Glossary - Echols Middle School

Transcripción

Contents
What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One? . .955
Primary Sources Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .956
Presidents of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .980
Documents of American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . .985
Supreme Court Case Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . .997
Gazetteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1001
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1006
Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1016
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1027
Acknowledgements and Photo Credits . . . . . . .1050
954
An appendix is the additional material you often find at the end of books.
The following information will help you learn how to use the appendix in
The American Journey.
Primary Sources Library
The Primary Sources Library provides additional first-person accounts of historical events.
Primary sources are often narratives by a person
who actually experienced what is being described.
dictionary to find other uses for the term. The
glossary gives a definition of each term as it is used in
the book. The glossary also includes page numbers
telling you where in the textbook the term is used.
Spanish Glossary
Presidents of the United States
The presidents have served as our nation’s leaders.
In this resource you will find information of interest on each of the nation’s presidents, including
their term in office, political affiliation, and their
occupations before they became president.
A Spanish glossary contains everything that an
English glossary does, but it is written in Spanish.
A Spanish glossary is especially important to bilingual students, or those Spanish-speaking students
who are learning the English language.
Index
This is a collection of some of the most important
writings in American history. Each document begins
with an introduction describing the author and placing the selection within its historical context.
An index is an alphabetical listing that includes the
subjects of the book and the page numbers where
those subjects can be found. The index in this book
also lets you know that certain pages contain maps,
graphs, photos, or paintings about the subject.
Supreme Court Case Summaries
Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
The Supreme Court Case Summaries provide
readable discussions of important Supreme Court
cases. The summaries are listed in alphabetical
order and include a summary of the facts of the
case and its impact.
This section lists photo credits and/or literary
credits for the book. You can look at this section to
find out where the publisher obtained the permission to use a photograph or to use excerpts from
other books.
Documents of American History
Gazetteer
A gazetteer (GA • zuh •TIHR) is a geographical
dictionary. It lists some of the largest countries,
cities, and several important geographic features.
Each entry also includes a page number telling
where this place can be found in your textbook.
Find the answers to these questions by using
the Appendix on the following pages.
1. What does ironclad mean?
2. Who was the sixth president of the United States?
Glossary
A glossary is a list of important or difficult terms
found in a textbook. Since words sometimes have
other meanings, you may wish to consult a
3. On what page can I find out about Anne Hutchinson?
4. Where exactly is Roanoke located?
5. What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury
v. Madison?
Appendix Contents
955
Working With
Primary Sources
S
uppose that you have been asked to write
a report on changes in your community
over the past 25 years. Where would you
get the information you need to begin writing?
You would draw upon two types of information—primary sources and secondary sources.
Definitions
Primary sources are often first-person
accounts by someone who actually saw or
lived through what is being described. In other
words, if you see a fire or live through a great
storm and then write about your experiences,
you are creating a primary source. Diaries,
journals, photographs, and eyewitness reports
are examples of primary sources. Secondary
sources are secondhand accounts. For instance,
if your friend experiences the fire or storm and
tells you about it, or if you read about the fire
or storm in the newspaper, and then you write
about it, you are creating a secondary source.
Textbooks, biographies, and histories
are secondary sources.
Checking Your Sources
When you read primary or secondary
sources, you should analyze them to figure out
if they are dependable or reliable. Historians
usually prefer primary sources to secondary
sources, but both can be reliable or unreliable,
depending on the following factors.
Time Span
With primary sources, it is important to consider how long after the event occurred the
primary source was written. Chances are the
longer the time span between the event and
the account, the less reliable the account is. As
time passes, people often forget details and fill
in gaps with events that never took place.
Although we like to think we remember things
exactly as they happened, the fact is we often
remember them as we wanted them to occur.
Reliability
Another factor to consider when evaluating a
primary source is the writer's background and
reliability. First, try to determine how this person
knows about what he or she is writing. How
much does he or she know? Is the writer being
truthful? Is the account convincing?
Opinions
William Clark’s
log book
956
When evaluating a primary source, you should
also decide whether the
account has been influenced by emotion, opinion, or exaggeration.
Writers can have reasons
to distort the truth to suit
their personal purposes. Ask yourself: Why did
the person write the account? Do any key words
or expressions reveal the author’s emotions or
opinions? You may wish to compare the account
with one written by another witness to the event.
If the two accounts differ, ask yourself why they
differ and which is more accurate.
• Reread the document.
Difficult ideas are not always easily understood
on the first reading.
• Use a variety of resources.
Form the habit of using the dictionary, the
encyclopedia, and maps. These resources are
tools to help you discover new ideas and
knowledge and check the validity of sources.
Interpreting Primary Sources
To help you analyze a primary source, use the
following steps:
• Examine the origins of the document.
You need to determine if it is a primary source.
• Find the main ideas.
Read the document and summarize the main
ideas in your own words. These ideas may
be fairly easy to identify in newspapers and
journals, for example, but are much more
difficult to find in poetry.
George Washington’s
compass
Classifying Primary Sources
Primary sources fall into different categories:
Printed publications include books such as
autobiographies. Printed publications also
include newspapers and magazines.
Songs and poems include works that express
the personal thoughts and feelings, or political
or religious beliefs, of the writer, often using
rhyming and rhythmic language.
Visual materials include a wide range of forms:
original paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs, film, and maps.
Oral history collects spoken memories and
personal observations through recorded interviews. By contrast, oral tradition involves
stories that people have passed along by
word of mouth from generation to generation.
Personal records are accounts of events kept by
an individual who is a participant in, or witness
to, these events. Personal records include
diaries, journals, and letters.
Artifacts are objects such as tools or ornaments.
Artifacts present information about a particular
culture or a stage of technological development.
957
For use with Unit 1
Different
Worlds Meet
Until the arrival of Christopher
Columbus, the lifestyle and culture
of Native Americans had endured
for centuries. They told stories,
sang songs, and recited tales that
recounted their past and their close
relationship with the natural world.
These stories and songs survived
through oral tradition. This means
that each generation passed down its
stories and songs to its young people
by word of mouth. As you read, think
about how oral history, folklore, and
tradition connect us to the past.
Reader’s Dictionary
Lakota: a member of the Sioux people of
central and eastern North America
prophecy: a prediction about the future
Black Hills: mountains in the western
Dakotas and northeast Wyoming
elder: a person who is honored for his or
her age and experience
Pinta: one of the three ships under
Columbus’s command during his
first trip to the Americas
White Buffalo
Calf Woman Brings
the First Pipe
Joseph Chasing Horse of
the Lakota people tells the story of
the White Buffalo Calf Woman.
W
e Lakota people have a prophecy about
the white buffalo calf. How that
prophecy originated was that we have
a sacred bundle, a sacred pipe, that was brought
to us about 2,000 years ago by what we know as
the White Buffalo Calf Woman.
The story goes that she appeared to two warriors at that time. These two warriors were out
hunting buffalo . . . in the sacred Black Hills of
South Dakota, and they saw a big body coming
toward them. And they saw that it was a white
buffalo calf. As it came closer to them, it turned
into a beautiful young Indian girl.
[At] that time one of the warriors [had bad
thoughts] and so the young girl told him to step
forward. And when he did step forward, a black
cloud came over his body, and when the black
cloud disappeared, the warrior who had bad
thoughts was left with no flesh or blood on his
bones. The other warrior kneeled and began
to pray.
And when he prayed, the white buffalo calf,
who was now an Indian girl told him to
go back to his people and
warn them that in four
days she was going to
bring a sacred bundle.
So the warrior did as he
was told. He went back
to his people, and
he gathered all the
elders, and all the
Kiowa animal hide calendar
958
leaders, and all
the people in a
circle and told
them what she
had instructed
him to do. And sure
enough, just as she
Astrolabe
said she would, on the
fourth day, she came.
They say a cloud
came down from the
sky, and off of the cloud stepped the white
buffalo calf. As it rolled onto the earth, the
calf stood up and became this beautiful
young woman who was carrying the sacred
bundle in her hand.
As she entered into the circle of the nation,
she sang a sacred song and took the sacred
bundle to the people who were there to take
[it from] her.
. . . And she instructed our people that as
long as we performed these ceremonies we
would always remain caretakers and
guardians of sacred land. She told us that as
long as we took care of it and respected it that
our people would never die and would
always live.
The sacred bundle is known as the White
Buffalo Calf Pipe because it was brought by
the White Buffalo Calf Woman. . . .
When White Buffalo Calf Woman
promised to return again, she made some
prophecies at that time. One of those prophecies was that the birth of a white buffalo calf
would be a sign that it would be near the
time when she would return again to purify
the world. What she meant by that was that
she would bring back [spiritual] harmony. . . .
Columbus Crosses
the Atlantic
Christopher Columbus reached the new world
on October 12, 1492. At sea for over two
months, his sailors worried that they would not
find land before their food and water ran out.
Columbus’s entries in his logs show the mood of
his crew, and their impressions of the natives.
October 11:
he crew of the Pinta spotted some . . .
reeds and some other plants; they also
saw what looked like a small board or
plank. A stick was recovered that looks manmade, perhaps carved with an iron tool . . .
but even these few [things] made the crew
breathe easier; in fact the men have even
become cheerful.
T
October 12:
The islanders came to the ships’ boats,
swimming and bringing us parrots and balls
of cotton thread . . . which they exchanged
for . . . glass beads and hawk bells . . . they
took and gave of what they had very willingly, but it seemed to me that they were
poor in every way. They bore no weapons,
nor were they acquainted with them,
because when I showed them swords they
seized them by the edge and so cut themselves from ignorance.
1. What did the Indian girl tell the Lakota warriors?
2. What prophecy did the White Buffalo Calf Woman make to the people?
3. What does the use of the animal hide tell you about the people who
made the calendar?
4. Why were the members of Columbus’s crew cheerful when they spied
the objects at sea?
959
For use with Unit 2
What is an
American?
Colonial
Settlement
Early America was a nation of people unafraid to experiment. Because
colonists often had to learn new ways
of obtaining food and shelter in a
primitive country, they grew to appreciate ingenuity. Because of the need to
cooperate—for companionship, and
even for survival—they overlooked the
differences in cultures that separated
them in the old country. As you read
these primary source selections, think
about how the necessity to adapt
affected the way the colonists
approached everyday situations.
enlightened: informed
haughty: proud, vain
indigence: poverty
habitation: home
phial: small bottle
blunder: mistake
tolerable: satisfactory
J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur of France
traveled widely in the American colonies and
farmed in New York. His Letters from an American
Farmer was published in 1782.
I
wish I could be acquainted with the feelings
and thoughts which must . . . present themselves to the mind of an enlightened Englishman, when he first lands on the continent. . . . If
he travels through our rural districts he views
not the hostile castle, and the haughty mansion,
contrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable
cabin, where cattle and men help to keep each
other warm, and dwell in meanness, smoke, and
indigence. A pleasing uniformity of decent competence appears throughout our habitations.
The meanest of our log-houses is dry and
comfortable. . . . What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European,
hence that strange mixture of blood,
which you will find in no other country.
I could point out to you a family whose
grandfather was an Englishman,
whose wife was Dutch, and whose
son married a French woman,
and whose present four
sons have now four wives
of different nations. . . .
There is room for everybody in America; has he
particular talent, or industry? He exerts it in order
to produce a livelihood,
and it succeeds. . . .
Butter churn
960
Ben Franklin
Penn’s Colony
We often think of Benjamin Franklin as a
successful diplomat and inventor. In 1750,
Franklin wrote to a friend about an experiment
that did not go as well as he had planned.
In a letter written in 1683, William Penn
describes the growth of his colony.
I
have lately made an experiment in electricity, that I desire never to repeat. Two
nights ago, being about to kill a turkey by
the shock from two large glass jars, containing
as much electrical fire as forty common phials,
I . . . took the whole [charge] through my own
arms and body, by receiving the fire from the
united top wires with one hand, while the
other held a chain connected with the outsides
of both jars. The company present (whose
talking to me, and to one another, I supposed
occasioned my inattention to what I was
about) say, that the flash was very great, and
the crack as loud as a pistol; yet, my senses
being instantly gone, I neither saw the one nor
heard the other. . . . Nothing remains now of
this shock, but a soreness in my breast-bone,
which feels as if it had been bruised. I did not
fall, but suppose I should have been knocked
down, if I had received the stroke in my head.
The whole was over in less than a minute.
You may communicate this to Mr. Bowdoin,
as a caution to him, but do not make it more
public, for I am ashamed to have been guilty
of so notorious a blunder;. . . . I am yours . . .
B. Franklin
P.S. The jars hold six gallons each.
O
ur capital town is advanced to about
150 very tolerable houses for wooden
ones; they are chiefly on both the navigable rivers that bound the ends or sides of
the town. The farmers have got their winter
corn in the ground. I suppose we may be 500
farmers strong. I settle them in villages, dividing 5,000 acres among ten, fifteen, or twenty
families, as their ability is to plant it. . . .
Hornbook from
colonial school
1. How does de Crevecoeur describe the typical home in the colonies
in the late 1700s?
2. What do you think Franklin was trying to learn with his experiment?
3. During what season of the year did Penn write this letter?
How can you tell?
961
For use with Unit 3
Common Sense
Creating
a Nation
In settling North America, the
colonists developed a sense that they
were taking part in the birth of a new
society, where people had the opportunity to better themselves. As you read
these primary source selections, think
about the reasons the colonists began
to find fault with Great Britain. What
words would you use to describe the
American “spirit” that made them
determined to fight for independence?
In Common Sense, written in January 1776,
patriot Thomas Paine called upon the colonists
to break away from Great Britain.
E
very thing that is right begs for separation
from [Great] Britain. The Americans who
have been killed seem to say, ‘TIS TIME TO
PART. England and America are located a great
distance apart. That is itself strong and natural
proof that God never expected one to rule over
the other.
The Bold Americans
sovereign: king or leader
destitute: lacking
procure: gain or obtain
gall: to become sore by rubbing
Broadside ballads—emotionally-charged story poems
printed on a single sheet of paper—were distributed
widely and helped fuel colonists’ passion for freedom.
Come all you bold young Bostonians, come
listen unto me:
I will sing you a song concerning liberty.
Concerning liberty, my boys, the truth I will
unfold,
Of the bold Americans, who scorn to be
controlled.
We’ll honor George, our sovereign, on any
reasonable terms,
But if he don’t grant us liberty, we’ll all lay down
our arms.
But if he will grant us liberty, so plainly
shall you see,
We are the boys that fear no noise!
Success to liberty!
Powderhorn
962
Surviving at
Valley Forge
Below are excerpts from the personal
records of two different people who served
at Valley Forge. The first selection is by
Albigence Waldo, a surgeon who tended
the sick and injured.
kept my feet (while they lasted) from the
frozen ground, although, as I well remember,
the hard edges so galled my ankles, while on
a march, that it was with much difficulty and
pain that I could wear them afterwards; but
the only alternative I had was to endure this
inconvenience or to go barefoot, as hundreds
of my companions had to, till they might be
tracked by their bloods upon the rough
frozen ground.
Immigrant Life
in America
I
am sick—discontented . . . Poor food—
hard lodging—cold weather—fatigue—
nasty cloathes—nasty cookery. . . . I can’t
endure it—Why are we sent here to starve
and freeze? . . .
In this selection, soldier Joseph Plumb
Martin, age 16 at the time, remembers the
hardships on the way to Valley Forge.
T
he army was not only starved but
naked. The greatest part were not only
shirtless and barefoot, but destitute
of all other clothing, especially blankets. I
procured a small piece of rawhide
and made myself a pair of
moccasins, which
Military drum
of the American
Revolution
A German immigrant wrote this
account of his experiences.
B
ut during the voyage there is on board
these ships terrible misery, stench,
fumes, horror, vomiting, many kinds of
sea-sickness, fever . . . all of which comes from
old and sharply salted food and meat, also
from very bad and foul water, so that many
die miserably. . . .
Many parents must sell and trade away
their children like so many head of cattle. . . .
[I]t often happens that such parents and children, after leaving the ship, do not see each
other again for many years, perhaps no more
in all their lives.
1. What is the main point that Thomas Paine makes in the excerpt
from Common Sense?
2. What do the bold Americans scorn?
3. What might have kept the soldiers from leaving Valley Forge, under
such horrible conditions?
963
For use with Unit 4
Washington’s First
Inaugural
The New
Republic
The Constitution established a completely new framework of government
that was meant to be flexible and lasting. Along with the excitement of
starting a new nation came challenges
and growing pains. Many people, both
American-born and foreign-born,
wondered: Can this new kind of government last? As you read these primary source selections, think about
how well the government served the
people as the nation grew.
gallery: outdoor balcony
proclamation: announcement
agitated: upset and nervous
ungainly: awkward, clumsy
plainest manner: in a simple way
discord: disagreement, conflict
rapture: joy
marsh: soft, wet land
corduroy-road: a road made of logs laid
side by side
Pennsylvania Senator William Maclay was
one of the many witnesses to the nation’s first
presidential inauguration.
T
he President was conducted out of the
middle window into the gallery [overlooking Wall Street], and the oath was administered by the Chancellor [the highest judicial
officer in the state of New York]. Notice that the
business done was communicated to the crowd
by proclamation . . . who gave three cheers, and
repeated it on the President’s bowing to them.
As the company returned into the Senate
chamber, the President took the chair and the
Senators and Representatives their seats. He
rose, and all arose also, and [he] addressed them.
This great man was agitated and embarrassed
more than ever he was by the leveled cannon or
pointed musket. He trembled, and several times
could scarce make out to read, though it must be
supposed he had often read it before. . . . When
he came to the words all the world, he made a
flourish with his right hand, which left rather
an ungainly impression. I sincerely, for my part,
wished all set ceremony in the hands of the
dancing-masters, and that this first of men had
read off his address in the plainest manner,
without ever taking his eyes from the paper, for
I felt hurt that he was not first in everything.
Copy of letter written by
President Washington
964
Song of Liberty
On the Road
The following song is one of the hundreds
of anonymous patriotic songs written, printed,
and distributed in little song books during
the early 1800s.
David Stevenson described a journey by stagecoach along a typical route of the time.
The fruits of our country, our flocks and
our fleeces,
What treasures immense, in our mountains
that lie,
While discord is tearing Old Europe to
pieces,
Shall amply the wants of the people
supply;
New roads and canals, on their bosoms
conveying,
Refinement and wealth through our forests
shall roam,
And millions of freemen, with rapture
surveying,
Shall shout out “O Liberty! this is thy home!”
S
ometimes our way lay for miles
through extensive marshes, which we
crossed by corduroy-roads. . . . At others the coach stuck fast in mud, from which
it could be [moved] only by the combined
efforts of the coachman and passengers; at
one place we traveled . . . through a forest
flooded with water, which stood to a height
of several feet. . . . The distance of the route
from Pittsburgh to Erie is 128 miles, which
was accomplished in forty-six hours . . .
although the [stagecoach] by which I traveled carried the mail, and stopped only for
breakfast, dinner and tea, but there was
considerable delay by the coach being once
upset and several times “mired.”
A woman named Elizabeth Smith Geer
wrote about winter travel in her diary:
My children gave out with cold and fatigue
and could not travel, and the boys had to
unhitch the oxen and bring them and carry
the children on to camp. It was so cold and
numb I could not tell by feeling that I had
any feet at all. . . . I have not told you half
we suffered.
Flag flown at
Fort McHenry
during War of
1812
1. What was it about Washington’s public speaking manner that
Maclay criticized?
2. In the song, what does the phrase “treasures immense” mean?
3. How did roads of the early 1800s differ from roads that we
travel on today?
965
For use with Unit 5
Trail of Tears
The Growing
Nation
In the early 1800s, the United
States had a firmly established democracy, but the freedoms it guaranteed
did not extend to everyone. Native
Americans were forced from their
lands, while African Americans were
enslaved—torn from their homelands
and often separated from their families.
As you read these primary source
selections, think about how long these
conditions existed before ideas of
reform began to take hold.
detachment: group or body of people
inclemency: harsh conditions
auction block: site where enslaved people
were bought and sold
piteous: sad, distressed
vociferously: loudly
battery: a grouping of weapons
rent: opened or parted
Map of Georgia in 1826 showing
Cherokee land (left) and seal
of Cherokee Nation (right)
966
Although recognized as a separate nation by several
U.S. treaties, the Cherokee people were forced to
leave their lands because white people wanted it for
farming. Thousands died before they reached Indian
Territory, the present-day state of Oklahoma. This
forced journey came to be called the Trail of Tears.
A newspaper published this account.
O
n Tuesday evening we fell in with a
detachment of the poor Cherokee Indians . . . about eleven hundred Indians—
sixty wagons—six hundred horses, and perhaps
forty pairs of oxen. We found them in the forest
camped for the night by the road side . . . under
a severe fall of rain accompanied by heavy
wind. With their canvas for a shield from the
inclemency of the weather, and the cold wet
ground for a resting place, after the fatigue of
the day, they spent the night . . . many of the
aged Indians were suffering extremely from the
fatigue of the journey, and the ill health consequent upon it . . . several were then quite ill, and
one aged man we were informed was then in
the last struggles of death.
Delicia Patterson
Delicia Patterson provided this look at life
under slavery. She was 92 years old when
she was interviewed.
