae). C. mennon es controlada como plaga de banano junto con otras
mariposas. El trabajo fue realizado en el cantón de Goicoechea, a una altura de 1360 msnm y
temperaturas entre 10-25°C. El ciclo completo, desde la postura de los huevos hasta la emergencia del
adulto duró entre 74-91 días, considerándose la altura, temperatura y humedad, como posibles factores
que intervinieron en la duración total del ciclo. Dentro de los experimentos realizados se comprobó que
las hembras escogen tanto el haz como el envés de las hojas para depositar sus huevos, de acuerdo con
la cantidad de sol. La larva teje sobre las hojas, trillos o caminos de seda con sus piezas bucales, los
cuales sirven para caminar en las hojas y para orientarlas a encontrar los comederos. Durante los dos
primeros estadios descansan en el envés de las hojas en grupos (gregarismo), oa lo largo de la nervadura
central de las hojas y además se caracterizan por un color verde con pequeñas manchita café, lo cual las
hace poco o nada visibles. En el tercer estadio descansan más cerca del pecíolo de las hojas, muy cerca
del tallo y continúan siendo verdes. Durante el cuarto estadio descansan enteramente en el tallo, donde
es sumamente difícil encontrarlas y en su último estadio son de color café listado, confundiéndose
enteramente con la base del tallo, que es del mismo color que las larvas. En el cuarto y quinto estadio, la
prepupa presenta una glándula ventral de color rojo entre el primer par de patas verdaderas y la cabeza;
ésta sirve de defensa y protección, ya que expele una sustancia viscosa, transparente y con olor.
Experiencias con varios tipos de alimentos, en cuanto a si éstas larvas presentan un aprendizaje previo
de escogencia de alimento, dan a conocer que no hay ningún aprendizaje por el alimento previo, pero sí
una preferencia de alimentarse más de Heliconia que de Musa; a la vez, prefieren en menos porcentaje,
marantáceas y cannáceas, aunque todas estas plantas pueden constituirse en plantas hospederas. Luego
se determinó que el tamaño de la pupa coincide con que sean macho o hembras, siendo como
promedio 46,1 mm para hembras y 41,3 mm para los machos, siempre y cuando sean criadas en
condiciones suficientes de alimento. El promedio de duración de las pupas es mucho más largo (29 días),
con respecto a la duración de las pupas en otros ambientes, de menor altitud y mayores temperaturas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-13711. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: Tesis 9579.
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Publicación no.: 175 Factores ecológicos y de mercado de la reproducción de Rhinoclemmys
pulcherrima y Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Emydidae y Kinosternidae) en Costa Rica
[Ecological and market factors in Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima and Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines:
Emydidae and Kinosternidae) reproduction en Costa Rica] / Castillo-Centeno, Vilma E. San José:
Universidad de Costa Rica, 1986. 160 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Biología con especialidad en Zoología,
Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
Este trabajo comprende el estudio de algunos factores ecológicos y de mercado de la reproducción de
las tortugas Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima, en Cebadilla y Dulce Nombre de La Garita, Alajuela, Costa Rica y
de Kinosternon scorpioides en Santa Ana (Centro, Brasil y Pozos), de San José, Costa Rica. Incluye
también poblaciones de K. scorpioides, en Coyolito, Guanacaste y observaciones de R. pulcherrima en el
cantón Central de Puntarenas (Centro y Cocal), Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 176 Leucopsis [Leucospis] klugii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) reared from Xylocopa
brasilianorum (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Costa Rica [Leucospis klugii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)
criada en Xylocopa brasilianorum (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) en Costa Rica] / Daly, H.V. (University of
California. Division of Entomology, Berkeley, CA 94720, US).
En: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603), v. 52, no. 4, p. 271. 1976.
Parasitic wasp larvae consumed the bee larva of Xylocopa brasilianorum and successfully emerged. The
adult wasps have been deposited in British Museum (Natural History). This is the 1st host record for
Leucospis klugii.
Publicación no.: 177 A new species of Lepidophora Westwood (Diptera: Bombyliidae) from Costa Rica
reared from Trypoxylon Latreille (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) [Una nueva especie de Lepidophora
Westwood (Diptera: Bombyliidae) de Costa Rica criada en Trypoxylon Latreille (Hymenoptera:
Sphecidae)] / Hall, J.C. (University of California. Division of Biological Control, Riverside, CA 92521, US).
En: Entomological News (ISSN 0013-872X), v. 92, no. 4, p. 161-164. 1981.
The adult of Lepidophora trypoxylona n. sp. and its pupal exuvium are described and figured. Trypoxylon
(Tripargilum) tenoctitlan Richards (Sphecidae) is recorded as host of this bee fly.
Publicación no.: 178 Nesting biology and male behavior of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tenoctitlan in
Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) [Biología de anidamiento y comportamiento del macho de
Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tenoctitlan en Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)] / Coville, Rollin E.; Coville,
P.L. (6201 Tehama Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, US).
En: Annals of the Entomological Society of America (ISSN 0013-8746), v. 73, no. 2, p. 110-119. 1980.
The behavior and biology of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tenoctitlan are described. Observations indicate
that females initiate nests, but each one obtains a mate before provisioning cells; females will not forage
unless a male guard is in the nest. Pairing occurs when a male follows a female to the nest or locates a
female in her nest. Thereafter, the male guards the mains in the nest, but the male may or may not be
present. Limited observations suggest that mating takes place in the nest shortly before oviposition.
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When nests near completion males leave and aggressively attempt to displace other males. The
evolution of male guarding behavior is discussed. Nests were obtained from trap-nests with 4.8, 6.4, and
9.5 x 152 mm tubes. Cells where privisioned with an average of 20 paralyzed spiders in the families
Araneidae, Ayphaenidae, Clubionidae, Sparassidae, Salticidae, and Thomisidae. Natural enemies reared
from nests included Messatoporus sp., Trichrysis nigropolita, Neochrysis postica, N. lecointei,
Lepidophora vetusta, Anthrax angustipennis, A. argyropygus, Pyemotes sp., and an unidentified
Dermestidae.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7569. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 590A.
Publicación no.: 179 Types of the Tachinidae (Diptera) in the American Museum of Natural History
[Tipos de Tachinidae (Diptera) en el Museo Americano de Historia Natural] / Arnaud, Paul H., Jr.
(California Academy of Sciences. Department of Entomology, 875 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA
En: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (ISSN 0003-0090), v. 125, no. 2, p. 101-138.
1963.
Lista alfabéticamente ordenada por géneros, de los ejemplares tipo de 375 especies de dípteros
taquínicos depositados en el Museo Americano de Historia Natural (N.Y.). De Costa Rica incluye:
Lixophaga stenomae, colectada por Charles H. Ballou, emergida de una larva de Stenoma (Lep.:
Stenomatidae) en aguacate y Sturmia balloui, que emergió de una larva de Sphingidae (Lepidoptera). Se
agrega la referencia bibliográfica referente a la descripción de cada una de las especies.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4473. Biblioteca Museo Nacional: Ind. Publ. Ent. No. 1055.
Publicación no.: 180 Mosquito Studies (Diptera, Culicidae). XXXII. A revision of the genus Haemagogus
[Estudios sobre zancudos (Diptera, Culicidae). XXXII. Una revisión del género Haemagogus] / Arnell, J.
Hal. (University of California. Department of Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90024, US).
En: Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (ISSN 0569-4450) , v. 10, no. 2, p. 1-174. 1973.
Taxonomía, bionomía y distribución de 24 especies neotropicales. Se incluyen las siguientes especies
encontradas en Costa Rica: Haemagogus anastasionis, H. janthinomys, H. mesodentatus, H. equinus, H.
iridicolor, H. lucifer y H. chalcospilans.
Localización: Biblioteca Museo Nacional: Ind. Publ. Ent. No. 810. Biblioteca personal de Paul Hanson
(UCR).
Publicación no.: 181 Factores selectivos que afectan la tendencia a agruparse en la araña colonial
Philoponella semiplumosa (Aranae; Uloboridae) [Selective factors that affect the tendency to form
groups in the colonial spider Philoponella semiplumosa (Aranae; Uloboridae)] / Lahmann-Zeledón,
Enrique J.; Eberhard-Crabtree, William G. (UICN/ORMA, PO Box 146-2150, Moravia, San José, CR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Observaciones acerca del comportamiento de la araña Philoponella semiplumosa. Interacciones
intraespecíficas al caer una presa en la tela fueron a veces competitivas, dominando los individuos de
mayor tamaño. Otras veces la interacción fue altruística, permitiéndose a los individuos más pequeños
participar de la presa. Se comenta también sobre la tasa de migración, tendencias a agruparse, relación
genética y otros aspectos.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. S8673.
Publicación no.: 182 Sweep samples of tropical deciduous forests foliage-inhabiting insects: Seasonal
changes and interfield differences in adult bugs and beetles [Muestras mediante barrido con red de
insectos habitantes en el follaje en bosques tropicales caducifolios: cambios estacionales y diferencias
entre campos en chinches y abejones adultos] / Janzen, Daniel H. (University of Pennsylvania.
Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Estudio de la estructura de la comunidad de chinches y escarabajos adultos en cinco habitáculos en la
provincia de Guanacaste, utilizando el método de barrido con red entomológica. Comparación entre la
época seca y lluviosa y sus efectos en las zonas de muestreo. Se sugiere que ambos órdenes estudiados
pueden tener una estructura de población en la comunidad muy diferentes.
Publicación no.: 183 The deflowering of Central America [La deforestación de Centroamérica] / Janzen,
Daniel H. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail:
En: Natural History (ISSN 0028-0712), v. 83, p. 48-53. 1974.
Observaciones acerca de la deforestación y el efecto destructor del avance del hombre en los complejos
ecosistemas tropicales. Ilustración con el estudio del curculiónido Rhinochenus stigma.
Publicación no.: 184 Notes and descriptions of some lycid-like neotropical lepturine Cerambycidae
(Coleoptera) [Notas y descripciones de algunos Cerambycidae neotropicales que semejan a lycidos
(Coleoptera)] / Chemsak, John A.; Linsley, Earle Gorton. (University of California at Berkeley. Essig
Museum of Entomology, Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Descripción de 4 especies del género Megachoriolaus, incluyendo M. gracilis de Costa Rica. Descripción
del género Eurylemma, con dos especies y se propone a Mimiptera costaricensis como sinónimo de M.
fulvella.
Publicación no.: 185 A review of the Mexican and Central American species of Strangalia AudinetServille (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) [Revisión de las especies de Strangalia Audinet-Serville (Coleoptera,
Cerambycidae) mexicanas y centroamericanas] / Chemsak, John A.; Linsley, Earle Gorton. (University of
California at Berkeley. Essig Museum of Entomology, Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail:
En: Journal of the New York Entomological Society (ISSN 0028-7199), v. 84, no. 4, p. 216-232. 1976.
The Mexican and Central American species of the lepturine genus Strangalia are reviewed. All known
species are characterized and new distributional records listed. New synonymy is presented [S.
bicolorella Chemsak (= S. pulchra Chemsak, syn. nov.), S. melampus (Bates) (= Ophistomis histrio Bates,
syn. nov.)] and the following new species described: Strangalia doyeni (Mexico); S. montivaga (Mexico);
S. opleri (Costa Rica); and S. westcotti (Mexico). A key to the Mexican and Central American species of
Strangalia is provided.
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Publicación no.: 186 Ten Rhyparus from the Western Hemisphere (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae:
Aphodiinae) [Diez Rhyparus del hemisferio occidental (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)] /
Cartwright, Oscar L.; Woodruff, Robert E. (3517 NW 10th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32605, US <E-mail:
En: Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (ISSN 0081-0282), no. 21, p. 1-20. 1969.
This is the first report of the genus Rhyparus (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) being found in the
Western Hemisphere. It is closely related to Termitodius, a genus known from Costa Rica, Panama, and
Colombia, but easily recognized by characters given. One South American species from Bolivia is
transferred from Termitodius and nine new species are described and illustrated as follows: Rhyparus
spangleri from Costa Rica; opacus from Mexico; blantoni from Panama; suspiciosus from Costa Rica;
mexicanus from Mexico and Costa Rica; zayasi from Cuba and Jamaica; sculpturatus from Costa Rica;
isidroi from Costa Rica; and costaricensis from Costa Rica and Mexico.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S11287. NBINA-9623. Biblioteca Museo Nacional: Ind. Publ. Ent. No. 686.
Publicación no.: 187 Neotropical Microlepidoptera XVII: Notes and new species of Phaloniidae
[Microlepidópteros neotropicales XVII: Notas y nuevas especies de Phaloniidae] / Clarke, J.F. Gates.
(National Museum of Natural History. Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C. 20560, US).
En: Proceedings of the United States National Museum (ISSN 0096-3801), v. 125, no. 3660, p. 1-58.
1968.
Revisión y descripción de numerosas especies de esta familia, pertenecientes a los géneros: Hysterosia,
Malonia, Cochylis, Amallectis, Irazona, Lasiothyris, Carolella y Phtheochroa. Se incluye las siguientes
especies de Costa Rica: Hysterosia turialba, Irazona ademonia n. sp. y A. platina n. sp.
Publicación no.: 188 New species and a review of the genus Helleriella (Coleoptera: Curculionidae:
Zygopinae) [Nuevas especies y revisión del género Helleriella (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Zygopinae)] /
Hespenheide, Henry A. (University of California at Los Angeles. Department of Organismic Biology,
Ecology & Evolution, Los Angeles, CA 90095, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The Coleopterists Bulletin (ISSN 0010-065X), v. 34, no. 3, p. 323-332. 1980.
Helleriella was erected as a monotypic genus by Champion in 1906 for the species longicollis from
Mexico. Ecological and additional distributional data are given for Champion's species and it and three
additional species are described: H. nelsoni from Mexico, H. rubricollis from Belize, and H. ruddiae from
Costa Rica. A key is given to separate the species, the ecology of the association of larvae and adults
with swollen-thorn acacias is described, and the characters and placement of the genus near
Cylindrocopturus is discussed. H. ruddiae is suggested to be mimetic of ants of the genus Zacryptocerus,
and the other species are considered for the possibility of mimicry.
Publicación no.: 189 Territorial behavior of Centris adani and its reproductive function in the Costa
Rican dry forest (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) [Comportamiento territorial de Centris adani y su
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función reproductiva en el bosque seco costarricense (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)] / Frankie, Gordon
W.; Vinson, S. Bradleigh.; Coville, Rollin E. (University of California. Department of Entomological
Sciences,
Berkeley,
CA
94720,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Territorial behavior in males of the anthophorid bee Centris adani Cockerell was investigated primarily in
1975, 1976 and 1980 in the Costa Rican dry forest. The study revealed that territories were commonly
established in certain dry grassy habitats and to a lesser extent in the crowns of flowering trees that are
visited by conspecific females for pollen and/or nectar. Regardless of site there was a high turnover of
bees in the territories, which suggested active competition among the males. A citral-like chemical was
deposited systematically by males on grass stems that surrounded given territories in grassy habitats. It
is suggested that territorial behavior in this bee serves a mating function. Observations and experiments
also indicate that an important odor communication exists between male and female bees associated
with the territories. This communication may be important in consummating a mating event.
Publicación no.: 190 Propagación vegetativa de Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand (pochote), con
miras al establecimiento directo de un jardín semillero / Araya-Barrantes, Marco Vinicio. Heredia:
Universidad Nacional, 1983. 87 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional,
Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Objetivos: 1) Determinar en rodales naturales de pochote (Bombacopsis quinata) los árboles que darán
origen al futuro jardín semillero, según características preestablecidas, propagándolos luego
vegetativamente. 2) Realizar el diseño, establecimiento y evaluación del jardín semillero. El estudio se
realizó en la Estación Experimental "Enrique Jiménez Núñez" del 1 de mayo al 29 de octubre de 1982. Se
hizo un recorrido por el hábitat natural del pochote dentro del país, y se evaluaron 16 árboles según
características fenotípicas previamente definidas. Luego se seleccionaron 10 árboles, de donde se
obtuvo 20 estacas por cada uno, 10 estacas con diámetro de 5 cm y 10 estacas con diámetro de 10 cm,
ambos de 80 cm de largo. La evaluación se realizó mediante los parámetros de largo promedio de
brotes, número de brotes y color de hojas. Conclusiones: 1) No existe en forma asequible, material
genético de pochote en condiciones naturales, que permitan una evaluación adecuada para lograr una
buena intensidad de selección, con el fin de establecer huertos semilleros. 2) Las estacas de 10 cm de
diámetro, resultaron mejor que las de 5 cm de diámetro (ambas con 80 cm de largo) tanto en el largo
promedio (capacidad de enraizamiento), como en el número de brotes. 3) Las mejores procedencias,
respecto a las variables analizadas en orden de importancia fueron la 10 (Llanos de Cortés, Bagaces), la 8
(Sarmiento, Chomes), la 9 (Hacienda La Pacífica, Cañas) y la 6 (Finca Soc. Rodríguez, Jacó). 4) Las estacas
que presentan rebrotes con una longitud promedio, mayor o igual a 25 cm., tienen gran probabilidad de
sobrevivir. 5) El enraizamiento de las estacas de pochote, va siempre acompañado de una formación de
callo.
Localización: Biblioteca Joaquín García M.: Tesis 927. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis A663p.
Publicación no.: 191 Proyecto colectivo de investigación y extensión en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Dr.
Rafael L. Rodríguez Caballero ("Palo Verde"), Costa Rica Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1988. 213 p.
El presente trabajo consta de tres capítulos: I. Evaluación preliminar de hábitat; II. Estimación de
densidades poblacionales y III. Extensión y factibilidad turística. En cada uno de ellos se presentan los
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resultados obtenidos del trabajo de campo, así como un análisis y discusión de los mismos. De igual
forma, se da una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas al mejoramiento de las condiciones del Refugio,
tanto para el aprovechamiento humano como para la fauna del lugar. Este documento puede tomarse
como un respaldo práctico del Plan de Manejo que en conjunto permitirán delimitar las directrices del
manejo y el aprovechamiento de la fauna silvestre.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: AS 50868. Biblioteca del BIODOC.
Publicación no.: 192 Patterns of neotropical plant species diversity [Patrones de diversidad de especies
de plantas neotropicales] / Gentry, Alwyn Howard. (Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis,
MO 63166-0299, US).
En: Evolutionary biology. Hecht, M.K.; Wallace, B.; Prance, G.T. (eds.) New York, N.Y: Plenum Publishing
Corp., 1982. p. 1-84. (vol. 15).
The intent of this chapter is to document the relationship between plant species diversities and
precipitation for a series of eleven neotropical plant communities, including lianas and all trees and large
shrubs over 2.5 cm dbh. Some implications of these data for species-area analyses and for the
community equilibrium/nonequilibrium debate will also be discussed.
Publicación no.: 193 Evaluación del efecto hipotensor de algunas especies del género Eugenia en Costa
Rica / Jiménez-Morales, Floribeth. Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1985. 51 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en
Biología, Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Heredia (Costa Rica).
In relation to the efforts of the National University aimed to the evaluation of the pharmacological
potential of Costa Rican flora, and the compilation of its use in traditional medicine, we have studied
four species of Eugenia gender (Myrtaceae). The alcoholic extracts of the leaves of E. salamensis (Donn),
E. truncata (Berg), E. oerstedeana (Berg), and E. austin- smithii (Standl), have been chemically analyzed
using qualitative methods. The aqueous extracts have been pharmacologically studied to establish their
effects on the arterial pressure of rats. The qualitative chemical studies in this species showed the
presence of two kinds of compounds: lactones and flavonoids. In the order three species we found
chemical compounds like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and saponines.
Localización: Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 583.42 J61e.
Publicación no.: 194 Areas potenciales para unidades de conservación de recursos naturales en Costa
Rica / Centro Científico Tropical. Apdo. 8-3870, San José, CR. San José: Centro Científico Tropical, 1982.
307 p.
Introducción: El Gobierno de Costa Rica, en una de las actividades tendientes a la planificación de los
recursos naturales del país, solicitó al Centro Científico Tropical, por medio del Ministerio de la
Presidencia, un estudio ecológico, tendiente a determinar necesidades y áreas que todavía conservan
sus recursos poco o nada alterados, cuyas características ameritan su inclusión en el sistema
costarricense de unidades de conservación protegidas. Los estudios del Centro Científico Tropical,
fueron dirigidos a un objetivo fundamental, cual era justificar la selección de las áreas que se deben
considerar dentro del sistema nacional de parques y reservas equivalentes, incluyendo los estudios
ecológicos del propuesto Parque Internacional fronterizo "La Amistad". Dar prioridad a la creación de
estas áreas potenciales y a la ampliación de las ya existentes; que fueren representativas de ecosistemas
frágiles o que alberguen especies de plantas y animales escasos y en peligro de extinción, o que
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requieran territorios extensos para poder mantener poblaciones genéticamente viables a largo plazo,
que a su vez representen las mejores características de las distintas regiones naturales del país, para así
sobrevivir a las presiones de una sociedad en expansión y explorativa. Además de la determinación de
nuevas áreas potenciales de conservación y evaluación de las ya establecidas, se ha incorporado un
estudio especial de la región del extremo noreste del país, en relación con las condiciones ambientales,
los recursos naturales presentes y los acontecimientos más recientes de la colonización espontánea en
la región. Por sus condiciones físicas tan adversas a la agricultura y lo lejos con relación al centro del
país, esta región ha escapado hasta el presente a las invasiones grandes de colonos y madereros que
caracterizan a las fronteras agrícolas del país. Aún mantienen recursos naturales de gran valor genético
para el mejoramiento de nuestra agricultura y silvicultura del futuro, enfocadas a las oportunidades
reales para el desarrollo nacional de nuestros recursos naturales.
Publicación no.: 195 Education and research in tropical forestry [Educación e investigación en
silvicultura tropical] / Helms, J.A. (University of California. School of Forestry and Conservation, Berkeley,
CA 94720, US).
En: Journal of Forestry (ISSN 0022-1201), v. 69, no.7, p. 414-417. 1971. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 196 Conozcamos la flora y la fauna de América tropical. Fauna: El pájaro bobo.
Momoto de ceja turquesa o pájaro bobo, Eumomota superciliosa / Barboza-Jiménez, G. (Asesor Area
de Conservación Tempisque. Servicio de Parques Nacionales, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de
Oca, CR).
En: Biocenosis (ISSN 0250-6963), v. 3, no. 2, p. 17-18. 1986. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 197 Taxonomic notes on the neotropical Microlepidoptera [Notas taxonómicas sobre
los Microlepidoptera neotropicales] / Becker, Vitor O. (Universidade de Brasilia. Departamento de
Zoologia, 70919-970 Brasilia, DF, BR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (ISSN 0085-5626), v. 28, no. 2, p. 129-201. 1984.
Nine generic and 115 specific synonyms and 161 new combinations are established, 44 lectotypes are
designated, one generic and twelve specific names, two combinations and three specific synonyms are
revalidated. Aerotypia Walsingham is transferred from Xyloryctidae to Gelechiidae; Iphimachaera
Meyrick and Nematochares Meyrick from Gelechiidae to Oecophoridae, Depressariinae; Macrocirca
Meyrick from Yponomeutidae to Oecophoridae, Ethmiinae; Cyrictodes Meyrick (=Erysiptila Meyrick)
from Gelechiidae to Oecophoridae, Ethmiinae, Astoxena Meyrick (=Eomichla Meyrick) from
Yponomeutidae to Oecophoridde, Oecophorinae, Lygronoma Meyrick
rom Stenomatinae to
Oecophorinae, Dysoptus Walsingham from Tineidae to Arrhenophanidae, Autocnaptis Meyrick
(=Amiantastis Meyrick) from Tineidae and Yponomeutidae respectively to Psychidae, and Homilostola
Meyrick (=Plumana Busck) both from Tineidae to Psychidae.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. S8678. PV.
Publicación no.: 198 Watershed management and a wetlands conservation strategy: the need for a
cross-sectoral approach [Manejo de cuencas y estrategia de conservación de humedales: la necesidad de
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un enfoque intersectorial] / Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A.; Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail:
En: The ecology and management of wetlands. vol. 2: Management. Use and value of wetlands. Hook,
D.D. et al. (eds.) Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1988. p. 12-20. ISBN: 0881920843. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 199 Classification and comparative biology of the seed beetle genus Caryedes
Hummel (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) [Clasificación y biología comparativa de los abejones de semillas del
género Caryedes Hummel (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] / Kingsolver, John Mark.; Whitehead, Donald R.
(ARS/USDA. c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, Washington, DC 20560, US).
En: Transactions of the American Entomological Society (ISSN 0002-8320), v. 100, no. 4, p. 341-436.
1974.
Taxonomía, filogenia, distribución e importancia económica de 20 especies, incluyendo unas nuevas,
pertenecientes al género Caryedes. Se incluye a Costa Rica en el ámbito de distribución de las siguientes
especies: C. brasiliensis, C. longicollis, C. quadridens, C. stictocodius, C. helvenus, C. incensus, C.
stenocephalus, C. nevermanni, C. cavatus, C. x-liturus, n. comb., C. limonensis, n. sp., C. paradisensis, n.
sp. y C. juno. Contiene clave.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9684. Biblioteca Museo Nacional: Ind. Publ. Ent. No. 479. Biblioteca de
Coleoptera (INBio): 1548556.
Publicación no.: 200 Competition and nest spacing in a tropical stingless bee community [Competencia
y espaciamiento de los nidos en una comunidad tropical de abejas jicotes] / Hubbell, Stephen P.;
Johnson, Leslie K. (University of Georgia. Department of Botany, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail:
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 58, p. 949-963. 1977.
The density and dispersion patterns of nests of 5 stinglees bee species are described for a tract of Costa
Rican tropical dry forest. Features of suitable nest sites are analyzed, but it does not appear that nest
site availability limits colony density or determines colony dispersion. Rather, food limitation is
suggested by a linear relationship between the logarithm of colony biomass and the logarithm of
foraging "home range." Colonies were uniformly dispersed intraspecifically in 4 species. The pattern in a
5th species could not be distinguished from a random dispersion. Partial nest counts in 3 more species
suggested a clumped dispersion in at least 1 species. The 4 species with uniform nest spacing all use
pheromones for recruitment in foragingwhereas the remaining 4 species do not. The 3 most uniformly
dispersed species are also intraspecifically aggressive at food sources. We propose that colony spacng is
accomplished in these species by aggressive prevention of new colony establishment. The mechanism of
colony spacing we propose has as essential elements: pheromone marking of potential nest sites;
recruitment of workers; and aggression between workers from rival nests. This mechanism has been
observed in operation in at least 1 of the species.
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Publicación no.: 201 Variation in leaf margin with respect to climate in Costa Rica [Variación en el
margen de la hoja con respecto al clima en Costa Rica] / Dolph, G.E. (Indiana University at Kokomo.
Division of Biological & Physical Sciences, Kokomo, IN 46901, US).
The percentage of species having leaves with entire margins was determined at 38 sample sites in Costa
Rica. The location of each sample site was plotted on Holdridge's (1967) life zone chart, using the mean
annual biotemperature, mean annual precipitation, and potential evopatranspiration ratio characteristic
for that site. An attempt was made to correlate the percentage of species having leaves with entire
margins with one, two, or all three of these climatic variables. No correlation could be found. The
percentage of species having leaves with entire margins at a fossil locality has been used by angiosperm
paleobotanists to estimate paleoclimate. The lack of correlation found in Costa Rica suggests that a
better correlation between leaf margin type and climate should be found before this characteristic is
used to estimate paleoclimate.
Publicación no.: 202 An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica, including Cocos Island [Lista anotada
de las aves de Costa Rica, incluyendo la Isla del Coco] / Carriker, Melbourne Armstrong, Jr.
En: Annals of the Carnegie Museum (ISSN 0097-4463), v. 6, no. 4, p. 314-915. 1910. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9501. Biblioteca Carlos Monge A: 589.297.286 C316a.
Publicación no.: 203 The genus Stenosphenus Haldeman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) [El género
Stenosphenus Haldeman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)] / Giesbert, Edmund F.; Chemsak, John A. (9780
Drake Lane, Beverly Hills, CA 90210, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
The elaphidiine genus Stenosphenus Haldeman is reviewed and redescribed. The following new species
are proposed: S. bivittatus, S. proruber, S. maccartyi, S. cordovanus, and S. penicilliventris, all from
Mexico. Two new subspecies are proposed: S. langurioides wappesi from Mexico, and S. lineatus
costaricensis from Costa Rica. The following changes in status are proposed: S. sexlineatus Bates as a
subspecies of S. ochraceus Bates, and S. novatus Horn as a subspecies of S. cribripennis Thomson. The
following synonymies are proposed: the genus Stenosphenopsis Linsley as a junior synonym of
Stenosphenus; S. pinorum Casey as a synonym of S. notatus; Stenosphenopsis nitidicollis Linsley as a
synonym of Stenosphenus langurioides langurioides Bates; S. ebeninus and S. erythroderus as synonyms
of S. trispinosus; S. comus Bates, S. pruddeni Casey, S. aridus Linsley, and S. nigricornis Fisher as
synonyms of S. debilis; S. sublaevicollis as a synonym of S. rufipes; S. longicollis Casey and S. castaneus
Caseyas synonyms of S. dolosus; S. amabilis Newman, S. blairi Linsley, S. lepidus Horn, S. arizonicus
Linsley, S. subtilis Bates, S. piceus Knull, S. texanus Knull, S. basicornis Linsley, and S. rossi Linsley as
synonyms of S. sobrius. A key to the genus is provided.
Publicación no.: 204 A guide to the birds of Costa Rica [Guía de aves de Costa Rica] / Stiles, F. Gary.;
Skutch, Alexander F.; Gardner, D, (Ill.). (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell
University Press, 1989. 511 p. ISBN: 0-8014-9600-4.
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Costa Rica, un país de aproximadamente el tamaño del estado de Virgina Occidental, tiene una avifauna
de más de 830 especies, o sea más especies que los Estados Unidos y Canadá juntos. Posiblemente sea a
nivel mundial el país con más especies de avesy tipos de hábitats para un territorio tan pequeño. A solo
dos horas en automóvil de la capital, San José, se puede ver quetzales en bosques de altura, pájaros
hormigueros: en la bajura y aves costeras en un manglar. Este libro, con más ilustraciones en color que
la edición inglesa, sobre la cual tiene además la ventaja de incorporar ciertas correcciones, es la obra
más completa de una avifauna tropical que exista en un solo volumen manejable en el campo. Al incluir
detalladamente aves acuáticas y migratorias además de las especies tropicales locales, y al presentar
datos sobre plumaje, canto, alimentación, anidación y distribución geográfica, es también una verdadera
guía sobre la biología de las aves, y no solo una guía para identificarlas. Este libro servirá a quienes no
solo quieren saber como es el ave, sino también donde vive, como se comporta, lo que come y como se
reproduce. Gary Stiles y Alexander Skutch inician con una descripción de la topografía, la vegetación y
los climas de Costa Rica, ilustrada con fotografías de algunos de los principales tipos de hábitat y
características vegetales, particularmente las desconocidas para visitantes provenientes de otros climas.
Para aquellos que quieren mirar con atención e interpretar lo que ven, los autores comentan sobre
evolución, ecología y comportamiento e informan sobre los costosos y valientes esfuerzos nacionales
por conservar contra viento y marea. Las descripciones de familias y especies que siguen a esa
introducción (más de 400 páginas) constituyen la mayoría del libro, con 52 láminas en color que incluyen
a casi todas las especies, tanto locales como migratorias, destacando los plumajes característicos para
muchas de ellas. También se presentan consejos para ir al campo (incluyendo tres mapas),
ydescripciones de lugares adecuados para ver aves, con claras instrucciones para el viaje en automóvil,
transporte público y a pie. Esta puede considerarse una pequeña y amena enciclopedia de las
fascinantes y siempre sorprendentes aves de Costa Rica. Esperamos que el libro sea bien recibido por
observadores de aves y otros naturalistas, ornitólogos profesionales y aficionados, ecólogos, turistas y
conservacionistas con interés en la parte neotropical de la América Latina.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 598.297286 S856a.
Publicación no.: 205 Components of reproductive output in five tropical legumes / Wyatt, Robert E.
(University of Georgia. Department of Botany, Athens, GA 30602, US).
Three predictions regarding the evolution of components of seed crop production in plants are
examined for five species of the Fabaceae displaying a wide range of ecological and life history
attributes: 1) For each species, variance in ovule number is significantly less than variance in seed
number, 2) Decreased resource availability between sites results in decreased seed number. 3) Plants do
not always increase seed crop size in the (apparently) least energetically expensive way. The direct
application to plants of conclusions based on studies of clutch size in animals has led to a number of
unjustified assumptions concerning the evolution of ovule number and seed number in plants.
Publicación no.: 206 Comparative foraging behavior of six stinglees bee species exploiting a
standardized resource [Comportamiento de forrajeo comparativo de seis especies de abejas jicotes
explotando un recurso estandarizado] / Hubbell, Stephen P.; Johnson, Leslie K. (University of Georgia.
Department of Botany, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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We report on differences in foraging and recruitment patterns among 6 stinglees bee species
simultaneously exploiting a large grid of baits in a tract of tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Comparative
data for the species were obtained on the following parameters of foraging time to initial bait discovery,
rate of discovery of additional baits, rate of worker recruitment, time till attainment of approximate
steady-state number of workers and visited baits, frequency of number of workers per bait, degree of
site constancy of foraging within and between days, and responses to presence of intraspecific and
interspecific rivals at baits. All species had unique aspects to their foraging, which workers forage
solitary, and their use of aggression. The behavior of Trigona fuscipennis, the pheromone-using group
forager, was particularly distinctive. It found baits the most slowly, was the most site constant, and
excluded all other bees from its baits. We hypothesize that in group foragers, extreme localization of
workers and resultant slowness of discovery of new food sources represent a trade-off for the
advantages of group defense of good sources. Other responses to rival bees included bullying tactics by
lone, marauding workers of the large, facultative recruiter, Trigona silvestriana, and persistent,
opportunistic insinuation by small, solitary foraging species. Spatial segregation of foraging location
between the species increased over time on each day of the experiment, specially among
interspecifically aggressive species. The observed diversity of tempo and mode of foraging reinforces the
hypothesis that coexistence among these apparently food-limited social bees does not result from the
simple partitioning of food resources by size or taxon, but from rather subtle partitioning based upon
diversity in the timing persistence, renewal rate and spatial dispersion of their limited food resources.
Publicación no.: 207 Flora costaricensis. Family #15, Gramineae / Pohl, Richard W. (Iowa State
University. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Ames, IA 50011, US).
En: Fieldiana. Botany (ISSN 0015-0746), no. 4, 608 p. 1980.
For many years, the standard classification of the Gramineae used in works of American origin was that
of A. S. Hitchcock. This featured the use of two large subfamilies, the Festucoideae and Panicoideae, and
a rather limited number of inclusive tribes. Studies in morphology, anatomy, cytology, ecology, and
physiology indicate that this system did not make sufficient allowance for the wide and frequent
occurrence of convergent evolution in external. The system used for this work is based largely on the
one proposed for the American temperate zone elements of the family by G. L. Stebbins and Beecher
Crampton. I have modified this system in detail, but the general outline follows the work of the above
authors. While the system has much higher phylogenetic and predictive value than older arrangements,
it does not lend itself to use for routine identification. I have therefore constructed artificial keys to
assist in identification, and the arrangement in the text is strictly alphabetical. The following brief
summary will serve to indicate the principal characteristics of each of the six subfamilies recognized in
this treatment indicate the Costa Rican genera belonging to each one. Subfamily I. Bambusoideae. This
subfamily includes the bamboos and a number of herbaceous , mostly found in moist forests of the
tropics, which resemble bamboos in their leaf epidermal and cross-sectional anatomy, the number and
nature of lodicules, the number of stamens and stigmas. The bamboos are readily recognized by their
woody stems, and all of these grasses possess at least short pseudopetioles. The following genera occur
in Costa Rica: Woody bamboos: Arthrostylidium, Aulonemia, Bambusa, Chusquea, Elytrostachys,
Merostachys, Rhipidocladum, Swallenochloa. A number of other genera are cultivated, including species
of Phyllostachys, Yushania, and Bambusa. Herbaceous bamboos: Cryptochloa, Lithachne, 0lyra, Pariana,
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Raddia, Pharas, Streptochaeta, Streptogyna. The treatment of the bamboos in this work is necessarily
tentative. Many of the species bloom only after long intervals of years, and some have never been
observed to bloom in our area. Much more field and herbarium work will have to be done before a
definitive treatment of the Central American bamboos can be produced. Subfamily II. Oryzoideae. This is
a relatively small subfamily, allied to the bambusoidsby anatomical characteristics and chromosome
numbers. Their spikelets have very reduced or vestigial glumes, usually appearing as a minute cupule at
the apex of the pedicel. There is only one fertile floret. All are plants of wet ground or water. The
following genera occur in Costa Rica: Leersia, Luziola, Oryza. Subfamily III. Pooideae (Festucoideae). This
is a large subfamily, containing many of the grasses of the temperate and cold regions of the world. In
Central America, relatively few of them occurand these mostly at high elevations. They are characterized
by rather simple leaf anatomy, reduced embryo structure, and the possession of large chromosomes in
multiples of seven. The following genera occur in Costa Rica, some of them as introductions in upland
pastures: Aciachne, Agropyron, Agrostis, Aira, Anthoxanthum, Avena, Briza, Brachypodium, Bromus,
Calamarostis, Cinna, Cynosurus, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Festuca, Glyceria, HierochloÙ, Holcus, Lolium,
Lorenzochloa, Nassella, Phalaris, Poa, Polypogon, Secale, Stipa, Triniochloa, Trisetum, Vulpia. Subfamily
IV. Arundinoideae: This subfamily contains numerous large, reedlike grasses, often with plumelike, fuzzy
panicles. Other genera included here are placed largely on anatomical grounds. Costa Rican
representatives are: Aristida, Arundo, Cortaderia, Danthonia, Gynerium, Orthoclada, Phragmites,
Zeugites. Subfamily V. Chloridoideae (Eragrostoideae): This is an abundant subfamily of warm climates.
They are fundamentally characterized by microscopic characters, including the elaborately structured
leaf cross-section, featuring a number of quasi-independent units, the cells of each radiating around a
single vascular bundle. In many, the lemmas have three strong vascular bundles, in contrast to the five
or more faint bundles in lemmas of most pooid grasses. The following genera occur in Costa Rica, mostly
at low or middle elevations: Aegopogon, Bouteloua, Chloris, Cynodon, Dactyloctenium, Eleusine,
Eragrostis, Gouinia, Gymnopogon, Jouvea, Leptochloa, Muhlenbergia, Pentarraphis, Pereilema, Spartina,
Sporolobus, Triplasis, Uniola, Zoysia. Subfamily VI. Panicoideae: This is by far the largest subfamily of
warm climate grasses, forming a significant portion of the grass cover in tropical regions. Spikelets, with
rare exceptions, are dorsally compressed, have a single perfect flower, and disarticulate below the
glumes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C9-84. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-11375.
Publicación no.: 208 Serpientes, venenos y ofidismo en Centroamérica / Bolaños-Herrera, Róger.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto Clodomiro Picado y Facultad de Microbiología, San José, CR). San
José: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, 1984. 136 p. ISBN: 9977-004-8.
Introducción: La herpetofauna del istmo centroamericano no es solamente muy abundante sino
también diversificada. Con base en diferentes listas publicadas (Savage, 1976; Smith, 1958; Stuart, 1966;
Taylor, 1951, 1953, Wilson y Meyer, 1982), se puede estimar que el suborden Serpentes está
representado por no menos de 180 especies agrupadas en cinco familias principales: Boidae, Colubridae,
Hydrophiidae, Elapidae y Viperidae. La primera incluye serpientes constrictoras, no venenosas (aglifas),
las Boas (un esquema de su dentición se presenta en la Figura 1.1). Colubridae comprende algunas
especies aglifas pero también un número considerable de serpientes con colmillos traseros (opístoglifas,
Figura 1.2), con glándulas venenosas (glándulas de Duvernoy) y, por lo tanto, potencialmente
venenosas. A pesar de que frecuentemente se presentan casos de mordeduras por este grupo de
serpientes, muy pocos casos de envenenamiento han sido demostrados y todos los pacientes presentan
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una sintomatología muy leve (Johanbocke, 1974, M inton, 1979); esta situación contrasta notoriamente
con la que prevalece en Africa, donde serpientes opistoglifas son responsables de envenenamientos
severos y de muertes (Visser y Chapman, 1978). En Centro América, por razones prácticas, podemos
considerar esta familia como integrada por serpientes no venenosas. Hydrophiidae está representada
por un solo género y una especie, la pelágrica serpiente de mar Pelamis platurus, presente en el litoral
Pacífico de todos los países del área; su dentición (Figura 1.3) presenta colmillos delanteros fijos
(proteroglifa) y está dotada de un potente veneno neurotóxico, tal vez el más tóxico de todas nuestras
serpientes (Bolaños et al., 1974). Elapidae (considerada por algunos autores como Micruridae) está
representada por un solo género en Centro América: Micrurus, con numerosas especies. Como Pelamis,
son proteroglifas y producen un potente veneno también de efecto neurotóxico; son conocidas
comúnmente como serpientes de coral y a pesar de ser abundantes en ciertas regiones, la frecuencia de
sus accidentes es baja (menos del 2 por ciento) principalmente debido al pequeño tamaño de sus
colmillos (1-2 mm) y al pequeño ángulo de abertura de su boca. La taxonomía de este grupo es un tanto
ambigua; sin embargo, por lo menos pueden identificarse 14 especies bien descritas (Minton et al.,
1968; Roze, 1970; Hoge e Romano, 1971). Las serpientes más importantes desde el punto de vista
médico que se encuentran en la región pertenecen a la familia Viperidae, subfamilia Crotalinae, siendo
responsables por más del 85 por ciento de todos los accidentes y por el 99 por ciento de todas las
defunciones; su dentición es de colmillos delanteros móviles (solenoglifas), como se muestra en la
Figura 1.4. Cuatro géneros se encuentran en Centro América: Agkistrodon, Crotalus y Lachesis, cada uno
con una sola especie, y Bothrops, con 12.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 598.1209728 B687s.
Publicación no.: 209 Artibeus phaeotis / Timm, Robert M. (University of Kansas. Department of Ecology
& Evolutionary Biology, Natural History Museum & Biodiversity Research Center, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd.,
Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Mammalian Species (ISSN 0076-3519), no. 235, p. 1-6. 1985. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 210 Predation intensity on eggs on the ground in two Costa Rican forests [Intensidad
de depredación de huevos en el suelo en dos bosques costarricenses] / Janzen, Daniel H. (University of
Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Brown, white and blue-colored chicken eggs, and mottled quail eggs were placed on the forest floor in
Costa Rican deciduous forest, an adjacent swamp and in rain forest during the rainy season. Color did
not influence removal rates by egg predators,but eggs disappeared much more rapidly in the deciduous
forest than in the rain forest. Egg disappearance rates were lowest of all in the swamp adjacent to the
deciduous forest. Heterogeneity of patterns of egg removal suggested that many species of predators
were involved.
Publicación no.: 211 Sexual reproduction in Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacint). I. Fertility of clones
from diverse regions [Reproducción sexual en Eichhornia crassipes (jacinto de agua). I. Fertilidad de los
clones de diversas regiones] / Barrett, S.C.H. (University of Toronto. Department of Botany, Toronto, ON
M5S 1A1, CA).
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En: Journal of Applied Ecology (ISSN 0021-8901), v. 17, no. 1, p. 101-112. 1980.
(l) Comparative glasshouse studies with nine clones of Eichhornia crassipes from diverse regions were
conducted to determine whether sterility factors are responsible for the low levels of sexual
reproduction reported for the species. (2) Eight of the nine clones flowered regularly throughout the
study period. A single clone from Guyana did not flower. All flowering clones were mid-styled and
possessed dimorphic pollen of high viability. (3) Pollination success was markedly affected by
temperatures below 20 °C. Seed production was significantly lower following pollinations conducted 24
h after flower opening compared with those made 2 h after flower opening. (4) In a controlled
pollination programme, all clones exhibited a high level of seed fertility. Of 2546 flowers pollinated,
94.7% produced capsules with an average of 143.3 seeds per capsule. There were no significant
differences in seed set between self- and cross-pollinations of clones from Louisiana, Florida, Mexico
and southern Brazil. Seed set was significantly higher in cross-pollinations than self-pollinations in clones
from California, Sudan, Zaire and Calcutta. (5) Comparisons of the growth and reproductive performance
of families obtained from self- and cross-pollinations failed to detect any significant expression of
inbreeding depression. (6) Although clonal propagation is the most widespread mode of reproduction in
E. crassipes, the genetic potential for sexual reproduction is probably still present in the majority of
populations.
Publicación no.: 212 Contribuciones a la flora ciperológica de Costa Rica. IV. Notas misceláneas /
Gómez-Laurito, Jorge. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo
Facio, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
The rediscovery of Cyperus nubigenus is reported and a fuller description of it is given. A new status is
proposed for C. amabilis ssp. Macrostachyus and eight species of sedges are added to the Costa Rican
Cyperaceae.
Localización: Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 570B.
Publicación no.: 213 A checklist of the birds of Costa Rica [Lista de las aves de Costa Rica] / Kress, S.W.
(Cornell University. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, US). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell
Laboratory of Ornithology, 1978. 23 p.
Considering its small size, Costa. Rica contains an impressive sample of the world's bird families. The
living birds of the world are grouped into approximately 8600 species and divided into 29 orders and
172 families. Of these, 763 species occur in Costa Rica. These represent 20 different orders and 77
families. This is particularly impressive when one considers that the combined area of the United States
and Canada support only about 700 species representing 20 orders and 75 families. Costa
Rica'sremarkable variety of birds results from its location between North and South America which have
each contributed large proportions of its birds. Although only about the size of West Virginia, its varied
bird habitats include high mountain paramo plains,cloud forest, lowland rain forest, dry deciduous
forest, savanna, fresh water marshes and a variety of coastal habitats facing two oceans. The species list
and sequence of this checklist follow "Checklist of Birds Recorded at O.T.S. Field Sites in Costa Rica" by
G. Stiles from Handbook for Tropical Biology in Costa Rica. This list is also supplemented by additions
from Birds of Costa Rica by P. Slud and field observations by the author. The taxonomic organization and
common names follow A Guide to the Birds of Panama by R. Ridgely.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: LS.
Publicación no.: 214 Comparative experimental study of seed dispersal on animals [Estudio
experimental comparativo de diseminación de semillas mediante animales] / Bullock, S.H.; Primack,
Richard B. (Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Departamento de
Ecología, Apdo. 2731, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, MX <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 58, no 3, p. 681-686. 1977.
Studies of the plants Achyranthes aspera, Bidens sp. and Petiveria alliacea establish examples of seed
attachment and detachment on dispersal surfaces that occur continuously during movement of a
dispersal agent. In uniform one-species stands, dynamic saturation points for the dispersal surfaces
were demonstrated. A parameter termed the retention rate (R) was determined for each species in
various habitats, and was used to calculate mean distances of dispersal. Within and around established
populations of Achyranthes, for example, the mean dispersal distance ranged from 5 m to 2.4 km,
showing that settlement is selective and depends on the structure of existing vegetation. This
relationship is also affected by the vertical distribution of seeds on the disperser.
Publicación no.: 215 Ecology of tropical dry forest [Ecología del bosque seco tropical] / Murphy, P.G.;
Lugo, Ariel E. (Michigan State University. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 166 Plant Biology,
East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics (ISSN 0066-4162), v. 17, p. 67-88. 1986.
Introduction: According to the Holdridge system of life zone classification (42), dry tropical and
subtropical forests and woodlands occur in frost-free areas where the mean annual biotemperature is
higher than 17°C, where mean annual rainfall is 250-2000 mm, and where the annual ratio of potential
evapotranspiration (PET) to precipitation (P) exceeds unity. The many types of woodland and forest
ecosystems that fall within this climatic envelope are widespread, usually transitional between
semidesert or savanna and moist forest. About 40% of the earth's tropical and subtropical landmass is
dominated by open or closed forest. Of this, 42% is dry forest, 33% is moist forest, and only 25% is wet
and rain forest (sensu Holdridge, 42; 15). We will neverknow the true original or potential extent of dry
forest because many savannas and scrub or thorn woodlands are thought to be derived from disturbed
dry forest. Walter (110), for example, considers most or all of the grassland in India to have been
derived from seasonal or dry forest. Some of the processes that cause this conversion are addressed
later in this review. The largest proportion of dry forest ecosystems is in Africa and the world's tropical
islands, where they account for 70-80% of the forested area. In South America they represent only 22%
of the forested area but in Central America almost 50% (14). Although literature has proliferated
concerning the ecology of certain types of tropical ecosystems, such as savanna (12, 47, 99) and rain
forest (39a, 101, 103b, 114), far less attention has been given to tropical and subtropical dry forest and
woodland. Our focus is on this relatively neglected category of ecosystems, which we refer to in the
collective sense as tropical dry forest. Our emphasis is on the plant, as opposed to animal, component of
the system.
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Publicación no.: 216 The taxonomy of Cyperus (Cyperaceae) in Costa Rica and Panama [La taxonomía
de Cyperus (Cyperaceae) en Costa Rica y Panamá] / Tucker, G.C. (Duke University. Department of
Botany, Durham, N.C. 27706, US).
En: Systematic Botany Monographs (ISSN 0737-8211), v. 2, p. 1-85. 1983.
A taxonomic treatment of the 50 species of Cyperus occurring in Costa Rica and Panama is presented.
The treatment is based on herbarium study of some 4000 specimens from 27 herbaria. A new species is
described, C. amplus Tucker (subgenus Protocyperus) and a new name, C. dentoniae, is provided for the
species called C. asper by O'Neill. Descriptions of all the taxa are given, as well as discussions of
morphology and the taxonomy of the subgenera. A key to the species treated and distribution maps are
also provided. All numbered collections examined are listed in an index.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 584.84 T889t. LS.
Publicación no.: 217 Biological observations on three Trypoxylon wasps in the subgenus Trypargilum
from Costa Rica: T. nitidum schulthessi, T. saussurei, and T. lactitarse (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
[Observaciones biológicas sobre tres avispas Trypoxylon en el subgénero Trypargilum de Costa Rica: T.
nitidum schulthessi, T. saussurei y T. lactitarse (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)] / Coville, Rollin E. (6201
Tehama Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, US).
The purpose of this paper is to present biological data obtained from nests of three Costa Rican
Trypargilum during that study: T. nitidum shculthessi Richards, T. lactitarse Saussure, and T. saussurei
Rohwer.
Publicación no.: 218 Reproductive effort in anoline lizards [Esfuerzo reproductivo en lagartijas anolinas]
/ Andrews, Robin M.; Rand, A. Stanley. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Department
of Biology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US).
Lizards in the large neotropical genus Anolis exhibit an unusual mode of reproduction; all species lay a
clutch of a single egg. In contrast, the more typical pattern for lizards is a multi-egg clutch in which the
number of eggs increases with femalesize both inter- and intra-specifically. In Anolis low clutch number
is associated with a potential for frequent ovipositions. Field mates for several tropical forest species are
one egg every 1-2 wk. Thus, high rates of egg production coupled with a generation time of about 4 mo
gives these species very high reproductive potentials. The evolution of low clutch number in relatively
small tropical lizards has several non-exclusive explanations. One, which is specific to arboreal lizards
(Anoles, geckonids, and some scincids), involves their adhesive toe pads, which facilitate climbing.
Because pad area increases by the square of linear dimensions while body weight increases by the cube,
pad area may put a limit both on lizard size and the weight of reproductive materials carried at any one
time. A second and more general explanation involves the association between clutch size and climatic
regime. Lizards in temperate and seasonal tropical habitats have a larger clutch number than do lizards
of relatively equable tropical habitats. In these latter habitats short-term fluctuations in rainfall
(associated with reproductive success) favor genotypes that are opportunistic reproducers, and
relatively high predation intensity favors i-selected life history patterns. Anoline lizards are "extreme"
examples of species living under such selective regimes.
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Publicación no.: 219 Tent construction and use by Uroderma bilobatum in coconut palms (Cocos
nucifera) in Costa Rica [Construcción de tiendas y uso por parte de Uroderma bilobatum en palmas de
cocotero (Cocos nucifera) en Costa Rica] / Lewis, S.E.; Timm, Robert M. (Carroll College. Department of
Biology; 100 NE Ave, Waukesha, WI 53186, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bat Research News (ISSN 0005-6227), v. 29, no. 4, p. 48. 1988.
(Abstract only). Tent construction and use, uniformity of tents, and frond selection were studied in a
population of Uroderma bilobatum roosting in coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) in Palo Verde National
Park, Guanacaste Province, northwestern Costa Rica during July 1988. Palm leaflets were cut at their
midribs in a line converging distally with the frond midrib, and the leaflets collapsed downward to form
a large enclosed tent. Tent height, number of leaflets cut, and angle between the line of cut leaflets and
the midrib of the fronts were measured to assess uniformity of tent construction. To ascertain if bats
were selecting specific trees or fronds, number of fronds hanging above a tent, and tree height. Bat
tents were found in palms with a narrower range of heights than the overall tree population, and trees
with tents were taller on average than trees without tents. A single altered frond provides excellent
protection from rainfall. Bats do not seem to prefer fronds based on number of overhanging fronds or
angle of orientation. The age of the modified frond may be an important factor in roost site selection, as
tents in younger fronds in older fronds. The number of bats roosting under tents ranged from 1 to 15
adults and subadults. The colony was composed largely of adult females and two age classes of young.
Publicación no.: 220 Ecosystematics of Acanthoscelides (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) of Southern Mexico
and Central America [Ecosistemática de Acanthoscelides (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) del sur de México y
Centroamérica] / Johnson, Clarence D. (Northern Arizona University. Department of Biological Sciences,
Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, US).
En: Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America (ISSN 0071-0717), no. 56, p. 1370. 1983.
A key to species, descriptions of species, synonymical names, and geographical distribution are
presented for the 114 species of Acanthoscelides known to occur in the study area. Of the 114 species,
57 are new and host associations are reported for 97 species. Host associations are primarily with seeds
of papilionoid Leguminosae. Seeds of mimosoid and caesalpinoid legumes are also fed upon as are seeds
of the plant families Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Rhamnaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae. One surprising
finding of the study is that fully 20 species of Acanthoscelides feed in seeds of the Malvaceae. The
legume genera Mimosa, Senna, Rhynchosia and Desmodium are the hostss most preferred by the
species treated here, but at least 27 other legume genera are fed upon.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: M.
Publicación no.: 221 Predation by Loxocemus bicolor on the eggs of Ctenosaura similis and Iguana
iguana [Depredación por parte de la serpiente Loxocemus bicolor sobre los huevos de Ctenosaura similis
e Iguana iguana] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Herpetology (ISSN 0022-1511), v. 21, no. 4, p. 334-335. 1987.
(This is the complete article). Loxocemus bicolor is a primitive snake of uncertain phylogenetic
relationships (Greene and Burghardt, 1978). Recently it was considered to belong to the Loxocemidae
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(McDowell,1975), Boidae (Willard,1977), Xenopeltinae (Dowling and Duellman, 1978), and Py¬thonidae
(Alvarez del Toro, 1982). Moreover, little is known of its natural history. Loxocemus bicolor is primarily
fossorial (Alvarez del Toro, 1982) and all I have observed were seen at night. Mora and Robinson (1984)
reported predation by L. bicolor on the eggs of the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), and Greene
(1983) found two teiid lizards and two rodents in the stomachs of museum specimens. Here I report that
the eggs of large iguanid lizards may be seasonally important in its diet, based on observations made at
Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero Wildlife Refuge, Palo Verde, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Iguana
iguana and Ctenosaura similis often share nesting tunnels at this site (Mora, unpubl. obs.). On separate
occasions, two L. bicolor were seen entering nesting tunnels of C. similis in March 1983 (A. Villareal,
pers. comm.). Trails thought to be made by this snake were found in three tunnel entrances of C. similis
nests on 26 March 1984. On this same date, a L. bicolor (131 cm TL) was found within a tunnel of I.
iguana, approximately 1 m from the entrance. On 27 March 1984, at 2030 h, a L. bicolor (138 cm TL) was
captured 1 while entering a tunnel of C. similis. Another L. bicolor (140 cm TL) was found in a tunnel of
shared nests. Feces from the first snake included the shells of 32 C. similis eggs, and feces from the
second snake contained the shells of 23 I. iguana and the shells of four C. similis eggs. For both snakes,
shells made up about 95% of feces contents; the remainder was unidentifiable. Eight L. bicolor were
found in or near C. similis and I. iguana nests in 1985. Consumption of reptile eggs is common in several
genera of colubrid and elapid snakes throughout the world (e.g., Phyllorhynchus, Cemophora,
Umbrivaga) but it has not been reported previously in any primitive snake (Greene, 1983). Mora and
Robinson (1984) observed L. bicolor to envelope sea turtle (Lepidochelys) eggs one at a time with about
two loops of the anterior third of its trunk; the coils were made with the venter toward the snake's
head. Such predation, described by Wíllard's (1977) "Category 1" constricting behavior, was more
categorically defined as a general constricting pattern for boids (Greene and Burghardt, 1978). The
behavior of captive L. bicolor eating eggs of C. similis was different. In two or three attempts the snake
managed lo bite the egg, push it against the body with its mouth, and swallow it. Occasionally an egg
was broken in the process of ingestion, but the snake ate it rapidly and there was little loss of the
contents. Once an embryo fell out of a damaged egg; the snake ate the egg and apparently saw the
embryo, but did not eat it. Instead, it searched for, found, and ate additional eggs. Perhaps the
difference in behavior when eating turtle and C. similis eggs is caused by size llifferences. If so, the
behavior of L. bicolor eating I. iguana eggs (not observed) might re semble that of eating turtle eggs,
because these eggs are similar in size. Loxocemus bicolor is apparently very efficient at locating and
removing the eggs of Lepidochelys olivacea, Iguana iguana and Ctenosaura similis. Numerous other
species of egg-laying reptiles occur within its range, such that eggs may constitute one of its principle
food items.
