CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE

Transcripción

DESCRIÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE
1
CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS
DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.1
DORIS GROTH2
ABSTRACT - The deficiency of specialized bibliography had caused great difficulties and changes
in the identification of the species, in the procedures of a Seed Testing Laboratory. Therefore,
through the morphological characteristics of Convolvulaceae weed seed species, which occur in
Brazil and in other tropical and temperate regions, it was elaborated a taxonomical key and drawings
in order to help the seed identification of 36 species. It was also presented the main synonyms and
some considerations about the species, as identification problems and others. The taxonomical
key were based mainly on the colour and pilosity of the seed coat (surface) and the hilum area, the
size and the outline of the hilum, which are very stable characteristics. It was used also the size
(length, wideness and thickness) of the seeds. The shape of the Convolvulaceae seeds, vary with
the amount of seeds developed in the fruit and is not a consistent characteristic that can be used in
identification.
Index terms: seed identification, weed seeds, Convolvulaceae, Convolvulus, Dichondra,
Jaquemontia, Ipomoea, Merremia.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.
WEED SEED SPECIES
RESUMO - A deficiência de bibliografia especializada tem causado grandes dificuldades e
incorreções na identificação das espécies. Baseando-se nas características morfológicas das
sementes de espécies invasoras da família Convolvulaceae, que ocorrem no Brasil e em outras
regiões de clima tropical e temperado, foi elaborada uma chave dicotômica e desenhos para auxiliar
na identificação de sementes de 36 espécies. São apresentados,também, os principais sinônimos e
algumas considerações sobre a espécie, como problemas na identificação e outros. Na elaboração
da chave dicotômica foram utilizadas a coloração e a pilosidade da superfície do tegumento e da
área hilar, o contorno e o tamanho do hilo, que são características muito estáveis. Foram utilizadas,
também, as dimensões das sementes. A forma das sementes das Convolvulaceae, varia muito em
função da quantidade de sementes que se desenvolvem no fruto e não é uma característica muito
consistente.
Termos para indexação: identificação de sementes, espécies invasoras, Convolvulaceae,
Convolvulus, Dichondra, Jaquemontia, Ipomoea, Merremia.
INTRODUCTION
Plant species are considered weeds when they interfere
with man’s activities or his welfare. Such plants grow where
they are not wanted. They reduce yield and quality of crop
and forage species; they poison livestock and man either
1
Aceito para publicação em 22.09.2001; trabalho apresentado no 25th
Congress of the International Seed Testing Association., em Pretória, África
do Sul, de 15 a 24 abril 1998.
directly or as allergens; they obstruct lakes, irrigation ditches
and drainage-ways; they reduce support capacity of natural
or cultivated pastures; they reduce the availability of fish and
wildlife; they make roadsides utility rights-of-way and
landscape plantings unsightly; some of them are toxic and
can compromise animal live (United States, 1970; Koehn,
1977). Another point is the development of the seed trade,
2
Engª Agrª, Drª, Profª Titular da FEAGRI/UNICAMP; Av. Papa Pio XII,
99 apt.61, 13066-710, Campinas-SP; e-mail: [email protected]
Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 23, nº 2, p.1-13, 2001
2
D. GROTH
survival and dissemination with crop seeds. The spread of
weed seeds by the combine is another problem, because it
disseminates most of the smaller and lighter seeds ripe at the
time of harvest (Harper, 1960). No plant is absolutely a weed.
On the other hand, plants almost universally desired may be
occasionally regarded as weed.
The seed is one of the distinctive features of the
spermatophytes which sets them apart from the so called lower
plants. Seed identification is a necessary part of seed testing,
crop improvement, wildlife management, archaeology,
paleobotany and taxonomy. The seed characteristics are
remarkably stable, under varying environmental conditions;
therefore, they provide reliable criteria for positive
identification of unknown seeds.
The Convolvulaceae is a tropical family and seeds of
several genus of this family frequently occur in lots of
commercial seeds, such as clover, line, lespedeza, lucern,
soybean, maize, wheat, common beans, rice and sorghum.
On the other hand, weeds of most genus, that occur in crop
plants have clambing habit that produce some problems on
cultural practices, harvest and industrial processing, leading
to decreased seed yield and product quality.
There are many different types of identification keys and
various methods, which can be used in developing them.
Larger the number of contrasting features that exist between
the material being treated the easier it is to develop and use
the key.
The objective of these work was based on the
morphological characteristics of some Convolvulaceae weed
seed species, which occur in Brazil and in other tropical and
temperate regions, to elaborate a taxonomical key and
drawings in order to help the correct seed identification of 36
species and to present the main synonyms and some
considerations about the species, as identification problems
and others.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The seeds used in this study were obtained at the field
and from Seed Testing Laboratory. The description were done
utilizing methods described by Gunn (1969), Groth (1980,
1984a), Groth et al. (1979, 1983) and Koehn (1977), that
consider the shape, the outline, the size (length, wideness and
thickness) of the seeds, the colour and pilosity of the seed
coat (surface) and hilum area, the size and the outline of the
hilum. At minimum of 10 fruits and 20 seeds were studied.
