The Mexican Mining indUsTry: More Than diaMonds
Transcripción
The Mexican Mining indUsTry: More Than diaMonds
Guest Opinion The Lifestyle Federico Kunz The Mexican Mining Law Mexico’s Unique Mining Towns Negocios para exportadores The Mexican mining industry: more than diamonds in the rough V - 2015 M exico is experiencing a positive moment. The structural reforms, designed to increase economic growth and improve well-being of millions of Mexicans, are already being implemented and their benefits are beginning to reflect in the daily lives of our population. The opening up of the energy sector to both domestic and foreign investment, as well as joint ventures, has awakened a spirit of trust and innovation among the main players of the industry. The modern and dynamic country that all Mexicans are building is characterized by strong industries in constant expansion, like the manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, information technologies, and creative sectors. Mexico has a rich territory, vast natural wealth and a well-known vocation for mining. The sector offers a wide range of opportunities for exploration and extraction, always combined with a commitment to protect and preserve the environment through improved technological development and innovation. Undoubtedly, this historic energy reform should be complemented by a strong mining industry with the necessary capabilities for maximum exploitation. This edition of Negocios ProMéxico presents important investment and export opportunities in the Mexican mining sector: a key industry for economic growth and regional development. Enrique Peña Nieto President of the United Mexican States Table of Contents April 2015 Special Report Guest Opinion 15 30 38 Mexican Geological Survey Mining clusters boost the industry Mexican Mining Law by Federico Kunz By Servicio Geológico Mexicano Cover Feature 21st Century Mining in Mexico By Coordinación General de Minería, secretaría de economía photo archive 11 From ProMéxico Mexico’s Partner 22 Agnico Eagle By Agnico Eagle 24 Torex Gold 08 07 Briefs Special Report 28 Processes and acquisitions in the mining sector By Raquel Rivas 18 36 48 figures Guest Opinion 37 World Class Mining by Marcos Gluyas Solórzano 41 Energy reform by Rodrigo Cansino Interview with Fred Stanford 26 Goldcorp 43 Fifomi By Fideicomiso de Fomento Minero 46 Mining: Strategic lever for growth in Mexico By Sergio Almazán Esqueda Intervieu with Michael Harvey The Lifestyle The Complete Guide to the Mexican Way of Life ProMéxico Francisco N. González Díaz CEO Karla Mawcinitt Bueno Communication and Image General Coordinator Felipe Gómez Antúnez Director of Publications and Content [email protected] Jorge Arturo Morales Becerra Contreras Editorial coordination [email protected] 51 archive Mining Museums Teresita García Editorial collaboration [email protected] Advertising [email protected] Cover Photo Archive photo From mining deposits to the preservation of memory Editorial Council consejo editorial Ildefonso Guajardo Villarreal Francisco de Rosenzweig Mendialdua Enrique Jacob Rocha 53 Francisco N. González Díaz Luis Miguel Pando Leyva Mines and Balls Francisco Javier Méndez Aguiñaga The story of football in Mexico Rodolfo Balmaceda Guillermo Wolf photo archive Embajador Alfonso de Maria y Campos Castelló Jaime Zabludovsky Gabriela de la Riva Adolfo Laborde Carranco Silvia Núñez García María Cristina Rosas González Ulises Granados Quiroz Karla I. Mawcinitt Bueno photo courtesy of mexico tourism board Mexico’s unique mining towns By Mexico Tourism Board 55 Negocios ProMéxico es una publicación mensual editada por ProMéxico, Camino a Santa Teresa número 1679, colonia Jardines del Pedregal, delegación Álvaro Obregón, CP 01900, México, DF Teléfono: (52) 55 5447 7000. Portal en Internet: www.promexico.gob.mx; correo electrónico: [email protected]. Editor responsable: Felipe Gómez Antúnez (alta en trámite). Reserva de derechos al uso exclusivo No. 04-2009-012714564800-102. Licitud de título: 14459; licitud de contenido: 12032, ambos otorgados por la Comisión Calificadora de Publicaciones y Revistas Ilustradas de la Secretaría de Gobernación. ISSN: 2007-1795. Negocios ProMéxico año 8, número V, mayo de 2015, se imprimió un tiraje de 7,000 ejemplares. Impresa por Cía. Impresora El Universal, S.A. de C.V. Las opiniones expresadas por los autores no reflejan necesariamente la postura del editor de la publicación. Queda estrictamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de los contenidos e imágenes de la publicación sin previa autorización de ProMéxico. Publicación gratuita. Está prohibida su venta y distribución comercial. ProMéxico is not responsible for inaccurate information or omissions that might exist in the information provided by the participant companies nor of their economic solvency. The institution might or might not agree with an author’s statements; therefore the responsibility for each text is the writers, not on the institution, except when stated otherwise. Although this magazine verifies all the information printed on its pages, it will not accept responsibility derived from any omissions, inaccuracies or mistakes. May 2015. Download the PDF version and read the interactive edition of This publication is not for sale. Negocios ProMéxico at negocios.promexico.gob.mx. Its sale and commercial distribution are forbidden. From proméxico Para exportadores Throughout the history of dition, it is noted for the sustained growth our country the dynamism maintained over the past few years, and for and productivity of the min- up to 500 prospective sites with potential ing industry has been a con- for mining—principally of gold, silver, cop- stant presence. Mexican mining is ground- Australia en la industria minera mexicana Exploración de oportunidades Por Rodolfo Esaú Garza De Vega 66 breveS infografía 60 Por Jaime Eduardo Juárez Arias 65 Camimex en la cultura Por Camimex Por Raquel Rivas 68 across much of the country’s territory. The ing producers worldwide. Indeed, we are extraction of mineral resources has led not the global leader in silver production and only to the creation of a significant amount among the top ten in zinc, gold, and cop- of employment, but also to the develop- per. In addition, Mexico is considered the ment of infrastructure, technology and lo- fourth most attractive destination for in- gistics, which in turn has benefited other vestment in prospecting worldwide, and the productive sectors. first in Latin America. The mining sector in Mexico princi- Also of note is the current maturity of pally comprises state-owned companies, the sector, visible in the fact that increasing although the competitive advantages of the numbers of companies are prospecting for country attract growing numbers of foreign and extracting these resources with a long- mining firms every year. In fact, in 2014 term perspective of sustainability and social Mexico received over 2.2 billion dollars of responsibility, operating in accordance with foreign direct investment in this sector. the highest standards of respect and care for which is a clear reflection of the productive policies of the present government. In ad- archivo Innovaciones que revolucionan al sector minero In this sector, Mexico is among the lead- flow of investments and legal certainty, 70 foto foto archivo foto 63 ed in the mineral wealth that is distributed The Mexican mining sector offers free Por Óscar Hernández foto archivo 125 años de relaciones diplomáticas Compromiso sostenible archivo Rusia y México 69 Panorama económico de China y su relación bilateral con México per, and zinc. ecosystems, as well as establishing robust ties with the communities where they operate. In short, the mining industry in Mexico continues to shine with a light all its own. Welcome to Negocios ProMéxico! 71 Francisco N. González Díaz CEO ProMéxico BRIEFS BRIEFS photo archive OIL MANUFACTURING Mining cluster approaches Weatherford and Shell Essilor will invest 40 million dollars in Baja California Clúster Minero-Petrolero de Coahuila A. C. (the mining & oil cluster of Coahuila) has been meeting with Weatherford and Shell in the hope that these companies will participate in civil engineering activities, high-pressure machining, tanks, assembly and environmental impact studies, among other tasks required by the manufacturing area of these international firms. About eleven companies working in the mining & oil cluster have already been interviewed by Shell Mexico, although only four are already in the process of certification, while the other seven are in the drafting stages. The French manufacturer of prescription lenses announced the construction of a manufacturing plant in Tijuana, Baja California, where it will invest forty million dollars and create five hundred jobs. From these installations located on the border between the two countries, the company intends to serve the west coast market of the USA. The Mexico Essilor plant will be one of the largest worldwide. BEVERAGES www.essilor.com.mx www.weatherford.com www.shell.com.mx MINING photo archive Timmins Gold invests 200 million dollars in Coahuila Timmins Gold Mining Corp will invest 200 million dollars in the next four years for the expansion of mining projects in the states of Sonora, Guerrero and Veracruz. The Canadian company recently acquired the Caballo Blanco (White Horse) project on Mexico’s east coast, and Ana Paula in the country’s southeast. The aim is to exploit the mining group’s synergies to generate a higher production of gold. With these two new projects, Timmins will increase its production, from 115,000 ounces of gold annually to 320,000 ounces by 2019. Constellation Brands will invest in Coahuila This American beer company will invest over 2.2 billion dollars in its installations in the northern state of Coahuila. With this investment the company will expand its brewery, as well as increase the capacity of its subsidiary, Industria Vidriera. These investments will create 3,500 jobs. Constellation Brands is the third largest brewer in the USA. Currently the company’s Mexican affiliate operates in the state of Coahuila and produces one billion liters of beer per year. By 2016 the company expects to duplicate that volume, by producing two billion liters, rising to 2.5 billion liters in 2017. Mining Company will invest in eight projects photo archive Minera Fresnillo, the main producer of silver worldwide, will invest 2 billion dollars in the expansion of its operations in Mexico. The investment will be channeled through eight projects in states like Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas. This year, Minera Fresnillo allocated 7 million dollars to mine maintenance and new projects, and 172.2 million dollars to exploration. Later this year the company will start operations at the San Julián mine, located on the border between Chihuahua and Durango. The company has a portfolio of twenty exploration projects in Mexico, Peru and Chile. www.fresnilloplc.com 8 www.cbrands.com AUTOMOTIVE Neapco Mexico’s new plant in Coahuila Neapco Group Mexico, a manufacturer of accessories and components for the automotive industry with its headquarters in Michigan, USA, announced that it will invest 1.27 billion pesos in a plant that will be located in the Mencorsa Industrial Park of Saltillo, Coahuila. The company will manufacture components for power transmissions required by the automotive industry. With these facilities, the firm expects to create 445 direct jobs in the next five years. Coahuila is one of the leading states for the automotive industry. It currently has four production plants and ranks third nationwide in the production of light vehicles. photo archive MINING photo archive photo archive www.timminsgold.com www.neapco.com May 2015 May 2015 9 BRIEFS photos Cover Feature | Negocios ProMéxico archive ENERGY Mexico could receive up to 4 billion dollars in renewable energy photo archive According to Fatih Birol, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, Mexico could receive up to four billion dollars in renewable energy. This investment could begin this year and continue until 2030, and would translate into installing 2,000 megawatts of capacity annually. According to experts, Mexico’s electricity sector will require about ten billion dollars of investment, of which close to four billion will be for renewable energy and other low carbon sources of energy. Mexico’s effort to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases is also related to the increased use of natural gas in the electricity sector, which implies lower emissions than burning coal or oil. www.iea.org 21st Century Mining in Mexico The Mexican mining sector is dynamic and competitive, generating wealth and welfare. It faces significant challenges as it evolves towards socially and environmentally responsible methods that can allow it to become a stronger core activity for the prosperity of the country and its inhabitants. HEALTH Medtronic, a company focused on exports photo archive This American producer of medical devices is building on Mexico’s potential in terms of health, as this country is the second largest market in Latin America. The company has six plants in Mexico, located in Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California, which take advantage of the proximity to the USA, the main destination of its exports. Each year Medtronic sells around 28 billion dollars, of which Latin America represents 10%. The company became the world’s largest medical device manufacturers in fifteen therapeutic lines, such as diabetes and surgery, following the acquisition of Covidien—a firm that manufactures surgery equipment—in January 2015. With this operation, the company is now the largest producer of medical devices in the world, with 53,000 patents, and 88,000 employees in the 160 countries where it operates. www.medtronic.com.mx / www.covidien.com 10 May 2015 by coordinación general de minería, secretaría de economía Today, the Mexican industry devoted to the extraction of mineral resources continues to occupy a central place in the national economy. We know it has been a productive activity with a leading role throughout our history and now has become one of the most dynamic, productive and competitive industries in our country. Mining activities contribute 1% of GDP and an overall participation of 4%, combined with mineral processing. Furthermore, it employs over 351,000 workers and is the fourth generator of foreign currency. This industry has gone through several stages of evolution, which have enabled it to develop and grow by adapting to the needs that our development has required at several junctures. Currently, we are en- May 2015 tering a new phase, which poses particular challenges. This stage—still in the process of consolidation—includes the following features: new fiscal conditions in the sector; the formation of mining clusters; the regional reconfiguration of the country, strengthening the south and west in relation to mining activities; consolidating perspectives for social responsibility and sustainable development; strengthening the multinational sector of Mexican companies; the closer relationship with the hydrocarbon industries brought about by the energy reform; and, of course, the strategic rethinking of mining policy, including a realignment of priorities in terms of exploration of the national territory, funding for the industry, investment promotion Participation in the 2014 GDP (Extractive mining and mineral processing) Primary Sector, 3.1 Oil, 5.8 Electricity and Water, 2.2 Construction, Expanded Mining, 4.0 7.3 Manufacturing, 14.2 Services, 60.8 Source: INEGI and US Geological Survey. Preliminary data. 11 Negocios ProMéxico | Cover Feature Cover Feature | Negocios ProMéxico No. State Total Current Concessions Surface Concessions (Millions of Hectares) Surface Concessions/ Total State Surface (%) 1 Sonora 4,429 4.25 23.70 2 Durango 3,471 2.85 23.11 3 Chihuahua 3,355 2.17 8.77 4 Zacatecas 2,291 2.16 28.69 5 Coahuila 1,943 1.88 12.40 6 Jalisco 1,444 1.68 21.38 7 Sinaloa 1,394 1.43 24.93 Other States 6,988 8.41 — 25,315 24.83 12.6 Total Source: DGRM, SE. and modernization of procedures and paperwork related to the activity. (For more details on this, see the 2013-2018 Mining Development Program.) This whole process is coming together in the reconfiguration of a more modern and mature mining sector. For this process to be consolidated, the industry must face and solve challenges brought about by new circumstances. The agenda includes, among other issues, innovation, efficiency, scientific and technological development; an initiative on transparency; the deepening of environmental commitments, and productive articulation for generating higher value added products. In order to meet these challenges, it is essential to consider that, broadly speaking, the mining sectors composed of companies, the public sector, associations and social organizations, the workforce and communities in mining settlements. Therefore, this new phase also includes a renewed strategic vision of public policy and governance, such as a more horizontal government that shares responsibility with traditional and emerging actors of civil society. Only from this perspective will it be possible to provide a comprehensive agenda for building Mexican mining in the 21st century. The challenge of competitiveness Mexico, as an emerging economy, provides a competitive general framework. It is currently the 15th largest economy in the world and the second in Latin America; it provides high stability in its macroeconomic indicators, including a record level of international reserves close to 200 billion dollars, in addition to a strategic geographical position as a global platform for exports. 