Publicación no.: 222 The foraging patterns and diet composition of mantled howler monkeys
(Alouatta palliata) during the dry season in dry tropical forest [Patrones de forrajeo y composición de la
dieta de monos congo (Alouatta palliata) durante la estación seca en el bosque seco tropical] / Skaggs,
S.C.
En: Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science (ISSN 0026-539X), v. 51, no. 3, p. 17. 1985.
(Abstract only). The dry season is a time of reduced leaf abundance in a dry tropical forest. This study
reports the patterns of resource utilization by a howler monkey troop during twelve days of the dry
season. The howler diet consisted of 64 individual trees comprising 12 species from 8 families. Diet
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composition for the total study period, based on time feeding per plant part type, consisted of 30.6%
leaves, 48.6% flowers, and 21.9% fruit. Diet varied significantly over time (x² = 226.71, p . 001 d.f.
Publicación no.: 223 Seasonal movement, home range, activity, and diet of collared peccaries in Costa
Rican dry forests [Movimiento estacional, ámbito de distribución, actividad y dieta de los sainos
(Tayassu tajacu) en los bosques secos costarricenses] / McCoy-Colton, Michael B. (Universidad Nacional.
Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University, 1985. Thesis, M.Sc., Humboldt State
University, Arcata, CA (USA).
Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) movements, home ranges by day and month, number and duration of
inactive bouts, and diet patterns were examined for seasonal variability from July 1981 to October 1982
in Palo Verde National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. Dry and wet seasons were November-April and MayOctober, respectively. Six peccaries in three herds were radio-tagged and 3.115 locations estimated by
triangulation at 1-h intervals during 140 weekly 24 h periods. Diet was estimated from 103 scats.
Movement was greater in mid-dry (150-500 m/h) and early-to mid-wet (145-175 m/h) seasons than
other seasons. Daily home ranges were large (P0.005) in mid-dry (24-26 ha) than in early- (8-13 ha) or
late-wet (7-21 ha) seasons. Monthly home ranges (8-67 ha)varied similarly as daily home ranges. Studylong home ranges were 131.141 and 83 ha for the three heardes. All herds were more active in mid-dry
(P0.005) and early- to mid-wet (P0.05) seasons than other seasons. Number of inactive bouts'day (0.52.6) did not vary significantly, but fewer (0.5-1.0) occurred in January-February than other 2-month
intervals. Duration of inactive bouts were shorter (two herds) in mid-dry (2.4-2.8 h) and mid-wet (2.5-2.7
h) season than late-dry (3.4-3.5h) or late - wet (4.6-5.5 h, for one herd) season. Fiber was predominant
in feces from November 1981 to January 1982 (50-75%). Diet shifted to fruits of Guazuma ulmifolia trees
(63-70%) in February an Pithecellobium saman and Enterolobium cyclocarpum trees in March. Fibrous
foods were eaten in early-wet season. An second period of fruit consumption occurred in July-August
(22- 27%). The greater movement, home ranges, and activity of peccaries during November-January and
June- July were probably related to a lack of fruit fall during those apparently critical periods During fruit
fall (February-April and August-September), movement, home range and activity decreased in
magnitude. Management guide lines are given.
Publicación no.: 224 Cave colonization by fish: role of bat predation [Colonización de la cueva por
peces: papel de la depredación de murciélagos] / Romero, Aldemaro. (University of Miami. Department
of Biology, P.O. Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US).
Freshwater fishes found in a tropical pool regularly enter a subterranean source of water. They do so
mostly when fishing bats are active in the evening. If fish are experimentally attracted to the pool during
this period, fishing bat activity increases. Laboratory studies demonstrate that avoiding open areas in
the evening is characteristic of these fishes. Predation by fishing bats can be a selective pressure
favoring cave dwelling, an alternative hypothesis on the origin of cave colonization to entrapment and
directional evolution.
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Publicación no.: 225 México and Central America [México y Centroamérica] / Méndez, E. (Gorgas
Memorial Laboratory. Department of Zoology, Panama City, PA).
En: White-tailed deer: ecology and management Washington, D.C.: Wildlife Management Institute,
1984. p. 513-524.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 226 Redescription of Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin (Scorpionida, Buthidae)
[Redescripción de Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin (Scorpionida, Buthidae)] / Francke, O.F. (Texas Tech
University. Department of Biological Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, US).
En: The Journal of Arachnology (ISSN 0161-8202), v. 6, no. 1, p. 65-71. 1978.
The scorpion C. koesteri from Costa Rica previously known only from one female, is redescribed and
illustrated. Additional specimens of both sexes come from Provincia de Guanacaste. This species
appears to be endemic to northwestern Costa Rica's tropical semi-evergreen and deciduous forest, and
to be rather strictly arboreal in habits. Its closest relative is considered to be Centruroides margaritatus
(Gervais). Differential characters between these and other related species are given.
Publicación no.: 227 Classification and evolution of Rhinochenus Lucas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae:
Cryptorhinae) and quaternary Middle American zoogeography [Clasificación y evolución de
Rhinochenus Lucas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhinae) y zoogeografía centroamericana del
cuaternario] / Whitehead, Donald R. (National Museum. Entomology Laboratory, BBH, Agricultural
Research Service / USDA NHB 168, Washington, DC 20560, US).
En: Quaestiones Entomologicae (ISSN 033-5037), v. 12, p. 118-201. 1976.
The genus Rhinochenus is a compact, well defined group of some 18 species of Neotropical
Cryptorhynchini, most of them seed predators of the caesalpiniaceous tree Hymenaea courbaril. The
species are keyed, described, illustrated, and arrayed in five species groups. The following new species
are described: R. fiedleri (type-locality "Brazil"); R. klagesi (type-locality Brazil. Para: Santarem); R.
maculipes (type-locality Brazil. Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães); R. amapensis (type-locality
Brazil.Amapa: Serra do Navio); R. chevrolati (type-locality Brazil. Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães);
R. mangabeirensis (type-locality Brazil. Para: Mangabeira, Mocajuba district); R. chorrensis (type-locality
El Salvador. La Libertad: Los Chorres); R. janzeni (type-locality Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Rincón, Osa
Peninsula); R. thrombithorax (type-locality Peru. Huanuco: Cachicoto); R. caucensis (type-locality
Colombia. Valle del Cauca); R. pseudostigma (type-locality Brazil. Para: Fazenda Taperinha, Santarem).
The following new synonymies are proposed, junior names parenthetic: R. stigma Linnaeus (R. sticticus
Lucas, R. trilineatus Chevrolat, R. rougieri Chevrolat); R. transversalis Chevrolat (R. bahiensis Chevrolat,
R. innotatus Chevrolat); R. x-rubra Chevrolat (R. subcruciatus Chevrolat, R. lucasi Chevrolat). The
evolutionary history of this genus is difficult to interpret, because of complex variation, feeble
morphological differentiation, and apparent mimetic convergences. Recurring Pleistocene refugia
appear to offer a plausible explanation for phylogenetic and zoogeographic relationships. All
diversification within species groups probably is related to these phenomena, and probably is continuing
today as suggested by sympatric occurrences of reproductively isolated or semi-isolated forms of R.
stigma, for example. Host plant associations seem also to point to a rapid phylogenetic diversification,
since only R. brevicollis Chevrolat, a member of the complex stigma group, is known to attack a host
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genus other than Hymenaea. Briefly, the refugial hypothesis is one of alternating contraction and
expansion of forested areas brought about by alternating dry and wet periods, accompanied by
fragmentation of ranges, local isolation and differentiation, and subsequent expansion of ranges and
reinforcenlent of differentiation. This hypothesis has recently been advanced by various authors to
account for the unexpectedly complex lowland flora and fauna of the Amazon Basin. By incorporating
observations on various other insect groups, I here extend the hypothesis as a significant factor in
evolution of the lowland fauna of Middle America, and use it in an attempt to develop an initial
synthesis of Pleistocene Middle American zoogeography.
Publicación no.: 228 Taxonomic and nomenclatural studies on American polistine wasps
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) [Estudios taxonómicos y de nomenclatura sobre avispas polistinas americanas
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)] / Snelling, R.R. (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles,
CA 90007, US).
En: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603), v. 59, no. 1/4, p. 267-280. 1983.
Revisión taxonómica de 3 géneros americanos de la subfamilia Polistinae (Polistes, Clypearia y
Mischocyttatus). Se incluyen sinonimias de la distribución geográfica para algunas de las especies
tratadas. Se describe a Polistes bequaertellus de El Salvador y P. boharti de México. Se incluye a Costa
Rica en el ámbito de distribución geográfica de Mischocyttarus atrocyaneus y M. tolensis.
Publicación no.: 229 On some new species of Sarcophagidae from Costa Rica (Diptera) [Acerca de
nuevas especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de Costa Rica] / Lopes, Hugo de Souza. (Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz. Departamento de Biologia, Caixa Postal 926, 20001 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR).
En: Revista Brasileira de Biologia (ISSN 0034-7108), v. 35, no. 3, p. 485-489. 1975.
Ravinia heithausi, Oxysarcodexia floricola and Bezzisca aurescens from Costa Rica are described and
illustrated. Helicobia lagunicula (Hall) is redescribed.
Publicación no.: 230 Notes on the distribution and taxonomy of some North American Centris
(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) [Apuntes sobre la distribución y taxonomía de algunas Centris
norteamericanas (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)] / Snelling, R.R. (Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, US).
En: Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) (ISSN 0459-8113), no. 259, p. 1-41. 1974.
A key to the recognized subgenera is given. Characters by which females of the subgenera Paracentris
and Wagenknechtia may be separated are discussed. Three new species of Paracentris (C. ectypha, C.
fisheri and C. harbisoni) are described from Baja California, Mexico; the taxonomy and distribution of
several North American species are discussed. A new species, C. heithausi, is described in subg. Trachina
from Costa Rica. In the nominate subgenus the new species, C. aethyctera from Costa Rica, and C.
erubescens from Mexico, are described. Observations on taxonomy and distribution of other species are
given. Within the newly described subgenus Acritocentris (type species: C. ruthannae Snelling), C.
agameta is described from Mexico. Other new subgenera are: Xerocentris (type species: C. californica
Timberlake) and Exallocentris (type species: C. anomala Snelling). Keys are provided for species in the
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subgenera Xerocentris, Paracentris, Exallocentris and Acritocentris. The following new synonymies are
proposed: subg. Trichocentris = Paracentris; C. marginata = morsei = caesalpiniae; C. birkmanii =
subhyalina = lanosa; C. rhodoleuca = rhodopus; C. inermis gualanensis = inermis.
Publicación no.: 231 Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats. Part 1: field studies
[Organización social y forrajeo en murciélagos emballonúridos. Parte 1: estudios de campo] / Bradbury,
J.W.; Vehrencamp, Sandra L. (University of California at San Diego. Department of Biology, La Jolla, CA
92093-0208, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (ISSN 0340-5443), v. 1, no. 4, p. 337-381. 1976.
The emballonurid bats Rhynchonycteris naso, Saccopteryx leptura, Balantiopteryx plicata, Saccopteryx
bilineata and Peropteryx kappleri were studied in Costa Rica and Trinidad. Stomach contents suggest
that prey size generally increases for bat body size, but within these species there is considerable
overlap. R. naso, S. leptura and P. kappleri each appear to be specialized for foraging in a particular
habitat type; B. plicata and S. bilineata are more opportunistic and feed over a variety of habitats during
the year. While the other species feed in the proximity of surfaces, B. plicata is further separated from
the other species by wing specializations favoring high altitude flight. Foraging dispersion is more closely
related to body size than it is to social structure at the roost: small bats group-forage while larger bats
feed in solitary beats. In all of the species, food is spatially and temporally variable, and the location of
foraging sites changes seasonally in accordance with these locally varying patterns of aerial insect
abundance. In the case of S. bilineata, the locations of foraging sites were positively correlated with
levels of phenological activity in the underlying plant communities. Colony sizes ranged from small
groups of 2-10bats (S. leptura, P. kappleri), to intermediate colonies of 5-50 bats (R. naso, S. bilineata),
to very large colonies with hundreds of bats (B. plicata). R. naso, S. leptura and S. bilineata colonies have
colony-specific annual foraging ranges which are actively defended against conspecifics from other
colonies. In most cases, all members of a given colony of one of these species will be found foraging in a
common site at any time. In R. naso and S. bilineata, currently used foraging sites are partitioned
socially. In the former species, adult breeding females occupy a central area and group-forage while
younger non-breeding females and males occupy peripheral foraging areas in the colony territory. In S.
bilineata, the colony foraging site is partitioned into individual harem territories defended by harem
males and containing the individual beats of all current harem females. For this latter species, details of
roost site subdivision are mapped directly onto foraging dispersions. In general, there isa close
correlation betwee day-roost group membership and location of nocturnal foraging sites in all of the
study species.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6470. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 590B.
Publicación no.: 232 The genus Lindenia (Rubiaceae) [El género Lindenia (Rubiaceae)] / Darwin, Steven
P. (Harvard University. Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, MS 02138, US).
En: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum (ISSN 0004-2625), v. 57, no. 4, p. 426-449. 1976.
Section Lindenia, with L. rivalis Bentham, and section Pacifica with L. vitiensis Seem. and L. austrocaledonica Brongn. are proposed. L. rivalis f. glabra f. nov. from Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala and Costa
Rica is proposed. A key to the Pacific species is presented. L. acuminatissima Wernham, and L. radicans
Wernham are excluded from the genus without disposition.
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Publicación no.: 233 Revision of the neotropical weevil genus Phymatophosus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) [Revisión del género neotropical de picudos Phymatophosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)]
/ Clark, Wayne E. (Auburn University. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station & Department of
Entomology, AL 36849-5413, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Systematic Entomology (ISSN 0307-6970), v. 3, no. 2, p. 103-130. 1978.
The genus Phymatophosus includes 17 spp. of neotropical Cryptorhynchinae, with hosts in the plant
family Cucurbitaceae; P. scapularis Champion and P. atropos (Boheman) are seed predators of
Cayaponia spp. and Fevillea, respectively; P. squameus Faustis a stem borer of Sechium edule (Jacq.)
Swartz (chuchu or chayote). The species are keyed, described and illustrated, their distributions
mapped. They are arranged in 5 species groups: the P. leucomelas group, P. albocaudatus Hustache, P.
camelus comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus camelus Fiedler), P. dysmorphus sp. nov. [Brazil], P. leucomelas
comb. nov. (ex Cryptorhynchus leucomelas Boheman), P. scops comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus scops Pascoe),
P. semialbus comb. nov. (ex Cryptacrus semialbus Fiedler); P. egregius group, P. akestra sp. nov.
[Argentina], P. egregius sp. nov. [Bolivia], P. enodis sp. nov. [Surinam], P. scapularis group, P. balloui sp.
nov. [Costa Rica], P. bufo sp. nov. [Brazil], P. scapularis Champion (P. multicristatus Champoin syn. nov.
P. variegatus Fiedler syn. nov.); P. squameus group, P. squameus Faust, P. verrucula sp. nov. [Brazil], P.
verutus sp. nov. [Argentina]; P. atropos group, P. atropos (Boheman), P. lachesis comb. nov. (ex
Cryptacrus lachesis Fiedler). The apparent sister group of Phymatophosus is the P. latisquamis group of
the Neotropical tylodine genus Pseudomopsis Champion.
Publicación no.: 234 Insects feeding at extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae)
[Insectos que se alimentan en los nectarios extraflorales de Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae)] / Keeler,
K.H. (University of California. Department of Genetics, Berkeley, CA 94720, US).
En: Entomological News (ISSN 0013-872X), v. 89, no. 7/8, p. 163-168. 1978.
A list of insects [Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera] observed
feeding at extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), a shrubby morning glory in the Palo
Verde National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, isgiven. Insects of more than 40 families and 77 genera
were observed. Relative abundance and month observed are indicated.
Publicación no.: 235 The spiny orb-weaver genera Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae)
[Los géneros de tejedoras de esferas espinosas Micrathena y Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae)] / Levi,
H.W. (Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, US
En: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (ISSN 0027-4100), v. 150, no. 8, p. 429-618. 1985.
Micrathena and Chaetacis, members of the subfamily Gasteracanthinae, share two specialized
characters: fourth femora longer than first and book-lung covers with stridulatory ridges. Along with
other gasteracanthine species, they have a sclerotized ring around the spinnerets and a paramedian
apophysis in the palpus. Both genera are neotropical, with only few species of Micrathena extending
their ranges into the nearctic region. A function of the spines on the abdomen might be to disguise the
spider'soutline when resting in the web. There are 104 species of Micrathena and nine species of
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Chaetacis. Twenty-nine species of Micrathena are new and four of Chaetacis: M. glyptogonoides from
central and northern Mexico; M. lenca, M. tziscao, M. petrunkevitchi, and M. margerita from Chiapas,
Mexico; M. banksi from Cuba; M. gurupi from Suriname; M. kochalkai, M. atuncela, M. bogota, M.
marta, M. anchicaya from Colombia; M. pilaton, M. balzapamba, M. guayas, M. pichincha from Eucador;
M. huanuco, M. exlinae from Peru; M. ucayali, M. embira, M. coca from the upper Amazon; M. bananal,
M. alvarengai from Mato Grosso, Brazil; M. reali, M. teresopolis, M. guanabara, M. jundiai, M. soaresi
from southeastern Brazil; and M. coroico from Bolivia; Chaetacis osa from Costa Rica; C. carimagua from
Colombia and Venezuela; and C. cucharas and C. woytkowskii from Peru. Ildibaha is a new subjective
synonym of Micrathena. Misplaced species are Micrathena beta di Caporiacco, a linyphiid; M. conspicua
and M. necopinata, whichare Chaetacis; and Chaetacis rouxi, a Micrathena. There are 93 new synonyms
of Micrathena names, some .incertain because of difficulty in matching sexes and immatures with
adults, others uncertain because of difficulty interpreting old Walckenaer's descriptions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. LS.
Publicación no.: 236 Loxocemus bicolor (burrowing python). Size [Loxocemus bicolor (pitón
excavadora). Tamaño] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel.; Chaves-Quirós, Ana Cecilia. (Universidad de
Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E mail: [email protected]> <E mail:
[email protected]> <E mail: [email protected]>).
En: Herpetological Review (ISSN 0018-084X), v. 20, no. 3, p. 72. 1989.
(Abstract only). Wilson and Meyer (1985. Snakes of Honduras. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee.
150 pp.) list Loxocemus bicolor as having a maximum recorded total length of 130.9 cm. In the Dr. Rafael
Lucas Rodríguez National Wildlife Refuge (Palo Verde), Costa Rica (10° 21'N; 85°21'E), eight live
individuals of L. bicolor were measured during March and April, 1984. Their SVL measured to the nearest
0.5 cm in order of capture were: 1) 121, 2) 127.5 (UCR9376, female), 3) 129 (UCR8787, female), 4) 115,
5) 141.5 (UCR9375, female), 6) 75, 7) 79.5, and 8) 76.5. UCR initials indicate the catalog number of the
specimen at the Museum of Zoology, University of Costa Rica. The fifth individual caught was the longest
(SVL 141.5, TL 153 cm) specimen of L. bicolor that has been recorded anywhere. The eight Palo Verde
snakes were found at, or near, nests of Ctenosaura similis and Iguana iguana, whose eggs they are
known to predate (Mora, J. M. 1987. J. Herpetol. 21:334-335). The nest sites lacked vegetation because
of the lizards' burrowing activities. The nests were located in the interface between two types of
habitat: fresh water swamps, where cattail (Typha domingensis) was the dominant vegetation, and the
tropical drv forest.
Publicación no.: 237 Ctenosaura similis (spiny tailed iguana). Nest emergence [Ctenosaura similis
(iguana de cola espinosa). Emergencia del nido] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Escuela de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E mail: [email protected]>).
(Abstract only). Most members of the subfamily Iguaninae are considered diurnal (Burghardt and Rand
1982. Ind Burghardt and Rand, eds.; Iguanas of the World, pp. 1-4). Two exceptions to this behavior
were reported recently. Mora (1986. Vida Silvestre Neotropical 1:82-83) reported nocturnal activity of
nesting female ctenosaurs, and nocturnal nest emergence in hatchling Iguana iguana was reported by
Drummond and Burghardt (1983. J. Herpetol. 17:290-292). During a population study of C. similis
inhabiting the Dr. Rafael Lucas Rodríguez National Wildlife Refuge (Palo Verde), Costa Rica (10°21'N;
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85°21 W) some observations were made on nocturnal nest emergence in ctenosaurs. On 17 May 1984 I
observed 14 hatchling ctenosaurs active near nesting sites at night. Others were seen during the next
three successive nights. During the following hatching season (May 1985) I captured hatchlings that
were moving or asleep near the same nesting sites at night. Individuals actually hatching at night were
not observed, but I excavated one nest on 14 May (2200h) and found 18 hatchlings only 2 cm from the
surface. An enclosure was constructed at one nesting site in 1986 and 451 hatchlings were captured,
most of them hatched at night. In addition, 23 individuals hatching from four different nests outside the
enclosure were observed on the nights of 16-20 May 1986. At the same locality some green iguanas
were also seen hatching and moving at night. Drummond and Burghardt (1983. op. cit.) pointed out the
possibility that nocturnal emergence of green iguanas could be caused or enhanced by the visible
presence of an aluminum wall around the nest site. This could also have occurred for hatchling
ctenosaurs in this case, but I also observed hatchlings of the two species emerging at night on other
nesting sites. Fitch and Henderson (1978. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 51:483-500) stated that adult ctenosaurs
are not active at night or on rainy days, yet several incidents of nocturnal emergence of hatchlings in
Palo Verde happened on rainy nights.
Publicación no.: 238 Dead Acacia thorns: an undescribed arthropod habitat [Cornizuelos muertos de
Acacia: un hábitat de artrópodos no descrito] / Rathet, I.; Bronstein, Judith L. (University of Arizona.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tucson, AZ 85721, US <E-mail:
Hollow thorns on dead Acacia plants are here described for the first time as a resource that shelters a
diverse community of arthropods. Twenty-five percent of the hollow thorns of A. collinsii and 29% of
those of A. cornigera, respectively, were inhabited by arthropods. The fauna is composed of arthropods
from three classes and 11 orders with ants, thrips, centipedes and larvae of various insect taxa most
common. Overall, arthropods exhibited no trend towards use of thorns of a particular size or height on
the plant. However, Pseudomyrmex ants were found in larger than average A. cornigera thorns and
centipedes in higher than average A. collinsii thorns. Several taxa occurred wholly or predominantly on
one of the two Acacia species. Hollow thorns appear to be an overabundant resource commonly
available to arthropods once resident ants have deserted the dead or dying Acacia plant.
Publicación no.: 239 Responses to light in cave and surface populations of Astyanax fasciatus (Pisces:
Characidae): an evolutionary interpretation [Respuestas a la luz en cavernas y superficie en poblaciones
de Astyanax fasciatus (Pisces: Characidae): una interpretación evolutiva] / Romero, Aldemaro.
(University of Miami. Department of Biology, P.O. Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US). Coral Gables,
FL: University of Miami, 1984. 147 p. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL (USA).
Experimental field studies in Costa Rica reveal that A. fasciatus density in a pool connected to a
subterranean cavity is negatively correlated with fishing bat activity. Since fish tend to remain within the
cavity when bats are actively foraging, the vulnerability of A. fasciatus to bat predation may be reduced.
Fish from the study pool and those living in nearby rivers do not differ in gross morphology. Taking
refuge in the cavity may be a first step in cave colonization; this behavioral change can occur prior to
gross morphological changes. This result is consistent with Mayr's hypothesis that behavioral changes
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may precede morphological ones during the invasion of a new niche, and that behavior may act as the
pacemaker of evolutionary change. All A. fasciatus collected from caves in Mexico exhibit scotophilia.
Larger (older) fish are more strongly scotophilic than smaller (younger) ones. Scotophilia varies inversely
with the degree of reduction in pigmentation and development of the eyes. There is thus a negative
correlation between behavior that accompanies cave colonization and the morphology typical of cavedwelling animals. Phenotypic intermediacy between surface and cave forms found in one Mexican
population is suggested to be the resultof introgression that has taken place in less than forty-three
years. The contention that cave colonization necessarily requires drastic genotypic and phenotypic
changes is thus rejected for A. fasciatus. The concept of "regressive evolution" is evaluated from
historical, semantic and conceptual perspectives and is found inadequate on several grounds.
Publicación no.: 240 Systematics of Stator of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
[Sistemática de Stator de Norte y Centroamérica (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] / Johnson, Clarence D.;
Kingsolver, John Mark. (Northern Arizona University. Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, AZ
86011-5640, US). Washington, D.C.: USDA / ARS, 1976. 101 p. (Technical Bulletin; no. 1537).
In this bulletin we describe Stator and its North and Central American species, compile groups of closely
related species of Stator including the known species from other parts of the Western Hemisphere,
compile lists of host plants from published data, and add new host data. Our classification is based on
morphological and ecological data.
Publicación no.: 241 Systematics of the genus Mimosestes (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) [Sistemática del
género Mimosestes (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] / Kingsolver, John Mark.; Johnson, Clarence D. (ARS/USDA.
c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Washington, DC 20560, US). Washington, DC: Science and Education Administration / USDA, 1978. 106
pp. (Technical Bulletin; no. 1590).
A diagnosis of the genus, key to species, synonymical geographical distribution, and host associations
are presented the 15 species now assigned to this genus. Illustrations of habitus and male and female
genitalia are provided. All known host associations are with seeds of leguminous trees. Of the 15
Mimesestes species, 9 are restricted to various Acacia species. Three of them are widespread because of
man's planting host trees for ornamental or medicinal purposes, and two of them are established in the
Hawaiian Islands. Two species attacking the seeds of Prosopis are being investigated as potential
biological control agents.
Publicación no.: 242 Vertebrate frugivores and their interaction with invertebrate fruit predators:
supporting evidence from a Costa Rican dry forest [Frugívoros vertebrados y su interacción con
invertebrados depredadores de frutas: evidencia de apoyo de un bosque seco costarricense] / Herrera,
C.M. (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Estación Biológica de Doñana, Avda. María Luisa
s/n, Pabellón de Perú, Sevilla E41013, ES).
En: Oikos (ISSN 0030-1299), v. 54, no. 2, p. 185-188. 1989.
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Fruit-eating vertebrates may have significant impact on the population sizes of insect fruit predators
that remain inside the fruit after ripening, and it may be predicted that the disappearance or marked
reduction of a population of frugivorous vertebrates will lead to a dramatic increase in the population of
invertebrate fruit predators. Evidence consistent with this prediction was found for Amblycerus
cistelinus, a bruhid beetle feeding on the seeds of Guazuma ulmifolia in the tropical dry deciduous
forests of northwestern Costa Rica. A significant increase to the incidence of A. cistelinus from 1972 to
1986 was found at the site where large mammals eating G. ulmifolia had been removed in that period,
but no change was observed in the same period at the site where some mammalian seed dispersers
were present. G. ulmifolia plants apparently get two distinct reproductive benefits from their animal
mutualists: seed dispersal and a reduction in seed predation through a decrease in seed predator
populations.
Publicación no.: 243 New species of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) [Nuevas especies de
Dryinidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea)] / Olmi, M. (Universitá della Tuscia. Dipartimento di Protezione
delle Piante, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, IT <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Fragmenta Entomologica (ISSN 0429-288X), v. 19, no. 2, p. 371-456. 1987.
The following new species were described: Deinodryinus keralensis from India, Deinodryinus
guanacasrei from Costa Rica and Venezuela, Deinodryinus costaricanus from Costa Rica and Brazil,
Deinodryinus pseudoinemmis from Costa Rica and Peru, Deinodryinus goiasensis from
Brazil,Deinodryinus f iorii from Argentina, Deinodryinus porters from Argentina, Deinodrinus
tucumanensis from Argentina, Deinodryinus horcanus from Argentina, Deinodninus setosus from
Panama, Anteon reunionense from La Réunion, Anteon laminatum from China, Anteon flaccum from
China, Anteon metuendutn from China, Anteon naduense from India, Anteon of/ine from Mexico,
Anteon pectinicorne from Costa Rica and Mexico, Anteon bifrons from Costa Rica, Anteon rosanum from
Costa Rica, Anteon yacambui from Venezuela, Anteon yon from Venezuela, Anteon caraibicum from
Jamaica, Anteon evansi from Jamaica, Anteon victor from Brazil, Anteon oranianum from Argentina,
Anteon largeclavatum from Australia, Anteon yorkense from Australia, Prioranteon paulyi from Senegal,
Bocchus indicus from India, Bocchus aspen from India, Bocchus hainesi from the U.S.A.,
Thatvnatodrsinus alienus from Sarawak, Dryinus balearicus from the Balearic Islands (Spain), Dryinus
hararianus from Zimbabwe, Dryinus parvulus from the Philippines, Dryinus hainanensis from China,
Dryituas sinicus from China, D,yinur miles from China, Dryinus bellicts from China, Dryinus halsteadi
from the U.S.A., Alphadryinus bocainanus from Brazil,.Neodryints kimseyae from Panama,
Pseudogonatopus harteni from the Cabo Verde Islands, Donisthorpina indica from India, Gonatopus
formalis from the U.S.A., Gonatopus albofrontalis from the U.S.A., Gonatopus tuxtlanus from Mexico,
Gonatopus regalis from Peru, Gonatopus aniazonicus from Brazil. The male of the following species was
described: Metanteon fuscum Olmi, Anteon bolivianum Olmi, Anteon giraulti Dodd, Bocchus flavipes
Kieffer, Bocchus minimus Olmi, Thaumatodryinus clarus Olmi, Dryinus modestus Olmi, Dryinus crawfordi
(Krombein), Echthrodelphax afer Olmi, Pseudogonatopus ortholabis (Kieffer), Pseudo¬gonatopus
albosignaius (Kieffer), Apterodryiuus arnaudi Olmi (or rabidanus Olmi), Gonatopus okahandjae Olmi,
Gonatopus tuimoides (Perkins). The female of Conganteon nepalense Olmi was described too.
Lonchodryinus masneri Olmi was transferred to the genus Deinodryinus. New keys to Dryinids from
different zoogeographic regions were proposed.
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Publicación no.: 244 The New World genus Chromolepida Cole (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae) [El
género Chromolepida Cole del Nuevo Mundo (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae)] / Webb, Donald W.;
Irwin, Michael E. (Illinois Natural History Survey. Center for Biodiversity, 1816 South Oak Street,
Champaign, IL 61820, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (ISSN 0013-8797), v. 97, no. 1, p. 197-224.
1995.
Species of the genus Chromolepida are confined to western North America and northern South America.
The species are revised, a phylogeny is hypothesized, and a key to the species is provided. Two new
species from Mexico, C. clavitibia sp. nov. and C. nigra sp. nov., are described. Redescribed species are C.
bella, C. pruinosa and C. mexicana.
Publicación no.: 245 Division of labor in post-emergence colonies of the primitively eusocial wasp
Polistes instabilis de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) [División de trabajo en colonias postemergentes de la avispa social primitiva Polistes instabilis de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)] /
O'Donnell, Sean. (University of Washington. Department of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195,
US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Insectes Sociaux (ISSN 0020-1812), v. 42, no. 1, p. 17-29. 1995.
Polyethism was quantified in post-emergence colonies of the primitively eusocial vespid, Polistes
instabilis, and compared to polyethism in a sympatric advanced eusocial vespid, Polybia occidentalis.
Like P. occidentalis, P. instabilis foragers in Costa Rica in 1988 collected food (nectar and prey) and nest
materials (wood pulp and water). P. instabilis foragers showed some evidence of specialization with
respect to which materials they gathered, but most foragers divided their effort among food and nest
materials, a pattern that is rarely seen in P. occidentalis. In colonies of both species, more foragers
collected nectar than any other material; in contrast, most water foraging was performed by one or two
workers. On returning to the nest, P. instabilis foragers gave up part or all of most nectar, prey and pulp
loads to nestmates, while water was rarely partitioned. Prey loads were most likely to be given up
entirely. P. instabilis workers show evidence of conflict over the handling of materials at the nest. The
frequency with which workers took portions of nectar loads from foragers was positively correlated with
their frequency of aggressive dominant behaviour, and with their frequency of taking other foraged
materials. Compared to polyethism in P. occidentalis, P. instabilis showed less individual specialization
on foraging tasks and less partitioning of foraged materials with nestmates, suggesting that these
characteristics of polyethism have been modified during the evolution of advanced insect societies.
Publicación no.: 246 Annual waxy bands on a Costa Rican cactus [Bandas cerosas anuales en cactus
costarricenses] / Buskirk, R.E.; Otis, Gard W. (University of Texas. Division of Biological Sciences, Austin,
TX 78712, US).
The observation of annual white, waxy bands on the stems of Lemaireocereus aragonii plants in
northwestern Costa Rica is reported. By counting the number of areoles between bands, annual growth
rates of plants from different populations were compared.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2180. PVB. NBINA-9674.
Publicación no.: 247 Foods of blue-winged teal in two neotropical wetlands [Alimentos del pato
canadiense en dos humedales neotropicales] / Botero, J.E.; Rusch, D.H. (University of Wisconsin.
Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US).
En: The Journal of Wildlife Management (ISSN 0022-541X), v. 58, no. 3, p. 561-565. 1994.
Effective management and conservation of blue-winged teal (Anas discors) require information on foods
consumed in main wintering areas. Foods eaten by 84 blue-winged teal collected in Ciénaga Grande de
Santa Marta, Colombia, and Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica, are described. The volume of foods
found in 12 blue-winged teal collected in Palo Verde in 1982-83 consisted of 92% plant and 8% animal
material; cultivated rice dominated. In Ciénaga Grande, foods found in blue-winged teal included 71%
plant material during 1979-80 (n = 10) and 91% animal material (n = 62) in 1985-88 (P0.01). Water lily
(Nymphaea spp.) seeds were the most common plant item. Snails (Pyrgophorus spp.) and Corixidae
insects were the most prevalent animal items. It is suggested that differences between the 2 Cienaga
Grande samples were due to food availability changes produced by gradually increasing salinity levels
affecting the area. No differences were found between sexes in the proportions of plant (P = 0.755) or
animal foods consumed (P = 0.544). Their omnivorous diet enables blue-winged teal to use a variety of
wetlands during winter and to adapt to seasonally varying conditions in wetlands.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6397. Biblioteca del BIODOC: 639.9 J.
Publicación no.: 248 Threats to the diversity of solitary bees in a Neotropical dry forest in Central
America [Amenazas a la diversidad de abejas solitarias en un bosque seco neotropical en Centroamérica]
/ Vinson, S. Bradleigh.; Frankie, Gordon W.; Barthell, J.F.; La Salle, John. (ed.); Gauld, Ian D. (Texas A&M
University. Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Hymenoptera and Biodiversity Wallingford: CAB International, 1993. p. 53-81. ISBN: 0-85198-830-X.
The ecology of a dry forest in Costa Rica has been studied for many years, and this review (with 78
references) summarizes and discusses the results. This ecosystem contains many flowering trees which
are pollinated mainly by solitary bees in the genera Centris, Epicharis, Xylocopa and Gaesischia, also
Euglossa and Eulaema. The forest provides these bees with nectar, pollen and oil, as well as suitable
nesting sites. However, the balance between the trees and their pollinators is being disturbed, e.g. by
deforestation, fires and introduction of jaragua grass, with serious results. Recommendations for
restoring the forest ecosystem include: construction of firebreaks, reforestation of some lands
surrounding the forest, and allowing cattle to feed on the introduced grass in the wet season.
Publicación no.: 249 Conservation in action: past, present, and future of the national park system of
Costa Rica [Conservación en acción: pasado, presente y futuro del sistema de parques nacionales de
Costa Rica] / Boza-Loría, Mario Andrés. (The Leatherback Trust Fideicomiso Baulas, Ap. 11046, 1000 San
José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 7, no. 2, p. 239-247. 1993.
An account is given of the history, current status and plans for the future of the national park system in
Costa Rica. The parks include almost all the diverse habitats (and many of the species of plants and
animals) of the country. Current activities include planning and consolidating the national parks system,
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creating a system of national forests and encouraging commercial reforestation and management of
private natural forests, and raising funds.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1968. NBINA-3802. PVB.
Publicación no.: 250 Interactions of predaceous katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with Neotropical
social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): are wasps a defense mechanism or prey? [Interacciones de
katídidos depredadores (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) con avispas sociales neotropicales (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae): son las avispas un mecanismo de defensa o presas?] / O'Donnell, Sean. (University of
Washington. Department of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, US <E-mail:
En: Entomological News (ISSN 0013-872X), v. 104, no. 1, p. 39-42. 1993.
Interactions between the predaceous tettigoniids Phlugis poecila and Ancistrocercus inficitus and the
vespids Polistes instabilis and P. versicolor were observed in the field in Panama and Costa Rica during
1990 and 1992. They also preyed on unguarded wasp nests and may employ chemical or tactile cues to
distinguish the nests. Tettigoniids preyed on brood in nests of P. instabilis from which adult wasps had
been removed. Workers of P. instabilis and Polybia occidentalis were not tolerant of tettigoniids
roosting near their nests, and tettigoniids near nests behaved as if avoiding detection by adult vespids. It
is suggested that predation on brood is an important feature of tettigoniid associations with Neotropical
vespid nests.
Publicación no.: 251 Species diversity in aquatic angiosperms: latitudinal patterns [Diversidad de
especies en angiospermas acuáticas: patrones latitudinales] / Crow, Garrett E. (University of New
Hampshire. Department of Plant Biology, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Aquatic Botany (ISSN 0304-3770), v. 44, no. 2-3, p. 229-258. 1993.
In this discussion, the geographic patterns of species diversity in aquatic taxa are considered and the
question of diversity in aquatic habitats is examined, with emphasis on latitudinal relationships. Two
approaches were taken to address the subject: (1) an evaluation of diversity by a comparison of regional
floras on a taxonomic basis, using data drawn from the literature (which includes many weeds) and
herbarium records; and (2) a comparison of diversity latitudinally on a habitat basis, using data drawn
from original field work (mostly in Costa Rica) and from the literature. Preliminary studies of aquatic
plants in numerous tropical aquatic habitats in Costa Rica indicated a low level of diversity, and such a
level of species richness appears to be in direct conflict with the general viewpoint that tropical
ecosystems are exceedingly diverse. Furthermore, there is a strong tendency for dominance of
particular plant species within tropical aquatic ecosystems, in comparison with tropical forest
ecosystems where individuals of a species tend to be scattered. A comparison of aquatic plant diversity
on a latitudinal basis revealed a higher level of diversity at warm temperate latitudes and a suprisingly
high, if not the highest, level at cool temperate latitudes. This was apparently true when comparing
representative aquatic families as well as aquatic habitats. Standardized data on biodiversity in aquatic
ecosystems are necessary for further comparative purposes and there is also a great need for field work
to be conducted in aquatic habitats of the tropics.
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Publicación no.: 252 Plant phenology, pollination ecology, pollinator behaviour and conservation of
pollinators in Neotropical dry forest [Fenología de plantas, ecología de la polinización, comportamiento
del polinizador y conservación de polinizadores en un bosque seco neotropical] / Frankie, Gordon W.;
Vinson, S. Bradleigh.; Newstrom, L.E.; Barthell, J.F.; Haber, William A.; Frankie, J.K.; Bawa, Kamaljit S.
(ed.); Hadley, Malcolm. (ed.) (University of California. Department of Entomological Sciences, Berkeley,
CA 94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants Paris: Unesco/The Parthenon Publishing Group Ltd,
1990. p. 37-47. (Man and the biosphere series; v. 7). ISBN: 1-929858-22-0.
A review of 20 years of research in Costa Rica from 1968 to the present, on phenology and plantpollinator interactions is presented within the context of four principal time phases. Most of the early
research was based on plant phenological studies that established the flower and fruit resource base in
lowland dry and wet forests. After 1974, research was conducted almost entirely in the dry forest on
plant-pollinator interactions. Once it was determined that bees and moths were the most important
pollinators, attention shifted to the biology and ecology of these two insect groups. Most of the recent
research in the dry forest has centered on the anthophorid bees in the genus Centris, with an emphasis
on their nesting biology, chemical ecology, habitat preferences and population ecology. Centris bees
were singled out because of their numerical and functional importance as pollinators of a high
proportion of the tree and climber species. An examination of factors limiting their populations offers
explanation as to why Centris (and other) bees have greatly declined in numbers during recent years.
Such an examination also suggests possible courses of action that biologists may be obliged to pursue to
conserve pollinator faunas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2829. Biblioteca José Figueres F.: 574.522 R425r. Museo de Insectos
(UCR).
Publicación no.: 253 The occurrence of Frankia in tropical forest soils of Costa Rica [Presencia de
Frankia en suelos de bosques tropicales de Costa Rica] / Paschke, M.W.; Dawson, J.O. (Colorado State
University. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Room 237 Natural Resource Bldg, Fort Collins,
CO 80523, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Plant and Soil (ISSN 0032-079X), v. 142, no. 1, p. 63-67. 1992.
Infective and effective Frankia were found in diverse neotropical plant communities lacking known
actinorhizal host species at five sites in Costa Rica. A plant infection technique was used to detect the
presence of Frankia. Test seedlings were Elaeagnus umbellata and Alnus glutinosa. Soil from the
premontane rain forest did not form nodules on any of the Alnus seedlings but nodules were detected
on Elaeagnus with soil from this site. Nodules were more numerous and also smaller on Elaeagnus than
on Alnus test plants. The detection of Frankia in these soils suggested that Frankia may be a common
soil bacterium even in neotropical regions lacking host plants. Alternatively the results might indicate
the presence of unknown actinorhizal host species.
Publicación no.: 254 The quetzal and the macaw: the story of Costa Rica's national parks [El quetzal y
la lapa: relato de los parques nacionales de Costa Rica] / Wallace, David Rains. San Francisco, CA: Sierra
Club Books, 1992. 222 p. ISBN: 0-87156-585-4.
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Costa Rica lost almost half its forest cover during 1950-90. In the last 2 decades, however, millions of
acres have been saved by the national park system. This book traces the development of the Costa Rican
national park system, which now shelters about 10% of the nation's land from exploitation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.780097286 W225q.
Publicación no.: 255 Arboles maderables en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica / Jiménez-Madrigal,
Quirico. (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Apdo. Postal 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, CR <Email: [email protected]>). San José: INCAFO, 1993. 121 p. ISBN: 9968-9740-0-5.
Este documento se basa en trabajo de campo y recopilación de información para 34 especies forestales
nativas de Costa Rica, que en la actualidad presentan poblaciones reducidas y se encuentran
amenazadas o en peligro de extinción. Como base para su escogencia, se tomó en cuenta varios criterios
como disminución del habitat y de sus poblaciones, la sobreexplotación en el pasado, la explotación
actual, su escasez y su baja capacidad de regeneración natural.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 634.97 J61a. C9-28. Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 634.97 J61-a2.
Publicación no.: 256 Seasonal movement, home range, activity and diet of collared peccaries (Tayassu
tajacu) in a Costa Rican dry forest [Movimiento estacional, ámbito de distribución, actividad y dieta de
los sainos (Tayassu tajacu) en un bosques seco costarricense] / McCoy-Colton, Michael B.; VaughanDickhaut, Christopher.; Rodríguez-Sáenz, Miguel A.; Kitchen, D. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de
Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
En: Vida Silvestre Neotropical (ISSN 0889-3284), v. 2, no. 2, p. 6-20. 1990.
Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) movements, home ranges by day and month, number and duration of
inactive bouts, and diet patterns were examined for seasonal variability from July 1981 to October 1982
in Palo Verde National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. Dry and wet seasons were November- April and MayOctober, respectively. Six peccaries in three herds were radio-tagged and 3.115 locations estimated by
triangulation at 1-h intervals during 140 weekly 24 h periods. Diet was estimated from 103 scats.
Movement was greater in mid-dry (150-500 m'h) and early-to mid-wet (145-175 m/h) seasons than
other seasons. Daily home ranges were large (P0.005) in mid-dry (24-26 ha) than in early- (8-13 ha) or
late-wet (7-21 ha) seasons. Monthly home ranges (8-67 ha) varied similarly as daily home ranges. Studylong home ranges were 131.141 and 83 ha for the three heardes. All herds were more active in mid-dry
(P0.005) and early- to mid-wet (P0.05) seasons than other seasons. Number of inactive bouts'day (0.52.6) did not vary significantly, but fewer (0.5-1.0) occurred in January-February than other 2-month
intervals. Duration of inactive bouts were shorter (two herds) in mid-dry (2.4-2.8 h) and mid-wet (2.5-2.7
h) season than late-dry (3.4-3.5h) or late - wet (4.6-5.5 h, for one herd) season. Fiber was predominant
in feces from November 1981 to January 1982 (50-75%). Diet shifted to fruits of Guazuma ulmifolia trees
(63-70%) in February an Pithecellobium saman and Enterolobium cyclocarpum trees in March. Fibrous
foods were eaten in early-wet season. An second period of fruit consumption occurred in July-August
(22- 27%). The greater movement, home ranges, and activity of peccaries during November-January and
June- July were probably related to a lack of fruit fall during those apparently critical periods. During
fruit fall (February-April and August-September), movement, home range and activity decreased in
magnitude. Management guide lines are given.
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Publicación no.: 257 The size and composition of the hymenopteran fauna of Costa Rica [Tamaño y
composición de la fauna de himenópteros de Costa Rica] / Gaston, K.J.; Gauld, Ian D.; Hanson-Snortum,
Paul E. (University of Sheffield. Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire,
GB <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 23, no. 1, p. 105-113. 1996.
An intensive survey of the hymenopteran fauna of Costa Rica provides an opportunity to explore the size
and composition of a species-rich insect order in a large tropical region. A working estimate of the
richness of the fauna is 20,000 species. This is consistent with some published estimates of the numbers
of species of Hymenoptera worldwide, but at odds with suggestions that all insect species number
several tens of millions. Sixty-one families of Hymenoptera have been collected in Costa Rica, and the
numbers of species per unit area is more than twice that of most of the other regions for which data are
available. The Costa Rican fauna has higher proportions of egg parasitoids and of eusocial species, and a
lower proportion of primary phytophages than that of the British Isles.
Publicación no.: 258 The Virginia opossum in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica: female reproductive
strategies and male dimorphic characters (sexual dimorphism, Didelphis virginiana) [La zarigüella de
Virginia en un bosque seco tropical en Costa Rica: estrategias reproductivas de la hembra y caracteres
dimórficos del macho (dimorfismo sexual, Didelphis virginiana)] / Márquez, M. Gainesville, FL: University
of Florida, 1996. 85 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (USA).
The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) has a wide distribution extending from the temperate
climates of southern Canada to the tropics of Costa Rica. Much information on the life-history pattern of
this species exists in North America, but little is known from Central America. I used live-traps and markrecapture methods to study a population of opossums in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. I collected
data on morphological and reproductive traits for six months during both 1992 and 1993. Males were
significantly larger than females across the species' range. Sexual dimorphism in body size, canine
length, and sternal glands showed considerable individual variation. These characters may serve as
indicators of a male's dominance, age, or condition, and may be important factors affecting a male's
reproductive success. The morphology of opossums followed a latitudinal trend predicted by
Bergmann's and Allen's Rules of decreasing body size and increasing tail length from north to south.
There was also latitudinal variation in a variety of reproductive traits. Mean litter size decreased from
New York to Florida but increased in Costa Rica. Females in this study first reproduced at six months of
age and produced three or four litters during their lifetimes. This contrasts with the usual pattern of two
litters in a female's lifetime in North America. To maximize fitness, selection should favor an optimal
litter size in a given habitat. If sons and daughters require different amounts of investment, however,
there will be a tradeoff between litter size and sex ratio. In this study, a significant inverse correlation
was found between the number of offspring and sex ratio: females produced either small, male-biased
or large, female-biased litters. Although the tradeoffs between the size and the sex ratio of litters are
important factors affecting a female's reproductive success, they are usually considered independently
of each other. In addition to between-population or latitudinal variation, this study also revealed
considerable within-population variation in life history, morphological, and reproductive characters.
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Publicación no.: 259 Nature tourism: managing for the environment [Turismo naturalista: manejo para
el ambiente] / Whelan, T. (ed.) (Communications Consultant, 345 E 93, Apt. 115, New York, NY 10128,
US). Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1991. 223 p. ISBN: 1-55963-036-1.
The book explores the potential benefits and pitfalls of nature tourism, an innovative concept that links
natural resource conservation with local economic development, providing a viable economic
alternative to environmental exploitation. The first of two parts looks at key ecotourism destinations in
Kenya, Costa Rica, USA (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and the American West), exploring the
evolution of ecotourism, management approaches and the benefits and negative impacts of tourism
development. Part two, a framework for developing environmentally beneficial tourism, includes
chapters on planning, economic evaluation, local participation, and marketing which outline specific
steps for maximizing benefits and minimizing potential damage.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 338.4791 N285n.
Publicación no.: 260 Private reserves, parks and ecotourism in Costa Rica [Reservas privadas, parques y
ecoturismo en Costa Rica] / Rovinski, Y.; Whelan, T. (ed.) En: Nature tourism: managing for the
environment Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1991. p. 39-57. ISBN: 1-55963-036-1.
The popularity and rapid emergence of ecotourism in Costa Rica are the result of a mixture of
circumstances: an astounding and extensively studied biological diversity, sites of extreme natural
beauty and easy access, stable political conditions, and an extensive system of protected areas. The
chapter traces the development of ecotourism in Costa Rica. It examines the creation of the National
Parks Service in 1970 and the growth of private sector involvement in the tourist industry. The growth of
ecotourism in Costa Rica has been greatly facilitated by the presence of the Organization for Tropical
Studies which owns three research sites: the La Selva and Palo Verde Biological Field Stations and the
Robert and Catherine Wilson Botanical Garden. These function as open-air classrooms and laboratories
for tropical science students and professionals. The number of students and scientists arriving at La
Selva in 1989 surpassed 20 000 person days. The spectacular growth in the ecotourism industry has had
a downturn and there is concern about the damage caused both to the environment and to wildlife by
uncontrolled ecotourism. Some of the regulations being introduced are described but for the most part,
compliance is self-monitored, and ecotourism continues to grow without planning.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 338.4791 N285n.
Publicación no.: 261 An overview of faunal studies [Una visión de conjunto de los estudios faunísticos] /
Hespenheide, Henry A.; McDade, Lucinda A. (ed.); Bawa, Kamaljit S. (ed.); Hespenheide, Henry A. (ed.);
Hartshorn, Gary Spencer. (ed.) (University of California at Los Angeles. Department of Organismic
Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Los Angeles, CA 90095, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest Chicago, IL: The University of
Chicago Press, 1994. p. 238-243. ISBN: 0-226-03952-8.
Diversity is the central issue of tropical biology. In the sections that follow I first argue that ignorance of
insect diversity, compared to knowledge of vertebrates, is pervasive and constrains research. For the
groups thar are known the reviews show that the evolutionary history of an area and its climate have on
diversity, which, in turn, determine the kinds of research undertaken to study it. Such comparisons are
crude because of artifacts that result from differences between sites (site areas, variety of habitats,
amount of prior or subsequent disturbances) and idiosyncrasies in the traditions of research done there.
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Using such comparisons, a review of patterns in latitudinal gradients in species richness shows that the
relative importance of climate and biogegraphic history differs between and within taxa. Finally,
comparisons with other sites with longer histories of study than La Selva's show that changes in adjacent
land-use patterns will bring changes to the fauna and, by implication, to faunal research at La Selva.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.526420972864 S467. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 574.52642
S69.
Publicación no.: 262 El sistema de áreas protegidas de Costa Rica y su aporte en la conservación y
manejo de los humedales / McCarthy-Ramírez, R.G.; Salazar-Figueroa, Rodolfo. (ed.) (Centro
Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Programa Manejo Integrado de Recursos Naturales,
Turrialba, CR). Resúmenes de la Semana Científica, Turrialba CR8-10 de diciembre, 1993.
En: Semana Científica Turrialba: CATIE, 1993. v. 2, p. 107.
This study seeks to identify the achievements in the conservation and management of wetlands in Costa
Rica. The system as a whole analyzed, based on interviews and literature reviews and is followed by the
analysis of 5 case studies including national parks, wildlife refuges and mangrove forest reserves. The
principal findings include: 57% of weltlands have legal protection, wetlands ares present in all
management categories, official policies for protected aresa are adequate, but their non-enforcement
makes management uneffective and all wetlands are undergoing degradation due to the lack of
management.
Localización: Biblioteca José Figueres F.: 333.72 M533s.
Publicación no.: 263 Neotropical Planorbid snails with apertural lamellae. 1. Biomphalaria helophila
(Orbigny, 1835) [Caracoles neotropicales (Planorbidae) con apertural lamellae. 1. Biomphalaria helophila
(Orbigny, 1835)] / Paraense, W.L. (Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Malacolología, Ave Brasil
4365, BR-21045-900 Rio Janeiro, BR).
En: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (ISSN 0074-0276), v. 91, no. 2, p. 177-186. 1996.
A definition of Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835) is presented, based on examination of the shell
and reproductive system of topotypic specimens and extended to a number of samples from other
localities. The following nominal species and subspecies, collected from type localities, proved junior
synonyms of B. helophila: Planorbis albicans Pfeiffer, 1839, Planorbis dentatus Gould, 1844; Planorbis
dentiferus CB Adams, 1845; Planorbis dentiferus edentatus CB Adams, 1851; Planorbis dentiens
Morelet, 1849; Planorbula dentiens edentula Fischer & Crosse, 1880, Planorbis stagnicola Morelet, 1851;
and Tropicorbis shimeki FC Baker 1945. B. helophila was also identified in samples from Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Barbados.
Publicación no.: 264 Intracrown distribution of herbivore damage on Laguncularia racemosa in a
tidally influenced riparian habitat [Distribución entre las copas del daño de herbívoros sobre
Laguncularia racemosa en un hábitat ripario influenciado por las mareas] / Stowe, K.A. (University of
Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural Bridge Rd, St. Louis, MO 63121-4499, US).
The effect of periodic submersion of leaves of the white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) on total
damage and damage by individual guilds of herbivores was studied along the Río Tempisque in Palo
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Verde National Park, Costa Rica. Herbivore guilds were based on damage type: margins, internal, circular
and vein. Actual herbivores responsible for the damage were not known. Exposed leaves collected
above the level of submersion incurred significantly more damage than submerged foliage on the same
tree. Damage by all guilds was significantly greater on exposed than on submerged foliage, but the
community structure changed between exposed and submerged foliage. Both the distribution of area
damaged and number of leaves attacked by each guild were significantly different, and followed the
same pattern, between exposed and submerged foliage.
Publicación no.: 265 El sistema de áreas protegidas de Costa Rica y su aporte a la conservación y
manejo de los humedales / McCarthy-Ramírez, R.G. Turrialba: CATIE, 1993. 184 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Centro
Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo determinar los logros alcanzados en la conservación y manejo de
los humedales incluidos en el Sistema de Areas Protegidas de Costa Rica. El trabajo se dividió en: Una
fase de gabinete, en la que se analizaron las diferentes categorías de manejo del sistema de áreas
protegidas, para clarificar los alcances que han tenido en cuanto a cantidad de humedales protegidos, y
el aporte generado con las políticas de creación y manejo aplicadas en ellas. Una segunda fase de
trabajo de campo, la que consistió en cinco estudios de caso, los cuales comprendieron dos parques
nacionales (Palo Verde y Tortuguero), dos refugios de vida silvestre (Caño Negro y Gandoca-Manzanillo),
y una reserva forestal (Térraba-Sierpe). En todos los casos se evaluó el manejo ejecutado y su impacto
en los humedales. Algunos de los resultados de esta investigación incluyen: - Un 57.0 de los humedales
contenidos en el mapa de humedales de Costa Rica, tiene protección legal, siendo las "reservas
forestales de manglar" las de mayor importancia, sin embargo, la poca gestión que tienen estas áreas,
hace que la protección sea solamente en el papel. - Los humedales se localizan en todas las categorías
de manejo utilizadas en Costa Rica. - No se encontraron políticas específicas para la creación de las áreas
protegidas, ni para la conservación y manejo de los humedales, lo que ha generado una integración del
sistemas de áreas protegidas en forma fragmentada y carente de planificación. - Aunque la mayoría de
las políticas de manejo definidas para las diferentes categorías, se ajustan a las características y
necesidades de los humedales, la falta de aplicación que han tenido hace que el manejo de los
humedales sea poco eficiente. - En el trabajo de campo se logró determinar que todos los humedales
están sufriendo degradación, teniéndose como las causas principales, la poca gestión de las áreas
protegidas y la falta de control que se puede ejercer sobre externalidades.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis M123.
Publicación no.: 266 Morphometric, isozymic and mitochondrial variability of Africanized honeybees
in Costa Rica [Variabilidad morfométrica, isoenzímica y mitocondrial de las abejas africanizadas en Costa
Rica] / Lobo-Segura, Jorge A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Heredity (ISSN 0018-067X), v. 75, pt. 2, p. 133-141. 1995.
Wing morphometry, isozymic variation and mitochondrial RFLPs were studied in samples of feral
Africanized bees collected at three different locations in Costa Rica, two of them in the lowlands
(Guanacaste and Golfito regions) and the other in the Central Valley. These data revealed a
predominantly African origin at all locations. However, significant heterogeneity was found between the
two lowland sites and the Central Valley for some isozyme markers as well as for the RFLPs considered
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in this study. Both isozymic and mitochondrial DNA European markers were more frequent in the
Central Valley. This could be the result of different opportunities for European gene introgression at the
beginning of the migration of Africanized honeybees. It is shown that different gene frequencies of
mitochondrial and nuclear European genetic markers may exist in Africanized bee populations, and that
this may result from different selection pressures among colonies with African and European queens.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2475. PVB.