The size rank was mentioned, but in exceptional conditions
can appear seeds very shorter or longer and this size was
indicated in parenthesis. The drawings, made with the stereomicroscope ”Zeiss” and the light camera, are accompained
with a milimeter scale, that indicate the increase utilized.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seeds of the Convolvulaceae family were described by
Groth (1980, 1984a - b; 1991, 1997a - b, 1998), Groth et al.
(1979), Groth & Boaretto (1985), Kissmann & Groth (1992,
1999) and Koehn (1977). The Convolvulaceae seeds may be
recogniz by their wedge shape (in cross section) and basal
hilum. Occasionally, the seeds are flattened or spheroid. There
are three hila types: the ipomoea-type hilum is large, nearly
circular in outline, usually emarginate at the base and usually
surrounded by a flat space and a hilar ridge; the convolvulustype hilum is small, wider than long and is not surrounded by
a ridge; the cuscuta-type hilum is a short slit or a whitish line
or a raised point. The embryo is axile linear (anular or
spiralled) and without cotyledons in Cuscuta; axile folded
and with obovate cotyledons in Convolvulus, or elliptic
cotyledons in Dichondra, or subkidney-shaped to orbicular
cotyledons in Jaquemontia or with bilobed cotyledons in
Ipomoea and Merremia.
Key to seed identification
1. Hilum a short slit or whitish line or a raised point; seed less than 1,25mm in diameter or 0,5-1,25mm in diameter;
seed more than 1,25mm in diameter or 1,25mm long, 1,25-2,0mm wide, 1,8-2,0mm thick ....................... Cuscuta spp.
(Figure 1)
1. Hilum without these characteristics.
2. Convolvulus-type hilum.
3. Seed coat roughened.
4. Seed more than 3,0mm long and seed coat with numerous blunt tubercles or short thick wavy lines.
5. Seed coat dull, ochre to light greyish-brown; seed 3,0-4,0mm long, 2,0-3,0mm wide, more rounded than
sectoroid-shaped ..................................................................................... Convolvulus arvensis L. (Figure 1)
3
Cuscuta indecora Cholsy
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Convolvulus crenatifolius
Ruiz et Pav.
Ipomoea amnicola
Morong
Dichondra microcalyx
Hall.f.Fabris.
Ipomoea alba L.
Ipomoea asarifolia
(Desr.) Roem.& Schult.
Ipomoea carnea Jacq ssp.
fistulosa (Mart.ex Choisy)
D.Austin
Ipomoea cairica
(L.) Sweet.
Ipomoea ramosissima
(Poir.) Choisy
Ipomoea coccinea L.
Ipomoea indica
(Burm.f.) Merr.
FIG. 1. Ventral view of Convolvulaceae weed seeds.
4
D. GROTH
5. Seed coat dull, black at the maturity; seed 3,0-3,8mm long, 2,5-3,2mm wide, broadly-ellipsoid to obovoidsectoroid-shaped ............................................................ Convolvulus crenatifolius Ruiz et Pav. (Figure 1)
4. Seed less than 3,0mm long; seed coat without tubercles.
6. Margins narrow winged; seed coat with numerous blister-like protuberances or short irregularly wavy lines.
7. Wing and seed coat yellowish to yellowish-brown; seed about 2,0mm long, 1,4-1,7mm wide, 1,2-1,3mm
thick ...................................................................................... Jacquemontia densiflora Hall.f. (Figure 3)
7. Wing yellowish and seed coat yellowish to brown; seed 2,5-3,2mm long, 1,8-2,3mm wide, 1,5-1,7mm
thick ........................................................................................... Jacquemontia velutina Choisy (Figure 3)
6. Margins not winged; seed coat only with numerous blister-like protuberances; seed 2,3-2,7(-3,0)mm long,
1,8-2,2mm wide, 1,5-1,6mm thick ................................... Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. (Figure 3)
3. Seed not roughned, subglobose or ovoid-shaped, 1,5-2,2mm in diameter or long and wide, about 1,5mm
thick .......................................................................................... Dichondra microcalyx (Hall.f.) Fabris (Figure 1)
2. Ipomoea-type hilum.
8. Hilum glabrous and surrounded by a semihalo above.
9. Semihalo glabrous.
10. Semihalo black (more visible in the dark-grey coloured seeds); hilum brownish-black; seed 7,0-9,0mm long,
6,0-7,2mm wide, 5,0-5,5mm thick; seed coat from dark-gray (immature) to dull-black (mature), with a light
brown scruffy covering ........................................................... Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hall.f. (Figure 3)
10. Semihalo and hilum whitish; seed 4,5-4,7(-5,0)mm long, 4,2-5,0mm wide, 3,8mm thick; seed coat from orange
(immature) to dark-reddish-brown (mature) ............................... Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban (Figure 3)
9. Semihalo pilose and dark.
11. Semihalo with light tawny hairs; hilum black; seed with 4,0-4,6mm long, 3,5-4,0(-4,5)mm wide, 2,5-3,5mm
thick; seed coat from orange (immature) to dark-brown (mature), covered with a fine waxlike layer (lighter) and
numerous, simple and fasciculated white-translucent hairs ....... Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hall.f. (Figure 3)
11. Semihalo with white-translucent hairs; hilum brownish-black; seed 3,8-4,2mm long and 3,7-3,9mm in diameter;
seed coat from dark-greyish-brown (immature) to black (mature), with numerous, simple and tiny whitetranslucent hairs ................................................ Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz et Pav.) O’Donell (Figure 3)
12. Seed coat glabrous.
13. Seed 10-13(-14)mm long, 8,0-10,0mm wide, 6,0-9,0mm thick, from subglobose to ovoid-shaped; seed coat
monochrome light ochre, brown, or blackish-brown; hilum 2,5-3,0mm in diameter ...................................