“Old Judge Miller, don’t you bid for me,
‘cause if you do, I would not live on your
plantation. I will take a knife and cut my
own throat from ear to ear before I would
be owned by you. . . .”
So he stepped back and let someone else
bid for me. . . . So I was sold to a Southern
Englishman named Thomas Steele for fifteen
hundred dollars. . . .
I
was born in Boonville, Missouri, January 2,
1845. Mother had five children but raised
only two of us. I was owned by Charles
Mitchell until I was fifteen years old. They
were fairly nice to all of their slaves. . . .
When I was fifteen years old, I was
brought to the courthouse, put up on the
auction block to be sold. Old Judge Miller
from my county was there. I knew him well
because he was one of the wealthiest slave
owners in the county, and the meanest one.
He was so cruel all the slaves and many
owners hated him because of it. He saw me
on the block for sale, and he knew I was a
good worker. So, when he bid for me, I spoke
right out on the auction block and told him:
Religious Camp
Meeting
The desire for self-improvement was closely
connected to a renewed interest in religion.
By the 1830s, the Second Great Awakening, the
second great period of religious revival in the
United States, was in full swing. The camp
meeting was especially important to isolated
frontier families. One preacher, James Finley,
described a revival meeting:
T
he noise was like the roar of Niagara. . . .
Some of the people were singing, others
praying, some crying for mercy in the
most piteous accents, while others were shouting most vociferously. . . . At one time I saw at
least five hundred swept down in a moment,
as if a battery of a thousand guns had been
opened upon them, and then immediately
followed shrieks and shouts that rent the
very heavens.
Anti-slavery
banner
1. Do you think the writer of the newspaper article feels sympathy
toward the Cherokee?
2. Why did Delicia, the formerly enslaved woman, not want to serve
on Judge Miller’s plantation?
3. What scene is James Finley describing?
967
For use with Unit 6
Civil War and
Reconstruction
The American Civil War, or the
War Between the States, was a major
turning point for the American people.
When the fighting ended, 600,000
Americans had lost their lives, slavery
had been abolished, and most of the
South lay in ruin. Leaders argued over
how to reunite the shattered nation.
And even though slavery had been
abolished, African Americans quickly
discovered that freedom did not mean
equality. As you read these selections,
think about the changes that took place
during this era.
exterminating: destructive
Swing Low, Sweet
Chariot
Spirituals—songs of salvation—provided
the enslaved African Americans who wrote and
sang them with not only a measure of comfort in
bleak times but with a means for communicating
secretly among themselves.
Swing low, sweet chariot,
Coming for to carry me home,
Swing low, sweet chariot,
Coming for to carry me home.
I looked over Jordan and what
did I see
A band of angels coming after me.
If you get there before I do,
Tell all my friends I’m coming too,
bondage: slavery
suffrage: the right to vote
musket: soldier’s rifle
I’m sometimes up and sometimes down,
But still my soul feels heavenly bound,
The Fisk Jubilee
Singers
968
On the Plight of
African Americans
In 1867 Frederick Douglass appealed
eloquently to Congress on behalf of
African Americans.
. . . Yet the Negroes have marvelously survived all the exterminating forces of slavery,
and have emerged at the end of 250 years of
bondage, not [sad and hateful], but cheerful,
hopeful, and forgiving. They now stand
before Congress and the country, not complaining of the past, but simply asking for
a better future.
. . . It is true that a strong plea for equal
suffrage might be addressed to the national
sense of honor. Something, too, might be said
of national gratitude. A nation might well
hesitate before the temptation to betray its
allies. There is something . . . mean, to say
nothing of the cruelty, in placing the loyal
Negroes of the South under the political
power of their rebel masters. . . . We asked
the Negroes to [support] our cause, to be our
friends, to fight for us and against their masters; and now, after they have done all that
we asked them to do . . . it is proposed in
some quarters to turn them over to the political control of the common enemy of the government and of the Negro. . . .
What, then, is the work before Congress? . . .
In a word, it must [allow African Americans to
vote], and by means of the loyal Negroes and
the loyal white men of the South build up a
national party there, and in time bridge the
[gap] between North and South, so that our
country may have a common liberty and a
common civilization. . . .
The Fire of Battle
Union soldier George Sargent served in
the area west of Washington, D.C., throughout
the Shenandoah Valley. He wrote his
impressions of how soldiers react in battle.
C
an you imagine a fellow’s feelings
about that time, to have to face thousands of muskets with a prospect of
having a bullet put through you? If you can,
all right; I can’t describe it. I’ve heard some
say that they were not scared going into a
fight, but I think it’s all nonsense. I don’t
believe there was ever a man who went into
battle but was scared, more or less. Some will
turn pale as a sheet, look wild and ferocious,
some will be so excited that they don’t know
what they are about while others will be as
cool and collected as on other occasions.
1. What does “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot” show about the condition
and faith of the people who sang it?
2. What did Frederick Douglass urge Congress to do?
3. What does George Sargent say happens to all soldiers in battle?
969
For use with Unit 7
Reshaping
the Nation
In the period from the end of the
Civil War to 1900, America grew at
a remarkable rate. The settlement of
the West was filled with tragedy for
Native Americans, adventure for the
settlers, and hardship for just about
everyone. The trend toward large-scale
industrial operations led to the Age of
Big Business. Immigrants from
Europe flocked to America, arriving
with the hope of a better life. However,
the growth of factories and new ways
of working caused problems between
workers and owners.
Sioux ghost
dance shirt
Indian School
reservation: land set aside for Native
Americans
Ah-nen-la-de-ni of the Mohawk people
describes his first experience in school.
abide: follow
kosher: approved by Jewish law
970
A
fter the almost complete freedom of
reservation life the cramped quarters
and the dull routine of the school were
maddening to all us strangers. There were endless
rules for us to study and abide by, and hardest of
all was the rule against speaking to each other in
our own language. We must speak English or
remain silent, and those who knew no English
were forced to be dumb or else break the rules in
secret. This last we did quite frequently, and were
punished, when detected, by being made to stand
in the “public hall” for a long time or to march
about the yard while the other boys were at play.
The Sweat Shop
In factories, people had to work at an
inhumane pace. Following is the account of
a young woman employed in New York City’s
garment industry.
A
t seven o’clock we all sit down to our
machines and the boss brings to each
one the pile of work that he or she is
to finish during the day. . . . This pile is put
down beside the machine and as soon as a
skirt is done it is laid on the other side of the
machine. . . . The machines go like mad all
day, because the faster you work, the more
money you get. Sometimes in my haste I get
Young coal miners in
Kingston, Pennsylvania
my finger caught and the needle goes right
through it. . . . We all have accidents like that.
. . . Sometimes a finger has to come off. . . .
All the time we are working the boss walks
about examining the finished garments and
making us do them over again if they are not
just right. So we have to be careful as well
as swift. . . .
An Emigrant’s Story
In her book The Promised Land, Mary Antin
tells of leaving her native country, Poland, to
come to America when she was 13 years old.
W
hat did they not ask, the eager,
foolish, friendly people? They
wanted to handle the ticket, and
mother must read them what is written on it.
How much did it cost? Was it all paid for?
Were we going to have a foreign passport or
did we intend to steal across the border?
Were we not going to have new dresses to
travel in? Was it sure that we could get
kosher food on the ship?
[After we boarded the train] when the
warning bell rang out, it was drowned in—
fragments of blessings, farewells—“Don’t
forget!”—“Take care of—” “Keep your
tickets—” “Moshele—newspapers!—” “Garlick is best!” “Happy journey!” “God help
you!” “Good-bye!” “Remember—”
1. How does the boy at the Indian school compare life there with the
life on the reservation?
2. Why did the workers in the sweat shop work quickly?
3. What words does Mary Antin use to describe the people of her town
who asked the many questions?
971
For use with Unit 8
Reform,
Expansion,
and War
As city populations grew, living
and working conditions became worse.
The Progressive movement worked to
protect workers and the poor, while
much attention was turned overseas.
During the late 1800s and early
1900s, the United States used the
Monroe Doctrine to oppose European
involvement in Latin America. By
enforcing it in a war with Spain, the
United States became a colonial power.
World War I was a global conflict with
unprecedented casualties. This war
meant the fall of the old-world
empires, and an end to a quieter way
of life. As you read these primary
source selections, think about how the
focus of average citizens changed from
the Civil War to World War I.
Hull House
Social workers established settlement houses in the
slums of the large cities. One of the more famous was
Hull House, founded in Chicago by Jane Addams.
This excerpt explains how settlement houses helped
poor and disadvantaged people living in the city.
W
e early found ourselves spending
many hours in efforts to secure support for deserted women, insurance for
bewildered widows, damages for injured operators, furniture from the clutches of the installment
store. The Settlement is valuable as an information and interpretation bureau. It constantly acts
between the various institutions of the city and
the people for whose benefit these were erected.
The hospitals, county agencies, and State asylums
are often but vague rumors to the people who
need them most. Another function of the Settlement to its neighborhood resembles that of the
big brother whose mere presence on the playground protects the little one from bullies.
bewildered: confused
damages: money
ruefully: regretfully
starboard: the right side of the ship
periscope: a viewing device for submarines
to see above the ocean surface
stern: the rear of the ship
score: twenty
972
Propaganda poster
Aboard the Lusitania
Despite the threat of German submarine attacks,
Theodate Pope, an American, boarded the
Lusitania to sail home from Europe. On May 7,
1915, a torpedo sank the British ship. After
being rescued, Pope wrote this letter.
F
riday morning we came slowly through
fog, blowing our fog horn. It cleared off
about an hour before we went below for
lunch. A young Englishman at our table had
been served with his ice cream, and was waiting for the steward to bring him a spoon to
eat it with. He looked ruefully at it and said
he would hate to have a torpedo get him
before he ate it. We all laughed, and then commented on how slowly we were running. We
thought the engines had stopped.
Mr. Friend [another passenger] and I went
up on deck B on the starboard side and
leaned over the railing, looking at the sea,
which was a marvellous blue and very dazzling in the sunlight. I said, “How could the
officers ever see a periscope there?” The torpedo was on its way to us at that moment, for
we went a short distance farther toward the
stern, . . . when the ship was struck on the
starboard side. The water and timbers flew
past the deck. Mr. Friend struck his fist in his
hand and said, “By Jove! they’ve got us.” The
ship steadied herself a few seconds and then
listed [tilted] heavily to starboard, throwing us
against the wall of a small corridor. . . .
. . . [The] deck suddenly looked very
strange, crowded with people, and I remember
that two women were crying in a pitifully
weak way. An officer was shouting orders to
stop lowering the boats, and we were told to
go down to deck B. We first looked over the
rail and watched a boat filled with men and
women being lowered. The stern was lowered
too quickly and half the boatload were spilled
backwards into the water. We looked at each
other, sickened by the sight. . . .
The United States
and Cuba
Sympathy for Cubans under Spanish rule grew
as newspapers competed with each other in
reporting stories of Spanish atrocities. An editorial in Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World
is a case in point:
H
ow long are the Spaniards to drench
Cuba with the blood and tears of her
people?
. . . How long shall old men and women
and children be murdered by the score, the
innocent victims of Spanish rage against the
patriot armies they cannot conquer?
. . . How long shall the United States sit idle
and indifferent . . . ?
1. According to Jane Addams, what is the role of the settlement house?
2. The Lusitania passengers were aware that Germany had threatened to
attack British ships. From Theodate Pope’s account, do you think they
took the threat seriously?
3. What action do you think the newspaper editorial wants the United
States to take? Explain.
973
For use with Unit 9
Turbulent
Decades
After World War I, Americans
enjoyed a decade of relative prosperity.
The Great Depression ended that. The
terrible economic slump shook the lives
of the rich and made life even harder
for those who were already poor. In the
1940s, international events became the
center of attention, and fighting in
World War II became the nation’s top
priority. As you read these selections,
think about the various ways Americans demonstrated personal courage,
in the good times and in the bad.
soup line: outdoor kitchen set up to distribute free food to needy people
contemptuous: scornful
A fruit seller
974
Standing in the Soup Line
Peggy Terry came from the hills of
Kentucky, but her family spent the hard
years of the Depression in Oklahoma City. She
describes how the family managed to eat
during the tough times.
I
first noticed the difference when we’d come
home from school in the evening. My
mother’d send us to the soup line. . . . If you
happened to be one of the first ones in line, you
didn’t get anything but water that was on top.
So we’d ask the guy that was ladling out the
soup into the buckets—everybody had to bring
their own bucket to get the soup—he’d dip the
greasy, watery stuff off the top. So we’d ask him
to please dip down to get some meat and potatoes from the bottom of the kettle. . . .
Then we’d go across the street. One place had
bread, large loaves of bread. Down the road just
a little piece was a big shed, and they gave milk.
My sister and me would take two buckets each.
And that’s what we lived off for the longest time.
I can remember one time, the only thing in the
house to eat was mustard. My sister and I put so
much mustard on biscuits that we got sick. And
we can’t stand mustard till today. . . .
When they had food to give to people, you’d
get a notice and you’d go down. So Daddy
went down that day and he took my sister and
me. They were giving away potatoes and
things like that. But they had a truck of
oranges parked in the alley. Somebody asked
them who the oranges were for, and they
wouldn’t tell ’em. So they said, well, we’re
gonna take those oranges. And they did. My
dad was one of the ones that got up on the
truck. They called the police, and the police
chased us all away. But we got the oranges.
It’s different today. People are made to feel
ashamed now if they don’t have anything.
Back then, I’m not sure how the rich felt. I
think the rich were as contemptuous of the
poor then as they are now. But among the
people that I knew, we all had an understanding that it wasn’t our fault. It was something
that had happened to the machinery. . . .
I remember it was fun. It was fun going to
the soup line. ‘Cause we all went down the
road, and we laughed and we played. The
only thing we felt is that we were hungry and
we were going to get food. Nobody made us
feel ashamed. There just wasn’t any of that.
On the Home Front
Wartime conservation poster
The U.S. government appealed to civilians
to support the war effort in many ways. This
bulletin was posted in meat markets.
1] THE NEED IS URGENT—War in the Pacific
has greatly reduced our supply of vegetable fats from the Far East. It is necessary to find substitutes for them. Fat
makes glycerine. And glycerine makes
explosives for us and our Allies—explosives to down Axis planes, stop their
tanks, and sink their ships. We need millions of pounds of glycerine and you
housewives can help supply it.
2] DON’T throw away a single drop of used
cooking fat, bacon fat, meat drippings, fry
fats—every kind you use. After you’ve
got all the cooking good from them, pour
them through a kitchen strainer into a
clean, wide-mouthed can. Keep it in a cool
dark place. . . .
3] TAKE THEM to your meat dealer when
you’ve saved a pound or more. He is
cooperating patriotically. He will pay you
for your waste fats and get them started
on their way to war industries. . . .
1. What does Peggy Terry mean when she says that the hard times
were due to “something that had happened to the machinery”?
2. For what purpose did the government ask people to save their
cooking fats and meat drippings?
975
For use with Unit 10
Fallout Fears
Turning Points
During the Cold War era, the
world lingered on the edge of nuclear
disaster as the superpowers—the
United States and the Soviet Union—
both tried to extend their influence
around the world. At home, families
tried to prepare for a nuclear attack
as best they could. At the same time,
African Americans began to demand
better treatment from their government. The nation found a voice in
protest. Protest against injustice
toward African Americans marked the
late 1950s. In the 1960s, the youth of
America protested involvement in
the Vietnam War. Women demanded
equal pay for equal work. As you read
these selections, think about how the
government reacted to the passions
of the American citizens. Did their
actions make a difference?
fallout: particles of radioactive material
that drift through the atmosphere after
a nuclear explosion
Conelrad: (from “Control of Electromagnetic
Radiation”) a radio broadcasting system
that would replace normal broadcasts in
an emergency
976
By 1961 fears of nuclear war were so great that
the government urged people to be prepared for
a nuclear attack. LIFE magazine reminded
Americans what to do during such an attack.
T
he standard Civil Defense signal for an alert
is a steady 3- to 5-minute blast of a siren or
whistle. The warning to take cover is a 3minute period of short blasts or a wailing siren. If
an attack should come, however, the first warning
you may get could be the flash itself. Your first
move should be to close your eyes and bury your
head in your arms or clothing to block out the
light. The flash may last for several seconds, so
keep covered until it begins to dim.
The shockwave will come next. Take cover so
you will not be knocked down. If you are in a car,
roll down windows to avoid flying glass and lie
on the floor. Try to count the seconds between the
flash and shockwave. This will help you estimate
how far away the bomb has hit and how long you
have to find better cover before the fallout can
reach you. . . .
Wherever you are, try to reach a radio—
preferably a battery radio since the electricity
may be out—and tune it to 640 or 1240 on your
dial, which are the Conelrad frequencies for
emergency instructions. If you have a shelter, go
to it immediately. . . .
If you have no shelter and there is an hour or
so left before the fallout is due to reach your area,
you can block up the windows of your basement
with one foot of earth, and take shelter there
under tables on which you have piled books and
magazines for extra shielding. You should also
get together a supply of food and water and take
it to the basement with you. . . .
We’ll walk hand in hand someday
Oh deep in my heart, I do believe
We shall overcome someday
We shall live in peace, we shall live in peace
We shall live in peace someday
That we shall overcome someday
Working Women
Civil rights workers sing together
Civil rights button
We Shall Overcome
As civil rights supporters marched in protest,
they often raised their voices in unison
to drown out their fears and bolster
their hopes. Many considered this song
the civil rights anthem.
We shall overcome, we shall overcome
We shall overcome someday
That we shall overcome someday
We’ll walk hand in hand, we’ll walk hand
in hand
During the 1960s and 1970s, women began
demanding equal pay for equal work. Women
such as Joanne Gus, a warehouse worker, filed
lawsuits to get back pay from their employers. In
this excerpt, Gus describes the difficulties she
and her coworkers faced after receiving a disappointing $500 offer to settle their lawsuit.
. . . I was ready to cry. You can’t realize all
the aggravation and amount of work that had
been done so far. The really sad part about it
was that most of the women were willing to
settle. They were afraid to take it any further.
Well, I can be very stubborn, especially if I
know I’m right about an issue. So I refused
the offer for them all. Well, the next few days
were really [awful] at work. Still, I knew I was
worth more.
The case made it to federal court. A settlement of
$548,000 in back pay for 246 women was reached.
1. According to the LIFE magazine article, in what order would someone
probably experience the effects of a nuclear attack some distance away?
2. What things did workers in the civil rights movement want to “overcome”
as is implied in the song?
3. How did Joanne Gus’s attitude differ from those of her coworkers?
977
For use with Unit 11
Modern
America
World events since the 1970s have
moved with breathtaking speed. The
Soviet Union collapsed, ending the
Cold War. New advances in technology helped the world move forward.
Millions of immigrants came to the
United States, following the promise
of freedom and economic opportunity.
At the same time, terrorism threatened
the American way of life. As you
examine these selections, think of the
challenges and opportunities facing
the United States today.
Proud to Be
an American
“God Bless the USA,” by singer Lee
Greenwood, topped the country music charts in the
1980s. It was adopted as a theme song for President
Reagan’s 1984 reelection campaign.
I’m proud to be an American
where at least I know I’m free,
And I won’t forget the men who died
who gave that right to me,
And I gladly stand up next to you
and defend her still today,
’Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land
God Bless the U.S.A.
Address to Congress
extremism: the holding of unreasonable
views
humanitarian: committed to improving the
lives of other people
pluralism: society with different ethnic and
religious groups
tolerance: acceptance of and fairness
toward people who hold different views
978
On September 20, 2001, President George W.
Bush addressed Congress, nine days after New
York City and Washington, D.C., were shaken
by suicide aircraft attacks.
On September the eleventh, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country.
Americans have known wars—but for the past
136 years, they have been wars on foreign soil,
except for one Sunday in 1941 [the attack on Pearl
Harbor]. Americans have known the casualties
of war—but not at the center of a great city on
a peaceful morning. Americans have known surprise attacks—but never before on thousands of
civilians. All of this was brought upon us in a
single day—and night fell on a different world,
a world where freedom itself is under attack. . . .
The terrorists [who carried out the
attack] practice a fringe form of
Islamic extremism that has been
rejected by Muslim scholars and the
vast majority of Muslim clerics—
a fringe movement that perverts
the peaceful teachings of Islam. . . .
This group [al-Qaeda] and its
leader, a person named Osama bin
Laden, are linked to many other
organizations in different
countries. . . . The leadership of
al-Qaeda has great influence in
Afghanistan and supports the
Taliban regime in controlling most
of that country. . . .
The United States respects the people of
Afghanistan—after all, we are currently its
largest source of humanitarian aid—but we
condemn the Taliban regime.
[The terrorists] hate what we see right
here in this chamber—a democratically
elected government. Their leaders are selfappointed. They hate our freedoms—our
freedom of religion, our freedom of speech,
our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other. . . .
This is not, however, just America’s fight.
And what is at stake is not just America’s
freedom. This is the world’s fight. This is
civilization’s fight. This is the fight of all
who believe in progress and pluralism,
tolerance, and freedom. . . .
The civilized world is rallying to America’s
side. They understand that if this terror goes
unpunished, their own cities, their own citizens may be next. Terror, unanswered, can not
President Bush thanks rescue workers
only bring down buildings, it can threaten the
stability of legitimate governments. And we
will not allow it. . . .
I ask you to uphold the values of America,
and remember why so many have come here.
We are in a fight for our principles, and our
first responsibility is to live by them. No one
should be singled out for unfair treatment or
unkind words because of their ethnic background or religious faith. . . .
Great harm has been done to us. We have
suffered great loss. And in our grief and anger
we have found our mission and our moment.
Freedom and fear are at war. The advance of
human freedom—the great achievement of
our time, and the great hope of every time—
now depends on us. Our Nation—this generation—will lift a dark threat of violence from
our people and our future. We will rally the
world to this cause, by our efforts and by our
courage. We will not tire, we will not falter,
and we will not fail.
1. What themes does Lee Greenwood express in his song?
2. To what other tragic event does President Bush compare the events of
September 11, 2001?
3. Why does the president believe other nations should help in the fight
against terrorism?
979
In this resource you will find portraits of the individuals who served as presidents of the United
States, along with their occupations, political party
affiliations, and other interesting facts.
**The Republican Party during this period developed into today’s
Democratic Party. Today’s Republican Party originated in 1854.
2 John A
dams
3 Thomas J
efferson
Presidential term: 1797–1801
Lived: 1735–1826
Born in: Massachusetts
Elected from: Massachusetts
Occupations: Teacher, Lawyer
Party: Federalist
Vice President: Thomas
Jefferson
Lived: 1743–1826
Born in: Virginia
Elected from: Virginia
Occupations: Planter, Lawyer
Party: Republican**
Vice Presidents: Aaron Burr,
George Clinton
5 James M
onroe
Lived: 1758–1831
Born in: Virginia
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican**
Vice President: Daniel D.
Tompkins
980
6 John Quincy
Adams
Lived: 1767–1848
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican**
Vice President: John C.
Calhoun
1 George Was
hington
Lived: 1732–1799
Born in: Virginia
Occupations: Soldier, Planter
Party: None
Vice President: John Adams
4 James M
a
dison
Lived: 1751–1836
Born in: Virginia
Occupation: Planter
Party: Republican**
Vice Presidents: George
Clinton, Elbridge Gerry
7 Andrew
Jackson
Lived: 1767–1845
Born in: South Carolina
Elected from: Tennessee
Occupations: Lawyer, Soldier
Party: Democratic
Vice Presidents: John C.
Calhoun, Martin Van Buren
Buren
Lived: 1782–1862
Born in: New York
Elected from: New York
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Richard M.
Johnson
9 William H. H
arrison
10 John
Tyler
Presidential term: 1841
Lived: 1773–1841
Born in: Virginia
Elected from: Ohio
Occupations: Soldier, Planter
Party: Whig
Vice President: John Tyler
Lived: 1790–1862
Born in: Virginia
Elected as V.P. from: Virginia
Succeeded Harrison
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Whig
Vice President: None
1 1 James K
. Polk
12 Zachary
Taylor
13 Millard F
illmore
Lived: 1795–1849
Born in: North Carolina
Elected from: Tennessee
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: George M.
Dallas
Lived: 1784–1850
Born in: Virginia
Elected from: Louisiana
Occupation: Soldier
Party: Whig
Vice President: Millard
Fillmore
Lived: 1800–1874
Born in: New York
Elected as V.P. from: New York
Succeeded Taylor
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Whig
15 James Bu
16 Abraham
Lincoln
1 4 Franklin
Pierce
Lived: 1804–1869
Born in: New Hampshire
Elected from: New Hampshire
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: William R. King
chanan
Lived: 1791–1868
Born in: Pennsylvania
Elected from: Pennsylvania
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: John C.
Breckinridge
U.S. Presidents
8 Martin Va
n
Lived: 1809–1865
Born in: Kentucky
Elected from: Illinois
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice Presidents: Hannibal
Hamlin, Andrew Johnson
981
U.S. Presidents
982
17 Andrew J
ohnson
18 Ulysses S
.
Lived: 1808–1875
Born in: North Carolina
Elected as V.P. from: Tennessee
Succeeded Lincoln
Occupation: Tailor
Party: Republican
Lived: 1822–1885
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Illinois
Occupations: Farmer, Soldier
Party: Republican
Vice Presidents: Schuyler Colfax,
Henry Wilson
Lived: 1822–1893
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Ohio
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice President: William A.
Wheeler
20 James A.
21 Chester A
22 Grover C
leveland
Garfield
Grant
. Arthur
19 Rutherford B.
Hayes
Presidential term: 1881
Lived: 1831–1881
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Ohio
Occupations: Laborer, Professor
Party: Republican
Vice President: Chester A.
Arthur
Lived: 1830–1886
Born in: Vermont
Succeeded Garfield
Party: Republican
Lived: 1837–1908
Born in: New Jersey
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Thomas A.
Hendricks
23 Benjamin H
arrison
24 Grover C
leveland
25 William Mc
Kinley
Lived: 1833–1901
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Indiana
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice President: Levi P. Morton
Lived: 1837–1908
Born in: New Jersey
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Adlai E.
Stevenson
Lived: 1843–1901
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Ohio
Party: Republican
Vice Presidents: Garret Hobart,
Theodore Roosevelt
27 William
H. Taft
28 Woodrow
Wilson
Lived: 1858–1919
Born in: New York
Succeeded McKinley
Occupations: Historian, Rancher
Party: Republican
Vice President: Charles W.
Fairbanks
Lived: 1857–1930
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Ohio
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice President: James S.
Sherman
Lived: 1856–1924
Born in: Virginia
Elected from: New Jersey
Occupation: College Professor
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Thomas R.
Marshall
29 Warren G. H
arding
30 Calvin C
oolidge
Lived: 1865–1923
Born in: Ohio
Elected from: Ohio
Occupations: Newspaper Editor,
Publisher
Party: Republican
Vice President: Calvin Coolidge
Lived: 1872–1933
Born in: Vermont
Elected as V.P. from:
Massachusetts
Succeeded Harding
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice President: Charles G. Dawes
Lived: 1874–1964
Born in: Iowa
Elected from: California
Occupation: Engineer
Party: Republican
Vice President: Charles Curtis
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt
33 Harry S T
ruman
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower
Lived: 1882–1945
Born in: New York
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice Presidents: John N. Garner,
Henry A. Wallace, Harry S
Truman
Lived: 1884–1972
Born in: Missouri
Elected as V.P. from: Missouri
Succeeded Roosevelt
Occupations: Clerk, Farmer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Alben W.
Barkley
Lived: 1890–1969
Born in: Texas
Occupation: Soldier
Party: Republican
Vice President: Richard M.
Nixon
31 Herbert C.
U.S. Presidents
26 Theodore Ro
osevelt
Hoover
983
36 Lyndon B. Jo
hnson
37 Richard M
. Nixon
Lived: 1917–1963
Occupations: Author, Reporter
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Lyndon B.
Johnson
Lived: 1908–1973
Born in: Texas
Elected as V.P. from: Texas
Succeeded Kennedy
Occupation: Teacher
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Hubert H.
Humphrey
Lived: 1913–1994
Born in: California
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice Presidents: Spiro T. Agnew,
Gerald R. Ford
3 8 Gerald
R. Ford
39 James E. Ca
rter, Jr.
40 Ronald W. R
eagan
Lived: 1913–
Born in: Nebraska
Appointed as V.P. upon Agnew’s
resignation; succeeded Nixon
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Republican
Vice President: Nelson A.
Rockefeller
Lived: 1924–
Born in: Georgia
Elected from: Georgia
Occupations: Business, Farmer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Walter F.
Mondale
Lived: 1911–2004
Born in: Illinois
Elected from: California
Occupations: Actor, Lecturer
Party: Republican
Vice President: George H.W.
Bush
41 George H.W
.
42 William J.
U.S. Presidents
35 John F. K
ennedy
Bush
Lived: 1924–
Elected from: Texas
Occupation: Business
Party: Republican
Vice President: J. Danforth
Quayle
984
Clinton
Lived: 1946–
Born in: Arkansas
Elected from: Arkansas
Occupation: Lawyer
Party: Democratic
Vice President: Albert Gore, Jr.
43 George
W.
Bush
Presidential term: 2001–
Lived: 1946–
Born in: Connecticut
Elected from: Texas
Occupation: Business
Party: Republican
Vice President: Richard B.
Cheney
The Magna Carta, signed by King John
in 1215, marked a decisive step forward in
the development of constitutional government
in England. Later, it became a model for
colonists who carried the Magna Carta’s
guarantees of legal and political rights to
America.
1. . . . [T]hat the English Church shall
be free, and shall have its rights entire,
and its liberties unimpaired. . . . we have
also granted for us and our heirs forever, all the liberties written out below,
to have and to keep for them and their
heirs, of us and our heirs:
39. No free man shall be seized or
imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or
possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or
deprived of his standing in any other
way, nor will we proceed with force
against him, or send others to do so,
except by the lawful judgment of his
equals, or by the law of the land.
40. To no one will we sell, to no one
deny or delay right or justice.
41. All merchants may enter or leave
England unharmed and without fear,
and may stay or travel within it, by land
or water, for purposes of trade, free from
all illegal exactions, in accordance with
ancient and lawful customs. This, however, does not apply in time of war to
merchants from a country that is at war
with us. . . .
42. In future it shall be lawful for any
man to leave and return to our kingdom
unharmed and without fear, by land or
water, preserving his allegiance to us,
except in time of war, for some short
period, for the common benefit of the
realm. . . .
60. All these customs and liberties
that we have granted shall be observed
in our kingdom in so far as concerns our
own relations with our subjects. Let all
men of our kingdom, whether clergy or
laymen, observe them similarly in their
relations with their own men. . . .
63. . . . Both we and the barons have
sworn that all this shall be observed in
good faith and without deceit. Witness the
abovementioned people and many others.
Given by our hand in the meadow that is
called Runnymede, between Windsor and
Staines, on the fifteenth day of June in the
seventeenth year of our reign.
Illuminated manuscript, Middle Ages
985
On November 21, 1620, 41 colonists aboard the
Mayflower drafted this agreement. The Mayflower
Compact was the first plan of self-government ever put
in force in the English colonies.
Documents
In the Name of God, Amen. We, whose
names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects
of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by
the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France,
and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and
Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the
Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to
plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of
Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and
mutually, in the Presence of God and one
James Madison wrote several articles supporting ratification of the Constitution for a New
York newspaper. In the excerpt below, Madison
argues for the idea of a federal republic.
By a faction, I understand a number of
citizens . . . who are united and actuated by
some common impulse . . . adverse to
the rights of other citizens. . . .
The inference to
which we are brought
is that the causes of faction cannot be removed
and that relief is only
to be sought in the
means of controlling
its effects. . . .
James Madison
986
another, covenant and combine ourselves
together into a civil Body Politick, for our better
Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance
of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do
enact, constitute, and frame, such just and
equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions,
and Officers, from time to time, as shall be
thought most meet and convenient for the
general Good of the Colony; unto which we
promise all due Submission and Obedience.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh
of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign
Lord King James, of England, France, and
Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the
fifty-fourth, Anno Domini, 1620.
A republic, by which I mean a government
in which the scheme of representation takes
place . . . promises the cure for which we
are seeking. . . .
The two great points of difference between
a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a
small number of citizens elected by the rest;
secondly, the greater number of citizens, and
greater sphere of country, over which the latter
may be extended.
The effect of the first difference is . . . to refine
and enlarge the public views, by passing them
through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true
interest of their country, and whose patriotism
and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice
it to temporary or partial considerations. . . .
At the end of his second term as president, George
Washington spoke of the dangers facing the young
nation. He warned against the dangers of political
parties and sectionalism, and he advised the nation
against permanent alliances with other nations.
During the British bombardment of Fort
McHenry during the War of 1812, a young Baltimore lawyer named Francis Scott Key was inspired
to write the words to “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
Although it became popular immediately, it was not
until 1931 that Congress officially declared “The
Star-Spangled Banner” as our national anthem.
O! say can you see by the dawn’s
early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s
last gleaming,
Documents
. . . Citizens by birth or choice of a common
country, that country has a right to concentrate
your affections. The name of American, which
belongs to you in your national capacity, must
always exalt the just pride of patriotism more
than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference,
you have the same religion, manners, habits,
and political principles. You have in a common
cause fought and triumphed together. . . .
In contemplating the causes which may disturb our union it occurs as matter of serious
concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations. . . .
No alliances, however
strict, between the parts
can be an adequate substitute. They must inevitably
experience the infractions
and interruptions which
all alliances in all times
have experienced. . . .
The great rule of conGeorge Washington
duct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial
relations to have with them as little political
connection as possible. . . .
. . . I anticipate with pleasing expectation
that retreat in which I promise myself to
realize . . . the sweet enjoyment of partaking in the midst of my fellow citizens the
benign influence of good laws under a free
government—the ever-favorite object of my
heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of
our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
Whose broad stripes and bright stars
through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watch’d, were so
gallantly streaming?
And the Rockets’ red glare, the Bombs
bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our
Flag was still there;
O! say does that star-spangled Banner
yet wave,
O’er the Land of the free, and the home
of the brave!
987
In an 1823 address to Congress, President James
Monroe proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine. Designed
to end European influence in the Western Hemisphere, it became a cornerstone of United States
foreign policy.
Documents
. . . With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the
Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and
on just principles, acknowledged, we could not
view any interposition for the purpose of
oppressing them, or controlling in any other
manner their destiny, by any European power
in any other light than as the manifestation
Beaded shoulder
bag, Cherokee
people
The Indian Removal Act
of 1830 called for the relocation
of Native Americans to territory
west of the Mississippi River.
Cherokee leaders protested
the policy.
We are aware that some
persons suppose it will be for
our advantage to remove beyond the Mississippi. We think otherwise. Our people universally think otherwise. . . .
We wish to remain on the land of our
fathers. We have a perfect and original right to
remain without interruption or molestation.
The treaties with us, and laws of the United
States made in pursuance of treaties, guaranty
988
of any unfriendly disposition
toward the United States. . . .
Our policy in regard to
Europe, which was adopted
at an early stage of the wars
which have so long agitated
that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which James Monroe
is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of
any of its powers; to consider the government
de facto as the legitimate government for us;
to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to
preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and
manly policy, meeting in all instances the just
claims of every power, submitting to injuries
from none. . . .
our residence and our privileges, and secure us
against intruders. Our only request is, that
these treaties may be fulfilled, and these laws
executed. . . .
. . . We have been called a poor, ignorant,
and degraded people. We certainly are not
rich; nor have we ever boasted of our knowledge, or our moral or intellectual elevation.
But there is not a man within our limits so
ignorant as not to know that he has a right to
live on the land of his fathers, in the possession
of his immemorial privileges, and that this
right has been acknowledged by the United
States; nor is there a man so degraded as not to
feel a keen sense of injury, on being deprived
of his right and driven into exile. . . .
When, in the course of human events, it
becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the
earth a position different from that which
they have hitherto occupied, but one to which
the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle
them, a decent respect to the opinions of
mankind requires that they should declare
the causes that impel them to such a course.
We hold these truths to be self-evident:
that all men and women are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain inalienable rights; that among these
are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;
that to secure these rights governments are
instituted, deriving their just powers from
the consent of the governed. Whenever any
form of government becomes destructive of
these ends, it is the right of those who suffer
from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist
upon the institution of a new government,
laying its foundation on such principles, and
organizing its powers in such form as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
dictate that governments long established
should not be changed for light and transient
causes; . . . But when a long train of abuses
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same object, evinces a design to reduce them
under absolute despotism, it is their duty to
throw off such government, and to provide
new guards for their future security. . . .
The history of mankind is a history of
repeated injuries and usurpations on the part
of man toward woman, having in direct
object the establishment of an absolute
tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be
submitted to a candid world. . . .
Now, in view of the entire disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country,
their social and religious degradation—in
view of the unjust laws above mentioned,
and because women do feel themselves
aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently
deprived of their most sacred rights, we
insist that they have immediate admission to
all the rights and privileges which belong to
them as citizens of these United States. . . .
Documents
One of the first documents to express the desire
for equal rights for women is the Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions, issued in 1848 at the
Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York.
Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
the delegates adopted a set of resolutions that called
for woman suffrage and opportunities for women
in employment and education. Excerpts from the
Declaration follow.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
989
Documents
On January 1, 1863, President Abraham
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,
which freed all enslaved people in states under
Confederate control. The Proclamation was a step
toward the Thirteenth Amendment (1865), which
ended slavery in all of the United States.
. . . That on the 1st day of January, in the
year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as
slaves within any state or designated part of
a state, the people whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United States, shall be
then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the
Executive Government of the United States,
including the military and naval authority
thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or
acts to repress such persons, or any of them,
in any efforts they may make for their actual
freedom.
That the Executive will, on the 1st day of
January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate
the states and parts of states, if any, in which
the people thereof, respectively, shall then be
in rebellion against the United States; and the
fact that any state, or the people thereof, shall
on that day be in good faith represented in the
Congress of the United States, by members
chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority
of the qualified voters of such states shall
have participated, shall, in the absence of
strong countervailing testimony, be deemed
conclusive evidence that such state, and the
people thereof, are not then in rebellion
against the United States. . . .
And, by virtue of the power and for the
purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that
all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and
henceforward shall be, free; and that the
Executive Government of the United States,
including the military and naval authorities
thereof, will recognize and maintain the
freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so
declared to be free to abstain from all violence,
unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them that, all cases when allowed,
they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known
that such persons, of suitable
condition, will be received
into the armed service of
the United States. . . .
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an
act of justice, warranted
by the Constitution
upon military necessity,
I invoke the considerate
judgement of man-kind
and the gracious favor of
Almighty God. . . .
Abraham Lincoln
Members of the
4th Infantry
990
On November 19, 1863, President Abraham
Lincoln gave a short speech at the dedication of a
national cemetery on the battlefield of Gettysburg.
His simple yet eloquent words expressed his hopes
for a nation divided by civil war.
Documents
Four score and seven years ago our fathers
brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war,
testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field as a final resting place for those who
here gave their lives that that nation might
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not
dedicate—we can not consecrate—
we can not hallow—this ground.
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will
little note nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—
that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which
they gave the last full measure of devotion;
that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain; that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by
the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth.
Soldier’s kit, Civil War
Gettysburg Memorial
991
Documents
Shield made
of buffalo hide
In 1877 the Nez Perce
fought the government’s
attempt to move them to a
smaller reservation. After
a remarkable attempt to
escape to Canada, Chief
Joseph realized that resistance was hopeless and
advised his people to
surrender.
Tell General Howard I know his heart.
What he told me before I have in my heart.
I am tired of fighting. . . . The old men are all
dead. It is the young men who say yes or no.
He who led the young men is dead. It is cold
and we have no blankets. The little children
are freezing to death. My people, some of
them have run away to the hills, and have no
blankets, no food; no one knows where they
are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have
time to look for my children and see how
many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find
them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs.
I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From
where the sun now stands I will fight no
more forever.
In 1892 the nation celebrated the
400th anniversary of Columbus’s landing
in America. In connection with this celebration, Francis Bellamy, a magazine
editor, wrote and published the Pledge of
Allegiance. The words “under God” were
added by Congress in 1954 at the urging
of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of
the United States of America and to
the Republic for which it stands, one
Nation under God, indivisible, with
liberty and justice for all.
Students in a New York City school recite
the Pledge of Allegiance
992
racy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of
many sovereign States; a perfect union, one
and inseparable; established upon those
principles of freedom, equality, justice, and
humanity for which American patriots
sacrificed their lives and fortunes.
I believe in the United States of America as
a Government of the people, by the people,
for the people; whose just powers are derived
from the consent of the governed; a democ-
I therefore believe it is my duty to my
Country to love it; to support its Constitution;
to obey its laws; to respect its flag, and to
defend it against all enemies.
On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson
went before Congress to offer a statement of aims
called the Fourteen Points. Wilson’s plan called for
freedom of the seas in peace and war, an end to secret
alliances, and equal trading rights for all countries.
The excerpt that follows is taken from the President’s
message.
our own part we see very clearly that unless
justice be done to others it will not be done to
us. The program of the world’s peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the
only possible program, as we see it, is this:
. . . We entered this war because violations
of right had occurred which touched us to the
quick and made the life of our own people
impossible unless they were corrected and the
world secured once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore,
is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the
world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peaceloving nation which, like our own, wishes to
live its own life, determine its own institutions,
be assured of justice and fair dealing by the
other peoples of the world as against force and
selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world
are in effect partners in this interest, and for
Documents
William Tyler Page of Friendship Heights,
Maryland, wrote The American’s Creed. This statement of political faith summarizes the true meaning of freedom available to all Americans. The U.S.
House of Representatives adopted the creed on
behalf of the American people on April 3, 1918.
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived
at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but
diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and
in the public view.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon
the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in
peace and in war, except as the seas may be
closed in whole or in part by international
action for the enforcement of international
covenants.
XIV. A general association of nations must
be formed under specific covenants for the
purpose of affording mutual guarantees of
political independence and territorial integrity
to great and small states alike. . . .
993
Documents
On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas,
that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. This decision provided the legal basis for
court challenges to segregation in every aspect of
American life.
. . . The plaintiffs contend that segregated
public schools are not “equal” and cannot
be made “equal” and that hence they are
deprived of the equal protection of the laws.