12 This context enhances the competitive advantages of the Mexican mining industry, allowing it to position itself as one of the most attractive destinations for investment. According to the 2014 Behre Dolbear Report, Mexico ranked as the fifth country with the best conditions for investment in the mining industry and, according to SNL Metals and Mining, the country was the first recipient of exploration investment in Latin America and the fourth worldwide. One of the advantages of Mexico as a mining country is its vast geological potential. It is upon this foundation that our country has been able to consolidate as one of the leading producers of minerals on a global scale. It is the largest producer Fraser Report 2014: Variable Comparison (Place) Uncertainty regarding existing regulations Chile Mexico Uruguay Peru Colombia Brazil Ecuador Bolivia 14 18 28 31 55 75 110 114 Geological Databases Mexico 34 Peru 40 Chile 46 Uruguay 68 Brazil 69 Colombia 79 Ecuador 90 Bolivia 112 Regulatory Duplication and Inconsistencies Uruguay 7 Chile 8 Mexico 26 Colombia 45 Peru 58 Brazil 94 Bolivia 99 Ecuador 108 Environmental Regulations Fraser Report 2014: Variable Comparison (Place) Taxation Chile Colombia Peru Uruguay Mexico Brazil Ecuador Bolivia 29 49 55 58 103 105 117 122 Security Uruguay 2 Chile 50 Brazil 78 Peru 87 Ecuador 94 Bolivia 97 Mexico 104 Colombia 108 Quality of Infrastructure Land Disputes Uruguay 27 Chile 47 Mexico 61 Brazil 88 Colombia 92 Peru 93 Ecuador 111 Bolivia 117 Uruguay 33 Mexico 39 Chile 51 Peru 60 Colombia 73 Brazil 76 Ecuador 93 Bolivia 109 Source: Fraser Institute, 2015. to consider that the best placed country in the global arena was Finland, with a rating of 83.8. From these results it can be concluded that our country offers competitive advantages in some of the variables that are evaluated, but undoubtedly has a big challenge ahead to improve other key aspects to ensure a better environment for the investor, and for the performance of the sector’s productive activity. In addition to its potential and its geological information, Mexico is well positioned in the assessment of environmental regulations, regulatory duplication and inconsistencies, uncertainty about existing regulations and infrastructure quality. By contrast, the topics showing a significantly lower evaluation are security, the fiscal system, the legal system and protected areas. These are some of the challenges that the Mexican mining sector faces for development in the 21st century in order to consolidate its dynamism, its ability to attract investment, create jobs, generate foreign currency and economic benefit, while becoming a strong, modern and competitive industry, committed to sustainable development and growth. which has had and will continue to have a fundamental impact on the mining sector. For many years—including those of the longest and most beneficial boost in metal prices in the first decade of this century—the mining industry worked without special obligations for taking advantage of the nation’s resources, in sharp contrast with the reality of most mining countries. Approved rights seek to boost the evolution of the sector towards a higher stage of development, committed to and respon- sible for the prosperity of the nation. In this regard, it is noteworthy that mining operations in Mexico, despite the conditions of the world minerals markets, remain profitable thanks to the competitive advantages of the country that, in addition to the above, include competitive operating costs. The new tax regime will allow a better distribution of the benefits of using the subsoil between communities where mining activities take place. Article 271 of the Federal Law of Rights guarantees the use of resources for mining rights when the goal is social, environmental and urban development of the mining municipalities, including schools, preservation of natural areas, water treatment and public transportation, among others, which will be decided through regional (state) committees, with the participation of society, business and government. Thus, the new tax system will not only lead to a better distribution of wealth, but also social participation in the decisions that determine how that wealth is used. Therefore, it also provides an opportunity to create channels of communication and joint work with businesses, communities and local authorities, which can and should be used to create better conditions for cooperation and growth. Additionally, it is important to consider that the document “General Criteria for Economic Policy for the Initiative of the Law on Income and the Budget of Competitive Costs Cash Cost vs. Price 2014 (Gold) 1,300 Average Price of Gold (1,266 dl/oz) 1,100 Mexican Mines 900 700 500 300 Mexico 23 Peru 42 Chile 54 Uruguay 65 Colombia 71 Brazil 99 Bolivia 102 Ecuador 117 Governance and competitiveness: challenges FOR mining in Mexico The structural reforms that have been taking place in our country since 2013 are a boost for transformational change, whose main objective is the transition to a more productive economy in order to drive growth and development. One of them is fiscal reform, Source: Fraser Institute, 2015. May 2015 May 2015 100 Alumbrera Ciénega Lagunas Norte Marlin Peñasquito Geita Pueblo Viejo Herradura La India Cortez Pinos Altos Kibali Veladero Red Lake Serra Grande Yanacocha Goldstrike Creston Cowal Moab Khotsong Goldex Mine Lapa Cerro Vanguardia Los Filos Kalgoorlie Hemlo Kittila Siguiri Great Noligwa Porgera Noche Buena Morila Iduapriem Obuasi Kopanang Surface Concessions by State 2015 of silver in the world, the second producer of bismuth and fluorite, and the third in celestite and wollastonite. This stock of resources is enhanced by the work of the Mexican Geological Survey, in terms of exploration, cartography and systematization of geological information of the territory, making the availability of this data another advantage of our country. It is worth noting that 100% of the national territory is covered by 1:250,000 scale maps, and 37.9% at 1:50,000. Also, a total of 25,315 mining concessions covering an area of 24.8 million hectares (12.6% of the national territory) are registered. Seven states concentrate 72.4% of these concessions and 66% of the concession area. In the latter, the states of Sonora and Coahuila stand out, with a participation of 17% and 11%, respectively, followed by the states of Durango and Chihuahua, with 9% each. The Canada-based Fraser Institute recognizes this information internationally. Every year it publishes a global survey on the perception of investors regarding the territories and advantages for investing in mining activities. In the 2014 report, Mexico ranked as number 33 out of 122 jurisdictions, with a score of 67.6 out of a maximum of 100 possible points. In the context of our closest competitors in terms of attracting investment, Mexico ranked as the third country with the best conditions for investment, behind Chile, which had a score of 77.2, and Peru, with 69.6. As a reference, it is important Source: Company Annual Reports 2014. 13 Negocios ProMéxico | Cover Feature photos 14 Special Report | Negocios ProMéxico Mexican Geological Survey Mining with reliable data Since its inception in 1944, the Mexican Geological Survey (SGM) provides essential information to facilitate exploration, identification and quantification of the country’s mineral resources. by servicio geológico mexicano SGM is a public agency of the federal government with legal personality and its own patrimony. It is governed by the Mining Law and is attached to the Ministry of Economy, through the General Coordination of Mines. Its functions include: development of geological, mining and geochemical mapping; studies and analysis of mineral resources; environmental geology; hydrogeology; energy and mineral geoscience; and geological, mining, geochemical, geophysical and environmental cartography. Mapping and mineral resources Geological charts are the most important tool the SGM has to interpret and understand the behavior of the Earth. With advanced technology, geological mapping generates information and thereby analyzes regional data gathered in the field, which, once geo-referenced, are presented in the form of specialized charts, both in print and digital formats accessible to the public. Technical assistance is provided in support of national mining development, which requires skilled personnel to interact with the field of small and medium mining. Also, the SGM offers consulting services and professional support for the development of exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. Specialized staff advise, direct and oversee—sometimes through firms or qualified consultants—requests [email protected] Capital Funded Through TSX-TSXV 2014 Mexico (Billions of Dollars) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 200 Mexico’s Participation in Latin America 1.1 1.0 Other Countries, 39% Mexico, 61% 0.1 2012 2013 2014 Mining Companies Listed on TSX-TSXV Per Country (Latin America) 166 Source: TSX. 5 5 4 2 2 Paraguay 19 12 10 Uruguay 0 French Guyana 52 45 40 38 Surinam 50 Bolivia 76 100 Venezuela 150 Ecuador Expenditures of the Federation for the Fiscal Year 2015” does not include modifications to the fiscal framework, in fulfillment of the commitment established in the Tax Certainty Agreement of February 27, 2014, in the sense of not proposing new taxes or increasing existing ones, or eliminating tax benefits for any taxpayer. To address another major challenge, that of security, a joint effort is also being conducted between the authorities and businesses in order to provide timely solutions for the problems the industry is facing. The Ministry of Economy, through the General Coordination of Mines, has created working groups comprising mining companies and the Federal Police, which through the Gendarmerie is strengthening the presence of security forces in each state to protect the productive sectors of the economy. Also, a safety task force was formed between the authorities of the Federal Police and the mining companies. At the head of this effort is the Gendarmerie Division, in coordination with the Investigation Division and the Territorial Deployment Commission. The aim is to use the available federal police force in four areas: on-site presence, intelligence, information sharing and communication channels. On the issue of the legal system, the 2013-2018 Mining Development Program seeks to modernize institutional regulations for the sector and improve the paperwork processes related to mining concessions. In this regard, there have been efforts to launch a simplification of procedures, and improve their attention based on strengthening and improving the digital infrastructure of the Information and Mining Administration System (SIAM). These activities include work focused on the comprehensive petitiveness, while ensuring certainty and investment security. Despite global market conditions for minerals, mining investment in the country has maintained its vitality. In 2014 almost 5 billion dollars were invested, and Camimex estimates that this year investment will reach 5.4 billion dollars. That is, between 2013 and 2015, the mining industry will have invested about 17 billion dollars in our country. Additionally, the sector is characterized as a big exporter and, consequently, has a positive trade balance. Trade of mining-metallurgical products achieved a surplus of over 8.4 billion dollars in 2014. Mexican mining has recovered its position in the world’s most important investment capital market, the Toronto Stock Exchange. After a momentary dip, as a result of a certain level of uncertainty among investors, Mexico was repositioned as the principal destination in Latin America of capital flows into the mining sector, funded through that market. In 2014 total investment for mining projects in Mexico reached 1.1 billion dollars, surpassing the figure for 2013 and even 2012. The total number of projects financed in 2014 were 166, compared with 76 in Peru, 52 in Chile, and 45 in Argentina, to mention the main ones. It is true that the sector has several pending tasks in order to overcome its challenges, but by working together, through dialogue and mutual respect, they will gradually and progressively be resolved. N Guyana Source: INEGI. Brazil Copper, 19.5 Colombia Silver, 20.1 Fluorite, 1.0 Salt, 1.2 Molybdenum, 1.7 Lead, 2.7 Coal, 2.8 Coke, 4.8 Iron, 5.1 Zinc, 6.5 Argentina Others, 34.6 Chile Gold, 29.4 Peru (January-March 2015-Percentage Share) review and updating of digitized processes and mapping, strengthening information consultation processes on SIAM’s website (including Digital Mining Cartography), filtering migration processes and diagnostics, and validating the quality of the information available to users. Similarly, protected areas are also part of a general policy for boosting sustainable, environmentally-friendly development. This implies a harmonious development that meets the needs of economic growth, social development, respect and care for nature, and involves establishing clear rules that provide certainty to productive activities, in general, and to the companies investing in the mining sector, in particular. The General Coordination of Mines of the Ministry of Economy, in a combined effort with the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (Semarnat) and the Mining Chamber of Mexico (Camimex), is pushing for a necessary balance to achieve the comprehensive development this nation requires. These are just some of the areas in which the Mexican government is working to support the mining industry in our territory. The mining sector is a key element of the national economy and a pillar of economic and social development. Therefore, the Mexican government is committed to supporting its expansion and growth within a framework of social and environmental responsibility, to promote and develop the best conditions to strengthen their productivity and com- Mexico Main Products of MiningMetallurgical Production courtesy of mexican geological survey May 2015 May 2015 15 Negocios ProMéxico | Special Report Special Report | Negocios ProMéxico ration and exploitation; and other specific questions regarding the impact of liquids in infrastructure works, for example, are all subjects for the SGM. Hence, it is crucial to know the characteristics of exploitation and hydrogeological conditions of the aquifers. It is a constant challenge for this agency to update knowledge of groundwater in the different national geo-hydrological basins, and anticipate its evolution in the short and medium terms. The types of studies conducted by the SGM are: Gold Spots in Mexico 1.Hydrogeological surveys: determination of the presence of groundwater, including depth and direction of flow. 2. Hydrogeological assessment: quantification of available water in the aquifer. 3. Hydrogeological modeling: predicting the performance of the aquifer system. 4.Hydro-geochemical characterization (quality): effects of current and potential sources of groundwater contamination. The experience accumulated over seven decades is reflected in the development of the Digital Information System. and needs expressed by small and medium mining companies, as well as social sector miners. With a national commitment to the preservation of the environment, the institution conducts studies of assessment and mitigation of geological risk phenomena to protect the environment of the population. The SGM fosters a culture of information, education and awareness of geological hazards, by disseminating and promoting interest in geoscience to encourage more young people to study the different branches of geology. And among geoscience professionals, it encourages research and development of new technologies. The institution contributes with territorial planning of new urban areas and natural risk management in urban developments, while avoiding irregular settlements. The SGM performs collaboration agreements and contracts for studies of Ecological Zoning (OTS) and Environmental Impact Statements, as well as an Atlas of Natural Hazards and Risks. The agency implemented the Gas Associated to Carbon (GAC) project, which aims to assess the gas potential of the country. To do this, it considers the geological features that delineate areas in the various sedimentary basins with potential for containing commercial gas deposits and, subsequently, tender areas represent- ing an interest for prospecting and/or exploring this energy source. The experience accumulated over seven decades is reflected in the development of the Digital Information System. This valuable tool provides data in a quick, timely and reliable manner to support planning activities and the development of mapping projects, more detailed geological and scientific studies, and any other project related to the earth sciences. Information and cartography products generated by the SGM can be obtained from the Earth Sciences Documentation Center, located in Mexico City, as well as from any of its seven regional offices. N www.sgm.gob.mx Hydrogeology and digital geoscience Hydrogeological studies include the evaluation of the climatic conditions of a region, the rainfall regime, water chemistry and physical characteristics of rock masses, such as permeability, porosity, fracturing, chemical composition and geological and geotectonic features. Geological materials that condition the presence, distribution and flow of water in the subsoil; the relationship of groundwater with the geological environment; the laws governing water circulation; the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater and its evolution, explo- 16 May 2015 May 2015 17 Negocios ProMéxico | Figures Figures | Negocios ProMéxico Mexican Mining Sector Main MARKETS FOR Mexican mining exports Mexico has a wide variety of geological terrains able to develop mining projects related to the geological evolution. 52% 12% 3% 5% 7% 3% 2% 3% 1% 1% Mexico’s Mining Potential The Mexican territory shows well defined mineralized belts and metallogenic provinces of gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, molybdenum, iron, and others. 70% of the country contains has been explored The Mexican territory occupies 1,964,000 km2, of which 70% has geological suitability for development of mining projects because of a favorable geological structure and evolution. ,M u o, A C P Million Dollars 2008 12,450 2009 Mining metallurgical employment Investment in mining sector Workers Year Million Dollars 10,241 2008 273,034 2008 3,656 2010 15,606 2009 269,501 2009 2,858 Gold, Silver, Copper (Au, Ag, Cu) 2011 22,635 2010 283,800 2010 3,316 Massive Sulfides: Gold, Silver, Zinc, Copper, Lead (Au, Ag, Zn, Cu, Pb) 2012 22,720 2011 309,722 2011 5,612 Strontium (Sr) 2013 18,480 2012 328,555 2012 8,043 2014 17,053 2013 332,501 2013 6,576 2014 340,817 2014e 4,948 2015-Apr 351,386 2015e 5,458 Cu F Fe Year Year Fluor (F) Cu, Mo, Au Employment and Investment Mexican mining metallurgical exports mining geological features, only 27% of the national territory Manganese (Mn) Zn b, , Cu o, M u A Iron (Fe) Sr ,P Ag Copper, Molybdenum, Gold (Cu, Mo, Au) Oil & Gas ,C u Zinc, Lead, Silver, Copper (Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu) F Phospates (P) Coal (C) Au, Ag, Cu Mn Au ,A g, Z n, C Source: Ministry of Economy. Estimated data. Source:IMSS and CAMIMEX. Sonora 35.3% u, P b Main mining producer states Chihuahua 11.3% Au, Ag, Cu (% of production value) Fe Coahuila 4.7% Mexican mine production by mineral 1st 2nd COPPER 19.5% at es Co el 2 .8 al 3.6 2.8 % % Le % ad M 2.7 ol % D. ibd en S Li ton um m es 1 Sa e 1. 1.6 .7% 5 Fl lt 1 % % uo .2 Ca rit % e l So cite 1.1 d % Si ium 1.0% lic S Su a 0 ul lfu .5 fat r % e0 0. .5% Ot 5% he rs 4% % eg gr av 3.9 ea Gr nd on St 5% % Sa 6. 5.1 nc n Zi Iro Clúster Minero de Sonora Clúster Minero de Chihuahua Clúster Minero-Petrolero de Coahuila Zacatecas 18.8% GOLD 29.4% 18 Mining Clusters Durango 7.9% SILVER 20.1% e/ Estimated data. Source:IMSS and CAMIMEX. SLP 4.8% Silver Bismuth, Fluorite 3rd 4th Clúster Minero de Zacatecas Celestite, Wollastonite Cadmium Edo. de Méx. 2.8% Molybdenum, Lead World 5 Zinc 6th rank of th Salt, Diatomite 7 Mexican Barite, Graphite, Gold, Gypsum 8th mine production Copper 10th th May 2015 Guerrero 3.5% May 2015 19 Negocios ProMéxico | Figures Figures | Negocios ProMéxico EXPLORATION OPPORTUNITIES IN MEXICO PRINCIPAL GOLD PRODUCTION MINES IN MEXICO Historically, Mexico is an important producer of minerals and raw materials. One of the government’s policies in regard to mining is to provide reliable information for improving mineral resources exploration, and generating new development sites. The Mexican Geological Survey adds value to the generated information. Servicio Geológico Mexicano (the Mexican Geological Service) offers the following services for mining exploration. La Herradura Noche Buena El Chanate San Francisco Cerro Prieto El Picacho Santa Elena Dolores Mulatos La India Ocampo Concheño Soledad/Dipolos Cerro Colorado Las Mercedes Cusihuiriachi (Cusi) El Sauzal Santa Bárbara La Colorada Guanaceví Pilar • Geological reconnaissance • Mineral deposits evaluation • Municipality resources inventory • Resources certification • Mining districts evaluation • Experimental centers (labs) • Environmental impact statements El Ombligo El Castillo Velardeña Peñasquito Mercedes Palmarejo Tayahua Álamo Dorado Cieneguita Noche Buena Saucito El Rosario Cerro San Pedro Guanajuato El Gallo Ciénega & San Ramón Nuestra Señora El Herrero San Dimas El Cubo & Las Torres Tayoltita San Martín Avino-Zaragoza La Trinidad Del Toro (Chalchihuites) La Colorada CARTOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICALLY REFERENCED INFORMATION 1:50,000 scale geological-mining maps are essential for identifying exploration targets which, eventually, may become investment options. This activity provides highly valuable information for investors in the mining sector, by improving project evaluation and reducing exploration costs, the most important pre-operating expenses of a mine. SGM makes all geological information available through an easy, comprehensive and systematic query system based on geological maps, lab services, geophysics & geochemistry reports, land tenancy and grants, and many other issues useful for investing decisions: Geoinfomex. Pachuca-Real del Monte La Guitarra Tizapa Capire-Aurora (Mamatla) San Martín de Bolaños San Roberto Bolañitos San Acacio El Porvenir El Águila Campo Morado Los Filos-Bermejal services provided by geoinfomex Nukay San José (Taviche) San José • Geology and Geochemistry • Geophysics • Mining property 100% • Mines • Land ownership “Ejidos” 1:250,000 scale, 1995-2005. 