.......................................................................................................................... Ipomoea alba L. (Figure 1)
13. Seed 10mm or less in length.
14. Hilum about 0,8mm or more in diameter.
15. Hilum glabrous.
16. Seed 8,5-9,5mm long, 6,5-7,5mm wide, 4,5-5,5mm thick; hilum 1,2-1,5mm, partially sunken,
dark-brown or black .......................................................... Ipomoea turbinata Lag. (Figure 3)
16. Seed 4,0-5,0mm long, 3,8-5,0mm wide, 3,0-3,2mm thick; hilum 0,8-1,0mm, not sunken, reddish
or lighter in colour than the seed coat .....................................Ipomoea lacunosa L. (Figure 2)
15. Hilum 0,8mm in diameter and concealed by a pad of tawny hairs; seed 3,8-4,8mm long, 3,8-4,0mm
wide, 2,8-3,0mm thick ............................................................. Ipomoea martii Meissn. (Figure 2)
14. Hilum seldom as much as 0,5mm in diameter.
17. Seed with obtuse apex.
18. Seed coat brown to nearly black; hilum yellowish-orange or lighter than the seed coat ...........
.................................................................................................... Ipomoea triloba L. (Figure 2)
18. Seed coat light or dark-yellowish-brown and irregularly dark mottled; hilum dark-reddishbrown ................................................................. Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy (Figure 2)
Ipomoea fimbriosepala
Choisy
5
Ipomoea triloba L.
Ipomoea floribunda
G.Don
Ipomoea tiliacea
(Willd.) Choisy
Ipomoea hederacea
(L.) Jacq.
Ipomoea hederifolia L.
Ipomoea martii
Meissn.
Ipomoea indivisa
(Vell.) Hall.
Ipomoea lacunosa L.
Ipomoea pes-caprae
(L.) R.Br.
Ipomoea nil
(L.) Roth
Ipomoea pandurata
(L.) G.F.W.Meyer
6
D. GROTH
Ipomoea rubiflora
O´Donell
Ipomoea purpurea
(L.) Roth
Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Jacquemontia densiflora
Hall.f.
Ipomoea turbinata
Lag.
Ipomoea wrightii
A.Gray
Jacquemontia tamnifolia
(Jacq.) Hall.f.
Merremia aegyptia
(L.) Urban.
Jacquemontia velutina
Choisy
Merremia cissoides
(Lam.) Hall.f.
Merremia macrocalyx
(Ruiz et Pav.) O´Donell
Merremia dissecta
(Jacq.) Hall.f.
7
17. Seed with acute apex; seed coat yellowish-brown to brown; hilum yellowish-orange or reddishbrown ....................................................................... Ipomoea ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy (Figure 1)
12. Seed coat pubescent.
19. Seed 5,5-6,0mm long, 4,0-4,5mm wide, 3,0mm thick; seed coat with lanate hairs (10mm or more in length) resticted
to a small cluster near the apex, on each margin; hilum 0,9-1,0mm in diameter .....................................................
...................................................................................................................... Ipomoea wrightii A.Gray (Figure 3)
19. Seed without lanate hairs.
20. Seed with tawny hairs.
21. Tawny fringed hairs (10-13mm long) restricted to the apex and along 2/3 of the margins; seed 5,0-6,0mm
long, 3,5-4,0mm wide, 2,0-2,5mm thick ....................................... Ipomoea floribunda G.Don (Figure 2)
21. Hairs not fringed.
22. Tawny hairs restricted to an attachment area.
23. Hairs restricted to the margins and occasionally to the keel.
24. Seed coat with densely hirsute pale tawny hairs adpressed from the base to the apex and hairs
about 13mm long restricted to the attachment area; seed 5,0-6,5mm long 3,0-3,3mm wide,
1,8-2,2mm thick, obovate or elliptic in outline, acute apex and base; hilum 0,5mm in diameter,
concealed by a pad of pale tawny hairs .................... Ipomoea amnicola Morong (Figure 1)
24. Seed coat with densely, tiny and short tawny hairs and numerous soft hairs (4-5mm long)
restricted to the attachment area; seed 5,0-7,0(-9,0)mm long, (3,0-)4,0-5,0mm wide, 3,04,0(-5,0)mm thick, obovate in outline; hilum 1,0-1,5mm in diameter and glabrous ................
................................................................ Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W.Meyer (Figure 2)
23. Hairs concealed at the hilum.
25. Hilum 1,0-1,1mm long, 0,6-0,7mm wide, with simple tawny hairs; seed (4,0-)4,5-6,0mm long,
3,0-3,5(-4,0)mm wide, (3,0-)3,5-4,0mm thick; seed coat with black tomentum and diminute
tawny hairs ........................................................................ Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth (Figure 2)
25. Hilum about 1,0mm in diameter; seed 4,2-5,0mm long, 2,8-3,5mm wide, 3,2-3,5mm thick;
seed coat with black tomentum and short silvery hairs ..........................................................
