Environmental Management of Livestock Producers as an Economic

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International Conference on Latest Trends in Food, Biological & Ecological Sciences (ICLTFBE’14) July 15-16, 2014 Phuket (Thailand)
Environmental Management of Livestock
Producers as an Economic Alternative in
Fusagasugá Colombia
Natalia Escobar

activities make the environment tool. Water, soil and air are
the main resources to be caring, well -oriented legislation to
increase and preservation of these resources [6]. Poultry, pork
and cattle production for the municipality of Fusagasugá are a
sector that contributes negatively to the pollution of these
resources.
Abstract—The environmental and economic plans generated by
the mayors are aimed at the conservation of natural resources that
currently observed in most agricultural production environmental
laws are not fully enforced. As part of this research is to find out as
environmental management in livestock productions of major
economic importance in the Municipality of Fusagasugá. To
determine representative variables, principal component analysis
were applied, the variables associated with the adoption of
environmental management was determined by the procedure of
CANDISC of the statistical package SAS®. The most relevant
productions are cattle, poultry and pork; they do not have industrial
transformation processes that take advantage of better products. The
main ways to conducted wastewater is to water sources in the area,
the mismanagement of waste can be seen, for most of them fail the
recycling truck, causing its inhabitants use burning as a method of
waste disposal. Less than half of the citizens are really concerned
about the care and preservation of natural resources, therefore, the
urgent implementation of social work and environmental education is
necessary.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Study area
The Municipality of Fusagasugá is located southwest of the
Department of Cundinamarca and is the capital of the Province
of Sumapaz which consists of 10 municipalities: Sylvania,
Tibacuy, Pasca, Arbelaez, Pandi, San Bernardo, Venice,
Cabrera, Granada and Fusagasugá (Fig. 1). Agricultural
production is completely rural. Fusagasugá is 1500 meters
above sea level, cold-temperate climate and temperatures
between 20 and 25 ºC [7].
Keywords—Education, environment, natural resources
I.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that animal production has generated and
continues to produce negative impacts on the natural
environment,
however today the concern to know the true effects becomes
more important, due to the deterioration of the environment
begins to have large-scale effects worldwide. Climate change
is a manifestation of environmental mismatch becomes alert
and calls us to reflect on the production models so far
developed [1]. Another studies [2, 3, 4], showed the
importance between livestock production and climate change.
Reported by [5], intensive animal production in response to
a growing demand for food from a growing human population
brings worsening environmental problems such as air
pollution, soil and water sources mentioned, deteriorating
forests and the ozone layer, desertification and loss of
biodiversity. Any effort to seek deeper knowledge of the
effects generated by the productive activity, leading to analyze,
reflect and rethink traditional practices and forms of
production. Environmental management for the livestock
sector is necessary to minimize the damages that rural
Fig. 1. Fusagasugá ubication. Red area on Cundinamarca department
(left). Rural and Town area (dark purple) (right).
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusagasug%C3%A1.
The urban population has around 92,000 inhabitants,
accounting for 80%, while the rural population is 23,165
inhabitants representing 20% of the total population of the
municipality, the district with the largest population (7,467) is
the southwestern, followed by East (5,993 inhabitants) [8].
The rural districts dived in five: east (A), north (B), southeast
(C), western (D) and southwestern (E).
Natalia Escobar Escobar, Universidad de Cundinamarca. Grupo de
Investigación Área Verde. Colombia. Email id: [email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/IAAST.A0714004
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of regional strategies and partnerships to improve the
competitiveness of the sector Another studies [11, 12, 13],
showed the relation of environment management and livestock
productions.
B. Field phase
For data collection was designed, applied and adjusted
survey additionally based on previous studies in the region [9,
10], the form was made up of 30 questions, of which 20 were
factual variables (implemented practices), 10 questions
inquired by socioeconomic aspects. The implementation of the
survey was conducted through visits to farms with the support
of local environment authorities. One Principal Component
Analysis was performed to identify the minimum effective
number of variables by applying the procedure PRINCOMP of
the statistical package SAS (9.0 version).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As can be seen in Fig. 2, the districts do not have industrial
transformation processes that could exploit better products, but
there is strength and proximity of the rural districts with
Fusagasugá and Bogota, which allows its people market their
products to wholesale markets and with minimal costs.
Fig 3. Poultry production [9]
B. Pork population
The number of producers in the town is approximately 198,
including large, medium and small producers. In Fig. 4, a pig
population having a greater presence in the eastern with 1743
males and 1163 females were observed, which can be said that
there is a high proportion of breeding and selling hogs in this
area. In northern rural area are 1619 males and 233 females,
indicating that more engaged in fattening pigs and sell it for
farming.