Publicación no.: 267 Dragonfly predation on butterflies in a tropical dry forest [Depredación de
mariposas por libélulas en un bosque tropical seco] / Alonso-Mejía, A.; Márquez, M. (University of
Florida. Department of Entomology, Gainesville, FL, US).
Adult dragonflies feed upon a variety of prey (Corbet 1980), including occasional butterflies and moths
(Poultron 1906, Daecke 1915, Hobby 1933, Bell & Whitcomb 1961, Dunkle 1989, White & Sexton 1989).
Most of the published information suggests that butterflies are only a small component of an
dragonflies' diet. Here, we describe a system where the Great Pondhawk Dragonfly, Lepthomis
vesiculosa Fabricius (Odonata: Libellulidae), preys heavily upon a wide variety of adult butterfly species.
We also observed L. vesiculosa rejecting several individuals of Siproeta stelenes (Lepidoptera:
Nymphalinae) and discuss the possible role of defensive chemicals found in butterflies that may deter
invertebrate predators. The Great Pondhawk Dragonfly is a bold, swift flyer that feeds predominantly on
large flying insects (Dunkle 1989). It is a relatively large dragonfly (lenght 54-64 mm, abdomen 39-46,
hindwings 35-43) that occurs in marsh-bordered ponds and lakes from the southeastern United States
and the Antilles, south to Paraguay (Carle 1982). Observations were made at Palo Verde National Park
(PVNP), Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. This area is a mosaic of secondary growth forest and
abandoned pastures, delimited by marshes and the Tempisque River. The terrestrial vegetation is
characterized as lowland tropical dry forest (Gill 1989).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2029. PVB. NBINA-9676. Museo de Insectos (UCR).
Publicación no.: 268 Patterns in floral nectar characteristics of some bird-visited plant species from
Costa Rica [Patrones en las características florales del néctar de algunas espcies de plantas visitadas por
pájaros de Costa Rica] / Stiles, F. Gary.; Freeman, C.E. (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento
de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Nectar samples from a wide range of flowers (120 samples, 112 species, 22 families) visited by
hummingbirds (subfamilies Phaethorninae and Trochilinae) were collected over a wide range of
elevations and environments in Costa Rica. Some species visited are believed to be pollinated principally
by perching birds, lepidopterans, and bees, however. We measured sugar composition (% fructose,
glucose, and sucrose), daily secretion rates, and sugar concentration. In general, sugar compositions of
all hummingbird nectars were found to be highly clustered toward the high-sucrose end of the
composition spectrum and not significantly different from sugar composition of other hummingbird
nectar assemblages from northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. Significant
correlations were detected between elevation and the percentage of fructose and of sucrose in the
nectar, with the fructose percent positive and the sucrose negative. These correlations were found to be
due to both elevation and hummingbird-group effects. Daily secretion rate and sugar concentration
were both negatively correlated with elevation. Discriminant analysis indicated that nectar sugar
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concentration and daily secretion rates together could usually predict whether a species was pollinated
by hermit (Phaethorinae) or nonhermit (Trochilinae) hummingbirds and could often predict which ecomorphological group of nonhermits.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1442. LS. NBINA-3544.
Publicación no.: 269 Pore fungi of Costa Rica. III / Carranza-Velázquez, Julieta. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Mycotaxon (ISSN 0093-4666), v. 48, p. 45-57. 1993.
This is the third and las part of a comprehensive list of the polypores of Costa Rica. A total of 69 genera
and 193 species are reported in these papers, which represents 58% of pore fungi reported from other
tropical countries. The large number of species present on such a small area (total area 51.100 km²) is
probably due to its geographical position with very changing climates and a migration of species from
both the North and South American mycoflora.
Publicación no.: 270 Análisis de las poblaciones de pochote (Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand) en
Costa Rica / Calderón-Solano, Isabel. Cartago: Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 1993. 54 p. Informe
Práctica de Especialidad, Licenciatura en Silvicultura Tropical, Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal,
Cartago (Costa Rica).
A pesar de que el pochote (Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand), es una de las especies utilizadas para
el establecimiento de plantaciones, se conoce genéticamente poco de ella. Por ello, el presente estudio
tuvo como objetivo iniciar un programa de mejoramiento genético y conservación de pochote
(Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand) en Costa Rica. Inicialmente, se realizó una estratificación del área
en donde se distribuye naturalmente el Bombacopsis quinata, tomándose como base los mapas de
vegetación y clima (Gómez, 1986 y Herrera, 1986), distribución natural de la especie y dos pisos
altitudinales (de 0 a 500 m.s.n.m. y de 500 a 800 m.s.n.m) determinándose que existen diez poblaciones,
con lo que se elaboró un mapa. Posteriormente, se procedió a identificar de quince a viente árboles
semilleros por población. De las poblaciones encontradas, se selecionaron cuatro, por sus diferencias
ecológicas contrastantes, para recolectar en ellas muestras de quince hojas de cada uno de los quince
árboles seleccionados al azar dentro de cada una de las cuatro poblaciones. Con estas muestras se
realizaron estudios de patrones de variación de la especies y sus poblaciones. Los resultados obtenidos
del análisis de las cuatro poblaciones, indican una variación que tiende a seguir un patrón clinal, debido
a que la misma, se explica más por efectos fisiológicos o ambientales y no tanto por factores genéticos.
Localización: Biblioteca José Figueres F.: TF385.
Publicación no.: 271 Drawing a green line: Costa Rica makes audacious plans to reclaim its forests
[Dibujando una línea verde: Costa Rica hace planes audaces para reclamar sus bosques] / Tenenbaum,
D.
En: The Environmental Magazine (ISSN 1046-8021), v. 6, no. 2, p. 26-29. 1995.
Costa Rica is making audacious plans to reclaim its forests. While the country is a pioneer of tropical
restoration, its 35 national parks and nature reserves face ecological and social problems. Reports on
Costa Rica's conservation programs for its natural resources; Significance of the conservation programs;
Conservation efforts at Guanacaste Conservation Area; Discoveries made by University of Pennsylvania
ecologist Daniel H. Janzen, a prime mover behind Guancaste.
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Publicación no.: 272 Biomonitoring of heavy metals in the Pacific Basin using avian feathers
[Biomonitoreo de metales pesados en la cuenca Pacífica utilizando plumas de aves] / Burger, J.;
Gochfeld, M. (Rutgers University. Division of Life Sciences, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082,
US).
En: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ISSN 0730-7268), v. 14, no. 7, p. 1233-1239. 1995.
We used avian feathers to biomonitor heavy-metal distribution in several areas in the Pacific Basin
including Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, China, Johnston Atoll, Hawaii, and Costa Rica. This
paper is a preliminary synthesis of data gathered by the Pacific Basin Biomonitoring Project. We
examined levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, selenium, chromium, and manganese. For sooty terns
(Sterna fuscata) and brown noddy (Anous stolidus) mercury levels were lower in the Pacific than in
Puerto Rico in the Atlantic, but this was reversed for lead and cadmium. Adult birds had higher metal
levels in their feathers than did young birds of the same species from the same area. Cadmium levels
were higher in terrestrial species; lead, chromium, and manganese were highest in coastal species; and
mercury and selenium were highest in marine species. Mercury levels were lowest in forest species,
intermediate in species that eat insects and small vertebrates, and highest in species that eat
intermediate to large fish. Lead levels were highest in species feeding in industrialized estuaries of Hong
Kong.
Publicación no.: 273 Regional dialects in the contact call of a parrot [Dialectos regionales en el llamado
de contacto de una lora] / Wright, Timothy F. (New Mexico State University. Department of Biology, Las
Cruces, NM 88003-8001, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences (ISSN 0962-8452), v. 263,
no. 1372, p. 867-872. 1996.
This study describes a system of regional dialects in the contact call of a parrot, the yellow-naped
amazon (Amazona auropalliata). Spectrographic cross-correlation analyses of calls from multiple adults
at 16 roosts in Costa Rica reveal two distinct patterns of geographic variation in call structure: first,
variation in the basic structure of the call by which roosts can be classified into three distinct dialects,
and second, fine-scale variation of call structure among roosts within a dialect. Some birds at roosts
bordering two dialects use the calls of both neighbouring dialects interchangeably. These results suggest
that there are two distinct processes governing the diffusion of call types among roosts, with dialect
borders acting as barriers to the spread of foreign calls. Such a dialect system could be maintained
through either reduced dispersal of birds across dialect boundaries or alternatively, by reduced diffusion
of call types. These two possibilities have different implications for the genetic isolation of populations
and thus for both speciation and learning. This pattern is broadly similar to those seen in some songbirds
and may be maintained in a similar manner.
Publicación no.: 274 Experimental studies of coral snake mimicry: generalized avoidance of ringed
snake patterns by free-ranging avian predators [Estudios experimentales del mimetismo de la serpiente
coral: evitación generalizada de los patrones anillados de serpientes por parte de las aves depredadoras
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en libertad] / Brodie, E.D., III.; Janzen, F.J. (University of Kentucky. The Morgan School of Biological
Sciences, Lexington, KY 40506, US).
En: Functional Ecology (ISSN 0269-8463), v. 9, no. 2, p. 186-190. 1995.
1. Plasticine snake replicas were used to demonstrate that free-ranging avian predators generalize
avoidance of Coral Snake ringed patterns to similar patterns, supporting the argument that the
convergence on ringed and banded patterns among neotropical snakes is a result of the mimetic
advantage of resembling venomous Coral Snakes. 2. The study was conducted at a tropical dry forest
site in Costa Rica, where only one species of Coral Snake occurs. The Coral Snake has a tricolour (redyellow-black-yellow-red) ringed pattern and no snakes at the site have bicolour (red-black) ringed
patterns. Neither tricolour nor bicolour ringed replicas were attacked by birds, whereas an unmarked
brown replica was. 3. The avoidance of the bicolour ringed pattern is attributable to generalized
avoidance of Coral Snake-like patterns. No red-and-black ringed prey have been observed at the site, so
birds could not have learned specific avoidance of the bicolour pattern. Historical biogeographical
evidence suggests that the avifauna at the site did not evolve in the presence of red-and-black ringed
snakes, so it is unlikely that birds evolved a specific innate avoidance of the bicolour ringed pattern.
Publicación no.: 275 Plant-herbivore interactions in Mesoamerican tropical dry forests [Interacciones
plantas-herbívoros en los bosques secos mesoamericanos] / Dirzo, Rodolfo.; Domínguez-Pérez-Tejada,
C.A.; Bullock, S.H. (ed.); Mooney, Harold A. (ed.); Medina, E. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México. Centro de Ecología; Apdo. Postal 70-275, 04510 México, DF, MX <E-mail:
En: Seasonally dry tropical forests Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 304-325. ISBN: 0521-43514-5.
Herbivores apparently constitute an important factor affecting the ecology of tropical dry forest plants,
although there is much spatial, temporal and among-species variation. The protagonists in plantherbivore interactions in any Mesoamerican forest include hundreds of plant species, each with many
different tissues, thousands of phytophagous insects and a few dozen vertebrates. Most attention has
been given to leaf-eating caterpillars and to seed-eating beetles, to the neglect of herbivores feeding on
phloem, wood, shoots and roots. At the community level, standing levels of herbivory may be generally
less than 10%. However, the discrepancy ration of repeated instantaneous measurements had an
average value of 2 in a study of 12 species, and varied from 0.8 to 4.5 among species. This suggests that
total leaf area eaten is about 17%. Herbivory rates are highest early in the wet season, but the evidence
suggests that digestibility and nutritional value do not determine this pattern. Preliminary contrasts of
instantaneous measures between adjacent deciduous and semideciduous forests show less folivory in
the latter. Seed predation by beetles in one region is concentrated on about 10% of the flora. There are
disproportionate numbers of Leguminosae among the prey, and of plants attacked by several beetle
species. The distribution of number of hosts per beetle species, greatly biased to one host, is remarkably
similar indry and wet forests. Whether due to invertebrates or vertebrates, seed mortality by predation
has not been assessed at the community level; nevertheless, some population studies suggest that it has
a major impact on the structure of dry as well as wet forests. Defoliation experiments in several species
have shown negative effects on fruit production. Detailed studies of Erythroxylum havanense showed
effects on fruit production in the season of defoliation, and on flower production (and hence on fruits)
in the following year. Demographic studies of herbivory from phytocentric or zoocentric perspectives
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have been limited to one or a few life stages, however, ant the importance of herbivory as selective
pressure also needs wider study.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.52642 S439PVB C9-38.
Publicación no.: 276 Effect of group size on vigilance while drinking in the coati, Nasua narica in Costa
Rica [Efecto del tamaño del grupo en la vigilancia mientras beben en el pizote, Nasua narica en Costa
Rica] / Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (Rutgers University. Division of Life Sciences, 604 Allison Road,
Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, US).
Vigilance and the duration of drinking bouts at a waterhole in Palo Verde, Costa Rica were examined in
coatis, Nasua narica. Coatis came to drink in groups of one to 13. Only males came alone to the
waterhole. Mean length of drinking bouts decreased with successive bouts, and most coatis had one to
four drinking bouts per visit to the waterhole. Length of all drinking bouts increased with group size, and
vigilance decreased as group size increased. Larger groups remained at the water hole longer than
smaller groups. The results of this study suggest that waterholes are particularly dangerous places
because their location is known to predators and coati are required to come to them. Thus, being in a
large group is advantageous at a waterhole where vigilance time per individual can be less in larger
compared with smaller groups, and there are more eyes to watch for predators.
Publicación no.: 277 Behavior of Peter's tent-making bat, Uroderma bilobatum, at maternity roosts in
Costa Rica [Comportamiento del murciélago constructor de tiendas, Uroderma bilobatum, en las perchas
de maternidad en Costa Rica] / Lewis, S.E. (University of Minnesota. Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Behavior, 318 Church St, Minneapolis, MN 55455, US).
En: Journal of Mammalogy (ISSN 0022-2372), v. 73, no. 3, p. 541-546. 1992.
This study examined behaviors associated with the formation of maternity groups by tent-making bats
(Uroderma bilobatum). Both male and female bats arrived at the roost area in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, in
June, coincident with the early rainy season. Although 21 tents were occupied during the 6-week study,
60% of the bats roosted in one of two tents. All females captured during the study were pregnant, and
parturition occurred fairly synchronously in early July. The maternity groups lack complete sexual
segregation and seem to lack strong bonds between roostmates. Grouping apparently provides
thermoregulatory benfits to the bats.
Publicación no.: 278 Ecología y manejo del venado cola blanca en México y Costa Rica / VaughanDickhaut, Christopher. (ed.); Rodríguez-Ramírez, Miguel A. (ed.) (University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Simposio Latinoamericano sobre el Venado Cola Blanca, Guadalajara MX Heredia: EUNA, 1994. 462 p.
(Colección Cubujuquí. Serie: Conservación Biológica y Desarrollo Sostenible; no. 2). ISBN: 9-977-65077-2.
TABLA DE CONTENIDO: Introducción: Conservación del venado cola blanca en el Neotrópico (por
Christopher Vaughan y Miguel A. Rodríguez). Cap. 1. El venado cola blanca: historia y principios de
manejo (por James Teer). Cap. 2. Un vistazo al manejo del venado cola blanca en Montana, Estados
Unidos (por Lynn R. Irby). Cap. 3. Ciclo de vida del venado cola blanca en la Isla San Lucas, Costa Rica
(Miguel A. Rodríguez y Vivienne Solís). Cap. 4. Hábitos alimentarios del venado cola blanca en la Isla San
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Lucas, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (por María Isabel DiMare). Cap. 5. Variabilidad genética en la población de
venado cola blancaen la Isla San Lucas, Costa Rica, y las implicaciones para su manejo (por Cristhopher
Vaughan, Krishna Fisher, Miguel A. Rodríguez, Paul Johns y Michael Smith). Cap. 6. Ciclo de astas del
venado cola blanca en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (por
Miguel A. Rodríguez). Cap. 7. Biología reproductiva del venado cola blanca en Durango, México (por
Manuel Weber, Patricia Rosas-Becerril, Angesl Morales-García y Carlos Galindo-Leal). Cap. 8. Tamaño y
composición de los grupos sociales del venado cola blanca en la Isla San Lucas, Costa Rica (por Miguel A.
Rodríguez y Christopher Vaughan). Cap. 9. Comportamiento de cervatos criados en cautiverio y
reintroducidos en la Finca La Emilia, Costa Rica (por Holly Espach y Joel C. Sáenz). Cap. 10. Etograma del
venado cola blanca en cautiverio en México (por Alejandro Rosas-Alvarado). Cap. 11. Dinámica
poblacional y manejo de la población del venado cola blanca en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Michilía,
Durango, México (por Sonia Gallina). Cap. 12. Recuperación del venado cola blanca en la Estación
Científica Las Joyas, Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Manatlán, Jalisco-Colima, México (por Graciela
González, Enrique Jardel y Eduardo Santana). Cap. 13. Estimación de la densidad y distribución de la
población del venado cola blanca en el bosque La Primavera, Jalisco, México (por David Valenzuela).
Cap. 14. Comparación de métodos para estimar la densidad poblacionnal del venado cola blanca en un
bosque tropical caducifolio de México (Salvador Mandujano y Sonia Gallina). Cap. 15. Método para
evaluar el hábitat del venado cola blanca en un bosque de coníferas (por Salvador Mandujano). Cap. 16.
Uso del hábitat por el venado cola blanco en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Michilía, México (por Sonia
Gallina). Cap. 17. Utilización de hábitat, abundancia y dispersión del venado de Coues: un experimento
seminatural (por Carlos Galindo-Leal, Angeles Morales y Manuel Weber). Cap. 18. Utilización del hábitat
por el venado cola blanca reintroducido en la Península de Nicoya, Costa Rica (por Lynn R. Irby y José
Calvopiña). Cap. 19. Uso tradicional y conservación del venado cola blanca en Costa Rica (por Vivienne
Solís). Cap. 20. La extensión y la educación ambiental en el manejo del venado cola blanca en Cóbano,
provincia de Puntarenas, Costa Rica (por Lidia Hernández). Cap. 21. Evaluación de la reintroducción del
venado cola blanca en Cóbano de Puntarenas, Costa Rica (por José Calvopiña). Cap. 22. Reintroducción
del venado cola blanca en el noroeste de Costa Rica (por Joel C. Sáenz). Cap. 23. Captura y traslado de
venados cola blanca para reintroducción (por Joel C. Sáenz, Miguel A. Rodríguez y Holly Espach). Cap. 24.
Plan de manejo del venado cola blanca en la Isla San Lucas (por Vivienne Solís y Christopher Vaughan).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 599.735.7 E18e. Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 599.735.7 E18e. Biblioteca del
BIODOC: 599.735.7 E19e.
Publicación no.: 279 Costa Rica's national parks and preserves: a visitor's guide / Franke, J. (The
Mountaineers, 1001 SW Klickitat Way, Seattle, WA 98134, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Seattle: Mountaineers, 1993. 223 p. ISBN: 0-898-86-321-X.
The tiny country of Costa Rica is incomparable in its biological and geographical diversity. Translation?
Great adventures! Costa Rica's Natiional Parks and Preserves: A Visitor's Guide show you the best way to
enjoy one of the most fascinating and unspoiled natural areas in the world. Whether you're a hiker
seeking a panoramic view from a volcanic summit, a kayaker longing to glide downriver under a jungle
canopy, or a naturalist eager to observe an incredible array of exotic wildlife, this guide is your key to
exploring Costa Rica's national parks and preserves. The first book to provide a truly comprehensive
guide that will permit the ardent visitor easy access to Costa Rica's natural wealth and a great basic
guide to preparing your trip to the tropical rainforest, and a first-rate source for the Costa Rica park
system.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET:
Publicación no.: 280 Areas naturales protegidas de Costa Rica / Meza-Ocampo, Tobías.; Bonilla-Durán,
Alexander. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Historia y Geografía, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Cartago: Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica, 1990. 318 p. ISBN: 9-977-66031X.
Costa Rica ha recibido reconocimiento internacional por su preocupación y acciones en favor de la
protección de sus recursos naturales. "Areas Naturales Protegidas de Costa Rica" es el estudio más
completo que se ha realizado sobre las zonas protegidas de nuestro país, e incluye amplia información
sobre reservas forestales, zonas protectoras y refugios de vida silvestre. El enfoque biogeográfico ha
sido complementado con información geomorfológica e histórica de cada área, lo que le da un notable
valor e interés no solo para estudiantes y profesores sino para todos los costarricenses, como personas
preocupadas por la conservación y disfrute de las bellezas escénicas y por la protección y correcto
aprovechamiento de la flora, la fauna y otros recursos naturales que se encuentran en ellas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 639.95 M617a. LC. Biblioteca Joaquín García M.: 333.72 M617a.
Publicación no.: 281 Bibliografía Area de Conservación Tempisque: (Palo Verde, Lomas Barbudal,
Barra Honda y áreas de influencia), Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Cartín, J.M. (comp.); Azofeifa-Mora, Ana
Beatriz. (ed.) (Organización para Estudios Tropicales. Biblioteca, Apdo. Postal 676-2050, San Pedro de
Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). , 1993. 40 p.
Localización: Biblioteca OET.
Publicación no.: 282 The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica. 1: Introduction, keys to subfamilies, and keys
to the species of the lower pimpliform subfamilies Rhyssinae, Pimplinae, Poemeniinae, Acaenitiinae
and Cyllocerinae [Los Ichneumonidae de Costa Rica. 1: Introducción, claves para las subfamilias y claves
para las especies de las subfamilias pimpliforme menores Rhyssinae, Pimplinae, Poemeniinae,
Acaenitiinae y Cyllocerinae] / Gauld, Ian D. (The Natural History Museum. Department of Entomology,
London SW7 5BD, GB <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute (ISSN 0065-8162), v. 47, p. 1-589. 1991.
Illustrated keys are provided for the identification of the 25 subfamilies of Ichneumonidae present in
Central America - here defined as countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia. The systematic
position of the Ichneumonidae within the Hymenoptera is outlined, and a brief discussion of the
evolutionary biology of the family is presented. Synopses of the biology of all the subfamilies are given.
The 161 species of the lower pimpliform subfamilies - Rhyssinae, Pimplinae, Poemeniinae, Acaenitinae
and Cylloceriinae - that occur in Costa Rica are keyed. Previously known genera and species are
redescribed, and Nomosphecia and Leptopimpla are recorded from the New World for the first time.
Four new Costa Rican genera are described, Umanella, Ticapimpla and Flacopimpla, in the Pimplinae,
and Rodrigama in the Poemeniinae, and 118 new Costa Rican species are described. Information is given
about the distribution, habitat preference and host ranges of the species. Faunal comparisons are made
between different sites in Costa Rica; sites below 2000 metres are found to have considerable species
overlaps, whilst sites above this altitude resemble each other but share very few species with lower
altitude sites. The lower pimpliform fauna of Costa Rica is briefly compared with those of some other
tropical and temperate countries; tropical areas tend to have proportionally fewer species that attack
deeply concealed hosts and more that parasitize weakly concealed ones than do temperate regions.
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Sites in Costa Rica are shown to have a greater species-richness than comparable sites in temperate
regions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 595.79 G269i:CRO. LS.
Publicación no.: 283 The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica [Los himenópteros de Costa Rica] / HansonSnortum, Paul E. (ed.); Gauld, Ian D. (ed.) (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de
Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1995. 893 p. ISBN: 0-19-854905-9.
This book is a continuation of the tradition of collaboration between Costa Rica and the United Kingdom
established by the publication of Biologia Centrali Americana in 1883-1900. Its preparation involves not
only personnel from the Universidad de Costa Rica and The Natural History Museum, but draws on a
formidable battery of leading international experts from eight countries. Such collaboration is a
prerequisite for the study of one of the largest and most diverse orders of insects in Costa Rica, a
country which for its size, has a faunal diversity unsurpassed elsewhere on Earth. Given the unparalleled
interest in tropical biodiversity, this work could not have appeared at a more opportune time. From the
perspective of the Universidad de Costa Rica, this book is a further valued contribution in a series of
studies of the Costa Rican biota that includes volumes about mammals, birds, fishes and orchids. For the
Natural History Museum "The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica" is further fruit of our policy of international
collaboration, using the historical wealth of our collections and the global expertise of our staff to
produce timely and authoritative studies. We warmly recommend this work. Costa Rica was chosen as
the geographic focus of this work for one simple reason-it is the only tropical country for which a
representative sample of the hymenopteran diversity is available to biologists for study. Building on a
foundation laid by native Costa Ricans and others who have studied the hymenopterous fauna for a
century or more, we undertook a Malaise trap survey of the entire country. Over 150 trap-years of
samples have been processed from about 40 sites throughout the country, ranging from mangrove
swamps at sea-level to paramo-like scrub at over 3000 metres on the highest mountains. Many of the
specimens obtained were sent to contributing authors in eight countries, making this book an
international collaborative effort. Synoptic collections of these specimens are being returned to Costa
Rica and will form a reference base for future research by Costa Rican and other biologists. Although this
work is based on study of the Costa Rican fauna, the information is relevant to all of Mesoamerica from
tropical Mexico to northern Colombia. The families discussed extend throughout all of tropical and
subtropical America so that much of the text will be useful to workers from the southern United States
south to Argentina and Chile.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 595.79097286 H997.
Publicación no.: 284 The Organization for Tropical Studies [La Organización para Estudios Tropicales] /
Chazdon, Robin L.; Colwell, Robert K. (University of Connecticut. Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology, U-43 Storrs, CT 06269, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: 1990 Science Year, The World Book Annual Science Supplement Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc, 1990.
p. 173-185. ISBN: 0-7166-0590-2.
(Sin resumen).
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Publicación no.: 285 Assessment of territory value by a tropical hummingbird (Amazilia saucerottei)
[Valoración del valor del territorio por parte de un colibrí tropical (Amazilia saucerottei)] / Trombulak,
S.C. (Middlebury College. Department of Biology, Middlebury, VT 05753, US).
I investigated how a tropical hummingbird, Amazilia saucerottei, determines whether or not to defend a
patch of Combretum farinosum and when to begin and end defense. Energetic value of a patch and
number of flowers were not correlated through the period of flowering. First-day nectar production per
flower declined from 68.11 J in late January to 19.07 J in early March. Patches of defended C. farinosum
had a greater maximun number of nectar-producing inflorescences than did undefended patched. The
threshold minimum number of nectar-producing inflorescences for defense decreased from 35 to 20
late in the flowering period. Defense began while the number of inflorescences producing nectar was
below the threshold, indicating that birds assessed the patch's future value. The energetic value of a
defended patch was the same at the beginning and end of territoriality (approximately 36kL), but the
average number of nectar-producing inflorescences was twice as great at the end as at the beginning
(11.6 vs 5.6), suggesting that birds assessed the value of the patch by direct measurement of energy
intake. Daytime rate of energy expenditure estimated from time budgets was 0.545J/sec. Total daily
energy requirement was 34.14kJ/day.
Publicación no.: 286 Species-specific nest site selection by birds in ant-acacia trees [Selección del sitio
de anidamiento específico por diferentes especies de aves en árboles de acacia visitados por hormigas] /
Young, Bruce E.; Kaspari, Michael.; Martin, T.E. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Blvd, 15th Floor, Arlington,
VA, 22209, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
We examined nest site differences among four species nesting in acacia (Acacia collinsi) trees with ants
that may deter nest predators at Palo Verde, Costa Rica. Rufous-naped Wrens (Campylorhynchus
rufinucha) showed a non-random preference for nesting in trees with unusually active ant colonies.
They nested most commonly in trees with the most active ant species (Pseudomyrmex spinicola and P.
nicrocincta); and, when they nested in trees with a less active species on ant (P. flavicornis), these trees
usually contained colonies that were more than the average for their species. Other bird species (Streakbacked Oriole, Icterus sclateri; Yellow-olive Flycatcher, Tolmomyias sulphurescens; Great Kiskadee,
Pitangus sulphuratus) used trees for nests at random with respect to ant spicies and consequently these
ants were much less active than ants on Rufous-naped Wren nest trees. We found no differences among
bird species in tree size, local acacia density, or degree of nest isolation.
Publicación no.: 287 Scarlet macaw (Ara macao) ecology and management perspectives in Carara
Biological Reserve, Costa Rica [Ecología y perspectivas de manejo de la lapa roja (Ara macao) en la
Reserva Biológica Carara, Costa Rica] / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; McCoy-Colton, Michael B.;
Liske, J..; Clinton-Eitniear, J. (ed.) (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife Ecology,
Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Proceedings of the First Mesoamerican Workshop on Conservation and Management of Macaws, Center
for Study of Tropical Birds, Inc., San Antonio, TX US , Misc. Publ. no. 1, p. 23-34. , 1991.
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Originally, the scarlet macaw was found in about 42,500 km² of tropical wet and dry forests from sea
level to about 1,500 m elevation. By 1977, due to deforestation, only 12,422 km² (29% of the original
habitat) remained of which, only 4,937 km² (40% of remaining) was legally protected. In 1990, there
were remnant scarlet macaw populations in three protected areas: Corcovado National Park (50-100
individuals), Palo Verde National Wildlife Refuge (about eight individuals) and Carara Biological Reserve
(CBR) (200 individuals). Scarlet macaws feed, rest and reproduce in CBR and roost at night in Guacalillo
Mangrove Reserve (GMR). Scarlet macaw population counts in CBR have fluctuated between 64 and 219
individuals. Nesting extended from December to June, and of seven nests, six were situated on the main
trunk of a tree; four were of the species Schizolobium parihybum and mean nest height was 24.7 m.
Food sources for scarlet macaw included at least 10 species (March-December). Population
management guidelines include possible reintroduction and sale of CBR harvested animals for the pet
trade under some form of sustainable harvest based on knowledge of population dynamics. Habitat
management of scarlet macaw in CBR and GMR include assuring adequate nesting cavities or providing
artificial nesting structures; protecting and replanting food sources and protecting both reserves and
outlying wooded patches utilized by the scarlet macaw. The local human population living nearby CBR
and GMR must receive some economical benefit from the scarlet macaw population so they will support
its conservation. Future research needs include more research on: population dynamics, food habits,
nesting, local movements, and population genetics.
Publicación no.: 288 El impacto del fuego y la sequía sobre la estructura de la población de
Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) en Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica [The
effects of fire and the drought upon the population structure of Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines:
Kinosternidae) at Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Acuña-Mesén, Rafael A. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Escuela de Biologia, Ciudad Universitaria, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
The effects of fire and the drought upon the population structure of Kinosternon scorpioides is reported
in the "Refugio Nacional de Fauna of Silvestre Rafael Lucas Rodriguez Caballero" located at Palo Verde
National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The number of Kinosternon scorpioides of the sampling was 206.
Within the dead turtles (n=164), 140 (85.36%) died through the effect of the fire in only three days and
24 (14.64%) during the rest of the year for other reasons (drought, sickness or depredation). Among the
tortoises that died because of burnings, 44.08% were young ones, 37.63% were females and 18.27%
males. The effects of the drought upon the tortoises are dehydration, suffocation and death because
starvation within the ground cracked.
Publicación no.: 289 Historia natural de Costa Rica [Costa Rican natural history] / Janzen, Daniel H,
[ed.]. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1991. 822 p. ISBN: 997767-169-9.
Esta obra, en su mayoría, fue escrita por autores angloparlantes, para uso de estudiantes del neotrópico
americano que hablan el inglés como lengua materna. Se refiere a condiciones climáticas, ecológicas o
ambientales más conocidas por los habitantes del hemisferio norte. Su traducción es básicamente para
estudiantes costarricenses, pero su comprensión no será difícil a los demás iberoamericanos.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: 500.997286 H673hLSLCPVBBiblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 500.97286
C837I.
Publicación no.: 290 White-tailed deer management in Costa Rica [Manejo del venado colablanca en
Costa Rica] / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; Robinson, J.G. (ed.); Redford, K.H. (ed.) (University of
Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail:
En: Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991. p. 288299. ISBN: 0-226-72258-9.
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is the most widely distributed and important big game
animal in North America (Hesselton and Hesselton 1982). In 1982, twelve million hunters harvested
nearly three million deer in the United States and Canada (Stransky 1984). It is also one of the principal
game species in Central America (Méndez 1984). The white-tailed deer also has cultural, ecological,
psychological, and social importance to humans (Langenau, Kellert, and Applegate 1984). Until recently,
there have been few studies on deer natural history in the neotropics (but see Brokx 1984; DiMare
1986; Janzen 1983b; Méndez 1984; Solís 1986a; Solís, Rodríguez, and Vaughan 1987). No studies have
considered deer management in Latin America. Such work is badly needed, as white-tailed deer have
been overharvested in many areas (Broks 1984; Méndez 1984; Solís and Rodríguez 1987), and optimum
habitat has been converted to intensive agriculture land (Janzen 1987). The only population or habitat
management practiced in the neotropics has been poorly enforced hunting seasons. This paper
documents the importance of white-tailed deer as a game species in the neotropics, the impact of
hunting and harvesting on deer populations in Costa Rica, deer management in Costa Rica, and the
feasibility of harvesting white-tailed deer on a sustainable basis in Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S952. PVB. LS. Centro de Documentación OTUS (INBio): 639.909.8 ROB.
Publicación no.: 291 Burrow site selection by black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) at Palo Verde, Costa
Rica [Selección del sitio de la madriguera por la iguana negra (Ctenosaura similis) en Palo Verde, Costa
Rica] / Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (Rutgers University. Division of Life Sciences, 604 Allison Road,
Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, US).
We studied the location and site selection of burrows of black iguana, Ctenosaura similis, at Palo Verde
National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, in 1989 and 1990. Our study site included the environs of
buildings as well as dry lowland deciduous forest. Iguana had burrows on earth banks, and in trees, logs
and rocks with a higher frequency than occurred at randomly-selected points. Burrows differed from
random points in having less cover over the entrance and within 1 b (both rock and vegetation) than did
the random points. Temperatures at the burrow entrance were cooler than at the random points,
although air temperatures did not differ significantly. We suggest that the use of burrows and selection
of burrow sites by black iguanas may relate to predation pressures, thermal constraints and daily activity
patterns.
Publicación no.: 292 Risk discrimination of direct versus tangential approach by basking black iguanas
(Ctenosaura similis): variation as a function of human exposure [Discriminación del riesgo de asolearse
directamente versus tangencialmente por parte de las iguanas negras (Ctenosaura similis): variación con
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una función a la exposición a humanos] / Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (Rutgers University. Division of Life
Sciences, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, US).
En: Journal of Comparative Physiology. B. Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology (ISSN
0174-1578), v. 104, no. 4, p. 388-394. 1990.
We tested black iguanas' (Ctenosaura similis) discrimination of risk from a person who walked toward
them vs. by them (1, 2, or 3 m distant). Study groups varied in exposure to humans (heavy, minimal, or
none). As an experimenter approached, iguanas moved, ran, or remained still. Over 80% of variation in
the person's distance when the iguana moved is explained by human exposure, approach angle, animal
size, and amount of tail regenerated (after loss to predators). Distance to move was less for tangential
approaches. Iguanas with heavy exposure distinguished beetween direct and all tangential approaches,
whereas those with no exposure distinguished direct and 1-m approaches from 2-m and 3-m
approaches. Distance to move was inversely related to human exposure. Body size did not differ for
groups and was correlated with distance to move (larger animals ran sooner). Iguanas habituate to
human but continue to assess potential danger.
Publicación no.: 293 Role of a predator's eye size in risk perception by basking black iguana,
Ctenosaura similis [Papel del tamaño del ojo de los depredadores en la percepción de riesgos por parte
de iguanas negras asoleándose (Ctenosaura similis)] / Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M.; Murray, B.G., Jr. (Rutgers
University. Division of Life Sciences, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, US).
Black iguana is eaten by human and other predators in Costa Rica. The importance of eye size on
avoidance and recovery behaviour of black iguana was examined using an approaching person as the
stimulus. Iguanas moved and ran earlier when the approaching person wore a large eye mask than when
she wore a smaller eye mask. Iguana response did not vary during the tests as a function of snout-vent
length, but response variables were generally correlated. Black iguana clearly moved and ran earlier in
response to a large compared with a small eye, indicating they perceive and monitor this feature of
predators.
Publicación no.: 294 Flora acuática y sus cambios anuales en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica. I
[Aquatic flora and its annual changes in a seanola Costa Rican marsh. I] / Hernández-Esquivel, Daniel A.
(Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe,
Heredia, CR).
En: I. Flora acuática y sus cambios anuales en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica. II. Uso de habitat por
patos (Anatidae) en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1991. 105 p.
Tesis, Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de
Vida Silvestre, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Se enlistan 55 especies de plantas acuáticas encontradas en el pantano del Parque Nacional Palo Verde
entre octubre de 1988 y noviembre de 1989. La mayor diversidad de especies fue para la vegetación
emergente con 37 especies, seguida por la vegetación flotante con siete especies. Encontré 31 especies
de plantas acuáticas en un transecto de 575 m y analicé 1140 parcelas desde febrero hasta noviembre
de 1989. Las especies flotantes, Neptunia plena y Mymphaea ampla tuvieron una distribución más
amplia que otras especies, con presencia en todo el transecto. Las especies emergentes Paspalidium
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geminatum, Typha dominguensis, Eliocharis mutata y Ludwigia inclinata estuvieron presentes en más
del 50% del transecto. Las especies P. geminatum, N. plena, E. mutata, T. dominguensis y Thalia
geniculata fueron encontradas en el transecto en todos los meses analizados. La menor cobertura
vegetal (63.4% y 60.5%) fue encontrada en abril y mayo y la mayor cobertura, incluyendo el traslape,
(223.5%) en noviembre. Presento un análisis de las variables físicas del agua del pantano (pH, salinidad y
temperatura). Artículo II: Estudié el uso del hábitat y algunos aspectos de distribución de cinco especies
de patos (Anatidae) en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Palo Verde, desde noviembre de 1988 hasta marzo
1989. Definí siete componentes del hábitat. Encontré seis especies de patos a lo largo del estudio, pero
una, Dendrocygna bicolor apareció sólo en noviembre. Encontré que Anas clypeata fue una especie rara
y usó sólo el componente agua abierta. D. viduata fue también rara y usó tres componentes con una
clara preferencia (P ¾ 0,0005) por el componente Eichhornia. Cairina moschata fue una especie común y
usó sin preferencia (P=0,32) seis componentes de hábitat. A. discors fue una especie abundante y usó
también seis componentes pero con una preferencia (P ¾ 0,00001) por el agua abierta. Por último, D.
autumnalis fue la especie más abundante en el pantano y usó siete componentes con una preferencia (P
¾ 0,00001) por agua abierta. Todas las especies de patos utilizaron los componentes en diferentes
grados sin existir una aparente competencia por los recursos. Sin embargo en el pantano de Palo Verde
se deben crear condiciones para mejorar el hábitat de los patos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 117. Biblioteca Joaquín García M.: Tesis 1702. Biblioteca
Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis H557flo.
Publicación no.: 295 Composición de la comunidad de las aves rapaces diurnas del Parque Nacional
Palo Verde, Costa Rica / Márquez-Reyes, César. Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1992. 135 p. Tesis,
Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida
Silvestre, Heredia (Costa Rica).
El bosque seco tropical es uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados del mundo. La mayoría ha sido
totalmente destruido. Tan sólo el 0,08% de sus 550 000 km² originalmente existentes en Centroamérica
están bajo protección. Hasta el momento existe muy poca información sobre las aves rapaces diurnas de
este tipo de bosque. A través de cuatro técnicas diferentes (puntos de observación, recorridos a caballo,
señuelo acústico y observaciones en un ojo de agua), se realizó una investigación sobre la comunidad de
rapaces diurnas del Parque Nacional Palo Verde, ubicado en la provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica
(1990-1991). En este estudio, se evalúan las diferentes técnicas utilizadas. Se estableció cómo la
marcada estacionalidad del lugar afecta la composición de la comunidad de rapaces, la selección de
hábitat y la actividad diaria de estas aves. En forma complementaria, se establecen categorías de
abundancia con base en los resultados obtenidos. De las 26 especies identificadas, las más comunes son
Coragyps atratus, Cathartes aura y Buteo magnirostris. Las rapaces dependientes de cobertura boscosa y
por lo tanto sensibles a la fragmentación y destrucción de hábitat son: Harpagus bidentatus, Micrastur
semitorquatus, Accipiter bicolor y Chondrohierax uncinatus. Algunas especies que pueden ser
consideradas raras localmente son: Buteo albicaudatus, Ictinia plumbea, Accipiter bicolor y Parabuteo
unicinctus, esta última especie ha disminuido dramáticamente en los últimos años. Spizaetus ornatus,
una especie identificada para el Parque Nacional Palo Verde desde hace décadas, no pudo ser detectada
por ninguno de los métodos empleados. Las especies migratorias observadas durante la etapa de campo
fueron: Falco peregrinus, Buteo platypterus y Pandion haliaetus. El desarrollo de la agricultura intensiva,
incluyendo el uso de plaguicidas alrededor del área protegida, los incendios anuales, el tamaño del
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Parque y su aislamiento representan las mayores amenazas no sólo para las rapaces diurnas del lugar
sino para la fauna y flora silvestre en general.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 119. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis M357c.
Publicación no.: 296 Ecología de dos grupos de venados cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) liberados
en un nuevo habitat [Ecology of two groups of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) liberated into a
new habitat] / Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida
Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional,
1990. 135 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Manejo de Fauna Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Facultad de
Ciencias de la Tierra y El Mar, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar y comparar las diferencias en el radio de acción,
actividad, movimientos, utilización de habitat y sobrevivencia de dos grupos de venados cola blanca
(Odocoileus virginianus) liberados en la finca La Emilia, Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. La duración del
estudio fue desde noviembre de 1987 a noviembre de 1988. Entre noviembre de 1987 y marzo de 1988
se liberaron 10 venados cola blanca en la finca La Emilia, finca dedicada a la agricultura y ganadería
principalmente. Cinco venados procedían de la Isla San Lucas (grupo San Lucas) y fueron criados en
cautiverio desde las dos semanas de edad y liberados a los nueve meses de edad; los otros cinco, eran
venados adultos capturados en el Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre "Palo Verde" (grupo Palo Verde).
Todos los venados fueron marcados con radiotransmisores. La técnica utilizada para el registro de la
mayoría de los datos fue la radiotelemetría. Se usó la observación directa durante ocho meses, con los
venados del grupo San Lucas. La distancia diaria promedio recorrida por los venados del grupo San Lucas
fue de 3.1 Km con un rango de 2.8-3.6 Km y de 3.4 Km (2.9-3.7 Km) por el grupo de venados de Palo
Verde, esta variación en la distancia recorrida fue significativa en la época lluviosa entre los dos grupos
(P¾0.0086). El radio de acción diario promedio para el grupo San Lucas fue de 18.2 ha (16.3-20.2 ha),
para el grupo Palo Verde estos valores fueron 18.4 ha (15.2-23.1 ha), la diferencia no fue significativa
(P¾0.053). Los del grupo San Lucas utilizaron en un 32% (% de localizaciones en cada habitat) los
pastizales, 25% cañaverales, 20% cultivos (sorgo, frutales y plantaciones forestales de Pithecellobium
saman), y vegetación riparia 13%. Venados del grupo Palo Verde utilizaron el bosque en un 28%,
vegetación palustre 22%, charrales 21.6%, guacimal (Guazuma ulmifolia) 16% pastizales, cultivos 9.6% y
2.8% manglares.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 110. Biblioteca Joaquín García M.: Tesis 1608. Biblioteca
Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis S127e.
Publicación no.: 297 Eficacia de dos métodos de cosecha de huevos en nidos artificiales de piche
(Dendrocygna autumnalis) en tres habitats del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Palo Verde, Costa Rica
[Efficiency of two methods of egg harvesting in artificial nests of the Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna
autumnalis) in three habitats of Palo Verde National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica] / Altuve-Marenco, José
Luis. (Universidad Ezequiel Zamora, Mesa Cavaca 3323, Guanare, Eco. Portuguesa, VE). Heredia:
Universidad Nacional, 1992. 69 p. Tesis, Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional,
Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Evalué la eficacia y efectos de: a) la cosecha de huevos del piche (Dendrocygna autumnalis) y b) hábitat
de ubicación de cajas de anidación sobre: la tasa de puesta, abandono y depredación de huevos, el
tamaño de nidada, y la incubación y producción de polluelos. Realicé el trabajo entre junio y diciembre
de 1989 en el Refugio Palo Verde, Costa Rica. Puse 44 cajas de anidación en tres hábitats de cobertura
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abierto, intermedio y arbolado alrededor del pantano. Los métodos de cosecha fueron: a) diariamente
todos los huevos nuevos menos uno (método I); y b) dejaba todos los huevos y el día 16vo después de
haberse iniciado la puesta, cosechaba todos menos 16 huevos (método II). Además, en un control no
coseché huevos. Fueron utilizadas 33 cajas (75%) como nido. El uso fue mayor en hábitat abierto pero
no significativo. Fueron puestos 1815 huevos en total (x=12,36 huevos/día). Entre una y 12 hembras
contribuyeron a una puesta. El 76% de las puestas fueron múltiples. La frecuencia de puestas múltiples
en hábitat abierto fue 32% mayor que la de singulares (P<0,001). Hubo más puestas múltiples que
singulares en método I que en otros métodos (P=0,006). Existió una asociación positiva entre la
distribución y cantidad de lluvia caída y el número de huevos puestos por semana (P<0,01). Coseché 792
huevos (44% de los puestos). El número de huevos cosechados/puesta fue no significativamente mayor
con método I (=40,4) que con el método II (=30,7); ni tampoco entre hábitats. La cosecha total tuvo una
biomasa de 32 kg, con valor de 2 880,00 colones en 22 puestas. Ocurrieron 25 nidadas (nidos incubados)
(51% del total de puestas). La proporción de nidadas fue 26% y 14% mayor para método I (=40,4) que
para método II y control, respectivamente; y 30% y 22% mayor para hábitat abierto que para intermedio
arbolado, respectivamente. La eficiencia de incubación (éxito) fue deficiente para nidadas método Ihábitat abierto, método II-hábitat intermedio y en hábitat arbolado (P<0,005). Doscientos ochenta
polluelos (98,6% de los nacidos) lograron abandonar las cajas, con una media de 20,0 polluelos por
nidada exitosa sin diferencias entre métodos de cosecha. La proporción de huevos fértiles no nacidos
fue mayor para el control (15 huevos; 5,45%) que para el método I (1 huevo; 0,64%) y método II (5
huevos; 4,59%) (P<0,001). La proporción de huevos infértiles fue mayor en nidadas múltiples del
método II (8 huevos; 7,3%) que en control (10 huevos; 3,6%) y método I (1 huevo; 0,64%) (P<0,003).
Fueron abandonadas 18 puestas (37% del total). Hubo más puestas abandonadas en control y hábitat
arbolado, pero no fue significativo. Durante octubre fueron abandonadas el 50% de las puestas activas
(P¾0,02). No existió asociación entre lluvia caída y puestas abandonadas. Diecisiete puestas (35%)
fueron depredadas. Hubo más puestas depredadas en método I (57%) que en control (18%) y método II
(38%), pero no fue significativamente diferente. La depredación de puestas fue mayor en hábitat
arbolado (41%) que en intermedio y abierto (18% y 38%, respectivamente), pero no fue significativa.
Durante agosto la depredación fue de 91% del total de puestas activas, mayor que los demás meses
(P<0,002). El mapache (Procyon lotor) y la boa (Boa constrictor) fueron los únicos depredadores de
huevos, con el 71% y 29% de las puestas depredadas, respectivamente. Estimo que el manejo adecuado
de cajas de anidación para cosecha de huevos es instalar cajas en hábitat abierto y cosechar con método
I.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 128. Biblioteca Joaquín García M.: Tesis 1741.
Publicación no.: 298 Mapeo de los humedales de Palo Verde, Costa Rica / Bravo-Chacón, Juan.; Flores,
Teresita.; Mora, Ileana. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales; Programa ECOMA;
Apdo. 86-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Ambientales (ISSN 1409-2158), v.8, p. 23-31. 1991.
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados al aplicar el Sistema de Clasificación de Humedales de
Cowardin en el área que corresponde a los humedales de Palo Verde (Parque y Refugio), Costa Rica,
territorios que ocupan unas 17 000 ha, de las cuales 10 360 ha son clasificadas como humedales. La fase
de campo consistió en un muestreo de agua, suelo y vegetación en 20 sitios del área, luego se realizó
una identificación cartográfica y morfológica del terreno y se comprobó en el campo el material
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producido durante el desarrollo del trabajo. Concluye que los humedales de Palo Verde muestran tres
sistemas, tres subsistemas, siete clases y dos modificadores hídricos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C.
Publicación no.: 299 Bases para la evaluación de los efectos de la alteración del habitat sobre la vida
silvestre en Palo Verde, Costa Rica / Chalukian-Madrid, Silvia C.; Deza-Gaviria, Maria Eugenia.; FallasGamboa, Jorge.; Guido-Martínez, Maritza Yadira.; Márquez-Reyes, César.; Monge-Meza, Javier.;
Rodríguez-Ramírez, Manuel Felipe.; Ruiz-Pérez, Gustavo Adolfo.; Velasco-Abad, Eduardo.; VidesAlmonacid, Roberto. Heredia: Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre,
1990. 46 p.
En Costa Rica la tala y quema de la vegetación con fines agrícolas, han transformado gran parte del
bosque seco tropical en pastizales con árboles dispersos. Al parecer el fuego no constituyó un factor
importante de la ecología evolutiva de este tipo de ambiente. El uso del fuego forma parte de las
prácticas agropecuarias tradicionales por lo que anualmente grandes extensiones de tierra son
quemadas con el fin de hacer brotar pastos y limpiar nuevos terrenos para el establecimiento de cultivos
y ganadería. El Refugio de Fauna Silvestre "Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero", antes de ser declarado
como tal en 1977, formaba parte de una finca con actividades agrícolas y ganaderas, y soportó, al igual
que otras áreas similares, incendios periódicos. Después del establecimiento del Refugio se han
producido anualmente incendios forestales durante la estación seca, en gran parte producto de
estrategias de los "monteadores" para localizar sus presas. La frecuencia con que se han producido estos
incendios y las extensiones afectadas, han hecho que la Comisión Nacional de Incendios del Servicio de
Parques Nacionales considere al Refugio de Fauna Silvestre de Palo Verde como área prioritaria durante
los períodos de sequía. Hasta el presente, sin embargo, no se ha hecho una evaluación sistematizada del
impacto de los incendios en el área ni de la recuperación de las zonas quemadas. Por lo antes expuesto
desarrollamos una investigación preliminar con los siguientes objetivos: 1. Diseñar una metodología
para evaluar el impacto de los incendios en Palo Verde. 2. Sugerir sitios de monitoreo regular, con el fin
de registrar los cambios que se producen en el tiempo como sucesión secundaria, regeneración del
bosque, composición y densidad a la perturbación. 3. Sugerir pautas de manejo en relación a los efectos
antrópicos.
Publicación no.: 300 Limiting factors in the establishment, growth, and survival of rare canopy trees in
a tropical wet forest [Factores limitantes en el establecimiento, crecimiento y supervivencia de árboles
poco comunes del dosel en un bosque húmedo tropical] / Flamm, B.R.
En: Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany (ISSN 0082-6782), Suppl. 1, p. 101-110. 1992.
It generaly is agreed that the biome with the greatest abundance and diversity of species is the tropical
moist forest. It has been estimated that this ecological type contains twenty to fifty percent of the
earth's total species. Most important, tropical forests are more sensitive, less resilient, and in greater
danger of complete destruction than temperate or boreal habitats. Our impact on biological systems is
on a very different scale than ever before.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1148. PVB. LS.
Publicación no.: 301 Términos de referencia para evaluación de impacto ambiental y plan de manejo
del Parque Nacional Palo Verde: II Etapa Proyecto de Riego Arenal-Tempisque y sus posibles efectos
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sobre el Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Informe final / Barboza-Jiménez, G. (MINAE / SINAC. Director,
Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: MIRENEM. Servicio de Parques Nacionales, 1992. 36 p.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 302 Palo Verde: un reto de manejo / Castro-Salazar, G.
En: Boletín de la Fundación Neotrópica, v. 1, p. 8-10. 1993.
El Parque Nacional Palo Verde se ubica unos 25 km al sur de Abangares, entre los ríos Bebedero y
Tempisque, cerca del punto en que este último desemboca en el Golfo de Nicoya. Esto es al noroeste del
país, en la provincia de Guanacaste. Esta provincia fue colonizada a partir del siglo XVI por los europeos,
pero la presencia de civilizaciones se remonta varios siglos atrás. Las principales actividades económicas
son el turismo, la agricultura y la ganadería. Su extensión es de aproximadamente un millón de
hectáreas y su población de docientas cuarenta mil personas. La totalidad del Parque se considera
Bosque Tropical Seco (Tosi 1969), con una precipitación pluvial anual estimada entre 1.000 - 1.500 mm y
una biotemperatura media anual por encima de 24°C. Posee cerca de 20.000 ha, en las que se destacan
cerros calcáreos y zonas bajas con bosque alterado, los humedales más importantes del país y la Isla de
Pájaros en el Río Tempisque. Constituye la base del Area de Conservación Tempisque, tanto porque
representa cerca del 60% del área total como por su riqueza en términos de biodiversidad. En las
inmediaciones del Parque, hacia el norte, se desarrolla parte de un importante proyecto de irrigación: el
Proyecto Arenal-Tempisque. Su área de influencia es cerca de 140 000 ha con riego efectivo en cerca de
60 000 y abarca una cuarta parte de la Cuenca del Tempisque. Esto significa una modificación sustancial
del uso regional del suelo y producirá cambios en la estructura social y productiva de la región; dando
mayor seguridad a la producción agropecuaria pero impactando al ambiente que hace posible en mayor
o menor grado el proyecto de irrigación. Antes de ser declarado área protegida, fue utilizado como
hacienda ganadera por más de cien años. Las evidencias de disturbación de origen humano son claras en
muchos sitios. En general el área podría considerarse de retorno, es decir, un sitio que está en proceso
de volver a una condición que suponemos poseía antes de que iniciara la explotación de sus recursos. Se
requiere manejo para que esto ocurra. Los aspectos identificados más comúnmente como amenazas son
los incendios forestales, la cacería furtiva, los cambios producidos por el Distrito de Riego, el turismo y la
progresiva pérdida de las lagunas. Se consideran amenazas porque ocasionan daños en la Naturaleza
que queremos proteger y porque obstaculizan el proceso de retorno. La singular importancia de Palo
Verde reside el la yuxtaposición de una gran ciénaga estacional en tre el Tempisque y abruptas colinas
calizas. Se considera uno de los lugares de mayor diversidad ecológica de Costa Rica; existen de 12 a 11
hábitats que se crean por la topografía, las condiciones edáficas, incluyendo el drenaje, el rebalse de los
ríos y el efecto de las mareas. Entre estos hábitats se encuentran las lagunas pantano-salobres y de agua
dulce, los zacatonales con mangle salado, los manglares, los pastizales con el árboles de hoja chigüe, los
bosques achaparrados de bajura, los bosques mixtos deciduos de llanura, lo bosques mixtos sobre las
colinas calcáreas, los bosques ribereños, las sabanas arboladas, los bosques anegados y los bosques
siempre verdes. Desde el punto de vista de flora, una de las especies más conspicuas y que da nombre al
lugar es el palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata). Existe también el guayacán real (Guaiacum sanctum), árbol
de madera preciosa en grave peligro de extinción. En cuanto a la fauna, el sistema hidrológico natural de
Palo Verde crea las condiciones adecuadas para que se produzca una importante concentración, de aves
acuáticas y vadeadoras. Las aves observadas tanto acuáticas como terrestres suman 279 especies,
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aunque se plantea que este número podría ser 300. En Palo Verde, anida el galán sin ventura (Jabiru
mycteria), especie en peligro de extinción, que ha sido tomada como símbolo del ACT y subsiste una de
las pocas poblaciones de lapas coloradas (Ara macao) del Pacífico Seco. La Isla Pájaros, de 2.3 ha,
localizada en el Río Tempisque merece especial mención debido a la gran cantidad de aves, de varias
especies, que anidan en ella. A instancias de The Nature Conservancy (TNC) la Fundación asumió la
responsabilidad de ejecutar parte de un proyecto llamado PACA (Proyecto Ambiental para
Centroamérica) que incluye al Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Se ejecuta el Componente de Manejo de
Areas Silvestres y en él se coordina con el Area de Conservación Tempisque, apoyando sus esfuerzos con
los de la Fundación para mantener este valioso sitio. Además de PACA se desarrollan ideas para ampliar
el trabajo en Palo Verde a través del Programa Parques en Peligro (PEP) que también es propiciado por
el TNC. La Fundación Neotrópica se ha planteado algunas consideraciones sobre el manejo, para tener
orientaciones generales para el trabajo que se realiza, mientras el Servicio de Parques Nacionales define
un Plan de Manejo para Palo Verde. Estos son: a. En términos de manejo podría dividirse el Parque en
tres sectores: los humedales, los cerros y los bosques; con objetivos diferentes: detener, mantener y
catalizar un proceso natural, respectivamente. b. El grado de disturbación de origen humano en algunos
sectores es de tal magnitud que, un manejo decidido y profundo se hace indispensable. c. Es preciso
contar con sistemas claros, operables y que balanceen la posibilidad económica de ejecutarlos con la
necesidad ecológica de hacerlo. d. Es difícil alcanzar metas en un sitio cuya calidad ecológica depende en
gran medida del manejo que se realice si no se concibe éste como un proceso gradual que debe ser
diseñado y ejecutado con criterio de largo plazo. ¿Hasta donde se debe esperar que se restablezca un
equilibrio que fue roto hace tanto tiempo? La Fundación Neotrópica busca trabajar con elementos que
amenazan la existencia del Parque Nacional Palo Verde, para eliminarlos o mitigarlos y así contribuir a la
consolidación del Area de Conservación Tempisque, por medio de su Parque más grande y complejo. No
son estas, lamentablemente, las únicas amenazas actuales o potenciales que enfrenta el Parque, pero se
considera que sobre éstas se podría tener impacto mediante los programas que podemos desarrollar en
este momento. La Fundación procura llevar el problema de los incendios forestales a un nivel
manejable, estableciendo barreras vegetativas en las zonas de mayor riesgo y aumentando la capacidad
de respuesta de los funcionarios del Parque. Para esto se les apoyará en la compra de equipos
mecánicos y en el establecimiento de una red de construcciones de apoyo vara facilitar el acceso al
agua. Además se busca controlar la cacería furtiva en el Parque aumentando la capacidad de respuesta
de los guardaparques colaborando en la dotación de equipo de comunicación, de acampar y de
detección visual nocturna y equipo personal básico como mochilas y cantimploras. Se busca mantener
en las lagunas un habitat adecuado, que permita el desarrollo normal de la avifauna acuática
característica del Parque, estableciendo métodos de trabajo que simplifiquen su manejo. La Fundación
cree que este manejo debe ser permanente y debe combinar varias opciones, entre ellas el uso de
máquinas agrícolas, el pastoreo con bovinos de carne y el trabajo manual. Se han planteado como metas
establecer con claridad áreas de trabajo, límites ecológicos a la mecanización, los métodos a utilizar, el
costo de los trabajos y la búsqueda del autofinanciamiento. El último aspecto es el turismo en la zona.