.......................................................................... Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (Figure 1)
22. Hairs 5,0-7,0mm or more in length, covered the seed coat except the keel area; seed 8,5-9,5mm long,
5,5-6,0mm wide, 4,8-5,2mm thick .......................................................................................................
................................... Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa (Mart.ex Choisy) D.Austin (Figure 1)
20. Seed without tawny hairs.
26. Tomentum cupper coloured; soft and long (5,0mm or more in length) white hairs restricted to the margins;
seed 4,4-4,8(-6,0)mm long, 4,8-5,0(-6,0)mm wide, 4,0-5,0mm thick ........................................................
..................................................................................................... Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet. (Figure 1)
26. Tomentum brown to black coloured.
27. Tomentum velvety medium brown and with densely short pale hairs; hilum 2,5-3,0mm in diameter;
seed 6,5-7,0mm long and wide, 4,0-5,0mm thick ............. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. (Figure 2)
27. Tomentum not velvety and hilum less than 2,5mm in diameter.
28. Margins delimited.
29. Margins with a narrow line; seed 4,7-5,5mm long, 3,0-4,0mm wide, 3,0-3,5mm thick, with
black tomentum and simple, diminute and sparse translucent hairs, which give a mottled or
grey-black appearance ventral faces without wrinkles ............................................................
............................................................................... Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (Figure 2)
29. Margins usually with a ridge; seed 3,5-4,5mm long, 2,5-3,0mm wide, 3,0-3,5mm thick, with
black tomentum and simple, diminute and sparse translucent hairs, which give a grey-black
appearance, ventral faces usually with one or two transversal wrinkles .................................
................................................................................. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth (Figure 3)
8
D. GROTH
28. Margins not delimited.
30. Hilum glabrous and without tomentum.
31. Hilum yellow; seed with black tomentum, 5,0-5,7mm long, 4,2-4,5mm wide, 4,0-4,2mm
thick ............................................................... Ipomoea fimbriosepala Choisy (Figure 2)
31. Hilum yellowish-brown; seed with reddish-brown tomentum on the faces and darkbrown on the keel, margins and dorsal side, 6,0-7,6(-8,0)mm long, 4,0-5,0(-5,4)mm
wide, (3,2-)3,5-4,5mm thick .... Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Figure 1)
30. Hilum pilose or with black tomentum.
32. Hilum with black tomentum; seed 5,0-5,5mm long, 2,1-2,3mm wide, 1,9-2,1mm thick,
with black or dark-brown tomentum and diminute whitish-translucent hairs, in small clusters,
which give the roughned and irregular grey-mottled appearance .....................................
..................................................................................... Ipomoea quamoclit L. (Figure 3)
32. Hilum pilose.
33. Seed mottled, 3,5-4,0mm long, 3,0mm wide, 2,2-2,5mm thick, with light greyish-brown
and light reddish-brown tomentum; hilum 0,8mm in diameter, light reddish-brown and
with long yellowish-translucent hairs .......... Ipomoea rubriflora O’Donell (Figure 3)
33. Seed not mottled.
34. Hilum with long adpressed and densely, simple, thick, tawny-translucent hairs,
from the margin to the seed base; seed 3,5-3,8mm long, 3,0-3,5mm wide, 2,02,8mm thick, with black tomentum ............... Ipomoea hederifolia L. (Figure 2)
35. Seed 3,0-3,5(-4,1)mm long, (2,5-)3,0-3,5mm wide, 2,0-2,8mm thick, with
an uniform dark-brown to black tomentum and sparse short translucent
hairs ............................................................ Ipomoea coccinea L. (Figure 1)
35. Seed 3,0-4,0mm long and wide, 2,0-2,5(-3,0)mm thick, with dark-brown
to black tomentum, margins and dorsal lengthwise areas with long coppertranslucent hairs, faces and keel with irregular copper or yellowishtranslucent hairs .......................... Ipomoea indivisa (Vell.) Hall. (Figure 2)
Consideration about the species
y Convolvulus crenatifolius Ruiz et Pav. (Figure 1)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus montevidensis Spreng.; Convolvulus
montevidensis Spreng. var. megapotamicum Meissn.)
Perennial herb that trail on the ground or climb on other
plants or fences; description of fruit and seed in Groth
(1997b); occur in cultivated areas in south of Brazil.
y Convolvulus arvensis L. (Figure 1)
(Synonym: Calystegia arvensis L.)
Perennial herb; plant very aggressive; description of fruit
and seed in Groth (1984b) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999).
y Cuscuta spp. (Figure 1)
Voluble herb; description of fruit and seed in Groth (1984b)
and Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999).
y Dichondra microcalyx (Hall.f.) Fabris (Figure 1)
(Synonym: Dichondra repens Forst & Forst var. microcalyx
Hall.f.)