Fig 2. Agricultural transformation process in Fusagasugá [9].
A. Poultry population
Fusagasugá is the municipality with the highest participation
in the country (40%). Also, it is estimated that the production
of laying hens of Sumapaz represents between 15% and 18%
of the production department, and between 36% and 42% in
the production of broilers [10]. In the Eastern and Northern
districts, predominantly focused on the poultry industry laying
hens, while in the southeastern, western and southwestern
township this activity is focused on broilers (Fig. 3).
Large poultry farmers companies are vertically integrated,
while small and medium producers mostly match production
subsystems that have their economic expression in small
properties barns or farms, and are far from companies with
integral units of production and marketing. Not have any type
of organization or representative, while large producers
affiliated to the National Federation of Poultry in Colombia
and through the trade organization design strategies for growth
and sustainability [9]. The problems of small and medium
poultry, are synthesized into four main areas: (i) low
associativity, (ii) environmental and health inefficient
management, (iii) lack of entrepreneurial vision, and (iv) lack
Fig 4. Pork production [9]
C. Cattle production
High activity occurs in all the rural districts (especially in
the West) (Fig. 5), however, do not have enough pasture for
optimum performance in this activity. Grass cutting is scarce
and mostly the cattle are females.
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accessibility Recycler carriage by distance and the poor state
of roads, except the southwestern. Burning garbage is highly
used in rural areas and is of concern because it is a high agent
contamination to the environment. Eliminating waste as
fertilizer is a useful and productive way to use it.
Fig 5. Cattle production [9].
Environmental management
D. Water discharge
Discharge of wastewater is presented according to the
following classification, trenches rank first in the southeastern
rural area. In eastern wastewater to streams as in the northern
are thrown. One topic to highlight environmental level is that it
has a culture of making the dumping of wastewater main crop
or livestock activity toward trenches (Fig. 6).
Based on the information reported above, the southeastern
area is the second largest population (5,993), and which has
recorded the highest number of streams and forests and
livestock farming (cattle, pigs and poultry), it could be link to
this rural district a high environmental impact, especially in
water bodies.
Fig. 7. Discharge of solid waste [9].
In the rural districts of the Municipality of Fusagasugá
mismanagement of waste can be seen, for most of them fail the
recycling truck, causing its inhabitants use burning as a
method of waste disposal, especially in the southeastern area.
It is seen as one of the objectives of the framework for
environmental policy in the short term referred to in a land use
plan of government [16] (which indicates "Integrated
management of solid waste (trash and debris) through a
comprehensive plan for solid waste disposal oriented
economic and ecologically viable reuse, the technical
readiness of non-recyclable waste, with massive programs of
public participation"), is not articulating with the reality of the
municipality livestock.
Community Participation care of natural resources
Less than half of the citizens are really concerned about the
care and preservation of natural resources articulated livestock
activity (Fig. 8). Usually people think that the resources that
nature provides care for themselves and are restored [17, 18].
Likewise, the goal of environmental policy in the short term
("Encouraging community involvement in solving economic
and environmental issues with the goal of equitable
distribution of natural resources especially water and access to
the use of land in pursuit of increased agricultural productivity
and diversification of rural employment"), is not meeting the
population, and this point is critical social work from
environmental perception changes are initiated, raises
awareness through environment education and training [19].
Similar results [20, 21, 22].
Fig. 6. Discharge of wastewater [9].
The main ways to conducted wastewater are most affecting
the environment and polluting water sources in the area.
Within the category other found that wastewater is used in
irrigation systems. They are also directed to septic tanks and/or
drain. The oxidation pond is also an appropriate way to
manage wastewater. Other similar results [14, 15].
E. Solid Waste Management
In Fig. 7, it is observed that recycling car transporter
deletion mode is less used in sidewalks, due to the lack of
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REFERENCES
[1] Angarita, A., Gonzalez, V. & Ciro, V. Efecto de la inclusión de aceite de
coco sobre la producción de metano y para metros de fermentación
ruminal en novillas utilizando la técnica del túnel. Universidad de
Cundinamarca. Facultad de ciencias agropecuarias. Programa
Zootecnia. Fusagasugá. 2007, pp. 4, 14-16, 54.
[2] Asociación Colombiana de Porcicultores. Guía ambiental para el
subsector porcicolas. 2002, pp. 25.