Publicación no.: 303 La germinación de Sesbania emerus (Fabaceae): Efecto de la inmersión en ácido
sulfúrico [The germination of Sesbania emerus (Fabaceae: Effect of immersion in sulphuric acid] /
Guerrero-Barrantes, Maritza.; Herrera-Quirós, Jorge. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro para
Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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Seeds of Sesbania emerus harvested yearly (1989-1992) were stored at 21 degree C until 1992, when
this experiment was done by separating brown and gray seeds. Immersion treatments with and without
sulfuric acid for 20 min were carried out to interrupt seed dormancy. Gray seeds had higher germination
values when treated with acid; on the contrary, no effect was noticed in brown seeds. Hipocotyl length
and seedling dry weight were useful in determining vigor, except in brown seeds treated with acid, that
show no decreasing values with age.
Publicación no.: 304 Refugio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre "Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Caballero" (Palo
Verde) / Meza-Ocampo, Tobías. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Historia y Geografía, San José, CR
En: Herencia (Costa Rica) (ISSN 1659-0066), v. 3, no. 1/2, p. 68-76. 1991.
Esta zona se inunda frecuentemente en la estación lluviosa, principalmente en los meses de setiembre y
octubre, como consecuencia de los desbordamientos de los ríos Tempisque y Bebedero. Debido a sus
condiciones topográficas y al mal drenaje de los suelos se favorece la formación de lagunas, caños,
esteros y pantanos, con lo que se crean las condiciones necesarias para que sirva de refugio de aves
acuáticas y terrestres, tanto nacionales como del istmo centroamericano. En los meses de febrero y
marzo, estos pantanos son cubiertos por las aguas salobres provenientes de las altas mareas del Golfo
de Nicoya. Objetivo general: Velar por la conservación y la reproducción de aquellas especies que se
encuentran en peligro de extinción en la Península y el Golfo de Nicoya. Objetivos especificos: 1Destacar la ubicación geográfica del Refugio de Palo Verde y explicar su importancia. 2- Reconocer qué
tipo de formación geológica se encuentra presente en el área. 3- Describir los rasgos geomorfológicos
que se localizan en el refugio. 4- Describir cuáles asociaciones de suelo están presentes en el área. 5Analizar cuál tipo de zona de vida está presente en el área. 6- Explicar la importancia de las comunidades
vegetales que encontramos en esta área protegida. 7- Describir la zona donde se encuentra la Isla de
Pájaros. 8- Investigar qué tipo de vegetación se localiza en este lugar. 9- Enumerar algunas de las
especies de animales características del Refugio.
Publicación no.: 305 The importance of the human face in risk perception by black iguanas,
Ctenosaura similis [Importancia de la cara humana en la percepción de riesgos por parte de las iguanas
negras, Ctenosaura similis] / Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (Rutgers University. Division of Life Sciences, 604
Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, US).
Black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) are eaten by humans and other predators throughout Central
America. The importance of a human face to the avoidance and fleeing behavior of black iguanas was
examined using an approaching person as the stimulus. Iguanas were exposed to an approaching person
either with an exposed face or with the face covered with hair. In the latter case the iguanas received
the conflicting stimuli of a person both approaching, yet appearing to retreat. Iguanas moved earlier,
and ran farther when the approaching person had an exposed face compared to a face hidden by hair.
For iguanas exposed to a face there were significant correlations between the escape behaviors; iguanas
that moved and ran earlier also ran farther. However, for iguanas exposed to the hair there were no
significant correlations among escape behaviors.
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Publicación no.: 306 Eye-opening disguises [Disfraces con ojos abiertos] / Turner, A.
En: BBC Wildlife (ISSN 0265-3656), v. 9, p. 823. 1991.
Most animals need to keep watch for predators, even when busy feeding. But it doesn't pay to be too
jumpy, and run away from every approaching shape, or there'd be little time left for anything else. So an
animal needs to distinguish between a dangerous predator on the lookout for a meal, and a harmless
one just passing by. But how do you assess the risk? There are a number of cues to watch for: how the
predator is moving, whether it is coming straight towards your, how big and how close it is. For black
iguanas, at least, it seems that the eyes have it, according to Dr. Joanna Burger of Rutgers University and
colleagues, who studied these lizards in Guanacaste, in Costa Rica (Animal Behaviour, vol. 42, pp. 471-6).
Throughout their range black iguanas are hunted for the pot; their meat not only tastes good, but also
reputed to cure impotency. Not surprisingly, when a person comes too close, an iguana will make a
quick get away. But just how close is too close? To find out, the biologists decided to play the role of
potential predators. In each test, one of them would don a mask painted with either normal-sized eyes
or extra-large ones, and then walk directly towards a baking iguana. The difference in response to the
two eye masks was dramatic: when the approaching person appeared to have large eyes, an iguana
tended to flee sooner, and to run further. Though the results were decisive, the reason for them is
rather less clear. Perhaps, say the researchers, a large-eyed person is assessed by an iguana as being
nearer or larger than he or she really is, or perhaps a large-eyed person simply looks more threatening.
Publicación no.: 307 Heavy metal and selenium levels in endangered wood storks Mycteria americana
from nesting colonies in Florida and Costa Rica [Niveles de metales pesados y selenio en el amenazado
cigüeñón (Mycteria americana) en colonias anidantes en la Florida y Costa Rica] / Burger, J.; Rodgers,
J.A.; Gochfeld, M. (Rutgers University. Division of Life Sciences, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 088548082, US).
En: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (ISSN 0090-4341), v. 24, no. 4, p. 417-420.
1993.
Colonially-nesting birds often nest in coastal areas, along rivers, or near other bodies of water that also
are potentially polluted from industrial, agricultural or urban development. The levels of heavy metals
and selenium were examined in the feathers of young wood storks Mycteria americana nesting in
Northeastern Florida and from adult and young storks nesting on the Tempisque River on the west coast
of Costa Rica. There were no significant yearly differences among the chicks from Costa Rica.
Concentration of mercury, cadmium, and lead were significantly higher in the chicks from Florida
compared to those from Costa Rica. Adult wood storks at Costa Rica had significantly higher levels of
lead, cadmium, selenium, and manganese than young from the same colony.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1875. PVB. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-9867.
Publicación no.: 308 All the boys think she's a spy [Todos los chicos piensan que ella es una espía] /
Anonymous.
En: Discover (ISSN 0274-7529), no. April, p. 15. 1992.
Joanna Burger approached Costa Rican iguanas at an angle and found that they fled; walked straight at
them with averted eyes and found they fled more quickly; walked straight at them while staring straight
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at them and saw them really head for the hills. But what spooked them most of all, reports Burger, a
biologist at Rutgers University, was when she wore her "large eye" mask. This mask was far more
frightening, it seems, than a "small eye" mask. "In Costa Rica, iguanas are heavily hunted," explains
Burger. "They're apparently quite tasty." And apparently their perception is sharp enough for them to
tell that a large animal eyeballing them is probably a large animal with bad intent. "People usually have
a low opinion of reptiles' abilities," says Burger. "This shows that they have very fine sensory
discrimination." For her next experiment, Burger will try combing her hair over her face to see if the
iguanas can tell whether she's coming or going.
Publicación no.: 309 Restauración ecológica y control de incendios a través de pastoreo en el bosque
seco de Palo Verde, Costa Rica / Barboza-Jiménez, G. (MINAE / SINAC. Director, Area de Conservación
Guanacaste, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San
José: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 1994. 7 p.
Desde 1990, el Area de Conservación Tempisque (ACT) del SPN-MIRENEM, inició estudios técnicos
tendientes a utilizar la ganadería como un instrumento para manejo de combustible y alternativa de
restauración en sectores del bosque seco del Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Se identificaron los sitios de
mayor prioridad y se diseñó el proyecto, iniciándose su ejecución en julio de 1991 en el sector "La
Carreta", en un área de 250 ha, con participación de tres pequeños ganaderos locales que aportaron 203
reses; se incluyó un diseño experimental para monitoreo con tres tratamientos, según se indica en la
metodología. Actualmente se realiza monitoreo del mismo, con apoyo técnico de la Organización para
Estudios Tropicales (OET).
Publicación no.: 310 The genus Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) in Costa Rica / Crow, Garrett E.
(University of New Hampshire. Department of Plant Biology, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail:
A taxonomic treatment of the genus is presented for the 10 species occurring in Costa Rica. Keys,
diagnostic features, habitat, flowering period, geographical distributions, and nomenclatural aspects are
discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2516. LC. PVB.
Publicación no.: 311 Primera documentación de Leptochloa panicoides (Presl) Hitchc. (Poaceae) en
Costa Rica [First record of Leptochloa panicoides (Presl.) Hitchc. (Poaceae) in Costa Rica] / Snow, N.;
Crow, Garrett E. (Missouri Botanical Garden, Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, US <E-mail:
Collected independently by Snow and Crow from the Nicoya Peninsula and Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
respectively; this issue of Brenesia was so long in the making that this report was scooped by Flora
mesoamericana. We wonder why Snow and Crow do not discuss Leptochloa uninervia (J. Presl) Hitchc. &
Chase in a similar vein; as far as we are aware, Crow's collection (cited in Flora mesoamericana) is the
first Costa Rican record for this sp. as well. Five Leptochloa spp. are known from Costa Rica, compared
with three included in Pohl's Flora costaricensis treatment.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. PVB.
Publicación no.: 312 Cattail (Typha domingensis) eradication methods in the restoration of a tropical,
seasonal, freshwater marsh [Métodos de erradicación de tifa (Typha domingensis) en la restauración de
un pantano tropical, estacional, de agua dulce] / McCoy-Colton, Michael B.; Rodríguez-Ramírez, J.M.;
Mitsch, William J. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional
Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Global Wetlands: Old World and New Amsterdan: Elsevier Science Publisher, 1994. p. 469-482.
Elimination of cattle grazing in the 500-ha marsh at Palo Verde National Wildlife Refuge upon its
creation in 1980 favored the invasion and almost complete coverage of cattail (Typha dominguensis) in
this important Central Americal habitat to 60 species of resident and migratory waterbirds. Numbers
declined for most of these species during this time. From 1987 to 1992 we have worked toward an
economically feasible method of reversig the trend. We tested low-density cattle grazzing, burning,
disking, sub-aquatic hand- and mechanical mowing, and mechanical crushing of cattail. Grazing did not
reduce stem densities during 3.5 years. Attempts to flood rhizomes after pre-wet season burns failed for
lack of rain (1987). Success of sub-aquatic hand cutting depended on cutting depth and location of cuts
on stems. Burning and disking (tractor) the dried marsh reduced sprouts but required several hand-cuts
later. We eliminated 20 ha with a mechanical mower and tractor (1989). Single cuts in shallow water
favored floating vegetation, while later deeper cuts eliminated all vegetation which later produced
exposed mud (dry season). Bird numbers greatly increased as a direct result of sub-aquatic mechanical
mowing. In 1990-91 we obtained 100% cattail kill by crushing with a tractor fitted with rear, iron paddle
wheels. We believe crushing to be the quickest, cheapest and easiest way for short-term cattail control.
However, intensive grazing will be necessary to control the great biomass of grass which arises after
cattail removal. Local ranchers are now providing this grazing and also benefitting economically from
this wildland area.
Publicación no.: 313 Latin American insects and entomology [Insectos latinoamericanos y entomología]
/ Hogue, Charles L. (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard.
Department of Entomology, Los Angeles, CA 90007, US). Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1993. 536
p.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 595.7098 H714-l:LS.
Publicación no.: 314 Variability profiles for line transect bird censuses in a tropical dry forest in Mexico
/ Ornelas, Juan Francisco.; Arizmendi, María del Coro.; Márquez-Valdelamar, Laura.; Navarijo, María de
Lourdes.; Berlanga, Humberto A. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Ecología,
Apartado Postal 70-233, 04510 México, D.F., MX).
En: The Condor (ISSN 0010-5422), v. 95, no. 2, p. 422-441. 1993
Seasonal and temporal patterns of species diversity and abundance in the avifauna of Chamela, Jalisco,
Mexico, were studied in different habitats in the coastal tropical dry forest. Species richness did not
differ among three different transects. The number of species was temporally homogeneous. Species
diversity was similar for all three transects, but it changed to higher values during the rainy season at
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arroyo habitats and during the dry season (winter) at disturbed habitats. Population fluctuations
observed in the second year of the study suggest that stochastic events such as droughts in this region
may influence local population dynamics. Patterns of population fluctuation of resident species are
discussed with regard to censusing methods and conservation priorities.
Publicación no.: 315 Nest site selection by birds in Acacia trees in a Costa Rican dry deciduous forest
[Selección de los sitios de anidamiento por aves en árboles de Acacia en un bosque seco caducifolio
costarricense] / Flaspohler, D.J.; Laska, M.S. (University of Wisconsin. Department of Wildlife Ecology,
A229 Russell Labs, Madison, WI 53706, US).
En: Wilson Bulletin (ISSN 0043-5643), v. 106, no. 1, p. 162-165. 1994
Three species of birds, Campylorhynchus rufinucha, Tolmomyias sulphurescens and Icterus sclateri
commonly build nests in Acacia cornigera (which occurs in wet or seasonally flooded areas) or A. collinsii
(which occurs in drier areas) in dry forest at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. Three species of ants
live in a mutualistic association with the acacias: Pseudomyrmex flavicornis, P. spinicola and P.
nigrocinta. The ants typically clear a large area (or halo) around one or several trees to defend the plant.
Nest sites were studied to determine whether: birds prefer a specific species of acacia; birds prefer one
species of ant over another; tree height and diameter affect nest site selection; and size of the halo
affected nest site selection.
Publicación no.: 316 Urge puente en el Río Tempisque: [Estudio de caso] / Castro-Salazar, René.
(Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas, Apartado Postal 960-4050, La Garita de
Alajuela, CR). Alajuela: INCAE, 1993. 18 p.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 317 Drinking, vigilance, and group size in white-tipped doves and common grounddoves in Costa Rica [Vigilancia mientras beben y tamaño del grupo en las palomas yuré y la tortolita
común] / Burger, J. (Rutgers University. Department of Biological Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08855, US).
En: Wilson Bulletin (ISSN 0043-5643), v. 104, no. 2, p. 357-359. 1992
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 318 Guía de aves de Costa Rica [A guide to the birds of Costa Rica] / Stiles, F. Gary.;
Skutch, Alexander F.; Gardner, D, (Ill.). (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>). Santo Domingo de Heredia:
Editorial INBio, 1995. 686 pp. ISBN: 9968-702-03-X.
Costa Rica, un país de aproximadamente el tamaño del estado de Virgina Occidental, tiene una avifauna
de más de 830 especies, o sea más especies que los Estados Unidos y Canadá juntos. Posiblemente sea a
nivel mundial el país con más especies de avesy tipos de hábitats para un territorio tan pequeño. A solo
dos horas en automóvil de la capital, San José, se puede ver quetzales en bosques de altura, pájaros
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hormigueros en la bajura y aves costeras en un manglar. Este libro, con más ilustraciones en color que la
edición inglesa, sobre la cual tiene además la ventaja de incorporar ciertas correcciones, es la obra más
completa de una avifauna tropical que exista en un solo volumen manejable en el campo. Al incluir
detalladamente aves acuáticas y migratorias además de las especies tropicales locales, y al presentar
datos sobre plumaje, canto, alimentación, anidación y distribución geográfica, es también una verdadera
guía sobre la biología de las aves, y no solo una guía para identificarlas. Este libroservirá a quienes no
solo quieren saber como es el ave, sino también donde vive, como se comporta, lo que come y como se
reproduce. Gary Stiles y Alexander Skutch inician con una descripción de la topografía, la vegetación y
los climas de Costa Rica, ilustrada con fotografías de algunos de los principales tipos de hábitat y
características vegetales, particularmente las desconocidas para visitantes provenientes de otros climas.
Para aquellos que quieren mirar con atención e interpretar lo que ven, los autores comentan sobre
evolución, ecología y comportamiento e informan sobre los costosos y valientes esfuerzos nacionales
por conservar contra viento y marea. Las descripciones de familias y especies que siguen a esa
introducción (más de 400 páginas) constituyen la mayoría del libro, con 52 láminas en color que incluyen
a casi todas las especies, tanto locales como migratorias, destacando los plumajes característicos para
muchas de ellas. También se presentan consejos para ir al campo (incluyendo tres mapas), y
descripciones de lugares adecuados para ver aves, con claras instrucciones para el viaje en automóvil,
transporte público y a pie. Esta puede considerarse una pequeña y amena enciclopedia de las
fascinantes y siempre sorprendentes aves de Costa Rica. Esperamos que el libro sea bien recibido por
observadores de aves y otros naturalistas, ornitólogos profesionales y aficionados, ecólogos, turistas y
conservacionistas con interés en la parte neotropical de la América Latina.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 598.297286 S856g.
Publicación no.: 319 Risk discrimination of eye contact and directness of approach in black iguanas
(Ctenosaura similis) / Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M.; Murray, B.G., Jr. (Rutgers University. Division of Life
Sciences, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, US).
En: Journal of Comparative Psychology (ISSN 0735-7036), v. 106, no. 1, p. 97-101. 1992.
We examined the ability of basking black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) to discriminate risk from a person
walking directly toward them versus one walking tangentially by them when the person looked either
directly at them or away from them. All iguanas were tested near the Organization for Tropical Studies
Palo Verde, Costa Rica field station or the refuge hacienda, where they were habituated to the presence
of humans. The animals responded most quickly to a direct approach with a direct gaze, followed by a
direct approach with an averted gaze and a tangential approach with a direct gaze, and least quickly to a
tangential approach with an averted gaze. Behavioral responses were not related to body size but were
intercorrelated. These results demonstrate that iguanas can use both body orientation and gaze
direction to assess the threat of an approaching predator.
Publicación no.: 320 Lepidopteran larval defenses against predators in tropical and temperate
systems: the importance of diet breadth and chemistry [Defensas de las larvas de lepidópteros contra
los depredadores en sistemas tropicales y templados: importancia de la amplitud de la dieta y la
química] / Dyer, Lee A. (Tulane University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, New
Orleans, LA 70118, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Boulder, CO: The University of Colorado, 1994. 240
pp. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO (USA).
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Recent studies have focused on predation as an important selective force on characteristics of
phytophagus insects. These studies have suggested that narrow diet breadth is a result of pressure from
natural enemies, but they have not revealed the antipredator mechanisms by which dietary specialists
are better protected than generalist. To examine the effectiveness of larval antipredator mechanisms
and to test the assumption that diet breadth and chemistry are important predictors of predator
rejections, experiments were conducted in tropical and temperate system which addressed the
following questions: 1) Are specialist caterpillar better protected than generalists against invertebrate
predator" 2) Are bottom-up (plant chemistry) and top-down (predation) forces both important in
limiting the host range of herbivores. 3) What larval characteristics are effective antipredator
mechanisms against invertebrate predators. 4) How important to effectiveness of prey defenses are
intraespecific variation and interspecific variation in predators; responses to various defenses. Most of
the experiments consisted in offering both generalist and specialist lepidopteron larvae to five different
invertebrate predators , Paraponera clavata (bala ant), Apiomerus pictipes (Assassin bug), Polistes
carnifex (Paper wasp), Camponotus floridanus (Carpenter ant). To test for the importance of prey
chemistry as a determinant of predator rejections , it was offered caterpillar and host plant extracts to P.
clavata. And to directly test the importance of plant and offered those caterpillar to P. clavata, C.
floridanus, and F. planipiles. It was found that specialists were better protected than generalists against
P. clavata and against the suite of tropical predators: A. pictipes, P. clavata and P. versicolor. Since plant
chemistry was also an important predictor of predator rejection for all predators, it was concluded that
top-down and bottom-up forces can work together in shaping diet breadth of phytophagus insects.
Other important defenses depended on the predator and included behavior, coloration, diet breadth,
morphology, ontogeny and size. The results also revealed that both intraspecific and interspecific
variation exist in predators; responses to defenses. This variation could serve to lessen the impact of
predator on specific prey characteristics, such as diet breadth.
Publicación no.: 321 Pastoreo controlado evita incendios y ayuda a ganaderos / Barboza-Jiménez, G.
(MINAE / SINAC. Director, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de
Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: OET al Día, v. 1, p. 4-5. 1996. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: O.
Publicación no.: 322 Limnocharitaceae / Haynes, Robert R.; Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz B. (The University of
Alabama. Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345, US <E-mail:
En: Flora Neotropica (ISSN 0071-5794), Monograph no. 56, 34 p. 1992. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: F.
Publicación no.: 323 Color discrimination conditioning of a wasp, Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae) [Discriminación condicionante del color de una avispa, Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae)] / Shafir, S. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
A Polybia occidentalis wasp was conditioned to collect sugar-water from a blue card (CB). In
discrimination experiments, the wasp was able to detect the CB card when it was placed among 11
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other cards that were all white, different shades of grey, different colours, or different shades of blue.
The wasp made fewer mistakes in later trials than in earlier trials of each experiment, showing that she
learned to focus on cues that were sufficient for discriminating between the CB card and the other cards
present. The wasp was very successful at discriminating the CB card from other cards of similar
brightness but that differed in their spectral reflection properties. The wasp's most common mistakes
were with cards that were most similar to the CB card in their relative spectral reflection curves at
wavelengths shorter than 575 nm. Cards that were similar in this region, and also reflected longer
wavelengths, were most commonly confused with the CB card. Cards with reflection peaks in the blue
region but that also reflected other wavelengths shorter than 575 nm were not commonly confused
with the CB card. Therefore, unlike a few hymenopteran species, Polybia does not seem to have a redsensitive photoreceptor Colour vision was supported in that the wasp discriminated between the CB
card and cards that varied in their spectral reflection properties, independent of light intensity. This is
the first behavioural demonstration of colour vision in the Polistinae.
Publicación no.: 324 Variation in substrate use by white-faced capuchins [Variación en el uso del
sustrato por parte de los monos carablanca] / Gilbert, K.A.; Stouffer, P.C. (Rutgers University.
Department of Anthropology, P.O. Box 270, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, US).
En: Human Evolution (ISSN 0393-9375), v. 5, no. 1, p. 5-9. 1992.
We examined substrate use by a group of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) during the dry
season in the seasonally dry forest at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. The group's most common
terrestrial activities were foraging and traveling. Subjuveniles were most terrestrial, traveling
terrestrially 55% of the time and foraging terrestrially 42% of the time. Juveniles were least terrestrial
(36% travel, 24% forage). Rest and social activity were highly arboreal for all age classes. Terrestrial
foraging was most common in the middle of the day. Terrestrial traveling became increasingly common
over the course of the day.
Publicación no.: 325 La flora acuática del humedal de Palo Verde / Hernández-Esquivel, Daniel A.;
Gómez-Laurito, Jorge. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para
Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: EUNA,
1993. 131 p. ISBN: 9977-65-064-0.
Palo Verde está ubicado en la cuenca baja del Río Tempisque, Costa Rica, y sus humedales se
caracterizan por ser estacionales. La estación lluviosa se extiende desde mayo hasta noviembre con una
precipitación media anual de 1.000 a 1.500 mm, que puede aumentar hasta 2.500 en algunos años por
efectos de malas condiciones climáticas. La estación seca se extiende desde diciembre hasta mayo, y se
caracteriza por fuertes vientos. Sin embargo, las lagunas mantienen el agua hasta marzo o abril y cuando
se secan, los suelos se agrietan. El área de Palo Verde tiene más de 1.500 ha de pantanos, y una 650 ha
conforman las laguna Palo Verde. La mayor parte de los pantanos se encuentran entre los cerros calizos
y el Río Tempisque. Geomorfológicamente estos pantanos se han formado por las deposiciones
desiguales de los sedimentos que arrastra el río. Se han encontrado 73 especies de plantas acuáticas y
terrestres dentro del área de humedal. En esta guía se presentan las 54 especies más comunes, donde
se incluyen especies emergentes, flotantes, sumergidas, rastreras de verano y escandentes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.526397286 H557f.
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Publicación no.: 326 Taxonomic characterization of some live-stem inhabiting Azteca (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) in Costa Rica, with special reference to the ants of Cordia (Boraginaceae) and Triplaris
(Polygonaceae) [Caracterización taxonómica de algunas hormigas Azteca (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
que viven en tallos vivos en Costa Rica, con especial referencias a las hormigas de Cordia (Boraginaceae)
y Triplaris (Polygonaceae)] / Longino, John T. (The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505, US <Email: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Hymenoptera Research (ISSN 1070-9428), v. 5, p. 131-156. 1996
In the morphological space defined by queen head length and head width, seven Costa Rican species or
species complexes in the ant genus Azteca have relatively narrow, subrectangular heads (head length
about 1.3 times head width), and all of them share characteristic nesting behavior in live stems. These
species and species complexes are taxonomically characterized, and queen and worker-based
identification guides are provided. A subset of these species are common inhabitants of the specialized
ant plants Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae) and Triplaris melaenodendron (Polygonaceae). Azteca
longiceps is an obligate inhabitant of T. melaenodendron, but is known only from two mid-elevation
Pacific slope sites. In the Pacific lowlands T. melaenodendron is usually inhabited by either A. beltii or
Pseudomyrmex viduus, two species that are not obligate inhabitants of particular ant plants, but instead
may be found in a variety of different ant plant species. The Azteca pittieri complex contains the
common obligate inhabitants of Cordia alliodora. A general description of ant community composition in
Cordia and Triplaris ant plants, and discussion of 1) the adaptive significance of queen characters in
Azteca, 2) problems of species definitions as revealed by this study, 3) possible mechanisms generating
complex character distributions in the A. pittieri complex, and 4) the contrasting roles of regional faunas
and global revisions are provided. Taxonomic changes are: Azteca beltii Emery 1893, new stat. [= laeta
Wheeler 1942 new syn., = stolli Forel 1912 new syn.]; Azteca cordincola Forel 1920, new stat.; Azteca
juruensis Forel 1904, new stat.; Azteca nigricans Forel 1899, new stat.; Azteca patruelis Forel 1908, new
stat.; Azteca pittieri Forel 1899 [= emarginatisquamis Forel 1920 new syn.]; Azteca sapii Forel 1912, new
stat.
Publicación no.: 327 Systematic studies on Pseudomyrmex acacia-ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:
Pseudomyrmecinae) [Estudios sistemáticos sobre las hormigas Pseudomyrmex que viven asociadas a las
acacias (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae)] / Ward, Philip S. (University of California.
Department of Entomology, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Hymenoptera Research (ISSN 1070-9428), v. 2, no. 1, p. 117-168. 1993.
The obligate acacia-ants (Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group) are well known as defensive inhabitants of
swollen-thorn acacias in the northern Neotropics. A taxonomic revision of these ants leads to the
recognition of ten species: P. ferrugineus (F. Smith), P. flavicornis (F. Smith), P. janzeni, sp. nov., P.
mixtecus, sp. nov., P. nigrocinctus (Emery), P. particeps, sp. nov., P. peperi (Forel), P. satanicus
(Wheeler), P. spinicola (Emery), and P. veneficus (Wheeler). The following new synonymy is proposed: P.
nigrocinctus = P. alfari (Forel) = P. bicinctus (Santschi) = P. peltatus (Menozzi); P. spinicola = P. atrox
(Forel) = P. gaigei (Forel) = P. infernalis (Wheeler) = P. scelerosus (Wheeler). Diagnostic descriptions and
taxonomic comments are also provided for ten other unrelated species of Pseudomyrmex which have
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become secondarily associated with swollen-thorn acacias either as obligate and, in at least one case,
parasitic occupants (P. nigropilosus (Emery), P. simulans Kempf and P. subtilissimus (Emery); P.
reconditus, sp. nov., may also belong in this category) or as facultative inhabitants ( P. boopis (Roger), P.
gracilis (Fabricius), P. hesperius, sp. nov., P. ita (Forel), stat. nov., P. kuenckeli (Emery) and P. opaciceps,
sp. nov.). A cladistic analysis of the P. ferrugineus group yields the following result which appears to be
fairly robust insofar as there is congruence among the trees derived from worker-, queen-, and malebased character sets: i (nigrocinctus + particeps) + (peperi + ((satanicus + spinicola) + ferrugineus
complex))). The `ferrugineus complex" comprises five species whose phylogenetic relationships are not
fully clarified. The composite data set (47 characters from all three castes) supports the following partial
resolution: (ferrugineus + janzeni + (flavicornis + (mixtecus + veneficus))). The cladogram of the P.
ferrugineus group indicates that speciation in the group has occurred primarily as a consequence of
geographical isolation, and that the ants and their host acacias have experienced diffuse coevolution
rather than strict cospeciation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-11830. Biblioteca OET: S2847.
Publicación no.: 328 Pitcairnia calcicola (Bromeliaceae), a new species from the tropical dry forest of
Costa Rica [Pitcairnia calcicola (Bromeliaceae), una nueva especie del bosque tropical seco de Costa Rica]
/ Grant, Jason R.; Morales-Quirós, J. Francisco. (Université de Neuchâtel. Institut de Botanique,
Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, ch. de Chantemerle 18, 2007 Neuchâtel, CH <E-mail:
En: Novon (ISSN 1055-3177), v. 6, no. 4, p. 366-369. 1996.
Pitcairnia calcicola is described as a narrow endemic of the low limestone hills in the tropical dry forest
of central Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. It belongs to Pitcairnia subg. Pitcairnia, and appears to be
most closely related to P. flagellaris L. B. Smith of Guatemala.
Publicación no.: 329 The Mexican and Central American species of Lophostigma Mickel, including a
new species, new distribution records, and taxonomic notes for the genus (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
[Las especies mexicanas y centroamericanas deophostigma Mickel (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae),
incluyendo nuevas especies, nuevos registros de distribución y notas taxonómicas para el género] /
Cambra-Torok, Roberto A.; Quintero-Arias, Diomedes. (Universidad de Panamá. Museo de Invertebrados
"G. B. Fairchild, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología", Estafeta Universitaria, PA <E-mail:
We present taxonomic comments on the genus Lophostigma Mickel, and a key for the species from
Mexico and Central America, including the new species, L, grisselli Cambra & Quintero from Mexico, the
northernmost distribution record for this Neotropical genus. Lophostigma lebasi (Mickel), is
synonymized with L. cincta (du Buysson). New distribution records are given for: L. cincta (du Buysson),
Costa Rica and Ecuador; L. subgracilis (Cameron), Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica, L. acanthophora
(Dalla Torre), Peru; L. caenodonta (Cameron), Brazil; and L. cayennensis (Andre), Venezuela and Brazil.
Publicación no.: 330 Changes in sex ratio of two species of Phyllostomid bats in northwestern Costa
Rica and their implications for seasonal migration [Cambios en la relación de sexos de dos especies de
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murciélagos filostómidos en el noroeste de Costa Rica y sus implicaciones para la migración estacional] /
Stoner, Kathryn E. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas,
Apartado Postal 27-3, Xangari, Morelia 48980, MX <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America (ISSN 0012-9623), v. 77, Suppl. 3, Part 2, p. 426. 1996.
Abstract only: Long-distance migrations of bats have been well documented, but few studies have tried
to evaluate potential seasonal shortdistance migrations in bats. In this study I evaluated changes in sex
ratios over time of two common Phyllostomid bats (Artibeus jamaicensis and Carollia perspicillata) in the
dry tropical forest of Palo Verde National Park in northwestern Costa Rica. Two mist nets were opened
in a designated area from 6-12 p.m. every two weeks from December 1994-January, 1996. The monthly
sex ratio of males/females for C. perspicillata was less than 1 during the end of the wet season and the
beginning of the dry season (August-February), while the ratio was greater or equal to 1 during the end
of the dry and the beginning of the wet season (March-July). The deficiency of females from AugustFebruary suggest that females are migrating from the area during this time period. The pattern was not
as clear for A. jamaicensis which showed more variation in sex ratio with no clear pattern related to
season. These results suggest that at least some species of tropical dry forest bats may be migrating
seasonally. Further research will concentrate on identifying migratory corridors outside of Palo Verde
National Park.
Publicación no.: 331 Pollen competition and reproductive success under natural conditions in a
tropical dry forest tree (Bombacopsis quinatum) [Competencia por el polen y éxito reproductivo bajo
condiciones naturales en un árbol (Bombacopsis quinatum) del bosque seco tropical] / QuesadaAvendaño, Mauricio.; Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de
Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari), Morelia, Michoacán 58089, MX <E-mail:
En: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America (ISSN 0012-9623), v. 77, Suppl. 3, Part 2, p. 364. 1996.
Abstract only: Few studies have evaluated the significance of pollen competition under natural
conditions in tropical plants. We determined the effect of pollen competition on the reproductive
output of the self-incompatible tree Bombacopsis quinata (Bombacaceae) at Palo Verde National Park.
Six hundred styles from naturally pollinated flowers of 9 trees were excised after senescence and their
ovaries were marked until fruit development. Only 5% of the flowers developed mature fruits and 3%
initiated fruits but later aborted them. The number of pollen grains and tubes were counted for a
subsample of flowers that did not develop fruits, flowers that initiated but aborted their ovaries and the
ones that matured fruits. Our results indicate that flowers that developed into fruits had significantly
more pollen grains and tubes than flowers that did not successfully mature fruits. Pollen competition
occurs in B. quinata after natural pollination and outcross pollen is likely to autocompatible self pollen.
Interference and exploitation competition may occur at the style level between self and outcross pollen.
Because self-incompatibility occurs at the ovary, self-pollination may result in ovary clogging due to
blocking of the ovules by self pollen tubes that reach the ovary before outcross pollen.
Publicación no.: 332 Genitalia and the proper genus: Codatractus gets mysie and uvydixa - in a
compact cyda group - as well as a Hysterectomy, while Cephise gets part of Polythrix (Hesperiidae:
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Pyrginae) / Burns, John M. (National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution, Department of
Entomology, Washington, DC 20560-0127, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society (ISSN 0024-0966), v. 50, no. 3, p. 173-216. 1996
Many features of genitalic morphology show that Evans's monotypic, neotropical genus Cephise
contains not only additional tailless species but also several species with long hindwing tails currently
misplaced in the unrelated genus Polythrix: Cephise auginulus (Godman & Salvin), new combination,
Cephise callias (Mabille), new combination, and Cephise guatemalaensis (Freeman), new combination.
(Even with their removal, Polythrix is still polyphyletic.) There are major problems with the names of
various tailed and tailless species of Cephise. All species of Cephise express a remarkable character state
of the palpus (males more fully than females) in which scales at the distal end of the first segment turn
sharply outward across the ventral edge of the eye. In Guanacaste, Costa Rica, larvae of both a tailless
species (Cephise nuspesez; , new species) and a tailed species (C. auginulus) eat the same plants: 4
species in the Malpighiaceae and 1 in the Combretaceae. Both tailed and tailless species are widespread,
collectively ranging from San Luis Potosí, Mexico, to Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and Brazil.
Again, features of genitalic morphology serve in extracting species from disparate genera (Thorybes,
Cogia) (and from synonymy) and uniting them with Codatractus cyda (Godman) in a compact species
group. Like cyda, the added species - Codatractus mysie (Dyar), new combination, and Codatractus
uvydixa (Dyar), new combination - are tailless; but some species of Codatractus are prominently tailed.
The three species of the cyda group closely replace one another geographically, from southeastern
Arizona to northwestern Honduras; their distribution strongly reflects allopatric speciation and
reinforces their taxonomic union. In superficial appearance, the geographically intermediate (strictly
Mexican) species, uvydixa, resembles the southeastern cyda in Chiapas, Puebla, and Guerrero, but the
northwestern mysie in Colima, Jalisco, and Sinaloa. Although all three species are genitalically extremely
close, they differ markedly in size (mysie, smallest; uvydixa, largest); and mysie differs completely from
uvydixa and cyda in the number of segments in the nudum of the antenna - an unusual evolutionary
development for closely related species. Removed from Codatractus on morphologic (and also
behavioral) grounds, hyster (Dyar) is temporarily a species incertae sedis.
Publicación no.: 333 The species of Anthonomus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with
plants in the family Solanaceae [Las especies de Anthonomus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
asociadas con plantas en la familia Solanaceae] / Clark, Wayne E.; Burke, Horace Reagan. (Auburn
University. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station & Department of Entomology, AL 36849-5413, US
En: Southwestern Entomologist Supplement (ISSN 0277-7878), no. 19, p. 1-114. 1996.
Thirty-two of the 51 species of Anthonomus Germar treated herein are known to be associated with
plants in the family Solanaceae. These species, of which 30 were previously undescribed, are assigned to
13 species groups: A. aeneolus group (2 species, Central America, Mexico, United States); A. aereus
group (4 species, Guatemala, Mexico); A. cyanicolor group (3 species, Colombia, Peru); A. eugenii group
(5 species, Central America, Colombia, Mexico, United States, Venezuela); A. formosus group (6 species,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela); A. humerosus group (3 species, Argentina,
Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela); A. mexicanus group (3 species, Central America, Mexico);
A. morbosus group (2 species, Costa Rica, Panama); A. morpheus group (1 species, Guatemala, Mexico);
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A. orichalceus group (5 species, Costa Rica, Panama); A. soporatus group (6 species, Belize, Bolivia,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Venezuela); A. tenebrosus group (9 species, Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, United States, Uruguay); and A. varipes group (2 species,
Florida, West Indies). Characters of each of the groups and of the species in the groups are described
and selected ones are illustrated. Keys are provided for identification of the groups and of the included
species. Thirty new species are described: Anthonomus abitus (Ecuador), A. aegrotus (Costa Rica,
Panama), A. bardus (Canada, United States), A. catocha (Peru), A. comatosus (Costa Rica), A. concubius
(Costa Rica), A. dormitor (Guatemala, Mexico), A. elutus (Central America, Mexico), A. inanimis (Bolivia),
A. inconcinnus (Venezuela), A. indolis (Costa Rica), A. inertis (Costa Rica), A. medico (Colombia), A.
morbosus (Costa Rica, Panama), A. morpheus (Guatemala, Mexico), A. morticinus (Argentina, Brazil), A.
necrosus (Costa Rica, Panama), A. obtusus (Central America, Mexico), A. oscitans (Brazil, Surinam), A.
peritus (Mexico), A. possum (Peru), A. silentium (Colombia), A. somniculosus (Mexico, Central America),
A. somnium (Panama), A. somnolentus (Bolivia, Peru), A. soporatus (Belize, Mexico), A. soporis
(Guatemala), A. stupor (Panama), A. torpidus (Costa Rica, Panama) and A. veternosus (Costa Rica,
Panama). Lectotypes are designated for Anthonomus aeneotinctus Champion, A. aereus Champion, A.
argentinensis Hustache, A. basalis Kirsch, A. ciliaticollis Champion, A. constrictus Hustache, A. cyanicolor
Gyllenhal, A. formosus Kirsch, A. orichalceus Champion, A. santacruzi Hustache, A. sisymbrii Hustache
and A. sisymbrii tibialis Hustache. The following are new synonyms: Anthonomus apertus Fall (= A. solani
Fall), A. pusio Gyllenhal (= A. pulicarius Boheman, = A. neosolani O'Brien and Wibmer), A. tenebrosus
Boheman (= A. sisymbrii tibialis Hustache).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S.
Publicación no.: 334 The egg capitulum of a neotropical walkingstick, Calynda bicuspis, induces
aboveground egg dispersal by the ponerine ant, Ectatomma ruidum [El capitulum del huevo del juan
palos neotropical, Calynda bicuspis, induce la diseminación del huevo en la superficie del suelo por parte
de la hormiga Ponerinae, Ectatomma ruidum] / Windsor, D.M.; Trapnell, Dorset W.; Amat-García,
Germán. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo. 2072, Balboa, Ancon, PA <E-mail:
En: Journal of Insect Behavior (ISSN 0892-7553), v. 9, no. 3, p. 353-367. 1996.
Field observations of a walkingstick, Calynda bicuspis, reveal that its eggs are rapidly discovered and
transported by the ponerine ant, Ectatomma ruidum during both dry and wet seasons in Costa Rica. The
importance of the egg capitulum in inducing ant transport was established by presenting eggs from
which the capitulum had been removed or sealed. Untreated eggs, including those initially taken into
nests, were moved approximately 1 m and dropped on the surface of the ground, unlike the eggs of
several Old World walkingstick species which ants bury. High rates of oviposition following the
termination of prolonged copulatory periods appear to lead to the clumping of eggs, perhaps increasing
their susceptibility to a specialist egg-parasitoid, Amisega sp. (Chrysididae, Amiseginae).
Publicación no.: 335 Taxonomic revision of the ant-acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Acacia, Series
Gummiferae) of the New World / Seigler, D.S.; Ebinger, J.E. (University of Illinois. Department of Plant
Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, US).
En: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (ISSN 0026-6493), v. 82, no. 1, p. 117-138. 1995.
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Detailed descriptions, habitat preferences, geographic ranges, and representative specimens are given
for the 13 ant-acacia species and hybrids from Mexico, Central America, and South America. A principal
component analysis (PCA) of vegetative and floral features shows these species form discrete groups in
plots of the first three principal components. Taxa were found to be relatively homogeneous, as
indicated by the tight clusters formed in the PCA plots. The data suggest that there is very litle gene flow
between species, and hybrids are extremely uncommon. Of the 13 species in this group, Acacia ruddiae
is only marginally a myrmecophyte, rarely being inhabited byh acacia-ants, and apparently never
producing Beltian bodies on the tips of the leaflets. The remaining taxa have stipular spines that are
inhabited by obligate acacia-ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex, produce Beltian bodies, and have
enlarged petiole and rachis glands.
Publicación no.: 336 Dryinidae di Costa Rica: Catalogo e considerazioni biogeografiche ed evolutive
(Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) [Dryinidae of Costa Rica: Catalogue, biogeography and evolution
(Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea)] / Olmi, M. (Universitá della Tuscia. Dipartimento di Protezione delle
Piante, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, IT <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bollettino della Societá Entomológica Italiana (ISSN 0373-3491), v. 124, no. 3, p. 186-200. 1992.
A catalogue of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea) of Costa Rica is proposed. Among the recorded 89
species, 27 are known only of Costa Rica, 20 are spread in Central America and in the near regions
(Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Caribbean (West Indies)), 42 have a large distribution in Central and
South America. Costa Rica Dryinids are primitive; the most part of the species show a low level of
evolution and they are living in forests. A few apterous female species are specialised and they are living
on grass.
Publicación no.: 337 Life history of Brachyraphis rhabdophora (Pisces: Poeciliidae) [Ciclo de vida de
Brachyraphis rhabdophora (Pisces: Poeciliidae)] / Reznick, D.N.; Meyer, A.; Frear, D. (University of
California. Department of Biology, Riverside, CA 92521, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Copeia (ISSN 0045-8511), v. 1993, no. 1, p. 103-111. 1993.
We describe the life-history pattern of Brachyraphis rhabdophora from several Costa Rican locations.
This species is nonsuperfetating, meaning that it carries only one brood of developing young at a time.
They are also lecithotrophic (ovoviviparous), meaning that there is no evidence of maternal provisioning
of the young after the eggs have been fertilized. These female life-history traits are typical of other
species in the tribe Gambusiini, as illustrated with a multivariate analysis. We also found considerable
variation among populations for offspring size, fecundity, reproductive allocation, and fat content of the
females. The size distribution of mature males was bimodal in two of four samples, significantly skewed
in a third, and normal in a fourth. Because there is believed to be little growth after maturity, bimodality
suggests genetic polymorphism for age and size at maturation, as described for other species of
Poeciliidae.
Publicación no.: 338 A new land snail of the genus Gastrocopta from Nicaragua (Pulmonata:
Vertiginidae), and its relationship to species from northeastern South America [Un nuevo caracol
terrestre del género Gastrocopta de Nicaragua (Pulmonata: Vertiginidae) y su relación con especies del
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noreste de Suramérica] / Thompson, F.G.; López de la Fuente, Adolfo. (University of Florida. Florida
Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 32611, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: American Malacological Bulletin (ISSN 0740-2783), v. 13, no. 1/2, p. 47-53. 1996.
Gastrocopta (Immersidens) gularis, sp. nov., is described from the submesic Pacific coastal region of
western Nicaragua and Costa Rica. It is closely related to species described from regions of similar
habitats in northern South America.
Publicación no.: 339 Illustrated field notes on Papilio astyalus Pallas in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera:
Papilionidae) [Notas de campo ilustradas sobre Papilio astyalus Pallas (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) en
Costa Rica] / Scriber, J.M.; Lederhouse, R.C. (Michigan State University. Department of Entomology, East
Lansing, MI 48824-1222, US).
En: Tropical Lepidoptera (ISSN 1048-8138), v. 7, no. 2, p. 119-120. 1996.
Papilio astyalus females oviposited on Citrus trees in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica, during May
1994. Immatures ranging from eggs to final instar larvae were found on the same trees. Females and
immatures are illustrated.
Publicación no.: 340 Growth and survival of Sesbania emerus in three different flooding regimes in
Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Guerrero-Barrantes, Maritza.; De Camino-Beck,
Tomás.; Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de
Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity
Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José
CR15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997.
In this study we describe the demography of the annual herbaceous plant, Sesbania emerus, growing in
three different flooding regimes in Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The three flooding
regimes differ in water depth and duration flooding conditions. In order to determine the growth and
survival of S. emerus at each flooding regime, we monitored plant height and mortality of individuals
from four different cohorts. We found no significant differences in plant growth among the flooding
regimes and no differences in plant survival among the cohorts within each site. The period of maximum
growth was found during the month of October, and it coincided with the maximum rainfall of the year.
Our data revealed that population flux is different among the three water regimes, plants located in dry
or mostly flooded areas showed higher mortality rates during the first stages of the life cycle than those
with intermediate conditions. In addition, plants located in areas of intermediate flooding had the
highest densities and showed a more complex population flux.
Localización: Este es el documento completo.
Publicación no.: 341 Changes of abundance and sex ratio of frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in
tropical dry forest and their implications for seasonal migration [Cambios en abundancia y proporción
de sexos de murciélagos frugívoros y nectarívoros en el bosque seco tropical y sus implicaciones para la
migración estacional] / Stoner, Kathryn E. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de
Investigación en Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal 27-3, Xangari, Morelia 48980, MX <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS
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Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José CR15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for
Tropical Studies, 1997.
Neotropical bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal of tropical trees. However, little
is known about the relationship between plant phenology patterns and bat migrations following these
plant resources. My data suggest that the abundance of several species of dry forest bats is lower during
periods of low food availability. The study site was the tropical dry forest at Parque Nacional Palo Verde
in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The bat population was monitored bimonthly from December 1994 through
June 1996. Two mist nets were opened in a designated area for approximately 4 hours each night.
Phenology data were collected from 35 species screened monthly for fruit and flower development. The
abundance of different bat species varied seasonally. Peak abundance of most of the frugivorous and
nectarivorous bats coincides with peaks in bat fruits and flowers (i.e. in June-July and Jan-Feb). There is a
significant difference in the sex ratio for Carollia perspicillata over time. In 1995 and 1996 there were
significantly more females than males in the dry season and significantly more males than females in the
beginning of the wet season. These preliminary data suggest that some bat species are migrating from
Palo Verde during certain periods of the year.
Publicación no.: 342 The Jabiru Stork (Jabiru mycteria) in low basin river Tempisque of Costa Rica:
population, breeding biology and conservation [El jabirú o galán sin ventura (Jabiru mycteria) en la
cuenca baja del río Tempisque de Costa Rica: población, biología reproductiva y conservación] /
Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo.
27-1007, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and
Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José CR15-20 June, 1997. San
José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997.
I practiced 83 total counts of jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) from January to December 1995 in the Corral de
Piedra, Mata Redonda and Palo Verde lagoons of the low basin river Tempisque. I looked for active nests
and did an assessment of the popular knowledge of the local people from the study area. I found three
active nests in the Palo Verde National Park and one in the San Buenaventura Ranch in Cañas,
Guanacaste province. The nests were in gallinazo tree Albizzia caribaea and in a dead silk cotton tree
Ceiba pentandra of 23.5±2.6 (SD) m high, put to 15.0±4.55 m tall (n =4). With the total counts of jabirus
and the nestling size I estimated a population size of 52 individuals for the area. In addition, with the
bounded counts I determined that the population of the low basin river Tempisque is composed by 53
jabirus (confidence limits=42 to 62 individuals). The breeding biology was studied at two nests in Palo
Verde National Park. Nesting period comprised from September to January. The local people told me
that this species nested in the 50's in the right border of the Tempisque river and that the jabiru was
used occasionally as a game species. The species is threatened by decrease breeding habitats (swamps
forests).
Publicación no.: 343 The Costa Rican species of Ateuchus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) [Las especies
costarricenses de Ateuchus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)] / Kohlmann, Bert. (Universidad EARTH, Apdo.
Postal 4442-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 44(3)/45(1), p. 177-192. 1997.
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This paper is the result of a study of the genus Ateuchus Weber (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Costa
Rica. Nine species are reported, of which six are new. The previously known species are: A. aeneomicans
(Harold), A. candezei (Harold) and A. rodriguezi (Preudhomme de Borre). The new taxa are: A. fetteri
(profemur with fine punctures, last abdominal segment rounded, apex of elytra slightly shagreened); A.
ginae (last abdominal segment very convex and broad, pronotum and head finely punctured); A.
hendrichsi (last abdominal segment very convex and broad, head and pronotum evidently punctured);
A. howdeni (small, anterior pronotal margin complete, elytral striae not impressed at apex, pygidial
margin incomplete or almost effaced); A. solisi (large, anterior pronotal margin weakly impressed, very
broad pygidium); A. zoebischi (anterior pronotal margin incomplete, proepimeron coarsely punctured,
pronotal disk slightly to evidently shagreened). The male internal sac of all species is illustrated, and the
species distribution is mapped. An identification key is also presented. The nine species indicate that
Costa Rica has a very rich Ateuchus fauna for its size. For comparison Mexico has twelve known species
and the United States three.
Publicación no.: 344 Uso de sensores remotos y sistemas de información geográfica en la evaluación
del habitat potencial del venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), Bagaces, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
/ Segura-López, Wilfredo Gerardo. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional de Manejo en Vida
Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia, CR). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1995. 152 p. Tesis,
Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Heredia (Costa Rica).
El presente trabajo lo llevé a cabo en el distrito central del cantón de Bagaces, Guanacaste, Costa Rica,
específicamente la superficie comprendida por la carretera Interamericana Norte (límite norte de la
misma) hasta la confluencia de los ríos Tempisque y Bebedero, los cuales también forman parte de los
límites del área del estudio. El área incluye 60 080 ha, de las cuales aproximadamente 20 000 ha
corresponden a territorios protegidos (Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal y Parque Nacional Palo Verde).
El propósito del trabajo fue elaborar un modelo de evaluación del hábitat potencial para venado cola
blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), que permita identificar sitios prioritarios para el manejo de la especie,
además de analizar posibles impactos de actividades humanas (riego, ganadería) sobre el hábitat de la
especie. Entre enero y mayo de 1994, verifiqué el mapa de uso actual y cobertura vegetal del suelo, y
registré en todos los hábitats las siguientes variables: ojos de agua (mediante el uso de un GPS),
cobertura vegetal horizontal, riqueza, frecuencia y abundancia de especies arbóreas y arbustivas que
consume el venado. Para toda la zona de estudio se identificaron 11 tipos de asociaciones vegetales:
pasto, pasto arbolado, matorral espinoso, vegetación-arbustiva (Poza Verde), manglar, humedal, bosque
ripario, bosque bosque siempre verde, bosque caducifolio temprano y bosque caducifolio tardío. Para la
elaboración final del modelo consideré seis variables: alimento, agua, cobertura vegetal horizontal,
pendiente del terreno, interdistancia entre hábitats y factores antropormóficos. Para el análisis espacial
de estas variables y por ende para el modelaje del hábitat potencial de la especie, utilicé fotos aéreas e
imágenes de satélite Landsat TM y los siguientes programasÑ ROOTS, IDRISI, AGIS Y MAPIX. Según el
presente modelo en el área de estudio existen aproximadamente 22 000 ha de hábitat potencial óptimo
(calidad alta) para la especie y 16 000 ha de hábitat no apropiado. Por otro lado, la II etapa del Proyecto
de Riego Arenal-Tempisque afectará en cierta medida 4 700 ha de hábitat potencial óptimo. Sin
embargo, la mayoría del hábitat no disponible para la especie en el área de estudio será beneficiada por
el riego que involucra dicho proyecto. A partir de dicho modelo, sugiero actividades que mejoren y/o
protejan el hábitat potencial del venado cola blanca, como son: mayor y mejor distribución de
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abrevaderos, proyectos de reforestación a pequeña y mediana escala, y por último recomendaciones
para mitigar impactos de ciertas actividades humanas que se realizan en la zona. La validación
preliminar del modelo señala que el venado cola blanca se encuentra en hábitats que poseen valores HSI
(Indice de Adecuación de Hábitat) en un rango que va de 0,72 a 1,O, lo cual refuerza la teoría de que
este animal se adapta a una gran variedad de hábitats. Por otro lado, los Sistemas de Información
Geográfica resultaron ser una herramienta apropiada en el modelaje del hábitat potencial para la
especie, especialmente en la medición de distancias y sobreposición de mapas digitales. Finalmente, con
la evaluación del hábitat potencial de la especie, se creó una base de datos geográfica, a escala
1:50.00O. Los mapas que conforman tal base de información sonÑ uso actual del suelo, distribución de
ojos de agua y ríos permanentes, tenencia de la tierra, zonas de vida según Holdridge, tipos de clima de
Costa Rica según Herrera, distribución de vías de comunicación, categorías de pendiente del terreno,
poblados humanos y ubicación de la II etapa del proyecto de riego Arenal-Tempisque. Esta base será de
gran utilidad para trabajos similares con otras especies de fauna silvestre de la zona, contribuyendo de
esta manera con información base para la toma de decisiones en el campo del manejo de la vida
silvestre.
Publicación no.: 345 Pore fungi of Costa Rica. II / Carranza-Velázquez, Julieta. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Mycotaxon (ISSN 0093-4666), v. 43, p. 351-369. 1992.
This paper represents the second part of the list of Costa Rican Pore Fungi, and includes members of the
Hymenochaetaceae and Polyporaceae not included on the previous paper (Carranza-Morse, 1991).
Publicación no.: 346 El dimorfismo sexual de Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) en
Palo Verde, Costa Rica [Sexual dimorphism of Kinosternon scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) in
Palo Verde, Costa Rica] / Acuña-Mesén, Rafael A.; Márquez-Baltán, C. (Universidad de Costa Rica.
Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Sexual dimorphism of a population of the turtle Kinosternon scorpioides was evaluated at Palo Verde
National Park, Costa Rica. Curved width (C.W.) and curved length (C.L.) of carapace, straight length of
plastron (L.S.P.) and weight were measured in the dry season. Average (± standard deviation) C.L. was
similar in both sexes: 18.72 ± 1.16 cm (males) and 18.84 ± 0.79 cm (females). Average C.W. for males
and females was 18.83 ± 1.39 cm and 20.90 ± 0.94 cm respectively (P ¾ 0.05). Average L.S.P. was 15.43 ±
1.09 cm (male) and 16.2 ± 0.84 cm (females, P ¾ 0.05). Average weight was 611.4 ± 103.4 g (males) and
755.8 ± 113.3 g (females, P ¾ 0.05). Additionally, carapace and plastron morphometry, size,
pigmentation of head, tail length, concavity of plastron and development of the beack (upper jaw)
differed between sexes. Sexual dimorphism of C.W. and weight suggests sex related selective pressure.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. PVB.
Publicación no.: 347 Revision of the New World species of Ommatius Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae):
the neotropical costatus species group [Revisión de las especies del Nuevo Mundo de Ommatius
Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae): las especies neotropicales del grupo costatus] / Scarbrough, Aubrey G.
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(Towson State University. Department of Biological Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21252, US <E-mail:
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 41, Fasc. 3, p. 729-753. 1993.
Fourteen species of New World Ommatius Wiedeman are assigned to the costatus species group.
Characters diagnostic of the group and of each species are described and illustrated, and keys to the
species are presented. The new species O. achaetus, O. complanatus, O. dentatus, O. didymus, O.
humatus, O. incurvatus, O. spinosus, and O. uncatus are described. O. amula Curran and O. costatus
Rondani are redescribed. Data are added to existing descriptions of O. alexanderi, O. orenoquensis, O.
oreophilus, and O. piliferous. Lectotypes are designated for O. costatus [=O. barbiellinii Curran, NEW
SYNONYMY] nd O. oreoquensis Bigot [=O. infractus Scarbrough, NEW SYNONYMY], O. spatulatus, a
similar species, is compared with the costatus group.
