inglés técnico i - Instituto Superior Tecnológico San Ignacio de
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inglés técnico i - Instituto Superior Tecnológico San Ignacio de
Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Definition: El tiempo presente simple describe lo que generalmente sucede pero no necesariamente ahora .Es decir describe acciones que son permanentes o los hábitos de las personas, ejemplo: -“Los alumnos de enfermería vienen al SIDEM de lunes a viernes.” -“The nursing students come to the SIDEM from Monday to Friday.” Grammar structure: For affirmative statements: Subject The nursing students Verb come Complement To the SIDEM from Monday to Friday. Subject: Usa “nouns” o “pronouns” al inicio de cada oracion de forma afirmativa. Nouns Pronouns Nurse I (yo) Doctor You (tu) Patients He (el) Chemist She (ella) Obstetrician It (aquel/llo/lla) Surgeon We (nosotros/as) Physics They (ellos/as) Verb: Existen 2 casos para usar el verbo en una oracion afirmativa del tiempo presente. I. Verbos que terminan en “s”: cuando en una oración de tiempo presente mencionan como sujeto de la oración a una “tercera persona”(he,she,it)entonces el verbo de la misma oración terminara en la letra “s”. Ejemplo: “The English teacher works in the SIDEM every day.” “My sister lives in an apartment.” Spelling Rules: Reglas para agregar “s” al final de un verbo según su caso: 1. Agrega “s” al final de un verbo que culmine en la vocal “e” o cuando culmine en una consonante. ejemplo. Spanish Present Verb in 3rd person sing. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial1 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Montar Ride Loves Gustar Like Likes Trabajar Work Works Retornar Return Returns 2. Agrega “es” al final de un verbo que culmine en :ch,ss,sh,x,z. Ejemplo: Spanish Mirar Present Watch Verb in 3rd person sing. Watches Pasar Pass Passes Apurarse Rush Rushes Relajarse Relax Relaxes Rumorar Buzz Buzzes 3. Cuando un verbo culmina en “y” y si se antepone una “consonante”, entonces reemplazar la “y” por la “i” y agregar “es”. Ejemplo: Spanish Estudiar Present Study Verb in 3rd person sing. Studies Apresurarse Hurry Hurries Secar Dry Dries 4. Cuando un verbo culmina en “y” y si se interpone una “vocal”, entonces ya no se modifica y simplemente agregamos a continuación “es”. Ejemplo. Spanish Jugar Present Play Verb in 3rd person sing. Plays Disfrutar Enjoy Enjoys 5. usa la forma irregular de los siguientes verbos. Ejemplo. Spanish Hacer Present Do Verb in 3rd person sing. Does Ir Go Goes Tener Have Has II. Verbos que no terminan en “s”: Cuando en una oracion de tiempo presente menciona como sujeto d ela oracion a los siguientes pronombres (I, you, we, they). Ejemplo. Spanish usar Present wear Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial2 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” pararse stand sentarse sit manipular handle hablar talk trabajar work cargar carry viajar travel comer eat beber drink amar love Complement: El complemento es importante porque otorga un sentido completo a una oración. A veces es necesario incluir o mencionar el tiempo en k se realiza o lleva a cabo la acción la acción. Time Expressions for present tense: Spanish Los fines de semana English On weekends Los lunes On Mondays Los martes On Tuesday Los miércoles On Wednesday Los jueves On Thursdays Los viernes On fridays Los sábados On Saturdays Los domingos On Sundays En vacaciones On vacations En el verano In the summer En el invierno In the winter Todos los días Everyday Todas las semanas Everyweek Todos los años Every year NEGATIVE FORM Definition: Usa la forma negativa para negar situaciones o mencionar algo que las personas no acostumbran hacer. Ejemplo: Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial3 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” -“Los alumnos de computación no practican inyectoterapia.” -“The Computer students don’t practice inyectotherapy.” (Neg) Grammar structure: For Negative statements: Subjet The English Teacher Auxiliar (neg.) Doesn´t Verb. (S.F.) practice Complement Inyectotherapy. Subject: Utiliza “Nouns” or “Pronouns” antes Del auxiliary “Don´t” or “Doesn’t”. Auxiliar: Utilizar el auxiliar Negativo (Don´t o Doesn’t) para oraciones negativas en tiempo pasado: Do + not don’t (i, you, we,they) Does +not == doesn’t (he, she, it) Verb: En este caso el verbo que aparece a continuación del auxiliar(don’t-doesn’t)sera usado en su forma base, ejemplo: “My brother doesn’t take vitamins in the mornings.”(Correct form) v.(base form) “My brother doesn’t takes vitamins in the mornings.”(Incorrect form) v.(-s ending) Complement: Al igual que en las oraciones afirmativas el complemento de la Oración no se modifica en la forma negativa, ya que siempre será tomado en cuenta porque contiene a la expresión de tiempo presente, la cual nos da la idea de cuando se realiza la acción. YES / NO QUESTIONS Definition: tipo de pregunta en la cual hacemos preguntas y esperamos respuestas cortas de afirmativo o negativo. Ejemplo: Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial4 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” “Do the nursing students know how to vaccinate people?” -Yes, they do. “Does the English teacher know how to vaccinate people? - No, he doesn’t. Grammar structure: For Questions: Auxiliary Do Subject Then nursing students Verb (B.F.) know Complement How to vaccinate people? Auxiliar: Utiliza el auxiliar en su “forma afirmativa” al inicio de una pregunta del tipo yes / no. Q: Affirmative Do-does Negative Don’t-doesn’t Subject: Utiliza Nouns or Pronouns después del auxiliar. “do -does”. Verb: Utiliza el verbo en su forma base ya que se esta haciendo uso de un auxiliar, el cual modifica la acción del verbo en la pregunta: Ejemplo: “Does, Andrew take vitamins everyday?” (correct form). Auxiliar V. Base form “Does, Andrew takes vitamins everyday?” (incorrect form). Auxiliar V. (-s ending) Complement: Se mantiene el complemento, no cambia. Grammar structure: Form short answers: - Affirmative Short Answer: Yes, Yes, - Subject We Auxiliary (AFF) Do Subject We Auxiliary (NEG) Don´t Negative short Answer: No, No, Nota: Usa “yes” para respuesta afirmativa. Usa “No” para respuesta Negativa. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial5 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Subject: Utiliza “Nouns” or Pronouns” como sujeto, el sujeto de la respuesta va a depender del mismo sujeto de la pregunta. Auxiliar: Utiliza “do-does” al final de una respuesta corta afirmativa. Utiliza “don´t-doesn’” al final de una respuesta corta negativa. WH – QUESTION IN SIMPLE PAST Definition: Se denomina asì porque son preguntas en la cual se debe declarar una respuesta mencionando la actividad o información por la que se desea saber. Ejm. -“What do you study in the SIDEM institute?” -“We study nursing in the SIDEM institute.” “What does the English teacher teach in the institute? -he teaches the English course in the institute. Grammar Structure: For question Wh –word What Auxiliary do Subject you Spanish Complement In the SIDEM institute? English Qué – cual What Cuando When Por qué Donde Auxiliar: Verb(B.F.) study Why Where Quien/es Who Cómo How Utiliza el auxiliar afirmativo (do-does) antes del sujeto mencionado en una pregunta Subjetc: Utiliza “nouns or pronouns” después del auxiliar “do-does” Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial6 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Verbs: Usa el verbo en su forma base ya que se está haciendo uso del auxiliar “do-does”, el cual modifica la acción del verbo en la pregunta. Ejm. “where do you live in peru?” What does he teach in the institute? Complement : En algunos casos no es empleado la expresión de tiempo pasado en este tipo de preguntas. Grammar Structure: For answers Subjetc We Verb study Complement Nursing in the SIDEM institute. Note: Para respuestas de este tipo,por lo general presenta la misma estructura gramatical que las oraciones de forma afirmativa. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial7 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE Definition: existen artículos u objetos que son contables o incontables: Countable: Aquellos que pueden ser contados y además mencionar tanto en plural como en singular.Ejm: Spanish Píldora Aspirina Vitamina Venda Diente Singular Pill Aspirin Vitamin Bandage Tooth Plural Pills Aspirins Vitamins Bandages Teeth Uncountable: aquellos que no son contables y se considera solo en singular.Ejm: Spanish Alcohol Agua Suero Fiebre Sangre Cancer Singular Alcohol Water Serum Fever Blood Cancer ACTIVITY -Write the uncountable or the countable nouns in the correct column: Heads Eyes Hair Forehead Noses Abdomen Shoulders Skin Lungs Intestines Apples bananas Mangoes Oranges Oil Blood Nerve Serum Water Milk UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial8 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” SOME AND ANY Some: Significa “algo” y se utiliza con contables e incontables, pero solo en oraciones afirmativas.Ejm: “We need some vitamins.” “The patient needs some Serum.” Notice: “Some”, siempre se va a ubicar antes del articulo u objeto contable o incontable. Any: Significa “algo” y se utiliza con contables e incontables, en oraciones negativas y preguntas.Ejm: “We don’t need any vitamins.”(Negative) “The patient doesn’t need any serum.”(Negative) “Do you want any alcohol?”(Question) “Do you want any milk?”(Question) Notice: “Any” siempre se va a ubicar antes del articulo u objeto contable o incontable. ACTIVITY -Complete the conversation with some or any: Doctor: let’s make an urgent operation! Nurse: ok. So we need__________bandages and _________alcohol. Doctor: Is there ________serum in the special room? Nurse: No, we need to buy __________ . Doctor: Ok.oh, we need ___________vitamins, too. Nurse: I don’t have _________vitamins in the medical box. Doctor: Then let’s buy __________pills. Nurse: Good idea, and___________water, too. Doctor: sure! There is __________water over there. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial9 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Adverbs Of Frecuency Definition: los adverbios de frecuencia son aquellos que indican la frecuencia con que se realiza una acción. Examples: Adverbs Pronunciation Meaning 100% Always (olueis) Siempre Usually (yushuali) Usualmente Often (ofen) A menudo Sometimes (samtaims) A veces Seldom (seldom) Raramente 0% Never (never) Nunca Grammar Structure: In affirmatives statements. Subjec t I Adverb Always Usually Often Sometimes Seldom Never Verb Complement Visit The Deontologist. Notice: Utiliza el verbo en su forma base y después del adverbio. Grammar Structure: In negative statements. Subjec t I Don’t/Doesn’ t Don’t Adverb Verb Complement Always Usually Often Drink Aromatic herbs. Sometimes Seldom Ever Notice: utiliza “ever” en lugar de “never” en oraciones negativas. Grammar Structure: In questions. Do/Does Subject Do You Adverb Verb Complement? Always Usually Often Visit The Deontologist? Sometimes Seldom Ever Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial10 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Notice: utiliza “ever” en lugar de “never” en oraciones interrogativas, para este tipo de preguntas, responder con respuestas cortas en forma afirmativa o negativa. Practice • Add the adverbs to the sentences: a)Do you take vitamins? (often) ________________________________________ b)People don’t visit the dentist. (usually) __________________________________ c) I practice in the laboratory. (sometimes) ________________________________ d)Do you drink alcoholic beverages? (seldom) ______________________________ e)I don’t work in the drugstore. (ever) _____________________________________ f) People eat junk food. (always) _________________________________________ g)Do you eat vegetables? (usually) _______________________________________ h)I don’t do exercises. (often) ___________________________________________ i) I eat healthy food. (sometimes) ________________________________________ j) Do you suffer of earache? (ever) _______________________________________ • How often do you fall ill of these illnesses? Use the adverbs of frequency: a) Backache b) Headache c) Toothache d) Sore throat e) The flu f) Sty g) Insect bite h) Cold i) Stomachache j) Cramp ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Name three things you never do in the mornings: 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ Name three things you never do in the afternoons: 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ Name three things you never do in the evenings: Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial11 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ Imperatives Definition: El modo imperativo del verbo es utilizado muchas veces para aconsejar y en algunos