1,960,716 sq. km. 37.9% 1:50,000 scale, 716,274 sq. km. 20 • Satellite images • Infrastructure 52.2% • Natural protected areas Of areas with high geological-mining potential that sum 1,372,500 sq. km. Geoinfomex, a tool able to retrieve information that conclusively backs up business decisions. Only one click away! 80 DIFFERENT LAYERS www.sgm.gob.mx May 2015 May 2015 21 Negocios ProMéxico | Mexico’s Partner photos Mexico’s Partner | Negocios ProMéxico courtesy of agnico eagle Agnico Eagle Growth and continuous improvement After almost sixty years operating in the world and five years in Mexico, the slogan Agnico Eagle goes by is to be a better company, and it pursues growth, not only for its operations but for its employees as well. by agnico eagle Pinos Altos is located in the mountainous region of northern Mexico, 220 kilometers west of Chihuahua. Mexico is known for its rich geology and favorable mining regulations. The Pinos Altos mine has proven and probable reserves (as of December 31, 2014) containing 1.8 million ounces of gold and 46.7 million ounces of silver (18 million tons grading 3.0 g/t gold and 79.6 g/t silver). In addition, the Creston Mascota deposit at the Pinos Altos mine has proven and probable reserves (as of December 31, 2014) containing 0.2 million ounces of gold and 2.5 million ounces of silver (six mil- 22 lion tones grading 1.2 g/t gold and 13.5 g/t silver). Pinos Altos poured its first gold in July 2009 and achieved commercial production in November of that year, while underground mining began in the late spring of 2010. The nearby Creston Mascota satellite operation was built in 2010 as a stand-alone pit and heap leach operation. It poured its first gold in December 2010, and achieved commercial production on March 1, 2011. Pinos Altos is expected to produce 175,000 ounces of gold as well as by-product silver in 2015, and to average 175,000 ounces of gold per year from 2016 to 2017, with a mine life through 2025. The La India mine hosts proven and probable reserves of 0.7 million ounces of gold contained within 24.9 million tons of ore grading 0.9 g/t gold. In addition, Creston Mascota is expected to pour fifty thousand ounces of gold in 2015 and to average 42,500 ounces of gold per year from 2016 and 2017, with an expected mine life to 2018. La India has now achieved its design capacity with annual production rates in 2015 to 2017 expected to be between 90,000 and 95,000 ounces of gold per year. The concept of grown and continuous improvement is deeply rooted in Agnico Eagle Mexico’s operations. Year after year the company has increased production. In 2014 it reached about 290,000 ounces of gold. The goal is to reach between 315,000 and 320,000 ounces of gold by the end of 2015. In 2013, production reached 218,980 ounces of gold and in 2011, its first full year of operations in Mexico, 85,344 ounces of gold were extracted. A sustainable company Agnico Eagle has created more than 1,600 direct and almost 6,000 indirect jobs. Notably, May 2015 over 80% of employees are from the towns that host our mining operations. In 2014, after the acquisition of Cayden Resources, the properties that this company explored in this country are now part of the assets of Agnico Eagle, such as Barqueño, a project that is in the exploration stage. The International Cyanide Management Institute recently announced that the Pinos Altos mine was certified in substantial compliance with the International Cyanide Management Code (or Cyanide Code). In March, the company received the Great Place to Work hallmark for the third consecutive year. It is proud of this distinction because it is awarded based on surveys conducted by a third party that anonymously interviews its collaborators. In May of this year the company also received distinction as a Socially Responsible Company for the seventh consecutive year. Agnico Eagle has received other important certifications, including the Clean Industry distinction awarded by the Federal Attorney’s Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa); May 2015 compliance with the Gender Equality model; the Family Friendly Company distinction by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (STPS); the “Distintivo H” emblem, and “Punto Limpio” (clean point) in the mining camps, among others. Outlook and strong performance Pinos Altos is driven by throughput and higher grades. In the first quarter of 2015, payable gold production totaled 50,106 ounces from the Pinos Altos mill and heap leach pad at a total cash cost per ounce of 357 USD on a by-product basis. Silver production totaled 562,000 ounces in the quarter. In the same quarter, Pinos Altos processed 584,000 tons of ore. The Pinos Altos mill averaged 5,661 tons/day, while approximately 74,300 tons of ore were stacked on the Pinos Altos leach pad. The mine site costs in the quarter were 46 USD per ton. The 106 million Pinos Altos shaft sinking project remains on schedule for completion in 2016. Shaft sinking is ongoing (currently at a depth of approximately 532 meters), and development activities have commenced on level 27. When the shaft is completed, it will allow better matching of the mill capacity with the future mining capacity at Pinos Altos, once the open pit mining operation begins to wind down, as planned over the next several years. Creston Mascota has shown additional ore mined outside of the block model. In the first quarter of 2015, payable gold production totaled 12,448 ounces from the Creston Mascota heap leach pad at a total cash cost per ounce of 444 on a by-product basis. Silver production totaled 32,000 ounces in the quarter. La India - New Record for Quarterly Gold Production Approximately 1,378,500 tons of ore were stacked on the La India leach pad during the first quarter of 2015, compared to approximately 1,018,900 tons stacked in the first quarter of 2014. Payable gold production at La India in the first quarter of 2015 was a record 26,523 ounc- es due to higher than expected grades and tonnage stacked. The total cash costs per ounce on a by-product basis were 418 USD. In the same period, approximately 527,000 tons of ore were stacked on the Creston Mascota leach pad. The mine site costs were 11 per ton. Additional ore was encountered outside the block model, which resulted in more tons at lower grade being stacked. Agnico Eagle continues to evaluate a number of regional satellite opportunities. A six thousand meters in-fill and conversion drill program is underway on the Sinter deposit. The results are scheduled to be incorporated into a scoping study along with metallurgical testing and geotechnical data in order to better understand the development potential of this zone. Geotechnical fieldwork is underway on the Phase 4 leach pad at Creston Mascota. Evaluation of the Bravo satellite zone will continue with a five thousand meters infill and conversion-drilling program expected to commence around mid-2015. There are several other promising zones on the property including the Reyna de Plata and Sinter zones, which are part of the Reyna de Plata Fault. On the west side of this large property is Creston Mascota, and the Cubiro deposit is two kilometers west of Creston Mascota, which remains open to the northwest and at depth. At Pinos Altos and Mascota, approximately 14,000 meters of infill and conversion drilling are planned in 2015 for the Sinter, Bravo and Cubiro satellite deposits. This drilling, along with additional metallurgical testing and geotechnical studies, will be used to further evaluate the potential to develop these zones as satellite deposits to the existing operations. N www.agnicoeagle.com 23 Negocios ProMéxico | Mexico’s Partner photos Mexico’s Partner | Negocios ProMéxico courtesy of torex gold Torex Gold Mining with full responsibility Torex Gold projects in the state of Guerrero are located in the strip known as the Guerrero Gold Belt. The first mine will involve an investment of 800 million dollars. interview with fred stanford, ceo, torex gold, by rodrigo cansino Torex Gold Resources Inc. is a Canadian mining company that operates in the state of Guerrero. The construction of its Limón-Guajes mine has been fully financed between equity and project debt. The company—focused exclusively on mining precious metals—has a clear mission and will not depart from it: it will conclude the construction of the Limón-Guajes mine and then, on the same site, it will have the opportunity to build a second mine: Media Luna. “This will keep us busy for a few years”—says Fred Stanford—. “Then we will be in a better position to diversify.” 24 Typically, the average time between the discovery of a new deposit and the production phase is 18 years. The site that Torex Gold is working on today will start producing in its sixth year, at the end of 2015, which is pretty quick in terms of mining. Torex Gold has been working for the past five years in the zone southeast of the municipality of Cocula, over an area of 29,000 hectares. Their first mine will produce between 300,000 and 450,000 ounces of gold per year during its 10-year mine life. It is worth knowing that Peñasquito in Zacatecas is the largest gold mine in Mexico, with a production of 450,000 ounces in 2014. The second project, Media Luna, is expected to be an underground mine with current mineral resources of 5.8 million ounces of gold equivalent. Both mines total approximately 12 million ounces in mineral resources. “The Guerrero Gold Belt is an excellent place to explore,” says Stanford. The investment will amount to 800 million dollars. “If Media Luna turns out as expected, we could be mining in Mexico for the next 30 or 40 years.” The first mine will begin to produce gold be- fore the end of 2015; by then— according to the company’s estimates—it will be one of the largest mines of its kind in Mexico. For the construction phase, the Canadian company has contracted a workforce of 3,000 people. “Building the mine occupies many workers. Once the construction phase is over, the mine will operate with 500 to 600 people, and we have already begun the hiring process.” Commitment to the community Torex Gold is careful and responsible both to the environ- May 2015 ment and its human capital. El Limón-Guajes is fully permitted and the corresponding operations certifications will be obtained once production begins. For example, the construction phase has met the highest international standards including the Equatorian Principles. While the mine has not yet extracted any metal, in the five years it has been in Guerrero, Torex Gold has done a good job with a focus on environmental preservation. It has installed dry stack filtered tailings (stacking crushed rocks that remain after the minerals have been extracted from the ore.) Under this system, water is extracted from the tailings, all the water is then recycled in the process, thus preventing risk of failure from flooding, spillage or dispersion. The company is also relocating a village with significant improvements to their standards of living. “We improved the quality of the water they drink, which is now treated, built three-bedroom houses, May 2015 schools and two churches and a new road to improve the access to the nearby villages while keeping traffic away from the river and any possible contamination.” “In terms of new technologies being used in this project, we are also using for the first time in Mexico a RopeCon, which constitutes a conveyor belt that generates almost one megawatt of electricity and its installation is less intrusive to the environment because the conveyor is basically suspended from two towers for its operation. This technology is used mainly in Europe and has been recently introduced in the Americas, says Stanford. For the resettlement of the town, Torex Gold invested 30 million dollars. But the company has not only safeguarded the environment. Operations are also safe. From an economic point of view, there is long-term sustainability for employees. construction operations in any way. They have done everything possible to help and keep the community safe. The government has been involved and has ensured that these challenges will not damage future prospects. The situation is difficult, but we have a lot of support, so that helps,” says Stanford. Challenges in Guerrero Guerrero has been in the news in recent months. “The state has its challenges. The government has been extremely helpful and has ensured that these challenges do not affect our Hand in hand with ProMéxico Torex Gold worked closely with ProMéxico before settling in this country. “ProMéxico has been very important,” concludes Stanford. “We have worked with the institution since the company was established here, almost six years ago. It has helped us every step of the way. First, with the team’s base in Toronto, and then, as we move forward, the team in Mexico City has participated as well. We are very grateful for the attention and help we have received from the ProMéxico team.” N www.torexgold.com 25 Negocios ProMéxico | Mexico’s Partner photos Mexico’s Partner | Negocios ProMéxico courtesy of goldcorp Goldcorp A shining future In recent years Mexico has accounted for approximately 30% of the company´s global gold production. interview with michael harvey, regional director of corporate affairs and security, goldcorp latin america, by proméxico Peñasquito, in Zacatecas, is the most important operation in the world for this Canadian mining company, according to its Regional Director of Corporate Affairs and Security in Latin America. Gold, silver, lead, copper and zinc are extracted from this mine that directly employs 7,000 workers. Goldcorp has a portfolio of 12 active mines in the Americas. In Mexico it operates three and is exploring another one. Mexico is one of the leading countries for Goldcorp, representing approximately 30% of its global production in recent years. Goldcorp is targeting the use of the energy reform proposed by President Enrique Peña Nieto, and approved by Congress. Energy is a key input for mining, and the reform will lower costs. “We evaluated the possibilities of producing renewable energy, since the reform will improve the regulatory framework,” says Michael Harvey. Energy reform opens windows of opportunity for mining companies to venture into other areas, such as hydrocarbons and power generation. “Goldcorp —Harvey assures— will continue to focus on gold production, which until now has been extremely profitable, and positions us as the leading producer of gold in terms of market capitalization.” 26 Producing with quality and efficiency Goldcorp aims to produce with quality and efficiency, and thus keep costs under control. It wants to become the best company, but not necessarily the largest. To achieve these goals, high quality projects and programs have been undertaken, in addition to its strategy of engaging and not deviating from their core business, in which they have been very successful. Their efforts have yielded good results. In 2014 Goldcorp grew by 11%, which resulted in between 3 and 3.13 million ounces of gold globally. The company faced several challenges in 2014, including lower prices for precious metals, which impacted production costs. “The industry allowed costs to rise at the same rate as prices, so margins never increased, generating a complex situation for the industry when prices fell,” says Harvey. However, Goldcorp did not remain passive in the face of the situation. The company undertook efficiency programs to focus on higher quality production. And productivity must be accompanied by due care for the staff and the environment. the NASDAQ Sustainability Index; it is a signatory to the Global Compact of the United Nations, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, and the International Cyanide Management Code, and complies with all parameters set by the Gold Conflict-Free Certificate of the World Gold Council. On the NASDAQ award, Chuck Jeannes —President and CEO of Goldcorp— reported to the global press that: “We are proud once again to be recognized as a global leader in our business’s sustainability practices. This list highlights Goldcorp’s commitment to re- Recognition Goldcorp obtained, for the eighth consecutive year, recognition as a socially responsible company, and in 2015 joined May 2015 May 2015 sponsible mining and to creating sustainable value for all our shareholders. We appreciate being formally recognized by external organizations that give us feedback on our programs and thus fulfill the targets set in our worldwide operations.” Furthermore, Goldcorp in Mexico holds environmental certifications issued by the authorities, such as the Federal Bureau of Environmental Protection. The company also received two endorsements for its operation’s clean industry certification. Technology and the use of innovative practices as old as the mining sector itself implies a contradiction. One of the initiatives at Peñasquito was to increase the intensity of the blast to improve mineral fragmentation. “We’ve estimated a favorable impact of 20 million dollars. At Los Filos (another mine located in the southern state of Guerrero) we increased the flow of the shredder thanks to improved maintenance, and we increased its capacity for even greater savings,” says Harvey. Responsibility to the environment Goldcorp is committed to generating sustainable prosperity in the locations it operates, which adopt safe mining practices. The company and its employees are aware of their responsibility with the environment and its surroundings. Therefore, they share the socioeconomic benefits with the shareholders, employers and partners, as well as local communities. Currently, Goldcorp participates in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, and complies with the International Cyanide Management Code. The company was recognized by various bodies to take leadership in publicizing the carbon footprint, energy usage, water consumption, hazardous and non-hazardous waste, the level of employee safety, diversity of the workforce, managerial composition and investment in communities. Goldcorp respects and protects the environment and vulnerable species, as well as areas of high biodiversity, and places that have special social and cultural significance. The company is aware that this vision of its operations will continue to grow and benefit all stakeholders, maintaining a positive balance between mining activities, the community and the environment. Today, the most important goal is safety. With a growing, stable and low-cost production, the company seeks to build on the six pillars that sustain it: the welfare of people, security, alliances, margins, reserves and production. N www.goldcorp.com 27 Negocios ProMéxico | Special Report photos Processes and acquisitions In the mining sector With falling prices of metals in the market and volatility in the exchange rate, mining companies have sharpened their wits to avoid stagnation. by raquel rivas Despite the difficulties that the sector is facing, the outlook for Mexico is favorable. A 2013 report prepared by Metals Economic Group ranks the country as the first destination for investment in mining exploration in Latin America, and the fourth in the world. 28 In order to maintain production, mining companies have chosen to merge. An example of this trend is the American Coeur Mining company, which will receive approval from the Federal Economic Competition Commission of Mexico to finalize the merger with the mining hectares that Paramount Gold & Silver owns in Chihuahua. The transaction is valued at 146 million dollars, and reflects a strategy to offset falling production in the Palmarejo mine, located on an adjoining plot of land. With this operation, the company guarantees its operation in the region for eight more years, in order to produce up to 8 million ounces of silver. Mario Cantú, General Coordinator of the Mining Department at the Ministry of Economy, says that the country’s mining sector is going through a difficult period because of low prices, but has great potential in polymetallic mining and a favorable Special Report | Negocios ProMéxico archive environment for investing. “Mexico has doubled its production capacity of copper and gold, but what is more important is that the cost of operation in different minerals remains competitive,” he said during the Latin American Down Under mining conference held this year in Australia. With an eye toward Mexico About 10% of the transactions that have taken place in the country in the past two and a half years belong to the mining sector. The figures show that Canada is, without doubt, the most active country in this regard. Approximately 65% of mining transactions during this period have involved a Canadian company, according to Pablo Rión y Asociados, a merger and acquisitions consulting firm. After Canada, which has made 43 deals worth an estimated 359.6 billion dollars, comes the USA, with 13 opera- May 2015 tions in Mexico for a total of 115.7 billion dollars. The next three countries on the list are Australia, China and the UK. Despite the difficulties that the sector is facing, the outlook for Mexico is favorable. A 2013 report prepared by Metals Economic Group ranks the country as the first destination for investment in mining exploration in Latin America, and the fourth in the world. For the time being, Australian mining companies have a greater presence in other countries in the region. “Mexico has six Australian companies, while other countries have around 30,” says Cantú. But he stresses that Peña Nieto’s government is interested in attracting more Australian companies in mining services, equipment and technology (METs). The jewels of the crown Of the 84 deals made in the past two and half years, four stand out with a total value of 808.8 billion dollars. First comes Comercializadora de Metales Fresnillo, which bought a 44% stake in the El Bermejal mine, Desarrollos Mineros Fresne, and Proveedora de Equipo y Minera Penmont, for a total of 477 million dollars. Next comes the acquisition of Kupari Holdings in late 2014, by the Canadian company Cobre Del Mayo, for a total of 220 million dollars. With this operation, May 2015 the Canadian firm was able to increase its strategic value, simplify and optimize the allocation of minerals between processes, facilitating improvements in those involving both heap leaching and flotation, while diversifying its operational risk through another process and product. For its part, the American mine Argonaut Gold acquired the San Agustín, Durango, project of Silver Standard Resources, for a sum of 71.8 billion dollars. The project includes 1.6 million ounces of gold and 48 million ounces of silver from 121 tons. In addition, the inferred resource totals 1.06 million ounces of gold and 37 million ounces of silver from 91.2 million tons. Fourth is the acquisition of the Cerro del Gallo project by the Canadian company Primero Mining, for approximately 40 billion dollars. In May 2013 the company first acquired a stake equivalent to 69.2% of the Cerro del Gallo project, from Cerro Resources NL, while the remaining 30.8% belonged to Goldcorp Inc, until December 2013. The land (25,269 hectares) covers a total of 12 adjacent mining concessions, all owned by San Antón de las Minas in the state of Guanajuato. These concessions cover this entire mining district, including mines that were previously used for highgrade mineralization in veins for producing gold and silver. N After Canada, which has made 43 deals worth an estimated 359.6 billion dollars, comes the USA, with 13 operations in Mexico for a total of 115.7 billion dollars. The next three countries on the list are Australia, China and the UK. 29 Negocios ProMéxico | Special Report Special Report | Negocios ProMéxico photo archive A strengthened industry Mining in Mexico is, along with agriculture, the industry that is most involved with communities and municipalities. The activity is present in 24 of the country’s 32 states. Formal mining builds and operates mines and plants of high quality, with a sustainable approach. These clusters have achieved the goal of bringing together suppliers and consumers. The National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) states that Sonora has the highest annual value of mining production per state with 4.2 million dollars, followed by Zacatecas with 3 million, and Chihuahua with 1.8 million. It also indicates that Sonora is the leading producer of gold, copper and molybdenum, while Zacatecas shows a great advantage when it comes to silver, lead and zinc. The annual value of mining production totaled 14.2 billion dollars by the end of 2014, and created over two million direct and indirect jobs, according to the Mining Chamber of Mexico. This agency also reported that during 2013 there were 1,548 active mines and nineteen metallurgical plants, while 1,165 projects were under exploration. Mining clusters boost the industry The Coahuila Mining and Petroleum Cluster Energy reform opened investment opportunities for both Mexican and for- Mexico has recently established mining clusters in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora and Zacatecas. eign enterprises. Companies associated with Clúster Minero-Petrolero de Coahuila, A. C. are preparing to participate in the value chain of the industry in more competitive conditions, in order to reach new markets and access resources for the development of products and services through the various funds available for national suppliers and contractors in the energy industry. “The results of reform can already be perceived,” says Rogelio Montemayor, President of Clúster Minero-Petrolero de Coahuila. Pemex has intensified its investment plans in this state from Rounds Zero and One, and there are investment plans that will result in thousands of new jobs between 2015 and 2018. “As a result of the modernization of the transmission network and distribution of electricity, together with the substitution of fuel oil by natural gas in some power plants, it has been possible to reduce electricity rates for industry and for households,” he says. “In the coming years, with a more competitive energy industry, we will be able to purchase gasoline at lower prices, while electricity rates will also drop as the production of natural gas and oil increase. This will generate a reduction in the cost of supplies for the industry, which in turn will be reflected in better prices of final goods,” explains Montemayor. by raquel rivas with information from interviews with rogelio montemayor, president, clúster minero-petrolero de coahuila, a. c., 30 while the one in Sonora was officially inaugurated on July 10, 2014. Moreover, eight state mining councils operate (in Baja California, Colima, Estado de México, Guerrero, Nayarit, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa and Sonora), who regularly hold sessions based on their statutes. Six other similar councils (in Michoacán, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Querétaro and Campeche) are under development. Under the Mining Development Program, the creation of mining clusters is a priority task in Mexico, as these multi-sector organizations join efforts that bolster the development of the country’s mining industry, serving the requirements of productivity, competitiveness and inclusive development. May 2015 photos Mining in Mexico is, along with agriculture, the industry that is most involved with communities and municipalities. The activity is present in 24 of the country’s 32 states. Mining has become one of the industries that generate most foreign currency for Mexico, after the automotive, electronic and oil sectors. Thanks to the Mining Development Program 2013-2018 introduced by President Enrique Peña Nieto, today states with a major mining presence are developing collaborative strategies with the public and private sectors, directly linking the mining industry in each entity and designing instruments for exploiting the opportunities offered by these synergies. The Mining Cluster of Zacatecas was officially inaugurated on October 23, 2012. Five months later, the one in Chihuahua was formalized in March 2013. One year later, the Oil-Mining Cluster of Coahuila was created, on March 13, 2014, courtesy of clúster minero-petrolero de coahula and jaime andrés cruz russek, president of the chihuahua mining cluster May 2015 31 Negocios ProMéxico | Special Report Clúster Minero-Petrolero de Coahuila can be considered as a two-way bridge: on one side it serves foreign operators interested and involved in Mexico with the certainty that an efficient network and quality information is in place; and on the other side Mexican companies and workers can participate in the industry’s global supply chain. The cluster works according to a methodology which categorizes chain participants as contractors or licensees, operators, service companies and industry suppliers. Of all participating organizations, 40% are already suppliers to the industry and 90% are able to offer a product or service. “Besides, agreements have been signed with service companies like Shell and Weatherford, and we’re looking to establish relationships with British Petroleum and Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex),” adds Montemayor. Formed by a triple propeller, the cluster includes more than forty companies, eleven higher education institutions, three research centers, seventeen municipal governments and the Government of the State of Coahuila. On the other hand, in order to strengthen the structure, the cluster has signed agreements with business organizations like the Mexican Employer’s Confed- eration (Coparmex), the National Chamber of the Transformation Industry (Canacintra), and other institutions like the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI) and the Federal Commission of Regulatory Improvement (Cofemer). Immediate challenges In the cluster, several challenges have been identified to overcome so that the hydrocarbon industry can develop effectively. These challenges relate to gaps in specialized supplies for the sector, skilled human resources, infrastructure, protocols for monitoring and repairing environmental damage, communication strategies with communities, knowledge of legal procedures by property owners, and the generation of innovation and technology. One of the main objectives of enacting energy reform is the increase in oil and gas production that will allow Mexico to supply its domestic market and improve prices of domestic supplies. Thus, through the new opportunities for exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons in areas that will be tendered in Round One and subsequent rounds, production of hydrocarbons will increase thanks to the use of new technologies, because at this time Mexico does not have the necessary courtesy of clúster minero-petrolero de coahula “As a result of the modernization of the transmission network and distribution of electricity, together with the substitution of fuel oil by natural gas in some power plants, it has been possible to reduce electricity rates for industry and for households.” Special Report | Negocios ProMéxico Before the energy reform, the cluster was primarily focused on the requirements of Pemex and the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE). infrastructure to increase either production or oil exports. Transport infrastructure (roads, railways, airports and logistical services), as well as telecommunications networks must also be created and modernized. The supply chain of the sector is experiencing a period of evolution. Before the energy reform, it was primarily focused on the requirements of Pemex and the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE). Now, the companies participating in the chain and those interested in joining need to adapt to worldwide demands and conditions. As they evolve, domestic enterprises will not only provide products and services to operators and contractors in Mexico, but they will be able to meet all the requirements for participating in the global industry. Clúster Minero-Petrolero de Coahuila, through its Committee of Suppliers, is developing projects for companies to better integrate into the industry chain, or to strengthen their presence there, either through agreements with operators, searching for business opportunities, or generating information on the sector, among other options. photos The vital human resource Rogelio Montemayor states that the cluster created a Human Resources Committee to coordinate activities related to training human resources in the field of hydrocarbons for the State of Coahuila. “In this committee a state program, aligned with the national program, was developed, in which strategies and implementing actions were set; including those that promote training of professionals and technicians in the new industry, as well as those that support 32 May 2015 May 2015 the conversion of the existing curricula in engineering degrees, giving priority to innovation and technological development required by this new economic activity.” The Human Resources Committee conducts a process that links them with participating universities and institutions in order to identify the best practices required by the sector, and simultaneously discover Mexican talent in the energy field. “In connection with the development of qualified suppliers,” Montemayor affirms, “we are currently developing a training program with courses and diplomas, to be held in various cities of the state.” An organization like this gives confidence to its members, through transparency and better corporate governance practices. The results, and matters under discussion, are then presented to a board of associates. The formation of a cluster can be an effective tool for regional development, since it helps identify local problems and proposes solutions adjusted to the reality of the region at hand. Besides, the joint efforts implied by the triple propeller can achieve common goals, generating greater bargaining power with governments, and allowing improvement of local suppliers through the promotion of strategic alliances, certifications and high-level networking. Chihuahua Mining Cluster Chihuahua, a state in northern Mexico, stands out as a producer of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc, with total sales of 1.7 billion dollars in 2014. It produced 22,503 kilograms of gold, and occupied the third position in terms of extraction, representing 18.9% of the national total. 33 Negocios ProMéxico | Special Report Special Report | Negocios ProMéxico photos courtesy of chihuahua mining cluster With respect to silver, the state extracted over one million kilograms, equivalent to 17.4% of the national total. Copper production totaled 16,430 tons; lead, 59,844 tons; and zinc, 137,596 tons. The mining sector in Chihuahua directly employs 18,000 people, and has created around 91,000 indirect jobs. Its main export destinations are Canada, the USA and China. 34 Services and alliances The Chihuahua Mining Cluster consists of 100 companies, including service providers and suppliers. Fifteen of the 16 mega mines in the state are part of this group. The cluster has 11 major mining companies, of which four are Mexican (Frisco, Grupo México, Peñoles and Rio Tinto). The rest are Canadian and USA investments (Goldcorp, Agnico Eagle, Coeur Mining, GoGold Resources, Sierra Metals, Mag Silver and Panamerican Silver). Input suppliers range from small companies that provide catering for mining camps, to highly specialized companies in technology development. “To this we must add the support of service providers (legal, accounting, tax, environmental, ecological and marketing consultants, among others),” says Jaime Andrés Cruz Russek, President of the Chihuahua Mining Cluster. In order to support its members, the Chihuahua Mining Cluster—headed by leaders of the mining companies and other entrepreneurs in the state—is in touch with agencies at the three levels of government, academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and business chamber associations. Also, the cluster is in alliance with the state Attorney General to reinforce safety issues pertaining to the mining sector. Efforts have likewise been coordinated with the Federal Labor Delegation so that members of the cluster can adopt a health and safety in the workplace self-management model. With regard to development of quality suppliers, the association has established alliances with both the Chihuahua Center for Competitiveness and La Salle University’s Innovation Park. Other vital synergies have been established with universities and technological institutes, such as the Chihuahua branch of ITESM and the Chihuahua Institute of Technology, which have developed a prototype simulator of journeys inside mines without having to physically go to the sites. Also, the Chihuahua Mining Cluster offers training courses focused on basic safety criteria for mines, and it supports the Seed Museum Center by equipping the Mining Pavillion, allowing children to learn more about the activities and benefits of the mining sector. May 2015 Three major projects In the context of energy reform and the opportunities it represents in terms of cost reduction, the cluster’s authorities have confirmed that they are awaiting new regulations regarding liberalization and development in the electric power market in the next couple of years. For its part, the mining association created a portfolio of mining properties on the market, with the intention of attracting new investment. It also developed the Clumin Mining Necessities Directory, which identifies the supply needs in Chihuahua and pinpoints over 300 areas of opportunity for business development. According to estimates, 4 billion dollars will be invested in Mexican mining activities in 2015; these resources will proceed mainly from domestic capital. Last year the industry was devoted to adjusting and leveling the price of metals. A report by the Chihuahua Mining Cluster warns that “the mining industry will have a more stable 2015, but with less investment than a year ago,” cites Cruz Russek. There are three large mining projects in Chihuahua that will be consolidated during the rest of this year. The first is the San Julián project, with an investment of 520 million dollars that will generate more than 3,000 jobs in its initial phase for the benefit of the regions of Guadalupe and Calvo. May 2015 The Canadian company Cyprium Mining Corporation is developing a second investment project for 4.5 million dollars, to optimize operating processes and double the capacity of its flotation plant in the municipality of Aldama. Finally, Minera del Norte, a subsidiary of Altos Hornos de México, leads a third major project. It will be implemented at “La Negra” mine, in Camargo, where iron is extracted, with a five million dollar investment. During its first phase, the mine will create 100 direct jobs. N www.clumin.org www.clustercoahuila.org.mx 35 Negocios ProMéxico | Figures photos Guest Opinion | Negocios ProMéxico courtesy of cmic Mining Clusters in Mexico World Class Mining Mining Cluster of Sonora Affiliates: Not available Mining in Sonora Data Mining in the state of Sonora in recent years has been the most important in the country. Production levels in metallic minerals such as copper and molybdenum, and non-metallic minerals such as graphite and wollastonite, place it in first place nationwide. Sonora is the only producer of molybdenum, amorphous graphite and wollastonite. Chihuahua Mining Cluster Affiliates: 73 Mining in Chihuahua Data The mining industry uses only 1.2% of available water in the northwestern basin. Authorized land use for mining is 0.015% of the total area of the state. Main extracted metals Gold, silver, aluminum, copper, iron, molybdenum and barite. Main extracted metals Gold, silver, zinc, copper, lead and iron. Major mines in operation Metallic, non-metallic and material banks Major mines in operation Metallic, non-metallic and material banks Mining Cluster of Zacatecas Affiliates: 96 in 172 projects. Mining in Zacatecas Data The mining industry in Zacatecas is one of the most modern in the country, where national and international companies participate. GoldCorp extracted 691,100 ounces of gold in its three mining units, and ranks second in silver mining. Zacatecas is the largest producer of silver in Mexico, contributing 48% of the total national extraction and processing of this metal. Other metals that are extracted from the state are zinc, lead, and copper, among others. Main extracted metals Gold, silver, cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc. By developing new technologies for its own operation, mining is leading by example. Engineers at the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), in conjunction with the General Coordination of Mines, are encouraging this industry to become world class. by marcos gluyas solórzano, executive coordinator of the mining sector at the mexican chamber of the construction industry (cmic) Mining and Petroleum Cluster of Coahuila Affiliates: 44 companies, 11 educational institutions and 3 research centers. Mining in Coahuila Data The Mining and Petroleum Cluster of Coahuila is a civil association that integrates companies from all sectors. 22.6% of the total surface of the state is under concession for mining. Main extracted metals Gold, silver, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, copper, tin, iron, lead and zinc. Major mines in operation Metallic, non-metallic and material banks Major mines in operation Metallic, non-metallic and material banks Source: Cluster Web pages, with Mexican Geological Survey Data 36 17.4% higher than in the same period last year (1.9 billion dollars). May 2015 CMIC’s mission—as well as that of its mining sector division—is to promote and disseminate events associated with mining and construction, while promoting the participation of specialized companies affiliated to the mining sector. The Chamber takes part in conferences and mining boards in order to promote their related institutions, support training, research and innovations applicable to the mining sector. In 2013 a Joint Committee of the Mining Sector was formed. Since then, this committee has promoted the participation of businessmen in the construction sector. Mining leads by example, developing new technologies for its own operation, such as the use of waste water in its processes, as well as the use of seawater. Another step forward in this process will be conducted by a research team from the Department of Process Engineering and Hydraulics at the UAM, who will begin work on lixiviation by thiourea electro-oxidation in a plant. Lixiviation (or leaching) refers to the extraction of solid residue by the action of a liquid solvent; that is, a process in which a liquid solvent passes through pulverized solid material to cause dissolution of one or more soluble components of the material. This process will be conducted at Peñoles Mining facilities, by processing a ton of concentrate by flotation. The method of thiourea leaching is not new, except for the innovation proposed by the Mexican team. In general terms, it involves the use of an electrochemical reactor that will almost entirely take advantage of the thiourea (an organosulfured compound), thanks to its recirculation along the process. If the company—which is subsidizing the study—obtains positive results, a true revolution will occur in the industry, May 2015 because it is a method for obtaining gold without cyanide. Contribution to the mining sector • The mining-metallurgical sector in Mexico contributes 4.9% of GDP. • In May 2013 it generated 337,598 direct jobs and more than 1.6 million indirect jobs, according to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS). • A total of 2.3 billion dollars were allocated to new projects in mining, The mining industry in Mexico and the federal government are promoting an environment friendly sector. To comply with worldwide environmental regulations, the General Coordination of Mines was created. Through the General Directorate of Mining Regulation this instance provides environmental advice to mining licensees, and gives notice of the location of lots in protected natural areas. Grupo Mexico, for example, operates in this fashion. The company’s environmental commitments are to: • Improve the efficiency of recovered water consumption • Improve the energy efficiency of each operating unit • Achieve clean industry certifications • Duplicate the production of nurseries, from two to four million trees, and • Improve fuel efficiency N www.cmic.org 37 Negocios ProMéxico | Guest Opinion photos Guest Opinion | Negocios ProMéxico archive Mexican Mining Law Healthy development for the industry Mexico’s mining vocation is based mainly on the stability and simplicity of the legislation, which has allowed the unhindered development of this industry. by federico kunz, director of kunz abogados, s.c. Mexico has been a mining country throughout its history. Mexican minted silver circulated around the world until the early twentieth century as a widely accepted currency for international transactions. Today, Mexico is one of the main world producers of silver, lead, molybdenum, zinc, copper and gold, and other minerals such as celestite or strontium carbonate, fluorite and sodium sulfate. Because of its history, the degree of development and the geological environment of its territory, the Mexican mining industry stands out among the most important activities in the country, even though the oil and manufacturing (mainly automotive) industries, and tourism, are sectors of the Mexican economy with a greater share of the Gross Domestic Product. 38 Among other competitive advantages, mining in Mexico has four main characteristics, although we will focus on one in particular: 1) Mexico has great geological potential, which is far from being fully evaluated, much less exploited. 2) To speak of mining as an activity with a historic tradition means that in Mexico there is a skilled workforce for mining and several regions of the country that are familiar with this activity. 3) In Mexico there are no laws that limit or hinder the free flow of capital for investing in mining or for repatriation of earnings. 4) The current Mining Law has proved functional, in accordance with the May 2015 country’s reality and industry; simple in its implementation and in support of the legal certainty that all investments require. We can now focus on the Mining Law as such, which establishes the rules for mining concessions; the rights and obligations of licensees, as well as the legal framework for the mining authority. The law has only 61 articles, and its regulations only 108 sections. Before turning to the law in particular, it is relevant to note that in Mexico, following the legal tradition developed in the Spanish Middle Ages, the ownership of the mineral resources corresponds, for practical purposes, to the Mexican State, as before they belonged to the King, and individuals can obtain theses resources through mining concessions granted by the same government, because the owner of the land on the surface does not have the right of ownership over the minerals. The current Mining Law came into effect in 1992 and has had only a few reforms, in 2005, and recently, in 2014. The first reform was to further simplify the operation of mining concessions, and the second was the result of the recent energy reforms in Mexico. This law applies to most of the mineral substances, but does not address oil, gas and radioactive minerals—which have their May 2015 own law—, and also doesn’t include gravel, sand and building materials in general, that do not have specific regulatory laws. The general rule is that mining concessions are granted to the first person who makes the request, if the area is not already occupied by another concession or pending application, and the licensee is required to pay a fee (tax), make investments and exploit the concession to keep it legally in force. Concessions can be obtained by Mexican individuals or corporations, in which there are no restrictions on the nationality of the shareholders; i.e., they must be companies incorporated in Mexico, but up to 100% of the shareholders can be foreign citizens or companies. There is no limit to the surface of each concession. Very large areas can be a part of a concession, provided that the licensee can pay the surface mining rights (tax), and has the resources to invest in the mine. These obligations depend on the number of hectares of the concession itself. There is also no limit to the number of concessions each licensee can obtain. Only their economic capacity to carry out the investments and payments in accordance with the law is considered. Unlike previous mining laws or those that are in effect in other countries, according to the Mexican law the transfer of concessions can be made freely, without In Mexico, following the legal tradition developed in the Spanish Middle Ages, the ownership of the mineral resources corresponds, for practical purposes, to the Mexican State, as before they belonged to the King, and individuals can obtain theses resources through mining concessions granted by the same government, because the owner of the land on the surface does not have the right of ownership over the minerals. 39 Negocios ProMéxico | Besides the fact that the Mexican mining law is simple in its application and has been shown to allow the healthy development of the industry, it is also a law that has been in place for 23 years, with very few changes, allowing licensees to consider long term investments with a stable regulatory framework. 40 photos government authorization, and there are no rules that can limit them. The owner of a concession can sell it or rent it, without further restrictions. The only rule is that the person who buys or rents it must be legally capable of having his own mining concessions. There is also no limitation on production volumes or restrictions on exporting minerals. The marketing of mineral products, whether obtained directly from the mines, or refined metals with over 99% purity grades, is totally free, except for the recent case of iron ore, which is subjected to prior permission for exporting, in order to ensure its legitimate origin. Mexico is a net exporter of products of mineral origin, which means that its marketing platform is totally global; reference prices are always those on the markets of London and New York, with the characteristic variations these transactions have worldwide. Besides the fact that the Mexican mining law is simple in its application and has been shown to allow the healthy development of the industry, it is also a law that has been in place for 23 years, with very few changes, allowing licensees to consider long term investments with a stable regulatory framework. Although 23 years may seem a short term, we should mention that each time a new mining law has been issued in Mexico—in 1975, 1961, 1930, 1926, and 1909—, miners have always respected acquired rights. That is why two of the largest mining companies in Mexico are both over 100 years old, and the next in line are between 80 and 60 years old. The laws have changed, but the mining concessions have remained in force, and today these businesses operate most of the major mines in the country. Like any other industrial activity, mining must comply not only with its own law—the Mining Law—, but also must act in compliance with environmental laws, tax laws in general, regulations on industrial safety, labor legislation and the rest of the legal system that applies to all businesses. In recent years, mining companies operating in Mexico have worked decisively towards the development of sustainable mining, with social responsibility, respecting ecosystems, applying strict standards and establishing strong links with the communities living within the scope of their activities, in accordance with the global trends. N www.kunzabogados.com May 2015 Guest Opinion | Negocios ProMéxico archive Energy reform New opportunities in mining The 2013-2018 Mining Development Program enhances the strengths of the mining industry, while energy reform offers savings in the electricity sector. by rodrigo cansino Mexico is the world leader in silver production and is among the ten largest producers in 19 minerals. According to the Mining Chamber of Mexico’s 2014 annual report, 70% of the national territory has potential for geological development. The mining sector represents the fourth source of foreign currency income, behind the automotive, electrical and electronic, and oil industries, according to the 2013-2018 Mining Development Program (Prodemin). Both the Prodemin—developed by the Ministry of Economy—and the en- ergy reform approved last year, generate expectations of productivity, savings and process efficiency, as well as the inclusion of SMEs in the supply chain, among other benefits. Prodemin actions Different strengths of the sector will be enhanced through the Prodemin, such as Mexico’s strategic geographical location, its skilled workforce, its world-class deposits, and its legal certainty, by applying transparent rules and procedures that will facilitate investment in the sector. An important aspect of the energy reform is that it opens up new business opportunities for the mining industry, including power generation. May 2015 The Prodemin—published in May 2014—is aligned to the objectives set out in the 2013-2018 National Development Plan, and seeks: 1. to promote higher levels of investment and competitiveness in the mining sector; 2. additional financing in the mining sector and its value chain; 3. to encourage the development of small and medium scale mining and “social mining” (i.e., local communities that have mineral resources); and 4. to modernize the institutional regulations of the sector, while improving attention to procedures related to mining concessions, including replying to requests submitted by the private sector. The Prodemin also specifically includes the need to expand domestic markets to participate in the exploration and exploitation of minerals used in the 41 Negocios ProMéxico | Guest Opinion photos Guest Opinion | Negocios ProMéxico archive Fifomi Support for the Mexican mining industry The Mining Trust Fund (Fifomi) has been a major promoter in the development of national mining by funding, training and providing technical assistance to this sector. by fideicomiso de fomento minero (mining trust fund) manufacture of high-tech products, such as titanium, cobalt and antimony, in addition to rare soils, considered to be the mineral of the future. The Mexican mining industry has distinguished itself as one of the most competitive worldwide; from 2011 to 2014, Mexico was ranked as the fifth most attractive country to invest in this sector. In 2014 Mexico only stood behind Canada, Australia, the USA and Chile, according to reports issued by Behre Dolbear, a consulting firm specializing in mining services. The firm clarifies that it is important to consider external factors such as the slowdown in China, among others, that have affected the prices of minerals. Therefore, the Prodemin is intended to serve as a tool for boosting the mining industry in Mexico, given its potential in terms of natural resources. The Mexican states with the most significant mining activities have begun implementing alliances with the private and professional local sectors that are directly related to the industry. The purpose is to create synergies between the different participants to give rise to new business opportunities for development at the local or regional level. The energy reform The impact of energy reform in the mining sector will generate savings between 20% 42 Throughout its history, Mexico has been a mining country, and still is today. Our country has a vast wealth of mineral resources, both in precious and industrial metals, and in non-metallic minerals. Today, Mexico is one of the ten largest producers of silver, bismuth, fluorite, strontium, cadmium, lead and barite, to name a few. Mining contributes 4% of national GDP. Investment in the mining-metallurgic industry amounted to about five billion dollars in 2014. The geological potential of the country, coupled with the dynamics of investment observed in the sector, is indicative of great business opportunities for this industry. The Mexican mining industry has distinguished itself as one of the most competitive worldwide; from 2011 to 2014, Mexico was ranked as the fifth most attractive country to invest in this sector. and 30% in energy costs, according to the Mining Chamber of Mexico. Another important aspect is that it opens new business opportunities for the mining industry, including power generation. Coal mining companies can exploit coalbed gas—since mining concessions are entitled to exploit this gas—, which also brings more safety and better performance to the operation. Mining companies would have an immediate advantage in the exploration and extraction of natural gas, because contracts would be awarded directly and not by competitive bidding. The potential of this business is 7.6 billion dollars. While other energy industries have to wait for permits, dates and deadlines, deposits of shale gas or natural gas in mines can be exploited immediately. The first beneficiaries are the companies that have mining concessions, since the Hydrocarbons Law provides that they will not be required to enter a bidding process in order to win a contract. They will be assigned directly, after receiving permission from the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE). Financing the mining industry in Mexico The graph overleaf shows the evolution of credit extended by commercial and development banks to production in the mining industry (coal and derivatives, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ore, sand, gravel, clay and non-metallic minerals). As noted, there are major opportunities for financial institutions that support The law specifies that this provision only applies to the exploration and extraction of natural gas contained in coal veins. All other hydrocarbon reservoirs must be tendered for. The Hydrocarbons Revenue Act recognizes that if the price of natural gas in the international market falls below five dollars per million BTUs (British Thermal Units), no royalties will be paid, given that the profitability of the projects is very low at this level. There are over a hundred SMEs that have mining concessions in the state of Coahuila, for example, where the Mexican Geological Survey has identified mines with gas, near cities like Piedras Negras and Sabinas. The shale gas market has a value of 3.8 billion dollars and may reach 7.6 billion, according to estimates. As for the demand of this hydrocarbon, an annual growth of 3.6% is estimated, increasing from 6,678 million cubic feet per day (MMcfd) in 2012, to 11,424 MMcfd in 2027, according to a document on the market outlook for LP gas and natural gas for the 20132027 period published by the Ministry of Energy. N May 2015 May 2015 the sector with credit. In this context, the importance of Fifomi stands out. THE MINING Trust Fund The establishment of Fifomi dates back to 1934, when a presidential decree created the Mining Development Commission (Cofomi), predecessor of the current trust. According to the “List of state entities of the federal government subject to the Federal Law on Public Enterprises and its Regulations” (published in the Official Journal of the Federation on August 15, 2014), Fifomi is a state entity classified as a public trust, and is a part of Mexico’s financial system, under the Ministry of Economy. As an entity specialized in the mining sector, it promotes the development of mining by providing financial services, training and technical assistance to create, strengthen and consolidate mining projects and operations in the country. Fifomi has the Ministry of Finance as trustor, Nacional Financiera as trustee, and is regulated by the National Banking and Securities Commission. 43 Negocios ProMéxico | Guest Opinion Guest Opinion | Negocios ProMéxico Portfolio level activity December 2012 December 2014 Level 1 Ore producers Level 2 Providers of services to the mining industry Level 3 Mineral processors Level 4 Consumers, distribuitors and marketers It supports 110 activities related to mining and its value chain. Its spectrum of activity ranges from mineral producers and processors of minerals, to providers of services to the mining industry, consumers, distributors and marketers of minerals. It has fourteen regional offices located in the states with the highest levels of mining, providing guidance on funding, training and technical assistance. It also has two subsidiaries: Exportadora de Sal, S. A. and Baja Bulk Carriers. Fifomi’s strategy is led by the 20132018 National Development Plan (PND) and, in particular, the 2013-2018 Mining Development Program (Prodemin). 44 Prodemin envisages four major strategic objectives: 1) promote investment and competitiveness in the sector; 2) seek an increase in funding, including the entire value chain; 3) encourage the development of small and medium-scale mining as well as social mining; and 4) modernize institutional regulations, by improving attention to paperwork processes. The strategies to meet these goals include facilitating access to credit for companies in the sector and their suppliers; promoting the creation of mining clusters; and supporting the exploration and evaluation of projects. Fifomi’s new approach In keeping with its regulatory framework, from 2013 Fifomi has established long-term goals and metrics for evaluating and comparing its compliance over time. This new approach defined ore producers, companies that provide services to the mining industry, and primary mineral consumers as priority areas. Changes in the rules and flexibility of operation were required as a strategy to fund companies in the first link of the chain (extraction), as well as traders and processors who, in turn, dispersed funds to small mineral producers. Therefore, the trust has taken action to facilitate funding access to companies, mainly small and medium enterprises. Fifomi funds are granted directly to mineral producers and processors, through financial intermediaries and non-financial dispensers, as “second floor” financing, directed towards smaller mining companies integrated into value chains as suppliers and distributors of minerals. Thus, as strategies for the medium and long term, it seeks a stake focusing on priority sectors, as well as an increase in fund- May 2015 ing for producers of minerals, companies that provide services to the mining industry, and primary consumers of minerals. On the other hand, a permanent task of Fifomi is refining the quality of the loan portfolio by making a better selection of customers and a more complete analysis of projects. Likewise, it seeks to maintain a balance in the loan portfolio between financial intermediaries and direct project financing. Refocusing on technical assistance and training As a complement to its lending activity, Fifomi provides technical assistance and training focused on mining operations and its supply chain. In this regard, technical assistance programs and training support focusing on small and medium-sized companies were redesigned. Focusing on technical assistance and training involves identifying the needs of the actors involved in the activities of priority sectors. The training courses that Fifomi promotes and organizes relate to specialized issues in technical and administrative areas for the mining sector and its value chain. Collaboration with universities, organizations, state governments and companies is established to optimize human resources and materials. Fifomi’s new focus on technical assistance seeks primarily to support exploration efforts and obtain direct credits for mineral producers and mining industry services, as well as specialized financial intermediaries. Fifomi’s projection Fifomi has contributed to the task of promoting mining in this country by drawing May 2015 Financing for the Mining Industry FINANCIAMIENTO LA INDUSTRIA (Nominal balances inAmillions ofMINERA pesos) (Saldos nominales en millones de pesos) Commercial Banks Development Banks Period Total Loans to the mining industry Total Loans to the mining industry 2010 2,166,640 4,595 378,395 168 2011 2,506,277 5,000 408,104 133 2012 2,793,721 7,385 465,381 436 2013 3,047,804 5,218 548,992 985 2014 3,366,356 6,694 656,399 1,828 Source: BANXICO. http://banxico.org.mx on the experience and knowledge of the mining sector that the trust has accumulated over eighty years. The institution has managed to maintain its financial viability by diversifying the portfolio between financial intermediaries and direct loans; at the same time it has sought funding sources that increase competitiveness and ensure liquidity for lending, and it has strengthened the quality of its credit analysis in order to select projects that are both economically and socially viable. At Fifomi we are convinced that to achieve long-term objectives, we need to stay on track, thus consolidating the trust as a sound financial and technical assistance institution. N www.fifomi.gob.mx 45 Negocios ProMéxico | Guest Opinion photos Mining Strategic lever for growth in Mexico Last year, mining contributed 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) and invested 4.9 billion dollars. In addition, this industrial sector stood in fourth place as generator of foreign revenue for the country, behind the automotive, electronic and oil industries. by sergio almazán esqueda, general director, mining chamber of mexico From the perspective of the Mining Chamber of Mexico (Camimex), we are a country with a deep mining vocation. This activity is present in 28 of the 32 states of the Republic, and is an engine of development for the country, directly employing 340,000 people. It is a hundred-year-old productive sector that has become one of the strategic levers of growth for Mexico through its financial contribution, bringing social security, jobs, health services, education, housing and better quality of life to communities in regions where few other economic activities are developed. Last year, mining contributed 4% of GDP and invested over 4.9 billion dollars. In addition, this industrial sector stood in fourth place as a generator of foreign revenue for the country, While working in this industry, men and women (who make up 10.3% of the workforce) received ongoing training, which helped raise their professionalism, security and personal growth. 46 Guest Opinion | Negocios ProMéxico courtesy of camimex behind the automotive, electronic and oil industries. The mining sector is an important employer in the country, offering long-term quality jobs, with wages 38% above the national average. In 2014 alone, 8,314 new jobs were created. While working in this industry, men and women—who make up 10.3% of the workforce—received ongoing training, which helped raise their professionalism, security and personal growth. Prices versus taxes No doubt, like the rest of the world, mining in Mexico is not at its best. The collapse of international prices of metals has combined with new taxes for the sector. The application of new mining entitlements, along with the inability to deduct taxes on exploration expenditures in the year they are made, emphasized the contraction of most mining indicators. Due to the strategic importance of mining investment, including exploration as a key May 2015 activity for the sustainability and competitiveness of the sector, it is essential to create better conditions for its healthy development in the country. In 2014, the price of gold fell 10% compared to 2013; silver fell 20%; lead, 2.2%; copper, 6.4%; and iron, 28.5%. Mining companies in the world responded to the unfavorable conditions of the market with a 26% reduction in the non-ferrous metals exploration budget, compared to the previous year, and 53% less than in 2012. Despite these adverse conditions, increased production is expected in 2015 due to the start of new projects, mine consolidation and announced increases in production at major mines. Camimex is aiming to group, coordinate, represent and defend the interests of the mining industry before the different levels of government and other agencies, as well as providing information services, training, management and support to foster their development. Promoting the integral development of the industry demonstrates that the objective of consolidating mining as a responsible and sustainable industry, committed to healthy coexistence with people and the environment while seeking social benefits for the communities where they operate, can be pursued. May 2015 Mining companies operating in Mexico invested seventy million dollars in community development and support during 2014, including support for implementing productive projects in the communities near mining installations, such as in construction and services in general. In fact, mining companies operating in Mexico invested seventy million dollars in community development and support during 2014, including support for implementing productive projects in the communities near mining installations, such as in construction and services in general. They also allocated 75 million dollars to environmental preservation initiatives. The chamber has implemented various measures with members contributing to remain vigilant in terms of security within their operations. It is permanently promoting good practices in the mines to ensure the health and safety of workers. Also, through an agreement with the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Camimex is persuading many mining companies to adhere to the Safe Company Self-Management Program. By the end of 2014, 135 workplaces had been incorporated to the Safety and Health at Work Self-Management Program. To date, 52 centers have received one of three safe company awards. A major consumer of energy The mining sector ranks sixth in terms of energy consumption. In this sense, the energy reform driven by the federal government will allow mining companies to become more competitive as they seek new investment opportunities. While these opportunities crystallize and the international market moderates is volatility, the mining sector is working hard and with determination to contribute to the development and competitiveness of the country, as it has throughout history. The mining sector’s commitment is to continue working for the development of Mexico, being more efficient in its processes and reducing operating costs, while prioritizing the preservation of jobs, the safety and training of its employees, care for the environment and attention to communities. N www.camimex.org.mx 47 Negocios ProMéxico | Figures MINERALS IN MEXICO WHAT ARE THEY FOR? Mexico is among the top ten producers of these minerals in the world, with applications unrecognized by their names, but they are present in many industries and objects we use every day. Mexico’s p g nkin Bismuth Fluorite Wollastonite It has numerous commercial applications, especially in It is mainly used to produce hydrofluoric acid, an essential material for manufacturing It is used in paints and coatings, Mexico’s p th osition in t 5th orld he w ra 4 orld he w ra osition in t ceramics, metallurgy and construction, among other industries. For ceramics, this metal considerably reduces cooking cycle times, thereby saving energy and reducing gaseous emissions. used in large quantities for manufacturing enamels and translucent glass. Mexico’s p In the latter case it stands out as a component for treating colds, allergies and diarrhea. synthetic cryolite, which is used for casting or aluminum electrolytic production. Also, it is g nkin cosmetology, production of pigments, and medicine. g nkin Cadmium Molybdenum It is used in high voltage metal plating applications, certain glass filters, and manufacturing pigments and plastics as a chemical catalyst. It is also used in electroplating (as a coating). It is used in many alloys to produce hardened steel, improving its toughness and resistance to high temperatures. It is also used in building and manufacturing tools and corrosion resistant parts. It is an essential metal in plant nutrition; the lack of this element in soil can reduce the fertility of the land. g nkin Mexico’s p Mexico’s p 8th g nkin orld he w ra 7th osition in t orld he w ra osition in t Diatomite Barite It has multiple applications: in the beer industry, precious metals, wine, and ultramicroscopic separation of solids, among others. It enables greater clarity and flow The main use of barite is in the oil industry, followed by the paint industry, where it is used as an acid resistant pigment. In the automotive industry it replaces asbestos as a friction agent for manufacturing linings for brakes. And, due to its high density, which allows it to absorb radiation, it is the metal of choice for protecting X Ray rooms. reduction in filtered liquids. It is also used as a coating material or filler for plastics, insecticides, fertilizers, bricks, insulating materials, cement and more. 48 3rd nd g nkin Mexico’s p 2 osition in t orld he w ra Mexico’s p osition in t orld he w ra orld he w ra 2nd g nkin osition in t May 2015 The Lifestyle | Negocios ProMéxico The Complete Guide to the Mexican Way of Life The Lifestyle Mining museums From mining deposits to the preservation of memory Several museums dedicated to the world of mining have been established in what used to be authentic mines, and they offer time-traveling visitors a fascinating look at the interior of the earth. by raquel rivas This palace was one of the first buildings designed for teaching engineering and metallurgy, the main economic activity during the colonial period, and one of the main sources of wealth of the Spanish empire. This majestic monument is part of the artistic and cultural heritage of the UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico), and is supervised by its Faculty of En- El Oro Museum This Gold Mining Museum is located in Estado de México. Housed in a small Porfirian house, this museum—built at the entrance to the mine La Providencia—offers a unique view of the history of mining in photos courtesy of mexico tourism board Palacio de Minería (Palace of Mining) Among the Mexican museums devoted to narrating the historical trajectory of mining exploitation in the country, Mexico City’s Palacio de Minería (Palace of mining) is no doubt the most famous. The building was designed and built by the Spanish architect Manuel Tolsá, finest example of neoclassical architecture in the country. gineering. Today, it houses the faculty’s Division of Continuous Education, the Bruno Mascanzoni Information and Documentation Center, the Historical Heritage of the Palace of Mining, the Manuel Tolsá Museum, and several engineers’ trade associations and administrative areas. The building also hosts an annual international book fair. 51 Mining Museums From mining deposits to the preservation of memory By Raquel Rivas 53 Mines and Balls The story of football in Mexico By Óscar Hernández archive By Mexico Tourism Board Mexico is a country rich in diversity. Wherever visitors go, they find different landscapes, customs, cuisines and cultures, such as the mining towns that are part of the nation’s colorful mosaic. 55 photo Mexico’s unique mining towns May 2015 51 The Lifestyle | Negocios ProMéxico Negocios ProMéxico | The Lifestyle Mines and balls The story of football in Mexico This popular sport was introduced to Mexican society by the British who operated the mines in Real del Monte, Hidalgo. In the old days, soccer was played at fancy foreign clubs in Mexico. by óscar hernández archive In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, British citizens who worked in the mines, as well as wealthy British businessmen who lived in the nation’s capital and met at exclusive clubs to The first balls arrived by ship to Veracruz, brought by Spaulding, the house specialized in sporting goods, based in Mexico City. Those first leather balls—provided with inner tubes made from pigs’ bladders—were so hard that if a player hit the ball with his head it would leave a mark on his forehead. 52 El Túnel The Tunnel Mining Museum is located in Durango, and is often described as a great experience that rescues ancient legends of the city center, and illustrates the mining history of the state. Inside the tunnel several tools and means of transport are exhibited, along with miner’s clothes and an extensive collection of minerals. The museum covers 280 square meters where visitors can discover machines, tools and minerals that were donated by companies in the region. The museum has an elevator for the elderly and for disabled people, and offers space for several exhibitions, surveillance systems and state of the art technology. The excitement begins when you begin to descend the steps that lead to the front door. The guides ask visitors to put on fluorescent vests and helmets, like old-time miners, and the journey begins. After looking at old photographs of the Cerro del Mercado and the Ojuela mine, a guide provides relevant information to visitors. The tour also includes information on the first expeditions in Zacatecas and the discovery of the first mines, which led to the foundation of the first mining towns. The mining history of Mexico is divided into four main stages: the colonial era, the nineteenth century, the Porfiriato (the 30 year rule of Porfirio Díaz, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries), and the twentieth century. N May 2015 photo La Dificultad In a similar fashion to La Providencia, the old silver mine of La Dificultad serves as a museum, another witness to the historical heritage of the Mexican mining experience. Located in Real del Monte, Hidalgo, this museum provides information on more than five centuries of mining life at the deposits in Real del Monte, Pachuca, Mineral del Chico, Mineral de la Reforma, Huasca and Sierra de las Navajas. After several years of restoration and conditioning of old facilities and mining equipment—a job undertaken by the Historical Archive and Museum of Mining (AHMM) civil association—this building stands out for its valuable visual and documentary information. It also serves as a testament to the transition between the steam era and the beginning of the age of electricity, since this mine features the most powerful steam engine in the country, from the late nineteenth century, which pumped water out of the Clavo de San Ignacio and other mines in the region. It is machine made in Chemnitz, Germany, with 580 horsepower. The beginnings The first balls arrived by ship to Veracruz, brought by Spaulding, the house specialized in sporting goods, which was based in Mexico City. Those first leather balls— provided with inner tubes made from pigs’ bladders—were so hard that if a player hit the ball with his head it would leave a mark on his forehead. During a visit to the nation’s capital, William Manco Blamey, a miner from the Real del Monte y Pachuca company, after witnessing a primitive attempt at a match by eight enthusiastic students at an English school who were kicking a ball without a definite purpose, decided to visit Spaulding and purchase one of these balls that were archive photos this region through photographs, documents, maps and blueprints, some of them from the late eighteenth century. El Oro was founded in 1772 by the first discoverers of the rich veins of the coveted metal in that area. These fine gold mines were considered the second richest in the world, only comparable to the Transvaal mines in Africa. The mining boom caused a significant population migration towards this area in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when vast deposits of other precious minerals were discovered. La Providencia—which grew to a depth of over three hundred meters at different levels—ceased operations in 1960, but nevertheless remains as an example of the mining boom that pervaded the country at one time. The museum houses 250 different types of minerals and over 200 objects, including photographs, maps and tools. The five permanent exhibition halls, with an area of approximately 500 square meters, are visited by people of all ages. play cricket, gradually introduced the practice of soccer to Mexico, at first with fewer players than needed, and the games lasted seventy minutes. At schools for the children of these families, priests were in charge of teaching the new sport to the kids. May 2015 53 The Lifestyle | Negocios ProMéxico Negocios ProMéxico | The Lifestyle Mexico’s unique mining towns heavy as stones, and return to the mine to play with his peers. But to his surprise, all the balls had already been sold to several schools. So he had to make an order that was filled several months later. The miner returned to Real del Monte and, with great excitement, told his English colleagues that soccer had come to Mexico and announced that he was forming a team. The idea pleased technicians and miners alike, who immediately signed up on Blamey’s list, and months later the balls arrived. The investment amounted to twelve dollars, plus the cost of protective boots for playing soccer. Once they had organized a team, the miners would play ball in their spare time. Saturday nights they practiced, applying the rules of the now popular sport, and devoted their Sundays to playing amongst themselves, or with other miners at El Hiloche Park, in Real del Monte. 54 by mexico tourism board photos archive Mining towns are an important part of Mexico’s history. They were often the scene of social and cultural movements such as the Independence, the Porfiriato*, the Revolution and the Cristiada*. These events, which marked the history of their communities, are also reflected in today’s festivities and customs. It is very rewarding to visit these towns and learn their stories. Real de Catorce This emblematic town in the state of San Luis Potosí is located 2,750 meters above sea level in the Sierra de Catorce (one of the highest peaks in Mexico, exceeding an altitude of 3,100 meters.) This town is a place ish of the Mexico Cricket Club were also forming their team. This was how the first Amateur Soccer League took shape, and the first formal tournament in Mexico was organized. The pioneers Finally, on July 19, 1902 in Mexico City an agreement for the establishment of the Mexican Amateur Soccer League Association was formed. By September, five teams belonged to the league: Pachuca Athletic Club, Reforma Athletic Club, British Club, Mexico Cricket Club, and the Orizaba Athletic Club. The first formal tournament of this league started on October 19, 1902, in the fields that belonged to the Mexico Cricket Club, located in a site on Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City, with a game between the British Club and the Mexico Cricket Club, which ended with a scoreboard of five to one, in favor of the British. As was customary among the British members, during the half-time break distinguished ladies who were cheerleading their teams, offered tea and refreshments to the players on the sidelines. In those days, soccer games were held on Sunday afternoons, and consisted of two periods of 35 minutes each. The main supporters of soccer in Mexico were Percy C. Clifford and Robert J. Blackmoore, who brought the rules of the game and the first regulation balls to Mexico. Alfred Crowle—who played with Pachuca from 1908—also had a major influence in popularizing this sport. Pachuca, the birthplace of soccer In November of 2014, Pachuca was declared an “Intangible Cultural Heritage” and the Birthplace of Mexican Soccer, by the Congress of the State of Hidalgo. The approval of the appointment was based on nineteenth century documents and publications, preserved at the Newspaper and Periodicals Library at UNAM. N May 2015 courtesy of mexico tourism board According to historical records, the first game in Pachuca took place in 1889 in the fields that were next to the railway station, while other sources claim that the match was played in the town of Real del Monte, where most of the mines were located. rich in history and culture. It is said that the original name is “Real de Minas de la Limpia Concepción de Guadalupe de los Álamos de Catorce.” The curious fact is that “catorce” (the number fourteen) represents the total members of a famous band of thieves that assailed travelers on the roads leading to the village. It is also known as a town that long ago overflowed with silver and gold, and was capable of building a tunnel as a show of power: the Ogarrio Tunnel, the main access to the village. Colloquially it is referred to as the town of stone, forged by its mining culture, but also for its Huichol* influence. It is near the most important sacred site for the Huicholes: a desert of 140,000 hectares with photos The first game According to historical records, the first game in Pachuca took place in 1889 in the fields that were next to the railway station, while other sources claim that the match was played in the town of Real del Monte, where most of the mines were located. The second edition of the weekly El Minero de Pachuca, on May 12, 1889, recorded the triumph of the players of “El Rosario”—a mine owned by Richard Rule— over the workers of the “San Cayetano” hacienda in Real del Monte, eight to four. The journal also reported a scuffle after the match between players and some spectators, that ended with several injuries and arrests. Another version states that 120 years ago, British mining technicians founded Mexico’s oldest soccer team: the Pachuca team. In the November 4, 1895 edition of the American newspaper The Mexican Herald, an article reports on the merging of The Pachuca Cricket Club, the Velasco Cricket Club and the Pachuca Soccer Club to form the Pachuca Athletic Club, during a meeting at the Hacienda La Luz, in Pachuca. Meanwhile, in Orizaba, Veracruz, a group of Scottish textile workers organized their own squadron, while the Brit- Mexico is a country rich in diversity. Wherever visitors go, they find different landscapes, customs, cuisines and cultures, such as the mining towns that are part of the nation’s colorful mosaic. May 2015 55 The Lifestyle | Negocios ProMéxico the greatest cactus biodiversity concentration per square meter in the world. Walking through the streets of Real de Catorce, visitors will encounter truly emblematic buildings, including the bullring, built in pink stone; the Guadalupe Chapel, which houses religious murals in its interior; and the Palenque de Gallos (or cock-fight arena), a replica of a Roman amphitheater that currently stages artistic and cultural events. One of the main festivities is held in honor of St. Francis of Assisi, the patron saint of Real de Catorce. It takes place in early October and consists of several stages: first, the statue of the saint is taken down from his altar in the church and placed at the bottom of the Parish of the Immaculate Conception; then, the faithful make a procession with the statue through every corner of the village; finally, on October 4 they sing “Las Mañanitas” Mineral de Pozos This is now one of the favorite destinations in the state of Guanajuato, visited by people from distant lands who are attracted by its squares, alleys and old houses that have been restored by the descendants of miners of the old days. It is known as a ghost town because it has been abandoned twice since its foundation in the eighteenth century, by Spaniards who built the town on the remains of an ancient Chichimeca* settlement. Initially, the inhabitants engaged in agriculture, until gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc and mercury deposits were discovered and the Santa Brígida mine was built and exploited. Mineral de Pozos became an important mining center, which was later abandoned during the Wars of Independence and the Cristero War. Its charm resides in the perfect mix between its mining past and its modern present. Visitors can find old mines and large haciendas, but also modern art galleries and arts & crafts shops, featuring jewelry and dolls dressed in traditional costumes. Boutique hotels have brought a unique touch to the town, since most of them are restored old houses and mansions. Mineral de Pozos is now recognized by two musical festivals: the mariachi festival held in May with the best mariachi groups in the country; and in July the Blues and Toltequidad* Festival, which aims to show the coexistence of blues and pre-Hispanic music. In addition, the sale of old instruments is another major attraction at this festival. Taxco It is the oldest mining center in the Americas, known mainly for its silver mines. It is, in itself, a gem thanks to its characteristic sloping and cobblestoned streets, which often lead to squares where visitors can admire the colonial architecture. This small city, located in northern Guerrero, has several vantage points with stunning views. photos (the Mexican happy birthday song) and celebrate mass, after which the saint is returned to his altar. The occasion coincides with an important fair, visited by people from all over the country. Moreover, Real de Catorce has become the meeting point par excellence for people who like to practice ecotourism, since one of the main activities is to explore the mountains aboard a “willy”, a jeep-style cross-country van. During this tour, visitors witness the semi-desertic landscape of Potosí, and visit the old mines in the region. courtesy of mexico tourism board Negocios ProMéxico | The Lifestyle Silver from Taxco is recognized internationally. No corner in this former mining town is without a shop or a store that sells items made from this precious metal. For its architecture and design, the Temple of Saint Prisca, build in the mideighteenth century, is an iconic point. It was erected over seven years, in less time than the average of the religious temples of the time. It is named after a canonized young woman who defended the name of God during the time of the Romans. The temple was built at the behest of José de la Borda, a man who amassed a great fortune from the mines of Taxco. The design was by the architect Cayetano de Sigüenza, while the interior was majestically decorated with paintings by Miguel Cabrera, from Oaxaca. Nearby, visitors can visit the underground rivers at the Caverns of Cacahuamilpa. Set in a forest area of approximately 2,700 hectares, these mysterious caves are noted for their marvelous formations of stalactites and stalagmites. In October 2009, Taxco was named City of Light by the International Urban Lighting Community. N courtesy of mexico tourism board www.cptm.com.mx photos * Glossary • The Porfiriato refers to the 1876-1910 period governed by Porfirio Díaz. • The Cristiada or War of the Cristeros refers to the 1926-1929 religious conflict in Mexico. • The huicholes are the native peoples from Central Mexico, west of the Sierra Madre mountains. • The chichimecas are the native peoples from Central and Northwestern Mexico. • Toltequidad refers to a movement aimed and recovering and restoring pre-Hispanic traditions and culture in modern Mexico. 56 May 2015 May 2015 57 Negocios ProMéxico Negocios ProMéxico | Para Exportadores Para Para Exportadores Exportadores sectores más importantes de la economía de los atractivos más importantes nacional; las reformas promovidas por este a nivel mundial para la inversión gobierno garantizan el desarrollo sustentable extranjera directa gracias al gran de dichos sectores. Actualmente México es el potencial mineral que guarda nuestro territorio, principal exportador de plata a nivel mun- la tradición minera que caracteriza diversas re- dial, y ocupa algunos de los principales luga- giones de nuestro territorio y la certeza legal que res en la exportación de minerales y metales ofrece, además de las posibilidades de crecimiento de gran valor. y diversificación que abre la reforma energética, que modificó la ley minera vigente. En esta edición repasamos los compromisos de la industria minera con el medio ambiente y foto archivo El sector minero mexicano es uno foto archivo de proméxico Australia en la industria minera mexicana Innovaciones que revolucionan al sector minero Por Raquel Rivas Al día de hoy –y a lo largo de siglos de pro- sus políticas sostenibles a largo plazo, también fesionalización de su fuerza de trabajo– el sector exploramos la relación México-Australia desde minero es uno de los más sólidos, y sus benefi- la perspectiva minera, los avances tecnológicos Por Rodolfo Esaú Garza De Vega cios han llegado a todos los mexicanos. La mi- para dicho sector, algunas aportaciones cultu- 66 nería ha permitido avances en infraestructura rales de la Camimex y los principales minerales y tecnología, además de estar presente en casi producidos en México explicitando sus princi- todos los sectores y tareas que configuran el en- pales usos. Finalmente ofrecemos un reporte so- tramado de la economía nacional. bre los 125 años de la relación Rusia-México y México ha iniciado un proceso de transformación que facilita el desarrollo de los 68 Breves las oportunidades de comercio con la República Popular China. para exportadores Compromiso sostenible 60 Por Óscar Hernández 65 Rusia y México ¡Bienvenidos a Negocios ProMéxico! 125 años de relaciones diplomáticas La Camimex en la cultura Por Jaime Eduardo Juárez Arias Por Camimex 63 70 Panorama económico de China y su relación bilateral con México 71 58 Mayo 2015 breves DECÍDETE A EXPORTAR. MANUFACTURA QUE NADA TE DETENGA. Inversión de 500 mdp en una fábrica de mezclilla en Coahuila foto archivo La empresa TT Blues Textil, del Grupo Sportswear, invertirá 500 millones de pesos en la construcción de su nueva planta en el municipio de Parras de la Fuente, en Coahuila, la cual generará 500 empleos. La fábrica será la productora de mezclilla más moderna de México, según anunció el gobernador del estado Rubén Moreira Valdez. El presidente de la empresa, Alfredo Marcos Muñoz, explicó que la planta iniciará con una producción de 250,000 metros de mezclilla básica y aumentará a 800,000 metros en un mes, para luego iniciar con el desarrollo y proceso de telas premium. • Te ayudamos a construir una agenda de negocios en el extranjero. • Te facilitamos el acceso a estudios de mercado. • Te contactamos con un representante del sector para guiarte. • Te apoyamos en ubicar los centros de distribución que más convienen a tu producto. Acércate y hagamos equipo. 01800 EXPORTE (397 6783) www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia COMERCIO EXTERIOR COMERCIO EXTERIOR Exportadores se reunirán en Jalisco Durante la XXII edición del Congreso Nacional de Comercio Exterior, con sede en Puerto Vallarta este 2015, se entregará el Galardón Nacional a la Exportación a empresarios mexicanos. El director de comercio exterior del Consejo Nacional Mexicano de Comercio Exterior (Comce), Fernando Ruiz Huarte informó que este año los empresarios podrán ser premiados en doce categorías. El congreso se realizará el 30 de septiembre y el 1 y 2 de octubre próximos. Se espera contar con la presencia de dos mil hombres de negocios, entre 25 y 30 embajadores, y se estima una derrama económica de quince millones de dólares. Fernando Ruiz Huarte informó que para promover las exportaciones en México, los asistentes podrán sostener reuniones de negocios con una decena de compradores de alimentos frescos y enlatados provenientes de Alemania, Asia, Japón, China, Corea del Sur, España, Holanda y EUA. www.comce.org.mx 60 México es el tercer socio comercial más importante para Canadá, después de EUA y China. Las exportaciones mexicanas a Canadá crecieron 14% entre enero y marzo de 2015, al pasar de 1,789 millones de dólares en enero a 2,043 millones de dólares en abril, informó el organismo oficial de estadística de Canadá. Las exportaciones canadienses a México durante el mismo periodo crecieron sólo 0.44%. En tanto, que las exportaciones mexicanas durante abril mostraron un superávit de 1,684 millones de dólares en la balanza comercial con Canadá. El organismo oficial de estadística de Canadá indicó que las principales exportaciones mexicanas a Canadá correspondieron a maquinaria y aparatos mecánicos, grabadoras de sonido y reproductoras, equipo eléctrico y accesorios relacionados con equipo de sonido. Los productos vegetales mexicanos exportados en abril alcanzaron los 124.7 millones, en su mayoría plantas, árboles, bulbos, raíces, flores, aceites comestibles, frutas y cítricos, café, especias, cereales, plantas medicinales y frutas oleaginosas. www.statcan.gc.ca foto archivo foto archivo Canadá recibe 14% más exportaciones de México Mayo 2015 promexico.gob.mx 61 economia.gob.mx foto Para Exportadores | Negocios ProMéxico archivo Rusia y México 125 años de relaciones diplomáticas En el marco de la celebración del 125 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Rusia y México, este 2015 dimos un giro especial a nuestra presencia en el país europeo. El evento “Días de México” –que se llevó a cabo del 1 al 5 de junio en la ciudad de Ekaterimburgo– constó de diversas actividades comerciales y culturales, con el propósito de fortalecer los lazos y promover el entendimiento entre México y la región de Sverdlovsk. por jaime eduardo juárez arias, consejero de proméxico en moscú La agenda de actividades incluyó un foro de negocios organizado en conjunto con la Embajada de México en Rusia y la Cámara de Comercio e Industria de los Urales. El director de la nueva oficina de ProMéxico en Moscú, Jaime Eduardo Juárez Arias, fue el orador principal. Luego de su presentación “¿Cómo hacer negocios en México?”, habló del potencial exportador y de inversión que representa nuestro país para Rusia. Al evento asistieron representantes de más de una decena de empresas mexicanas de los sectores agroalimentario, de bebidas, farmacéutico y de productos del mar, con el fin de conocer las oportunidades que ofrece el mercado ruso y reunirse con potenciales socios de la región. Hoy en día, las relaciones entre ambos países se desarrollan a un ritmo acelerado. Además de que se abren nuevas perspectivas para la cooperación, se fortalece Mayo 2015 el diálogo político y económico entre los respectivos gobiernos. En este año se tiene previsto realizar una reunión de la comisión bilateral mixta y un posible intercambio de visitas de los ministros de relaciones exteriores. El comercio bilateral está ampliándose de manera activa. Prestigiosas empresas mexicanas, como Grupo Gruma y Nemak, comenzaron a construir plantas en Rusia, con una inversión inicial de cincuenta millones de dólares y ochenta millones de dólares, respectivamente. La estructura de la balanza comercial se ha diversificado considerablemente. En la actualidad, las correspondientes autoridades analizan la intro- 63 Negocios ProMéxico | Para Exportadores ducción de herramientas que propicien la posibilidad de exportar productos del mar, lácteos y cárnicos de México a Rusia, además de dar seguimiento a la exportación actual de vehículos ligeros, autopartes, refacciones y bienes con valor agregado. A lo anterior se suman los esfuerzos encaminados a desarrollar el potencial que representa la oferta mexicana de productos agroalimentarios, como hortalizas y frutas frescas, así como alimentos procesados y congelados, junto con bebidas espirituosas como el tequila y el mezcal, que incursionan exitosamente en el mercado ruso. Como resultado de la reforma energética en México, se prevén perspectivas de cooperación rusa en materia de generación de energía. Empresas de ese país, como Gazprom Neft, Rosneft y Za- foto rubezhneft, han mostrado su interés por colaborar con Pemex. Además, en enero de 2014 se firmó un acuerdo de cooperación entre las empresas Lukoil y Pemex. Dicho acuerdo propició –a inicios de 2015– la apertura de la oficina de representación de Lukoil Overseas, subsidiaria de Lukoil en Holanda. Cabe mencionar también que, a principios de 2013, la empresa mexicana Interjet adquirió veinte aviones de la compañía rusa Sukhoi y, posteriormente, complementó su flota con la compra de otros diez jets. En noviembre de 2014 se abrió en Moscú la Oficina de Representación del Consejo de Promoción Turística de México (CPTM). Debido a la situación económica en Rusia, el volumen de turistas de ese país al extranjero disminuyó considerablemente (hasta 50% en determinados destinos). En consecuencia, se han adoptado medidas para reducir los efectos negativos para el turismo de Rusia en México. Ambos países ocupan posiciones similares en programas internacionales de cooperación y comparten la intención de promover el diálogo sobre temas como la eliminación de las armas nucleares, la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada y la participación en la reforma del Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, entre otros temas. Recordemos que Rusia y México son actores globales con presencia en distintos foros y organismos, como el G-20, el Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico (APEC) y el Arreglo de Wassenaar. En lo que va de este año, la relación bilateral se ha caracterizado por una activa participación conjunta. Durante los últimos años se ha trabajado en el fortalecimiento de los lazos de entendimiento y amistad, características invaluables para el buen desarrollo de los dos países tanto en el contexto nacional como en el global. Por todo esto confiamos en que la Oficina de ProMéxico en Moscú será un puente para vincular las respectivas culturas, abrir nuevas oportunidades e impulsar el gran potencial comercial y de inversión que representa México para el mercado ruso. N www.promexico.gob.mx Para Exportadores | Negocios ProMéxico archivo Compromiso sostenible El sector minero está consciente de la importancia de conservar los recursos y minimizar el impacto negativo de sus operaciones. por óscar hernández Las empresas mineras en México han incrementado sus inversiones para optimizar el consumo de agua y energía, dos aspectos críticos en cualquier industria. Para ello, estas empresas desarrollan nuevas tecnologías, promueven la educación ambiental y mantienen una estricta vigilancia para el cumplimiento de la normatividad. Agua Además de que la calidad y cantidad del agua afectan directamente la productividad minera, es indispensable asegurar la disponibilidad, limpieza y seguridad de este recurso para conservar la salud humana y el ambiente de las regiones donde tienen lugar las operaciones. Sector socialmente responsable La industria minera se ha hecho acreedora a diversos reconocimientos: • 39 grupos mineros cuentan con el distintivo de Empresa Socialmente Responsable. • 100 centros de trabajo operan de manera activa para obtener la certificación de Industria Limpia. En 2013 lograron su cometido 79 centros. • 4 grupos mineros forman parte del Índice IPC Sustentable de la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. • 48 centros de trabajo cuentan con algún distintivo en los tres niveles de la certificación de Empresa Segura. • 109 centros de trabajo están incorporados al programa de Autogestión en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo de la STPS. 64 Mayo 2015 Mayo 2015 Las empresas afiliadas a la Cámara Minera de México (Camimex) respetan el derecho humano al agua y, mediante procesos de eficiencia de clase mundial, optimizan el consumo de los recursos hídricos y colaboran para garantizar a las comunidades el acceso al líquido en condiciones seguras. Energía La industria minera mexicana –importante productor a nivel mundial– asume el compromiso de mantenerse a la vanguardia en lo relativo a ahorro de energía y generación de energías limpias para contribuir a frenar el cambio climático. Al respecto, opera conforme a los siguientes objetivos: • Generar riqueza con bajo consumo de carbono • Usar energía de manera eficiente • Ahorrar en electricidad y mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de combustibles • Disminuir significativamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero Sustentabilidad Las empresas afiliadas a la Camimex comparten la voluntad y la responsabilidad de actuar y tomar decisiones conforme a las mejores prácticas en materia de responsabilidad social, lo que implica cumplir con los compromisos éticos, sociales, ambientales y económicos asumidos. Los afiliados a la cámara trabajan con universidades, centros de investigación, organizaciones civiles, gobierno y organismos internacionales para desarrollar, avalar e implementar estrategias de beneficio social y cuidado del medio ambiente en sus operaciones. N 65 foto Exploración de oportunidades Se advierte un creciente interés en el sector minero de México entre las empresas australianas de larga trayectoria y con tecnología y procesos sofisticados para la exploración, detección, explotación y aprovechamiento de recursos mineros. por rodolfo esaú garza de vega, consejero de melbourne, proméxico La relación entre México y Australia se encuentra en uno de sus mejores momentos. Actualmente se analizan áreas de complementariedad que podrían plasmarse en el Acuerdo Transpacífico de Cooperación Económica (TPP, por sus siglas en inglés). Entre inversionistas de todo el mundo no pasa inadvertido el hecho de que México se posiciona como el principal destino latinoamericano y cuarto a escala mundial para invertir en exploración. 66 Para ello, tanto el embajador de Australia en México, Tim George, como su homólogo de México en Australia, Armando Álvarez, han venido desarrollando una intensa agenda de promoción. Entre inversionistas de todo el mundo no pasa inadvertido el hecho de que México se posiciona como el principal destino latinoamericano y cuarto a escala mundial para invertir en exploración. El país es el principal productor y exportador de plata en el mundo, así como el segundo productor de florita y bismuto a nivel global. A nivel de Latinoamérica, además, es el segundo productor de oro y el tercero de cobre. Sólo 25% del territorio nacional ha sido explorado a detalle, por lo que hay grandes oportunidades para desarrollar nuevos proyectos. Y esto es precisamente lo que interesa a las empresas australianas. Por ejemplo, la importante minera australiana Rio Tinto adquirió una participación en el Proyecto Promontorio Copper de Azure Minerals a finales de 2014, la cual opera de manera exitosa y con atractivos planes de crecimiento. En tanto, como complemento de sus aspiraciones en la industria del petróleo y el gas, la empresa BHP-Billiton externó su interés en desarrollar proyectos de cobre a gran escala en México. Mayo 2015 Cabe resaltar que la industria minera de Australia destaca por su amplia experiencia en la preservación del medio ambiente y sus prácticas socialmente responsables en proyectos mineros, lo cual no sólo agiliza la obtención de permisos, sino que involucra de manera activa a las comunidades locales y fomenta programas que protegen el entorno. Sólo 25% del territorio nacional ha sido explorado a detalle, por lo que hay grandes oportunidades para desarrollar nuevos proyectos. Y esto es precisamente lo que interesa a las empresas australianas. courtesy of orex proméxico Australia en la industria minera mexicana Para Exportadores | Negocios ProMéxico archivo Delegaciones de empresas australianas han visitado México para identificar oportunidades en ámbitos tales como procesado de minerales, seguridad en las minas, logística, planificación de minas, manejo ambiental y capacitación técnica. México también ha participado en eventos como Latin America Down Under, donde la Coordinación General de Minería de México y ProMéxico destacaron las ventajas que ofrece México en el sector minero ante inversionistas y representantes de la industria. Asimismo, se espera que diversas compañías australianas participen en la XXI Convención Internacional de Minería, a realizarse en Acapulco del 7 al 10 de octubre de este año. Con el objetivo de fortalecer la relación y agilizar la llegada de más proyectos de inversión de Australia a México, ProMexico abrirá una oficina de representación en Melbourne a partir del próximo mes de julio. N foto Negocios ProMéxico | Para Exportadores www.promexico.gob.mx/es/mx/melbourne Mayo 2015 67 Negocios ProMéxico | Para Exportadores foto Infografía | Negocios ProMéxico archivo Minerales EN MÉXICO ¿PARA QUÉ SIRVEN? Innovaciones que revolucionan México figura entre los diez primeros productores de estos minerales con cuyas aplicaciones no los asociamos por sus nombres, pero que se encuentran en diversas industrias y objetos que utilizamos diariamente. al sector minero Posición de Posición de al undi al undi Posición de nking el ra m Fluorita Wollastonita Tiene numerosas aplicaciones comerciales, especialmente en Se usa principalmente para producir ácido fluorhídrico, material esencial en la fabricación de criolita sintética, la cual se usa Se aplica en pinturas y recubrimientos, cerámica, metalurgia y construcción, entre otras industrias. para la fundición o producción electrolítica de aluminio. Asimismo, se utiliza en grandes cantidades para la producción de esmalte y vidrio translúcido. México en Posición de 4 o 5o al undi Cadmio Molibdeno Se utiliza en el chapado metálico de aplicaciones de alta tensión, en ciertos filtros de vidrio, en la fabricación de pigmentos y plásticos y como catalizador químico. También se emplea en galvanoplastia (como recubrimiento). Se emplea en numerosas aleaciones para producir aceros templados, mejorando su dureza y resistencia a las altas temperaturas. Se utiliza también en la fabricación y construcción de distintas herramientas y piezas que necesitan resistir la corrosión. Es un metal esencial en la nutrición de las plantas; la carencia de este elemento en el suelo puede volver la tierra poco fértil. Posición de 8o al undi al undi Posición de México en nking el ra m nking el ra m 7o Diatomita Barita Tiene múltiples aplicaciones: industria de la cerveza, El principal uso de la barita se encuentra en la industria petrolera, seguida por la industria de la pintura, donde se le emplea como pigmento resistente a los ácidos. En la industria automotriz reemplaza el asbesto como producto friccionante en la fabricación de balatas para frenos. Y, debido a su alta densidad, lo que le permite absorber la radiación, es el metal elegido como protección en los cuartos de rayos X. metales preciosos, vinos y separación de sólidos ultramicroscópicos, entre otras. Posibilita una mayor claridad en el líquido filtrado y un menor flujo. Se utiliza también como material de revestimiento o relleno en plásticos, insecticidas, fertilizantes, ladrillos, aislantes, cementos y muchos productos más. Mayo 2015 En el caso de la cerámica, este metal reduce considerablemente los tiempos del ciclo de cocción, con el consecuente ahorro de energía y la disminución de emisiones gaseosas. México en Posición de En este último caso destaca como componente para tratar gripes, alergias y diarreas. al undi cosmetología, producción de pigmentos y medicina. México en Mayo 2015 3o Bismuto El método de lixiviación se renueva Un equipo de investigadores del Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) propone una revisión del método de lixiviación por tiourea. Con el uso de un reactor electroquímico se puede aprovechar la tiourea casi en su totalidad gracias a su recirculación en el proceso. De resultar esto positivo, habría toda una revolución para la industria, por tratarse de un método sin cianuro para la obtención de oro. 68 2 México en o nking el ra m Procesos con agua de mar Ante la escasez de recursos hídricos, algunas compañías recurren a otras soluciones para sus procesos. Tal es el caso de la empresa chilena Minera Centinela, que sólo utiliza agua de mar sin desalar, la cual es bombeada a través de un acueducto de 145 kilómetros de longitud. A la fecha, la Válvulas inteligentes Victaulic ha desarrollado diversos sistemas de tuberías y tecnologías de unión para la minería. Es el caso de la Serie 725, diseñada para aplicaciones mineras que requieran servicios abrasivos, como el relleno en pasta. Tradicionalmente, los operarios tenían que reinstalar manualmente el sistema de tuberías de relleno en otras áreas de la mina, lo que implicaba largas horas de trabajo y mantenimiento. Con la nueva válvula de desvío Victaulic Serie 725, la necesidad de reposicionar las líneas de relleno de forma manual disminuye en hasta 50%. N 2 México en o nking el ra m Maquinaria autómata El grupo minero Rio Tinto posee una flota de transporte autónoma de 39 unidades que recorren 3.9 millones de kilómetros de extensión que poseen tres de sus minas en Australia. Estas unidades, operadas de manera individual, trabajan acarreando minerales gracias a toda una infraestructura fija que, a su vez, está conectada a sensores. Cierres técnicos responsables La operadora Cerro Negro, en Argentina, cuenta con un plan completo de recuperación ambiental que permite rehabilitar las zonas explotadas y asegurar la renovación de las áreas verdes, además de evitar el proceso de oxidación de la roca, beneficiando en forma directa a las comunidades aledañas. Por medio de máquinas operadas por personal calificado, el suelo se rellena de tal manera que es posible sembrar un bosque con árboles que crecerán de manera natural y sana. México en nking el ra m Gracias a las materias primas que se obtienen del sector minero, el mundo ha visto grandes avances a través de la creación de equipos médicos de última generación, satélites, computadoras y un largo etcétera que nos ha facilitado la adaptación del ser humano a eso que llamamos futuro. Concatenado a estas mejoras, el sector se ha visto obligado a innovar dentro de sus fronteras, logrando así una notable mejoría en sus niveles de operación, al mismo tiempo que garantiza tanto la protección de los recursos naturales como salvaguardar el capital humano. A continuación el lector tendrá algunas de las innovaciones que están revolucionando el mercado en la actualidad. Levantamiento tridimensional La compañía austriaca 3G Software & Measurement desarrolló para Geodata Andina, de Chile, un sistema basado en la técnica de visión por computadora. Esto posibilita la generación de imágenes tridimensionales interactivas desde donde se puede obtener información geométrica para evaluar macizos rocosos. nking el ra m por raquel rivas minera está produciendo concentrado de cobre utilizando únicamente este líquido. al undi Los avances en el sector minero se han dado en ámbitos como la automatización, la biotecnología, la seguridad o las tecnologías de la información. 69 Negocios ProMéxico | Para Exportadores foto Infografía | Negocios ProMéxico archivo Panorama económico de China Camimex y su relación bilateral con México en la cultura Para que los niños conozcan la importancia de la minería y recreen la experiencia de trabajar en este sector, fundamental para el desarrollo de la humanidad, la Cámara Minera de México (Camimex) apoya el montaje de exhibiciones y muestras en diferentes museos del país. por camimex En 2013 fue inaugurado el pabellón recreativo Mina-Camimex en el parque infantil Granja Las Américas. El objetivo es que los niños y jóvenes se familiaricen con las operaciones mineras y su compromiso con el ambiente y con las comunidades que las rodean, así como su contribución económica, social y cultural para México. En 2014, este espacio –cuyo recorrido dura aproximadamente veinte minutos– fue visitado por 131,124 personas, de las cuales 76% correspondieron a niños, a quienes también se obsequiaron veinticinco mil cuadernos de minería. El crecimiento de la economía China continuó durante 2013, pues alcanzó una tasa de crecimiento de 7.7% respecto al año anterior. El Fondo Monetario Internacional estima que este crecimiento se mantendrá en torno al 7.4% en 2014, gracias a la fuerte demanda interna. Sus principales socios comerciales fueron EUA, Hong Kong, Japón, Corea del Sur y Taiwán. Los productos que más importó fueron aceites de petróleo o de material bituminoso, circuitos integrados y microestructuras eléctricas, minerales de hierro y automóviles de turismo. El 60% de las exportaciones mexicanas enviadas a ese país fueron manufacturas, principalmente automóviles de turismo, minerales de cobre, aceites crudos de petróleo, teléfonos y desperdicios y desechos de cobre. En los últimos quince años, México ha captado inversiones chinas por 286 millones de dólares, de las cuales 35% se han concretado en los pasados dos años. Estas inversiones se concentran principalmente en minería (34%), comercio (26%) y manufactura (21%). En 2013, el comercio bilateral de México con China superó los 67,788 millones de dólares (mdd), por lo que el país asiático se colocó como el segundo socio comercial más importante de México (cuarto como comprador, segundo como abastecedor). Oportunidades de Negocios de México con China Oportunidades de exportaciones De acuerdo con la coincidencia entre la oferta exportable mexicana y la demanda de China, existen oportunidades para incrementar las exportaciones de moluscos, pescado congelado y crustáceos. México puede competir bajo las mismas condiciones arancelarias que países europeos, Argentina, Canadá, Ecuador y EUA. Algunos de estos productos son: Productos de mar • Atunes, listados y bonitos • Harina de pescado • Atún entero congelado En febrero de 2015, en el Museo Centro Semilla se inauguró un pabellón dedicado a la contribución de la industria minera en Chihuahua, estado que representa el tercer lugar en producción de oro y plata en el ámbito nacional. La muestra fue montada con la participación de la Camimex, el gobierno del estado y el Clúster Minero de Chihuahua. El principal objetivo es que los niños aprendan sobre la minería y entiendan que el presente y futuro del hombre depende de esta actividad, así como inculcar entre ellos el respeto por la naturaleza y por el trabajo de los mineros. Alimentos procesados. A diferencia de otros sectores, la industria de alimentos procesados en China tiene un tamaño modesto (sólo aporta 1.2% de las exportaciones). China se especializa en productos procesados, aunque tiene un nivel importante de exportaciones de hortalizas y productos marinos. • Cárnicos / Bovino -Los demás despojos comestibles congelados • Cárnicos / Porcino - Pieles de cerdo enteras o en recortes, excepto el cuero precocido en trozos - Carne de animales de la especie porcina, congelada - Piernas, paletas, y sus trozos, sin deshuesar Automotriz. China es el mayor fabricante de vehículos en el ámbito internacional. Debido a lo anterior, diversas empresas comienzan a expandirse para abastecer a nuevos mercados, como son el caso de Brasil y México. Electrodomésticos. En 2013, China figuró como el principal productor de la industria de electrodomésticos en el mundo, en gran medida debido a que la industria electrónica y metalmecánica, necesarias para la fabricación de electrodomésticos, son fuertes en dicho país. La Camimex autorizó una aportación de 750,000 pesos para que, junto con el Papalote Museo del Niño de la ciudad de Monterrey, se iniciaran los trabajos de instalación de una sala especial sobre rocas, minerales y minería del estado de Nuevo León. El proyecto se encuentra actualmente en proceso. 70 Mayo 2015 Empresas de China pueden encontrar en México excelentes oportunidades de inversión en los segmentos fundición, maquinados, die casting, estampados y moldes y troqueles. Mayo 2015 71 Negocios ProMéxico | Infografía BREVES México-China Relación bilateral LUGAR EN ECONOMÍA MUNDIAL TASA DE CRECIMIENTO ANUAL COMERCIO TOTAL CON MÉXICO 2° 7.4% 2° COMPRADOR DE MÉXICO ABASTECEDOR DE MÉXICO POSICIÓN Inversión Extranjera Directa EN MÉXICO 3° 2° 19° Fuente: ProMéxico con información del Fondo Monetario Internacional, Banco de México y Secretaría de Economía PRINCIPALES PRODUCTOS EXPORTADOS POR MÉXICO A CHINA PRINCIPALES PRODUCTOS IMPORTADOS POR MÉXICO DESDE CHINA Automóviles ligeros 27% Teléfonos y aparatos de telecomunicación Minerales de cobre y sus concentrados 17% Partes de radios, televisiones y radares 8% 9% Computadoras y sus unidades 8% Aceites crudos de petróleo 8% 7% Desperdicios y deshechos de cobre 5% Partes de copiadoras, computadoras, impresoras y calculadoras Circuitos integrados y microestructuras eléctricas 4% Partes y accesorios de vehículos Otros 34% Porcentaje de manufacturas 67% 12% Otros 61% Porcentaje de manufacturas 98% INVERSIÓN DE CHINA EN MéXICO (1999 – I Trim. 2015) INVERSIÓN MEXICANA EN CHINA • Inversión: 379.3 mdd • La inversión acumulada (stock) de México en China ascendió a 95 mdd en 2012. • Sectores: Minería (97.3 mdd); comercio (86.4 mdd); industrias manufactureras (76.5 mdd); servicios financieros (50.7 mdd); otros (68.4 mdd). Fuente: ProMéxico 72 Mayo 2015 BREVES