[3] Burton, C. H. & Turner, C. Manure management. Treatment strategies
for sustainable agriculture. 2nd ed. Silsoe Research Institute. Silsoe
Bedford. 2003, pp. 451.
[4] Calvosa, C. Livestock and climate change. 44, 00142. IFAD. 2010, pp.
2-12.
[5] Carabias, J. “Conservación de ecosistemas y desarrollo rural sostenible
en América latina: condiciones, limitantes y retos”. 2004, pp. 35-42.
[6] CAR. Convenio de concertación para una producción más limpia entre
el subsector avícola, bovina y la corporación autónoma regional de
Cundinamarca – CAR. Bogotá. 2010, pp. 15.
[7] CEPAL-PNUM. “La sostenibilidad del desarrollo en América latina y el
Caribe: desafíos y oportunidades” 2001, pp. 46-53.
[8] Coma, J & Bonet, J. Producción ganadera y contaminación ambiental.
Barcelona. XX curso FEDNA. 2004, pp. 237-270.
[9] Escobar, E., Escobar, G. & Correa, J. Estudio descriptivo del sector
rural (ámbitos geográfico, demográfico, agropecuario, ambiental,
comercial y turístico) de las veredas en Fusagasugá. Universidad de
Cundinamarca. 2010, pp. 89-103.
[10] Costa, C. La adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia. En: Revista
de ingeniería. Bogotá. Nº 26. 2007, pp. 21.
[11] Chara, J. Evaluación ambiental: Ganadería colombiana sostenible. 2007,
pp. 82.
[12] Correa, C. “normatividad en la producción agropecuaria en Colombia:
aspectos generales”. 2011, pp. 28-30.
[13] Escalante, E. Tratamiento de efluentes porcicolas en granjas de
traspatio. Tecnología de agua. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México. 2001, pp. 7.
[14] Fernández, A. (2008) “Cartilla gestión ambiental agropecuaria”.
Bogotá. 2008, pp. 4-9.
[15] FAO. (2006). El ganado y el medio ambiente. Revista La ganadería, A
examen. 2006, pp. 59-64.
[16] Gerber, P. La contaminación por la producción pecuaria industrial.
En: políticas pecuarias 02. 2010, pp. 1-3.
[17] Hartog, L. & Sijtsma, R. Estrategias nutricionales para reducir la
contaminación ambiental en la producción de cerdos. En: FEDNA.
Madrid. Nº XXII. 2007, pp. 19-36.
[18] Herrero, M. Efluentes del Tambo, ¿algo molesto a eliminar o un
recurso a utilizar?. Cátedra de Bases agrícolas (Fac. Cs. Veterinarias)
producir XXI; Evaluación del impacto ambiental y manejo de agua y
efluentes en tambos. Argentina. 2010, pp. 3.
[19] Johnson, K. & Johnson, D. Methane emissions from cattle. En: Journal
of animal Science. Washington. Vol 73. 2011, pp. 48-51.
[20] POT. Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial de Fusagasugá. Documento
Técnico de Soporte. Plan de desarrollo de Fusagasugá periodo 20082012 “una gerencia con compromiso social”. 2010, pp. 59-66.
[21] Tyrchiniewicz, C. The science of greenhouse gas emissions and grazing
management strategies: and investigative/ Awareness report. Winnipeg
MB. 2006, pp. 3, 7, 20.
[22] Costa, C. La adaptación al cambio climático en Colombia. En: Revista
de ingeniería. Bogotá. Nº 26. 2007, pp. 21.
Fig. 8. Community Participation on care natural resources [9].
Fig. 9, shows another disadvantage to the rural districts
because it is evident that the little environmental training in the
community, there is a low turnout for the management of
natural resources is evident and necessary to create different
training programs.
Fig. 9. Environmental training [9].
IV. CONCLUSION
The southeastern rural district has the highest amount of
forests and streams, and could be generating a greater
environmental impact to the municipality, as reported sewage
spill through ditches and burning of solid waste, especially
affecting water sources. The rural districts have a wealth of
natural resources, there are wide variety of water sources are
contaminated currently partly due to improper handling in
livestock production, which prevents generate tourism
potential in the rural areas. Although rural environmental
policies contained in the land use plan of government, a joint
is no evidence the producer population, reflected a low
participation and training, basic elements for generating
educational, environmental and economic changes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author thanks to Universidad de Cundinamarca for sponsor
and financial support. A special thanks for representatives
producers in Fusagasuga, also to Arado research group for
sharing results of local surveys.
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Environmental Management of Livestock Producers as an Economic

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