Annual or perennial creeping herb; in Brazil this specie is
widely known as Dichondra repens Forst & Forst;
description of fruit and seed in Groth (1997b) and Kissmann
& Groth (1992; 1999).
y Ipomoea alba L. (Figure 1)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus aculeatus L.; Ipomoea bona-nox
L.; Convolvulus bona-nox (L.) Spreng.; Calonyction
aculeatum (L.) Bojer)
Perennial herbaceous plant, climbing habit; very similar
specie to I. turbinata Lag.; seeds of the two species are also
very similar; the fruit is a consistent characteristic to
distinguish the two species, which is erect in I. alba and
reflex in I. turbinata; description of fruit and seed in Groth
(1997a) and Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); occur in the
Northeastern Regions of Brazil.
y Ipomoea amnicola Morong (Figure 1)
Annual vining herb; when the plant did not present mature
fruits it is very similar to I. ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy (Simão-Bianchini, 1998); the most consistent characteristic
between the two species is the seed; description of fruit and
seed in Groth (1997b); weed in cultivated areas.
y Ipomoea aristolochiaefolia (H.B.K.) G.Don
(Synonym: Convolvulus aristolochiaefolius Kunth)
Annual vining herb; very similar specie to I. ramosissima
(Poir.) Choisy; in relation to the identification of plants
and seeds of I. aristolochiaefolia, in Brazil, have a great
confusion and were mentions as if they were from this
specie (Groth, 1984b; Koehn, 1977; Leitão-Filho et al.,
1972; Lorenzi, 1982), but in reality they were from I.
triloba L.
y Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. (Figure 1)
(Synonym: Convolvulus asarifolius Desr.)
Perennial herbaceous plant, climbing habit; very similar
specie to I. subtomentosa (Chodat & Hassl.) O’Donell and
to I. maurandioides Meissn. (Simão-Bianchini, 1998); the
leaf blade of the plant is very similar to the of I. pes-caprae
(L.) Sweet. (see comments of this specie); the most
consistent characteristic to distinguish this two species is
the seed; description of fruit and seed in Groth (1998) and
Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); occur from the littoral
North of Brazil to the state of São Paulo.
y Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet. (Figure 1)
(Synonym: Convolvulus cairicus L.)
Perennial herbaceous plant, climbing; description of fruit
and seed in Groth (1984b), Groth & Boaretto (1985) and
Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); the most common weed
in cultivated areas, as cotton, sugar-cane, pastures, citrus,
coffee and vine.
y Ipomoea carnea Jacq. (Figure 1)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus carneus (Jacq.) Spreng.; Ipomoea
fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy; Ipomoea carnea spp. fistulosa
(Mart.ex Choisy) D.Austin)
Perennial shrubs; in Brazil the specie is known as I. fistulosa
Mart.ex Choisy and with this designation fruit and seed were
described in Groth (1991) and as I. carnea in Kissmann &
Groth (1992; 1999). According to Austin (1977) this specie
is only a subspecie of I. carnea; weed in cultivated areas,
as pastures.
y Ipomoea coccinea L. (Figure 1)
(Synonym: Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench)
Annual vining herb; very similar specie to I. indivisa (Vell.)
Hall. and usually confused with this specie; the most
y
y
y
y
y
y
9
consistent difference between the two species is the seed,
therefore, exist a great uncertainness for the correct
identification of this specie in Brazil; description of fruit
and seed in Groth (1997a) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999); weed in annual cultures.
Ipomoea fimbriosepala Choisy (Figure 2)
(Synonym: Aniseia hastata Meissn.)
Annual vining herb; very close specie to I. setifera Poir.;
fruit and seed was described as Aniseia hastata Meissn. in
Groth & Boaretto (1991); weed in cultivated areas, as
pastures.
Ipomoea floribunda G.Don (Figure 2)
Annual herbaceous plant; description of fruit and seed in
Groth (1998).
Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (Figure 2)
(Synonym: Convolvulus hederaceus L.)
Annual herbaceous plant; very similar specie to I. nil (L.)
Roth; I. hederacea was confound erroneously with I.
acuminata (Vahl) Roem.et Schult.; description of fruit and
seed in Groth (1984a-b) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999); weed in annual fields, as maize and other crops.
Ipomoea hederifolia L. (Figure 2)
(Synonyms: Quamoclit hederifolia (L.) G.Don; Ipomoea
coccinea var. hederifolia (L.) A.Gray; Ipomoea angulata
Lam.; Quamoclit angulata (Lam.) Bojer)
Annual herbaceous plant; very close specie to I. indivisa
(Vell.) Hall.; in the United States it was considered as a
variety of I. coccinea L.; the most consistent characteristic
to distinguish the two species is the seed; description of
fruit and seed in Groth (1984b) and Kissmann & Groth
(1992; 1999).
Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (Figure 1)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus acuminatus Vahl; Ipomoea
congesta R.Br.; Ipomoea mutabilis Lindl.; Ipomoea
acuminata (Vahl) Roem. et Schult.)
Perennial vining herb; stoloniferous; polymorphic specie;
during a long-time plants of I. nil (L.) Roth was identified
erroneously as I. acuminata (Leitão-Filho et al., 1972;
Koehn, 1977). Nowadays the valid name is I. indica
(Burm.f.) Merr. (Simão-Bianchini, 1998); the seeds
presented consistent characteristics to distinguish I. nil from
I. indica; the description of the seed was made as I. congesta
R.Br. in Groth (1998); weed in annual cultures.
Ipomoea indivisa (Vell.) Hall. (Figure 2)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus indivisus Vell.; Ipomoea coccinea
auct.non L., Meissn.; Quamoclit indivisa (Vell.) Hall.f.)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit and with twining
10
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D. GROTH
branches; in Brazil this specie had been identified incorrectly
as I. coccinea L., because the plants of the two species
presented similar characteristics, but the more consistent
difference is the seed; description of fruit and seed in Groth
(1997a) and Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); weed in
annual and perennial cultures.