casos para dar instrucciones de algo. Examples: -Take these pills. -Stay in bed. -Don’t drink coffee. -Don’t lift heavy things. Grammar Structure: for affirmatives statements. Verb(s.f.) Take See Stay complement These pills. A dentist. In bed. Notice: El verbo principal se utiliza en su forma base y al inicio de cada expresión. Grammar Structure: for negative statements. Don’t Don’t Don’t Don’t Verb(s.f.) Drink Forget Lift complement Coffee. The doctor’s appointment. Heavy things. Notice: utiliza el auxiliar negativo (don’t) al inicio de una expresión negativa. Practice • Match the health problems with the correct advice: Health Problems Advice Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial12 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 1. I have a headache. ( ) 2. I can’t sleep at night. ( ) 3. My job is very stressful. ( ) 4. I have a fever. ( ) 5. I can’t lose weight. ( ) 6. I have a stomachache. ( ) 7. There’s no food in the house. ( ) 8. I have a bad cold. ( ) 9. There’s no alcohol in the medical box. ( ) 10. I have dry skin. ( ) a)Try this new lotion. b)Don’t eat any food for a day. c) Take two aspirins and drink a lot of water. d)Do to bed early. e)Take a hot bath at night. f) Buy some alcohol in the drugstore. g)Don’t go to work. h)Get some exercise every day. i) Don’t drink coffee or tea in the evening. j) Go out to as restaurant. Modals Definition: Los “Modals” son verbos auxiliares que usamos para expresar: • Funciones sociales, como el dar consejos. Examples: “You should visita an Odontologist.” “You should take some vitamins.” • Posibilidades logicas, como el hacer suposiciones. Examples: “Your hurt could get infected.” “You could have dry skin.” Grammar Structure For Requests: Modal Can/May Can Could May Subjec t I I I I Verb(base form) Complement? Help Have Have Have You? A box of cough drops? Something for a sore throat? A bottle of aspirin? Notice: Can-May-Could son usados en: 1. forma interrogativa, para hacer alguna solicitud. Example: -“May I help you?” -“Can I help you?” 2. forma afirmativa, para hacer suposiciones. Example: -“You could get sick.” Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial13 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” -“Your hurt could get infected.” For Suggestions: Subjec t I You You Modal Verb(base form) Complement suggest Should Should Put Get Try Some ointment. Some skin cream. Some of this lotion. Notice: 1. por lo general el “Modal” se ubica en medio del sujeto y el verbo (solo en oraciones afirmativas). -“You should visit the dentist every six month.” -“They should buy some medicines.” 2. El verbo a utilizarse debe estar en su forma base. Example: -“You should do exercises every morning.” -“You should sleep early everyday.” Practice • Complete these conversations with the verbs; can , could , may , have , suggest , try , should. Then compare and practice with a partner: 1. A: ________________ I help you? B: Yes. ________________ I have something for tired eyes? A: Sure. I ________________ a bottle of eye drops. 2. A: What do you ________________ for sore muscles? B: You ________________ try a tube of this ointment. It’s excellent! A: OK. I’ll take it. 3. A: ________________ I have a box of cold tablets, please? B: Here you are. A: And what do you ________________ for insomnia? B: ________________ some of this sleeping pills. A: OK. Thanks. 4. A: Hi. ________________ I help you? B: Yes, please. ________________ I have something for the stomachache? A: Well, I ________________ a bottle of this antacid tablets. A : And you ________________ have this magnesium milk. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial14 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” B: Thank you very much! 5. A: What do you ________________ for dry skin? B: ________________ some of this new lotion. It’s very good. A: OK. Thanks a lot. 6. A: ________________ I have bottle of aspirin, please? B: Here you are. A: And what do you ________________ for an insect bite? B: ________________ some of this anti-itch cream. A: OK. Thanks. 7. A: ________________ I help you? B: Yes. ________________ I have something for burns? A: Sure. I ________________ a can of sunburn spray. INFINITIVES Definition: Se llama infinitivo a la preposición “to” + verbo en forma base (to + verb) Ejem.: Spanish Infinitive (to + verb) Abrir To open Dar To give Intentar To try Detener To stop Llevar To bring Notice: Casos para usar el infinitivo: 1. Infinitive as object: Cuando un verbo siempre va seguido directamente por el infinitivo. "John hopes to enter to the university” Verb infinitive “Rossy has learned to use the thermometer correctly” Verb. Infinitive “I like to teach English language” Verb infinitive 2. Infinitive after Adjective: Utiliza el infinitivo después de un adjetivo: Ejm.: “It’s important to get a lot of rest.” Adjective infinit. “It’s a good idea to take some vitamin C” Adject. Infinit. “It’s useful to get some cold medicine” Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial15 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Adject. Infinitive • Common adjectives that can be followed by the infinitive. • Afraid • Fortunate • Alarmed • Glad • Amazed • Happy • Angry • Likely • Anxious • Lucky • Curious • Pleased • Depressed • Proud • Determined • Ready • Disappointed • Relieved • Disturbed • Reluctant • Eager • Sad • Easy • Shocked • Embarrassed • Sorry • Encouraged • Surprised • Excited • Surprised • Touched • Upset ACTIVITY • Complete these sentences with “gerunds”: 1. Maria usually works alone all day, but she enjoys _____________ on a computer, too. Work 2. Antonella works for a large drugstore, but she’s not very good at _________ in English. Talk 3. John has to use Spanish and English at work, but he’s not very good at _______ in English. Talk 4. I don’t mind ______________ the phone. Answer 5. ______________ a fever could be dangerous. Get 6. Jenny can’t ____________ deadlines. Meet 7. I like _____________ with a team. Work 8. ________________ with my studies is very necessary. Follow 9. My brother is not good at _________ decisions quickly. Make 10. _________________ Television to late is bad for you. Watch • Complete these sentences with “infinitives”: 1. It’s helpful _______________ up some garlic and cook it. Chop 2. We have ______________ for the final exam. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial16 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Study 3. It’s important _____________ the dentist every 6 months. See 4. My friends want ________________ Cajamarca e Iquitos Visit 5. Militza plans __________________ with my teacher. Married 6. It’s necessary ___________________ more hours in a day. Rest 7. It’s excited ________________ to different countries. Travel 8. Tongo decided ______________ songs in English. Sing 9. Rossy wants ______________ new clothes in Ripley department store. Buy 10. It’s a good idea ________________ lot of liquids. Drink FUTURE WITH “WILL” Definition: El futuro con “will” es utilizado para hablar acerca de actividades o cosas que sucederán en el futuro o también para hacer predicciones. Usualmente se usa “will” cuando decidimos algo en el momento de hablar. Ejemplo: - “Some students will approve the English course this semester”. -“I think that the English teacher will come tomorrow”. Grammar structure: For affirmative statements: Subject Some students will Verb (base will form) approve Complement The English course this semester. Subject + auxiliar (will): Podemos utilizar “Nouns” or “Pronouns” como sujeto de la oración: Nouns + aux. Pronouns + aux. I will Contraction Form I’ll Nancy will Tony will You will You’ll Nancy and Tony will He will He’ll The students will She will She’ll The baby will It will It’ll Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial17 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” The dog will We will We’ll My parents and I will They will They’ll Remember.el auxiliar will se utiliza con todos los nouns and pronouns . Notice: solo utilizar verbos que presenten su forma base. Ejm: “The Doctor will operate a patient this week”. (Correct form). “The Doctor will Operated a patient this week”. (Incorrect form). Complement: a veces no muestra el tiempo especifico en el cual se llevara a cabo la acción. Examples: -“I will buy a new car this month”. -“I will repair the computer this week”. NEGATIVE FORM Definition: Usa la forma negativa para negar eventos relacionados al tiempo futuro o mencionar algo que no se ha realizado o sucedido. Ejemplo: “Some students won’t approve the English course this semester”. “I think that the English teacher won’t come tomorrow”. Grammar structure: For negative statements: Subject Won’t Some students Won’t Verb (base form) approve Complement The English course this semester Subject + won’t: Nouns + aux. Pronouns + aux. Won’t Nancy won’t I Tony won’t You Won’t Nancy and Tony won’t He Won’t The students won’t She Won’t The baby won’t It Won’t The dog won’t We Won’t My parents and I won’t They Won’t Notice: “won’t” is the negative form of “will”: Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial18 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” WILL + NOT WON’T YES/NO QUESTIONS Definition: Tipo de pregunta en la cual hacemos preguntas y esperamos Respuestas cortas en forma afirmativa ó negativa. Ejm. - Will the students approve the English course this semester? - Yes, They will. -Will the English teacher come tomorrow? - No, He won’t. Grammar structure: For yes / no questions: will Will Subject The students Verb (base form approved Complement? The English course this semester? Notice: 1. Utiliza el auxiliar del futuro en su forma afirmativa y al inicio de una pregunta de este tipo. Utiliza “Nouns” or “pronouns” después de el auxiliar del futuro “will”. Utiliza el verbo en su forma base para hacer preguntas. Be Care Ful: No usar otra forma del verbo que no sea en forma base Ejm: -Will you go to the computer room to practice? - Will you went to the computer room to practice? Complement: Se mantiene el complemento, no se modifica. Grammar structure: For short answers: - Affirmative short answer: Yes, Yes, Subject we will will Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial19 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” - Negative, short answer: No, No, Subject we Won’t Won’t Notice: 1. Utiliza “yes” para la respuesta afirmativas. 2. utiliza “no” para respuestas negativas. PRACTICE I. Unscramble the sentences: a) Miguel Angel / tomorrow / soccer / play / will ________________________________________________________ b) Come / the / students / to the SIDEM / will / this weekday / computer ________________________________________________________ c) In a Hospital / will / sister / work / my / on weekend ________________________________________________________ d) Will / this semester / teach / I / course / the / English ________________________________________________________ e) Miriam / this month / present / her project / will ________________________________________________________ II. Write “won’t”or “will”: a) Probably, Fernando __________ study engineer system on the next year.(will / won’t) b) I think Maricruz and Narda ____________ expose their project this month. (will/ won’t) c) Probably, the students ______________ buy laptops tomorrow. (will / won’t) d) I think, Olga ___________ come back to SIDEM next year. (will / won’t) e) Probably, Walter ___________ travel to Cuzco next month. (will / won’t) III. Complete the yes / no questions: a) Will you present your project this month? Yes, ______ ______ b) Will Shirley study in the SIDEM next semester? Yes, ______ ______ c) Will Giancarlo get a job at jockey plaza tomorrow? No, ______ ______ d) Will Shakira come to Peru this month? No, ______ ______ e) Will Wisin y Yandel visit Lima next month? No, ______ ______ Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial20 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” V. Discover the grammar; choose the wrong part of the sentence: a) My father work will in cementos Lima next year. a b c d e b) Javier and his friends won’t come to SIDEM on Saturday. a b c d e c) Will Miryam learn Chinese language yesterday? a b c d e d) Where will the students go after the class? a b c e) Frank study won’t a b c d e pharmacy on July? d e Computer hardware Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including its digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and hardware data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft"). Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players, and other devices. Personal computers, the computer hardware familiar to most people, form only a small minority of computers (about 0.2% of all new computers produced in 2003). See Market statistics. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial21 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Motherboard • Motherboard - It is the "body" or mainframe of the computer, through which all other components interface. • Central processing unit (CPU) - Performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. • Random Access Memory (RAM) - Fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is powered-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running. * Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory ROM run from the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or in newer systems Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) compliant • Removable media devices CD (compact disc ) Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial22 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” o CD-ROM Drive o CD Writer • DVD (digital versatile disc) • Blu-ray - a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital information, including high-definition video. HD DVD - a high-density optical disc format and successor to the standard • DVD. • Floppy disk • Zip drive • USB flash drive • Tape drive - Internal storage Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power. • • • Hard disk Solid-state drive Disk array controller Sound card Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Networking Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers. • • • Modem Network card Direct Cable Connection Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial23 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Other peripherals In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common. Input • Text Output input devices • Keyboard o • Pointing devices Image, Video output devices o Printer o Monitor o Mouse o Trackball o Speakers o Xbox 360 o Headset • Audio output devices Controller • Gaming devices o Joystick o Gamepad o Game controller • Image, Video input devices o Image scanner o Webcam • Audio input devices o Microphone Computer science Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the science of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial24 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” application in computer systems.[1][2][3] Computer science has many sub-fields; some emphasize the computation of specific results (such as computer graphics), while others relate to properties of computational problems (such as computational complexity theory). Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems. A further subfield, humancomputer interaction, focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable and universally accessible to people. Major achievements German military used the Enigma machine during World War II for communication they thought to be secret. The large-scale decryption of Enigma traffic at Bletchley Park was an important factor that contributed to Allied victory in WWII. Despite its relatively short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science has made a number of fundamental contributions to science and society. These include: Applications within computer science • A formal definition of computation and computability, and proof that there are computationally unsolvable and intractable problems. • The concept of a programming language, a tool for the precise expression of methodological information at various levels of abstraction. Applications outside of computing Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial25 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” • Sparked the Digital Revolution which led to the current Information Age and the Internet.[12] • In cryptography, breaking the Enigma machine was an important factor contributing to the Allied victory in World War II.[9] • Scientific computing enabled advanced study of the mind and mapping the human genome was possible with Human Genome Project. Distributed computing projects like Folding@home explore protein folding. • Algorithmic trading has increased the efficiency and liquidity of financial markets by using artificial intelligence, machine learning and other statistical and numerical techniques on a large scale. Relationship with other fields Despite its name, a significant amount of computer science does not involve the study of computers themselves. Because of this, several alternative names have been proposed. Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term datalogy, to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while not necessarily involving computers. The first scientific institution to use the term was the Department of Datalogy at the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1969, with Peter Naur being the first professor in datalogy. The term is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries. Also, in the early days of computing, a number of terms for the and practitioners of the field of computing were suggested in the Communications are of the ACM—turingineer, turologist, flow-charts-man, applied meta-mathematician, and applied epistemologist. Three months later in the same journal, comptologist was suggested, followed next year by hypologist. Recently the term computics has been suggested. Informatik was a term used in Europe with more frequency. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial26 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Fields of computer science Computer science searches for concepts and formal proofs to explain and describe computational systems of interest. As with all sciences, these theories can then be utilised to synthesize practical engineering applications, which in turn may suggest new systems to be studied and analysed. While the ACM Computing Classification System can be used to split computer science up into different topics of fields, a more descriptive breakdown follows: Human-Computer Interaction Scientific computing Didactics of computer science/informatics The subfield didactics of computer science focuses on cognitive approaches of developing competencies of computer science and specific strategies for analysis, design, implementation and evaluation of excellent lessons in computer science. Computer science education Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning. These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics and systems analysis, among others. They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial27 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced computer programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula. Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry. The practical aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering. However, there is a lot of disagreement over what the term "software engineering" actually means, and whether it is the same thing as programming. E-mail Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, simply mail, or the original eMail, is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving messages over electronic communication systems. The term "e-mail" (as a noun or verb) applies to the Internet e-mail system based on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, to network systems based on other protocols and to various mainframe, minicomputer, or intranet systems allowing users within one organization to send messages to each other in support of workgroup collaboration. Intranet systems may be based on proprietary protocols supported by a particular systems vendor, or on the same protocols used on public networks. E-mail is often used to deliver bulk unsolicited messages, or "spam", but filter programs exist which can automatically block, quarantine or delete some or most of these, depending on the situation. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial28 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Spelling The spellings e-mail and email are both common. Several prominent journalistic and technical style guides recommend e-mail, and the spelling email is also recognized in many dictionaries. In the original RFC definitions for the Internet's electronic mail system, neither spelling is used; the service is referred to as mail, and a single piece of electronic mail is called a message. Newer RFCs and IETF working groups also use email. ARPAnet/DARPAnet users and early developers from Unix, CMS, AppleLink, eWorld, AOL, GEnie, and HotMail used eMail with the letter M capitalized. The authors of some of the original RFCs used eMail when giving their own addresses. Origin E-mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating the Internet. MIT first demonstrated the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961.[15] It allowed multiple users to log into the IBM 7094 from remote dial-up terminals, and to store files online on disk. This new ability encouraged users to share information in new ways. E-mail started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe computer to communicate. Although the exact history is murky, among the first systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and MIT's CTSS. E-mail was quickly extended to become network e-mail, allowing users to pass messages between different computers by at least 1966 (it is possible the SAGE system had something similar some time before). Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial29 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Workings Example The diagram above shows a typical sequence of events that takes place when Alice composes a message using her mail user agent (MUA). She types in, or selects from an address book, the e-mail address of her correspondent. She hits the "send" button. This sequence of events applies to the majority of e-mail users. However, there are many alternative possibilities and complications to the e-mail system: Header The message header consists of fields, usually including at least the following: • From: The e-mail address, and optionally the name of the sender • To: The e-mail address[es], and optionally name[s] of the message's recipient[s] • Subject: A brief summary of the contents of the message • Date: The local time and date when the message was written Each header field has a name and a value. RFC 2822 specifies the precise syntax. Informally, the field name starts in the first character of a line, followed by a ":", followed by the value which is continued on non-null subsequent lines that have a space or tab as their first character. Field names and values are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME encoded words. Note that the "To" field in the header is not necessarily related to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The actual delivery list is supplied in the SMTP Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial30 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” protocol, not extracted from the header content. The "To" field is similar to the greeting at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. Also note that the "From" field does not have to be the real sender of the e-mail message. It is very easy to fake the "From" field and let a message seem to be from any mail address. Body Content encoding E-mail was originally designed for 7-bit ASCII. Much e-mail software is 8-bit clean but must assume it will be communicating with 8-bit servers and mail readers. The MIME standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data: quoted printable for mostly 7 bit content with a few characters outside that range and base64 for arbitrary binary data. The 8BITMIME extension was introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings but many mail transport agents still don't support it fully. In some countries, several encoding schemes coexist; as the result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is coincidence, when the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international character sets, Unicode is growing in popularity. Plain text and HTML Both plain text and HTML are used to convey e-mail. While text is certain to be read by all users without problems, there is a perception that HTML-based e-mail has a higher aesthetic value. Advantages of HTML include the ability to include inline links and images, set apart previous messages in block quotes, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as underlines and italics, and change font styles. HTML e-mail messages often include an automatically-generated plain text copy as well, for compatibility reasons. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about web bugs and that HTML email can be a vector for phishing attacks and the spread of malicious software.