Publicación no.: 348 Variación morfométrica y características ecológicas del habitat de la tortuga
candado Kinosternon scorpioides en Costa Rica (Chelonia, Kinosternidae) [Morphometric variation and
ecological characteristics of the habitat of the Scorpion Mud Turtle Kinosternon scorpioides in Costa Rica
(Chelonia, Kinosternidae)] / Acuña-Mesén, Rafael A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San
José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Revista Brasileira de Biología (ISSN 0034-7108), v. 54, no. 3, p. 537-547. 1994.
Kinosternon scorpioides shows sexual dimorphism in Costa Rica. Males are bigger than females since in
the length of the shell ranges between 15.0-17.5 cm (average: 16.10 cm) and in these ones between
12.4-15.9 cm (average: 13.8 cm). According to the Life Zone System of Holdridge, K. scorpioides is in two
geographic regions with different characteristics, one situated in the tropical dry forest zone and the
other in tropical very rain forest. Morphometric variation is evident since females, more rounded, are in
the first life zone, and males, more elongated, in the second zone. Shape and size of the shell of the
turtles is a fit adaptation in their habitats because the average height in the tropical dry forest. This
means that turtles of tropical very rain forest are more smoothed and more hydrodunamics than the
others, which might to be advantageous for the swim very quickly and to hide out in the numerous
tunnels or caves on the banks of the streams when they are attacked by jaguars or other predators. This
life zone has several perennial streams without rocks, while on tropical dry forest zone, small seasonal
lakes and marshes prevail during all year with abundant aquatic vegetation which obstructs the free
displacement of the turtles. Likewise, the tropical very rain forest zone has 80% of turtles with physical
damages produced by jaguars, while in tropical dry forest none of them shows this type of damages.
Publicación no.: 349 Distribution and dispersal of Frankia [Distribución y diseminación de Frankia] /
Paschke, M.W. (Colorado State University. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Room 237
Natural Resource Bldg., Fort Collins, CO 80523, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). UrbanaChampaign, IL: University of Illinois, 1993. 97 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of illinois, UrbanaChampaign, IL (USA).
The distribution of Frankia in soils in relation to non-actinorhizal plant cover and potential modes of
Frankia movement in the environment were examined. A plant-infection-dilution technique was
developed and used to measure Frankia abundance in soil and other samples. Alnus glutinosa- and
Elaeagnus umbellata-infective Frankia (AgiF and EuiF) were found in numerous soils lacking actinorhizal
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host plants. Large amounts of AgiF were found in central Illinois soils beneath non-actinorhizal Betula
nigra, which is in the same family as actinorhizal Alnus. Lesser amounts of Frankia with varying hostspecificities were found in mesic prairie and cultivated soils in this region. Frankia was also found in
diverse neotropical plant communities of Costa Rica suggesting that Frankia may be a common
component of the soil biota in neotropical plant assemblages lacking known actinorhizal species.
Alternatively, the finding of Frankia in these tropical soils could indicate presence of unknown
actinorhizal species, or transport of Frankia to the sites. Investigations into the means of Frankia
movement in the environment have revealed possible dispersal modes. Five bird species common in
central Illinois were found to be vectors of Frankia dispersal. Other probable vectors of Frankia include
earthworms and other diverse invertebrates. Trace amounts of Frankia were detected in aerially
transported materials, indicating the possibility of passive Frankia dispersal via wind. Differences in the
distributions and amounts of host-specific Frankia types in soil and other samples indicate that there are
at least two distinct host specific groups of Frankia in central Illinois--one that nodulates A. glutinosa and
one that nodulates E. umbellata.
Publicación no.: 350 Ecology of blue-winged teal wintering in the Neotropics / Botero, J.E. (University
of Wisconsin. Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US). Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin, 1992. 162 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (USA).
As part of an investigation on the ecology of migratory waterfowl wintering in the Neotropics, I
conducted studies on body condition, food habits, and organochlorine contamination of blue-winged
teal (BWT; Anas discors) collected in that region. I also analyzed all band recoveries of North American
waterfowl in the Neotropics until 1980. A total of 18,889 bands from 30 waterfowl species was reported
from the Neotropics. About 70% of these were of BWT and Northern pintail (Anas acuta). More than
20% of the total recoveries of BWT and cinnamon teal (Anas cyanoptera) were from the Neotropics but
less than 2% of the total recoveries of diving ducks were from that region. Foods found in BWT collected
in Costa Rica in 1982-83 consisted mostly of cultivated rice. In Colombia, foods found in BWT included
71% plant material during 1979-80 and 91% animal material in 1985-88. Nymphaea seeds, snails and
corixid insects were the most prevalent items. The flexible diet allows BWT to use a wide variety of
wetlands in the Neotropics and to adapt to the varying conditions in those wetlands. BWT arrived light
and lean in South America, but their body mass, breast muscle mass, and fat index gradually increased
by 20%, 14% and 80%, respectively. Estimates of the migration range indicate that BWT do not depart
with sufficient energy reserves to make the entire migration to the breeding areas. BWT in better
condition tended to begin and end molting earlier than individuals in poorer condition. BWT did not
engage in active courtship activities while in Colombia and underwent only minor gonadal development
in April. I compared the concentrations of 12 organochlorine compounds in tissue samples of BWT
collected in the Cienaga Grande, and of BWT and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) collected in Wisconsin.
DDE and PCBs were the compounds most often detected, but were found well below levels that would
cause mortality or affect reproduction in waterfowl. DDE exposure appeared to occur mostly aware
from Wisconsin, but not in the Cienaga Grande. In contrast, PCB contamination appeared to occur in
Wisconsin and affected mostly mallards. Mean PCB concentrations (fat basis) in these mallard samples
were higher than the tolerable level for poultry products.
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Publicación no.: 351 Ecology and division of labor in Nasutitermes corniger: The effect of
environmental variation on caste ratios [Ecología y división de labores en Nasutitermes corniger: El
efecto de variación ambiental en las proporciones de castas] / Messier, S.H. (The University of Colorado.
Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Boulder, CO: The University of Colorado, 1996. 108 p. Dissertation,
Ph.D, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO (USA).
I investigated the effect of environmental variation on the allocation of resources among castes in the
neotropical termite, Nasutitermes corniger. Different castes perform different functions within a colony.
Under varying environmental conditions, colonies should alter their caste ratios to maximize energetic
efficiency. Tests of this hypothesis have yielded mostly negative results in ant species. I propose that
termites have greater flexibility in development and hence are more likely to be able to respond to
environmental fluctuations with changes in their caste ratios. I performed manipulative and correlative
field experiments at La Selva Biological Research Station and Palo Verde National Park in the Republic of
Costa Rica. My experiments examined the behavioral role of soldiers and the relationship between three
environmental variables - predation, food resources, and nitrogen fixation - and the proportion of
soldiers in N. corniger. I found that an increased frequency of simulated vertebrate predation resulted in
an increased proportion of soldiers in colonies. Food resource quantity was positively correlated with
soldier proportions at La Selva, but not at Palo Verde. Food resource quality, as measured by the
nitrogen content, had no relationship to soldier proportions. Nitrogen fixation rates were negatively
correlated with soldier proportions and were different in colonies with and without alates. I
hypothesized that the relationship between nitrogen fixation and colony population dynamics in N.
corniger was dictated by the affect of food resources on both of these variables, but I found no
relationship between food resource quantity or quality and nitrogen fixation rates. I discuss a model,
based on these results, of resource inputs and outputs in the context of flexible caste allocation in this
species.
Publicación no.: 352 Mass aggregations in tropical harvestmen (Opiliones, Gagrellidae: Prionostemma
sp.) / Coddington, Jonathan A.; Horner, M.; Soderstrom, E.A. (National Museum of Natural History.
Smithsonian Institution, Systematic Biology-Entomology, E-530, NHB-105, 10th Street and Constitution
Avenues NW, Washington, DC 20560-0105, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Revue Arachnologique (ISSN 0398-4346), v. 8, no. 13, p. 213-219. 1990.
Mark-recapture experiments and time-course experiments on two opilionid species (Opiliones,
Gagrellidae: Prionostemma sp.) show that animals do aggregate, and that, contrary to expectation,
smaller colonies are more tightly clumped and reach stability sooner during the aggregation process
than do larger colonies, and that animals prefer aggregation sites with vertical surfaces and protected
spaces, such as corners.
Publicación no.: 353 Ecología: una introducción práctica / Monge-Nájera, Julián.; Chaves, R.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1995. 245 p. ISBN: 997767-289-X.
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El ecólogo Julián Monge Nájera nos introduce en el tema de la ecología aplicada, mediante sencillas
prácticas que cualquiera puede hacer en su casa, la escuela, el colegio, etc. Cada práctica viene
acompañada -en lenguaje cotidiano- del importante concepto ecológico que ilustra, y ejemplifica con
especies de nuestra tierra. TABLA DE CONTENIDO: Introducción práctica a la ecología de la Nave Espacial
Tierra. 1. Un mensaje asombroso de hace doce mil años. 2. Algunos tesoros de las reservas naturales
costarricenses: Refugio Rafael Lucas Rodríguez, Refugio Ostional, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Parque
Nacional Cahuita, Parque Nacional Chirripó. El ecosistema: 1. Organismos más ambiente. 2. La variedad.
3. Espacio para todos: el equilibrio. 4. Luz, calor, aire, agua y suelo. 5. Los factores bióticos: Otros seres
vivos. Las relaciones dentro del ecosistema: 1. Un lugar donde vivir: el hábitat. 2. Algo que hacer: el
nicho. 3. Cadenas y pirámides. 4. Pequeñas y grandes luchas. Los seres vivos en el ecosistema: 1. Las
pblaciones: grupos de individuos. 2. La comunidad: poblaciones relacionadas. 3. Biomas, zonas de vida y
formaciones vegetales. 4. Ecosfera: La Nave Espacial Tierra. Las alteraciones en el ecosistema: 1. Las
alteraciones naturales: efectos limitados. 2. La contaminación : No es inevitable envenenar el mundo. 3.
La deforestación: ¿Hay espacio para el bosque?. 4. La extinción: Nosotros también perdemos. Los
ecosistemas artificiales: 1. Los campos de cultivo o agroecosistemas. 2. Las ciudades: ecosistemas
calientes. 3. Despedida: El futuro de los ecosistemas. Algunos ecólogos costarricenses. Las reservas
naturales de Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.5 M743e.
Publicación no.: 354 Diálogo ambiental en comunidades rurales: experiencias participativas de la OET
/ Trivelato, M.; Murillo-Rodríguez, Luis Fernando.; Barboza-Jiménez, G.; Cordero, A. (<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<Tel.:
666-3960>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 1997. 72 p. ISBN: 9968-97171-5.
El Programa de Política Ambiental está dirigido a decisores de muy distintas categorías, que tienen en
común su capacidad de influir sobre el uso y conservación de los recursos naturales en los países
tropicales y de mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. Para ello, la OET desarrolló su Proyecto
Diálogo Ambiental en Comunidades Rurales (DAC), articulado en tres componentes ubicados
espacialmente alrededor de las Estaciones Biológicas de campo de la Organización. Esta publicación
tiene como propósito ensayar y adaptar distintos enfoques metodológicos orientados a promover la
participación de las comunidades rurales, especialmente, por medio de sus líderes y, en conjunto, con
los técnicos activos en la zona, para evaluar las condiciones ambientales locales, priorizar los problemas
detectados e identificar recursos y medios para encontrar soluciones idóneas a estos problemas. En el
libro se puede encontrar información sobre las experiencias de Diálogo Ambiental en comunidades
como Sarapiquí, Coto Brus y Bagaces, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.72097286 D536.
Publicación no.: 355 Areas de conservación y sus parques nacionales: división por cantones y distritos
/ Castro-Moraga, B. (Asociación Preservacionista de Flora y Fauna Silvestre, Apdo. Postal 2106-1002
Paseo Estudiantes, San José, CR <Fax: 223-0851>). San José: B. Castro Moraga, 1996. 55 p. ISBN: 997712-219-9.
Nuestro mayor anhelo es que los costarricenses sepan valorar su tierra para que las futuras
generaciones reconozcan nuestro esfuerzo y así legarles nuestro mensaje. Un Area de Conservación es
el resultado de una series de Parques Nacionales unidos en conjunto, en total existen en Costa Rica
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nueve Areas de Conservación. Ejemplo: Area de Conservación Guanacaste). En esta Area encontramos el
Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja, Parque Nacional Guanacaste; como
puede observarse en esta Area existen tres Parques Nacionales, y están ubicados en el Area de
Conservación Guanacaste. En el país podemos contar con nueve Areas de Conservación, cada Area tiene
su propio mapa, al dorso usted puede ubicar los Parques con sus respectivos nombres. En este estudio
está incluido también el mapa de Costa Rica, con sus respectivas divisiones por cantones y distritos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10469. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 333.7 C355a. Biblioteca del BIODOC:
639.959.728.6.
Publicación no.: 356 Seasonality of climbers: a review and example from Costa Rica dry forest / Opler,
P.A.; Baker, Herbert George.; Frankie, Gordon W.; Putz, F.E. (ed.); Mooney, Harold A. (ed.) (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240,
US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The Biology of Vines Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 377-391.
Conducting a study of the seasonality of flowering, fruiting, and foliation, often termed a phenological
study, of species within a plant community is often not an end in itself. It may serve as a way to discover
the component species of the community and when each species may be expected to be in reproductive
or vegetative stage suitable for study. Knoelodge of the seasonality of reproductive and vegetative
activities by the species in a community is fundamnental to other questions. How do the plants respond
to environmental variables, notably the climate? Are the phenological patterns of some species affected
by competition between plant species for pollinating or dispersal agents? Does foliation occur in such a
way as to minimize herbivory? Are the flowering limited to particular seasons? Alternatively, the
zoologist may wish to know the seasonal availability of nectar, fruit, or leaf resources for particular
animals. Our approach in this chapter is to emplasize the phenological patterns of reproduction and
foliation by many locally sympatric climbers, with a review of the literature and from our own fieldwork
in northwestern Costa Rica. We also consider phenological studies of plants (climbers and others), that
are adapted for certain groups of pollinators or frugivores.
Publicación no.: 357 The degradation of Central American wetlands: in search of proximate and
remote causes [La degradación de los humedales centroamericanos: en búsqueda de las causas
recientes y remotas] / Carrière, Jean. (Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation,
Keizersgracht 395-397, 1016 EK Amsterdam, NL). CEDLA Workshop "Biodiversity and Sustainable
Development in Latin America", Amsterdam NLNov. 27-28, 1997. Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American
Research and Documentation (CEDLA), 1997. 12 p.
Two discourses dominate the discussion of development strategy by governments, international
organizations and many academic specialists: the neo-liberal and the sustainable development
discourses. Both emerged in the 1970s and gained wide currency during the 1980s. The first, as the
ideology underlying the economic restructuring measures imposed on most nations of South, promotes
economic reforms designed, among other things, to place southern economies on a more solid footing
through "sound finances", trade liberalization and export diversification, with a frequent emphasis on
non-traditional agricultural exports as one of the few viable options available to small states of the
South. The second responded to a growing concern, visible especially from the mid-1960s to the Earth
Summit in 1992, with an environmental crisis associated with the unbridled and ecologically destructive
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growth strategies of the post-war period. There is no attempt in this short research note to recast the
debate about the connections between sustainable development and neo-liberal restructuring; it is a
growing area of concern which is giving rise to both empirical testing and a robust, often ideologically
driven debate. More modestly, this account of the causes of wetland degradation in Costa Rica suggests
that the remote, more deeply-rooted causes in particular appear to be linked with a certain type of
agricultural modernization which, in turn, is propelled by policy imperatives of neo-liberal inspiration.
The nature and relative importance of major threats to Central American wetlands, made on the basis of
published and unpublished documents, are consistent with information gathered on location at seven
Costa Rican sites in the Summer of 1995. The three most important sites among the seven visited, eac of
which had distinctive ecological features, were: 1) the Parque Nacional Palo Verde, a series of connected
freshwater lakes totalling 6,000 ha in the floodplain of the Tempisque river in Guanacaste province; 2)
the coastal mangrove forests near Puntarenas and, further down the coast, the Sierpe-Térraba Forest
Reserve, Costa Rica's largest mangrove forest covering an area of over 16,000 ha; and 3) Tortuguero
National Park, a huge, 15,000 ha complex of palm swamps and seasonally flooded grassy marshes off
the Caribbean coast between Limón and the Nicaraguan border. There is a set of factors that has
emerged as a deeply rooted cause of wetland degradation in Central America and, indeed, can be
observed as a major source of natural resource exhaustion in many countries of the South. Our survey
or typology of threats to Central American wetlands identified a variety of visible or proximate causes of
wetland loss or degradation: mangrove deforestation, pollution by agro-chemicals, over exploitation of
wetland floral and faunal species and loss of wetlands through drainage and irrigation schemes.
However if we move down into the realm of the more remote, deeply rooted causes, we find that the
most important among them are, in the end, associated with two phenomena: the relentless drive to
increase foreign exchange rvenue by pushing up agricultural and other resource-based exports
(including shrimp aquaculture), and the rising landlessness, unemployment and rural poverty associated
with the first. Wetlands are being destroyed in large part as a result of an export-oriented agricultural
modernization project which, though necessary and inevitable in the end, is incapable of mitigating its
own social and environmental consequences in the medium term. And this project, in turn, is closely
tied up with the controversial doctrines and macroeconomic objectives which seem to determine
current development thinking.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical.
Publicación no.: 358 Costa Rica, un paraíso natural: guía didáctica audiovisual / Brenes-Rojas, M.C.;
Rojas-González, C.M.; Díaz, H, (ill.). / Instituto Centroamericano para la Educación Audiovisual, Apdo.
1721-2100, San José, CR Fax (606)253-5911. San José: Instituto Centroamericano para la Educación
Audiovisual, 1996. 104 p y vídeo cassette VHS (52 min.). ISBN: 9968-9803-0-7.
Esta guía para el docente, elaborada como parte del programa de ciencias y estudios sociales del II, III y
IV ciclos de la educación diversificada de Costa Rica, se complementa con un vídeo cassette para dirigir
su observación y preguntas sobre cada una de los tópicos tratados. Contiene 42 temas escogidos para
aprender de manera individual o en grupo, entre ellos: Costa Rica, puente biológico. El valor de los
bosques. La vida del mar. La Isla del Coco. Los manglares. Bosque tropical seco. Volcanes: fuerza de la
naturaleza. Talamanca: techo del universo tropical costarricense. Otros temas estudiados son los
siguientes: 1. Recomendaciones para observar el vídeo. 2. La comunidad y la naturaleza. 3. Los parques
nacionales. 4. Las áreas de conservación. 5. Las reservas biológicas. 6. El ecosistema. 7. ¿Cómo funcionan
los ecosistemas en los parques nacionales? 8. El modelado terrestre. 9. El origen geológico de Costa Rica
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y su biodiversidad. 10. Las estructuras volcánicas de Costa Rica. 11. Fundamentación legal de los parques
nacionales. 12. Parque Nacional Santa Rosa: escenario histórico y natural. 13. Parque Nacional Isla del
Coco: sitio frecuentado por piratas. 14. Aspectos por considerar.
Localización: Biblioteca José Figueres F.: 507 C8375c.
Publicación no.: 359 Inventario y evaluación de los humedales de la cuenca baja del Río Tempisque,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Bravo-Chacón, Juan.; Romero-Vargas, Marilyn.; Sánchez, A.J.; Reynolds-Vargas,
Jenny. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales; Programa ECOMA; Apdo. 86-3000,
Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Seminario Taller "Utilización y
Manejo Sostenible del Recurso Hídrico, San José CR28 nov. - 1 dic. 1994.
En: Utilización y manejo sostenible de los recursos hídricos Heredia: Efuna, 1996. p. 237. ISBN: 9968-14005-8.
La transformación acelerada de los humedales en la Cuenca Baja del Río Tempisque (CBT) es un proceso
que tiene sus orígenes en el siglo pasado. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, el desarrollo
principalmente de plantaciones (arroz, caña de azúcar, etc.), ha contribuido enormemente a modificar
estos ambientes naturales mediante el uso de agroquímicos, drenaje excesivo, modificaciones en el
cauce natural de los ríos, así como prácticas culturales indebidas (incendios forestales). El objetivo de
este estudio fue realizar un inventario y una evaluación ecológica del Río Tempisque (CBT) basados en la
metodología desarrollada por la Nature Conservancy (1982), denominada Evaluación Ecológica Rápida
de Humedales, utilizada para elaborar inventarios ligeros en América Latina y el Caribe. Cada uno de los
sitios inventariados y evaluados incluye el sistema ecológico al que pertenece (lacustrino, estuarino,
palustrino, riberino), el régimen hídrico, vegetación, amenazas, acciones recomendadas, etc. De acuerdo
a los resultados, un 77,6% (95 041 ha) de los humedales de la Cuenca Baja del Río Tempisque
pertenecen al sistema palustrino, 2,6% (3 156 ha) al sistema estuarino, y un 4,8% corresponde al sistema
lacustrino (600 ha). La CBT presenta tres tipos de vegetación bien diferenciados, los manglares, ubicados
en las márgenes del Tempisque, los bosques mixtos sujetos a las inundaciones periódicas, y la
vegetación hidrófila e hierbas asociadas a ambientes pantanosos, o humedales palustrinos. En términos
generales, y basados en su localización, tamaño, función socioeconómica e importancia ecológica, los
humedales de la CBT se pueden clasificar en humedales del Río Cañas y micro-humedales. Dentro de los
primeros se destacan las "lagunas", las cuales constituyen un enorme abastecimiento de agua durante
todo el año, no sólo para la avifauna sino para la vida social y económica de los pobladores locales.
Recientemente, la fauna y flora de estos humedales está siendo restaurada y protegida, tanto por
grupos comunales como por los grandes hacendados. Finalmente, existen dentro de la CBT, sitios
ecológicamente importantes para la vida silvestre, por ejemplo la laguna La Poza (3 ha) en el poblado de
Bolsón, la cual ofrece importantes habitats para colonias de aves como el chocuaco y reptiles.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical.
Publicación no.: 360 The pholcid spiders of Costa Rica (Araneae: Pholcidae) [Las arañas fólcidas de
Costa Rica (Araneae: Pholcidae)] / Huber, Bernhard A. (Zoological Research Institute and Museum
Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, DE <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Recent studies on the pholcid fauna of Central America have elevated the number of known Costa Rican
species from 11 to 28 in only two years. The present paper summarizes the scattered literature and adds
two new species as well as three undescribed species, bringing the total number to 33 species
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representing seven genera. An illustrated key is presented. An annotated list summarizes the
information available about taxonomy, morphology and natural history of all known Costa Rican
pholcids. The two new species are Anopsicus tico n.sp. from the Central Valley, and Physocyclus
guanacaste n.sp. from the Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste. The male of Metagonia hondura
Huber, 1997 is described and illustrated for the first time. Old pholcid records from Costa Rica are
discussed, and types of unsufficiently well described species are redescribed, including all previously
known Costa Rican Anopsicus species (A. chiriqui Gertsch, 1982; A. concinnus Gertsch, 1982; A. facetus
Gertsch, 1982; A. turrialba Gertsch, 1982) as well as Metagonia osa Gertsch, 1986 and M. selva Gertsch,
1986. New localities are given for twelve species; of these, four are new for Costa Rica: Anopsicus
chiriqui Gertsch, 1982; 'Coryssocnemis' viridescens Kraus, 1955; Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski,
1873); and Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall, 1858). The genera Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893 and
Smeringopus Simon, 1890 are new for Costa Rica. It is argued that carefully directed collecting in certain
areas and habitats will probably lead to a further considerable increase in known species.
Publicación no.: 361 Densidad y movimientos de la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata) relacionados con la
disponibilidad de alimento en un bosque seco de Costa Rica / Sánchez-Palomino, Pedro. Heredia:
Universidad Nacional, 1997. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional,
Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Dentro de las especies de mamíferos más abundantes, con alto potencial para ser manejada aunque
poco estudiada, se encuentra el aguti o guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata). Un plan de manejo de las
poblaciones silvestres de esta especie debe partir de saber cuántos animales existen en un ambiente, las
variaciones en densidad, los patrones de actividad y el uso del espacio o hábitat (rango de acción y
desplazamientos) y las relaciones con la oferta del recurso alimenticio. En este trabajo estimo la
densidad poblacional de las guatusas, y determino la variación temporal en los movimientos (rango de
acción y distancias recorridas) en relación con las variaciones en la oferta del recurso alimenticio
durante seis meses en el hábitat de bosque seco tropical, en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Costa Rica.
Recorrí 49,55 km de transectos en 88,3 hr y estimé con el método de King 0,621 guatusas/ha. También
utilicé el estimador de Hayne pero no hubo diferencia en las densidades calculadas. A partir de 1234
localizaciones con telemetría de una hembra y un macho de guatusa, con tres estimadores diferentes
calculé sus rangos de acción entre 9,43-16,81 ha y una distancia mínima y máxima de recorrido diario
entre períodos consecutivos de 1 hr de 0-1181 m. Los valores de estas variables se discuten en términos
del error de campo, el tamaño de muestra y las autocorrelaciones de las localizaciones espaciales de los
individuos; así como en términos de las variaciones temporales en la disponibilidad de frutos caidos al
suelo del bosque. Evalué la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios contando y pesando los frutos caidos
en 83 colectores construidos debajo de 64 árboles de 10 especies con una área total de colección de
111,4 m²; también utilicé rangos de abundancia de acuerdo a Fournier. Los movimientos de las guatusas
(rango de acción y distancia recorridas) se correlacionaron negativa y significativamente con las
variaciones temporales en la disponibilidad de frutos en el bosque. Estos resultados proporcionan
evidencia cuantitativa que se explica con base en lo esperado a partir de la teoría del forrajeo óptimo.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 265. Biblioteca del BIODOC: 1722.
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Publicación no.: 362 The forgotten pollinators [Los polinizadores olvidados] / Buchmann, S.L.; Nabhan,
G.P. (USDA-SEA-AR-WR. Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 200 East Allen Road, Tucson, AR 85719, US).
Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1996. 292 p.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.524 B923f.
Publicación no.: 363 Between-species and temporal variation in Acacia-ant-herbivore interactions
[Variación temporal y entre especies en las interacciones acacia-hormiga-herbívoro] / Cronin, G.
(University of New Orleans. Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA 70148, US).
Acacia collinsii in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica, has a mutualistic relationship with 3 species of
stinging ants: Pseudomyrmex spinicola, P. nigrocinctus and P. flavicornis, although individual trees
usually contain only one ant species. Interspecific and temporal variation in ant activity and
aggressiveness against herbivores was monitored on trees at least 3 cm dbh at Palo Verde Biological
Station during the dry season (13-14 February 1993). Patrolling activity was measured by counting the
number of ants that entered a marked area in 30 s. Response time and attack rate were determined
during the 90 s after a live katydid was pinned to a branch with a plastic clothes pin. After removing the
katydid, the tree was struck 7 times to disturb the ants and post-disturbance activity was measured in
the marked area. Measures of antiherbivore activity did not differ significantly between ant species or
time of day. However, there were significant species X time interactions which indicated that the P.
spinicola/P. nigrocinctus group was more active in the morning while P. flavicornis was more active in
the afternoon. The belief that P. spinicola is more aggressive, and thus a better mutualist, than P.
flavicornis was not supported by the data on patrolling and post-disturbance activity, and speed and
number of attacks on a herbivore.
Publicación no.: 364 Vocal communication in the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata)
[Comunicación vocal en la lora copete amarillo (Amazona auropalliata)] / Wright, Timothy F. (New
Mexico State University. Department of Biology, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San Diego, CA: University of California, 1997. 109 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University
of California, Department of Biology, San Diego, CA (USA).
This study describes the vocal repertoire of the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata), and
documents variation in this repertoire in free-living populations in Costa Rica. Chapter One describes
variation in the contact call, the most commonly used call in the repertoire. Cross-correlations of calls
from sixteen roosts revealed two distinct patterns of geographic variation in call structure: first,
variation in the basic structure of the call by which roosts can be classified into three regional dialects,
and second, fine-scale variation of call structure among roosts within a dialect. Some birds at roosts
bordering two dialects use the calls of both neighboring dialects interchangeably. Chapter Two extends
this analysis of geographic variation to other classes of the vocal repertoire. Vocalizations recorded at
seven sites were assigned to different classes based on acoustic structure of calls, and on the pattern
and context of call usage. Three classes (short contact calls, growls and loud pair duets) all exhibited a
pattern of regional dialects congruent to those of the contact calls, while the acoustically diverse
gurgle/squeal class did not. Chapter Three examined variation in loud pair duets from three pairs at a
single site. Duets were composed of a series of contact calls followed by a variable number of repeated
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sex-specific notes uttered in a distinct alternating fashion. The acoustic structure of the sex-specific note
types was dependent on their order within a duet. These results are consistent with two hypotheses of
duet function: that duets (1) help pairs jointly defend resources and (2) function to test a mate's
attentiveness. Chapter Four describes the results of two separate playback experiments in which birds in
two regional dialect areas were presented with calls from their won roost, a second roost within the
same dialect, a foreign dialect roost, and a control. The nest experiment found that nest pairs responded
most strongly to duets from their own roost area. The roost experiment found no differences in
responses of birds approaching roosts to any treatment. Neither experiment provides support for the
hypothesis that vocal dialects are maintained by selection for convergent vocalizations at the regional
scale.
Publicación no.: 365 A review of the genus Cydista (Bignoniaceae) [Revisión del género Cydista
(Bignoniaceae)] / Hauk, W.D. (Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, US).
Cydista (Bignoniaceae) is a genus of six primarily lowland species ranging from central and southern
Mexico to Paraguay and eastern Brazil. All species are lianas with showy white to magenta campanulatefunnelform flowers, linear to linear-oblong fruit, and winged seeds. This paper builds on the work of the
late Alwyn H. Gentry and utilizes an extensive database produced from his investigations. Descriptions,
separate keys to flowering and fruiting material, maps of species distributions, graphs of flowering and
fruiting phenology, and an illustration are presented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-798. S10932. LC. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 580A.
Publicación no.: 366 Control de incendios y restauración de bosque tropical seco, con pastoreo, en el
Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Costa Rica / Barboza-Jiménez, G. (MINAE / SINAC. Director, Area de
Conservación Guanacaste, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tercer Congreso Forestal Nacional: Unidos por el Desarrollo del Recurso
Forestal: Ante el Próximo Milenio: resúmenes de ponencias, San José CR27-29 Ago. 1997. San José:
Impresos Belén, 1997. p. 58-59. ISBN: 9977-50-026-6.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5674. PVB. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.9097286063 C749
1997.
Publicación no.: 367 Estado actual, presas y uso de hábitat del jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) en la cuenca
baja del río Tempisque, Costa Rica / Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A. (Universidad Nacional. Programa
Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 27-1007, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1997. 104 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre,
Universidad Nacional, Posgrado en Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Heredia (Costa Rica).
I conducted direct observations of jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) from January to December 1995 in the Corral
de Piedra, Mata Redonda and Palo Verde lagoons of the lower Tempisque River Basin to estimate
population size, prey and hitat use of jabiru. I encountered active nests and did an assessment of the
knowledge of local people about jabirus. I found three active nests in Palo Verde National Park and one
in the San Buenaventura Ranch in Cañas, Guanacaste province. Three of the nests were in "gallinazo"
trees (Albizia caribaea) and one in a dead silk cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra). With the direct count of
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jabirus I estimated a minimum population size of 52 individuals within the area. In addition, I
determined with the bounded counts that the lower Tempisque River Basin jabiru population is
composed of 53 jabirus (confidence limits=42 to 62). The jabiru consumed swamp eels (Synbrancus
marmoratus, 35%), cichlids (Cichlasoma spp., 19%), arids (Ariopsis seemanni, 9%), sleepers (Dormitator
latifrons, 5%), apple snails (Pomacea costaricana, 10%) and other types (21%) n=57. Mata Redonda
Lagoon was used more than Corral de Piedra and Palo Verde lagoons. Jabirus used patches of vegetation
of 30 cm height more than patches140 cm. In Corral de Piedra Lagoon the variation in habitat use was
explained by conductivity, rainfall and aerial cover of aquatic vegetation (P=0.08). In Mata Redonda
Lagoon variation in habitat use was explained by conductivity, rainfall, water level and aerial cover of
aquatic vegetation (P=0.009). However, in Palo Verde Lagoon no environmental variable explained the
variation in habitat use of jabiru (P=0.15).
Publicación no.: 368 Estado actual de la población del jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) en la cuenca baja del Río
Tempisque, Costa Rica / Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo
de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 27-1007, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Estado actual, presas y uso de hábitat del jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) en la cuenca baja del río
Tempisque, Costa Rica Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1997. p. 5-40. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y
Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Posgrado en Manejo y Conservación de Vida
I conducted 83 direct counts of jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) from January to December 1995 in the Corral de
Piedra, Mata Redonda and Palo Verde lagoons of the lower Tempisque River Basin. I encountered active
nests and did an assessment of the knowledge of local people about jabirus. I found three active nests in
Palo Verde National Park and one in the San Buenaventura Ranch in Cañas, Guanacaste province. Three
of the nests were in "gallinazo" trees (Albizia caribaea) and one in a dead silk cotton tree (Ceiba
pentandra). Mean tree height was 23.5 m ± 2.6 (SD) and the nests were located 15.0 m ± 4.55 above the
ground (=4). With the direct count of jabirus I estimated a minimum population size of 52 individuals
within the area. In addition, I determined with the bounded counts that the lower Tempisque River
Basin jabiru population is composed of 53 jabirus (confidence limits=42 to 62). Local people confirmed
that this species nested in the 50's along the right border of the Tempisque River and that the jabiru was
used occasionaly as a game species. Some conservation and management guidelines for the jabiru are
proposed.
Publicación no.: 369 Tamañodel grupo de forrajeo y presas del jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) en la cuenca
baja del río Tempisque, Costa Rica / Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A. (Universidad Nacional. Programa
Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 27-1007, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
I studied group size of jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) by direct observation from January to December 1995 in
the Corral de Piedra, Mata Redonda and Palo Verde lagoons of the lower Tempisque River Basin. The
jabiru consumed swamp eels (Synbrancus marmoratus, 35%), cichlids (Cichlasoma spp., 19%), arids
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(Ariopsis seemanni, 9%), sleepers (Dormitator latifrons, 5%), apple snails (Pomacea costaricana, 10%)
and other types (21%) n=57. More than 52% of prey were longer than 22 cm. The jabiru foraged at
water levels of ¾15 cm, in open water (64%), and in patches of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes,
18%), crushed cattail (Typha dominguensis, 14%), patches of sedges (Cyperus spp., 2%). Capture
frequency was greater when jabirus foraged in groups than alone (P¾0.01). Conservation and
management measures are suggested.
Publicación no.: 370 Uso de hábitat del jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) en la cuenca baja del río Tempisque,
Costa Rica / Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida
Silvestre, Apdo. 27-1007, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
I studied habitat use of jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) with direct observations of individuals from January to
December 1995 in the Corral de Piedra, Mata Redonda and Palo Verde lagoons of the lower Tempisque
River Basin. Frequency of use was different between the three lagoons (P¾0.001). Mata Redonda
Lagoon was used more than Corral de Piedra and Palo Verde lagoons. Also Jabiru use of microhabitats
was different (P¾0.001). Jabirus used patches of vegetation of 30 cm height more than patches140 cm.
In Corral de Piedra Lagoon the variation in habitat use was explained by conductivity, rainfall and aerial
cover of aquatic vegetation (P¾0.08). In Mata Redonda Lagoon variation in habitat use was explained by
conductivity, rainfall, water level and aerial cover of aquatic vegetation (P=0.009). However, in Palo
Verde Lagoon no environmental variable explained the variation in habitat use of jabiru (P¾0.15). I
present some management recomendations for jabiru habitat in the study area.
Publicación no.: 371 Rediscovery, distribution and new taxonomic assignment of Leptinaria sinistra
Martens 1898 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Subulinidae) from Nicaragua [Redescubrimiento, distribución y
una asignación taxonómica de Leptinaria sinistra Martens 1898 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Subulinidae)
de Nicaragua] / Pérez, Antonio Mijail.; López de la Fuente, Adolfo. (Universidad Centroamericana (UCA),
P.O. Box A-90, Managua, NI <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Malacological Review (ISSN 0076-3004), v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 127-130. 1995. A single specimen of a
sinistral subulinid snail from Nicaragua was figured and described by Martens (1898) as Leptinaria
sinistra. No further reports of this species are known. However, since 1987 the authors have collected
18 lots of the species, all around the two Great Lakes of southern Nicaragua. Leptinaria sinistra is here
reassigned to the genus Beckianum Baker 1961, and its distribution in Nicaragua, and a single locality in
Costa Rica, are given.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4672. Biblioteca de Malacología (INBio): 509.
Publicación no.: 372 Hand preference and object-use in free-ranging white faced capuchin monkeys
(Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica [Preferencia en la utilización de las manos y uso de objetos en monos
carablanca en libertad (Cebus capucinus) en Costa Rica] / Panger, M.A. (George Washington University.
Department of Anthropology, 2110 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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Berkeley: University of California, 1997. 206 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of California at Berkeley,
Department of Anthropology, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA).
This is the first long-term field study to examine hand preference and object-use in free-ranging
capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) were studied in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. The 11-month
study took place from February 1995, to January 1996. Focal, scan, and ad libitum sampling techniques
were used to collect data. In addition to obtaining data on hand preference and object-use, this study
investigated the natural history of Palo Verde capuchin monkeys. Although capuchin monkeys have
been studied extensively in captivity, data on their tool-using and hand preference behavior under freeranging conditions are limited. One aim of this project was to see if free-ranging capuchin monkeys
exhibit tool-use behavior and hand-use patterns that are similar to those of captive ones. The leading
frameworks attempting to explain and predict primate hand-use patterns were tested using a variety of
spontaneous tasks that differed in regard to manipulative difficulty and required postural regulation
(reach, tap, grab, carry, and object-use). The monkeys showed symmetrical hand-use patterns for the
highly manipulative task (i.e., object-use) at the individual level; and populational level biases for tasks
requiring a degree of postural regulation (i.e., carry). These results do not support the available primate
hand-use frameworks and differ from the captive Cebus literature on this topic. This research indicates
that postural regulation may influence hand-use patterns in nonhuman primates at the populational
level. The results from this study also indicate that although free-ranging capuchin monkeys are highly
manipulative, they do not exhiit the range of rate of tool-using behavior demonstrated by their captive
counterparts. No true tool-use was observed during the entire 11-month study. The most comon type of
object-use (which occurred at a rate of .19/hr) involved object-substrate use (i.e, rub, pound, and
fulcrum). There were no age/sex class differences in the individual rates of object-use. The contexts and
assumed functions of the object-use observed are discussed, as well as reasons for the differences seen
in the rates and types of object manipulation between captive and free-ranging capuchin monkeys.
Publicación no.: 373 Plan de manejo y desarrollo Parque Nacional Palo Verde y Reserva Biológica
Lomas Barbudal (Contrato SENARA-BID-MIRENEM-UNA) / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; McCoyColton, Michael B.; Fallas-Gamboa, Jorge.; Chaves-Kiel, Henry.; Barboza-Jiménez, G.; Wong-Reyes,
Grace.; Carbonell, M.; Rau, Jaime R.; Carranza, M. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of
Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1994. 192 p.
El presente Plan de Manejo y Desarrollo del Parque Nacional Palo Verde (PNPV) y la Reserva Biológica
Lomas Barbudal (RBLB) consiste en seis secciones: 1. Resumen ejecutivo, 2. Contexto Nacional, 3.
Contexto Regional, 4. Unidad de Conservación, 5. Plan de Manejo y Desarrollo y 6. Apéndices. En las
secciones 1, 2 y 3 se hizo un análisis exhaustivo de la situación actual a nivel nacional, regional y
específicamente del PNPV y la RBLB. Estos análisis sirvieron para formular la 5ta. parte, denominada
Planificación de Manejo y Desarrollo. El PNPV/RBLB es considerado un sitio de importancia nacional por
poseer uno de los últimos remanentes de bosque seco tropical en la región centroamericana, de
incalculable valor genético. También posee pantanos y lagunas salobres y de agua dulce, que dan hogar
a más de 60 especies de aves vadeadoras, así como un humedal de importancia internacional acogido
por RAMSAR. Desde el año 1982, al finalizar el primer Plan de Manejo y Desarrollo del entonces Refugio
de Vida Silvestre Palo Verde, no se ha vuelto a planificar en forma consistente el uso del área. Con el
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aumento de los problemas de cacería furtiva, incendios, fragmentación del bosque y el proyecto de
riego de SENARA, el PNPV/RBLB está amenazado tanto a nivel interno como externo de ser convertido
en una verdadera isla rodeada por zonas agrícolas. Además, el inesperado aumento del turismo
nacional/internacional está afectando tanto al área como a su biota. Es necesario planificar buscando la
supervivencia de la biota a largo plazo. Es por lo anterior que en el año 1993 fue contratado un equipo
de especialistas de la Universidad Nacional con más de 30 años de experiencia de trabajo en el
PNPV/RBLB para formular el presente Plan de Manejo y Desarrollo. La sección 5ta. está dividida en cinco
programas de manejo: 1. Investigación, manejo y monitoreo con proyectos de a) Ganadería, b) Ojos de
agua, c) Pozos artificiales de agua, d) Aves acuáticas-manejo de piches, cercetas y patos reales, Isla
Pájaros, e) Manejo de rondas para evitar incendios, f) Eliminación de abejas africanizadas, g) Manejo del
Corredor biológico Quebrada La Mula; 2. Ecoturismo; 3. Seguridad y vigilancia; 4. Educación ambiental y
extensión; y 5. Administración, desarrollo y mantenimiento. Cada programa está dividido en
subprogramas con objetivos, actividades, normativas, resultados esperados y prioridades. Se da énfasis
al manejo de los recursos naturales y humanos del área de estudio, tomando en cuenta los posibles
impactos tanto nacionales como regionales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 340. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 333.783097286 P699pln 1994.
Publicación no.: 374 Hand preference in free-ranging white-throated capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in
Costa Rica [Preferencia en el uso de las manos en monos carablanca en libertad (Cebus capucinus) en
Costa Rica] / Panger, M.A. (George Washington University. Department of Anthropology, 2110 G St NW,
Washington, DC 20052, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: International Journal of Primatology (ISSN 0164-0291), v. 19, no. 1, p. 133-163. 1998.
I studied the hand preference patterns of individuals in three troops of white-throated capuchins (C.
capucinus) in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica, during 11 months from February 1995 to January
1996. I used focal and ad libitum sampling techniques and tested several frameworks that seek to
explain and to predict primate hand use patterns via a variety of spontaneous tasks that differ in
manipulative difficulty and required postural regulation: reach, tap, grab, carry, and object-use. The
monkeys showed symmetrical hand use patterns for the easy tasks, reach and tap; strongly
asymmetrical patterns for the highly manipulative task object-use, at the individual level; and weak
population-level biases for tasks requiring a degree of postural regulation, carry. The results for data on
grab are inconclusive. These results do not support the available primate hand use frameworks and
differ from most of the captive literature on hand preference in Cebus. The findings indicate that
postural regulation may influence hand use patterns in nonhuman primates at the population level.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5663. NBINA-7143. Biblioteca del BIODOC: 599.8 I.
Publicación no.: 375 Review of the genus Sphaenothecus Dupont (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
[Revisión del género Sphaenothecus Dupont (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)] / Chemsak, John A.; Noguera,
F.A. (University of California at Berkeley. Essig Museum of Entomology, 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA
94720, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
The trachyderine genus Sphaenothecus Dupont is reviewed. Sphaenothecus funebris Bates is
transferred to the genus Zalophia Casey and Z. spissicornis Casey is synonymized with Z. funebris, new
combination, Sphaenothecus cribellatus Bates and S. luteicollis Bates are placed into the genus
Ischnocnemis Thomson, new combination. Taranomis Casey is synonymized with Sphaenothecus and
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Taranomis pallida Schaeffer is placed into Perarthrus LeConte, new combination. Taranomis cylindricollis
Casey is synonymized under Sphaen othecus bivittatus Dupont. As here defined, Sphaenothecus consists
of the following seven species: S. argenteus Bates, Mexico to Guatemala; S. bivittatus Dupont, United
States to Honduras; S. picticornis Bates, Mexico; S. maccartyi new species, Mexico; S. toledoi new
species, Mexico-Honduras; S. facetus new species Guatemala to Costa Rica; S. trilineatus Dupont, Texas
and Mexico.
Publicación no.: 376 Effectiveness of caterpillar defenses against three species of invertebrate
predators [Eficacia de las defensas de las orugas contra tres especies de depredadores invertebrados] /
Dyer, Lee A. (Tulane University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, New Orleans, LA
En: Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera (ISSN 0022-4324), v. 34, p. 48-68. 1996
The efficacies of larval defenses against invertebrate predators representing different (but overlapping)
foraging guilds were compared by offering 34 species (27 individuals) of lepidopteran larvae to
Paraponera clavata ants, Apiomerus pictipes bugs, and Polistes instabilis wasps. Overall, the ants were
the most likely to eat caterpillar prey, and the wasps were the most cautious. Larval chemistry and diet
breadth were significant predictors of rejection by the group of predators; chemically defended
specialist herbivores were better protected than generalist herbivores without known chemical
defenses. These results provide evidence for the potential importance of predators in maintaining diet
breadth of phytophagous insects, and they suggest that plant chemistry is part of a mechanism for
restricting diet breadth. Other important larval defenses included size, morphology and coloration.
Large prey (heavier than 1 g) were less acceptable than smaller prey (lighter than 200 mg) for the wasps
and bugs but not for the ants; hairs deterred predation by the ants and bugs but not by the wasps; and
brightly colored caterpillars were frequently rejected by the wasps but not by the ants and bugs.
Publicación no.: 377 Temporal variation in the breeding structure of fragmented Enterolobium
cyclocarpum [Variación temporal en la estructura reproductiva de Enterolobium cyclocarpum en
bosques fragmentados] / Hamrick, James L.; Aldrich, P.R. (University of Georgia. Botany Department,
Athens,
GA
30602,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). The Association for Tropical Biology & Annual Meeting of the
American Institute of Biological Sciences. Abstracts, Baltimore, MD USAugust 2-6, 1998. Baltimore, MD:
ATB/AIBS, 1998. p. 13.
Seeds within fruits of many mimosoid legumes are usually the progeny of a single pollen donor (i.e. full
sibs). Multilocus allozyme analyses of suchfull-sib progeny arrays allow the identification of the pollen
donor's multilocus genotype. The analysis of several pods per tree provides a means of estimating the
number of pollen donors contributing to the fruit crop of each maternal individual. Fragment
populations of Enterolobium cyclocarpum located in NW Costa Rica were analyzed for 13 polymorphic
allozyme loci to determine the number of pollen donors per tree, rates of gene flow into the fragments,
and spatial areas from which pollen was contributed to each fragment. Trees within fragments
separated by a few kilometers had different pools of pollen donors but some pollen donors were
shared. Significant heterogeneity in pollen donor pools were also observed among trees within
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fragments and among years. Trees producing substantial seed crops in generally poor fruiting years had
fewer pollen donors than the same trees had in good fruiting years.
Publicación no.: 378 Genetic consequences of fragmentation in a Costa Rican dry forest tree species
[Consecuencias genéticas de la fragmentación de árboles costarricenses del bosque seco] / Apsit, V.J.;
Hamrick, James L.; Nason, J.D. (University of Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural
Bridge Rd, St. Louis, MO 63121-4499, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). The Association for Tropical Biology & Annual Meeting of the American Institute
of Biological Sciences. Abstracts, Baltimore, MD USAugust 2-6, 1998. Baltimore, MD: ATB/AIBS, 1998. p.
15.
The reproductive dynamics of small, remnant populations left in the aftermath of land development are
likely to differ from those of large, continuous populations. Comparisons of population parameters such
as genetic diversity and structure, as well as pollen flow, between populations of adults established prior
to fragmentation and their post-fragmentation progeny make it possible to examine the effects of
disturbance on the current reproductive dynamics of individuals established when landscapes were
different. We employe allozyme markers to examine these effects over two reproductive episodes in
remnant populations (N = 335) of Enterolobium cyclocarpum, a dominant tree species commonly found
throughout highly disturbed areas of Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Moreover, direct estimates of
effective population sizes and rates of pollen immigration allowed predictions of the effects of genetic
drift and inbreeding on the genetic composition of future generations of these fragment populations.
Comparisons of the genetic structure of adult populations (Gst = 0.058) to pollen gametes in 1994 and
1995 (Gst = 0.053 and 0.115), respectively) suggest an increased genetic differentiation of pollen
gametes compared to adults in 1995. Pollen immigration (m) remains substantial at distances of 1 km
and fairly equivalent gamete production in both years produced only moderate reductions in Ne relative
to census population sizes. Direct estimates of mand Nev allowed us to predict moderate effects of
fenetic drift and inbreeding on the genetic composition of future population (Nevm = 0.55 - 1.79) and
(Fst = 0.114 - 0.311) even in a worst case scenario (N = 3). The information gained from such analyses
will be an important component for the effective future management and the development of
conservation strategies for tropical tree species in fragmented landscapes.
Publicación no.: 379 Reproductive success and population increase of black-bellied whistling ducks
(Dendrocygna autumnalis) in newly placed artificial nests in a tropical freshwater marsh [Exito
reproductivo e incremento de la población de los piches (Dendrocygna autumnalis) en nidos artificiales
recientemente colocados en un pantano tropical de agua dulce] / McCoy-Colton, Michael B.; RodríguezRamírez, J.M.; Altuve-Marenco, José Luis.; McCullough, D.R. (ed.); Barrett, R.H. (ed.) (Universidad
Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <Email: [email protected]>). Proceedings of "Wildlife 2001: Populations", an International Conference on
Population Dynamics and Management of Vertebrates (Exclusive of Primates and Fish), Oakland, CA
USJuly 29-31, 1991.
En: Wildlife 2001: Populations London: Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd, 1993. p. 653-664.
We studied the reproductive success of Dedrocygna autumnalis in artificial nests during 1986-90 and the
resulting population increase in Palo Verde National Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica. We estimated the pre-
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1986 nesting population in the 500-ha, seasonal freshwater marsh at about 10 pairs before placement
of artificial nests. We placed 34, 29, 30, 44, and 55 nesting boxes, respectively, each yr on 2.5 m posts in
both exposed and lightly forested areas at the marsh edge. We counted the number of eggs laid,
hatched, or depredated once every two wk during the reproductive season (May-November). Nesting
activity increased from 8 clutches in 1986, to 14 in 1987, 36 in 1988, 49 in 1989, and 42 in 1990. Egg
success varied from 13 to 66%, with lower values being more typical. Boas (Boa constrictor) and raccons
(Procyon lotor) were important predators. The number of dump nests increased from 1 in 1986 (12.5%
of all nests), to 3 in 1987 (21.4%), to 22 in 1988 (61.1%), and to 37 in 1989 (76%). The nesting population
increased over 5 yr to about 299 individuals in 1990. High depredation losses in1986 were attributable
to poor design of anti-predator guards. Improved guards worked well in 1987-88. Increased nest
abandonment in 1988 was atributed to increased dump nesting. Because of this, we tested the effect of
partially harvesting eggs in dump nests in1989. Nesting efficiency in dump nests could be increased to
80% in this manner. Thus, we believe abandonment of unharvested dump nests by the highly sociable
black-bellied whistling duck may be due a visual stimulus of "to many eggs" rather than physical
interference to the incubating pair, as suggested recently for Aix sponsa. Nest boxes can be effective in
increasing local nesting population densities for this species, up to a point where nests should either be
partially harvested or, perhaps, placed in denser cover as recently suggested for Aix sponsa to reduce
dump nesting.
Publicación no.: 380 Loxocemus bicolor (burrowing python). Feeding behavior [Loxocemus bicolor
(pitón excavadora). Comportamiento alimentario] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de
Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
This neotropical snake is primarily fossorial and presumably nocturnal (Mora 1987. J. Herpetol. 21:334335). Little information is available about its diet. Greene (1983. Amer. Zool. 23:431-441) found two
teiid lizards and two rodents in the stomach of museum specimens and Mora (op. cit.) and Mora and
Robinson (1984. Rev. Biol. Trop. 32:161-162) reported that L. bicolor feeds on reptile eggs and described
egg-eating behavior. Additional information on its constricting behavior in the laboratory was reported
by Willard (1977. Copeia 1977:379-382) though the prey item was not specified. Here I report that this
species also depredates hatchling iguanids. The observations were conducted at the Dr. Rafael Lucas
Rodríguez National Wildlife Refuge (Palo Verde), Costa Rica (10°21' N-85°21' W). Ctenosaur (Ctenosaura
similis) and iguana (Iguana iguana) hatchlings excavate a narrow tunnel to facilitate their exit from the
nest at the beginning of the rainy season (Mora 1989. Herpetologica 45:293-298). Three L. bicolor were
observed at night in exit tunnels. On 6 May 1986, one L. bicolor (ca. 1 m TL), was observed half way in
the exit tunnel of a ctenosaur nest. When removed, the snake held a hatchling ctenosaur in its mouth
and when palped, at least two more hatchlings were in its stomach. The other two snakes were
observed on 8 May and 9 May, in nests of ctenosaurs and iguanas, respectively; neither snake could be
captured. I thank M.I. Di Mare and C. McDonough for their comments on the manuscript. Financial and
logistical support was provided by the World Wildlife Fund, Organization for Tropical Studies, and the
Subdirección de Vida Silvestre de Costa Rica.
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Publicación no.: 381 Cannibalism in the ctenosaur lizard, Ctenosaura similis, in Costa Rica [Canibalismo
en la lagartija, Ctenosaura similis, en Costa Rica] / Mora-Benavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de Costa
Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society (ISSN 0009-3564), v. 26, no. 9, p. 197-198. 1991.
Cannibalism is a natural behavioral phenomenon well known in many groups (Crump, 1990; Fox, 1975;
Polls, 1981), but has been examined only recently in reptiles (Mitchell, 1986). Numerous descriptions of
this behavior have been published, including many observations of lizard species in both field and
captive environments, which suggest that cannibalism is not an aberrant isolated occurrence in lizard
populations (Sugerman and Applegarth, 1980). In a review of cannibalism in reptiles, Mitchell (1986)
mentioned the occurrence of this behavior in the field in the ctenosaur, Ctenosaura similis. His
information was based on a report in Fitch and Henderson (1978). These authors found a partly digested
tail of a small ctenosaur in the stomach of ann adult. They also found one adult ctenosaur with a
ctenosaur egg in its stomach and another adult which had eaten three such eggs. Although stomach
contents often serve as the primary evidence for cannibalism, the problem with such data is in
determining how the animals came to be ingested (Schwartz, 1985). They may have been dead' when
encountered or ingestion may have resulted from an active attack by one animal on the other (Schwartz,
1985). Both situations, the eating of a dead conspecific and the killing and eating of a conspecific have
been referred to as cannibalism in the literature (McNicholl, 1977). The first situation, however, should
be termed scavenging (McNicholl, 1977). On the other hand, as Mitchell (1986) pointed out, the
behavioral act of oophagy (the consumption of eggs or embryos ;by a conspecific) often has been called
cannibalism. However, "intraspecific oophagy is a specialized behavior involving different stimuli and
occurs most often in female reptiles eating their own eggs or embryos". (Mitchell, 1986). Cannibalism is
applicable only in cases of intraspecific predation (Fox, 1975). Following these definitions, only the
finding of the ctenosaur tail by Fitch and Henderson (1978) could be called cannibalism, although even
this could be a case of carrion eating. Here I report that cannibalism may be a common behavior in
ctenosaurs, based on observations made at the Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Wildlife Refuge (Palo Verde),
Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (10° 21'N; 85° 21'W). At least three instances of cannibalism by
ctenosáurs under different conditions are discussed. A group; of ctenosaurs used to spend the night
underneath the floor of an old house in Palo Verde. The lizards were normally found around the house
(Figure 1) and fled under it when people approached. Probably some females nested there since many
hatchlings emerged from this place during the 1984 hatching season. Unfortunately the house burned in
January 1985 and thereafter the conditions were not favorable for ctenosaurs. In May 1984 I observed
an adult ctenosaur catching and eating what I presumed to be a hatchling ctenosaur that had emerged
from under this house. A bit later I released a hatchling ctenosaur close to an adult female who caught it
and ate it (Figure 2). A second hatchling ctenosaur was offered to another adult female who captured
and ate it immediately. Even though many hatchlings as well as adults were observed at this site, no
other ctenosaurs were observed catching hatchlings. I offered a skink (Mabuya unimarginata) to an
adult male ctenosaur but it did not take it, nor did an adult female ctenosaur feed upon a hatchling
green iguana (Iguana iguana) that was offered. Lizards are known to be part of the ctenosaur's diet
(Fitch and Henderson, 1978). In May 1985 I observed a young adult ctenosaur pursuing, attacking and
eating a hatchling ctenosaur in the wild. In June 1986, while conducting a study of social behavior in
ctenosaurs, I placed three one-year-old ctenosaurs in an enclosure with 10 hatchling ctenosaurs. Three
hatchlings were missing a week later, but they may have escaped. Three more hatchlings were missing
the next week. I flushed the stomach contents from the three yearling ctenosaurs and found remains of
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hatchlings in two of the three animals. Petzold (1982) discussed cannibalism from the perspective of
overcrowding in captivity. In my captive study the cannibalism observed was more likely due to
overcrowding rather than a food shortage, since food was apparently sufficiently abundant. A similar
situation may have occurred under natural conditions at the old house in Palo Verde, where
overcrowding was potentially present. Ctenosaurs probably were: attracted to the house because they
could find abundant retreat and resting sites there. In the wild, the yearling ctenosaur was observed to
attack its victim. This suggests that cannibalism by ctenosaurs may also represent opportunistic
predation. Normally, there is habitat separation of young and adult ctenosaurs that would reduce
predation pressure on young by adults (Fitch and Henderson, 1978). In terms of inclusive fitness, it
might be disadvantageous to eat a close relative (Crump, 1983). However, only a very small increase in
individual fitness of the cannibalizing individual would be necessary to maintain cannibalism, even if full
siblings are eaten (Crump, 1983; Eickwort, 1973). Eickwort (1973) pointed out that cannibalism must be
favored especially during the time in the life cycle when mortality and nutritional benefits are high. The
ctenosaur's hatching season coincides with the beginning of the rainy season, a time of year when food
is probably still scarce. Hatchlings would be a good alternative food source for some adult ctenosaurs,
especially when the dry season is extended. Hatchlings that emerge at this time have lower survival
probabilities, mainly because the insects available as prey decline in density during the dry season
(Janzen, 1983). Insects are their main food source during that critical stage (Mora, l986). These two
conditions, nutritional benefit for adults and a high hatchling mortality, would favor the occurrence of
cannibalism in ctenosaurs. Later, the probability of cannibalism decreases due to the habitat: separation
already mentioned. Cannibalism is a natural phenomenon that is beneficial to; A some members of a
population (Crump, 1990), and is subject to natural selection (Fox, 1975). This behavior could offer a
number of advantages for a predator in natural populations by, among other things, eliminating
potential competitors; (Sugerman and Applegarth, 1980). It could also benefit some. members of the
population during lean periods, when mortality of young animals is high anyway. These factors may
explain the occurrence of cannibalism in the ctenosaur.