Ipomoea lacunosa L. (Figure 2)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus lacunosus Spreng.; Quamoclit
lacunosa Rafin.)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; description of fruit
and seed in Groth (1997a); weed in cultivated and non
cultivated areas.
Ipomoea martii Meissn. (Figure 2)
(Synonym: Rivea cordata Choisy)
Annual herbaceous plant in the beginning and after ligneous,
climbing habit; description of fruit and seed in Groth
(1997b); weed in cultivated areas, as pastures.
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth (Figure 2)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus nil L.; Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy;
Ipomoea longicuspis Meissn.)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing or decumbent habit; very
close specie to I. hederacea (L.) Jacq.; in Brazil I. nil had
been identified incorrectly as I. acuminata (Vahl) Roem.et
Schult. (Groth, 1984b; Lorenzi, 1982) and as I. longicuspis
Meissn. (Leitão-Filho et al., 1972; Groth, 1991); description
of fruit and seed in Groth (1997a) and Kissmann & Groth
(1992; 1999), as I. acuminata (Vahl) Roem.et Schult. in
Groth (1984b) and as I. longicuspis in Groth (1991); one of
the most frequent weed after I. triloba L.; weed in cultivated
areas, as soybean, maize, pastures and coffee.
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W.Meyer (Figure 2)
Perennial herb; description of fruit and seed in Groth
(1997b); weed in cultivated areas.
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. (Figure 2)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus pes-caprae L.; Quamoclit pescaprae (L.) Maza; Convolvulus brasiliensis L.; Ipomoea
brasiliensis (L.) G.F.W.Meyer)
Cosmopolitan, perennial herbaceous plant, climbing habit
and sometimes creeping; very close specie to I. asarifolia
(Desr.) Roem.et Schult. (Simão-Bianchini, 1998) and the
most important difference between them is the leaf shape,
which is suborbicular or oblong in I. pes-caprae, with deeply
bilobed apex (spp. pes-caprae), remembering a crowbar,
and with emarginate apex (spp. brasiliensis); in I. asarifolia
is heart-shaped with roundish, acute and rarely acuminate
apex. It was observed that seeds collected at the littoral
Northeast Regions of Brazil, by Kurt G. Kissmann, from
plants identified as I. pes-caprae looks like I. asarifolia
and this evidence put in doubt the identification of this specie
in Brazil. However, the characterization of I. pes-caprae
seeds, identified in the United States and compared with
the description of Gunn (1969), shows that exist a consistent
difference between seeds of the two species. It was also
observed that seeds collected in Northeast Regions are not
from I. pes-caprae, in reality they are I. asarifolia.
Description of fruit and seed in Groth (1997a) and Kissmann
& Groth (1992; 1999); commonly planted for fixation of
the sand dunes and weed in cultures near the coast.
y Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus purpureus L.; Pharbites purpurea
(L.) Voigt.)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; very close specie
to I. nil (L.) Roth and I. indica (Burm.f.) Merr. and they are
easy separated by the sepals; description of fruit and seed
in Groth (1984b), Groth & Boaretto (1985) and Kissmann
& Groth (1992; 1999); occur as weed in annual e perennial
cultures in al Brazilian country and are more frequent in
the Center-West Region of Brazil.
y Ipomoea quamoclit L. (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy; Quamoclit pinnata
(Desr.) Bojer (Simão-Bianchetti); Quamoclit quamoclit (L.)
Britton.)
and seed in Groth (1984a-b) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999).
y Ipomoea ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy (Figure 1)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus ramosissima Poir.; Ipomoea
cynanchifolia Meissn.)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; during some time
this specie was identified as I. cynanchifolia Meissn. (Leitão-Filho et al., 1972; Groth, 1984b; Kissmann & Groth,
1992); Simão-Bianchini (1998) based on the analyzed
characteristics, in the study of the species of Ipomoea, affirm
that “there exist no consistent characteristics that permit
the recognition of two species (I. cynanchifolia and I.
ramosissima), neither even varieties”; the seeds are very
similar and for that reason are confused with seeds from I.
triloba; seedlings are very similar to I. triloba L. and the
difference is the deep re-entrance between the lobs and if
the external margin of the leaf is straight (I. ramosissima)
or inclined (I. triloba) to the outside; description of fruit
and seed in Kissmann & Groth (1999) and as I.
cynanchifolia Meissn. in Groth (1984b), Groth & Boaretto
(1985) and Kissmann & Groth (1992).
y Ipomoea rubriflora O’Donell (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Ipomoea hederifolia auct. non L.; Ipomoea
cocccinea auct. non L.)
and seed in Groth (1997a) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999); weed in cultivated and non cultivated areas.
y Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy (Figure 3)
(Synonym: Convolvulus tiliaceus Willd.)