[21] Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial31 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Servers and client applications Messages are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol with software programs called mail transport agents. Users can download their messages from servers with standard protocols such as the POP or IMAP protocols, or, as is more likely in a large corporate environment, with a proprietary protocol specific to Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange Servers. Mail can be stored either on the client, on the server side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include Maildir and mbox. Several prominent e-mail clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer e-mail between them. When a message cannot be delivered, the recipient MTA must send a bounce message back to the sender, indicating the problem. Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a proprietary spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and, except for Excel 2008 for Mac OS X, a macro programming language called VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). It is overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available for these platforms and has been so since version 5 in 1993, and is bundled as part of Microsoft Office. Excel is one of the most popular microcomputer applications to date. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial32 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” History Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982, which was very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. The first version of Excel was released for the Mac in 1985 and the first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line-up with the Mac and bundled with a runtime Windows environment) was released in November 1987. Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so. The current version for the Windows platform is Excel 12, also called Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The current version for the Mac OS X platform is Microsoft Excel 2008. Microsoft Excel 2.1 included a runtime version of Windows 2.1 Early in its life Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft was required to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased the trademark of the other program. Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the program; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the default Excel format is .xls. Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet, VisiCalc: the cells are organized in rows and columns, and contain data or formulas with relative or absolute references to other cells. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial33 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Binary The binary format specification has been available from Microsoft on request but since February 2008 the .XLS format specification can be freely downloaded and implemented under the Open Specification Promise patent licensing. Office Open XML Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduces a host of new file formats. These are part of the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification. The new Excel 2007 formats are: Export and migration of spreadsheets APIs are also provided to open excel spreadsheets in a variety of other applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening excel Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial34 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing excel spreadsheet files. Attempts have also been made to be able to copy excel spreadsheets to web applications using comma-separated values. Programming A valuable aspect of Excel is the ability to write code using the programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). This code is written using an editor viewed separately from the spreadsheet. Manipulation of the spreadsheet entries is controlled using objects. With this code any function or subroutine that can be set up in a Basic- or Fortranlike language can be run using input taken from the spreadsheet proper, and the results of the code are instantaneously written to the spreadsheet or displayed on charts (graphs). The spreadsheet becomes an interface or window to the code, enabling easy interaction with the code and what it calculates. Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is Microsoft's flagship word processing software. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[1][2][3] Versions Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial35 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIX, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office system; however, it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the branding was revised to emphasize Word's identity as a component within the Office suite; Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft Word. The latest releases are Word 2007 for Windows and Word 2008 for Mac OS X. File Extension Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension. Although the ".doc" extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats: 1. Word for DOS 2. Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for Mac 3. Word 6 and Word 95; Word 6 for Mac 4. Word 97, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2007; Word 98, 2001, X, and 2004 for Mac The newer ".docx" extension signifies Office Open XML and is used by Word 2007 for Windows and Word 2008 for the Macintosh.Microsoft does not guarantee the correct display of the document on different workstations, even if the two workstations use the same version of Microsoft Word. This means it is possible the document the recipient sees might not be exactly the same as the document the sender sees. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial36 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Binary Formats (Word 97-2003) As Word became the dominant word processor in the late 1990s and early 2000s , Word document formats (.DOC) became a de facto standard of document file formats due to their popularity. Though usually just referred to as "Word Document Format", this term refers primarily to the range of formats used by default in Word version 97–2003. Word document files using the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format implement OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) structured storage to manage the structure of its file format. OLE behaves rather like a conventional hard drive file system, and is made up of several key components. Each word document is composed of so-called "big blocks" which are almost always (but do not have to be) 512-byte chunks; hence a Word document's file size will always be a multiple of 512. "Storages" are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point to other storages or "streams" which are similar to files on a disk. The text in a Word document is always contained in the "Word Document" stream. The first big block in a Word document, known as the "header" block, provides important information as to the location of the major data structures in the document. "Property storages" provide metadata about the storages and streams in a .doc file, such as where it begins and its name and so forth. The "File information block" contains information about where the text in a word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the document, and other attributes. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial37 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Microsoft Office Open XML (Word 2007 and above) Word 2007 uses Microsoft Office Open XML as its default format, but retains the older binary format for compatibility reasons. It also supports (for output only) PDF and XPS format. Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2007 Binary File Format and the Office Open XML format. Microsoft has moved towards an XMLbased file format for their office applications with Office 2007: Microsoft Office Open XML. This format does not conform fully to standard XML. It is, however, publicly documented as Ecma standard 376. Public documentation of the default file format is a first for Word, and makes it considerably easier, though not trivial, for competitors to interoperate. It's been approved as an international standard by ISO (ISO/IEC 29500), but the approval is under review following objections by ISO members South Africa, Brazil, India and Venezuela. Another XML-based, public file format supported by Word 2003 is Word-processing. Attempts at cross-version compatibility Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it was created can cause incorrect display of the document. The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and not so subtle ways; formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous version. Rich Text Format (RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains most formatting and all content of the original document. Later, after HTML appeared, Word supported an HTML derivative as an additional full-fidelity roundtrip format similar to RTF, with the additional capability that the file could be viewed in a web browser. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial38 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Alternative Editors People who do not use Microsoft Office sometimes find it difficult to use a Word document.[citation needed] Because the formats are de facto standards, many word processors such as AbiWord or OpenOffice.org Writer include file import and export filters for the Word Binary File Format to compete. Furthermore, there is Apache POI, which is an open-source Java library that aims to read and write such documents. Macintosh users had file translator filters such as MacLink Plus with the ability to interconvert Word, Works, WordPerfect, NisysWriter and many other formats. Most of this interoperability has been achieved through reverse engineering since, with the exception of RTF, documentation of the Word file formats was not publicly available until February 2008. Macros Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial39 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB key and floppy makes this an especially attractive vector. A prominent example is the Melissa worm, but countless others have existed in the wild. Some anti-virus software can detect and clean common macro viruses, and firewalls may prevent worms from transmitting themselves to other systems. Layout issues As of Word 2007 for Windows (and Word 2004 for Macintosh), the program has been unable to handle ligatures defined in TrueType fonts: those ligature glyphs with Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spellchecking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed.[20] Similarly, combining diacritics are handled poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present in the font. Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a document that does not exist in the font specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial40 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” IRREGULAR VERBS SPANISH PRESENT (Be) am/is, are Become Begin Bite Bleed Blow Break Bring Build Burn Buy Catch Choose Come Cost Cut Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat Fall Feel Fight Find Fly Forget Forgive Freeze Get Give Go Grow Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Know Lay Learn PAST Was, were Became Began Bit Bled Blew Broke brought Built Burned Bought Caught Chose Came Cost Cut Did Drew Dreamt Drank Drove Ate Fell Felt Fought Found Flew Forgot Forgave Froze Got Gave Went Grew Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knew Laid Learnt PARTICIPLE Been Become Begun Bitten Bled Blown Broken Brought Built Burned Bought Caught Chosen Cost Given Cut Done Drawn Dreamt Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Felt Fought Found Flown Forgotten Forgiven Frozen Gotten Given Gone Grown Hung Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Kept Known Laid Learnt Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial41 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” SPANISH PRESENT Leave Lend Let Light Lose Make Meet Pay Put Quit Read Ride Run Say See Sell Send Set Shake Shine Shoot Show Sing Sit Sleep Smell Speak Spend Stand Steal Stick Sweep Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Understand Wake Wear Wet Win Write PAST Left Lent Let Lit Lost Made Met Paid Put Quit Read Rode Ran Said Saw Sold Sent Set Shook Shone Shot Showed Sang Sat Slept Smelt Spoke Spent Stood Stole Stuck Swept Swam Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Understood Woke Wore Wet Won Wrote PARTICIPLE Left Lent Let Lit Lost Made Met Paid Put Quit Read Ridden Run Said Seen Sold Sent Set Shaken Shone Shot Shown Sung Sat Slept Smelt Spoken Spent Stood Stolen Stuck Swept Swum Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Understood Woken Worn Wet Won Written Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial42 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial43