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Población de
investigación
Unidad de análisis
Unidad de
Observación
Tamaño de la
población
Tamaño de la
muestra
Estudiantes postulantes a la universidad nacional del altiplano a
través del CEPRE-UNA – ciclo 2009
Interés profesional y elección de carrera en los postulantes a la
UNAP
Estudiantes postulantes a la UNAP a través de CEPRE-UNAP.
4275 estudiantes inscritos en el registro del CEPRE-UNAP.
492 estudiantes
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Tamaño de la población
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Valor de Z
Valor de P
Error muestral
N
/"
Z
p
E
4275
95,5%
2,00
0,5
0,0425
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Tamaño de la muestra
n
492
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Estratos por áreas
Biomédicas
Ingenierías
Sociales
Total
Población
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1553
1199
1723
4475
21
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Datos
Población
Muestra
Fracción _estrato
4475
492
0,10994413
>_dWbc[dj[& i[ j_[d[ bei i_]k_[dj[i lWbeh[i Z[ ck[ijhW Yehh[ifedZ_[dj[i fWhW YWZW [ijhWje4
Tabla para tres estratos
Afijación
Estratos por áreas Población Fracción de estrato Simple
Proporcional
Biomédicas
1553
0,109944134
164
171
Ingenierías
1199
0,109944134
164
132
Sociales
1723
0,109944134
164
189
Total
4475
492
492
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