Publicación no.: 382 Dry season activity of Cebus capucinus in a Costa Rican dry forest [Actividad en la
estación seca de Cebus capucinus en un bosque seco costarricense] / Gilbert, K.A.; Stouffer, P.C. (Rutgers
University. Department of Anthropology, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, US).
En: American Journal of Primatology (ISSN 0275-2565), v. 20, no. 3, p. 193. 1990.
We examined activity patterns and substrate use by a group of white-faced capuchins during the dry
season in the lowland dry forest at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. The frequency of foraging,
resting and traveling varied temporally with a period of inactivity in the middle of the day. Social
activities were uncommon, but were concentrated in the middle of the day. Juveniles foraged more than
subjuveniles or adults, but traveled and rested less. Subjuveniles foraged least. Traveling and foraging,
ofterf in open, unshaded areas, coincided with the cooler times of the day. The group often foraged and
traveled on the ground. Subjuveniles were most terrestrial, using the ground 55% of the time when
traveling and 42% of the time when foraging. Juveniles were least terrestrial (36% travel. 24% forage).
Rest and social activities were highly arboreal for all age classes. Terrestrial foraging was most common
in the middle of the day. Terrestrial traveling became increasingly common over the course of the day.
The relative openness of the forest during the dry season and the large areas of secondary growth with
little canopy cover may have facilitated terrestrial activities.
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Publicación no.: 383 Dry season diet of Cebus capucinus [Dieta de Cebus capucinus en la estación seca]
/ Gilbert, K.A.; Stouffer, P.C.; Stiles, E.W. (Rutgers University. Department of Anthropology, New
Brunswick, NJ 08903, US).
En: American Journal of Primatology (ISSN 0275-2565), v. 24, no. 2, p. 103. 1991.
We collected feeding data on white-faced capuchins in the lowland dry forest of Parque Nacional Palo
Verde, Costa Rica, during the dry season. We censused line transects within the ranging area of the
study group to quantify fruit and palm abundance and collected and analyzed the macro-nutritional
content of all available fruits. The study group spent 61.7% of foraging time eating plant material and
38.3% eating invertebrates (primarily ants inhabiting Acacia thorns). The capuchins foraged on a variety
of abundant, low quality plant parts, which were probably most important as sources of carbohydrates.
Fruit was the most common plant part eaten, followed by palm pith, leaves and flowers. The most
abundant fruit, Guazuma tomentosa (Sterculiaceae) was also the most commonly eaten. This fruit is rich
in carbohydrates but poor in lipids and protein. Luehea candida (Tiliaceae), which contains seeds high in
lipids and protein, was a distant second in overall diet and sixth in abundance. The small palm Bactris
guinensis was the most abundant plant utilized by monkeys and was third in overall diet. Meristematic
tissue of B. guinensis was an important carbohydrate source. The other fruits eaten were low in
abundance, represented by fewer than ten trees in the ranging area. These included fruits high in water
and soluble carbohydrates, such as Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) and Diospyros nicaraguensis
(Ebenaceae), and small arillate fruits with high lipid contents, such as Tetracera volubilis (Dilleniaceae). A
variety of leguminous fruits were available, but only Acacia collinsii and Cassia grandis were eaten.
Publicación no.: 384 Tent construction and use by Uroderma bilobatum in coconut palms (Cocos
nucifera) in Costa Rica [Construcción de tiendas y uso por parte de Uroderma bilobatum en palmas de
cocotero (Cocos nucifera) en Costa Rica] / Timm, Robert M.; Lewis, S.E. (University of Kansas.
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Natural History Museum & Biodiversity Research Center,
1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (ISSN 0003-0090), no. 206, p. 251-260. 1991.
Tent construction and use, uniformity of tents, and frond selection were studied in a population of
Uroderma bilobatum roosting in coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) in Palo Verde National Park,
Guanacaste Province, northwestern Costa Rica during July 1988. Palm leaflets were cut at their midribs
in a line converging distally with the frond midrib, and the leaflets collapsed downward to form a large
enclosed tent. Tent height, number of leaflets cut, and angle between the line of cut leaflets and the
midrib of the fronts were measured to assess uniformity of tent construction. To ascertain, if bats were
selecting specific trees or fronds, number of fronds, hanging above a tent, and tree height. Bat tents
were found in palms with a narrower range of heights than the overall tree population, and trees with
tents were taller on average than trees without tents. A single altered frond provides excellent
protection from rainfall. Bats do not seem to prefer fronds based on number of overhanging fronds or
angle of orientation. The age of the modified frond may be an important factor in roost site selection, as
tents in younger fronds in older fronds. The number of bats roosting under tents ranged from 1 to 15
adults and subadults. The colonywas composed largely of adult females and two age classes of young.
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Publicación no.: 385 Distributional and natural history notes for selected mammals from Costa Rica
[Observaciones sobre distribución e historia natural para mamíferos seleccionados de Costa Rica] / Reid,
F.A.; Langtimm, Catherine A. (Royal Ontario Museum. Department of Mammalogy, 100 Queen's Park,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The Southwestern Naturalist (ISSN 0038-4909), v. 38, no. 3, p. 299-302. 1993. (Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 386 Dry forests of Central America and the Caribbean [Bosques secos de
Centroamérica y el Caribe] / Murphy, P.G.; Lugo, Ariel E.; Bullock, S.H. (ed.); Mooney, Harold A. (ed.);
Medina, E. (ed.) (Michigan State University. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 166 Plant
Biology, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 9-34. ISBN: 0-5214351-45.
About half of the Central American and Caribbean land area is characterized by a tropical or subtropical
dry forest climate. Dry forests occur most commonly on low islands or on the lee side of mountainous
islands, on coastal areas of low relief, and on the Pacific (lee) side of the Central American land mass at
elevations below 2000 m. In such areas, annual rainfall levels typically are below 2000 mm and vary
substantially from year to year. Major and minor annual dry seasons totalling six months are
characteristic. Dry forests occur on a wide variety of soil types. Dry forests vary from deciduous to
evergreen or semievergreen, and vary considerably in sructure and composition. They range from 2 m
tall woodlands in the drier, more exposed areas to 40 m forests on most favorable sites. Island examples
tend to include the smallest and densest forests. Total biomass increases with annual precipitation and
ranges from 98 to 320 Mg ha-1, with a relatively large proportion below ground. Annual aboveground
net primary productivity ranges from 6 to 16 Mgha-1. Based on sample sizes of 1-3 ha, these forests
contain richness of some animal groups, such as birds and mammals, may in some cases exceed that of
wet forest. Tree growth and primary productivity, leaf-out, litterfall, reproductive phenology, and other
aspects of forest function closely track the seasonal availability of water. In Central America, human
influences in the form of hunting and modification of the vegetation cover have been factors for as long
as 11,000 years. Agricultural alteration of the landscape began about 5000 years ago. Rates of animal
extinction are particularly high on islands of the region; on many islands, and in some continental areas,
few or no examples of natural lowland ecosystems remain. The tendency for Central American human
populations to concentrate in drier climates has hastened the rate of dry forest degradation. The
potential for the sustained and profitable extraction of products form dry forest is not known but is
likely to be low on a per unit area basis. The need to develop rehabilitation and management strategies
for dry forest ecosystems, and to protect the relatively few remaining tracts of undisturbed examples, is
of the highest priority.
Publicación no.: 387 Plant reproduction in neotropical dry forests [Reproducción de las plantas en los
bosques secos neotropicales] / Bullock, S.H.; Bullock, S.H. (ed.); Mooney, Harold A. (ed.); Medina, E. (ed.)
(Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Departamento de Ecología,
Apdo. 2731, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, MX).
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Sexuality and self-compatibility are similar between continental lowland wet and dry forest floras, but
differ among life forms in all habitats. Intrageneric studies show that ploidy tends to increase in parallel
with water stress. Intraspecific comparisons of breeding systems between sites or habitats are scarce.
The relationship of reproductive to vegetative phenology and to moisture availability depends on life
form, with trees and other high-storage plants showing the most diversity. On sites with more prolonged
soil water deficit flowering is generally shorter in duration as well as more synchronous within and
among species, and fruiting is more common in the dry season. Foristic differences among forestr types
bias pollination and dispersal spectra, and some droght-related evolutionary trends have been
suggested. Among trees, conspicuous flowers and wind-dispersed seeds are relatively more frequent in
drier forests. Faunas of pollination and seed dispersal vectors differ among and within habitats in
taxonomic composition, seasonality and energetics. Bee faunas differ in composition and sociality, and
probably in seasonality and body size distribution. Sphingid moth faunas do not differ in body size but in
seasonality, particularly between very wet and dry forests. Bat and hummingbird faunas differ in
diversity but not in body size between wet and dry forests, and migration may be mor common in drier
sites. Female fecundity may often be limited by a lack of effetive pollination, but comparisons among
habitats are few. Low fecundity and non-annual reproduction are frequent in trees, but their relation to
variation in the length or quality of the growing season is unknown. Trunk size is apparently a mediocre
predictor of reproduction. Greater density of smaller individuals may favor outcrossing in drier forests.
Publicación no.: 388 Biomass distribution and primary productivity of tropical dry forests [Distribución
de biomasa y productividad primaria de los bosques secos tropicales] / Martínez-Yrízar, A.; Bullock, S.H.
(ed.); Mooney, Harold A. (ed.); Medina, E. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de
Ecología, Apdo. Postal 1354, 8300 Hermosillo, Sonora, MX).
Studies on the structure and functional characteristics of tropical dry forests suggest that aboveground
phytomass varies from 28 to 269 Mg ha-1 with 9-50% of the total phytomass allocated to roots. Root
mass changes seasonally and seems to be confined mainly to the superficial soil layers. Annual litter
production varies from 2 to 13 Mg ha-1 y-1. Leaves constitute on average 70% of total litterfall. Most of
the annual litter is produced during the dry season. Annual litterfall is positively correlated with annual
rainfall. Litter accumulation on the forest floor varies between sites over a wide range from 1.3 to 12.3
Mg ha-1. Litter turnover rate is low at Chamela and Guánica compared with other locations. Net primary
productivity estimates are limited. Information from Guánica and Varanasi indicates that NPP varies
from site to site largely depend on successional status and history of human perturbations, among other
important factors. Despite their geographical ad cultural importance, dry forests are among the least
known tropical ecosystems. Most work on biomass distribution and primary productivity has been done
in the American tropics and India. Large tracts of dry forest occur in Africa and islands in tropical regions,
and information on these is scarce. All tropical dry forests are subject to increasing pressures from
humanity, and extensive and intensive studies are urgently needed for a better understanding of their
long-term behavior and response to human exploitation.
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Publicación no.: 389 The current status of the dry tropical forest tree lignum vitae Guaiacum sanctum
L. (Zygophyllaceae) at Palo Verde, Costa Rica [La situación actual del árbol del bosque seco tropical
lignum vitae Guaiacum sactum L. (Zygophyllaceae) en Palo Verde, Costa Rica] / Ribbens, Eric.; Ribbens,
D.J. (Western Illinois University. Department of Biological Sciences, Macomb, IL 61455, US). Annual
Meeting of the Botanical Society of America with the American Institute of Biological Sciences, San
Antonio, TX USAugust 4-8, 1991.
En: American Journal of Botany (ISSN 0002-9122), v. 78, Suppl. 6, p. 85-86. 1991.
(Abstract only). Guaiacum sanctum was once a commercially valuable component of dry tropical forest
in Central America. However, little is known about its present distribution and abundance or the longterm behavior of the population at Palo Verde, a major refugium in Costa Rica. Herbarium records show
that Guaiacum sanctum has been collected from five sites in Costa Rica, of which the only known
remaining trees are located in Palo Verde or in the Santa Rosa National Park. We have initiated a basic
demographic study of this species at Palo Verde. All known Guaiacum sanctum adults in the dry tropical
forest at Palo Verde and a ll seedlings in a 0.7 ha area containing the highest numbers of adult trees
were mapped, tagged, and measured. 22 adult trees (dbh 10 cm) and 17 juveniles (dbhs 10 cm) were
found, all located in the midslope portion of th Cerro Guayacán, a dry limestone ridge. Most of the adul
trees have very short trunks (1-3 m ) , and may represent survivors of past logging episodes. Numerous
seedlings exist, indicating that the distribution at Palo Verde may be expanding.
Publicación no.: 390 Foraging and nesting ecology of Acromyrmex octospinosus (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest [Forrajeo y ecología de anidamiento de Acromyrmex
octospinosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en un bosque seco tropical costarricense] / Wetterer, James K.;
Gruner, D.S.; López, J.E. (Florida Atlantic University, Wilkes Honors Coll, 5353 Parkside Dr, Jupiter, FL
En: The Florida Entomologist (ISSN 0015-4040), v. 81, no. 1, p. 61-67. 1998
Leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmex sp. and Atta sp.) in Costa Rica show many intra-and interspecific
differences in ecology. Recent taxonomic studies question whether the Acromyrmex octospinosus
populations on the Pacific and Atlantic slopes of Costa Rica are a single species. We therefore examined
the foraging and nesting ecology of A. octospinosus in the tropical dry forest of Palo Verde National Park
on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and compared our findings with published data on the ecology of A.
octospinosus in the tropical moist forest of La Selva Biological Station on the Atlantic slope. The Pacific
A. octospinosus foraged primarily on the leaves of herbs and other small plants, fallen leaves, fruit,
flowers, and insect frass, but does not cut the leaves of large trees. Worker size distribution within
colonies was bimodal with only the larger workers leaving the nest to forage. Nests were shallow and
generally under a few centimeters of organic debris at the base of trees and woody shrubs or in
crevices. The foraging and nesting ecology of the Pacific A. octospinosus appeared to be very similar to
that of the Atlantic A. octospinosus, except that the Pacific ants collected considerable amounts of
insect frass (11% of all loads), whereas the Atlantic ants had no recorded loads of frass. This difference in
selectivity, however, may have been due simply to seasonal differences in availability of frass at the
sites. Acromyrmex octospinosus was the only species of leaf-cutting ant found at Palo Verde. The
vertisol soil of the area, which has very poor drainage when wet and cracks deeply when dry, may not be
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suitable for major pest species of leaf-cutters in Costa Rica, Atta cephalotes and Atta colombica, which
excavate nests deep underground.
Publicación no.: 391 Object-use in free-ranging white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica
[Utilización de objetos en monos carablanca en libertad (Cebus capucinus) en Costa Rica] / Panger, M.A.
(George Washington University. Department of Anthropology, 2110 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052, US
En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (ISSN 0002-9483), v. 106, no. 3, p. 311-321. 1998
Chimpanzees and capuchins demonstrate greater varieties and higher rates of tool-use when compared
to other non-human primates. Although capuchins have been studied extensively in captivity, data on
their tool-using behavior under free-ranging conditions are limited. This is the first long-term field
research to systematically study complex object manipulation in capuchins. The aims of this research are
1) to examine the types, rates, and contexts of tool- and object-use in free-ranging capuchins and 2) to
determine if free-ranging capuchins' object manipulation behavior is comparable to the behavior
exhibited by captive individuals. Data on 3 troops of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) were
collected from February 1995 to January 1996 at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica. Data were
collected using focal animal and ad libitum sampling techniques. Any observed incident of tool-use and
object-use was recorded. No tool-use was observed during the 11-month study. Object-use (pound, rub,
and fulcrum-use) occurred at a rate of 0.19/hr and made up less than 1% of the monkeys' time (there
were no differences among the age/sex classes). The results indicate that free-ranging capuchins do not
exhibit the range of tool-using behavior demonstrated by their captive counterparts. This may be the
result of differential motivational responses to objects, arboreal lifestyle, absence of adequate tool
material, and/or absence of food resources that require extraction involving tool-use.
Publicación no.: 392 A revision of the genus Anisostena Weise (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Hispinae).
Part III. The pilatei species group [Revisión del género Anisostena Weise (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae,
Hispinae). Parte III. Las especies del grupo pilatei] / Staines, Charles L., Jr. (3302 Decker Place.
Edgewater, MD 21037, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Insecta Mundi (ISSN 0749-6737), v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 213-226. 1994.
The pilatei species group of Anisostena s. str. is revised. Lectotypes are designated for A. nunenmacheri,
A. pilatei, and A. trilineata, A. mitchelli is synonymed with A. arizonica, A. confusa and A. vittata are
described as new.
Publicación no.: 393 Ambito de hogar y utilización de hábitat de dos grupos de venados Cola Blanca
Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) reubicados en un ambiente tropical [Home range and
habitat use by two groups of Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) relocated in a tropical
environment] / Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris.; Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher. (Universidad Nacional.
Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoaméria y el Caribe, Apartado Postal 13503000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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Eight white-tailed deer were released in La Emilia farm, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, during November 1987
and March 1988. Four females were from an insular population (San Lucas Island, ISL) and had been
raised in captivity up to 9 months of age when they were liberated. The remaining four were adults,
three females and one male from Palo Verde National Park (PV). All deer were marked with radio
telemetry collars and followed for a 13-month period. The four deer from ISL were also observed
directly for 8 months. The home range and habitat use of each group was determined and compared.
The average daily home range was 18.3 ha for the ISL group and 18.4 ha for the PV group; the
differences between these values were not significant (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA, P 0.05). The home
ranges of the two groups were not significantly different between seasons; however the ISL group did
show a significant difference between the two seasons (ANOVA, P 0.05). The ISL group used eight
habitat types of the 14 available, while the PV group utilized 11 habitat types; differences were found in
the habitat preferences between the two groups (X2 P 0.001). Habitat utilization was significantly
different between the two groups in both the dry season and the wet season (X2, P 0.001). The most
utilized habitats (confidence intervals of Bonferroni) of the ISL group were grazing land, forest
plantations (Pithecelobium saman), cultivated land (sorghum and fruits), and riparian vegetation. The PV
group used habitats with certain forest cover, chaparral, jaraguales and guacimales (Guazuma ulmifolia).
Publicación no.: 394 Effects of experimental forager removals on division of labour in the primitively
eusocial wasp Polistes instabilis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) [Efectos de la remoción experimental de
forrajeras en la división de labores en la avispa eusocial primitiva Polistes instabilis (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae)] / O'Donnell, Sean. (University of Washington. Department of Psychology, Box 351525,
Seattle, WA 98195, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Behaviour (ISSN 0005-7959), v. 135, no. 2, p. 173-193. 1998.
Experimental forager removals were performed in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, to assess the
mechanisms by which Polybia instabilis colonies regulate their intake of nectar and water. Most foragers
gathered nectar, while water was collected by a small number of fixated foragers. Removal of the most
active water foragers led to decreases in water foraging, followed by recruitment of a single
replacement water forager. Replacement water foragers were usually recruited from among the
workers that had previously collected water at low rates. Water forager removals showed that some
workers specialized on water collection, but these workers differed in their thresholds of response to
colony need for nest cooling. Removal of the most active nectar foragers led to longer-lasting (1-3 days)
decreases in colony nectar collection rates, and resulted in replacement nectar foragers being recruited
away from other foraging tasks or from nest tasks. Nectar forager removals were followed by increases
in rates of dominance interactions among nest wasps; this response was not observed after water
forager removals. Dominance interactions among workers appear to regulate nectar foraging in P.
instabilis. The mechanisms of regulation of foraging differ among materials, and correspond to their
maximum rates of collection, predictability of resources, and on the costs of short-term changes in
supply to the colony.
Publicación no.: 395 Efectos de deriva genética y mezcla racial en poblaciones de abejas africanizadas
de Costa Rica / Lobo-Segura, Jorge A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <Email: [email protected]>).
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En: Memoria. Jornadas de Investigación 1997 San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de
Investigación, 1997. p. 23.
Se realizó un estudio de la variabilidad en dos marcadores genéticos (región mitocondrial COI-COII y
microsatélite A7) en enjambres naturales de abejas africanizadas, colectados con el uso de cajas trampa
en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Guanacaste. De una muestra de 60 enjambres, se han contabilizado
las frecuencias de los diferentes alelos para estos genes. Los resultados muestran que alrededor del 90%
de los alelos mitocondriales y genómicos en estos genes son de origen africano. El resto de los alelos
pueden ser tanto procedentes de razas de abejas del Sureste y Noroeste de Europa. Es interesante
observar que los dos haplotipos mitocondriales más comunes de Africa del Sur están presentes en esta
población, pero ha ocurrido un cambio en sus frecuencias. Los frecuencias en Africa son de de 76% para
el tipo PoQQ y 20% para el tipo PoQ. En Costa Rica las frecuencias son 34% para PoQQ y 60% para PoQ.
Algunos haplotipos raros de Africa están ausentes en Costa Rica. Esta pérdida de variabilidad es
compensada por la presencia de haplotipos europeos en baja frecuencia. El mismo panorama parece
confirmarse en la variación del microsatélite A7, aunque para este gene los resultados son preliminares.
No se observa que un posible efecto fundador produjera una pérdida drástica de variabilidad genética
en las abejas africanizadas. Esto no ocurrió ni siquiera a nivel del ADN mitocondrial, que es transmitido
maternalmente. Lo que sí se observa es un significativo cambio en las frecuencias génicas, lo que puede
sugerir algunas modificaciones genéticas en las abejas africanizadas con respecto a sus ancestrales
africanas. Este resultado parece indicar que la población fundadora de las abejas africanizadas no puede
haber surgido de muy pocos enjambres, como se ha sugerido en la literatura.
Publicación no.: 396 Rol del ganado en el control de incendios y restauración de bosque tropical seco,
en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde / Barboza-Jiménez, G. (MINAE / SINAC. Director, Area de
Conservación Guanacaste, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Taller Nacional de Investigación Forestal y Agroforestal. III. Memoria, Cañas
CR14-16 Nov 1995. Cañas, 1995. p. 128-137.
Se planteó el proyecto que sirvió para este estudio para un período inicial de 5 años, incluyendo
pastoreo controlado y monitoreo en parcelas, considerando dicho proyecto como una herramienta de
manejo, para control de incendios y restauración ecológica de bosque seco tropical en el Parque
Nacional Palo Verde. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron disminuir el riesgo de ingreso y propagación de
incendios forestales en el PNPV, mediante la reducción de pastizales (combustible) a través de pastoreo
controlado; acelerar la restauración ecológica en el sector La Carreta del PNPV, por medio del pastoreo
controlado y generar beneficios socioeconómicos para pequeños ganaderos locales. Esta experiencia
podría aportar elementos prácticos para el manejo de vegetación secundaria en áreas de interés para el
uso sostenible de recursos y restauración en el bosque tropical seco americano.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.9097286063 T147 1995/Biblioteca OET: S4738.
Publicación no.: 397 Nest selection for birds in Acacia trees in a Costa Rican dry forest [Selección de
nidos por parte de aves en árboles de Acacia en un bosque seco costarricense] / Flaspohler, D.J.; Laska,
M.S. (University of Wisconsin. Department of Wildlife Ecology, A229 Russell Labs, Madison, WI 53706,
US). The Association for Tropical Biology & The Organization for Tropical Studies Annual Meeting.
Abstracts, Jun 1-4, 1993. San Juan, PR: ATB/OTS, 1993. p. 72.
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Little is known about the criteria that tropical birds use to choose nest sites. We examined nests of three
species of birds which build nests in swollen-thorn acacia trees (Acacia collinsii) mutualistically
associated with Pseudomyrmex ants: Rufous-naped Wren (Campylorhynchus rufinucha), Yellow-olive
Flycatcher (Tolmomyias suphurescens), and Streaked-backed Oriole (Icterus pustulatus). We found 85%
(n=44) of wren nests were in acacias occupied by P. spinicola and only 11.5% (n=6) were in P. flavicornis.
Relative to the other two species, wrens build nests En: 1) shorter trees, (F-5.13, p <.05); 2) larger Acacia
halos (K=13.1, p <.001); and 3) halos containing more trees (K=6.28, P <.05). Wrens; cup-like nests are
more vulnerable to predation than are flycatcher or oriole pendant nests. Therefore, halo characteristics
are more important to wrens; larger trees (both in height and girth), combined with larger and more
dense halos, demonstrating high Pseudomyrmex activity, are potential signals to the wrens for optimal
nest location.
Publicación no.: 398 GIS methodologies for developing conservation strategies: tropical forest
recovery and wildlife management in Costa Rica / Savitsky, B.G. (ed.); Lacher, T.E., Jr. (ed.) (Clark
University. Graduate School of Geography, Worcester, MA, US). New York: Columbia University Press,
1998. 242 p. ISBN: 0-231-10026-4.
Every sixteen days a Landsat satellite passes silently over the tropical landscape of Costa Rica, recording
digital data on the rain forests, savannas, rivers, lakes, and mountains that lie 918 kilometers below. The
recorded data are a worthless collection of zeros and ones until the scientific mind manipulates them
and transforms them into images that have meaning for the future of human beings and the thousands
of species that live in the habitats the images depict. In this volume editors Basil G Savitsky and Thomas
E. Lacher Jr. bring us new and novel applications for this future, including a gap analysis technique that
allows researchers to superimpose the distribution of wildlife species on the boundaries of protected
areas. This technique can show us where new work should be focused-where conservation is working
and where is not. In a series of case studies from Costa Rica, the authors point us toward new
applications of digital mapping for the conservation of natural habitats and our work toward sustainable
development. These techniques and the visual images they create are becoming powerful tools in the
hands of development specialists, financial decision-makers, and political leaders. We can no longer
claim that we do not have the information we need to make sound decisions about the natural
environment. The tools are ours, the data are real, and the future is literally in our hands (Foreword, in
part, by James D. Nations).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: LC. 333.9516097286 G531.
Publicación no.: 399 Application of the HEP methodology and use of GIS to identify priority sites for
the management of white-tailed deer [Aplicación de la metodología HEP y uso del sistema de
información geográfica para identificar los sitios prioritarios para el manejo del venado cola blanca] /
Segura-López, Wilfredo Gerardo.; Savitsky, B.G. (ed.); Lacher, T.E., Jr. (ed.) (Universidad Nacional.
Programa Regional de Manejo en Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia, CR).
En: GIS methodologies for developing conservation strategies: tropical forest recovery and wildlife
management in Costa Rica New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. p. 127-137. ISBN: 0-231-10026-4.
The aim of this work is to construct a model to evaluate potential habitats for Odocoileus virginianus in
the central district of Bagaces, Guanacaste, and to encourage future management strategies such as
reintroduction, improvement of habitat quality, and the establishment of game ranching.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: LC. 333.9516097286 G531.
Publicación no.: 400 Revision of the Neotropical treehopper Tribe Aconophorini (Homoptera:
Membracidae) [Revisión de la tribu Aconophorini (Homoptera: Membracidae)] / Dietrich, Chris H.; Deitz,
Lewis L. (Illinois Natural History Survey. Center for Biodiversity, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL
En: North Carolina ARS Technical Bulletin (ISSN 0747-8194), no. 293, p. 1-134. 1991.
The tribe Aconophorini, three included genera (Aconophora Fairmaire, 1846; Calloconophora, Dietrich,
new genus; Guayaquila Goding, 1920) and 51 species (28 new) are described and illstrated based on
adulot and nymphal morphology. Keys are provided for males and females of genera and species.
Nomenclatural changes, based on study of the primary type material of 56 nominal species, include 16
new combinations, 31 new synonymies, reinstatement of 5 junior synonyms as valid species, and
designation of 7 lectotypes and one neotype.
Publicación no.: 401 El género Dichotomius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) en Costa Rica [The genus
Dichotomius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Costa Rica] / Kohlmann, Bert.; Solís-Blanco, Angel.
(Universidad EARTH, Apdo. 4442-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Giornale Italiano di Entomologia (ISSN 0392-7296), v. 8, p. 343-382. 1997.
This paper is the result of the study of the genus Dichotomius Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Costa
Rica. Ten species are reported, five of them are new. The known species are: D. agenor (Harold), D.
centralis (Harold), D. costaricensis (Luederwaldt), D. satanas (Harold) and D. yucatanus (Bates). The new
taxa are: D. amicitiae, D. annae, D. danieli, D. favi and D. rodrigoi. D. nevermanni (Luederwaldt) is
considered an incertae sedis taxon. Photographs of the dorsal aspect of all species are included, as well
as line drawings of important morphological characteristics and a distribution map. A drawing of the
dorsal habitus for all new species is also included. An identification key is also presented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4635. Biblioteca de Inventario (INBio).
Publicación no.: 402 Sinopsis del género Urochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) para México y
América Central / Morrone, O.; Zuloaga, F.O. (Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Casilla de Correo 22, San
Isidro, B1642HYD, AR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Darwiniana (ISSN 0011-6793), v. 32, no. 1/4, p. 59-75. 1993.
The present treatment, which complements that of Morrone and Zuloaga (1992) of the South American
species of Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb., and Urohloa P. Beauv., considers 17 species of Urochloa for Mexico
and Central America. Five new combinations are proposed: U. arizonica, U. discifera, U. meziana, U.
ophryodes and U. venosa. Seven species are attributed to Costa Rica, including all of those assigned to
Brachiaria In Pohl's (1980) Flora costaricensis treatment. Urochloa, so circumscribed, contains 17 species
altogether.
Publicación no.: 403 Revisión de las especies del género Paspalum L. (Poaceae: Panicoideae:
Paniceae), grupo Dissecta (s. str.) / Morrone, O.; Vega, A.S.; Zuloaga, F.O. (Instituto de Botánica
Darwinion, Casilla de Correo 22, San Isidro, B1642HYD, AR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Candollea (ISSN 0373-2967), v. 51, no. 1, p. 103-138. 1996.
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Six species of group Dissecta of the genus Paspalum L. are treated in this work. Group Dissecta is defined
as perennial plants of low to middle altitudes which inhabit moist places and have the following
characteristics: culms decumbent, rooting and branching at the lower nodes, blades flat, linearlanceolate to linear, inflorescences with several to many persistent racemes, rachis of the racemes
foliaceous, spikelets uniseriate or biseriate, obovoid to ellipsoid, with the upper glume and lower lemma
subequal, 2-5-nerved, and upper anthecium chartaceous or indurated, papillose. Anatomically the
species of group Dissecta are characterized as being Kranz, of the MS type. Relationships of this group
with others of Paspalum, such as Racemosa, Bonplandiana and Disticha, are discussed. A key to the
species, an anatomical description of the group and photomicrographs, morphological descriptions and
illustrations of the species, as well as distribution maps are presented.
Localización: Biblioteca Museo Nacional: QK95 C3.
Publicación no.: 404 Fragmentation and pollen movement in a Costa Rican dry forest tree species
[Fragmentación y movimiento del polen en árboles costarricenses del bosque seco] / Apsit, V.J.
(University of Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural Bridge Rd, St. Louis, MO 631214499, US). Athens GA: University of Georgia, 1998. 122 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of Gorgia,
Botany Department, Athens, GA (USA).
Loss of natural habitat due to the development of once forested areas has left a mosaic of forest
fragments and isolated trees within a matrix of open pasture and agricultural fields. Such habitat
fragmentation may be detrimental to the genetic diversity, ecology, and community level interactions of
once continuously distributed species. Since fragmentation will affect the distribution of most plant and
animal species, the reproductive dynamics of small remnant populations are likely to differ from those
of large, continuous populations. Comparisons of population parameters such as genetic diversity and
structure, as well as pollen flow, beween populations of adult established prior to fragmentation and
their post-fragmentation progeny make it possible to examine the effects of disturbance on the current
reproductive dynamics of individuals established when landscapes were different. This study employed
allozyme genetic markers to examine these effects on remnant populations of Enterolobium
cyclocarpum, a dominant tree species commonly found throughout highly disturbed areas of
Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Moreover, direct estimates of effective population sizes and rates of
pollen immigration allowed predictions of the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding on th genetic
composition of future generations of these fragment populations. The information gained from such
analyses will be an important component for the effective future management and the development of
conservation strategies for tropical tree species in fragmented landscapes.
Publicación no.: 405 The green republic: a conservation history of Costa Rica, 1838-1996 [La república
verde: historia de conservación de Costa Rica, 1838-1996] / Evans, Sterling. (Anglia Polytechnic
University. School of Design and Communications Systems, Victoria Road, South Chelmsford CM1 1LL,
GB <E-mail: [email protected]>). Lawrence, KS: The University of Kansas, 1997. 546 p. Dissertation,
Ph.D, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (USA).
Costa Rica is often cited as a "model" for environmental conservation. This dissertation seeks to track
the history of conservation efforts in Costa Rica via analysis of the development of its national parks and
other protected areas. The focus of the work will be on discussing how Costa Rica came to establish its
conservation system which today includes over twenty-five percent of the country's terrain. It will
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describe the system, discuss key leaders involved, and analyze conservation in light of what it was in
response to: rapid destruction of tropical ecosystems due to the expansion of export-related agricultural
commodities. How and why were national parks and biological reserves proposed and designated? Who
has been behind them? Why and how did these individuals become involved in their country's
conservation movement? What has been the overall impact of conservation on the nation's
environmental well being, economy, and education? What challenges have conservationists had to
confront; what goals and dilemmas await them? Importantly, the work will address what Costa Ricans
have said and are saying about these conservation concerns. Emphasis will be placed on policy
reactions--laws and decrees and how they came about. To limit the scope of this project, 'conservation"
here will imply the creation of national parks, biological reserves, national wildlife refuges, and
indigenous reserves that have been set aside for long-range preservation for future generations. While
there have been many works written about Costa Rica's national parks, what is missing is a historical
work that links development of conservation patterns with agricultural and political history. The intent
of this dissertation is to show how conservation policy came about, how leaders in the movement
worked to forge changes, and how conservation thought has evolved from the early days of Costa Rican
independence to 1996.
Publicación no.: 406 A synopsis of the genus Echinopepon (Cucurbitaceae: Sicyeae), including three
new taxa [Un resumen del género Echinopepon (Cucurbitaceae: Sicyeae), incluyendo tres nuevos
taxones] / Monro, Alex K.; Stafford, P.J. (The Natural History Museum. Department of Botany, Cromwell
Road, London, SW7 5BD, GB <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
This New World genus of 18 spp. is centered on the Pacific slope of Mexico. Three new combinations are
here published and three new spp. described, including Echinopepon micropaniculatus A.K. Monro &
Staff., known only from the type, collected in Palo Verde National Park, the Guanacaste lowlands of
Costa Rica. The only other sp. recorded from Costa Rica is E. racemosus (Steud.) C. Jeffrey, the most
widespread sp. in the genus. Features a key to spp., distribution maps, SEM micrographs of pollen, and
holotype photos of the three new spp. This being a synoptic treatment, descriptions are provided only
for the new spp., and specimen citations lack locality data beyond province or state.
Publicación no.: 407 Números mensuales de patos silvestres en los pantanos de la cuenca baja del Río
Tempisque, Guanacaste, durante las estaciones secas de 1986-1990 / McCoy-Colton, Michael B.;
Rodríguez-Ramírez, J.M. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Programa Regional
Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Congreso de Ornitología de Costa
Rica. I. Resúmenes, San José CR20-22 de mayo, 1993. San José: CIPA - MNCR - PRMVS - UNA, 1993. p. 9.
[Abstract only]. Visitamos los pantanos más importantes de la cuenca baja del Río Tempisque, de una a
dos veces por mes, durante las estaciones secas de 1986-90 (enero-mayo). En cada visita contamos el
número de individuos de cada especie de patos silvestres (residentes y migratorios) identificables.
Hicimos los conteos con ayuda de binoculares (7x35) y telescopio (15-45x) y desde la cima de los cerros
más cercanos disponibles. Una vez por año logramos contar desde avioneta. Los pantanos visitados
fueron: Refugio Palo Verde, Laguna La Bocana, Laguna Corralillo (Rancho Horizontes), Hda. San
Jerónimo, Laguna La Zopilota, Laguna Castillo (Hda. San Joaquín), Laguna Zonzapote, Laguna Coral de
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Piedra, Laguna Pozo de Agua, Laguna Mata Redonda, y Lagunas del Río Cañas. Los conteos por vía
terrestre siempre fueron hechos en un día. El uso de la Laguna de Palo Verde por patos decrementó
drásticamente entre los años 1986-88 con uso intensivo de pantanos en propiedad privada como las de
Hda. San Jerónimo y de Hda. San Joaquín, al comenzar a abrir el pantano de Palo Verde de la planta
invasora, Typha dominguensis. A partir de 1989 el uso por patos aumentó significativamente en Palo
Verde y decrementó en los otros pantanos alrededor.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10674. Biblioteca del BIODOC: 598.291.728 C749r.
Publicación no.: 408 Uso de hábitat por patos (Anatidae) en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica /
Hernández-Esquivel, Daniel A. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre
para Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia, CR). Congreso de Ornitología de Costa Rica. I. Resúmenes, San
José CR20-22 de mayo, 1993. San José: CIPA - MNCR - PRMVS - UNA, 1993. p. 10.
Se presentan los datos sobre el uso de siete componentes de hábitat por cinco especies de patos
(Anatidae) en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, entre noviembre de 1988 y marzo de 1989. Los
componentes de hábitat evaluados fueron Eichhornia, Tipha, Neptunia, Agua, Barro y Otro (mezcla de
varios componentes). La especie Dendrocygna bicolor apareció sólo en noviembre, Anas clypeata fue
rara y usó sólo el componente Agua. Dendrocygna viduata fue también rara y usó tres componentes con
una clara preferencia (P¾0,005) por el componente Eichhornia. Cairina moschata fue una especie
común y usó sin preferencia seis componentes de hábitat. Anas discors fue una especie abundante y usó
también seis componentes pero con una preferencia (P¾0,0001) por el componente Agua. Por último,
Dendrocygna autumnalis fue la especie más abundante en el pantano y usó siete componentes con una
preferencia (P¾0,0001) por el componente Agua. Todas las especies de patos utilizaron los
componentes en diferentes grados sin existir una aparente competencia por los recursos, sin embargo
en el pantano de Palo Verde se deben crear condiciones para mejorar el habitat de los patos.
Localización: Biblioteca del BIODOC: 598.291.728 C749r.
Publicación no.: 409 Relación entre la riqueza de especies de aves y la superficie de las Areas
Protegidas de Costa Rica / Naranjo-Piñera, Eduardo José.; Zúñiga-Rodríguez, Teresa.; Rau, Jaime R.
(Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350, 3000 Heredia, CR).
Congreso de Ornitología de Costa Rica. I. Resúmenes, San José CR20-22 de mayo, 1993. San José: CIPA MNCR - PRMVS - UNA, 1993. p. 31.
Numerosos investigadores han analizado la relación existente entre la riqueza de especies (S) y el área
(A) de ambientes fragmentados e islas oceánicas, la cual parece ajustarse a la regresión de potencia: la S
= ln c + z ln A, en donde c, es el intercepto y a es la pendiente, cuyo valor empírico varía entre 0,12 y
0,17 para los hábitats continentales aislados. En el caso de ambientes discontinuos esta ecuación es
explicada alternativamente por: (a) la hipótesis de heterogeneidad del hábitat y (b) la hipótesis del
equilibrio. Esta última explicación causal ha sido muy revisada, dadas sus implicaciones para el diseño de
Reservas y Areas Protegidas. En esta comunicación analizamos preliminarmente la relación entre la
riqueza de especies de aves, obtenida desde diferentes bases de datos que nos parecieron confiables
(e.g., Stiles et al. 1988, Boza 1992, INBio 1993), y la superficie de ca. 20 áreas protegidas continentales e
insulares de Costa Rica, que variaron entre ca. 700 - 55.000 has (i.e., una diferencia de ca. 80 veces!).
Analizamos los resultados considerando: (a) especies residentes v/s especies migratorias (rangos en
áreas continentales: 11%, Parque Nacional Volcán Poás; ea. 30%, Refugio de Fauna "Palo Verde"), (b)
áreas continentales v/s áreas insulares oceánicas y (c) diferencia entre áreas bajas (i.e, menos que 1.500
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msnm) y áreas altas (i.e., más de 1.500 msnm). Como era esperable, los parámetros c y z variaron según
cada uno de estos tres escenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca del BIODOC: 598.291.728 C749r.
Publicación no.: 410 The occurrence and diversity of tree legumes as influenced by soil properties in
selected tropical forests in Costa Rica [Presencia y diversidad de árboles leguminosos influenciado por
las propiedades de los suelos en bosques tropicales seleccionados en Costa Rica] / Wesch, R.A. (1643
Ocaso Camino, Fremont, CA 94539, US). College Station, TX: The Texas A&M University, 1999. 186 p.
Thesis, M.Sc, The Texas A&M University, Office of Graduate Studies, College Station, TX (USA).
Legumes play important roles in tropical forests due to their contribution to N2-fixation and nutrient
cycling. Our objectives were to determine which soil properties, if any, affect the occurrence and
distribution of tree legumes in a tropical wet and a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica, to make small-scale
inventories of the legume populations of these same forests and to study the soil ameliorative effects of
legumes and non-legumes. Tree and soil surveys were undertaken in both forests for these purposes.
Soil properties found to influence legume occurrence in the dry forest were texture and exchangeable
Mg content. Exchangeable K, Ca and available P were influential on the occurrence of members of the
Leguminosae subfamilies. In the wet forest, soil properties found to influence legume occurrence were
levels of available P and exchangeable Al. In addition to these, other variables such as texture and
exchangeable Ca and Mg were influential on the occurrence of the legume Pentaclethra macroloba, a
very abundant species in this forest. Based on the Shannon index of diversity, legume species were most
diverse in the dry forest followed by the ultisol soil and inceptisol soil sites in the wet forest. Differences
in the soil under legumes and non-legumes in the dry tropical forest include levels of exchangeable Ca,
soil pH and total Mo.
Publicación no.: 411 Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque seco sobre el éxito reproductivo de una
especie de árbol maderable: Samanea saman (Mimosaceae) / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M. (Museo
Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1999. 87 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc,
Universidad de Costa Rica, Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
En este documento se presentan los resultados del estudio del efecto de la fragmentación del bosque
seco sobre el éxito reproductivo del árbol Pithecellobium saman (Fabaceae/Mim.) en Costa Rica. Este
trabajo constituye uno de los primeros estudios en evaluar el fenómeno de la fragmentación de bosques
sobre la reproducción de una especie de árbol tropical. El aspecto novedoso del presente estudio
consiste en considerar diferentes aspectos de la reproducción de la especie con el propósito de tener un
panorama más amplio del efecto de la fragmentación sobre la reproducción y viabilidad de la progenie.
En el diseño experimental se incluyeron dos tratamientos principales: árboles creciendo en poblaciones
continuas y árboles aislados o en pequeños remanentes boscosos (1 ha). Los aspectos reproductivos
considerados fueron: 1. Polinización natural (deposición de polen y cantidad de tubos polínicos en el
estilo). 2. Producción de semillas por fruto (total de semillas, semillas abortadas, depredadas y semillas
viables por fruto). 3. Parámetros genéticos (heterocigosidad promedio, tasa de exocruzamiento y
correlación de parentesco de la progenie). 4. Parámetros de vigor de la progenie (germinación y
sobrevivencia de las plántulas, peso de las semillas, días para la emergencia de la primera hoja, altura de
las plántulas, número de hojas, área foliar, biomasa seca radical y aérea, y número de nódulos en la
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raíz). En el estudio de la polinización natural se analizó una muestra de 1.016 estilos (530 de árboles en
bosques continuos y 486 de árboles aislados) no encontrándose diferencias significativas en el grado de
deposición de polen sobre los estigmas de árboles en ambos tratamientos. En los árboles de poblaciones
continuas el número de tubos polínicos en el estilo fue mayor que en árboles aislados, además, el
porcentaje de flores con una mayor cantidad de tubos polínicos en sus estilos que óvulos en el ovario
fue mayor en árboles de poblaciones continuas. Lo anterior sugiere que en árboles de poblaciones
continuas se presenta una mayor competencia de polen, lo que ha sido relacionado con la calidad de la
progenie producida. Por otra parte, la presencia de un menor número de tubos polínicos
desarrollándose en los estilos de árboles aislados puede deberse a problemas de autoincompatibilidad
de la especie debido a una mayor deposición de polen propio dentro del mismo individuo
(geitonogamia) o a la calidad genética de los donadores de polen. En la producción de semillas por fruto
se analizó una muestra de 1.575 frutos (946 de árboles de poblaciones continuas y 629 de árboles
aislados) y se encontró que los árboles en poblaciones continuas producen más semillas por fruto que
los árboles aislados. La reducción de aproximadamente un 6% que sufren los árboles aislados con
respecto a los árboles de poblaciones continuas puede tener importantes implicaciones en la cosecha
total de semillas de un árbol aislado. Además, el número de semillas depredadas por fruto en árboles
aislados fue menor que en poblaciones continuas, probablemente debido a la reducción o eliminación
de las poblaciones de depredadores en los remanentes boscosos. El número de semillas abonadas y
semillas viables por fruto no mostró diferencias significativas entre ambos tratamientos. En el análisis
genético, por medio de la técnica de electroforesis en almidón de extractos de proteínas, se obtuvieron
cuatro sistemas enzimáticos que presentaron buena resolución e interpretabilidad: ICD, EST, PGD y
PGM. Se utilizó una muestra de 212 semillas provenientes de 20 árboles maternos (10 individuos por
tratamiento). Se determinó que tanto los árboles en poblaciones continuas como los árboles aislados
son aparentemente 100% exógamos, no obstante, la variación en los datos por efecto del tamaño de
muestra y el número de loci estudiados no permiten tener un resultado conclusivo al respecto. La
variabilidad genética no difirió entre ambos tratamientos y es similar a la informada para otras especies
arbóreas neotropicales. El coeficiente de correlación de parentesco de la progenie fue mayor en
poblaciones continuas, y a pesar de la variación mostrada, este resultado sugiere que los árboles en esa
condición reciben polen preferentemente de un solo donador o de unos pocos individuos
genéticamente emparentados. En cambio, en los árboles aislados el flujo de polen parece ser más
aleatorio en cuanto a su procedencia. En el estudio de los parámetros de vigor de la progenie se utilizó
una muestra inicial de 1.960 semilas para las pruebas de invernadero, provenientes de 14 árboles de
poblaciones continuas y 10 árboles aislados. Se encontró que la fragmentación afectó la germinación en
árboles aislados, los cuales sufrieron una reducción cercana al 15% con respecto a árboles de
poblaciones continuas. La sobrevivencia no difirió significativamente entre los tratamientos pero se
mantuvo la tendencia original al inicio de la germinación y al cabo de los 45 días del estudio la progenie
inicial de los árboles aislados se había reducido casi en un 50%. La fragmentación afectó, además, el
desarrollo de área foliar y la acumulación de biomasa en la progenie de árboles aislados lo cual puede
afectar el establecimiento y regeneración de la especie en los remanentes boscosos. En conclusión, la
fragmentación del bosque seco en nuestro país ha afectado el éxito reproductivo de los árboles de
Samanea saman que se encuentran aislados o en pequeños reductos boscosos (1 ha), en cuanto a los
parámetros de polinización natural y vigor de la progenie antes mencionados.
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Publicación no.: 412 Curso de administración y mercadeo de la investigación en las Areas de
Conservación / Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación / Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad.
Proyecto Desarrollo de Recursos de Biodiversidad INBio-GEFIBM, Santo Domingo de Heredia, CR. Curso
de administración y mercadeo de la investigación en las Areas de Conservación. , Estación Biológica Palo
Verde / Area de Conservación Tempisque. CR. 4-6 junio de 1998. Estación Biológica Palo Verde: SINAC /
INBIO, 1998. 53 p.
El programa de generación de conocimiento y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad, desarrollado
conjuntamente por el Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación (SINAC) y el Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad (INBio) contiene un importante componente de investigación en las Areas de
Conservación, dirigido a conocer la biodiversidad existente en las áreas silvestres protegidas y promover
su uso sostenible, de manera que genere beneficios al proceso nacional de conservación, y al mismo
tiempo, beneficie a las comunidades locales. El proyecto Desarrollo de Recursos de Biodiversidad
financiado por el GEF-Banco Mundial, forma parte de este programa. Con el objetivo de apoyar la
capacidad de desarrollo de la investigación en las Areas de Conservación consideradas en el programa,
se realizó un curso corto de administración y mercadeo dirigido a personal de estas Areas responsable
de la atención de investigadores. El curso se dirigió a dotar a los participantes de instrumentos para la
ejecución del programa y al mismo tiempo, buscó abrir un espacio para el intercambio de experiencias a
nivel del SINAC en materia de estaciones de investigación. En este documento se recogen los temas
centrales y principales discusiones desarrolladas durante el curso.
Publicación no.: 413 Estimating pollen flow and effective population sizes of fragmented Enterolobium
cyclocarpum populations in Costa Rica [Estimando el flujo de polen y tamaños efectivos de población en
poblaciones fragmentadas de Enterolobium cyclocarpum en Costa Rica] / Apsit, V.J.; Hamrick, James L.;
Nason, J.D. (University of Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural Bridge Rd, St. Louis,
MO 63121-4499, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
International Botanical Congress. XVI, St Louis, MO US1-7 August 1999. , p. 234 St Louis, MO:
International Botanical Congress, 1999.
Pollen immigration and equivalent relative gamete production may retard loss of heterozygosity and
offset negative effects of genetic drift on the future genetic composition of small, extinction-prone
populations. Through allozyme analyses, we examined levels of genetic diversity, mating system, pollen
immigration (m), and effective population sizes (Ne) in six small (N=3-35), spatially isolated populations
of E. cyclocarpum in Guanacaste, NW Costa Rica. Moderate levels of genetic diversity and high
outcrossing rate estimates suggest inbreeding is not a problem. Pollen immigration is substantial and
the fairly equivalent gamete production produced only moderate reduction in Ne relative to census
population sizes. Direct estimates of m and Ne allowed us to predict moderate effects of genetic drift on
the probability of fixation in future populations.
Publicación no.: 414 Extensión del ámbito reproductivo del avetorrillo pantanero, Ixobrychus exilis en
Costa Rica / Alvarado-Quesada, Ghisselle María. (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de
Historia Natural, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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La garcilla Ixobrychus exilis se extiende desde el S.E de Canadá y el N.O. de los Estados Unidos hasta
Paraguay, incluyéndose las Antillas. En Costa Rica, esta garcilla es un habitante raro a común de las
tierras bajas de ambas vertientes. Hasta la fecha, la reproducción ha sido confirmada únicamente para
Guanacaste (Palo Verde) y Río Frío, y es posible que anide más ampliamente. Esta nota informa sobre
una nueva localidad de reproducción para la especie, en Westfalia, Prov. Limón, Vertiente del Atlántico
de Costa Rica (9° 56' 00" N, 83° 00' 10" W), y es el primer informe de anidación de la especie en la Costa
Atlántica. El día 16 de abril de 1997, entre las 06:30 y 08:00 hrs fueron capturados dos individuos, macho
y hembra de Ixobrychus exilis en una red de niebla, colocada a orillas de una laguna formada por el Río
Banano cerca de su desembocadura. La orilla de la laguna se encuentra cubierta por gramíneas
(Poaceae) y árboles dispersos de "almendro de playa" Terminalia catapa. Antes de la recolecta se
observó a dos aves perseguirse. Primero cayó el macho y casi inmediatamente cayó la hembra, que
logró escapar y posteriormente fue capturada de nuevo. Ambos individuos fueron preparados y
depositados en la Colección de Ornitología del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Departamento de Historia
Natural. Tanto el macho como la hembra se encontraban en estado reproductivo. El ovario de la hembra
medía 15.0 X 7.5 mm, y tenía varios folículos desarrollados, los más grandes medían: 4.0 X 5.0 mm; 3.5 X
3.5mm; 3.5 X 3.0 mm y 3.0 X 2.5 mm. En el macho ambos testes midieron 10.0 X 4.0 mm. Parece poco
probable que estos individuos provengan de localidades como Río Frío o Palo Verde, dado que esta
especie generalmente vuela distancias cortas, el hábitat donde fueron recolectados ambos individuos es
apto para la anidación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. S10454.
Publicación no.: 415 Parasitization biology of a new species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) feeding on
larvae of Costa Rican dry forest skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) [Biología de
parasitización de una nueva especie de Braconidae (Hymenoptera) que se alimenta de larvas de
hespéridos del bosque seco costarricense (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)] / Janzen, Daniel H.;
Sharkey, Michael J.; Burns, John M. (University of Pennsylvania. Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA
19104,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
En: Tropical Lepidoptera (ISSN 1048-8138), v. 9, Supplement 2, p. 33-41. 1998.
The black and red medium-sized parasitoid wasp Bassus brooksi sp. nov. is described. Specimens were
collected from dry forest habitats ranging from northern Mexico to the north-western Costa Rican
coastal plain and reared in Costa Rica. The wasp larvae developed in the larvae of a relatively unrelated
array of 24 species of pyrgine Hesperiidae. The hosts inhabited the broken shade and sun of forest edges
and fed on a variety of herbs, vines and low woody plants. Oviposition occurred in early to middle instar
larvae. A single wasp larva emerged from a penultimate or final instar larva to spin its large elongate
white cocoon next to the empty skin and head capsule of the larva. B. brooksi did not attack any grassfeeding Hesperiidae larvae in the same habitat and ignored many species of sympatric pyrgine
hesperiids and all other larvae taxa. B. brooksi is closely related to B. spiracularis, which is broadly
sympatric with B. brooksi in northern Mexico. These are the only species of agathidine braconids known
to attack butterfly larvae.
Publicación no.: 416 Uso de hábitat por patos (Anatidae) en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica. II
[Habitat use by ducks (Anatidae) in a seasonal Costa Rican marsh. II] / Hernández-Esquivel, Daniel A.
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(Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe,
Heredia, CR).
En: I. Flora acuática y sus cambios anuales en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica. II. Uso de hábitat por
patos (Anatidae) en un humedal estacional de Costa Rica Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1991. p. 62105. Tesis, Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo
de Vida Silvestre, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Estudié el uso de hábitat y algunos aspectos de distribución de cinco especies de patos (Anatidae) en el
Parque Nacional Palo Verde, desde noviembre de 1988 hasta marzo de 1989. Definí siete componentes
del hábitat. Encontré seis especies de patos a lo largo del estudio, pero una, Dendrocygna bicolor
apareció sólo en noviembre. Encontré que Anas clypeata fue una especie rara y usó sólo el componente
agua abierta. Dendrocygna viduata fue también rara y usó tres componentes con una clara preferencia
(P¾0,005) por el componente Eichhornia. Cairina moschata fue una especie común y usó sin preferencia
(P¾0,32) seis componentes de hábitat. Anas discors fue una especie abundante y usó también seis
componentes pero con una preferencia (P¾0,0001) por el agua abierta. Por último, Dendrocygna
autumnalis fue la especie más abundante en el pantano y usó siete componentes con una preferencia
(P¾0,0001) por el agua abierta. Todas las especies de patos utilizaron los componentes en diferentes
grados sin existir una aparente competencia por los recursos; sin embargo en el pantano de Palo Verde
se deben crear las condiciones para mejorar el hábitat de los patos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 117. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis H557flo.
Publicación no.: 417 Assessing and monitoring carbon offset projects: the Costa Rican case [Evaluación
y proyectos de compensación de almacenamiento de carbono: el caso costarricense] / Trines, E.P.
(Societé Generale de Surveillance (SGS), Mill Street, Oxford OX2 0JX, GB).
En: Commonwealth Forestry Review (ISSN 0010-3381), v. 77, no. 3, p. 214-218, 242. 1998.
Projects wishing to generate Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) have to demonstrate carbon
achievements by providing information on the size of the project's carbon pools and the changes to
these pools. This paper outlines how the Protected Areas Project (PAP) in Costa Rica deals with this
issue. The PAP covers 27 of the national parks and biological reserves and aims to protect the area from
land use and further degradation by buying the land, transferring the ownership to the state, and
actively protecting the entire area from encroachment and fire. The carbon achievements of the project
are quantified using various assumptions for the required parameters. The scientific methodologies
underlying these assumptions were assessed in the certification process conducted by SGS (Societe
Generale de Surveillance), and values of the main parameters were verified. Specific emphasis was
placed on the project's stratification using ecotypes, biomass estimates, determination of land cover,
and deforestation rates. The outcome of the assessment overall was positive but some corrective action
requests were raised to improve the availability and quality of the data sets used. This was reported to
four independent peer reviewers who scrutinised the assessors' work and the report. After addressing
the concerns articulated by the reviewers, SGS' professional judgement was approved.
Publicación no.: 418 Life history characteristics and rarity of woody plants in tropical dry forest
fragments of Central America [Características del ciclo de vida y rareza de plantas leñosas en
fragmentos del bosque seco tropical de Centroamérica] / Gillespie, T.W. (University of South Florida.
Página 311 de 535
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Department of Geography, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, US <E-mail:
En: Journal of Tropical Ecology (ISSN 0266-4674), v. 15, no. 5, p. 637-649. 1999.