Annual herbaceous plant, with polymorphic aspect and leaf
shape with great diversity; in Brazil species of I. tiliacea
and I. batatas (L.) Lam. are very different (Simão-Bianchini,
1998); the description of the seed was done as I. hirta in
Groth (1998) and description of fruit and seed in Kissmann
& Groth (1999).
y Ipomoea triloba L. (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Quamoclit triloba (L.) G.Don; Jacquemontia
grandifolia Dammer; Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer)
O’Donell)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; in Brazil the specie
was identified as I. aristolochiaefolia (H.B.K.) G.Don (Leitão-Filho et al., 1972; Groth, 1984b; Koehn, 1977 e Lorenzi,
1982), establishing great confusion; but this specie is more
slender; after, based on the leaf shape it was identified as I
grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, according to O’Donell
(1952) and Austin (1978). According to Burkart (1979), I.
grandifolia is not the synonym of I. triloba and Austin (1978)
have the same opinion and affirm that “various authors
confound the two species”. O’Donell (1952) at that time
had already refer this confusion and suggest that the species
of I. triloba mentioned for South America will be “called”
I. grandifolia. The difference was based, mainly, on the
shape and size of the sepals, which are bigger in I.
grandifolia than in I. triloba. Simão-Bianchini (1998),
analysed Table 1 from O’Donell (1952), concluded, in his
study about the Ipomoea from southeast of Brazil, that are
a transition between the characteristics utilized in the
separation of the two species and so decided to consider
the two as only one species, with cosmopolitan distribution.
According to O’Donell (1952), I. grandifolia has bigger
(3,5-4,0mm) seeds than I. triloba, while Austin (1992),
mentioned smaller sizes for I. grandifolia (2,0-2,5mm) than
for I. cynanchifolia Meissn. (= I. ramosissima). Austin
(1978) mentioned for the fruit of I. triloba 5-6mm long and
for I. grandifolia 6-7mm. I. triloba is narrowly related to I.
cordatotriloba Dennst. (Simão-Bianchini, 1998) and some
species presented intermediate characteristics with I.
ramosissima; description of I. triloba fruit and seed in
y
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11
Kissmann & Groth (1999), as I. aristolochiaefolia
(H.B.K.) G.Don in Groth (1984b) and as I. grandifolia
(Dammer) O’Don. in Kissmann & Groth (1992); is the
most important weed of the genus Ipomoea that occur
in soybean cultures.
Ipomoea turbinata Lag. (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus muricatus L.; Ipomoea muricata
(L.) Jacq.; Calonyction muricatum (L.) G.Don)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; specie very similar to I. alba L.; many authors had used the name I. muricata
(L.) Jacq. for the identification this specie (Simão-Bianchini,
1998); the fruit presented consistent characteristics for the
separation of the two species, which is erect in I. alba and
reflex in I. turbinata; description of fruit and seed in Groth
(1997a); weed in cultivated areas, as soybean.
Ipomoea wrightii A.Gray (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus heptaphyllus Roxb.; Ipomoea
heptaphylla (Roxb.) Voigt; Ipomoea pulchella Roth.;
Ipomoea spiralis House)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; remember I.
cairica (L.) Sweet. and frequently so identified erroneously;
a consistent difference between the two species are in the
seeds; description of fruit and seed in Groth (1997a) and
Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999).
Jacquemontia densiflora Hall.f. (Figure 3)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; description of seed
in Groth (1991) and Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); weed
in cultivated and non cultivated areas.
Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Ipomoea tamnifolia L.; Convolvulus tamnifolia
(L.) Meyer)
Annual vines or herbs, climbing habit, very aggressive;
& Groth (1992; 1999).
Jacquemontia velutina Choisy (Figure 3)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; description of seed
in Groth (1991) and Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); weed
in cultivated areas.
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Ipomoea aegyptia L.; Convolvulus
penthaphyllus L.; Ipomoea penthaphylla (L.) Jacq.; Ipomoea
pilosa Cav.)
and seed in Groth (1991) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999); weed in annual and perennial cultures.
Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hall.f. (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus cissoides Lam.; Convolvulus
12
D. GROTH
calycinus H.B.K.; Convolvulus guadalupensis Steud.;
Ipomoea potentiloides Meissn.; Merremia potentiloides
(Meissn.) Hall.f.)
Annual herbaceous plant, climbing habit; in Brazil occur
two varieties: subsessile and viscid; seeds of the two varieties
does not present differential characteristics; description of
fruit and seed in Groth (1991) and Kissmann & Groth (1992;
1999); weed in annual and perennial cultures.
y Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hall.f. (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus dissectus Jacq.; Ipomoea sinuata
Ortega; Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.) Pursh.; Operculina
dissecta (Jacq.) House; Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.) Pers.)
Annual vines or herbs, climbing habit; in Brazil occur two
varieties: typica and edentata (Meissn.) O’Donell; seeds of
the two varieties does not present differential characteristics;
& Groth (1992; 1999); weed in cultivated areas, as coffee,
citrus and pastures.
y Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz et Pav.) O’Donell (Figure 3)
(Synonyms: Convolvulus glaber Aublet; Convolvulus
macrocalyx Ruiz et Pav.; Ipomoea macrocalyx (Ruiz et Pav.)
Choisy; Merremia glabra (Aublet) Hall.f.)
Annual vines or perennial herbs, depending from the
environmental; climbing habit; description of fruit and seed
in Groth (1997b) and Kissmann & Groth (1992; 1999); weed
in annual cultures, as crops and perennial, such as coffee.
CONCLUSIONS
The shape of Convolvulaceae weed seeds species can not
be used as a differential characteristic because it depends of the
number of mature seeds developed in the fruit. The more stable
morphological characteristics which permited the identification
of the species are the colour and the pilosity of the seed coat
(surface), the hilum area and the outline of the hilum.
REFERENCES
AUSTIN, D.F. The Ipomoea batatas complex - I. Taxonomy.
Bull.Torrey Bot.Club., v.105, n.2, p.114-129, 1978.
AUSTIN, D.F. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. vs. Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex
Choisy. Taxon, v.26, n.2/3, p.235-238, 1977.
AUSTIN, D.F. Seeds in some poorly known species of Ipomoea
section Batatas (Convolvulaceae). Bull.Torrey Bot. Club.,
v.119, n.2, p.142-144, 1992.
BURKART, A. Flora ilustrada de Entre Rios (Argentina). Buenos
Aires: INTA, 1979. pt.5, tomo 6 e 5, p.148-194.
GROTH, D. Identificação botânica de plantas e sementes de espécies
invasoras na cultura da soja. Revista Brasileira de Sementes,
Brasília, v.2, n.3, p.59-95, 1980.
GROTH, D. Caracterização morfológica das plântulas e das sementes
de três espécies daninhas da cultura de soja. In: SEMINÁRIO
NACIONAL DE PESQUISA DE SOJA, 3, Campinas, 1984.
Anais. Campinas: EMBRAPA/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa
de Soja, 1984a. p.575-86.
GROTH, D. Unidades de dispersão e plântulas de espécies de
plantas invasoras. Campinas: Instituto de Biologia/
UNICAMP, 1984b. p.426-459. (Tese Doutorado).
GROTH, D. Morphological characterization of seeds and seedlings
of seven weed species of Convolvulaceae occurring in
agricultural seeds in Brazil. Iheringia, Sér.Bot., Porto Alegre,
n.41, p.83-99, Jun. 1991.
GROTH, D. Caracterização morfológica das sementes e frutos de
nove espécies invasoras de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). Revista
Brasileira de Sementes, Brasília, v.19, n.2, p.303-314, 1997a.
GROTH, D. Caracterização morfológica das sementes e frutos de
oito espécies invasoras da família Convolvulaceae. Revista
Brasileira de Sementes, Brasília, v.19, n.2, p.361-368,
1997b.
GROTH, D. Morphological characterization of four weed seeds of
Ipomoea L. (Convolvulaceae). Revista Brasileira de
Sementes, Brasília, v.20, n.1, p.75-79, 1998.
GROTH, D. & BOARETTO, M.R. Estudo morfológico das
sementes, frutos e plantas de quatro espécies invasoras do
gênero Ipomoea L. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, Brasília,
v.7, n.3, p.79-97, 1985.
GROTH, D.; SILVA, H.T & WEISS, B. Caracterização botânica de
plantas de espécies invasoras e respectivas sementes na cultura
da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) no Rio Grande do Sul. In:
SEMINÁRIO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA DE SOJA, 1,
Londrina, 1978. Anais. Londrina: Centro Nacional de Pesquisa
de Soja - EMBRAPA, 1979. p.187-202.
GROTH, D.; BOARETTO, M.R. & SILVA, R.N. Morfologia de
sementes, frutos e plantas invasoras em algumas culturas.
Revista Brasileira de Sementes, Brasília, v.5, n.3, p.151-82,
1983.
GUNN, C.R. Seeds of the United States noxious and common weeds
in the Convolvulaceae excluding the genus Cuscuta.
Proceedings AOSA, Geneva, v.59, p.101-115, 1969.
GUNN, C.R. Seed collecting and identification. In: KOZLOWSKY,
T.T. Seed biology. New York, Academic Press, 1972. v.3,
p.55-69.
HARPER, J.L. The biology of weeds. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
Publications, 1960. p.1-9.
KISSMANN, K.G. & GROTH, D. Plantas infestantes e nocivas.
São Paulo: BASF Brasileira, 1992. tomo 2, p.504-609.
KISSMANN, K.G. & GROTH, D. Plantas infestantes e nocivas.
2.ed. São Paulo: BASF Brasileira, 1999. tomo 2, p.617-738.
KOEHN, D. Identificação de algumas invasoras encontradas em
sementes das principais espécies forrageiras, produzidas no Rio
13
Grande do Sul. Boltim Técnico do IPAGRO, Porto Alegre,
v.1, p.3-96, 1977.
Archivos do Museu Paranaense, Curitiba, v.4, p.207-244,
1952.
LEITÃO-FILHO, H.F.; ARANHA, C. & BACCHI, O. Plantas
invasoras de culturas no estado de São Paulo. São Paulo:
HUCITEC, 1972. p.39-74.
SIMÃO-BIANCHINI, R. Ipomoea L. (Convolvulaceae) no sudeste
do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto de Biociências/USP, 1998 476p.
(Tese Doutorado).
LORENZI, H. Plantas daninhas do Brasil. Nova Odessa: H.
Lorenzi, 1982. p.115-129.
O’DONELL, C.A. Convolvulaceas americanas nuevas o criticas III.
UNITED STATES. Department of Agriculture. Selected weeds of
the United States. Washington: Agricultural Research Service,
1970. p.1-3. (Agriculture Handbook, 366).

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE

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