Breeding systems and dispersal mechanisms of plants (greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh) were
examined in fragments of tropical dry forest in Central America to identify life-history characteristics
associated with rarity. In particular, the richness and abundance of dioecious and mammal-dispersed
trees and shrubs were examined to identify potential associations with precipitation, anthropogenic
disturbance, and area. Plots totalling 1000 m² per site were established in seven nature reserves in
Costa Rica (two sites) and Nicaragua (five sites). Overall, tropical dry forests of Central America have a
similar proportion of dioecious species to other lowland neotropical forests and a similar proportion of
wind-dispersed plants to other tropical dry forests around the world. However, the number of dioecious
and mammal-dispersed species declined with decreasing forest cover within each reserve. Although
dioecious species were rare in smaller forest fragments, some of these species will not be threatened
with regional extinction because they are early successional plants, they have large geographic ranges,
and they are not restricted to the tropical dry forest life zone. Mammal-dispersed plants were rare in
small fragments, but it is not clear whether this was due to the loss of dispersal vectors or other lifehistory characteristics.
Publicación no.: 419 Dimorfismo floral y su función ecológica en Samanea saman (Mimosaceae), un
árbol del bosque tropical seco / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M.; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio.; LoboSegura, Jorge A.; Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J. (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia
Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Investigación, 1999. p. 47.
El dimorfismo floral en plantas está descrito para flores unisexuales de especies monoicas y diocas. Las
hipótesis existentes para explicar las causas del dimorfismo floral proponen que las diferencias entre
flores masculinas y femeninas se deben a causas puramente estructurales o a diferencias selectivas en
su capacidad de atracción a polinizadores. Con el propósito de establecer la función del dimorfismo
sexual en una planta con flores que expresan ambos sexos simultáneamente en la misma inflorescencia
(hermafroditas), se utilizó una especie arbórea del bosque seco del Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
Pithecellobium saman (cenízaro). Los resultados indican que: 1- la flores de mayor tamaño (flor central)
están presentes en menor frecuencia dentro de las inflorescencias, 2- esta flor central posee
significativamente un mayor número de estambres y óvulos, 3- es la única flor con nectarios, 4- sus
estigmas reciben significativamente un menor número de poliadas, 5- en sus estilos crecen
significativamente un menor número de tubos polínicos, y 6- esta flor central no produce frutos. Los
resultados sugieren que el mantenimiento del dimorfismo floral en esta especie está asociado a la
función atractiva y de recompensa que ejerce la flor central.
Publicación no.: 420 Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque sobre el éxito reproductivo de Samanea
saman (Mimosaceae), una especie arborescente del bosque seco de Costa Rica / Cascante-Marín,
Alfredo M.; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio.; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A.; Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J. (Museo Nacional
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de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Investigación, 1999. p. 47-48.
La fragmentación de los bosques naturales es un fenómeno de gran magnitud y representa uno de los
obstáculos mayores en la conservación a largo plazo de las poblaciones de plantas. La fragmentación
puede afectar el éxito reproductivo y la viabilidad futura de las poblaciones de plantas, en particular de
la flora arborescente. El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar el efecto de la fragmentación del bosque
sobre el éxito reproductivo de un árbol tropical, Pithecellobium saman. En el diseño experimental se
contemplaron dos tratamientos: I-Arboles en poblaciones continuas (hábitat no fragmentado) y 2Arboles aislados o en pequeños remanentes de bosque (1 ha) (hábitat fragmentado). Los aspectos
reproductivos considerados fueron: A- Polinización natural, B- Producción de semillas por fruto, CParámetros genéticos, utilizando la técnica de electroforesis enzimática, y D- Parámetros de vigor de la
progenie. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, la fragmentación parece no haber afectado la deposición
natural de polen en la condición de árboles aislados. No obstante, en árboles de poblaciones continuas
se desarrollan un mayor número de tubos polínicos en los estilos y la probabilidad de que se presente
competencia de polen es mayor. En poblaciones continuas se desarrollan más semillas por fruto, pero
estas sufren mayor depredación que en árboles aislados, La progenie proveniente de árboles aislados
tiene una probabilidad menor de germinar, además, desarrollan menor área foliar y acumulan menor
cantidad de biomasa que la progenie de poblaciones continuas. Estos resultados tienen importantes
implicaciones en cuanto al manejo de pequeñas reservas y a la explotación de los bosques tropicales en
general.
Publicación no.: 421 Leptodeira annulata (Culebra Desteñida, Banded Cat-eyed Snake). Diet / MoraBenavides, José Manuel. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Herpetological Review (ISSN 0018-084X), v. 30, no. 2, p. 102. 1999. Colubrids are known to take a
wide range of food items, including carrion such as fish and frogs. Leptodeira annulata is a mediumsized, nocturnal, colubrid snake with a maximum recorded total lenght of 870 mm. This snake feeds on
lizards, salamanders, and frogs. On 11 November 1997 (2250 h) we observed a L. annulata (SVL 459 mm)
eating a road-killed frog from the gravel road surface in Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste Province,
NW Costa Rica (10°21'N, 85°2'W). The snake was deposited in the Museo de Zoología, Universidad de
Costa Rica (MZUCR 13629). The frog was in an advanced stage of decomposition, with a strong rotten
smell. The snake was peeling the squashed frog from the mud, and subsequent dissection of the snake
showed that it had consumed some of the remains. It had rained from 2130 h to 2200 h, and frog
activity was high in the area where we found the snake. All the frogs we observed (at least 10
individuals) on the road during the 15 min. prior to the observation were Rana vaillanti. Because of
similarities in size, we infer that the dad frog may have been another R. vaillanti.
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Publicación no.: 422 Actividades humanas antiguas en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde / Chávez-Chavez,
C.; Baldi-Salas, N.F. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Antropología y Sociología, Sección de
Arqueología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Investigación, 1999. p. 85-86.
Las áreas protegidas de Costa Rica guardan un patrimonio arqueológico que, por su ubicación, está
cubierto por la legislación que resguarda estos espacios. Producto de una investigación sistemática y
mediante una prospección arqueológica y excavaciones limitadas, se han ubicado varios sitios
arqueológicos con diferente temporalidad, que muestran un gran desarrollo sociocultural del espacio
que hoy ocupa el Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Hasta el momento, la información obtenida demuestra
que la utilización de este territorio, está ligada a los diferentes nichos ecológicos que ahí se ubican. En
los pocos sitios excavados se han localizado restos de especies ligadas a los humedales, a los ambientes
riberinos, lagunas, bosques siempre verdes y bosque caducifolios, entre otros, dan pie para suponer la
existencia de, adaptaciones culturales muy propios de la zona. En el sitio Palo Blanco, mediante calas
estratigráficas se localizó un enterramiento de varios individuos en posición decúbito supino y restos de
otros que fueron removidos para depositar a los primeros. Asociado a ellos se localizaron restos de
comida, manifiesta en conchas, huesos de peces, iguánidos, venados, tortugas, armadillos y aves,
además de granos de maíz. Artefactos de cerámica, lítica, y concha acompañaban a la deposición de
restos humanos. En general, la información recuperada permite afirmar una ocupación permanente de
la zona en un lapso comprendido entre los 300 a.C hasta muy cerca del contacto con los europeos.
Publicación no.: 423 A review of the Costa Rican species of Mozena Amyot and Serville, with
descriptions of three new species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini)
[Revisión de las especies costarricenses de Mozena Amyot y Serville, con descripciones de tres especies
nuevas (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini)] / Brailovsky-Alperowitz, Harry
Urad. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Zoología,
Apdo Postal 70153, Mexico City 04510, DF, MX <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Transactions of the American Entomological Society (ISSN 0002-8320), v. 125, no. 4, p. 419-432.
1999
Three Costa Rican species of Mozena: M. auricularia, M. guanacastela, and M. tyttha, are described and
illustrated; M. lunata (Burmeister), M. lutea (Herrich-Schaffer), and M. ventralis (Mayr) are recorded for
the first time in Costa Rica; new records for M. alata Distant, and M. lurida (Dallas) are given, and a key
to the known Costa Rican species of Mozena is presented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6261. NBINA-2118. Biblioteca de Inventario (INBio).
Publicación no.: 424 Consideraciones sobre el manejo y conservación de 18 especies forestales
vedadas en Costa Rica. Guaiacum sanctum L. (Guayacán Real), un caso particular de estudio
[Considerations on the management and conservation of 18 forest trees species banned for logging in
Costa Rica. Guaiacum sanctum L., (Guayacán Real), a study case] / Jiménez-Madrigal, Quírico. (Instituto
Nacional de Biodiversidad, Apdo. Postal 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Baeza-Jaén: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, Sede Antonio Machado,
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1999. 147 p. Tesis, Maestría en Gestión, Conservación y Control de Especies Sometidas a Comercio
Internacional, Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, Sede Antonio Machado, Baeza-Jaén (España).
As a direct result of deforestation, inadequate forest management, and poor practices of tree
management, mining or selective extraction in Costa Rica, the great majority of primary forests eligible
for management have disappeared. The only forests that have escaped the current crisis in the logging
industry, other than those in private hands, are protected under the National System of Conservation
Areas. This system enjoys a worldwide reputation for protecting large tracts of this country's prodigious
biodiversity. Consequently, a number of tree species have been heavily overlogged and are now facing
the threat of imminent extinction. The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), in consideration of
the document "Arboles Maderables en Peligro de Extinción en Costa Rica" ("Timber trees in danger of
extinction in Costa Rica," available in Spanish) responded by placing a ban on the extraction of 18 tree
species to protect them for further study and protection. The purpose of this document is to offer
options for the in situ and ex situ management and conservation of these species. It also discusses the
importance of studying these populations in the fíeld and decribes the findings of such a study for one of
species, the Guayacán Real (Guaiacum sanctum L.) in Palo Verde National Park in the province of
Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 425 Temporal variation in gene flow rates into fragmented tropical tree populations
[Variación temporal las tasas de flujo genético dentro de poblaciones fragmentadas de árboles
tropicales] / Hamrick, James L. (University of Georgia. Departments of Botany and Genetics, Athens, GA
30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). International Botanical Congress. XVI, St
Louis, MO US1-7 August 1999. St. Louis, MO: International Botanical Congress, 1999.
Allozyme loci were used to describe the breeding structure of fragmented populations of Enterolobium
cyclocarpum (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), a dominant tree of the seasonally dry tropical forests of Costa
Rica. Several reproductive events were analyzed. Due to the presence of full-sibs within individual fruits,
the exact multilocus genotype of each pollen parent could be inferred. Comparisons of pollen donor
pools made among trees within sites and, among years indicated that most trees received pollen from
large numbers of pollen parents. Trees within clusters tended to have fewer pollen donors while
isolated trees experienced more pollen donors. The similarity of pollen donor pools ranged widely
among trees within individual sites and among years for individual trees. Rates of gene flow averaged
approximately 60%.
Publicación no.: 426 Diversity, composition, and structure of tropical dry forests in Central America
[Diversidad, composición y estructura de los bosques secos tropicales en Centroamérica] / Gillespie,
T.W.; Grijalva, A.; Farris, C.N. (University of South Florida. Department of Geography, 140 Seventh
Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Plant Ecology (ISSN 1385-0237), v. 147, no. 1, p. 37-47. 2000.
Tropical dry forests have been reduced to less than 0.1% of their original expanse on the Pacific side of
Central America and are considered by some to be the most endangered ecosystem in the lowland
tropics. Plots 1000 m² were established in seven tropical dry forests in Costa Rica and Nicaragua in order
to compare levels of species richness to other Neotropical dry forest sites and to identify environmental
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variables associated with species richness and abundance. A total of 204 species and 1484 individuals
greater than or equal to 2.5 cm were encountered. Santa Rosa National Park was the richest site with
the highest family (33), genera (69), and species (75) diversity of all sites. Species richness and forest
structure were significantly different between sites. Fabaceae was the dominant tree and shrub family
at most sites, but no species was repeatably dominant based on number of stems in all fragments of
tropical dry forest. Central American dry forests had similar species richness when compared to other
Neotropical forests. There was no correlation between forest cover within reserves, or precipitation and
plant species richness. There was a significant correlation between anthropogenic disturbance (intensity
and frequency of fire, wood collection, grazing) and total species richness, tree and shrub species
richness, and liana abundance. These results suggest controlling levels on anthropogenic disturbance
within reserves should be a high priority for resource managers in Central America. Further research in
forest fragments which examine individual and a combination of disturbance agents would help clarify
the importance of anthropogenic disturbance on species richness and abundance.
Publicación no.: 427 Estudio de la dinámica del bosque seco tropical a través de parcelas permanentes
de muestreo en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Bagaces, Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Monge-Monge,
Adrián A. (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Cartago: Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 1999. 61 p. Informe de
Práctica de Especialidad, Bachiller en Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de
Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago (Costa Rica).
En 1970 se establecieron en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde cuatro, parcelas permanentes adyacentes de
medición de 1 ha cada una, siendo el objetivo de éstas el obtener información sobre la composición
florística de un bosque seco tropical maduro. En el año 1970 se midió ]a masa forestal mayor a 10 cm de
"d', se identificaron las especies y se marcaron todos con placas de aluminio. En 1999 las parcelas fueron
nuevamente medidas, además se actualizó la base de datos con nuevos ingresos y la nueva
nomenclatura de las especies. A partir de los datos obtenidos se realizó un estudio de crecimiento.
Además se estableció un total de 10 parcelas temporales por ha para realizar un estudio de
regeneración. Las parcelas presentan individualmente una diversidad moderada pero son muy
heterogéneas al comparar la frecuencia de sus especies. Para el total de la masa se registró una
mortalidad del 2,4% mientras que los ingresos son del orden de 3,90% con un incremento corriente
anual (ica) de 4,16 mm/año. La longevidad proyectada de los bosques se estimó en 255 años y el
balance neto de entradas y salidas de área basal presenta un valor de -0,29 m²/ha. En síntesis, los
bosques secos de Palo Verde presentan caracteristicas que los hacen tan dinámicos como los bosques
húmedos tropicales.
Publicación no.: 428 El banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes estados de sucesión en un bosque
seco tropical de Costa Rica / Scholz, Claudia. (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería
Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Cartago: Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica,
1999. 78 p. Informe de Práctica de Especialidad, Bachiller en Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de
Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago (Costa Rica).
En un bosque parte de las semillas se almacenan en el suelo y conforman así el banco de semillas del
suelo. Este banco juega un papel importante en la revegetación y sucesión de, un ecosistema. En el
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presente estudio se analizó el banco de semillas del suelo en un ecosistema de bosque seco tropical en
Costa Rica. Se estimó la densidad de semillas y la riqueza de especies presentes en el banco en
diferentes profudidades, del suelo y en cinco sitios diferentes. Los cinco sitios se caraterizaban por su
estado sucesional, de manera que se comparó un pastizal arbustivo de un año de edad, un arbustal o
charral de seis años de edad, un bosque secundario temprano de 15 años de edad, un bosque
secundario intermedio de 22 años de edad y un bosque intervenido hace 24 años. En total germinaron
aproximadamente 57 especies y 1966 semillas al cabo de cuatro meses de ensayo. La mayoría de
especies fueron hierbas y gramíneas y sólo germinaron tres especies de árboles los cuales son:
Calycophyllum candidissimum, Guazuma ulmifolia y Luehea speciosa. Se encontró que la densidad de
semillas y riqueza de especies en el banco del suelo aumenta conforme la sucesión del bosque sea más
avanzada. En profundidades mayores de almacenamiento del suelo disminuye la densidad de semillas y
la riqueza de especies.
Publicación no.: 429 Cambios anuales en la composición y distribución de la vegetación acuática en el
humedal estacional de Palo Verde, Costa Rica / Hernández-Esquivel, Daniel A. (Universidad Nacional.
Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia, CR). San José:
Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 1990. 25 p.
I found 31 species of aquatic plants in a transect of 575 m long in the Palo Verde National Park marsh. I
analyzed 114 plots of 1 m² from February to November, 1989. The floating species, Neptunia plena and
Nymphaea ampla were the widest scattered species, and were always present. The emergents
Paspalidium geminatun, Thypha domingensis, Eliocharis mutata and Ludwigia inclinata were present in
more than 50% of the transect. The species P. geminatum, N. plena, E. mutata, T. domingensis and
Thalia geniculata were present during all months. The smallest cobertures (63.4% and 60.5%) were in
April and May and the highest one (223.5%) was in November. I present an analysis of the physicochemical parameters of the marsh water (pH, temperature, salinity, water level, precipitation).
Publicación no.: 430 The green republic: a conservation history of Costa Rica [La república verde:
historia de conservación de Costa Rica] / Evans, Sterling. (Anglia Polytechnic University. School of Design
and Communications Systems, Victoria Road, South Chelmsford CM1 1LL, GB <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press, 1999. 317 p. ISBN: 0-292-72101-3.
Preface: "This land belongs to the Costa Ricans, some have already died, others are still living, but most
have not even been born." The vision exemplified in the above oft-quoted saying makes Costa Rica an
intriguing case study in environmental history. Its implied message Costa Rica is a country with a mind
for the future, a future based on the environmental well-being of its land and inhabitants -begs the
question of how such a model developed and what measures have been instituted to ensure its success.
More implicitly, this idea must be tested by tracing the successes and failures of the Costa Rican
conservation experience. Part I concerns Costa Rica's history of conservation; Part II, the country's
framework for what will be called "building a green republic." Emphasis in Part I is placed on such issues
as the legacy of tropical research, the environmental dilemma of Costa Rican agriculture, and the
conservationist response via public lands management - especially stressing the role national parks have
played in the Costa Rican conservation strategy (Chapters 1 through 5). Surprisingly, a large percentage
of public land was protected during the severe economic crisis of the early 1980s. Reporting how this
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unique, perhaps paradoxical, experience transpired is discussed in Chapters 6 and 7, and the
government's push to restructure and decentralize conservation efforts in the late 1980s and 1990S is
discussed in Chapter 8. Part II examines other aspects of Costa Rica's conservation experience and how
they apply to the structure in place for the future. Chapters 9 and 10 analyze the important roles played
by environmental education and nongovernmental organizations. Campesino and indigenous
movements are important dimensions of the overall story and are included in Chapter 10. And more
recent phenomena such as ecotourism and biodiversity inventorying are discussed in Chapters 11 and
12. The study, however, would be terribly remiss and blind to the facts if it omitted a discussion of the
serious challenges facing Costa Rica's conservation system. What is often called "the grand
contradiction" is the paradox of Costa Rica's development of extraordinary national parks simultaneous
to massive deforestation in unprotected areas. The fact that only since 1969 more than 25 percent of
Costa Rica has been protected in one form or another must be balanced with the fact that over 60
percent of the country is deforested and that the rate is growing by 4 percent a year. Equally disturbing
is that 17 percent of the land is composed of highly degraded or seriously eroded soil, rendering it
almost useless for agriculture or for reforestation. Keeping matters in perspective, however, is
important. Where things are now is less important than the direction in which they are going. And
therein lies the hope for Costa Rica. The people of Costa Rica have been motivated for a change in
direction to preserve their natural heritage. The history of how this occurred merits attention and is the
underlying purpose of this work. What follows is the account of many who have worked to make Costa
Rica a green republic - a country that conserves natural resources for those who have yet to be born.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.72097286 E92g.
Publicación no.: 431 Cronosecuencia del bosque seco tropical en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
Bagaces, Costa Rica / Hernández-Salas, Zaida Teresita. (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de
Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Cartago: ITCR, 1999. 72 p. Informe
de Práctica de Especialidad, Bachiller, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal,
En Costa Rica, como consecuencia de la deforestación sufrida, son muy pocos los bosques primarios
remanentes, por lo que el bosque secundario cobra cada día mas importancia. Es así como desde hace
ya algunos años en el país se han realizado investigaciones sobre este bosque, sin embargo la mayoría
de éstas se han realizado en el bosque húmedo, dejando de lado el bosque seco sobre el cual existe
poca información. Por esto este trabajo pretende aportar información sobre el bosque secundario seco
tropical, para lo cual se planteó como objetivo general: evaluar los diferentes estados sucesionales en el
bosque seco tropical del Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Para lograrlo se establecieron dos parcelas
permanentes de 0.25 ha en cuatro sitios del Parque. Con la información recolectada se determinó que
las especies más importantes en estos sitios son: Tabebuia ochracea, Calycophyllum candidissimum y
Guazuma ulmifolia; que se da una mayor concentración del número de árboles por ha en las categorías
de 0-5 cm y 5-10 cm de diámetro, que la diversidad de los sitios es muy alta tanto para fustales, latizales
y brinzales, según el índice de Shannon, que la mayor parte del área basal se concentra en las especies
heliófitas de crecimiento rápido, que al nivel de brinzales son muy pocas las especies arbóreas que se
están regenerando, que los bosques que se desarrollan en estos sitios son heterogéneos y que en la
mayoría de los sitios hay tres estratos, el estrato superior, medio e inferior a excepción del sitio
Guácimos que no cuenta con el estrato superior y medio. La diversidad de los sitios estudiados aumenta
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conforme se avanza en el estado sucesional y Guazuma ulmifolia es la especie más común de los
bosques.
Publicación no.: 432 Mariposas comunes - Area de Conservación Tempisque - Costa Rica [Common
butterflies - Tempique Conservation Area - Costa Rica] / Corrales-Mayorga, Jorge F.; Feeny, Christina
(trad.); Sistachs-Díaz, O.V. (il.) (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), 22-3100 Santo Domingo de
Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Santo Domingo de Heredia: Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad (INBio), 1999. 116 p. ISBN: 9968-702-27-7.
This guide provides the reader with an introduction to the world of Lepidoptera and describes the
complex relationships between insects and plants. The first section includes general information on
Lepidoptera's habits and life cycle, while the second provides illustrations and information on individual
species and their respective host plants. This section examines the Pieridae family as a whole, rather
than describing the different species, as similarities of color and pattern make the individual species abundant in the Tempisque Conservation Area - very difficult to distinguish. Twenty species of the
Nymphalidae family and four of the Papilionidae are described individually. Species are identified by
scientific name; for example, Hermeuptychia hermes (Fabricius, 1775). The species descriptions provide
several types.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C1-153. Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: R595.789 C823ma.
Publicación no.: 433 Katydids of Costa Rica. Volume 1: Systematics and bioacoustics of the cone-head
katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae sensu lato) [Chapulines de Costa Rica. Volumen 1:
Sistemática y bioacústica de los chapulines cabeza de cono (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae
sensu lato)] / Naskrecki, Piotr. (Harvard University. Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology,
Museum
of
Comparative
Zoology,
Cambridge,
MA
02138-2902,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). Philadelphia, PA: The Orthopterists' Society, 2000. 163 p. ISBN: 1929014-01-5.
Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are some of the most conspicuous and abundant members of the
Costa Rican fauna. Yet their biology and systematics still remain virtually unknown. This work, covering
all Costa Rican taxa of the subfamily Conocephalinae s.l. (Conocephalinae + Agraeciinae + Copiphorinae),
initiates a series of mnographic treatments of the Tettigoniidae of this country. Twenty genera and 52
species are described or redescribed. Four new genera and 21 species are described. The genera are:
Lipotactomimus gen.n., Metacaputus gen.n., Pluviasilva gen.n., and Podacanthophorus gen.n. The new
species are Conocephalus magdalenae sp.n., Lipotactomimus rowelli sp.n., Copiphora hastata sp.n., C.
ottei sp.n., Metacaputus brenesi sp.n., Erioloides longinoi sp.n., E. acutidentis sp.n., E. sikesi sp.n., E.
latiscobinus sp.n., E. duplidentis sp.n., Podacanthophorus alas sp.n., P. vargasi sp.n., P. maylinae sp.n., P.
nelciae sp.n., Subria sylvestris sp.n., S. crassicerca sp.n., and S. scutellaris sp.n. One new subspecies
(Copiphora brevicauda costaricensis ssp.n.) is also described. Sixteen species and 1 subspecies appear to
be endemic to Costa Rica, but is is likely that they also occur in Nicaragua and Panama. Pictorial and
tabular keys are provided for all genera and species of Costa Rica Conocephalinae s.l. and all species are
fully illustrated. Costa Rican distribution maps are provided for all species. Sound data are provided for
25 species. Males of the genus Copiphora produce both airborne calls and substrate tremulations, while
males of Lirometopum coronatum supplement their tremulations with drumming of their hind feet.
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Included with this publication is a CD-ROM containing additional color illustrations of species treated in
the book, as well as the original sound recordings used to produce the oscillograms.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 595.72 N254k.
Publicación no.: 434 Dry season activity, movement, habitat and den utilization of nine-banded
armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in neotropical dry forest, Costa Rica [Actividad durante la estación
seca, movimiento y utilización del hábitat y guaridas del armadillo de nueve bandas (Dasypus
novemcinctus) en el bosque seco neotropical, Costa Rica] / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher.; Shoenfelder,
S. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail:
Se estudió el armadillo (Dasypus novemcictus Linnaeus) en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Costa Rica
(10°30'N y 85°30'W) equipando siete animales con radiotransmisores. No hubo actividad entre 06001500 h y ésta fue máxima entre 100-2100 h (95%). Los desplazamientos nocturnos fueron de 421,4 m
(223- 835 m). Seis individuos usaron 14 madrigueras en cuatro tipos de hábitat.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-10862.
Publicación no.: 435 Drephalys: division of this showy neotropical genus, plus a new species and the
immatures and food plants of two species from Costa Rican dry forest (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)
[Drephalys (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae): división de este vistoso género neotropical, más una nueva especie y
los estados inmaduros y plantas de alimento de dos especies del bosque seco costarricense] / Burns, John
M.; Janzen, Daniel H. (National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution, Department of
Entomology, Washington, DC 20560-0127, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society (ISSN 0024-0966), v. 53, no. 3, p. 77-89. 1999
Mainly on the basis of many male and female genitalic characters, Drephalys splits cleanly into two
subgenera: Drephalys (Drephalys) Watson 1893 (=Paradros Watson 1893), with at least 16 species, and
Drephalys (Paradrephalys) Burns, new subgenus (type species Hesperia dumeril Latreille 1824), with at
least 7 species. Although these showy, diurnal, neotropical pyrgine hesperiids generally are rare in
collections, two species have been reared repeatedly in the tropical dry forests of the Area de
Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica: Drephalys (Drephalys) kidonoi Burns, new
species, and D. (D.) alcmon (Cramer). In the ACG, larvae of D. kidonoi (N = 236) eat Roupala montana
Aublet (Proteaceae), and larvae of D. alcmon (N = 70) eat Hirtella racemosa Lamarck
(Chrysobalanaceae). In Panama, as well, D. alcmon eats Hirtella racemosa; but in Pará, Brazil, it eats the
Hirtella relatives Couepia and Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae), whereas D. (D.) eous (Hewitson) eats
Vochysia vismiifolia Spruce (Vochysiaceae). As far as we can tell (admittedly not far), different species of
Drephalys (Drephalys) seem to be specializing on food plants in taxonomically unallied families. Larvae
of these three Drephalys (Drephalys) species share a basically similar color pattern, which is distinctive.
With a development time of 45-55 days from newly-eclosed larva to prepupa, D. kidonoi is one of the
slower-growing of some 190 species of pyrgines reared in the ACG. Adults of D. kidonoi apparently
breed chiefly during the first half of the dry season, when other dry-forest skippers have emigrated or
are sexually dormant. While D. kidonoi still is known only from Guanacaste, Costa Rica, D. alcmon ranges
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far more widely-from eastern Peru and central Brazil all the way to Guatemala, at least (it has not
previously been reported from Central America). Despite close genitalic similarities that mark D. kidonoi
as the sister species of D. heliux (the type species of Drephalys), D. kidonoi departs sharply in color
pattern from it and all other species of Drephalys, apparently to mimic several common species of the
silver- spotted skippers Epargyreus with which it is sympatric. We illustrate comparatively the larvae,
pupae, adults, and genitalia of species of Drephalys (Drephalys) that are central to this paper.
Publicación no.: 436 Rarity and conservation of forest birds in the tropical dry forest region of Central
America [Rareza y conservación de aves boscosas en la región del bosque seco tropical de
Centroamérica] / Gillespie, T.W. (University of South Florida. Department of Geography, 140 Seventh
Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Biological Conservation (ISSN 0006-3207), v. 96, no. 2, p. 161-168. 2000.
Biogeographic and life-history characteristics of forest birds in the tropical dry forest region of Central
America were examined to identify variables associated with rarity. Point counts were undertaken in
eight decreed nature reserves and combined with incidence data from reserves and historic data. This
was used to identify assemblages of forest birds that are rare in small fragments, rare in the reserves,
and rare in the tropical dry forest region of Central America. Biogeographic variables of latitudinal extent
and distance to edge of range were not associated with rarity of forest birds. The life-history
characteristic body weight was the only variable significantly associated with rarity in the tropical dry
forest region; although the carnivore guild contained a high proportion of rare species. At a global scale,
two species Ortalis leucogastra and Icterus pectoralis deserve a high priority for conservation, while
Santa Rosa and Palo Verde National Parks deserve a high priority for regional conservation.
Publicación no.: 437 Cattle and the management of freshwater neotropical wetlands in Palo Verde
National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica [Ganado y el manejo de los humedales de agua dulce
neotropicales en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Burnidge, W.S. (122 Hoy
Avenue, Woodstock, IL 60098, US). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, 2000. 89 p. Thesis, M.Sc.,
The University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and Environment, Ann Arbor, MI (USA).
This thesis presents the results of a three-pronged research program related to the use of cattle grazing
as a tool for vegetation management in the freshwater wetlands at Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica.
First, I document and describe the history and characteristics of the contemporary wetland
management program in place at Palo Verde to control cattails (Typha dominguensis) and monoculture
forming grasses (Paspalidium geminatum and Hymenochne amplexicaulis). The management program
involves a combination of mechanical crushing, grazing, and flooding to control the cattails and grasses
and promote open wetland conditions favorable to wintering waterfowl. Second, I describe the
ecological study I conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the management program in terms of
controlling the cattails and grasses. A drought in 1997 stunted plant growth, and I obtained generally
inconclusive results. However, some indications were found that the grazing program had a significant
positive roll in controlling the target plant species. Finally, I describe an evaluation I made of the
management policy from the standpoints of its programmatic, process, and institutional characteristics.
This evaluation identified program strengths and weaknesses in the hope that decision makers could
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proceed to improve the program, the decision making process, and the program's institutional
operations. I conclude with a set of recommendations for improvement of the management program
and directions for future research.
Publicación no.: 438 Tamaño poblacional, reproducción y habitat del jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) en el
Area de Conservación Tempisque, Costa Rica / Villarreal-Orias, Johnny A. (Universidad Nacional.
Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 27-1007, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: MINAE / INBio / OET / American Bird Conservancy / US Fish and Wildlife
Service, 2000. 24 p.
El jabirú (Jabiru mycteria) es una de las tres especies de cicónidos del Neotrópico. En Costa Rica, el jabirú
está en peligro de extinción en la cuenca baja del río Tempisque, por el bajo tamaño de la población y
por la reducción del área de anidación. En el Area de Conservación Tempisque se estimó el tamaño de la
población, la biología reproductiva y se determinaron los sitios de alimentación y de reproducción del
jabirú durante 1998 y el 2000. Se estimó con el método de los conteos limitados, una población de 47
individuos de jabirú (intervalos de confianza = 43 a 83). Mediante los "informantes claves" se
encontraron sólo dos nidos activos en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde. Los nidos estaban en bosques
anegados sobre árboles de gallinazo (Albizzia caribaea) de 25,5 m ± 0,7 (DE) de altura. Los nidos fueron
reutilizados durante los períodos reproductivos de 1998 y 2000 y fueron construidos a una altura de
17,5 m ± 4,9, El período de reproducción comprendió desde finales de agosto hasta finales de marzo. El
jabirú capturó exclusivamente anguilas (Synbranchus marmoratus) en la Laguna Varillal del Parque
Nacional Palo Verde. El jabirú utilizó más el Parque Nacional Palo Verde (64%) que la LCP (2,9%) y la LMR
(33.1%). Pero en el PNPV utilizó principalmente la Laguna Varillal ubicada al norte del Parque Nacional.
Se recomienda establecer un sistema de reservas a nivel local y nacional para asegurar la conservación
del hábitat de anidación y reproducción del jabirú. Se debe priorizar la conservación del Cerro Corral de
Piedra por reunir las características de hábitat de anidación. Buscar mecanismos para conservar los
humedales poco profundos, libres de vegetación acuática emergente y los bosques anegados con
árboles mayores de 20 m de Albizzia caribeae y Ceiba pentandra para proteger los sitios de alimentación
y de reproducción. Se deben proteger de incendios los nidos del jabirú en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
a través de una red de rondas. Los funcionarios del Area de Conservación Tempisque deben ser capaces
de generar información sobre el jabirú. Es necesario iniciar un programa de construcción y ubicación de
nidos artificiales en la Laguna Mata Redonda, para proporcionar a la especie sitios alternativos de
reproducción.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 352. NBINA-4143.
Publicación no.: 439 Base de datos cartográficos para el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Guanacaste,
Costa Rica / Jiménez-Salazar, Vladimir. Cartago: ITCR, 1999. 52 p. Informe de Práctica de Especialidad,
Bachiller en Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal,
Costa Rica posee gran parte de su territorio bajo protección, en forma de reservas y parques nacionales,
sin embargo los límites propuestos por los decretos de formación para estas áreas, son muy distintos a
las líneas divisorias reales que existen en el campo, por lo que no se tiene el dominio necesario para
promulgar cual es el área de la zona protegida. Esto lleva a un desconocimiento parcial del área
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protegida y de los recursos que ésta posee. La verificación y validación de estas fronteras, es de vital
importancia, ya que conociendo sus límites y por ende sus recursos, es más fácil la vigilancia, estudio y
observación del área de protección. El Parque Nacional Palo Verde, es una de las principales áreas en
protección de vida silvestre, humedales y reductos de bosque seco, por lo que para su vigilancia es
necesario conocer cuáles son sus límites, determinar las áreas de bosque, lagunas o sitios de interés
científico.
Publicación no.: 440 New Mesoamerican species of Dichorisandra and Tradescantia sect. Mandonia
(Commelinaceae) [Nuevas especies mesoamericanas de Dichorisandra y Tradescantia sect. Mandonia
(Commelinaceae)] / Grant, Jason R. (Université de Neuchâtel. Institut de Botanique, Laboratoire de
Phanérogamie, ch. de Chantemerle 18, 2007 Neuchâtel, CH <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Two new species of Commelinaceae are described from the Neotropics. Dichorisandra amabilis J. R.
Grant, widespread from southern Mexico to Panama, consists of erect herbs formerly included in D.
hexandra (Aublet) Standley, which is here restricted to scandent plants. Tradescantia petricola J. R.
Grant, disjunct from Costa Rica to Venezuela, belongs to Tradescantia sect. Mandonia D. R. Hunt.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8643. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 580N.
Publicación no.: 441 Movimientos y selección de micro-hábitat de una rata arborícola Ototylomys
phyllotis (Rodentia: Muridae) en un bosque seco tropical [Movements and micro-habitat selection by
an arboricolous rat Ototylomys phyllotis (Rodentia: Muridae) in a dry tropical forest] / Sáenz-Méndez,
Joel Cris. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000,
Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En esta nota se informa sobre los movimientos (distancias recorridas, ámbito de hogar, actividad y
selección de micro-hábitats de una rata arborícola. Las observaciones se realizaron durante tres días de
la época lluviosa de 1994 en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, a unos 500 m oeste del camino entre la
Estación Biológica de la Organización para Estudios Tropicales y el área administrativa del Parque,
ubicándose el sitio de muestreo a 50 m norte del camino.
Publicación no.: 442 Presencia y uso, de la tortuga en un sitio arqueológico del valle del Tempisque,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica [The presence and use of turtles in an archaeological site of the Tempisque River
valley, Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Chávez-Chávez, S.; Acuña-Mesén, Rafael A. (Universidad de Costa Rica.
Escuela de Antropología y Sociología, Laboratorio de Arqueología, San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Revista de Arqueología Americana (ISSN 0188-3631), no. 16, p. 195-221. 1999.
The ancient societies of the Central American isthmus left behind archaeological evidence relating to the
use of regional cheloniidae resources, especially for subsistence purposes, and later for ideological
purposes. The archaeological context of the Palo Blanco site (Valley of the Tempisque, Guanacaste,
Costa Rica) yielded 317 bony plates which correspond with three turtle species: the "candado" turtle
(Kinosternon scorpioides), the yellow turtle (Kinosternon leucostomum) and the red turtle
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(Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima). Of this sample, 13.56% had been burned, which leads us to believe that in
order to eat the flesh, the turtles had possibly been exposed to hot embers to cook them. We noted no
preference for any particular age class, except that neonates were not used. The investigation allowed
the identification of remains to the species level, surpassing by one the number of species found today
in the zone. This suggests a reduction in the natural limit of the species, or a cultural practice of the
ancient peoples who moved to other regions in their quests.
Publicación no.: 443 Costa Rica's fight for the tropics [Costa Rica pelea por los trópicos] / UmañaQuesada, Alvaro. (Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas (INCAE), Barrio San José de
Alajuela, CR).
En: Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future (ISSN 0096-3291) , p. 127-145. 1990.
A Latin-American country the size of West Virginia is attracting worldwide interest in its struggle to
protect and manage its rich, but seriously threatened, biologic diversity.
Publicación no.: 444 Sitio Ramsar, Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Costa Rica. Procedimiento de
orientación para la gestión: Informe final / Ramsar Convention Bureau. Gland, CH, 1998. 40 p.
Costa Rica ratificó la Convención sobre los Humedales (Ramsar, Irán, 1971) en 1991, incluyendo el
Parque Nacional Palo Verde y el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro en la Lista de Ramsar, como los
primeros humedales de importancia internacional. El Parque Nacional Palo Verde forma parte del Area
de Conservación Tempisque. Palo Verde se encuentra en la región correspondiente al bosque seco
tropical, y sus humedales forman parte de un conjunto de pantanos, lagunas, esteros, ríos y arroyos en
la cuenca baja del río Tempisque. Estos ecosistemas acuáticos se reducen y algunos desaparecen por
completo durante la época seca, mostrando una clara estacionalidad. 3. Los humedales del bajo
Tempisque constituyen uno de los más importantes de América Central para las poblaciones de aves
acuáticas nidificantes en América del Norte, por ejemplo: Anas americana (pato calvo), Anas acuta (pato
rabudo), Anas discors (cerceta aliazul), y Anas clypeata (pato cuchara). Es asimismo de gran importancia
para especies de aves residentes, como por ej. Jabirú o galán sin ventura (Mycteria jabiru), Dendrocygna
autumnalis (piche) y Cairina moschata (pato aliblanca). La mayor parte de estos humedales se han
reducido considerablemente al retirar el ganado que antes de su declaratoria como Parque Nacional
contribuía a que se mantuvieran las características ecológicas por las cuales el área fue incluida en la
Lista de Ramsar. En el área circundante al Parque Nacional se cultivan aproximadamente unas 54 000 ha
de arroz, caña de azúcar y melón, que se incrementarán en un futuro próximo, en casi 15 000 ha
adicionales. La extracción de agua para el uso en estos cultivos ha causado la disminución drástica del
caudal en el río Tempisque y modificado el sistema hidrológico en la parte inferior de su cuenca. En 1993
el Gobierno de Costa Rica solicitó formalmente la inclusión del Parque Nacional Palo Verde en el
Registro de Montreux, que agrupa aquellos sitios Ramsar donde es necesaria una atención urgente para
garantizar su conservación. En 1998 solicitó a la Oficina de la Convención, la aplicación del
Procedimiento de Orientación para la Gestión con el fin de recibir sugerencias tendientes a solucionar
los problemas que se presentaban en el lugar. Un equipo de tres técnicos extranjeros, organizado por la
Oficina de la Convención visitó Costa Rica por dos semanas. Se ocuparon ocho días para recorrer el PN
Palo Verde y sus inmediaciones, junto con técnicos costarricenses. Durante su visita, el equipo de la
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misión de Ramsar tuvo oportunidad de trabajar junto con representantes y personal de agencias
gubernamentales, ONG, universidades, asociaciones civiles de la zona, habitantes de las comunidades y
personal del Parque. Este informe fue elaborado por la Oficina de la Convención para el Gobierno de
Costa Rica, en base al informe entregado por los consultores. Tal y como lo solicitó el Gobierno en los
términos de referencia enviados a la Oficina de la Convención, el presente informe contiene un análisis
de la situación en el sitio Ramsar Parque Nacional Palo Verde (sección IV) y un conjunto de conclusiones
y sugerencias (secciones V y VI). En el informe se reconoce el esfuerzo que el Gobierno de Costa Rica
está realizando con el objetivo de garantizar la conservación y el uso racional de los recursos naturales
en el área, y se sugiere que algunas de las acciones que se están llevando (o que se llevarán) a cabo
sirvan como ejemplo en otros lugares del país y de América Central. Sin embargo, las conclusiones
generales del informe indican la necesidad de realizar una serie de acciones y actividades con el objetivo
de retirar el Palo Verde del Registro de Montreux. Costa Rica cuenta con abundante conocimiento
técnico para resolver los problemas de manejo de la vegetación y restaurar las características ecológicas
de los humedales. Así mismo, ya se han elaborado dos Planes de Manejo y Desarrollo para Palo Verde.
Sin embargo, los problemas de Palo Verde tienen un componente externo muy fuerte y continuar
discutiendo si la vegetación acuática y del bosque debe ser manejada o no, es ignorar la verdadera causa
de estos problemas y postergar su solución. Los talleres y las reuniones son importantes, pero no son la
solución al problema. La soluciones se encuentran al nivel administrativo y político, y las autoridades
deben tomar una clara decisión de restauración o no de los humedales. El trabajo desarrollado por el
equipo de la misión de Ramsar se basó en la premisa de que el Gobierno de Costa Rica, por ser Parte
Contratante en la Convención de Ramsar, está comprometido con la conservación y uso racional de los
humedales de Palo Verde, y que por lo tanto uno de los objetivos de la administración del SINAC-MINAE
y del PN Palo Verde es la recuperación de las características ecológicas de estos ecosistemas. La mayoría
de las recomendaciones son de carácter técnico y de aplicación directa en el campo. Todas las
actividades que se presentan en esta informe se enmarcan dentro del concepto de "uso racional" de la
Convención sobre los Humedales. Sin embargo, para que los esfuerzos que está realizando el Gobierno
de Costa Rica produzcan los resultados esperados será necesario establecer claramente las prioridades y
acciones urgentes con el objetivo de romper el círculo vicioso de problemas que se presentan en Palo
Verde. La Oficina de Ramsar estará complacida en recibir la opinión del Gobierno de Costa Rica sobre el
contenido y las recomendaciones presentadas en este informe, e iniciar un diálogo sobre su aplicación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 378. NBINA-6383.
Publicación no.: 445 El agua en el río Tempisque: calidad, flujos y conservación / OET/CR-USA, Estación
Biológica de Palo Verde, CR. Memorias de un Taller. , Estación Biológica de Palo Verde. CR. Nov. 7-10,
2000. San José: OET/CR-USA, 2000. p. irr.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 446 Distribución y morfología de adultos e inmaduros de moscas califóridas (Diptera:
Calliphoridae) de importancia forense en Costa Rica / Vargas-Fonseca, John F. San José: Universidad de
Costa Rica, 2000. 509 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología,
San José (Costa Rica).
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Las moscas de la familia Calliphoridae juegan un importante papel en la vida humana, ya sea como
plagas del ganado, vector de enfermedades o productos de miasis cutáneas. Asimismo, gran parte de las
especies de esta familia tiene estados inmaduros que se especializan en el consumo de tejido humano
muerto, característica biológica que ha sido aprovechada en los últimos años como una herramienta en
el área de las ciencias forenses. La determinación del tiempo transcurrido después de la muerte, el
traslado de un cuerpo o el análisis de tóxicos en cuerpos putrefactos, son algunas de las aplicaciones en
las que las larvas de la mayoría de califóridos juegan un importante papel. A pesar de lo anterior,
actualmente en Costa Rica no se cuenta con información sobre las especies más frecuentes en cuerpos
humanos en avanzado estado de descomposición, así como datos sobre su distribución o morfología, a
fin de lograr identificarlas exitosamente. El presente trabajo contiene información sobre 6 especies de
moscas califóridas criadas a partir de 34 cuerpos humanos putrefactos, ingresados a la Morgue Judicial,
entre los años 1997-1999. Se ofrece información sobre la distribución geográfica de las mismas, según
4500 especímenes identificados en la colección de INBio de un total de 73 diferentes puntos de
recolecta en Costa Rica, entre los 0 y 2600 msnm. Finalmente, se incluyen descripciones de las formas
adultas e inmaduras de las seis especies debidamente ilustradas, así como claves de identificación y la
duración aproximada de sus ciclos de vida.
Publicación no.: 447 Palo Verde: un legado de nuestros antepasados / Fonseca-Calvo, M.E.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Oficina de Divulgación e Información, San José, CR).
En: Revista Crisol (Universidad de Costa Rica), no. 6, p. 35-36. 2001.
Los antiguos pobladores que habitaron lo que hoy es el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, utilizaron
racionalmente los recursos ambientales, lo que les permitió aprovechar la flora y la fauna existente en la
región. También lograron un gran conocimiento del espacio en que vivían, por la interacción que
establecieron con el río Tempisque, las lagunas y los cerros. Esto es corroborado por los sitios
arqueológicos encontrados, los cuales están ubicados muy cerca de los humedales, que les sirvieron
como una verdadera fuente alimenticia, y para desplazarse por la zona e inclusive llegar hasta el mar. Un
proyecto sobre las actividades humanas en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, de la Escuela de Antropología
y Sociología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), comprobó que en esta área hubo una población
plenamente adaptada a las condiciones del bosque tropical seco, con una gran capacidad de
aprovechamiento de los recursos, y que prefería asentarse en las cercanías de las lagunas y del río. El
estudio, cuyo objetivo es analizar el proceso sociocultural y las relaciones que desarrollaron las
poblaciones antiguas con su medio natural en lo que hoy es Palo Verde, está a cargo de la Sección de
Arqueología y se lleva a cabo desde 1997, bajo la coordinación del Lic. Sergio Chávez Chávez. Se procura
suministrar información a la administración del Parque sobre los recursos arqueológicos y culturales de
la zona, con el fin de que sea contemplada en los planes de manejo y conservación. Para esto se
caracterizaron culturalmente los sitios, con la ayuda de alumnos de varios cursos. También se ofrecieron
charlas acerca de la arqueología de Palo Verde a estudiantes extranjeros y a grupos organizados de
turistas, y se impartió un curso a guardaparques y vecinos de las poblaciones aledanas, para
involucrarlos en las tareas de difusión y conservación de los recursos culturales de las áreas protegidas.
En este sentido, el Lic. Chávez señaló que si bien este Parque Nacional está protegido por ley desde los
años 70, es un espacio muy vulnerable, dada su extensión y los limitados recursos con que cuenta,
además del desconocimiento que tiene la población sobre el tema. Por otro lado están las comunidades
de Bagatzí, Puerto Humo y Bebedero, las cuales practican una actividad agrícola intensiva y emplean
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agroquímicos que contaminan las aguas del río Tempisque, y ven en el Parque un espacio para obtener
provecho, como por ejemplo matar venados y saínos. Palo Verde fue creado en 1982 y pertenece al
Area de Conservación Tempisque. Su extensión es de 19 804 ha, y constituye uno de los lugares de
mayor diversidad ecológica del país. En él se han identificado 148 especies de árboles, 300 de aves
acuáticas y terrestres, 52 de reptiles, 22 de anfibios y 109 de mamíferos. En esta área se han detectado
aproximadamente 14 sitios arqueológicos, que se estima fueron habitados por unas 3 000 personas,
dentro de lo que se conoce como los períodos Policromo Antiguo y Policromo Medio, que van del año
300 al 1350 D.C. El Lic. Chávez manifestó que los últimos estudios arqueológicos realizados en esta zona
han permitido descubrir nuevos sitios, comprobar la existencia de otros, y realizar pequeñas
excavaciones para caracterizar un poco más el desarrollo sociocultural de la región. Agregó que se han
hecho excavaciones en los sitios conocidos como Palo Blanco y Botija. El primero está ubicado a 1 km del
río Tempisque y a 400 m de la Laguna Palo Verde, y el segundo a 3 km del río. Como resultado de dichas
excavaciones se descubrió un enterramiento múltiple, donde había alrededor de 11 individuos, cuatro
claramente definidos y el resto compuesto por huesos largos, fragmentos de mandíbulas y cráneos.
Algunos fueron desarticulados para colocar nuevos cuerpos. Junto a ellos se encontraron varios
artefactos, como cuentas de conchas, pulidores de piedra de cuarzo y calcedonia claramente
desgastados, un huso para hilar, vasijas de cerámica y un fragmento de punta de lanza. Asimismo se
hallaron restos de huesos de peces de río y pelágicos (marinos), de conchas de manglar y de mar
abierto, de aves, tortugas, armadillos, venados, felinos, sainos, culebras, caracoles de laguna, y restos
botánicos, como granos de maíz y de frijol. Para el investigador un aspecto interesante es el tamaño de
los restos humanos encontrados, pues generalmente se ha creído que los indígenas eran pequeños. No
obstante, uno de los individuos medía cerca de 1.70 m, lo que hace suponer que en vida fue muy
grande. Partes del esqueleto de varios individuos mostraron algunas patologías que se están
investigando, por su similitud con la osteoporosis. También presentaban mutilación dental, lo que ha
motivado otro estudio. Por otra parte, señaló que de la presencia de especies marinas se deduce que
utilizaban pequeñas embarcaciones para desplazarse por el río Tempisque y el Golfo de Nicoya, así
como que los grupos humanos que habitaron esta región se movieron en dicho espacio durante mucho
tiempo, y tenían relación con otras zonas. Asimismo, el análisis de los huesos de tortuga descubiertos,
les permitió conocer que actualmente subsisten en el Parque dos especies que están representadas en
el récord arqueológico, mientras que una tercera se localiza en la sierra de Tilarán. Esto hace pensar
que, o bien los pobladores se desplazaron hasta ese lugar para obtenerla, o el hábitat propicio para ella
era mayor que el actual. Lo mismo pudo haber ocurrido con otras especies más silvestres, como la
danta, la cual desapareció de esta región. Con respecto al tipo de vivienda que usaron, el Lic. Chávez
expresó que no se ha encontrado ninguna estructura estilo montículo o basamento. No obstante,
hallaron fragmentos de bahareque, los cuales pudieron haber sido utilizados en las construciones. Una
situación similar se presenta en el caso de la vestimenta, pues no se conservan los tejidos. Sin embargo,
se ha descubierto un huso y un fragmento de cerámica con impresión de textil, lo que indica el empleo
de fibras y la elaboración de tejidos. De manera que es de vital importancia mantener y conservar estas
áreas, y contribuir con el conocimiento de la historia de sus pobladores.
Publicación no.: 448 Estudio poblacional de Guayacán real (Guaiacum sanctum L.) en el Parque
Nacional Palo Verde y en Las Delicias de Garza, Guanacaste / Hernández-Garzón, Erick. Heredia:
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Universidad Nacional, 2001. 89 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional,
Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR.
Con el fin de conocer el estado actual de las poblaciones de Guaiacum sanctum, se realizó el presente
estudio demográfico en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde y Las Delicias de Garza. Se censaron todos los
árboles mayores a 4 cm de dap, cubriendo una superficie de 320 ha y 10 ha en el Parque Nacional Palo
Verde y Las Delicias de Garza, respectivamente. Las variables que se evaluaron fueron: a) diámetro a la
altura del pecho (dap); b) floración y fructificación, c) estado fitosanitario, d) parámetro de tendencia del
árbol; e) posición de pendiente; f) suelo, g) especies asociadas. Para tener mayor representatividad en la
valoración de Guaiacum sanctum se utilizó los datos de Jiménez (1999b) del diámetro, posición de copa
y forma de copa de 328 árboles (‗4 cm dap) de forma conjunta con la información recolectada en esta
tesis. El censo registró 527 árboles (incluye los del estudio de Jiménez, 1999b) en el Parque Nacional
Palo Verde y 23 árboles en Las Delicias de Garza. Esto influyó en la forma de la distribución diamétrica
en las áreas de estudio, ya que en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde la forma de la distribución diamétrica
se asemejó al tipo "j" invertida de los bosques discetáneos, mientras que Las Delicias de Garza su forma
se asemejó a una parábola, evidenciando una posible perturbación. La evaluación de la floración y
fructificación mostró que solo un 9% de los árboles mayores a 10 cm de dap que florecieron este año
(2000). Esto sugiere que Guaiacum sanctum tiene una floración asincrónica y que posiblemente no
todos los árboles que florecen tienen la capacidad energética para fructificar. El estado fitosanitario
indicó que un 68% de la población evaluada en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde y un 74% en Las Delicias
de Garza no presentó ningún tipo de daño fitosanitario en la copa o fuste del árbol. La poca incidencia
de daños fitosanitarios severos se atribuye principalmente al hongo oreja de palo; aunque es muy
posible que éste no sea el que los origine. El parámetro de tendencia del árbol mostró que la posición de
copa parcialmente y completamente libre hacia arriba es poco usual en árboles con dap mayores a los
30 cm. Esto se debe a que los árboles buscan una mejor posición dentro del bosque para recibir una
mayor cantidad de luz que le permita favorecer su crecimiento. La forma de copa indicó que hay una
mayor cantidad de copas perfectas y buenas en Las Delicias de Garza (54%) que en el Parque Nacional
Palo Verde (35%). La calidad del fuste mostró que un 35% en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde y un 46% en
Las Delicias de Garza con fustes entre torcidos y con crecimiento en espiral. Las variables del micrositio
indicaron que la mayoría de los árboles se localizan en la ladera de los cerros, en suelos franco arcillo
arenosos. Estos suelos se caracterizan por tener una gran cantidad de bases, pH ligeramente alcalino y
altos contenidos de fósforo. Con respecto a las especies asociadas, el índice de asociación de Iversson y
Agrell no mostró evidencias de asociación. Sin embargo se observó que Guaiacum sanctum tiene
asociaciones con especies de árboles en diferentes estratos de condiciones topográficas. La valoración
de la población de Guaiacum sanctum sugiere que el tamaño efectivo de las poblaciones, la cantidad de
árboles padres y el aislamiento geográfico de las áreas como los principales factores limitantes que tiene
la especie, para mantener la variabilidad genética dentro y entre las poblaciones.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 364. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis H557ep.
Publicación no.: 449 The New World tarantula-hawk wasp genus Pepsis Fabricius (Hymenoptera:
Pompilidae). Part 1. Introduction and the P. rubra species-group [Las avispas cazadoras de tarántulas
del Nuevo Mundo del género Pepsis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Parte 1. Introducción y las
especies del grupo P. rubra] / Vardy, Colin R. (Yarina, Springwell Lane, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6PG, GB
En: Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) (ISSN 0024-1652), no. 332, p. 1-86. 2000.
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The genus Pepsis is diagnosed and described and its taxonomic and natural history reviewed. The
following are newly synonymized under this genus: the genera Abripepsis Banks, 1946 and Brethesia
Schrottky, 1909; and all the existing subgenera of Pepsis, viz. Chrysopepsis Haupt, 1952; Cirripepsis
Banks, 1945 & 1946; Deropepsis Banks, 1946; Dinopepsis Banks, 1945; Dinopepsis Haupt, 1952;
Giganteopesis Lucas, 1919 of Pate, 1946; Gigantopepsis Lucas, 1919; Nannopepsis Banks, 1945 & 1946;
Ovatopepsis Haupt, 1952; Stenopepsis Banks, 1945; Titanopepsis Haupt, 1952; and Trichopepsis Banks,
1945. The Pepsis rubra species-group, with 18 species, including the type-species of Pepsis, is defined
and described; keys to both sexes are provided. In this group, 3 species-names are newly proposed: P.
cooperi, P. inbio, and P. roigi; and the following 32 names are newly synonymized under the names
indicated: P. albocincta Smith, 1855 = P. abrupta Brethes, 1908; = P. ameghinoi Brèthes, 1908; = P.
annaeerdmuthae Lucas, 1919; = P. chrysothorax Brèthes, 1908; = P. copelloi Brethes, 1914; = P.
echeverriai Brethes, 1908; = P. ichesi Brèthes, 1908; = P. lycaste Banks, 1946; = P. nutrix Brèthes, 1914; =
P. pertyi Lucas, 1895; = P. prixii Brèthes, 1908; = P. rubescens Lucas, 1895; = P. ruficornis Lucas, 1897
(not Fabricius, 1781); = P. staudingeri Enderlein, 1901; = P. sulcata Brethes, 1908. P. caridei Brèthes,
1908 = P. pampeana Brèthes, 1908. P. chrysothemis Lucas, 1895 = P. lucasii Fox, 1898. P. decorata Perty,
1833 = P. incompleta Brèthes, 1908; = P. opposita Banks, 1946. P. foxi Lucas, 1897 = P. flaminia Brèthes,
1914; = P. gemella Banks, 1946. P. heros (Fabricius, 1798) = P. atrata Lepeletier, 1845; = P. magnifica
Montet, 1921. P. mexicana Lucas, 1895 = P. messerschmidti Lucas, 1895. P. pallidolimbata Lucas, 1895 =
P. smithi Hurd, 1948. P. rubra (Drury, 1773) = P. papiliopennis (Christ, 1791); = P. stellata (Fabricius,
1793). P. sericans Lepeletier, 1845 = P. decepta Banks, 1928; = P. domingensis Lepeletier, 1845; = P.
ignicornis Cresson, 1865. P. thisbe Lucas, 1895 = P. sayi Banks, 1926. P. vinipennis Packard, 1869 = P.
insignis Mocsary, 1885. A single name, P. albocincta Smith, 1855, is revalidated. The name P. inca Banks,
1946 (Abripepsis), does not belong in the P. rubra-group, but is here synonymized under P. chiliensis
Lepeletier, 1845 (Pepsis) because of its new generic status.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Z. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-11119.
Publicación no.: 450 Nuevas especies y combinaciones en Leguminosas de Mesoamérica [New species
and combinations in Leguminosae of Mesoamerica] / Zamora-Villalobos, Nelson A. (Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad, Apdo. Postal 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
During the preparation of the treatment of the legumes for the Manual de las Plantas de Costa Rica
project, new species in the genera Dalbergia and Pterocarpus were discovered; proposals for new
combinations in the genera Desmodium and Dioclea were also deemed necessary.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8644. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 580N.
Publicación no.: 451 Highly polymorphic DNA markers in an Africanized honey bee population in Costa
Rica [Marcadores de ADN altamente polimórficos en una población de abejas africanizadas en Costa
Rica] / Lobo-Segura, Jorge A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria
Rodrigo Facio, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Genetics & Molecular Biology (ISSN 1415-4757), v. 23, no. 2, p. 317-322. 2000.
Two genetic markers (the mtDNA COI-COII intergenic region and the microsatellite A7) with high levels
of variability in South African and European honey bees were analyzed in wild swarms of Africanized
honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Costa Rica. Allelic or haplotypic frequencies revealed high levels of
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genetic variability at these loci in this population. Most of the alleles were African alleles, although some
European-derived alleles were also present. Differences in the frequencies of African alleles between
African and Africanized samples were minor, which could be explained by founder effects occurring
during the introduction of African honey bee populations into South America.
Publicación no.: 452 Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. IV [Descripciones
y registros de distribución de Mecoptera americanos. IV] / Byers, G.W. (The University of Kansas. Natural
History Museum, Division of Entomology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Snow Hall, 1460 Jayhawk
Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045-7523, US).
En: The University of Kansas Science Bulletin (ISSN 0022-8850), v. 55, no. 14, p. 519-547. 1998.
Sixteen new species are described and illustrated. These are Panorpa capillata (southeastern U.S.A.); P.
involuta (Veracruz), P. contorta (San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo), P. attenuata (San Luis Potosí), P. bimacula
(Oaxaca), P. erta (Michoacán), Bittacus sylvaticus (Veracruz) and B. peninsularis (Baja California Sur)
from Mexico; Kalobittacus maniculatus (Guatemala); K. demissus, K. inornatus and Bittacus disternum
(Costa Rica), and Bittacus spatulatus (Costa Rica and Nicaragua). A lectotype is designated for Panorpa
terminata Klug, and the male is illustrated. First known males of Bittacus pignatellii Navás, from Panama,
and Bittacus maculosus Byers, from Trinidad, are illustrated and briefly described. Some new
distributional data for various species are provided.
Localización: Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 500U.
Publicación no.: 453 Vida silvestre de los parques nacionales y reservas de Costa Rica [Wildlife of the
national parks and reserves of Costa Rica] / Fogden, Michael P.L.; Fogden, Patricia. (Apartado 62-5655,
Monteverde-Santa Elena, Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Fundación
Neotrópica, 2001. 166 p. ISBN: 9977-969-04-3.
Distinguished scientist and humanitarian from the United States used to say that a country has three
types of wealth: material, cultural, and biological. The modern world certainly has no problem
understanding and valuing material things, in particular, and to a lesser degree, cultural matters as well.
But we are still a long way from understanding thus valuing nature in all its dimensions, and truly seeing
it as one of our greatest riches. For many years now, a growing number of Costa Ricans (some by birth,
others at heart) have proposed to make our society understand that Costa Rica is a privileged country in
terms of its natural resources, and to show through concrete action that biodiversity contributes to our
well-being in many different ways, and could contribute even more if we wanted. There is no denying
that humans have an important practical problem, which is that we only value the things of which we
knowledge. Every day modern society grows farther and farther away from the natural world, to the
point where we humans have even forgotten that we come from and are a part of nature. It is precisely
nature, with all its different stimuli, that developed our intelligence, the very same capacity that has also
led us to subjugate and control our environment. The future nature, which is also our future, depends
on whether we current generations decide to conserve it in perpetuity and use it intelligently. It is
imperative that we make a radical change in the way we relate to our natural world. But this will require
that we truly internalize an understanding of basic concepts regarding the meaning of life on earth and
of the diversity of life forms and their interactions, and of the fact that we humans are part of nature,
not alien beings from some other planet. We conserve and take care of what we understand, what we
want, and what is useful to us. Therein lies the importance of understanding the natural world and
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appreciating all the ways in which it helps us. We must work on becoming "bio-literate". This new
comprehension of the natural world around us will undoubtedly make it possible for us to develop a
new ethic new values, inducing the change of attitude necessary for establishing a harmonious relation
between the human being nature. These Costa Ricans of the heart known as Michael and Patricia
Fogden lay the beauty of Costa Rica before our eyes. In a simple, instructive, and extraordinarily artistic
way, they show us the magnitude of biological wealth in our small country. Without a doubt, this work
represents one of the most important tools for "bio-literacy" available to Costa Ricans and visitors from
other lands. It is a remarkable contribution that will assist every member of our society in realizing that
with knowledge, understanding, and intelligent use of our biodiversity, this treasure will provide more
and more for the spiritual, economic, and social welfare of all Costa Ricans, both current generations
and those, as someone said, "still unborn, to whom so belongs." (Foreword by Rodrigo Gámez, INBio).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.784097286 F655v.
Publicación no.: 454 El género Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) en Costa Rica [The genus
Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Costa Rica] / Kohlmann, Bert.; Solís-Blanco, Angel.
(Universidad EARTH, Apdo. Postal 4442-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Giornale Italiano di Entomologia (ISSN 0392-7296), v. 9, p. 159-261. 2001.
This paper is the result of the study of the genus Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in
Costa Rica. Thirty seven species are reported, ten of them are new and a new synonym is established.
The previously known species are: O. acuminatus Harold, O. andersoni Howden & Gill, O. anthracinus
Harold, O. atriglabrus Howden & Gill, O. atrosericeus Boucomont, O. batesi Howden & Cartwright, O.
championi Bates, O. chryses Bates, O. coscineus Bates, O. crinitus Harold, O. cyanellus Bates, O.
dicranius Bates, O. gazelinus Bates, O. hoepfneri Harold, O. incensus Say, O. landolti Harold, O.
marginicollis Harold, O. micropterus Zunino & Halffter, O. mirabilis Bates, O. nyctopus Bates, O.
praecellens Bates, O. propraecellens Howden & Gill, O. quetzalis Howden & Gill, O. sharpi Harold, O.
solisi Howden & Gill, O. stockwelli Howden & Young and O. tapirus Sharp. The new species are: O.
coriaceoumbrosus, O. cryptodicranius, O. genuinus, O. grataehelenae, O. inediapterus, O. limonensis, O.
nemorivagus, O. nubilus, O. sinulariformis, O. viridivinosus. The following synomym is established: O.
mesoamericanus Zunino & Halffter, 1988 = O. cyanellus Bates, 1887. The female of O. micropterus is
described for the first time. Line drawings with morphological characteristics of importance are included
for every species, as well as colour drawings of the dorsal habitus of al new species and a few selected
ones, as well as distribution maps. An identification key is also presented.
Publicación no.: 455 Arboles comunes del Parque Nacional Palo Verde [Costa Rica common trees of
Palo Verde National Park] / Chavarría, Ulises.; González-Ramírez, José.; Zamora-Villalobos, Nelson A.;
Quesada, F (il.); Feeny, Christina, (tr.). (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Apdo. Postal 22-3100, Santo
Domingo de Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Santo Domingo de Heredia: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), 2001.
216 p. ISBN: 9968-702-48-X.
Introduction: Palo Verde National Park forms part of Costa Rica's dry forest. It is a habitat of enormous
ecological importance, given the unique characteristics of its ecosystems, its geographical remoteness,
and the pressures caused by land use. The purpose of this book is to disseminate the available
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information on the most representative or rare tree species found in this park, their relationship with
species of wild fauna and their uses and applications in fields such as folk medicine, industry and
craftwork. This guide hopes to continue the process of identifying and disseminating information about
local flora, a task begun in 1993 by our colleagues, Daniel Hernández and Jorge Gómez-Laurito, through
their work on aquatic plants. The systematic study of Palo Verde's flora began in 1991. So far, biologists
have compiled a list of 696 species (see Appendix 2), distributed in 126 families and 457 genera. This
botanical exploration has resulted in the following 10 new registers for the flora of Costa Rica: Opuntia
elatior (Cactaceae), Operculina triqueta (Convolvulaceae), Echinopepon paniculatus (Cucurbitaceae),
Croton axillaris (Euphorbiaceae), Hidrolea elatior (Hydrophyllaceae), Plocosperma buxifolium
(Loganiaceae), Mimosa xanthocentra, Mimosa asperata (Fabaceae/Mim.), Machaerium robiinifolium
(Fabaceae/Pap.) and Piper retalhuleuense (Piperaceae). It is important to note that in most of these
species, few individuals or very reduced populations have been observed and that these populations are
also very localized within the Park. We should not forget the discovery of a species new to science,
Bromeliaceae Pitcarnia calcicola, which is also known in Barra Honda and in the hills and plains of the
Nicoya Peninsula. This guide contains information on 55 tree species that are representative of the area.
Most were selected because of their abundance, their architectural or phenological peculiarity, and, in
some cases, for their rareness and very localized habitat. Mindful of the need for comprehensive yet
concise data, we have also included.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.97286 C521a.
Publicación no.: 456 Efecto de borde sobre la diversidad vegetal del Parque Nacional Palo Verde,
Costa Rica [Edge effect of the plant diversity in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica] / Thiele-Mora, G.M.
Turrialba: CATIE, 2000. 100 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza,
Programa de Educación para el Desarrollo y la Conservación, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
El Parque Nacional Palo Verde preserva una muestra importante de bosque tropical seco fragmentado,
donde las especies de árboles presentes se encuentran dispersas o formando bloques aleatorios, y las
especies raras se encuentran más agrupadas que las demás (Hubbell 1979), lo cual indica la fragilidad de
este bosque. El problema consiste en que las áreas protegidas están aisladas entre sí, rodeadas en su
mayoría por propiedades privadas que tienen diferentes usos de la tierra (McCoy et al. 1995), los cuales
afectan en diferentes modos la calidad del ambiente y con ello a los organismos que se desean preservar
dentro de las áreas protegidas. La fragmentación del hábitat produce el llamado efecto de borde, con lo
cual las poblaciones de animales y plantas no solamente se ven reducidas y subdivididas, sino expuestas
en forma creciente a los cambios ecológicos inducidos por los bordes (Wilcove et al. 1986, Kadmon y
Pulliam. 1993). Es razonable esperar que los gradientes microclimáticos de los bordes de bosque afecten
un amplio rango de especies forestales y lleven a un correspondiente gradiente de abundancia de
determinadas especies (Matlack 1994). En Palo Verde se encontró que para el bosque adyacente a los
pastizales dedicados al engorde de ganado (cuyo borde estaba orientado al norte), la distancia a la que
se dio la inflexión de la curva fue de 45 m, a partir de este punto no se estableció la estabilidad esperada
pero se dieron variaciones y un comportamiento opuesto. En ese mismo Parque Nacional en otro
bosque que estaba adyacente a los sembradíos de arroz (con el borde orientado hacia el este) la
distancia fue de 35 m. Las diferencias se deben a vanos factores, la orientación de los bordes, el uso de
la tierra, el efecto del viento (Stoutjesdijk y Barkman 1992, Matlack 1993, Murcia 1995, Bennett 1999) y
su efecto sobre el microclima (Geiger 1973, Rosenberg et al. 1983, Chen et al. 1992, Stoutjesdijik y
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Barkman 1992, Lowman y Nadkarni 1995, Murcia 1995, Laurance 1997) y la estructura y composición de
cada bosque. Las variables vegetales afectadas por el efecto de borde, fueron diferentes en cada bosque
muestreado, para el adyacente a los pastizales, se determinaron cambios en la cantidad de individuos,
en el diámetro a la altura del pecho (dap) promedio y sobre la diversidad vegetal de especies con un dap
2,5 cm. Para el bosque adyacente al cultivo del arroz solamente se dieron cambios en la cantidad de
individuos, además fue en el este bosque que se observó la presencia de claros en el sector afectado por
el borde. Para proteger la diversidad de las áreas protegidas debe establecerse una adecuada
zonificación, donde se desarrollen procesos científicos para determinar el tamaño de la zona de
amortiguamiento, cuyo fin es proteger a las especies dentro del área protegida, de la competencia y
efecto de los cambios en los usos de la tierra provocados por el hombre. Lo que debe hacerse es
implementar un plan de acción donde las propiedades vecinas a las áreas protegidas, dediquen una
porción de su tierra, la que está limitando con el área protegida, a programas de reforestación o que
dejen que opere la sucesión secundaria, para crear una zona de amortiguamiento, que pertenecerá al
propietario de la tierra y que deberá tener igual ancho que la distancia a la cual llega el efecto de borde.
Con el fin de impedir que el efecto de borde tenga efectos sobre la diversidad vegetal de área protegida.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 375. NBINA-4023. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis T431.
Publicación no.: 457 Comparación morfológica ultraestructural de las especies silvestres de arroz
Oryza: Poaceae en Costa Rica / Sánchez-Chacón, María Ethel. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Unidad de
Microscopía Electrónica San José CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa
Rica, 1999. 114 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Biología con énfasis en Botánica, Universidad de Costa Rica,
Escuela de Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
El arroz es uno de los componentes de mayor importancia en la dieta mundial y se ha utilizado
exclusivamente como alimento para humanos, constituyendo del 25 al 50% de la dieta diaria de unos
2000 millones de personas. El arroz pertenece a la familia Poaceae y al género Oryza, del cual dos
especies se cultivan para consumo humano O. sativa y O. glaberrima y hay alrededor de 20 especies
silvestres, cuatro de ellas endémicas de América. En Costa Rica existen varias especies silvestres del
género Oryza, que por sus características de resistencia a enfermedades, plagas y estrés, se podrían usar
como fuente de genes para transferir al arroz comercial, mediante cruzamientos interespecíficos,
rescate de embriones o mediante ingeniería genética. Las especies silvestres pueden clasificarse usando
rasgos anatómicos macroscópicos como tamaño de la lámina foliar, la lígula, las aurículas, espiguillas y la
cariópside. Sin embargo estas características son muy variables y algunas también se presentan en
especies silvestres asiáticas y africanas que posiblemente se introdujeron con el arroz cultivado. Por lo
tanto, se requiere una descripción morfológica ultraestructural más precisa para cada especie. Se utilizó
la microscopía electrónica de barrido para analizar muestras de la lámina foliar, aurículas, lígula,
espiguilla y cariópside de plantas silvestres de arroz y una variedad comercial. Las estructuras anteriores
se compararon con especímenes clasificados taxonómicamente por el IRRI. Las características
morfológicas diagnósticas para O. sativa var. CR 5272 son los tricomas atenuados de la lámina forliar,
una hilera de tricomas espinosos alargados en el borde de la lámina, la espiguilla carece de arista y tiene
espinas muy pequeñas y escasas y las lemas estériles son lanceoladas, de bordes irregulares. Para O.
latifolia, la presencia de hileras de tricomas espinosos abultados en el borde de la lámina foliar, la vena
central sin o con muy pocas papilas. El ecotipo Cañas tiene las aurículas rectangulares, mientras los otros
dos ecotipos Carara y Pelón, las presentan envolventes. El ecotipo Carara tiene la lígula cónica y en los
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otros dos es de forma truncada. Para O. rufipogon, abundantes tricomas espinosos hirsutos en la lámina
foliar y estomas desnudos de µm de largo, en el borde de la lámina. En O. glumaepatula una hilera de
tricomas abultados en el borde de la lámina foliar, y tricomas hirsutos poco abundantes en la lámina y
tiene tricomas bicelulares muy pequeños en la superficie de las aurículas. En O. grandiglumis un patrón
cuticular más denso, espinas entre la raquilla y las lemas fértiles, las lemas estériles lanceoladas,
delgadas y dentadas y cubren alrededor de un 70% de la superficie de las lemas fértiles, el borde de la
lámina foliar tiene tres hileras de tricomas espinosos largos y tricomas espinosos abultados de varios
tamaños, además presenta pocas hileras de tricomas muy pequeños abultados e hirsutos. Las especies
pudieron colcarse en dos grupos, de acuerdo a las características ultraestructurales que comparten, un
grupo lo constituyen las especies diploides y de genoma AA, O. sativa var. CR 5272, O. rufipogon y O.
glumaepatula que comparten las siguientes características: presencia de tricomas hirsutos, la forma de
la lígula que es aguda y bífida y sin tricomas en el extremo distal y las aurículas son rizoides. El otro
grupo lo forman las especies tetraploides y de genoma CCDD: O. latifolia y O. grandiglumis, que
presentan aurículas envolventes, la lígula es corta y truncada y las lemas estériles son lanceoladas, finas
y dentadas. La estructura morfológica más importante para la clasificación de las especies son los
tricomas. O. rufipogon y O. glumaepatula son las especies más similares. En Costa Rica están presentes
las especies silvestres Oryza rufipogon, Oryza glumaepatula, Oryza latifolia y Oryza grandiglumis.
Publicación no.: 458 Características generales de la cuenca del Río Tempisque / Mateo-Vega, Javier.;
Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A. (ed.); González-Jiménez, Eugenio. (ed.) (Organización para Estudios Tropicales,
Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: La cuenca del Río Tempisque: perspectivas para un manejo integrado (Perspectives for the
integrated management of the Tempisque river basin, Costa Rica) San José: Organización para Estudios
Tropicales, 2001. p. 32-72. ISBN: 9968-9717-4-X.
Desde hace más de cinco siglos la cuenca del Río Tempisque ha sido el escenario de importantes
transformaciones biofísicas, productivas y sociales, las cuales han influenciado lo que hoy en día es una
compleja matriz de tierras agrícolas, humedales, áreas protegidas y asentamientos humanos. Los
esfuerzos actuales y futuros para lograr el manejo adecuado de esta cuenca dependerán en gran parte
de la información existente y la que se genere en torno a los sistemas naturales y las actividades que allí
se llevan a cabo. Por consiguiente, a continuación se presenta un breve resumen de las características
biofísicas y productivas de la cuenca del Río Tempisque, con el fin de describir el área e identificar vacíos
de información y oportunidades para futuras investigaciones.
Publicación no.: 459 Base cartográfica digital para la cuenca del Río Tempisque / Guzmán-Alvarez, José
Antonio.; Castillo-Núñez, Mauricio.; Clark, M.; Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A. (ed.); González-Jiménez,
Eugenio. (ed.) (Organización para Estudios Tropicales. Estación Biológica Palo Verde, Apdo. 676-2050,
San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: La cuenca del Río Tempisque: perspectivas para un manejo integrado (Perspectives for the
integrated management of the Tempisque river basin, Costa Rica) San José: Organización para Estudios
Tropicales, 2001. p. 120-135. ISBN: 9968-9717-4-X.
Este documento resume las coberturas del sistemas de información geográfica desarrollados y
compilados para la cuenca del Río Tempisque. La necesidad de tener una base de datos cartográfica
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consistente, es decir, en un formato uniforme y con información sobre el origen y atributos de cada
elemento que impulsaron el desarrollo de este esfuerzo. Los objetivos de este componente fueron:
Identificar y catalogar toda la información geográfica existente para la cuenca baja del Río Tempisque.
Clasificar la información obtenida de acuerdo a las necesidades regionales. Crear un sistema de
información geográfica (SIG) con los datos seleccionados. Determinar el tipo de información que puede
incorporarse al SIG en el futuro de acuerdo a las coberturas creadas. Confiamos que los resultados de
este proyecto permitan a los investigadores, estudiantes, organizaciones e instituciones en la región,
tener información geográfica sobre la cuenca del Río Tempisque.
Publicación no.: 460 The systematics of neotropical orb-weaving spiders in the genus Metepeira
(Araneae: Araneidae) / Piel, W.H. (Leiden University. Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences,
2311 GP Leiden NL <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (ISSN 0027-4100), v. 157, no. 1, p. 1-92. 2001.
Of the 39 species and three subspecies of the orb-weaver genus Metepeira in the Americas, 36 species
and two subspecies are known to occur outside of the U.S. and Canada. Yet, despite their conspicuous
webs, diurnal foraging, and relatively common presence, the taxonomy of Metepeira is poorly
understood, probably because the genitalia are small and difficult to distinguish. In fact, many names for
species south of the U.S. were, at some time, incorrectly synonymized with the name Metepeira
labytinthea. In this paper, 14 new species are named (Metepeira atascadero, M. cajabamba, M.
calamuchita, M. celestun, M. inca, M. lacandon, M. maya, M. olmec, M. pacifica, M. petatlan, M.
pimungan, M. revillagigedo, M. roraima, M. tarapaca); 11 new junior synonyms are reported (M. acostai,
M. bani, M. dominicana, M. grinnelli, M. latigyna, M. perezi, M. santa, M. salei, M. seditiosa, M.
vaurieorum, M. virginensis); five cases of erroneously synonymized names are reversed; 22 species and
two subspecies are redescribed (M. arizonica, M. triangularis, M. chilapae, M. comanche, M. compsa, M.
crassipes, M. datona, M. desenderi, M. galatheae, M. glomerabilis, M. gosoga, M. grandiosa alpina, M.
grandiosa grandiosa, M. gressa, M. incrassata, M. jamaicensis, M. karkii, M. minima, M. nigriventris, M.
rectangula, M. spinipes, M. uncata, M. ventura, M. vigilax); and a key to all Metepeira species is
presented. In addition, several ecological and life history observations are reported for various species.
Publicación no.: 461 Differential habitat use and reproductive patterns of frugivorous bats in tropical
dry forest of northwestern Costa Rica [Uso diferencial del hábitat y patrones reproductivos de
murciélagos frugívoros en el bosque seco tropical del noroeste de Costa Rica] / Stoner, Kathryn E.
(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal
27-3, Xangari, Morelia 48980, MX <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Canadian Journal of Zoology (ISSN 0008-4301), v. 79, no. 9, p. 1626-1633. 2001.
To determine if frugivorous bats in tropical dry forest differentially use a particular habitat and if this use
is related to their reproductive patterns, I monitored populations from one site from January 1994 to
January 1997 in Parque Nacional Palo Verde in northwestern Costa Rica. Abundance, reproductive
condition, sex ratio, age-classes, and recapture data were compared across seasons and years. During 56
nights of sampling, 13 species of frugivores and 5 nectarivores were captured (N = 998). Carollia
perspicillata, Artibeus jamaicensis, and Sturnira lilium were significantly more abundant in 1994 than in
1995 or 1996. Carollia perspicillata and A. jamaicensis were captured year-round, but there were peaks
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of abundance in the dry season and the middle of the rainy season. Sixteen percent of 244 adult female
C. perspicillata and 20% of 87 A. jamaicensis were reproductive, principally in February through June.
Forty-three percent of 28 adult female S. lilium were reproductive from February to June and in October
and December. Fifty-four percent of 26 adult female Centurio senex were reproductive between
December 1995 and February 1996. Few subadults were captured at this site. Sex ratios were
significantly different across seasons for C. perspicillata and A. jamaicensis. Seventy-three C. perspicillata
were recaptured and 25 (34%) of these were recaptured after more than 4 months. The results of this
study indicate that the abundance of some tropical frugivorous bats varies between years and (or) over
seasons at a particular site within tropical dry forest.
Publicación no.: 462 The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica. 2: Introduction and keys to species of the
smaller subfamilies, Anomalinae, Ctenopelmatinae, Diplazontinae, Lycorininae, Phrudinae,
Tryphoninae (excluding Netelia) and Xoridinae, with an appendix on the Rhyssinae [Los
Ichneumonidae de Costa Rica. 2: Introducción y claves para las para las especies de las subfamilias
menores Anomalinae, Ctenopelmatinae, Diplazontinae, Lycorininae, Phrudinae, Tryphoninae (excluyendo
Netelia) y Xoridinae, con un apéndice sobre los Rhyssinae] / Gauld, Ian D.; Wahl, David B.; Bradshaw, K.;
Hanson-Snortum, Paul E.; Ward, S. (British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology,
London SW7 5BD, GB <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute (ISSN 0065-8162), v. 57, p. 1-485. 1997.ISBN: 1887988-01-7.
Illustrated keys are provided for identification of 202 Costa Rican species of Ichneumonidae in the
subfamilies Anomalonianae, Ctenopelmatinae, Diplazontinae, Lycorininae, Phrudinae, Tryphoninae
(excluding Netelia), Xoridinae and Rhyssinae.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 595.79 G269i:CRO. Museo de Insectos (UCR).
Publicación no.: 463 The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica. 3: Introduction and keys to species of the
subfamilies Brachycyrtinae, Cremastinae, Labeninae, and Oxytorinae, and with an appendix on the
Anomaloninae [Los Ichneumonidae de Costa Rica. 3: Introducción y claves para las especies de las
subfamilias Brachycyrtinae, Cremastinae, Labeninae y Oxytorinae, y con un apéndice para los
Anomaloninae] / Gauld, Ian D.; Ward, S.; Mallet, V. (The Natural History Museum. Department of
Entomology, London SW7 5BD, GB <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute (ISSN 0065-8162), v. 63, p. 1-453. 2000.ISBN: 1887988-07-6.
Perhaps the only tropical country where representative collections of Hymenoptera have been amassed
to date is Costa Rica. Intensive biological inventory has revealed the presence in Costa Rica of 198
species of the ichneumonid subfamilies Brachycyrtinae, Cremastinae, Labeninae and Oxytorinae.
Illustrated keys are provided here to enable them to be identified by the non-specialist. Of this fauna,
161 species are described as new, two are thought to be new, but have not been named pending
discovery of more material, and the remainder, which have previously been described, are redescribed
in a standardised format. An appendix provides a supplement to the treatment of the Anomaloninae
given in volume 2 of this series (Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst., 57). In this an additional new species, Barylypa
broweri, is described. Where known, details are presented about the geographical distribution, seasonal
abundance and recorded hosts of all the various taxa.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: 595.79 G269i:CRO. Museo de Insectos (UCR).
Publicación no.: 464 Population genetic structure and vocal dialects in an amazon parrot [Estructura
genética de la población y dialectos vocales en una lora copete amarillo] / Wright, Timothy F.; Wilkinson,
G.S. (New Mexico State University. Department of Biology, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, US <E-mail:
En: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences (ISSN 0962-8452), v. 268, p.
609-616. 2001
The relationship between cultural and genetic evolution was examined in the yellow-naped amazon
Amazona auropalliata. This species has previously been shown to have regional dialects defined by large
shifts in the acoustic structure of its learned contact call. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation from a
680 base pair segment of the first domain of the control region was assayed in 41 samples collected
from two neighbouring dialects in Costa Rica. The relationship of genetic variation to vocal variation was
examined using haplotype analysis, genetic distance analysis, a maximum-likelihood estimator of
migration rates and phylogenetic reconstructions. All analyses indicated a high degree of gene flow and,
thus, individual dispersal across dialect boundaries. Calls sampled from sound libraries suggested that
temporally stable contact call dialects occur throughout the range of the yellow-naped amazon, while
the presence of similar dialects in the sister species Amazona ochrocephala suggests that the propensity
to form dialects is ancestral in this clade. These results indicate that genes and culture are not closely
associated in the yellow-naped amazon. Rather, they suggest that regional diversity in vocalizations is
maintained by selective pressures that promote social learning and allow individual repertoires to
conform to local call types.
Publicación no.: 465 Neotropische Arten der Gattung Octavius Fauvel, 1873 (Coleoptera,
Staphylinidae). 81. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Euaesthetinen [Neotropical species of the genus Octavius
Fauvel, 1873 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). 81st contribution to the knowledge of the Euaesthetinae] /
Puthz, Volker. (Max-Planck-Institute für Limnologie. Limnologische Fluss-Station, Postfach 260,
Damenweg 1, D-36110 Schlitz, DE <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen (ISSN 0375-5223), v. 53, no. 1/2,
p. 11-30. 2001.
Twenty new species of the genus Octavius Fauvel are described from the Neotropics: O. belizensis sp.n.
(Belize), O. costaricensis sp.n. (Costa Rica), O. ecuadorensis sp.n. (Ecuador), O. flabellipenis sp.n. (Costa
Rica), O. kethleyi sp.n. (Costa Rica), O. mexicanus sp. n. (Mexico), O. newtoni sp.n. (Panama, Costa Rica),
O. odiosus sp.n. (Costa Rica), O. panamensis sp.n. (Panama), O. peckorum sp.n. (Belize), O. peruanus
sp.n. (Peru), O. pumilio sp.n. (Ecuador), O. rostellipenis sp.n. (Costa Rica), O. similior sp.n. (Costa Rica),
O. similis sp.n. (Panama, Costa Rica), O. spinipenis sp.n. (Panama, Ecuador), O. spinosipenis sp.n.
(Panama, Costa Rica), O. trapeziceps sp.n. (Panama), O. venezuelensis sp.n. (Venezuela), O. wagneri
sp.n. (Costa Rica). A key to the hitherto known neotropic species of the genus is included.
Publicación no.: 466 Estudio de la dinámica del bosque seco tropical a través de parcelas permanentes
de muestreo en el Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Bagaces, Costa Rica / Monge-Monge, A.A.; Quesada-
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Monge, Ruperto Francisco. (ed.) (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal,
Cartago, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Seminario avances en el manejo del bosque
secundario en Costa Rica. Memoria, San José CR11 Feb. 2000. Cartago: ITCR, 2000. p. 105-121.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.92097286 S471 2000.
Publicación no.: 467 El banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes estados de sucesión en un bosque
seco tropical de Costa Rica / Scholz, Carola.; Quesada-Monge, Ruperto Francisco. (ed.) (Instituto
Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Seminario avances en el manejo del bosque secundario en Costa Rica. Memoria, San José CR11 Feb.
2000. Cartago: ITCR, 2000. p. 136-155.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 468 Cronosecuencia del bosque seco secundario tropical en el Parque Nacional Palo
Verde, Bagaces, Costa Rica / Hernández-Salas, Z.T.; Quesada-Monge, Ruperto Francisco. (ed.) (Instituto
Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Seminario avances en el manejo del bosque secundario en Costa Rica.
Memoria, San José CR11 Feb. 2000. Cartago: ITCR, 2000. p. 166-181.
(Sin resumen).
Publicación no.: 469 The evolution of plant-insect interactions: Insights from the tertiary fossil record
[La evolución de las interacciones planta-insecto: Percepciones de registros fósiles del terciario] / Smith,
Dena Michelle. (University of Colorado. Colorado University Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO
80309, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona, 2000. 316 p.
ISBN: 0-599-99327-8. Dissertation, Ph.D., The University of Arizona, Graduate School, Tucson, AZ (USA).
Plant-feeding insects are the most species-rich group on the planet today. Models have been proposed
to explain this diversity, but few use the fossil record to evaluate hypotheses. I conduct studies in
modern systems to examine (1) - taphonomic biases in insect preservation and how this may affect our
understanding of insect diversity trends through time and (2) - patterns of herbivory in modern
ecosystems to improve the comparability of fossil and modern datasets. I then use the Cenozoic fossil
record to examine the history of ecological associations between insects and plants and how these
interactions respond to environmental change. I conducted an actualistic study on the preservation of
beetles in Willcox Playa, an ephemeral lake in SE Arizona. I compared the insect death assemblage in
shoreline sediments to the living beetle assemblage. The sediments captured 56% of the live-collected
beetle families, and 28% of the live-collected beetle genera. The relative abundances of living beetles
were not reflected in the death assemblage. Beetle diet, feeding habitat, and size influenced the
composition of the death assemblage. Necrophagous, ground-dwelling and smaller beetles were overrepresented in the death assemblage. Such biases should be considered in insect paleoepology and in
studies of diversity change. Annual variation in herbivory was compared within and between two
lowland neotropical forests Costa Rica. Herbivory did not vary significantly within sites between years,
but was significantly different: between sites. Modern herbivory data collected with discrete sampling
techniques is compartable to herbivory data from fossil forests. Herbivory data from one-time
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collections of leaf litter are most suitable for comparison with fossil herbivory. I compared herbivory
between two Eocene floras and between the Eocene floras and six modern floras. A decline in levels of
herbivory corresponds with a decline in temperature from the middle to the late Eocene. Fossil
herbivore damage was significantly lower than modern herbivore damage. This pattern may result from
taphonomic bias, environmental differences between the fossil and modern sites or evolutionary
change.
Publicación no.: 470 Adaptive short-term changes in pit design by antlion larvae (Myrmeleon sp.) in
response to different prey conditions / Lomascolo, S.; Farji-Brener, Alejandro G. (Universidad Nacional
del Comahue. Departamento de Ecología, Unidad Postal UNC, RA-8400 Bariloche, Río Negro, AR <E-mail:
En: Ethology, Ecology and Evolution (ISSN 0394-9370), v. 13, no. 4, p. 393-397. 2001.
Predators that live in environments with variable prey availability should be capable of modifying their
behaviour in order to maximize their consumption rate. Sit-and-wait predators that use passive traps
should modify trap architecture depending on the local conditions of prey availability. We quantified the
short-term behavioural response of Myrmeleon sp. Larvae in their pit-trap design in response to
different experimentally modified prey conditions. The larvae (1) increased the diameter of the trap
(which should increase prey encounter rates) but not the depth of the trap when prey were absent or
scarce and, (2) increased the depth of the trap (which should minimize the probability of prey escape)
under high availability of prey that were capable of escaping from the pit trap. Myrmeleon sp. Larvae
are thus capable of quickly adapting to different types and availability of prey. This behaviour could have
been selected as a strategy to survive in poor environments with unpredictable prey availability.
Publicación no.: 471 Stable isotope values of Costa Rican surface waters [Valores de isótopos estables
de aguas superficiales costarricenses] / Lachniet, M.S.; Patterson, W.P. (University of Nevada.
Department of Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Hydrology (ISSN 0022-1694), v. 260, p. 135-150. 2002.
Stable isotope data of surface waters from the humid tropics in general, and Costa Rica in particular, are
scarce. To improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of stable isotopes in surface waters, we
measured Ù18 O and ÙD in river and lake (n = 63) and precipitation (n = 3) samples from Costa Rica. We
also present data from the IAEA/WMO isotopes in precipitation network as context for our study.
Surface water isotope values do not strongly correlate with elevation, stream head elevation, stream
length, distance from Caribbean Sea, or estimated mean annual precipitation for the country as a whole.
However, the data show distinct regional trends. The Ù18 O and ÙD values downwind of mountain
ranges are inversely related to the altitude of the ranges the air masses traverse. In the lee of the high
Talamanca Range, Ù18 O values are ~6-8%, lower, while in the lee of the lower Tilarán Range Ù18 O
values are 2-3% lower than upwind sites along the Caribbean Slope, An altitude effect of -1.4% Ù18
O/km is present on the Pacific slope of southern Costa Rica, equivalent to a temperature effect of 0.3%/°C. The Nicoya and Osa Peninsulas have higher values than upwind sites, suggesting input of
Pacific- sourced moisture, evaporative enrichment, or decreased condensation temperatures. Elevated
and increasing d-excess values inland along the Nicaragua Trough suggest a recycled component may be
an important contributor to the water budget. These data provide preliminary stable isotope
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information for Costa Rica, and will benefit paleoclimatic research in the region. More detailed studies
would be beneficial to our understanding of the controls on stable isotope composition of tropical
waters.
Publicación no.: 472 A new species of Peckia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Costa Rica, with a note on
P. pexata (Wulp) [Una nueva especie de Peckia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) de Costa Rica, con un apunte
sobre P. pexata (Wulp)] / Pape, Thomas.; Andersson, M. (University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum,
Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DK <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Insecta Mundi (ISSN 0749-6737), v. 14, no. 4, p. 233-239. 2000.
A new species of Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy is described from the coastal dry forest of Guanacaste
Province, Costa Rica, viz., Peckia glyphis sp.n., and a key to the ten species of Peckia known from the
area is provided. A lectotype is designated for Peckia pexata (Wulp, 1895) and intraspecific variation in
male leg setosity and in the morphology of male terminalia are documented.
Publicación no.: 473 Chiropterophily: on bat-flowers and flower bats [Quiropterofilia: en murciélagos
de las flores y flores de murciélagos] / Tschapka, Marco.; Dressler, Stefan. (University of Ulm.
Department of Ecology (Biology III), Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, DE <E-mail:
En: Curtis's Botanical Magazine (ISSN 1355-4905), v. 19, no. 2, p. 114-125. 2002.
This paper presents a short introduction to bat pollination (chiropterophily) with emphasis on the
Neotropics. Adaptations of plants to the pollination by bats include robustness, specific strategies for
advertisement, structures for efficient transmission of pollen and a comparably large nutritional reward.
Adaptations of specialized flower-visiting bats improved their ability to find and to exploit flowers in a
highly efficient way.
Publicación no.: 474 Revision of the rugipennis group of Phyllophaga (sensu stricto) (Coleoptera:
Melolonthidae) [Revisión del grupo rugipennis de Phyllophaga (sensu stricto) (Coleoptera:
Melolonthidae)] / Morón-Ríos, Miguel A. (Instituto de Ecología División de Ecología Biosistemática de
Insectos, Apdo. Postal 63 Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, MX <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Annals of the Entomological Society of America (ISSN 0013-8746), v. 94, no. 6, p. 771-808. 2001.
Species in the Phyllophaga rugipennis group are reviewed, four new species from Mexico, Costa Rica
and Panama are described, one specific name is synonymized, and one species is recorded for the first
time from Mexico. The group includes: P. rugipennis (Schauffus) and P. tenuipilis (Bates) from Mexico
and Guatemala; P. lissopyge (Bates) from Nicaragua to Panama; P. hemilissa (Bates) and P. laeviscutata
(Moser) from Costa Rica and Panama; P. pachypyga (Burmeister) from Colombia and Venezuela; P.
brevisetosa (Moser) and P. pruinipennis (Moser) from Colombia; P. densata (Moser) from southern
Mexico to Panama; P. nevermanni Saylor, P. monteverdosa n.sp., P. chorotega n.sp., and P. cartaginesa
n.sp. from Costa Rica; P. godmani (Bates), P. chinanteca Moron and Nogueira, P. enkerliniana Moron
and Deloya, and P. candelaria n.sp. from Mexico. Phyllophaga nigrofusca Moser is synonymized under P.
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pachypyga (Burmeister), and P. densata is recorded for the first time from Mexico. A key is provided for
males of the 17 species. Diagnostic structures, variation, and maps are included.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-281. Biblioteca de Inventario (INBio).
Publicación no.: 475 Natural selection by avian predators on size and colour of a freshwater snail
(Pomacea flagellata) [Selección natural por parte de aves depredadoras en el tamaño y color del caracol
de agua dulce (Pomacea flagellata)] / Reed, W.L.; Janzen, F.J. (University of Kentucky. The Morgan
School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, KY 40506, US).
En: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (ISSN 0024-4066), v. 67, no. 3, p. 331-342. 1999.
We identify two avian predators of the Neotropical apple snail, Pomacea flagellata, and estimate the
strength, direction and form of multivariate natural selection by these predator on size and colour of
snail shells. Limpkins are tactile predators and act as agents of disruptive selection on snail size,
selecting average-sized snails disproprotionately more often than small or large snails (gamma=0.39,
SE=0.08). In addition, we were able to identify variation in handling behaviours and snail size selection
among individual limpkins. Individual limpkins showed preferences for snails of different sizes and
punctured the snail shells opposite the aperture mainly when handling large snails. Snail kites are visual
predators and seem to be agents of directional selection against lighter coloured snails (beta'=0.66,
SE=0.33). The ecological interaction between the apple snail and its predators provides a powerful
system to further explore the role of predation in determining evolutionary changes in snail behaviour,
morphology and life history.
Publicación no.: 476 Estudio hidrometeorológico de la cuenca del Río Tempisque [Hydrometeorologic
study of the Tempisque River watershed] / Arias-Rodríguez, Oscar. Cartago: Instituto Tecnológico de
Costa Rica, 2001. 33 p. Práctica de Especialidad, Bachillerato en Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico
de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago (Costa Rica).
In order to estimate the annual and monthly rainfall for the Tempisque River Watershed, we created
and reviewed a database with data from 49 meteorological stations. A Double Mass Analysis was
applied to this database evaluate its consistency, also, we estimated missing data in order to include the
largest number of stations in the period range. With this data we calculated annual and monthly rainfall
averages and generated maps of rainfall Isolineas and Thiessen's Polygons using Arc View 3.2 and Arc
Info 8.01 GIS packages. A comparison was carried out among three different rainfall estimation methods
(annual and monthly averages): rainfall Isolineas, Thiessen's Polygons and Arithmetic Average. Likewise,
the results of this study were compared with those previously obtained by the Tropical Science Center in
1998 and the Organization for Tropical Studies in 2000. The average rainfall for the watershed is
approximately 1790 mm/year, according to the three methods used. Due to the fact we used a greater
number at meteorological stations and an analysis at consistency of the precipitation records was
performed the results are probably more reliable than those presented previously by CCT and OTS.
Additionally the missing data for some periods or months were estimates resulting in a more reliable
database for further studies with a normalized record range for all the stations. Using data from La
Guardia flow station we performed a trends analysis for the change of annual flow in two different
periods: from 1953-1969 and 1984-2000. A decrease of the flow of the Tempisque River was detected
between the two periods, which could be a result of the exploitation of the water resource, since the
reduction flow is concentrated on the driest months.
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Publicación no.: 477 Economic malacology in Costa Rica [La malacología económica en Costa Rica] /
Villalobos-Solé, Carlos. (Universidad de Costa Rica. CIMAR y Escuela de Biología, San José, CR).
En: Molluscs of economic and sanitary importance in the tropics: The Costa Rican experience / Moluscos
de importancia agrícola y sanitaria en el trópico: La experiencia costarricense. Monge-Nájera, J. (ed.) San
José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1997. p. 82-109. ISBN: 9977-67-452-3.
Introduction: The first studies on the biology and ecology of molluscs of commercial importance were
begun at the end of the 1970's (e.g., Madrigal 1980). It would be appropriate to mention the studies
made from the mid 1970's in which the role of some bivalve species of considerable economic interest
was assessed in connection with their contamination by coliform bacteria (e.g., Fernández & Brunker
1977). Similarly, various studies in Amerindian anthropology emphasized the role fo some bivalves and
gastropods, mainly mangrove-dwelling, on the diet of peoples settled along the northeastern coast of
Costa Rica and along the Gulf of Nicoya (Turpin, 1978; Lange & Abel-Vidor, 1980). The greatest volume
of scientific research in this field, however was carried out during the 1980's and dealt with marine and
freshwater molluscs. In assessing the potential of mollusc farming in Costa Rica, Gude (1981) carried out
a series of field observations on both coasts, including information on the condition of the natural beds
of species such as Ostrea iridescens, Crassostrea columbiensis, Tagelus sp., Mytella guyanensis, Anadara
tuberculosa, A. grandis, and Crassostrea rhizophorae. To facilitate a greater degree of understanding it is
considered suitable to separate these studies into two major categories, i.e., those pertaining to
freshwater species and those dealing with marine species. Epilogue: The main obstacle to the study and
control of molluscs of agricultural and sanitary importance in Costa Rica is ignorance regarding their
taxonomy and their ecology. Malek's Inter- American guide (1985) is only useful at the family level and
contains serious errors (Davis 1987), while the monograph by von Martens (1896-1901) is very much
outdated. The planned series on the identification of freshwater species by D.W. Taylor (Revista de
Biología Tropical), and the project dealing with the biodiversity of terrestrial species by Zaidett
Barrientos (INBio) shall serve as magnificent foundations to overcoming this obstacle. In Nicaragua, the
taxonomic works of the Cuban Mijail Pérez and the Spanish Father Adolfo López de la Fuente will also be
relevant to the study of the Costa Rican malacolofauna. Unfortunately, as far as I known, there exists no
other study similar to this one in all of Centra America.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 594.11 M743m.
Publicación no.: 478 OTS as an institution for conservation education [OET como una institución para
educación en conservación] / Stone, Donald E. (Duke University. Department of Botany & Organization
for Tropical Studies, Inc., P.O. Box DM, Duke Station, Durham, NC 27706, US <E-mail:
En: Principles of conservation biology. Meffe, G.K.; Carroll, C.R. (eds.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc.,
1994. p. 486. ISBN: 0-87893-519-3.
Slides, videos, and engaging professors can make class exciting at times. However, there is no substitute
for the real thing when it comes to seeing nature at work, and more particularly, to gaining insight into
the dynamics of nature. It is these building blocks of conservation education that the Organization for
Tropical Studies, Inc. (OTS) stresses in its hands-on programs in Costa Rica to promote an understanding
of the complexities of tropical ecosystems, and to engage in dialogue as to how these ecosystems can be
sustainably managed. Understanding the nature and strength of the OTS programs in the broadly
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defined area of conservation requires an appreciation of the institution itself. Its origin is a once-upon-atime story dating back to the early 1960s, when most of the world viewed tropical rainforests as an
unlimited cache of timber and biological diversity. OTS was formed by a small consortium of United
States universities and the Universidad de Costa Rica to engage in "training, research and the wise use of
natural resources in the tropics." Over the past 30 years the consortium has grown to nearly 50
institutions, and has continued to maintain its operational base in Costa Rica, where it provides training
for graduate students and policymakers and maintains field station facilities used by researchers from
throughout the world. Quite simply, OTS is a worldclass convener of field-oriented courses and
facilitator of tropical research. Precisely what OTS does in conservation education is best viewed in
terms of its three principal audiences, namely, graduate students, policymakers, and the Costa Rican
community. The graduate student audience, which is the prime justification for consortium
membership, is served by courses on Tropical Biology: An Ecological Approach and Tropical Managed
Ecosystems, and their Spanish equivalents, Ecología de Poblaciones and Agroecología. From time to
time, OTS offers specialty courses in various areas of biology, the most recent of which are Agroforestry
and Tropical Diversity and Conservation. Policymakers in the United States are reached by a short course
in Interdependence: Economic Development and Environmental Concerns in Tropical Countries,
whereas the Latin American constituency, consisting mainly of mid-level government officials, is served
by Principios Ecológicos para Toma de Decisiones y el Manejo de los Recursos Naturales en América
Latina. The Costa Rican community is a highly diverse audience reached by environmental education
materials and methodologies developed by OTS through workshops and by working with our field
station neighbors in programs best described as community relations. This diversity of audiences may at
first glance seem to transcend OTS' mission in training and research, and indeed it does in some ways,
but the realities of operating an international consortium place a special premium on observing the
common courtesies expected of guests in a foreign country. Indeed, our more recent involvement in
environmental education has forced OTS to reconsider the appropriate interface between basic and
applied sciences and the appropriate role for an academic institution like OTS to take in technology
transfer and community outreach. This is a dynamic and complex issue and no hard and fast rules have
been developed. One thing that is clear, however, is that OTS must play on its strengths and continue to
exercise an international leadership role in conservation education. What makes OTS' approach to
conservation education so unique can best be appreciated by examining a typical course, Tropical
Biology: An Ecological Approach. This course is designed for graduate students in their formative years
of choosing a dissertation research problem. Some 20 to 22 competitively selected participants are
thrust into the field to experience a contrasting range of ecosystems, from sea level to 3000 m, from
deciduous dry to evergreen wet forest, and from pristine to highly manipulated landscapes. The pace
and focus over the eight-week term are intense and unrelenting from dawn to dusk, seven days a week.
The principal instructors, called coordinators, and a graduate teaching assistant establish the intellectual
framework and set the tone for the course, but the pace and rigor are maintained throughout by inviting
a series of scientists to share their knowledge at one or more field sites. In a two-month course
stationed at five or six sites, it is not uncommon for the students to be exposed to the expertise of a
dozen or more world-class scientists. So what does the OTS experience add up to when the exhilaration
wears off? For most participants it becomes a unique reference point against which to judge future
studies and experiences in the temperate zone, and for a few it becomes the cornerstone for future
research in tropical biology. For graduate students cum educators, the tropical experience permeates
their future teaching (alas, all too often with slides of pristine forest shown long after they have
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succumbed to the pressures of development!). For graduate students cum policymakers in the private or
public sector, their future decisions regarding natural resources will have a personal frame of reference.
And for all alumni there is the enviable opportunity to be invited back as a distinguished faculty
participant. In a sense, it is this aspect of recruitment that nourishes the sustainability of the institution
and permits progressive updating of our teachings in conservation education.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2031. 333.9516 M495p.
Publicación no.: 479 The Organization for Tropical Studies: 27 years of research and education in the
tropics [La Organización para Estudios Tropicales: 27 años de investigación y educación en los trópicos] /
Denslow, Julie Sloan. (USDA Forest Service. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 23 E. Kawili St, Hilo, HI
En: Journal of Vegetation Science (ISSN 1100-9233), v. 1, p. 133-134. 1990. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S650. LS.
Publicación no.: 480 La cuenca del río Tempisque y las iniciativas comunales para el manejo de sus
humedales / Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A.; Gutiérrez, V. (Organización para Estudios Tropicales. Director en
Costa Rica, Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Symposium on "Science and Local Communities: Strengthening Partnerships for
Effective Wetland Management, Quebec CA6-12 August, 2000.
En: Science and local communities: Strengthening partnerships for effective wetland management.
Carbonell, M; Nathai-Gyan, N; Filayson, C.M. (eds.) Memphis, TN: Ducks Unlimited, Inc, 2001. p. 25-28.
ISBN: 0-9617279-6-9.
The community of Ortega and Bolsón in north-west Costa Rica started the restoration of their local
wetlands in 1997. This was an inititative entirely from within the community and has been carried out
through a process of 'learning by doing'. In this process, much traditional local knowledge has been
gathered, however, technical expertise was lacking. In 1998 during a mission of the Convention on
Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1972) to the adjacent Palo Verde National Park, participants from the
communities had the chance to explore possibilities of cooperation with institutions that have the
technical expertise on wetland restoration. Later, in 1999, the Organization for Tropical Studies and
Ducks Unlimited, Inc. were contacted by the communities to pursue this opportunity for collaboration in
the restoration of their local wetlands.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: CD "Ciencia y Comunidades Locales".
Publicación no.: 481 Swimming ability in three Costa Rican dry forest rodents [Habilidad para la
natación en tres roedores costarricenses del bosque seco] / Cook, W.M.; Timm, Robert M.; Hyman, D.E.
(The University of Kansas. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, KS
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 49, no. 3/4, p. 1177-1181. 2001.
We investigated the swimming abilities of three Costa Rican dry forest rodents (Coues' rice rat,
Oryzomys couest, Hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, and spiny pocket mouse, Liomys salvini)
associated with a large marsh, Laguna Palo Verde, using 90 s swim trials in a plastic container, Swimming
ability was evaluated by observing the use of limbs and tail in the water, inclination to the surface, and
diving and floating behavior. Rice rats could float, swim and dive, suggesting that they can exploit
surface and underwater resources. Cotton rats swam at the water's surface, but were less skilled
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swimmers than rice rats. Spiny pocket mice tired quickly and had difficulty staying at the water's surface.
Results suggest that differential swimming ability is related to the distribution of the three sympatric
species within the marsh and adjacent forest habitats.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. S8683. PV.
Publicación no.: 482 Remarkable aquatic predators in the genus Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae)
[Extraordinarios depredadores acuáticos en el género Ocyptamus (Diptera, Syrphidae)] / Rotheray,
Graham E.; Zumbado-Arrieta, Manuel A.; Hancock, E. Geoffrey.; Thompson, F. Christian. (National
Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, GB <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Studia Dipterologica (ISSN 0945-3954), v. 7, no. 2, p. 385-398. 2000
Third-stage larvae, puparia and adults are described for two species of Ocyptamus Macquart and new
synonyms are proposed. The larvae were found in water pockets within epiphytic Bromeliaceae in Costa
Rica. They attacked a wide taxonomic range of insect larvae that characteristically co-occur in these
phytotelmata, apparently subduing prey with venom and sucking out the internal contents. They
possess a number of morphological and behavioural features not known in other predatory syrphids.
These features include an enlarged and flattened anal end bearing a sucker, elongate posterior
breathing tubes with vertically inclined spiracular plates, and patches of needle-like spicules on the
underside of the thorax. Although only two species were reared, larvae of 6 other species were
discovered, which suggest that many more species occur in bromeliads.
Publicación no.: 483 Revisión taxonómica del género Lagocheirus Dejean para México y
Centroamérica (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) [Taxonomic revision of the genus Lagocheirus Dejean from
Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)] / Toledo, Víctor H. (CEAMISH. Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, MX
En: Folia Entomológica Mexicana (ISSN 0430-8603), no. 101, p. 1-58. 1997.
Are revised the Mexican and Central American species of Lagocheirus Dejean. Nineteen species are
recorded; L. mecotrochanter and L. xileuco are new is recorded for first time to Mexico L. simplicicornis.
Are synonymized Karadinia McKeown and Stemocheirus Dillon with Lagocheirus Dejean; L. rogersi
hondurensis Dillon and L. r. panamensis Dillon with L. rogersi Bates; L. tuberculatus v-album Bates with
L. tuberculatus (Fabricius). Sternocheirus lugubris Dillon and Karadinia funesta (Thomson) are
transferred into Lagocheirus. A diagnostic key is provided to separate the 19 known species, and
descriptions of the males and females. Information on the distribution, flight period, and host
associations is presented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8448. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 590F. Biblioteca de Inventario (INBio).
Publicación no.: 484 Notes on neotropical Malpighiaceae - VIII [Notas sobre Malpighiaceae
neotropicales - VIII] / Anderson, William R. (University of Michigan Herbarium. North University Building,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1057, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium (ISSN 0091-1860), v. 23, p. 63-81. 2001.
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A lectotype is proposed for Bunchosia gracilis that will make it a synonym of B. lindeniana. Four new
species are described and illustrated: Bunchosia grayumii (a shrub or small tree from Costa Rica and
Panama), Byrsonima flexipes (a tree 3-15 m tall from Colombia and Venezuela), Heteropterys
aequatorialis (a liana from Ecuador and Peru), and Mezia russellii (a liana from Peru); four additional
species are described without illustration: Bunchosia mesoamericana (a shrub or small tree to 8-10 m
tall from Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica), Bunchosia stipulacea (a shrub from Panama),
Heteropterys hammelii (a liana from Costa Rica), and Hiraea fosteri (a liana from Panama).
Publicación no.: 485 Free-living nematodes from nature reserves in Costa Rica. 2. Mononchina
[Nematodos de vida libre de las reservas naturales en Costa Rica. 2. Mononchina] / Zullini, A.; Loof,
P.A.A.; Bongers, T. (Università di Milano-Bicocca. Dipartimento di Biotecnologie & Bioscienze, Piazza
della
Scienza2,
20126
Milano,
IT
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
En: Nematology (Leiden) (ISSN 1388-5545), v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-23. 2002.
In soil, moss and freshwater habitats of tropical forests in Costa Rica, 20 mononch species were found.
Two are described as new species, Mononchus laminatus n.sp. (L=1.5-1.9 mm, buccal capsule 29-31 x
11-14 microm, c'=3.6- 4.9, similar to M. aquaticus but with a subventral lamina present in anterior part
of buccal cavity, and amphid aperture posterior to the dorsal tooth) and Miconchus gomezi n.sp. (similar
to M. digiturus, but with slender body, vulva cuticularised and with a reduced posterior genital branch).
The known species are redescribed, the well-known ones briefly, the less known more extensively.
Brazilian and Costa Rican specimens of Paracrassibucca paucidentata Lordello, 1970 were studied and a
lectotype has been designated. The other species found are: Mononchus trucatus Bastian, 1865; M.
aquaticus Coetzee, 1968; M. tumbridgensis Bastian, 1865; Coomansus parvus (de Man, 1880);
Coomansus sp. (C. zschokke-group); Prionchulus muscorum (Dujardin, 1845); P. punctatus Cobb, 1917;
Cobbonchus coetzeeae Andrássy, 1970; Mylonchulus contractus Jairajpuri, 1970; M. hawaiiensis
(Cassidy, 1931); M. obtusicaudatus (von Daday, 1899); M. parabrachyuris (Thorne, 1924); M. sigmaturus
Cobb, 1917; Mulveyellus monhystera (Cobb, 1917); Iotonchus tenuidentatus (Kreis, 1924); I. trichurus
Cobb, 1917 and miconchus digiturus (Cobb, 1893).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8917. NBINA-799. Biblioteca de Inventario (INBio.
Publicación no.: 486 Orquídeas, cactus y bromelias del bosque seco de Costa Rica [Orchids, cacti and
bromeliads of the dry forest of Costa Rica] / Morales-Quirós, J. Francisco.; Aragón-Quesada, C (il.);
Cooper, A.W (il.) (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Apdo. 22-3100, Santo Domingo de
Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Santo Domingo de Heredia: Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad, 2000. 164 p. ISBN: 9968-702-41-2.
Introduction: In recent years, the Costa Rican public has shown a growing interest in natural resource
conservation. This concern, along with a significant increase in ecotourism, has given rise to a greater
emphasis on forest protection through the national system of protected areas. However, few-if anystraightforward field guides have been written for a general audience. This guide partially fills the gap,
covering the Area de Conservación Tempisque (ACT) and the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), in
Costa Rica's northern province of Guanacaste. It also seeks to convey the importance of protecting
orchid populations in their natural state and the need to reduce illegal sales of these plants. Epiphytes
are plants that live on trees. They are among the most striking plants in the forest, and include many
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herbaceous plants such as orchids, bromeliads, cacti, ferris and anthuriums, as well as numerous shrublike plants found mainly in the high, moist regions of Costa Rica. The diversity of epiphytes living in a
given habitat is determined largely by climate and humidity. As a rule, the more humid the environment,
the more species will be found. In Costa Rica, epiphytes are commonly known as "piñuelas" or parásitas"
("parasites"), although they do not have a true parasitic relationship with the trees on which they grow.
Epiphytes use tree trunks and branches for sup

Bibilografia Especializada OET 11 - Organization for Tropical Studies

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