Because of the obvious importance of
the question presented, the Court took
jurisdiction. . . .
Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on
merely a comparison of these tangible factors
in the Negro and white schools involved in
each of the cases. We must look instead to the
effect of segregation itself on public education.
In approaching this problem, we cannot
turn the clock back to 1868 when the Amendment was adopted, or even to 1896 when
Plessy v. Ferguson was written. We must consider public education in the light of its full
Troops escort students to newly integrated school
994
development and its present place in American life throughout the Nation. Only in this
way can it be determined if segregation in
public schools deprives these plaintiffs of the
equal protection of the laws.
Today, education is perhaps the most
important function of state and local governments. Compulsory school attendance laws
and the great expenditures for education both
demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society. .
. . In these days, it is doubtful that any child
may reasonably be expected to succeed in life
if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has
undertaken to provide it, is a right which
must be made available to all on equal terms.
We come then to the question presented:
Does segregation of children in public schools
solely on the basis of race, even though the
physical facilities and other “tangible” factors
may be equal, deprive the children of the
minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.
. . . We conclude that in the
field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has
no place. Separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal.
Therefore, we hold that the
plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have
been brought are, by reason of
the segregation complained of,
deprived of the equal protection
of the laws guaranteed by the
Fourteenth Amendment. . . .
President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address on January 20, 1961, set the tone for his administration.
In his address Kennedy stirred the nation by calling for “a grand and global alliance” to fight
tyranny, poverty, disease, and war.
Documents
We observe today not a victory of party but
a celebration of freedom—symbolizing an end
as well as a beginning—signifying renewal as
well as change. For I have sworn before you
and Almighty God the same solemn oath our
forebears prescribed nearly a century and
three-quarters ago.
The world is very different now. For man
holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms
of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are
still at issue around the globe—the belief that
the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.
We dare not forget today that we are the
heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go
forth from this time and place, to friend and
foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a
new generation of Americans—born in this
century, tempered by war, disciplined by a
hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient
heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit
the slow undoing of those human
rights to which this nation has
always been committed, and to
which we are committed today at
home and around the world.
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us
well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any
burden, meet any hardship, support any
friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival
and the success of liberty.
This much we pledge—and more.
To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty
of faithful friends. United, there is little we
cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.
Divided, there is little we can do. . . .
Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let
us never fear to negotiate.
Let both sides explore what problems unite
us instead of belaboring those problems
which divide us. . . .
Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders
of science instead of its terrors. Together let
us explore the stars, conquer the deserts,
eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and
encourage the arts and commerce. . . .
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not
what your country can do for you—ask what
you can do for your country.
My fellow citizens of the world: ask not
what America will do for you, but what
together we can do for the freedom of man. . . .
President Kennedy speaking
at his inauguration
995
Documents
On August 28, 1963, while Congress debated
wide-ranging civil rights legislation, Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., led more than 200,000 people
in a march on Washington, D.C. On the steps of
the Lincoln Memorial he gave a stirring speech in
which he eloquently spoke of his dreams for African
Americans and for the United States. Excerpts of
the speech follow.
. . . There are those who are asking the
devotees of civil rights, “When will you
be satisfied?”
We can never be satisfied as long as the
Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. . . .
We cannot be satisfied as long as the
Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller
ghetto to a larger one.
We can never be satisfied as long as
a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and
a Negro in New York believes he has
nothing for which to vote. . . .
I say to you today, my friends, that in
spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the
moment I still have a dream. It is a dream
deeply rooted in the American dream. I have
a dream that one day this nation
will rise up and live out the
true meaning of its
creed: “We
hold these
truths to be
self-evident,
that all men
are created
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
equal.”
I have a dream that one day on the red hills
of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the
sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit
down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state
of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with
the heat of injustice and oppression, will
be transformed into an oasis of freedom
and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children
will one day live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the color of their skin but by
the content of their character. . . .
. . . When we let freedom ring, when we
let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every
city, we will be able to speed up
that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men,
Jews and Gentiles, Protestants
and Catholics, will be able to
join hands and sing in the words
of the old Negro spiritual: “Free
at last! Free at last! Thank God
Almighty, we are free at last!”
The March
on Washington
996
The following summaries give details about important Supreme Court cases.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the
Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
[see p. 999] making the separate-but-equal doctrine
in public schools unconstitutional. The Supreme
Court rejected the idea that truly equal but separate
schools for African American and white students
would be constitutional. The Court explained that
the Fourteenth Amendment’s requirement that all
persons be guaranteed equal protection of the law is
not met simply by ensuring that African American
and white schools “have been equalized…with
respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and
salaries, and other tangible factors.”
The Court then ruled that racial segregation in
public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of
the Constitution because it is inherently unequal. In
other words, nothing can make racially segregated
public schools equal under the Constitution because
the very fact of separation marks the separated race as
inferior. In practical terms, the Court’s decision in this
case has been extended beyond public education to
virtually all public accommodations and activities.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Dred Scott was taken by slaveholder, John Sandford, to the free state of Illinois and to the Wisconsin
Territory, which had also banned
slavery. Later they returned to
Missouri, a slave state. Several
years later, Scott sued for his
freedom under the Missouri
legal principle of “once free,
always free.” In other words,
under Missouri law enslaved
people were entitled to
freedom if they had
lived in a free state at
any time. Missouri
courts ruled against
Scott,
but
he
appealed the case
all the way to
the United States
Supreme Court.
Dred Scott
The Supreme Court decided this case before the
Fourteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution. (The Fourteenth Amendment provides that anyone born or naturalized in the United States is a
citizen of the nation and of his or her state of residence.) The court held that enslaved African Americans were property, not citizens, and thus had no
rights under the Constitution. The decision also
declared that it was unconstitutional to prohibit slavery in the territories. Many people in the North were
outraged by the decision, which moved the nation
closer to civil war.
Furman v. Georgia (1972)
This decision put a halt to the application of the
death penalty under state laws then in effect. For the
first time, the Supreme Court ruled that the death
penalty amounted to cruel and unusual punishment,
which is outlawed in the Constitution. The Court
explained that existing death penalty laws did not
give juries enough guidance in deciding whether or
not to impose the death penalty. As a result, the death
penalty in many cases was imposed arbitrarily, that is,
without a reasonable basis in the facts and circumstances of the offender or the crime.
The Furman decision halted all executions in the
39 states that had death penalty laws at that time.
Since the decision, 38 states have rewritten death
penalty laws to meet the requirements established in
the Furman case.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Thomas Gibbons had a federal license to operate a
steamboat along the coast, but he did not have a
license from the state of New York to travel on New
York waters. He wanted to run a steamboat line
between Manhattan and New Jersey that would compete with Aaron Ogden’s company. Ogden had a New
York license. Gibbons sued for the freedom to use his
federal license to compete against Ogden on New
York waters.
Gibbons won the case. The Supreme Court made it
clear that the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce (among states) includes the authority
997
to regulate intrastate commerce (within a single state)
that bears on, or relates to, interstate commerce.
Before this decision, it was thought that the Constitution would permit a state to close its borders to
interstate commercial activity—which, in effect,
would stop such activity in its tracks. This case says
that a state can regulate purely internal commercial
activity, but only Congress can regulate commercial
activity that has both intrastate and interstate
dimensions.
California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. The prison-like camps offered
poor food and cramped quarters.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v.
United States upheld the authority of the federal government to move Japanese Americans, many of whom
were citizens, from designated military areas that
included almost the entire West Coast. The government defended the so-called exclusion orders as a
necessary response to Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor.
Only after his reelection in 1944 did President
Franklin Roosevelt rescind the evacuation orders, and
by the end of 1945 the camps were closed.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Supreme Court Cases
After being accused of robbery, Clarence Gideon
defended himself in a Florida court because the judge
in the case refused to appoint a free lawyer. The jury
found Gideon guilty. Eventually, Gideon appealed
his conviction to the United States Supreme Court,
claiming that by failing to appoint a lawyer the lower
court had violated his rights under the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments.
The Supreme Court agreed with Gideon. In Gideon
v. Wainwright the Supreme Court held for the first
time that poor defendants in criminal cases have the
right to a state-paid attorney under the Sixth Amendment. The rule announced in this case has been
refined to apply whenever the defendant, if convicted, can be sentenced to more than six months in
jail or prison.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
After the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in
1941, thousands of Japanese Americans on the West
Coast were forced to abandon their homes and businesses, and they were moved to internment camps in
In 1983 Fred Korematsu (center) won a reversal of his
conviction.
998
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
During his last days in office, President John
Adams commissioned William Marbury and several
other men as judges. This action by Federalist president Adams angered the incoming DemocraticRepublican president Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson
then ordered James Madison, his secretary of state,
not to deliver the commissions, thus blocking the
appointments. William Marbury sued, asking the
Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the commission that would make him a judge.
The Court ruled against Marbury, but more importantly, the decision in this case established one of the
most significant principles of American constitutional
law. The Supreme Court held that it is the Court itself
that has the final say on what the Constitution means.
This is known as judicial review. It is also the Supreme
Court that has the final say in whether or not an act of
government—legislative or executive at the federal,
state, or local level—violates the Constitution.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Following the War of 1812, the United States experienced years of high inflation and general economic
turmoil. In an attempt to stabilize the economy, the
United States Congress chartered a Second Bank of the
United States in 1816. Maryland and several other
states, however, opposed the competition that the new
national bank created and passed laws taxing its
branches. In 1818, James McCulloch, head of the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States,
refused to pay the tax to the state of Maryland. The
case worked its way through the Maryland state
courts all the way to the United States Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court declared the Maryland tax
unconstitutional and void. More importantly, the
decision established the foundation for expanded
Congressional authority. The Court held that the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution allows
Congress to do more than the Constitution expressly
authorizes it to do. The decision allows Congress to
enact nearly any law that will help it achieve any of its
duties as set forth in the Constitution. For example,
Congress has the express authority to regulate interstate commerce. The necessary and proper clause permits Congress to do so in ways not actually specified
in the Constitution.
In 1963, police in Arizona arrested Ernesto Miranda
for kidnapping. The court found Miranda guilty on
the basis of a signed confession. The police admitted
that neither before nor during the questioning had
Miranda been advised of his right to consult with an
attorney before answering any questions or of his
right to have an attorney present during the interrogation. Miranda appealed his conviction, claiming that
police had violated his right against self-incrimination
under the Fifth Amendment by not informing him of
his legal rights during questioning.
Miranda won the case. The Supreme Court held
that a person in police custody cannot be questioned
unless told that he or she has: 1) the right to remain
silent, 2) the right to an attorney (at government
expense if the accused is unable to pay), and 3) that
anything the person says after stating that he or she
understands these rights can be used as evidence of
guilt at trial. These rights have come to be called the
In 1963, the arrest of Ernesto Miranda (left) led to a
landmark decision.
New York Times Company
v. United States (1971)
In June 1971, the New York Times published its first
installment of the “Pentagon Papers,” a classified
document about government actions in the Vietnam
War era. The secret document had been leaked to the
Times by antiwar activist Daniel Ellsberg, who had
previously worked in national security for the government. President Richard Nixon went to court to
block further publication of the Pentagon Papers. The
New York Times appealed to the Supreme Court to
allow it to continue publishing without government
interference.
The Supreme Court’s ruling in this case upheld
earlier decisions that established the doctrine of prior
restraint. This doctrine protects the press (broadly
defined to include newspapers, television and radio,
filmmakers and distributors, etc.) from government
attempts to block publication. Except in extraordinary
circumstances, the press must be allowed to publish.
Supreme Court Cases
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Miranda warning. They are intended to ensure that
an accused person in custody will not unknowingly
give up the Fifth Amendment’s protection against
self-incrimination.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
In the late 1800s railroad companies in Louisiana
were required by state law to provide “separate-butequal” cars for white and African American passengers. In 1890 a group of citizens in New Orleans
selected Homer Plessy to challenge that law. In 1892,
Plessy boarded a whites-only car and refused to
move. He was arrested. Plessy appealed to the
Supreme Court, arguing that the Louisiana separatebut-equal law violated his right to equal protection
under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Homer Plessy lost the case. The Plessy decision
upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine used by
Southern states to perpetuate segregation following
the Civil War. The court ruled that the Fourteenth
Amendment’s equal protection clause required only
equal public facilities for the two races, not equal
access to the same facilities. This decision was overruled in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas, (discussed previously).
999
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Supreme Court Cases
Roe v. Wade challenged restrictive abortion laws in
both Texas and Georgia. The suit was brought in the
name of Jane Roe, an alias used to protect the privacy
of the plaintiff.
In this decision, the Supreme Court ruled that
females have a constitutional right under various provisions of the Constitution—most notably, the due
process clause—to decide whether or not to terminate
a pregnancy. The Supreme Court’s decision in this
case was the most significant in a long line of decisions over a period of 50 years that recognized a constitutional right of privacy, even though the word
privacy is not found in the Constitution.
Tinker v. Des Moines
School District (1969)
During the Vietnam War, some students in Des
Moines, Iowa, wore black armbands to school to
protest American involvement in the conflict. Two
days earlier, school officials had adopted a policy
banning the wearing of armbands to school. When
the students arrived at school wearing armbands,
they were suspended and sent home. The students
argued that school officials violated their First
Amendment right to free speech.
The Supreme Court sided with the students. In a
now-famous statement the court said that “it can
hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed
their constitutional rights of freedom of speech or
expression at the schoolhouse gate.” The Supreme
Court went on to rule that a public school could not
suspend students who wore black armbands to school
to symbolize their opposition to the Vietnam War. In
so holding, the Court likened the students’ conduct to
pure speech and decided it on that basis.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
In the early 1970s, President Nixon was named an
unindicted co-conspirator in the criminal investigation
that arose in the aftermath of a break-in at the offices
of the Democratic Party in Washington, D.C. A federal
judge had ordered President Nixon to turn over tapes
of conversations he had with his advisers about the
1000
break-in. Nixon resisted the order, claiming that the
conversations were entitled to absolute confidentiality
by Article II of the Constitution.
The decision in this case made it clear that the president is not above the law. The Supreme Court held
that only those presidential conversations and communications that relate to performing the duties of
the office of president are confidential and protected
from a judicial order of disclosure. The Court ordered
Nixon to give up the tapes, which revealed evidence
linking the president to the conspiracy to obstruct justice. He resigned from office shortly thereafter.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
State officials in Georgia wanted to remove the
Cherokees from land that had been guaranteed to
them in earlier treaties. Samuel Worcester was a Congregational missionary who worked with the Cherokee people. He was arrested for failure to have a
license that the state required to live in Cherokee
country and for refusing to obey an order from the
Georgia militia to leave Cherokee lands. Worcester
then sued the state of Georgia. He claimed that Georgia had no legal authority on Cherokee land because
the United States government recognized the Cherokee in Georgia as a separate nation.
The Supreme Court agreed with Worcester by a
vote of 5 to 1. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the
majority opinion which said that Native American
nations were a distinct people with the right to have
independent political communities and that only the
federal government had authority over matters that
involved the Cherokee.
President Andrew Jackson supported Georgia’s
efforts to remove the Cherokee to Indian Territory and
refused to enforce the court’s ruling. After the ruling
Jackson remarked, “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
Abilene–Czechoslovakia
The gazetteer is a geographical dictionary that lists political divisions, natural features, and other
places and locations. Following each entry is a description, its latitude and longitude, and a page
reference that indicates where each entry may be found in this text.
A
B
Abilene city in Kansas (39°N/97°W) 535
Afghanistan country in southwestern
Asia (33°N/63°E) RA11, 949
Africa continent of the Eastern Hemisphere south of the Mediterranean
Sea and adjoining Asia on its northeastern border (10°N/22°E) RA13, 41
Alabama state in the southeastern
United States; 22nd state to enter the
Union (33°N/87°W) RA3, 319
Alamo Texas mission captured by Mexican forces in 1836 (29°N/98°W) 365
Alaska state in the United States,
located in northwestern North
America (64°N/150°W) RA4, 640
Albany capital of New York State
located in the Hudson Valley; site
where Albany Congress proposed
first formal plan to unite the 13
colonies (42°N/74°W) 119
Allegheny River river in western Pennsylvania uniting with the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh to form the
Ohio River (41°N/79°W) 123
Andes mountain system extending
along western coast of South America (13°S/75°W) 27
Antietam Civil War battle site in western Maryland (40°N/77°W) 492
Appalachian Mountains chief mountain system in eastern North America
extending from Quebec and New
Brunswick to central Alabama (37°N/
82°W) RA5, 105
Appomattox Court House site in central Virginia where Confederate
forces surrendered, ending the Civil
War (37°N/78°W) 491
Arizona state in the southwestern
United States; 48th state to enter the
Union (34°N/113°W) RA2, 28
Arkansas state in the south central U.S.;
acquired as part of Louisiana Purchase (35°N/94°W) RA3, 397
Asia continent of the Eastern Hemisphere forming a single landmass
with Europe (50°N/100°E) RA13, 17
Atlanta capital of Georgia located in the
northwest central part of the state
(34°N/84°W) RA5, 406
Atlantic Ocean ocean separating North
and South America from Europe and
Africa (5°S/25°W) RA12, 16
Australia continent and country southeast of Asia (25°S/125°E) RA13
Austria-Hungary former monarchy in
central Europe (47°N/12°E) 668
Baltimore city on the Chesapeake Bay
in central Maryland (39°N/77°W) 87
Barbary Coast north coast of Africa
between Morocco and Tunisia (35°N/
3°E) 289
Bay of Pigs site of 1961 invasion of
Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles
(22°N/79°W) 868
Beijing capital of China located in the
northeastern part of the country
(40°N/116°E) 647
Belgium country in northwest Europe
(51°N/3°E) RA13, 668
Bering Strait waterway between North
America and Asia where a land
bridge once existed (65°N/170°W) 17
Beringia land bridge that linked Asia
and North America during the last
Ice Age (65°N/170°W) 17
Berlin city in east central Germany; former capital divided into sectors after
World War II (53°N/13°E) 775
Birmingham city in north central
Alabama; scene of several civil rights
protests (33°N/86°W) 570
Black Hills mountains in southwestern
South Dakota; site of conflict
between the Sioux and white settlers
during 1870s (44°N/104°W) 545
Boston capital of Massachusetts
located in the eastern part of the
state; founded by English Puritans
in 1630 (42°N/71°W) 78
Brazil country in eastern South America
(9°S/53°W) RA12, 55
Breed’s Hill site near Boston where the
Battle of Bunker Hill took place
(42°N/71°W) 145
Buffalo industrial city and rail center in
New York State (43°N/79°W) 318
Bull Run site of two Civil War battles in
northern Virginia; also called Manassas (39°N/77°W) 466
C
Cahokia largest settlement of the
Mound Builders, built in Illinois
after A.D. 900 (39°N/90°W) 30
California state in the western United
States; attracted thousands of miners
during gold rush of 1849 (38°N/
121°W) RA2, 371
Cambodia country in Southeastern
Asia bordering Gulf of Siam; official
name Democratic Kampuchea (12°N/
105°E) RA13, 874
Canada country in northern North
America (50°N/100°W) RA9, 17
Cape of Good Hope southern tip of
Africa (34°S/18°E) 44
Caribbean Sea tropical sea in the
Western Hemisphere (15°N/75°W)
RA8
Central America area of North America
between Mexico and South America
(11°N/86°W) RA8, 17
Chancellorsville Virginia site of 1863
Confederate victory (38°N/78°W) 486
Charleston city in South Carolina on
the Atlantic coast; original name
Charles Town (33°N/80°W) 89
Chesapeake Bay inlet of the Atlantic
Ocean in Virginia and Maryland
(38°N/76°W) 71
Chicago largest city in Illinois; located
in northeastern part of the state
along Lake Michigan (42°N/88°W)
318
Chile South American country (35°S/
72°W) RA12, 900
China country in eastern Asia; mainland (People’s Republic of China)
under Communist control since 1949
(37°N/93°E) RA13, 639
Chisholm Trail pioneer cattle trail from
Texas to Kansas (34°N/98°W) 535
Cincinnati city in southern Ohio on
the Ohio River; grew as a result of
increasing steamship traffic during
the mid-1800s (39°N/84°W) 265
Cleveland city in northern Ohio on
Lake Erie (41°N/82°W) 423
Colombia country in South America
(4°N/73°W) RA12, 26
Colorado state in the western United
States (39°N/107°W) RA3, 29
Colorado River river that flows from
the Colorado Rockies to the Gulf of
California (36°N/113°W) RA4, 284
Columbia River river flowing through
southwest Canada and northwestern
United States into the Pacific Ocean
(46°N/120°W) RA4, 357
Concord village northwest of Boston,
Massachusetts; site of early battle
of the American Revolution (42°N/
71°W) 143
Connecticut state in the northeastern
United States; one of the original 13
states (42°N/73°W) RA3, 79
Cuba country in the West Indies, North
America (22°N/79°W) RA8, 47
Czechoslovakia former country in central Europe; now two countries, the
Gazetteer
1001
Dallas–Iowa
Czech Republic and Slovakia (49°N/
16°E) RA13, 791
D
Gazetteer
Dallas a leading city in Texas (33°N/
97°W) 846
Delaware state in the northeastern
states (39°N/75°W) RA3, 83
Detroit city in southeastern Michigan;
site of significant battles during the
French and Indian War and the War
of 1812; center of automobile industry (42°N/83°W) 125
Dien Bien Phu site in northwestern
Vietnam where French troops were
defeated by Vietminh troops in 1954
(21°N/102°E) 872
Dodge City Kansas cattle town during
the 19th century (37°N/100°W) 535
Dominican Republic country in the
West Indies on the eastern part
of Hispaniola Island (19°N/71°W)
RA8, 47
Dust Bowl area of the Great Plains
where the drought of the 1930s
turned the soil to wind-borne dust
(37°N/98°W) 756
E
East Germany country in central
Europe; reunified with West Germany in 1990 (52°N/12°E) 792
Egypt country in northeastern Africa
(27°N/27°E) RA10, 771
England division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland (52°N/2°W) 40
Erie Canal the waterway connecting
the Hudson River with Lake Erie
through New York State (43°N/
76°W) 318
Ethiopia country in eastern Africa,
north of Somalia and Kenya (8°N/
38°E) RA13, 753
Europe continent of the northern part of
the Eastern Hemisphere between
Asia and the Atlantic Ocean (50°N/
15°E) RA13, 38
F
Florida state in the southeastern United
States (30°N/85°W) RA3, 53
Fort McHenry fort in Baltimore harbor; inspired poem that later became
“The Star-Spangled Banner” (39°N/
76°W) 299
Fort Necessity Pennsylvania fort built
by George Washington’s troops in
1754 (40°N/80°W) 118
1002
Gazetteer
Fort Sumter Union fort during the
Civil War located on island near
Charleston, South Carolina; site of
first military engagement of Civil
War (33°N/80°W) 453
Fort Ticonderoga British fort on Lake
Champlain (44°N/73°W) 144
France country in western Europe
(50°N/1°E) RA13, 40
Fredericksburg city and Civil War
battle site in northeast Virginia
(38°N/ 77°W) 486
Freeport city in northern Illinois; site
of 1858 Lincoln-Douglas campaign
debate (42°N/89°W) 448
G
Gadsden Purchase portion of presentday Arizona and New Mexico; area
purchased from Mexico in 1853
(32°N/111°W) RA7, 374
Galveston city on the Gulf of Mexico
coast in Texas; created nation’s first
commission form of city government
(29°N/95°W) 611
Gaza Strip narrow coastal strip along
the Mediterranean (31°N/34°E) RA10,
899
Georgia state in the southeastern
United States (33°N/84°W) RA3, 90
Germany country in central Europe;
divided after World War II into East
Germany and West Germany; unified in 1990 (50°N/10°E) RA13, 667
Gettysburg city and Civil War battle
site in south central Pennsylvania;
site where Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address (40°N/77°W) 486
Great Britain commonwealth comprising England, Scotland, and Wales
(56°N/2°W) 667
Great Lakes chain of five lakes, Superior, Erie, Michigan, Ontario, and
Huron, in central North America
(45°N/87°W) RA5, 61
Great Plains flat grassland in the central
Great Salt Lake lake in northern Utah
with no outlet and strongly saline
waters (41°N/113°W) RA3, 378
Greece country in southeastern Europe
(39°N/21°E) RA13, 790
Greensboro northern North Carolina
city; scene of sit-ins to protest segregation (36°N/80°W) 848
Grenada country in the Caribbean
(12°N/61°W) 925
Guadalcanal island in the Solomons
east of Australia (10°S/159°E) 779
Guam U.S. possession in the western
Pacific Ocean (14°N/143°E) 653
Guatemala country in Central America,
south of Mexico (16°N/92°W) RA8, 23
Gulf of Mexico gulf on the southeast
coast of North America (25°N/94°W)
RA5, 92
Gulf of Tonkin gulf in South China
Sea east of northern Vietnam (20°N/
108°E) 874
H
Haiti country on Hispaniola Island
in the West Indies (19°N/72°W)
RA8, 47
Hanoi capital of Vietnam (21°N/106°E)
872
Harlem northern section of Manhattan
in New York City; cultural center of
African Americans in the early and
mid-1900s (41°N/74°W) 700
Harpers Ferry town in northern West
Virginia on the Potomac River
(39°N/78°W) 448
Hartford capital of Connecticut located
along the Connecticut River (42°N/
73°W) 79
Hawaii state in the United States
located in the Pacific Ocean (20°N/
157°W) RA5, 644
Hiroshima city in southern Japan; site
of first military use of atomic bomb,
August 6, 1945 (34°N/132°E) 780
Hispaniola island in the West Indies
in North America (17°N/73°W)
RA8, 47
Horseshoe Bend Alabama site where
Creek-U.S. battled in 1814 (33°N/
86°W) 298
Hudson Bay large bay in northern
Canada (60°N/86°W) RA8, 61
Hudson River river flowing through
New York State (53°N/ 74°W) 316
Hungary country in central Europe
(47°N/20°E) RA13, 690
I
Idaho state in the northwestern U.S.;
ranks among top states in silver production (44°N/115°W) RA2, 530
Illinois state in the north central United
States; one of the states formed in the
Northwest Territory (40°N/91°W)
RA3, 195
Indian Territory land reserved by the
United States government for Native
Americans, now the state of Oklahoma (36°N/98°W) 342
Indiana state in the north central
United States; one of the states
formed in the Northwest Territory
(40°N/ 87°W) RA3, 195
Indochina region in Southeast Asia
(17°N/105°E) 762
Iowa state in the north central U.S.
acquired as part of the Louisiana
Purchase (42°N/94°W) RA3
Iran–Nebraska
Iran country in southwestern Asia
(31°N/53°E) RA11, 913
Iraq country in southwestern Asia
(32°N/42°E) RA11, 931
Ireland island west of England, occupied by the Republic of Ireland and
by Northern Ireland (54°N/8°W)
RA12, 771
Israel country of the Middle East
in southwestern Asia along the
Mediterranean Sea (33°N/34°E)
RA10, 794
Italy country in southern Europe along
the Mediterranean (44°N/11°E)
RA13, 39
J
Jackson Mississippi capital (32°N/
90°W) 406
Jamestown first permanent English
settlement in North America; located
in southeastern Virginia (37°N/
77°W) 72
Japan island country in eastern Asia
(36°N/133°E) RA13, 639
Kansas state in the central United States;
fighting over slavery issue in 1850s
gave territory the name “Bleeding
Kansas” (38°N/99°W) RA3, 442
Kentucky state in the south central
United States; border state that sided
with the Union during the Civil War
(37°N/87°W) RA3, 282
Korea peninsula in eastern Asia
between China, Russia, and the Sea
of Japan, on which are located the
countries North Korea and South
Korea (38°N/127°E) RA13, 802
Kuwait country of the Middle East in
southwestern Asia between Iraq and
Saudi Arabia (29°N/49°E) RA11, 931
L
Lake Erie one of the five Great Lakes
between Canada and the U.S. (42°N/
81°W) RA5, 298
Lake Huron one of the five Great Lakes
between Canada and the U.S. (45°N/
83°W) RA5, 298
Lake Michigan one of the five Great
Lakes between Canada and the U.S.
(43°N/87°W) RA5, 298
Lake Ontario the smallest of the five
Great Lakes (43°N/79°W) RA5, 298
Lake Superior the largest of the five
Great Lakes (48°N/89°W) RA5, 298
Laos southeast Asian country, south of
China and west of Vietnam (20°N/
102°E) RA13, 874
M
Maine state in the northeastern United
States; 23rd state to enter the Union
(45°N/70°W) RA3, 324
Mali country in Western Africa (16°N/
0°) RA12, 41
Manchuria region of northeast China;
invaded by Japan in 1931 (48°N/
125°E) 754
Manila capital and largest city of the
Philippines located on southwest
Luzon Island and Manila Bay (14°N/
121°E) RA13, 651
Maryland state in the eastern United
States; one of the original 13 states
(39°N/76°W) RA3, 87
Massachusetts state in the northeastern
states (42°N/72°W) RA3, 79
Massachusetts Bay Colony Pilgrim settlements along the Charles River
(42°N/71°W) 78
Mediterranean Sea sea between Europe
and Africa (36°N/13°E) RA13, 39
Memphis Tennessee city on the Mississippi River near the Mississippi border (35°N/90°W) 403
Mexican Cession territory gained by
the United States after war with Mexico in 1848 (37°N/111°W) 374
Mexico country in North America
south of the United States (24°N/
104°W) RA8, 19
Mexico City capital and most populous
city of Mexico (19°N/99°W) 24
Michigan state in the north central
United States; one of the states
formed in the Northwest Territory
(45°N/85°W) RA3, 195
Midway Islands U.S. possession in the
central Pacific Ocean (28°N/179°W)
778
Milwaukee city in eastern Wisconsin
(43°N/88°W) 605
Minnesota state in the north central
United States; fur trade, good soil,
and lumber attracted early settlers
(46°N/96°W) RA3
Mississippi state in the southeastern
United States; became English territory after French and Indian War
(32°N/90°W) RA3, 319
Mississippi River river flowing through
the United States from Minnesota
to the Gulf of Mexico; explored
by French in 1600s (29°N/ 89°W)
RA5, 30
Missouri state in the south central U.S.;
petition for statehood resulted in sectional conflict and the Missouri Compromise (41°N/93°W) RA3, 324
Missouri River river flowing through
the United States from the Rocky
Mountains to the Mississippi River
near St. Louis (39°N/90°W) RA5, 284
Montana state in the northwestern
United States; cattle industry grew
during 1850s (47°N/112°W) RA3,
530
Montgomery capital of Alabama
located in the central part of the state;
site of 1955 bus boycott to protest
segregation (32°N/86°W) 406
Montreal city along the St. Lawrence
River in southern Quebec, Canada
(45°N/73°W) 60
Moscow capital of former Soviet Union
and capital of Russia (56°N/37°E)
774
Gazetteer
K
Latin America Central and South America; settled by Spain and Portugal
(14°N/90°W) RA12, 327
Lexington Revolutionary War battle
site in eastern Massachusetts; site of
first clash between colonists and
British, April 19, 1775 (42°N/71°W)
143
Leyte island of the east central Philippines, north of Mindanao (10°N/
125°E) 779
Little Rock capital of Arkansas located
in the center of the state; site of 1957
conflict over public school integration (35°N/92°W) 423
London capital of United Kingdom
located in the southeastern part of
England (51°N/0°) 73
Los Angeles city along Pacific coast
in southern California; industrial,
financial, and trade center of western
United States (34°N/118°W) 531
Louisiana state in the south central
Louisiana Territory region of west central United States between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains purchased from France in 1803
(40°N/95°W) RA7, 124
Lowell city in Massachusetts (43°N/
83°W) 308
N
Nagasaki Japanese city; site of the second atom-bombing in 1945, ending
World War II (32°N/130°E) 780
Nashville capital of Tennessee located
in the north central part of the state
(36°N/87°W) 423
Natchez city in western Mississippi
along the Mississippi River (32°N/
91°W) 316
National Road road from Baltimore,
Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois (40°N/
81°W) 315
Nebraska state in the central United
States (42°N/101°W) RA3, 442
Gazetteer
1003
Netherlands–San Antonio
Gazetteer
Netherlands country in northwestern
Europe (53°N/4°E) RA13, 77
Nevada state in the western United
States (39°N/117°W) RA2, 510
New Amsterdam town founded on
Manhattan Island by Dutch settlers
in 1625; renamed New York by
British settlers (41°N/74°W) 62
New England region in northeastern
New France French land claims stretching from Quebec to Louisiana (39°N/
85°W) 92
New Hampshire state in the northeastern United States; one of the original
13 states (44°N/72°W) RA3, 80
New Jersey state in the northeastern
states (40°N/75°W) RA3, 84
New Mexico state in the southwestern
United States; ceded to the United
States by Mexico in 1848 (34°N/
107°W) RA3, 369
New Netherland Dutch Hudson River
colony (42°N/72°W) 83
New Orleans city in Louisiana in the
Mississippi Delta (30°N/90°W) 92
New Spain part of Spain’s empire in
the Western Hemisphere (35°N/
110°W) RA7, 92
New York state in the northeastern
states (43°N/78°W) RA3, 83
New York City city in southeastern
New York State at the mouth of the
Hudson River; first capital of nation
(41°N/74°W) 84
Newfoundland province in eastern
Canada (48°N/56°W) RA8, 46
Nicaragua country in Central America
(13°N/86°W) RA8, 707
Normandy region along French coast
and site of D-Day invasion, June 6,
1944 (48°N/2°W) 772
North America continent in the northern part of the Western Hemisphere
between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans (45°N/100°W) RA12, 16
North Carolina state in the southeastern United States; one of the original
13 states (36°N/81°W) RA3, 89
North Dakota state in the north central
U.S.; Congress created Dakota Territory in 1861 (47°N/102°W) RA3, 530
North Korea Asian country on the
northern Korean Peninsula (40°N/
127°E) RA13, 802
North Vietnam communist nation in
Southeast Asia; unified with South
Vietnam in 1976 to form Vietnam
(21°N/106°E) RA13, 872
Northwest Territory territory north of
the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River (47°N/87°W) RA6, 196
1004
Gazetteer
O
Ohio state in the north central United
States; first state in the Northwest
Territory (40°N/83°W) RA3, 195
Ohio River river flowing from
Allegheny and Monongahela rivers
in western Pennsylvania into
the Mississippi River (37°N/85°W)
RA5, 116
Oklahoma state in the south central
United States; Five Civilized Tribes
moved to territory in the period
1830–1842 (36°N/98°W) RA3, 539
Oregon state in the northwestern
United States; adopted woman suffrage in 1912 (44°N/124°W) RA2, 356
Oregon Trail pioneer trail from Independence, Missouri, to the Oregon
Territory (42°N/110°W) 358
P
Pacific Ocean world’s largest ocean,
located between Asia and the Americas (0°/175°W) RA12–13, 48
Palestine historical region in southwest
Asia between the Mediterranean Sea
and the Jordan River; area sometimes
called the Holy Land (32°N/35°E)
794
Panama country in the southern part of
Central America, occupying the Isthmus of Panama (8°N/81°W) RA8, 656
Panama Canal canal built across the
Isthmus of Panama through Panama
to connect the Caribbean Sea and the
Pacific Ocean (9°N/80°W) 657
Pearl Harbor naval base at Honolulu,
Hawaii; site of 1941 Japanese attack,
leading to United States entry into
World War II (21°N/158°W) 645
Pennsylvania state in the northeastern
Persian Gulf gulf in southwestern Asia
between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula (28°N/50°E) RA11, 931
Peru country in South America, south
of Ecuador and Colombia (10°S/
75°W) RA12, 327
Philadelphia city in eastern Pennsylvania on the Delaware River; Declaration of Independence and the Constitution both adopted in city’s Independence Hall (40°N/75°W) 85
Philippines island country in southeast
Asia (14°N/125°E) RA13, 651
Pikes Peak mountain in Rocky Mountains in central Colorado (38°N/
105°W) 285
Pittsburgh city in western Pennsylvania; one of the great steelmaking centers of the world (40°N/80°W) 118
Plymouth town in eastern Massachusetts, first successful English colony
in New England (42°N/71°W) 77
Poland country on the Baltic Sea in Eastern Europe (52°N/18°E) RA13, 755
Portugal country in southwestern
Europe (38°N/ 8°W) RA12, 44
Potomac River river flowing from West
Virginia into Chesapeake Bay (38°N/
77°W) 87
Providence capital of Rhode Island; site
of first English settlement in Rhode
Island (42°N/71°W) RA3
Puerto Rico United States commonwealth in the West Indies (18°N/
67°W) RA8
Pullman a company town south of
Chicago; site of 1897 railroad strike
(42°N/87°W) 575
Q
Quebec city in Canada, capital of Quebec Province, on the St. Lawrence
River; first settlement in New France
(47°N/71°W) 62
R
Rhode Island state in the northeastern
states (41°N/72°W) RA3, 80
Richmond capital of Virginia located in
the central part of the state; capital of
the Confederacy during the Civil
War (37°N/77°W) 388
Rio Grande river between the United
States and Mexico in North America;
forms the boundary between Texas
and Mexico (26°N/97°W) RA4, 372
Roanoke island off the coast of presentday North Carolina that was site of
early British colonizing efforts (35°N/
76°W) 71
Rocky Mountains mountain range
in western United States and Canada
in North America (50°N/114°W)
RA14, 32
Russia name of republic; former empire
of eastern Europe and northern Asiacoinciding with Soviet Union (60°N/
64°E) RA13, 640
S
Sacramento capital of California located
(38°N/121°W) 371
Saigon present-day Ho Chi Minh City;
former capital of South Vietnam
(11°N/106°E) 879
Salt Lake City capital of Utah located in
the northern part of the state; founded
by Mormons in 1847 (41°N/ 112°W)
361
San Antonio city in south central Texas
(29°N/98°W) 365
San Diego–Yugoslavia
Sudetenland region in northwest
Czechoslovakia; taken by Hitler’s
forces in 1938 (50°N/18°E) 755
Suez Canal canal built between the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
through northeastern Egypt (31°N/
32°E) 771
Switzerland European country in the
Alps (47°N/8°E) RA13
T
Taiwan island country off the southeast
coast of China; seat of the Chinese
Nationalist government (24°N/122°E)
RA13, 794
Tehran capital of Iran (36°N/52°E) RA11,
914
Tennessee state in the south central
United States; first state readmitted
to the Union after the Civil War
(36°N/88°W) RA3, 319
Tenochtitlán Aztec capital at the site of
present-day Mexico City (19°N/
99°W) 24
Texas state in the south central United
States; Mexican colony that became a
republic before joining the United
States (31°N/101°W) RA3, 363
Tokyo capital of Japan located on the
eastern coast of Honshu Island
(36°N/140°E) 779
Toronto city in Canada on Lake
Ontario; capital of the province of
Ontario (44°N/79°W) RA12
Trenton capital of New Jersey located
on the Delaware River in the central
part of the state; site of Revolutionary
War battle in December 1776 (40°N/
75°W) 167
U
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
See Soviet Union.
United Kingdom country in northwestern Europe made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern
Ireland (56°N/2°W) RA12, 771
United States country in central North
America; fourth largest country in
the world in both area and population (38°N/110°W) RA2–3, RA12
Utah state in the western United States;
settled by Mormons in 1840s (39°N/
113°W) RA2, 378
V
Valley Forge Revolutionary War winter
camp northwest of Philadelphia
(40°N/75°W) 173
Venezuela South American country on
the Caribbean Sea (8°N/65°W)RA12,
658
Vermont state in the northeastern
United States; 14th state to enter the
Union (44°N/73°W) RA3, 144
Vicksburg city and Civil War battle site
in western Mississippi on the Mississippi River (42°N/85°W) 486
Vietnam country in southeastern Asia
(16°N/108°E) RA13, 871
Virginia state in the eastern United
States; colony of first permanent English settlement in the Americas
(37°N/ 80°W) RA3, 72
W
Wake Island island in the central
Pacific Ocean; annexed by United
States in 1898 (19°N/167°E) 777
Washington state in the northwestern
United States; territory reached by
Lewis and Clark in 1805 (47°N/
121°W) RA2, 530
Washington, D.C. capital of the United
States located on the Potomac River
at its confluence with the Anacostia
River, between Maryland and Virginia coinciding with the District of
Columbia (39°N/77°W) RA3, 261
West Indies islands in the Caribbean
Sea, between North America and
South America (19°N/79°W) RA8, 47
West Virginia state in the east central
Willamette Valley valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon (45°N/
123°W) 359
Wisconsin state in the north central
United States; passed first state
unemployment compensation act,
1932 (44°N/91°W) RA3, 195
Wounded Knee site of massacre of
Native Americans by soldiers in
southern South Dakota in 1890 and
of American Indian Movement
protest in 1973 (43°N/102°W) 547
Wyoming state in the western United
States; territory provided women the
right to vote, 1869 (43°N/108°W)
RA3, 530
Gazetteer
San Diego city in southern California
(33°N/117°W) 93
San Francisco city in northern California on the Pacific coast (38°N/
122°W) 376
Santa Fe capital of New Mexico located
(36°N/106°W) 92
Santa Fe Trail cattle trail from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New
Mexico (36°N/106°W) 369
Saratoga Revolutionary War battle site
in the Hudson Valley of eastern New
York State (43°N/74°W) 168
Savannah city in far eastern Georgia
(32°N/81°W) 90
Seattle Washington city bordered by
Puget Sound and Lake Washington
(47°N/122°W) RA2
Selma Alabama city; site of a 1965 voterregistration drive (32°N/87°W) 852
Seneca Falls town in New York State;
site of women’s rights convention in
1848 (43°N/77°W) 426
Shiloh site of 1862 Union victory in
Tennessee (35°N/88°W) 469
Sicily Italian island in the Mediterranean (37°N/13°E) 772
Sierra Nevada mountain range in eastern California (39°N/120°W) RA4, 32
Sinai Peninsula peninsula in the Middle East separating Egypt from Israel
(29°N/34°E) 899
South America continent in the southern part of the Western Hemisphere
lying between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans (15°S/60°W) RA12, 16
South Carolina state in the southeastern United States; one of the original
13 states (34°N/81°W) RA3, 89
South Dakota state in the north central
United States; acquired through the
Louisiana Purchase (44°N/102°W)
RA3, 530
South Korea country in Asia on the
Korean Peninsula (36°N/128°E)
RA13, 802
South Vietnam country in Southeast
Asia united in 1976 with North Vietnam to form Vietnam (11°N/107°E)
RA13, 873
Soviet Union former country in northern Europe and Asia (60°N/64°E) 754
Spain country in southwestern Europe
(40°N/4°W) RA12, 46
St. Augustine city in northeastern
Florida on the Atlantic coast; oldest
permanent existing European settlement in North America, founded in
1565 (30°N/81°W) 53
St. Lawrence River river flowing from
Lake Ontario, between Canada and
the United States, through parts of
Canada to the Atlantic Ocean (48°N/
69°W) 92
Stalingrad city in the former Soviet
Union on the Volga River; present
name Volgograd (49°N/42°E) 774
Y
Yalu River river in eastern Asia, between
China and North Korea (41°N/
126°E) 804
Yorktown town in southeastern Virginia and site of final battle of Revolutionary War (37°N/76°W) 184
Yugoslavia country in southeast
Europe, on the Adriatic Sea (44°N/
20°E) RA13, 690
Gazetteer
1005
abolitionist–blockade runner
A
abolitionist a person who strongly favors doing away with
slavery (p. 418)
abstain to not take part in some activity, such as voting
(p. 439)
adobe a sun-dried mud brick used to build the homes of
some Native Americans (p. 32)
affirmative action an active effort to improve educational
and employment opportunities for minority groups
and women (p. 902)
affluence the state of having much wealth (p. 822)
airlift a system of transporting food and supplies by aircraft
into an area otherwise impossible to reach (p. 792)
alien an immigrant living in a country in which he or she
is not a citizen (p. 271)
allege state as a fact but without proof (p. 808)
alliance a close association of nations or other groups,
formed to advance common interests or causes
(p.122)
alliance system defense agreements among nations (p. 667)
ambush a surprise attack (p. 187)
amendment an addition to a formal document such as the
Constitution (pp. 213, 221)
American System policies devised by Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of industry (p. 324)
amnesty the granting of pardon to a large number of
persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act
(pp. 501, 907)
anarchist person who believes that there should be no
government (p. 701)
anarchy disorder and lawlessness (p. 658)
annex to add a territory to one’s own territory (p. 367)
annexation bringing an area under the control of a larger
country (p. 645)
Antifederalists individuals who opposed ratification of the
Constitution (p. 212)
anti-Semitism hostility toward or discrimination against
Jews (p. 753)
apartheid racial separation and economic and political
discrimination against nonwhites, a policy formerly
practiced in the Republic of South Africa (p. 912)
appeasement accepting demands in order to avoid conflict
(p. 755)
apprentice assistant who is assigned to learn the trade of a
skilled craftsman (p. 112)
appropriate to set something aside for a particular purpose,
especially funds (p. 223)
arbitration settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider (p. 621)
archaeology the study of ancient peoples (p. 17)
armistice a temporary peace agreement to end fighting
(pp. 652, 680)
1006
Glossary
arms race the competition between the United States and
the Soviet Union to build more and more weapons in
an effort to surpass the other’s military strength (p. 817)
arsenal a storage place for weapons and ammunition
(p. 448)
article a part of a document, such as the Constitution, that
deals with a single subject (p. 209)
artifact an item left behind by early people that represents
their culture (p. 17)
assembly line a production system with machines and
workers arranged so that each person performs an
assigned task again and again as the item passes
before him or her (p. 565)
assimilate to absorb a group into the culture of a larger
population (p. 585)
astrolabe an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of stars (p. 40)
autocracy government in which one person has unlimited
power (p. 675)
automation a system or process that uses mechanical or
electronic devices that replace human workers (p. 830)
B
baby boom a marked increase in the birthrate, especially in
the United States immediately following World War II
(p. 822)
backcountry a region of hills and forests west of the Tidewater (p. 105)
balance of power the distribution of power among nations
so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with
another (pp. 667, 897)
bankruptcy the condition of being unable to pay one’s
debts; one’s property is managed or sold to pay those
to whom one owes money (p. 933)
barrio a Spanish-speaking neighborhood in a city, especially in the southwest U.S. (p. 633)
bicameral consisting of two houses, or chambers, especially in a legislature (p. 193)
black codes laws passed in the South just after the Civil
War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers
(p. 505)
blacklist list of persons who are disapproved of and are
punished, such as by being refused jobs (p. 807)
blitzkrieg name given to the sudden, violent offensive
attacks the Germans used during World War II; “lightning war” (p. 759)
blockade cut off an area by means of troops or warships to
stop supplies or people from coming in or going out;
to close off a country’s ports (pp. 179, 463, 869)
blockade runner ship that sails into and out of a blockaded
area (p. 468)
bond–convoy
bond a note issued by the government, which promises to
pay off a loan with interest (p. 261)
boomtown a community experiencing a sudden growth in
business or population (p. 376)
border ruffians Missourians who traveled in armed groups
to vote in Kansas’s election during the mid-1850s
(p. 443)
border states the states between the North and the South
that were divided over whether to stay in the Union or
join the Confederacy (p. 461)
bounty money given as a reward, such as to encourage
enlistment in the army (p. 482)
boycott to refuse to buy items from a particular country
(p. 134); to refuse to use in order to show disapproval
or force acceptance of one’s terms (p. 841)
brand a symbol burned into an animal’s hide to show
ownership (p. 534)
budget deficit the amount by which government spending
exceeds revenue (p. 937)
bureaucracy system in which nonelected officials carry out
laws and policies (p. 337)
burgesses elected representatives to an assembly (p. 73)
C
Glossary
1007
Glossary
cabinet a group of advisers to the president (p. 259)
Californios Mexicans who lived in California (p. 373)
canal an artificial waterway (p. 318)
capital money for investment (pp. 308, 399)
capitalism an economic system based on private property
and free enterprise (pp. 308, 701)
caravel small, fast ship with a broad bow (p. 40)
carbon dating a scientific method used to determine the age
of an artifact (p. 19)
carpetbaggers name given to Northern whites who moved
South after the Civil War and supported the
Republicans (p. 510)
cash crop farm crop raised to be sold for money (pp. 103,
518)
casualty a military person killed, wounded, or captured
(p. 469)
caucus a meeting held by a political party to choose their
party’s candidate for president or decide policy
(pp. 269, 337)
cede to give up by treaty (p. 374)
censure to express formal disapproval of some action
(p. 809)
census official count of a population (p. 314)
charter a document that gives the holder the right to
organize settlements in an area (p. 71)
charter colony colony established by a group of settlers
who had been given a formal document allowing
them to settle (p. 110)
checks and balances the system in which each branch
of government has a check on the other two
branches so that no one branch becomes too powerful
(p. 210)
circumnavigate to sail around the world (p. 49)
citizen a person who owes loyalty to and is entitled to the
protection of a state or nation (p. 229)
civil disobedience refusal to obey laws that are considered
unjust as a nonviolent way to press for changes
(p. 842)
civil service the body of nonelected government workers
(p. 612)
civil war conflict between opposing groups of citizens of
the same country (p. 444)
civilization a highly developed culture, usually with organized religions and laws (p. 22)
classical relating to ancient Greece and Rome (p. 39)
clipper ship a fast sailing ship with slender lines, tall masts,
and large square sails (p. 387)
closed shop a workplace in which the employer by agreement hires only union members (p. 798)
coeducation the teaching of male and female students
together (p. 427)
cold war a struggle over political differences between
nations carried on by methods short of war (p. 792)
collective bargaining discussion between an employer and
union representatives of workers over wages, hours,
and working conditions (p. 574)
Columbian Exchange exchange of goods, ideas, and people
between Europe and the Americas (p. 60)
commission a group of persons directed to perform some
duty (p. 516)
committee of correspondence an organization that spread
political ideas through the colonies (p. 137)
compromise agreement between two or more sides in
which each side gives up some of what it wants (p. 204)
concurrent powers powers shared by the states and the federal government (p. 219)
Conestoga wagon sturdy vehicle topped with white canvas
and used by pioneers to move west (p. 283)
conquistador Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s
(p. 51)
conservation the protection and preservation of natural
resources (p. 622)
consolidation the practice of combining separate companies into one (p. 557)
constituents people that members of Congress represent
(p. 223)
constitution a formal plan of government (pp. 89, 193)
containment the policy or process of preventing the expansion of a hostile power (p. 791)
convoy a group that travels with something, such as a ship,
to protect it (p. 678)
cooperative–entrenched
cooperative store where farmers bought products from
each other; an enterprise owned and operated by
those who use its services (p. 549)
corporation a business in which investors own shares
(p. 568)
corruption dishonest or illegal actions (p. 510)
cotton gin a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber
(pp. 308, 398)
counterculture a social movement whose values go against
those of established society (p. 878)
counter-terrorism military or political activities intended to
combat terrorism (p. 949)
coup a sudden overthrow of a government by a small
group (pp. 873, 930)
coureur de bois French trapper living among Native
Americans (p. 62)
court-martial to try by a military court (p. 326)
credibility gap lack of belief; a term used to describe the
lack of trust in the Johnson administration’s statements about the Vietnam War (p. 879)
credit a form of loan; ability to buy goods based on future
payment (p. 403)
culture a way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs (p. 19)
customs duties taxes on foreign imported goods (p. 280)
ustoms duties taxes on foreign
D imported goods (p. 280)
Glossary
D-Day the day on which the Allied forces invaded France
during World War II; June 6, 1944 (pp. 772, 774)
debtor person or country that owes money (p. 90)
decree an order given by one in authority (p. 364)
default to fail to meet an obligation, especially a financial
one (p. 726)
deferment an excuse, issued by the draft board, that lets a
person be excused from military service for various
reasons (p. 878)
deficit the shortage that occurs when spending is greater
than income (p. 903)
demilitarize to remove armed forces from an area (p. 326)
demilitarized zone a region where no military forces or
weapons are permitted (p. 805)
deport to send out of a country aliens who are considered
dangerous (p. 701)
depreciate to fall in value (p. 197)
depression a period of low economic activity and widespread unemployment (pp. 199, 350)
deregulation the act of cutting the restrictions and regulations that government places on business (p. 923)
desert to leave without permission (p. 173)
détente a policy which attempts to relax or ease tensions
between nations (p. 897)
dictator a leader who rules with total authority, often in a
cruel or brutal manner (p. 753)
1008
Glossary
disarmament removal of weapons (pp. 326, 761)
discrimination unfair treatment of a group; unequal treatment because of a person’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth (pp. 392, 628)
dissent disagreement with or opposition to an opinion
(pp. 76, 685)
diversity variety or difference (p. 104)
dividend a stockholder’s share of a company’s profits,
usually as a cash payment (p. 568)
dollar diplomacy a policy of joining the business interests
of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad
(p. 659)
domestic tranquility maintaining peace within the nation
(p. 217)
domino theory the belief that if one nation in Asia fell to the
Communists, neighboring countries would follow
(pp. 819, 873)
dove a person who opposes war or warlike policies, such
as one who opposed the Vietnam War (p. 878)
draft the selection of persons for military service (p. 481)
drought a long period of time with little rainfall (p. 29)
dry farming a way of farming dry land in which seeds are
planted deep in ground where there is some moisture
(p. 539)
due process of law idea that the government must follow
procedures established by law and guaranteed by the
Dust Bowl the name given to the area of the southern Great
Plains severely damaged by droughts and dust storms
during the 1930s (p. 736)
E
effigy rag figure representing an unpopular individual
(p. 134)
Electoral College a special group of voters selected by their
state’s voters to vote for the president and vice president (p. 210)
emancipate to free from slavery (p. 475)
embargo an order prohibiting trade with another country
(pp. 290, 899)
emigrant a person who leaves a country or region to live
elsewhere (p. 358)
emigrate to leave one’s homeland to live elsewhere (p. 583)
empresario a person who arranged for the settlement of
land in Texas during the 1800s (p. 363)
encomienda system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts
of land and the right to tax and demand labor from
Native Americans who lived on the land (p. 55)
Enlightenment movement during the 1700s that spread the
idea that knowledge, reason, and science could
improve society (p. 208)
entente an understanding between nations (p. 667)
entrenched occupying a strong defensive position (p. 486)
enumerated powers–hieroglyphics
enumerated powers powers belonging only to the federal
government (p. 219)
escalate to increase or expand (p. 874)
espionage spying (p. 686)
ethnic group a minority that speaks a different language or
follows different customs than the majority of people
in a country (pp. 583, 667)
evolution the scientific theory that humans and other living things have evolved over time (p. 718)
executive branch the branch of government, headed by the
president, that carries out the nation’s laws and policies (p. 210)
executive order a rule issued by a chief executive that has
the force of law (p. 867)
exile a person forced to leave his or her country (p. 868)
expansionism a policy that calls for expanding a nation’s
boundaries (p. 639)
expatriate a person who gives up his or her home country
and chooses to live in another country (p. 716)
export to sell goods abroad (p. 109)
F
G
genocide the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or
cultural group (p. 775)
ghetto a part of a city in which a minority group lives
because of social or economic pressure (p. 830)
ghost town former mining town that became deserted
(p. 530)
Gilded Age the name associated with America in the late
1800s, referring to the extravagant wealth of a few and
the terrible poverty that lay underneath (p. 592)
glasnost a Soviet policy allowing more open discussion of
political and social issues, as well as more widespread
news and information (p. 925)
global warming a steady increase in average world temperatures (p. 944)
grandfather clause a clause that allowed individuals who
did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or
grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction began;
an exception to a law based on preexisting circumstances (p. 519)
grassroots society at the local and popular level away from
political or cultural centers (p. 936)
greenback a piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the
North during the Civil War (p. 483)
gross domestic product the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation during a one-year period
(p. 938)
gross national product the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation’s residents during a year,
regardless of where production takes place (p. 709)
guerrilla tactics referring to surprise attacks or raids rather
than organized warfare (p. 344)
guerrilla warfare a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a
war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics
such as sudden ambushes (pp. 180, 867)
H
habeas corpus a legal order for an inquiry to determine
whether a person has been lawfully imprisoned
(p. 481)
hawk a person who advocates war or warlike policies,
such as a supporter of the Vietnam War (p. 878)
hieroglyphics an ancient form of writing using symbols
and pictures to represent words, sounds, and concepts (p. 24)
Glossary
1009
Glossary
factory system system bringing manufacturing steps
together in one place to increase efficiency (p. 309)
famine an extreme shortage of food (p. 393)
fascism a political system, headed by a dictator, that calls
for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance
of opposition (p. 753)
favorite son candidate that receives the backing of his
home state rather than of the national party (p. 335)
federal debt the amount of money owed by the government (p. 924)
federalism the sharing of power between federal and state
governments (pp. 208, 219)
Federalists supporters of the Constitution (p. 211)
federation a type of government that links different groups
together (p. 33)
feminist a person who advocates or is active in promoting
women’s rights (p. 857)
fixed costs regular expenses such as housing or maintaining equipment that remain about the same year after
year (p. 403)
flapper a young woman of the 1920s who defied conventions in her behavior and dress (p. 714)
flexible response a plan that used special military units to
fight guerrilla wars (p. 867)
forty-niners people who went to California during the gold
rush of 1849 (p. 375)
Fourteen Points the peace plan to end World War I and
restructure the countries of Europe, proposed by
Woodrow Wilson (p. 689)
free enterprise the freedom of private businesses to operate
competitively for profit with minimal government
regulation (p. 308)
free silver the unlimited production of silver coins (p. 550)
freedman a person freed from slavery (p. 502)
frigate warship (p. 297)
front a region where warfare is taking place (p. 679)
fugitive runaway or trying to run away (p. 438)
fundamentalist a person who believes in the literal meaning
of religious texts and strict obedience to religious laws
(p. 913)
Hispanic–laissez-faire
Hispanic a person from or descended from people who
came from the countries of Latin America or Spain
(p. 858)
Holocaust the name given to the mass slaughter of Jews
and other groups by the Nazis during World War II
(p. 776)
homestead to acquire a piece of U.S. public land by living
on and cultivating it (p. 537)
horizontal integration the combining of competing firms
into one corporation (p. 569)
hot line a direct telephone line for emergency use
(p. 870)
human rights rights regarded as belonging to all persons,
such as freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution (p. 912)
Hundred Days a special session of Congress that dealt with
problems of the Depression (p. 732)
I
Glossary
Ice Age a period of extremely cold temperatures when part
of the planet’s surface was covered with massive ice
sheets (p. 17)
impeach to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office (pp. 223, 507, 938)
impeachment charging a public official with misconduct in
office; if proven guilty before a designated court, the
official is removed from office (p. 906)
imperialism the actions used by one nation to exercise
political or economic control over smaller or weaker
nations (p. 640)
implied powers powers not specifically mentioned in the
Constitution (pp. 221, 268)
import to buy goods from foreign markets (p. 109)
impressment forcing people into service, as in the navy
(pp. 265, 290)
incumbent someone who currently holds an office or position (p. 939)
indentured servant laborer who agreed to work without
pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America (p. 87)
Industrial Revolution the change from an agrarian society to
one based on industry which began in Great Britain
and spread to the United States around 1800 (p. 307)
inflation a continuous rise in the price of goods and services (pp. 175, 483, 796)
initiative the right of citizens to place a measure or issue
before the voters or the legislature for approval
(p. 614)
injunction a court order to stop an action, such as a strike
(p. 575)
installment buying a system of paying for goods in which
customers promise to pay small, regular amounts over
a period of time (p. 711)
1010
Glossary
integrate to end separation of different races and bring into
equal membership in society (pp. 512, 840)
interchangeable parts uniform pieces that can be made in
large quantities to replace other identical pieces
(p. 309)
internal improvements federal projects, such as canals and
roads, to develop the nation’s transportation system
(p. 322)
Internet a worldwide linking of computer networks (p. 943)
internment camps the detention centers where Japanese
Americans were moved to and confined during World
War II (p. 768)
interstate across state lines; connecting or existing between
two or more states (p. 849)
iron curtain the political and military barrier that
isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe
after World War II (p. 790)
ironclad armored naval vessel (p. 468)
Iroquois Confederacy a powerful group of Native
Americans in the eastern part of the United States
made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca,
Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida (p. 117)
island hopping a strategy used during World War II that
called for attacking and capturing certain key islands
and using these islands as bases to leapfrog to others
(p. 779)
isolationism a national policy of avoiding involvement in
world affairs (pp. 639, 707)
isthmus a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land
areas (p. 657)
J
joint occupation the possession and settling of an
area shared by two or more countries (p. 357)
joint-stock company a company in which investors buy
stock in the company in return for a share of its future
profits (p. 71)
judicial branch the branch of government, including the
federal court system, that interprets the nation’s laws
(p. 210)
judicial review the right of the Supreme Court to determine
if a law violates the Constitution (pp. 222, 281)
K
kamikaze during World War II, a Japanese suicide pilot
whose mission was to crash into his target (p. 779)
L
laissez-faire policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy (pp. 279, 350,
621)
land-grant college–National Grange
M
maize an early form of corn grown by Native Americans
(p. 19)
majority more than half (p. 335)
Manifest Destiny the idea popular in the United States during the 1800s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific (p. 360)
manumission the freeing of some enslaved persons (p. 201)
martial law the law applied by military forces in occupied
territory or in an emergency (p. 887)
martyr a person who sacrifices his or her life for a principle or cause (p. 448)
mass media types of communication that reach large numbers of people, such as newspapers, radio, and television (p. 714)
mass production the production of large quantities of goods
using machinery and often an assembly line (p. 566)
materialism attaching too much importance to physical
possessions and comforts (p. 830)
Mayflower Compact a formal document, written in 1620,
that provided law and order to the Plymouth colony
(p. 77)
Medicaid a social program that gives the states money to
help those who cannot afford to pay for their hospital
bills (p. 847)
Medicare a social program that helps pay for medical care
for the elderly (p. 847)
mercantilism the theory that a state’s or nation’s power
depended on its wealth (pp. 59, 109)
mercenary paid soldier who serves in the army of a foreign
country (p. 164)
merger the combining of two or more businesses into one
(p. 571)
MIAs soldiers classified as missing in action (p. 889)
migrant worker a person who moves from place to place to
find work harvesting fruits and vegetables (p. 737)
migration a movement of a large number of people into a
new homeland (p. 17)
militarism a buildup of military strength within a country
(p. 667)
militia a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies
(pp. 118, 142)
minutemen companies of civilian soldiers who boasted
that they were ready to fight on a minute’s notice
(p. 142)
mission religious settlement (pp. 54, 92)
mobilization gathering resources and preparing for war
(pp. 683, 765)
moderate opposed to major social change or extreme political ideas (p. 815)
monopoly total control of a type of industry by one person
or one company (p. 570)
Morse code a system for transmitting messages that uses a
series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the
alphabet, numbers, and punctuation (p. 389)
mosque a Muslim house of worship (p. 42)
mountain man a frontiersman living in the wilderness, as in
the Rocky Mountains (p. 357)
muckraker a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society (p. 613)
mudslinging attempt to ruin an opponent’s reputation with
insults (p. 336)
N
national debt the amount of money a national government
owes to other governments or its people (p. 260)
National Grange the first farmers’ organization in the
United States (p. 549)
Glossary
1011
Glossary
land-grant college originally, an agricultural college established as a result of the 1862 Morrill Act that gave
states large amounts of federal land that could be sold
to raise money for education (p. 598)
landslide an overwhelming victory (p. 336)
League of Nations an association of nations to preserve
peace and resolve international disputes proposed in
Wilson’s Fourteen Points (p. 689)
lease to hand over property in return for rent (p. 705)
legislative branch the branch of government that makes the
nation’s laws (p. 209)
lend-lease the act passed during World War II allowing the
United States to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war
supplies to any nation considered “vital to the defense
of the United States” (p. 761)
line of demarcation an imaginary line running down the
middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to
the South Pole dividing the Americas between Spain
and Portugal (p. 47)
line-item veto the power that allows the president to cancel
individual spending items in a budget or bill (p. 937)
literacy the ability to read and write (p. 113)
literacy test a method used to prevent African Americans
from voting by requiring prospective voters to read
and write at a specified level (p. 519)
lock in a canal, an enclosure with gates at each end used in
raising or lowering boats as they pass from level to
level (p. 318)
lode a mass or strip of ore sandwiched between layers of
rock (p. 529)
log cabin campaign name given to William Henry
Harrison’s campaign for the presidency in 1840, from
the Whigs’ use of a log cabin as their symbol (p. 351)
Loyalists American colonists who remained loyal to Britain
and opposed the war for independence (p. 145)
lynching putting to death a person by the illegal action of a
mob (p. 520)
nationalism–prejudice
Glossary
nationalism loyalty to a nation and promotion of its interests above all others (pp. 293, 667)
nativism the belief that those born in a country are superior to immigrants (p. 717)
nativist a person who favors those born in his country and
is opposed to immigrants (p. 395)
naturalization to grant full citizenship to a foreigner (p. 229)
neutral taking no side in a conflict (p. 163)
neutral rights the right to sail the seas and not take sides in
a war (p. 290)
neutrality a position of not taking sides in a conflict (p. 265)
New Deal the name given to the new laws aimed at relieving the Depression, which were passed by Congress
during the Hundred Days and the months that followed (p. 733)
nomadic moving from place to place with no permanent
home (p. 543)
nomads people who move from place to place, usually in
search of food or grazing land (p. 17)
nominating convention system in which delegates from the
states selected the party’s presidential candidate
(p. 337)
nonimportation the act of not importing or using certain
goods (p. 134)
normal school a two-year school for training high school
graduates as teachers (p. 413)
Northwest Passage water route to Asia through North
America sought by European explorers (p. 60)
nullify to cancel or make ineffective (pp. 271, 338)
O
offensive position of attacking or the attack itself (p. 463)
on margin to buy stock by paying only a fraction of the
stock price and borrowing the rest (p. 725)
Open Door policy a policy that allowed each foreign nation
in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of
influence (p. 647)
open range land not fenced or divided into lots (p. 534)
ordinance a law or regulation (p. 196)
ore a mineral mined for the valuable substance it contains,
such as silver (p. 529)
override to overturn or defeat, as a bill proposed in
Congress (p. 505)
overseer person who supervises a large operation or its
workers (pp. 106, 403)
ozone the layer of gas composed of a form of oxygen that
protects the earth and its people from cancer-causing
sun rays (p. 944)
P
pacifist person opposed to the use of war or violence to
settle disputes (pp. 85, 686)
1012
Glossary
partisan favoring one side of an issue (p. 268)
patent a document that gives an inventor the sole legal
right to an invention for a period of time (p. 308)
Patriots American colonists who were determined to fight
the British until American independence was won
(p. 145)
patronage another name for the spoils system, in which
government jobs or favors are given out to political
allies and friends (p. 612)
patroon landowner in the Dutch colonies who ruled like a
king over large areas of land (p. 83)
peaceful coexistence agreement between opposing countries that they will compete with one another but will
avoid war (p. 820)
pension a sum paid regularly to a person, usually after
retirement (p. 743)
perestroika a policy of government and economic reform
in the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s (p. 926)
perjury lying when one has sworn an oath to tell the truth
(p. 807)
persecute to treat someone harshly because of that person’s
beliefs or practices (p. 76)
petition a formal request (pp. 148, 196)
philanthropy charitable acts or gifts of money to benefit the
community (p. 570)
pilgrimage a journey to a holy place (p. 42)
Pilgrims Separatists who journeyed to the colonies during
the 1600s for a religious purpose (p. 77)
plantation a large estate run by an owner or manager and
farmed by laborers who lived there (p. 55)
plurality largest single share (p. 335)
political machine an organization linked to a political party
that often controlled local government (p. 610)
poll tax a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be
paid before the person could vote (p. 519)
pool a group sharing in some activity, for example, among
railroad barons who made secret agreements and set
rates among themselves (p. 559)
popular sovereignty political theory that government is subject to the will of the people (p. 218); before the Civil
War, the idea that people living in a territory had the
right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed
there (p. 442)
Populist Party U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver
and government control of railroads and other
monopolies (p. 550)
poverty line a level of personal or family income below
which one is classified as poor according to government standards (p. 847)
preamble the introduction to a formal document, especially the Constitution (pp. 151, 217)
precedent a tradition (p. 259)
prejudice an unfair opinion not based on facts (p. 392)
presidio–segregation
presidio Spanish fort in the Americas built to protect mission settlements (p. 54)
primary an election in which voters choose their party’s
candidate (p. 614)
privateer armed private ship (pp. 179, 297)
productivity how much work each worker does (pp. 710,
822)
prohibition the forbidding by law of the making or selling
of alcoholic beverages (p. 619)
Prohibition the nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale,
and transportation of liquor in the United States that
went into effect when the Eighteenth Amendment was
ratified in 1919 (p. 717)
propaganda ideas or information designed and spread to
influence opinion (pp. 137, 672)
proportional to be the same as or corresponding to (p. 203)
proprietary colony colony run by individuals or groups to
whom land was granted (pp. 83, 111)
protectorate a country that is technically independent, but
is actually under the control of another country
(p. 653)
public works projects such as highways, parks, and
libraries built with public funds for public use
(p. 727)
pueblo home or community of homes built by Native
Americans (pp. 29, 54)
Puritans Protestants who, during the 1600s, wanted to
reform the Anglican Church (p. 77)
quota system an arrangement placing a limit on the number of immigrants from each country (p. 718)
R
radical extreme (p. 501)
ragtime a type of music with a strong rhythm and a lively
melody with accented notes, which was popular in
early 1900s (p. 601)
ranchero Mexican ranch owner (p. 371)
rancho huge properties for raising livestock set up by
Mexican settlers in California (p. 371)
ratify to give official approval to (pp. 185, 211, 476)
ration to give out scarce items on a limited basis (p. 766)
realism an approach to literature, art, and theater that
shows things as they really are (p. 600)
rebate discount or return of part of a payment (p. 559)
Rebel Confederate soldier, so called because of opposition
to the established government (p. 464)
recall the right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office (p. 614)
recession a downward turn in business activity (p. 709)
S
sabotage secret action by enemy agents or sympathizers to
damage a nation’s war effort (p. 686)
scalawags name given by former Confederates to Southern
whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of
the South (p. 510)
search-and-destroy mission a strategy used in Vietnam in
which American forces sought Vietcong and North
Vietnamese units to destroy them (p. 875)
secede to leave or withdraw (pp. 285, 338, 438)
secession withdrawal from the Union (p. 451)
Second New Deal a new set of programs and reforms
launched by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 (p. 744)
sectionalism loyalty to a region (pp. 322, 437)
sedition activities aimed at weakening established government (p. 271)
segregation the separation or isolation of a race, class, or
group (pp. 519, 838)
Glossary
1013
Glossary
Q
reconciliation settling by agreement or coming together
again (p. 514)
Reconstruction the reorganization and rebuilding of the
former Confederate states after the Civil War (p. 501)
recruit to enlist soldiers in the army (p. 165)
referendum the practice of letting voters accept or reject
measures proposed by the legislature (p. 614)
regionalism in art or literature, the practice of focusing on a
particular region of the country (p. 600)
relief aid for the needy; welfare (p. 727)
relocate to force a person or group of people to move
(p. 342)
Renaissance a period of intellectual and artistic creativity,
c. 1300–1600 (p. 39)
rendezvous a meeting (p. 357)
reparations payment by the losing country in a war to the
winner for the damages caused by the war (p. 690)
repeal to cancel an act or law (p. 134)
republic a government in which citizens rule through
elected representatives (p. 193)
republicanism favoring a republic, or representative
democracy, as the best form of government (p. 218)
reservation an area of public lands set aside for Native
Americans (p. 543)
reserved powers powers retained by the states (p. 219)
resolution a formal expression of opinion (p. 134)
revenue incoming money (p. 133)
revenue sharing money raised from federal taxes and
given to the states for use at the state and local levels
(p. 902)
revival a series of meetings conducted by a preacher to
arouse religious emotions (p. 413)
royal colony colony run by a governor and a council
appointed by the king or queen (p. 111)
Separatists–terrace
Glossary
Separatists Protestants who, during the 1600s, wanted to
leave the Anglican Church in order to found their own
churches (p. 77)
settlement house institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services
such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes
in English (p. 593)
sharecropping system of farming in which a farmer works
land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds
and receives a share of the crop (p. 512)
shareholder a person who invests in a corporation by buying stock and is a partial owner (p. 568)
shuttle diplomacy negotiations between nations carried on
by a person who travels back and forth between them
(p. 900)
silent majority the phrase used by Nixon to describe the
majority of Americans, those who did not protest or
demonstrate (p. 882)
sit-in the act of occupying seats or sitting down on the
floor of an establishment as a form of organized
protest (p. 849)
slave code the laws passed in the Southern states that controlled and restricted enslaved people (p. 405)
slum poor, crowded, and run-down urban neighborhoods
(p. 591)
smuggling trading illegally with other nations (p. 109)
Social Security Act a law requiring workers and employers
to pay a tax; the money provides a monthly pension
for retired people (p. 744)
socialist person who believes industries should be publicly
owned and run by the government rather than by private individuals (p. 686)
sodbuster a name given to the Plains farmer (p. 539)
speculator person who risks money in order to make a
large profit (pp. 125, 261)
sphere of influence section of a country where one foreign
nation enjoys special rights and powers (p. 647)
spiritual an African American religious folk song (p. 405)
spoils system practice of handing out government jobs to
supporters; replacing government employees with the
winning candidate’s supporters (p. 337)
square deal Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of fair and equal
treatment for all (p. 621)
stagflation a combination of rising prices and a sluggish
economy with relatively high unemployment (p. 903)
stalemate a situation during a conflict when action stops
because both sides are equally powerful and neither
will give in (p. 804)
standard gauge the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches for
railroad tracks, adopted during the 1880s (p. 558)
standard of living a measure of people’s overall wealth and
quality of life; a minimum of necessities and luxuries
that a group is accustomed to (p. 822)
1014
Glossary
states’ rights rights and powers independent of the
federal government that are reserved for the
states by the Constitution; the belief that states’ rights
supersede federal rights and law (pp. 271, 451)
steerage cramped quarters on a ship’s lower decks for passengers paying the lowest fares (p. 584)
stock shares of ownership a company sells in its business
which often carry voting power (p. 568)
stock exchange a place where shares in corporations
are bought and sold through an organized system
(p. 725)
strait a narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies
of water (p. 49)
strike a stopping of work by workers to force an employer
to meet demands (p. 392)
strikebreaker person hired to replace a striking worker in
order to break up a strike (p. 575)
subsidy grant of money from the government to a person
or a company for an action intended to benefit the
public (pp. 530, 733)
subsistence farming farming in which only enough food to
feed one’s family is produced (p. 101)
suburbs residential areas that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation (p. 592)
subversion an attempt to overthrow a government by persons working secretly from within (p. 806)
suffrage the right to vote (pp. 336, 426)
suffragist a man or woman who fought for a woman’s right
to vote (p. 616)
summit a meeting of heads of government (p. 820)
surplus excess; amount left over after necessary expenses
are paid (p. 815)
sweatshop a shop or factory where workers work long
hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions (pp.
573, 585)
T
tariff a tax on imports or exports (pp. 262, 338)
technology the application of scientific discoveries to practical use (pp. 40, 308)
Tejano a Mexican who claims Texas as his home (p. 363)
telegraph a device or system that uses electric signals to
transmit messages by a code over wires (p. 389)
temperance the use of little or no alcoholic drink (p. 413)
tenant farmer farmer who works land owned by another
and pays rent either in cash or crops (pp. 92, 402)
tenement a building in which several families rent rooms
or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
(p. 591)
terrace a raised piece of land with the top leveled off to
promote farming (p. 26)
terrorism–yeoman
U
unalienable right a right that cannot be surrendered (p. 154)
unconstitutional not agreeing or consistent with the
underemployment the condition when people work at jobs
for which they are overqualified or that do not utilize
their skills (p. 908)
Underground Railroad a system that helped enslaved
African Americans follow a network of escape routes
out of the South to freedom in the North (p. 422)
unemployment insurance payments by the government for a
limited period of time to people who have lost their
jobs (p. 744)
utopia community based on a vision of a perfect society
sought by reformers (p. 412)
V
vaquero Hispanic ranch hand (p. 536)
vaudeville stage entertainment made up of various acts,
such as dancing, singing, comedy, and magic shows
(p.602)
vertical integration the combining of companies that supply
equipment and services needed for a particular industry (p. 570)
veto to reject a bill and prevent it from becoming a law
(p. 349)
Vietcong the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in
Vietnam, also known as the National Liberation Front
(p. 872)
Vietnamization Nixon’s policy that called for South
Vietnam to take a more active role in fighting the war
and for Americans to become less involved
(p. 885)
vigilantes people who take the law into their own hands
(pp. 377, 529)
W
War Hawks Republicans during Madison’s presidency
who pressed for war with Britain (p. 293)
work relief programs that gave needy people government
jobs (p. 733)
writ of assistance legal document that enabled officers to
search homes and warehouses for goods that might be
smuggled (p. 133)
Y
Yankee Union soldier (p. 464)
yellow journalism writing which exaggerates sensational,
dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers,
named for stories that were popular during the late
1800s (p. 600); a type of sensational, biased, and often
false reporting (p. 650)
yeoman Southern owner of a small farm who did not have
enslaved people (p. 402)
Glossary
1015
Glossary
terrorism the use of violence by groups against civilians to
achieve a political goal (p. 944)
theocracy a form of government in which the society is
ruled by religious leaders (p. 23)
Tidewater a region of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast (p. 105)
toleration the acceptance of different beliefs (p. 79)
total war war on all aspects of the enemy’s life (p. 490)
totalitarian a political system in which the government
suppresses all opposition and controls most aspects of
people’s lives (p. 754)
trade deficit the situation when the value of a country’s foreign imports exceeds the value of its exports (p. 911)
trade union organization of workers with the same trade or
skill (pp. 392, 573)
transcendentalist any of a group of New England writers
who stressed the relationship between human beings
and nature, spiritual things over material things, and
the importance of the individual conscience (p. 415)
transcontinental extending across a continent (p. 531)
triangular trade a trade route that exchanged goods
between the West Indies, the American colonies, and
West Africa (p. 102)
tribute money paid for protection (pp. 52, 289)
trust a combination of firms or corporations formed by
a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition
(pp. 569, 612)
trustbuster someone who breaks up a trust into smaller
companies (p. 621)
turnpike a road that one must pay to use; the money is
used to pay for the road (p. 315)
abolitionist/abolicionista–
black codes/códigos negros
A
abolitionist/abolicionista una persona que favorece firmemente suprimir la esclavitud (p. 418)
abstain/abstenerse no tomar parte de una actividad, como
de votar (p. 439)
adobe/adobe un ladrillo de lodo, seco al sol, usado para
construir las casas de los Nativos Americanos (p. 32)
affirmative action/acción afirmativa un esfuerzo activo para
mejorar las oportunidades de educación y empleo
para grupos de minorías y de la mujer (p. 902)
affluence/afluencia la condición de tener mucha riqueza
(p. 822)
airlift/puente aéreo un sistema de transportar comida y
abastos por vehículos aéreos hasta un área que no se
puede alcanzar de otras maneras (p. 792)
alien/extranjero una persona inmigrante que vive en un
país en el cual no es ciudadano (p. 271)
alleged/alegado dicho como un hecho pero sin pruebas
(p. 808)
alliance/alianza una asociación íntima entre naciones u
otros grupos formada para avanzar intereses o causas
que llevan en común (p. 122)
alliance system/sistema de alianza acuerdos de defensa entre
naciones (p. 667)
ambush/emboscada un ataque por sorpresa (p. 187)
amendment/enmienda una adición a un documento formal
tal como la Constitución (pp. 213, 221)
American System/Sistema Americano políticas ideadas por
Henry Clay para estimular el crecimiento de la industria (p. 324)
amnesty/amnistía el otorgar perdón a un número grande de
personas; la protección del proceso a causa de una
acción ilegal (pp. 501, 907)
anarchist/anarquista una persona que cree que no debe de
haber ningún gobierno (p. 701)
anarchy/anarquía desorden y sin ley (p. 658)
annex/anexar añadir un territorio a su propio territorio (p. 367)
annexation/anexión traer un área bajo el control de un país
más grande (p. 645)
Antifederalists/antifederalistas personas que estaban en
contra de que se ratificara la Constitución (p. 212)
anti-Semitism/antisemitismo hostilidad hacia o discriminación en contra de los judíos (p. 753)
apartheid/apartheid la separación racial y discriminación
económica y política en contra de la gente no blanca,
una política anteriormente practicada en la República
de África del Sur (p. 912)
appeasement/apaciguamiento aceptar demandas para evitar
conflictos (p. 755)
apprentice/aprendiz asistente asignado para aprender el oficio de un artesano experto (p. 112)
appropriate/destinar apartar para un propósito en particular, dicho especialmente de fondos (p. 223)
1016
Spanish Glossary
arbitration/arbitraje arreglo de una disputa por medio de
un acuerdo para aceptar la decisión de una persona
imparcial (p. 621)
archaeology/arqueología el estudio de pueblos antiguos
(p. 17)
armistice/armisticio un acuerdo temporal de paz para
suprimir combates (pp. 652, 680)
arms race/carrera de armas la competición entre los Estados
Unidos y la Unión Soviética para construir más y más
armas, cada uno con el propósito de sobrepasar el
poder militar del otro (p. 817)
arsenal/arsenal un lugar para el almacenaje de armas y
municiones (p. 448)
article/artículo una parte de un documento tal como la
Constitución que trata de un solo tema (p. 209)
artifact/artefacto un artículo dejado por pueblos antiguos
que representa su cultura (p. 17)
assembly line/línea de montaje un sistema de producción
arreglado con máquinas y trabajadores para que
cada persona haga vez tras vez su trabajo designado
mientras el artículo pasa por en frente de él (p. 565)
assimilate/asimilar introducir a un grupo dentro de la cultura de una población más grande (p. 585)
astrolabe/astrolabio un instrumento usado por los marineros para observar las posiciones de las estrellas (p. 40)
autocracy/autocracia gobierno en el cual una persona lleva
el poder sin límite (p. 675)
automation/automatización un sistema o proceso que usa
aparatos mecánicos o electrónicos para reemplazar a
los trabajadores humanos (p. 830)
B
baby boom/auge de nacimientos un aumento marcado de la
proporción de nacimientos, como el de los Estados
Unidos inmediatamente después de terminar la
Segunda Guerra Mundial (p. 822)
backcountry/monte una región de colinas y bosques al oeste
de la orilla del mar (p. 105)
balance of power/balance de poder la distribución de poder
entre naciones para que ninguna nación en particular
pueda dominar o interferir con otra (pp. 667, 897)
bankruptcy/bancarrota la condición de no poder pagar sus
deudas; la propiedad de uno es manejada o vendida
para pagar a las personas a las cuales uno debe dinero
(p. 933)
barrio/barrio una vecindad hispanoparlante de una ciudad, especialmente en el sudoeste de EE.UU.
(p. 633)
bicameral/bicameral que consiste de dos cámaras, especialmente dicho en una legislatura (p. 193)
black codes/códigos negros leyes establecidas en el Sur al terminar la Guerra Civil para controlar a los libertos y
permitir a los dueños de plantaciones la explotación
de los trabajadores afroamericanos (p. 505)
blacklist/lista negra–commission/comisión
C
cabinet/gabinete un grupo de consejeros al presidente
(p. 259)
Californios/californios mexicanos que vivían en California
(p. 373)
canal/canal vía artificial de agua (p. 318)
capital/capital dinero para inversión (pp. 308, 399)
capitalism/capitalismo un sistema económico basado en la
propiedad particular y la empresa libre (pp. 308, 701)
caravel/carabela un buque pequeño y veloz con una proa
ancha (p. 40)
carbon dating/datar con carbón un método científico usado
para determinar la edad de un artefacto (p. 19)
carpetbaggers/carpetbaggers nombre dado a los blancos norteños que se trasladaban al Sur después de la guerra y
apoyaban a los republicanos (p. 510)
cash crop/cultivo comercial cosecha cultivada para vender
por dinero (pp. 103, 518)
casualty/baja un miliciano muerto, herido, o capturado
(p. 469)
caucus/junta electoral una reunión llevada a cabo por un partido político para escoger el candidato a la presidencia
de su partido o para decidir políticas (pp. 269, 337)
cede/ceder abandonar por tratado (p. 374)
censure/censurar expresar desaprobación formal de alguna
acción (p. 809)
census/censo registro oficial de una población (p. 314)
charter/carta de privilegio un documento que otorga los
derechos de organizar establecimientos en una área
(p. 71)
charter colony/colonia a carta colonia establecida por un
grupo de colonizadores a quienes se les había dado un
documento formal permitiéndoles colonizar (p. 110)
checks and balances/inspecciones y balances el sistema en el
cual cada rama de gobierno refrena las otras dos
ramas para que ninguna rama vuelva a ser demasiado
poderosa (p. 210)
circumnavigate/circunnavegar navegar alrededor del mundo
(p. 49)
citizen/ciudadano una persona que debe ser leal y tiene
derecho a la protección de un estado o nación (p. 229)
civil disobedience/desobediencia civil el rehusar obedecer las
leyes que uno considera injustas como una manera
pacífica para inisistir en cambios (p. 842)
civil service/servicio civil el cuerpo de trabajadores gubernamentales no elegidos (p. 612)
civil war/guerra civil conflicto entre grupos opuestos de ciudadanos del mismo país (p. 444)
civilization/civilización una cultura sumamente desarrollada,
generalmente con religiones y leyes organizadas (p. 22)
classical/clásico relacionado a Grecia y Roma antigua (p. 39)
clipper ship/buque clíper un buque veloz con líneas delgadas, mástiles altos, y grandes velas cuadradas
(p. 387)
closed shop/taller cerrado un lugar de trabajo en el cual, por
acuerdo, el empresario contrata sólo a los miembros
del sindicato (p. 798)
coeducation/coeducación la enseñanza conjunta de estudiantes hombres y mujeres (p. 427)
cold war/guerra fría una lucha sobre diferencias políticas
entre naciones llevada a cabo por métodos fuera de
guerra (p. 792)
collective bargaining/negociaciones colectivas discusión entre
el empresario y los representantes sindicales de los
trabajadores sobre salario, horas, y condiciones del
taller (p. 574)
Columbian Exchange/Cambio Colombiano el cambio de productos, ideas, y personas entre Europa y las Américas
(p. 60)
commission/comisión un grupo de personas dirigidas a
hacer algún deber (p. 516)
Spanish Glossary
Spanish Glossary
blacklist/lista negra una lista de personas que son
desaprobadas y castigadas, tal como rehusar a darles
trabajo (p. 807)
blitzkrieg/blitzkrieg nombre dado a los ataques ofensivos
súbitos y violentos usados por los alemanes durante
la Segunda Guerra Mundial; “guerra relámpago”
(p. 759)
blockade/bloqueo el cerrar un área por medio de tropas o de
buques de guerra para prohibir el entrar y el salir de
abastos y de personas; cerrar los puertos de un país
(pp. 179, 463, 869)
blockade runner/forzador de bloqueo un buque que navega
adentro y afuera de un área bloqueada (p. 468)
bond/bono una obligación hecha por el gobierno la cual
promete pagar un préstamo con interés (p. 261)
boomtown/pueblo en bonanza una comunidad experimentando un auge repentino de comercio o población (p. 376)
border ruffians/rufianes fronterizos hombres de Missouri que
viajaban en grupos armados a votar en la elección de
Kansas a mediados de los años 1850 (p. 443)
border states/estados fronterizos los estados entre el Norte y
el Sur que fueron divididos sobre el problema de
quedarse en la Unión o de unirse a la Confederación
(p. 461)
bounty/gratificación dinero dado como recompensa, como
para animar el alistamiento en el ejército (p. 482)
boycott/boicotear rehusar comprar artículos de un país en
particular (p. 134); rehusar usar (p. 841)
brand/marca a fuego un símbolo quemado en la piel de un
animal para mostrar título de propiedad (p. 534)
budget deficit/déficit del presupuesto la cantidad por la cual
los gastos exceden las rentas, especialmente referente
al gobierno (p. 937)
bureaucracy/burocracia sistema en el cual oficiales no elegidos administran las leyes y políticas (p. 337)
burgesses/burgueses representantes elegidos para una
asamblea (p. 73)
1017
committee of correspondence/comité de correspondencia–draft/reclutamiento
Spanish Glossary
committee of correspondence/comité de correspondencia una
organización que usaba reuniones, cartas, y panfletos
para propagar ideas políticas para las colonias (p. 137)
compromise/compromiso un acuerdo entre dos o más partidos en el cual cada partido abandona algo de lo que
quiere (p. 204)
concurrent powers/poderes concurrentes poderes compartidos por los estados y el gobierno federal (p. 219)
Conestoga wagon/conestoga vehículo firme cubierto de lona
blanca usado por los pioneros para moverse hacia el
oeste (p. 283)
conquistador/conquistador explorador español en las
Américas en los años 1500 (p. 51)
conservation/conservación la protección y preservación de
recursos naturales (p. 622)
consolidation/consolidación la práctica de juntar compañías
particulares en una (p. 557)
constituents/constituyentes personas representadas por
miembros del Congreso (p. 223)
constitution/constitución un plan formal de gobierno (pp. 89,
193)
containment/contención la política o proceso de prohibir la
expansión de un poder hostil (p. 791)
convoy/convoy un grupo que viaja con algo, tal como un
buque, para protegerlo (p. 678)
cooperative/cooperativa una tienda donde los granjeros
compraban productos uno al otro; una empresa poseída y operada por los que usan sus servicios (p. 549)
corporation/sociedad anónima un grupo autorizado por ley a
montar una actividad pero con los derechos y deberes
de una persona particular (p. 568)
corruption/corrupción acciones deshonestas o ilegales
(p. 510)
cotton gin/despepitadora de algodón una máquina que sacaba
las semillas de las fibras de algodón (pp. 308, 398)
counterculture/contracultura un movimiento social cuyos
valores están en contra de los de la sociedad establecida (p. 878)
counter-terrorism/contraterrorismo actividades militares o
políticos con el fin de combatir el terrorismo (p. 949)
coup/golpe derrocamiento súbito de un gobierno por un
grupo pequeño (pp. 873, 930)
coureur de bois/coureur de bois cazador de pieles francés
viviendo entre los Nativos Americanos (p. 62)
court-martial/consejo de guerra someter a juicio por un tribunal militar (p. 326)
credibility gap/resquicio de credibilidad falta de creencia; un
término usado para describir la falta de confianza en
los anuncios de la administración de Johnson referente
a la Guerra en Viet Nam (p. 879)
credit/crédito una forma de préstamo; la capacidad de comprar productos basada en pagos futuros (p. 403)
culture/cultura la manera de vivir de un grupo de personas
que tienen en común sus creencias y costumbres
(p. 19)
customs duties/derechos de aduana impuestos sobre productos importados del extranjero (p. 280)
1018
Spanish Glossary
D
D-Day/D-Day el día en el cual las fueras Aliadas invadieron
Francia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial; el 6 de
junio de 1944 (pp. 772, 774)
debtor/deudor persona o país que debe dinero (p. 90)
decree/decreto una orden o decisión dada por alguién de
autoridad (p. 364)
default/incumplimiento de pago fallar en hacer una obligación, especialmente una financiera (p. 726)
deferment/aplazamiento un perdón, aprobado por la junta
de reclutamiento, que permite que sea perdonada una
persona del servicio militar por varias razones (p. 878)
deficit/déficit escasez que ocurre cuando los gastos son más
que los ingresos (p. 903)
demilitarize/desmilitarizar quitar fuerzas armadas de un
área (p. 326)
demilitarized zone/zona desmilitarizada una región donde no
se permite ninguna fuerza militar ni armas (p. 805)
deport/deportar mandar afuera de un país a los extranjeros
que se consideran peligrosos (p. 701)
depreciate/depreciar caer en valor (p. 197)
depression/depresión un período de poca actividad económica y de desempleo extenso (pp. 199, 350)
deregulation/deregulación el acto de quitar las limitaciones
y reglamentos que el gobierno había puesto en el
comercio (p. 923)
desert/desertar salir sin permiso (p. 173)
détente/détente una política que intenta relajar o aliviar tensiones entre naciones (p. 897)
dictator/dictador un líder que manda con plena autoridad, a
menudo de una manera cruel o brutal (p. 753)
disarmament/desarme el quitar armas (pp. 326, 761)
discrimination/discriminación trato injusto de un grupo; trato
parcial a causa de la raza, la religión, los antecedentes
étnicos, o lugar de nacimiento de alguién (pp. 392, 628)
dissent/disensión desacuerdo con u oposición a una opinión
(pp. 76, 685)
diversity/diversidad variedad o diferencia (p. 104)
dividend/dividendo cheque que se paga a los accionistas, por
lo general trimestralmente, representa una porción de
las ganancias de la corporación (p. 568)
dollar diplomacy/diplomacia del dólar una política de unir los
intereses comerciales de un país con sus intereses
diplomáticos al extranjero (p. 659)
domestic tranquility/tranquilidad doméstica mantener la paz
dentro de la nación (p. 217)
domino theory/teoría dominó la creencia de que si una
nación de Asia hubiera caído a los comunistas los países vecinos la habrían seguido (pp. 819, 873)
dove/paloma una persona que se opone a la guerra y las
políticas de guerra, tal como una persona que se
oponía a la Guerra en Viet Nam (p. 878)
draft/reclutamiento la selección de personas a servicio militar requirido (p. 481)
drought/sequía–genocide/genocidio
drought/sequía un largo período con poca lluvia (p. 29)
dry farming/agricultura seca una manera de cultivar tierra
seca en la cual las semillas se plantan al fondo de la
tierra donde hay un poco de humedad (p. 539)
due process of law/proceso justo de ley idea de que el gobierno debe de seguir los procesos establecidos por ley y
garantizados por la Constitución (p. 228)
Dust Bowl/Cuenca de Polvo el nombre dado al área del sur de
las Grandes Llanuras extensivamente dañada por las
sequías y las tempestades del polvo durante los años
1930 (p. 736)
E
F
factory system/sistema de fábrica sistema que junta en un
solo lugar las categorías de fabricación para aumentar
la eficiencia (p. 309)
famine/hambre una escasez extrema de comida (p. 393)
fascism/fascismo un sistema político, dirigido por un dictador, que demanda nacionalismo y racismo extremo, y
ninguna tolerancia de oposición (p. 753)
favorite son/hijo favorito candidato que recibe el apoyo de
su estado natal en lugar del partido nacional (p. 335)
federal debt/deuda federal la cantidad de dinero debido por
el gobierno (p. 924)
federalism/federalismo el compartir el poder entre el gobierno federal y los gobiernos estatales (pp. 208, 219)
Federalists/federalistas apoyadores de la Constitución (p. 211)
federation/federación una forma de gobierno que une grupos diferentes (p. 33)
feminist/feminista una persona que aboga por o está activa
en promulgar los derechos de la mujer (p. 857)
fixed costs/costos fijos gastos regulares tal como de vivienda
o mantenimiento de equipo que se quedan casi iguales
año tras año (p. 403)
flapper/flapper una jovencita de los años 1920 que retaba
las costumbres de comportamiento e indumentaria
(p. 714)
flexible response/respuesta flexible un plan que usaba
unidades militares especiales para montar guerras al
estilo guerrilla (p. 867)
forty-niners/forty-niners personas que fueron a California
durante la fiebre del oro en 1849 (p. 375)
Fourteen Points/Catorce Puntos el plan de paz para suprimir
la Primera Guerra Mundial y reestructurar los países
de Europa, propuesto por Woodrow Wilson (p. 689)
free enterprise/libre comercio la libertad de empresas privadas para operarse competetivamente para ganancias
con la mínima regulación gubernamental (p. 308)
free silver/plata libre la producción sin límite de monedas
de plata (p. 550)
freedman/liberto una persona liberada de la esclavitud
(p. 502)
frigate/fragata buque de guerra (p. 297)
front/frente una región donde la guerra activa se lleva a
cabo (p. 679)
fugitive/fugitivo evadido que trata de huir (p. 438)
fundamentalist/fundamentalista una persona que cree en el
sentido literal de escrituras religiosas y la obediencia
estricta a leyes religiosas (p. 913)
Spanish Glossary
effigy/efigie una figura rellenada de trapos que representa
una persona impopular (p. 134)
Electoral College/Colegio Electoral un grupo especial de
votantes escogidos por los votantes de sus estados
para elegir al presidente y al vicepresidente (p. 210)
emancipate/emancipar liberar de la esclavitud (p. 475)
embargo/embargo una orden que prohibe el comercio con
otro país (pp. 290, 899)
emigrant/emigrante una persona que sale de un país o una
región para vivir en otras partes (p. 358)
emigrate/emigrar dejar su patria para vivir en otras partes
(p. 583)
empresario/empresario una persona que arregló la coloización de tierra en Texas durante los años 1800
(p. 363)
encomienda/encomienda sistema de recompensar a los conquistadores con extensiones de tierra y el derecho de
recaudar impuestos y exigir mano de obra a los
Nativos Americanos que vivían en la tierra (p. 55)
Enlightenment/Siglo de las Luces movimiento durante los años
1700 que propagaba la idea de que el conocimiento, la
razón, y la ciencia podrían mejorar la sociedad (p. 208)
entente/convenio un acuerdo entre naciones (p. 667)
entrenched/atrincherado que ocupa una fuerte posición
defensiva (p. 486)
enumerated powers/poderes enumerados poderes que
pertenecen solamente al gobierno federal (p. 219)
escalate/intensificar aumentar o extender (p. 874)
espionage/espionaje espiar (p. 686)
ethnic group/grupo étnico una minoría que habla un idioma
diferente o que sigue costumbres diferentes que la
mayoría de la gente de un país (pp. 583, 667)
evolution/evolución la teoría científica de que los seres
humanos y otros seres vivos se han desarrollado tras
largos períodos de tiempo (p. 718)
executive branch/rama ejecutiva la rama de gobierno, dirigida por el presidente, que administra las leyes y la
política de una nación (p. 210)
executive order/orden ejecutiva una regla emitida por un jefe
ejecutivo que lleva la fuerza de ley (p. 867)
exile/exilio una persona forzada a abandonar su patria
(p. 868)
expansionism/expansionismo una política que demanda el
extender las fronteras de una nación (p. 639)
expatriate/expatriado una persona que abandona su patria y
decide vivir en otro país (p. 716)
export/exportar vender bienes en el extranjero (p. 109)
G
genocide/genocidio el eradicar un grupo racial, político, o
cultural (p. 775)
Spanish Glossary
1019
ghetto/ghetto–integrate/integrar
Spanish Glossary
ghetto/ghetto una parte de una ciudad en la cual vive un
grupo de minoría a causa de presión económica o
social (p. 830)
ghost town/pueblo de espectros pueblo anterior de mineros
que se dejó (p. 530)
Gilded Age/la Época Dorada el nombre asociado con América
al final de los años 1800, referente a la gran riqueza de
los tiempos y la terrible pobreza que estaba debajo
(p. 592)
glasnost/glasnost una política soviética que permitía discusión más abierta de cuestiones políticas y sociales, y
la promulgación más amplia de noticias e información
(p. 925)
global warming/calentamiento mundial un aumento contínuo
del promedio de temperaturas mundiales (p. 944)
grandfather clause/cláusula de abuelo una cláusula que permitía votar a las personas que no aprobaron el examen
de alfabetismo si sus padres o sus abuelos habían
votado antes de que empezó la Reconstrucción; una
excepción a una ley basada en circunstancias preexistentes (p. 519)
grassroots/la gente común la sociedad al nivel local y popular afuera de los centros políticos y culturales (p. 936)
greenback/billete de dorso verde un billete de la moneda de
EE.UU. expedido primeramente por el Norte durante
la Guerra Civil (p. 483)
gross domestic product/producto interno bruto valor de todos
los productos dentro de las fronteras nacionales de un
país en un año (p. 938)
gross national product/producto nacional bruto valor total de
todos los productos producidos en un año con la
mano de obra y la propiedad suplidas por los residentes de un país, sin importar donde toma lugar la
producción (p. 709)
guerrilla tactics/tácticas de guerrilla referente a ataques sorpresas o incursiones en lugar de la guerra organizada
(p. 344)
guerrilla warfare/contienda a guerrilleros una técnica de tirar
y darse a la huída usada en combates de guerra
(pp. 180, 867)
H
habeas corpus/hábeas corpus una orden legal para una
encuesta para determinar si una persona ha sido
encarcelada legalmente (p. 481)
hawk/halcón una persona que aboga por la guerra y las
políticas de guerra, tal como un apoyador de la Guerra
en Viet Nam (p. 878)
hieroglyphics/jeroglíficos una forma antigua de escribir
usando símbolos y dibujos para representar palabras,
sonidos, y conceptos (p. 24)
Hispanic/hispano una persona o descendiente de la gente
que vinieron de los países de Latinoamérica o de
España (p. 858)
Holocaust/Holocausto el nombre dado a la matanza extensa
de judíos y otros grupos por los nazis durante la
Segunda Guerra Mundial (p. 776)
1020
Spanish Glossary
homestead/homestead adquirir una pieza de tierra pública
de EE.UU. por medio de vivir en ella y cultivarla
(p. 537)
horizontal integration/integración horizontal la asociación de
firmas competitivas en una sociedad anónima (p. 569)
hot line/línea de emergencia una línea telefónica directa para
uso en caso de emergencia (p. 870)
human rights/derechos humanos derechos, tal como la libertad
de encarcelamiento ilegal, tortura, y ejecución, considerados como pertenecientes a todas las peronas (p. 912)
Hundred Days/Cien Días una sesión especial del Congreso
llamada por Franklin D. Roosevelt para tratar los
problemas de la Depresión (p. 732)
I
Ice Age/Época Glacial un período de temperaturas extremadamente frías cuando parte de la superficie del
planeta estaba cubierta de extensiones masivas de
hielo (p. 17)
impeach/acusar acusación formal a un oficial público de
mala conducta en la oficina (pp. 223, 507, 938)
impeachment/acusación el acusar a un oficial público de
mala conducta en la oficina; si se le prueba culpable
ante una corte designada, se le despide de la oficina
(p. 906)
imperialism/imperialismo las acciones usadas por una
nación para ejercer control político o económico sobre
naciones más pequeñas y débiles (p. 640)
implied powers/poderes implícitos poderes no mencionados
específicamente en la Constitución (pp. 221, 268)
import/importar comprar bienes de mercados extranjeros
(p. 109)
impressment/requisición captura de marineros para forzarlos a servir en una marina extranjera (pp. 265, 290)
incumbent/titular alguién que actualmente tiene un oficio o
posición (p. 939)
indentured servant/sirviente contratado trabajador que consiente trabajar sin pago durante un cierto período de
tiempo a cambio del pasaje a América (p. 87)
Industrial Revolution/Revolución Industrial el cambio de una
sociedad agraria en una basada en la industria que
empezó en la Gran Bretaña y se promulgó a los
Estados Unidos alrededor del año 1800 (p. 307)
inflation/inflación aumento contínuo del precio de productos y servicios (pp. 175, 483, 796)
initiative/iniciativa el derecho de los ciudadanos de poner
una medida o tema ante los votantes o la legislatura
para aprobación (p. 614)
injunction/amonestación una orden judicial para terminar
una acción, tal como una huelga (p. 575)
installment buying/compra a plazos un sistema de comprar
productos en el cual los clientes prometen hacer pagos
pequeños y regulares a través de un período de tiempo (p. 711)
integrate/integrar suprimir la segregación de las razas diferentes e introducir a membrecía igual y común en la
sociedad (pp. 512, 840)
interchangeable parts/partes intercambiables–majority/mayoría
interchangeable parts/partes intercambiables piezas uniformes
que pueden ser hechas en grandes cantidades para
reemplazar otras piezas idénticas (p. 309)
internal improvements/mejoramientos internos proyectos
federales, tal como canales y carreteras, para desarrollar el sistema de transportación de una nación
(p. 322)
Internet/Internet enlaze a través de todo el mundo de redes
de computadoras (p. 943)
internment camps/campos de internamiento los centros de
detención adonde los americanos japoneses fueron
trasladados y allí encerrados durante la Segunda
Guerra Mundial (p. 768)
interstate/interestatal a través de fronteras estatales; que
conecta o existe entre dos o más estados (p. 849)
iron curtain/cortina de hierro la barrera política y militar para
los países de Europa Oriental controlados por los
soviéticos que los aislaba después de la Segunda
Guerra Mundial (p. 790)
ironclad/acorazado buque armado (p. 468)
Iroquois Confederacy/Confederación Iroquesa un grupo
poderoso de Nativos Americanos de la región oriental
de los Estados Unidos compuesto de cinco naciones:
los pueblos mohawk, séneca, cayuga, onondaga y
oneida (p. 117)
island hopping/saltar islas una estrategia usada durante la
Segunda Guerra Mundial que demandó el atacar y
capturar ciertas islas importantes para usarlas como
bases para saltar por encima de otras (p. 779)
isolationism/aislacionismo una política nacional de
evitar el involucramiento en asuntos mundiales
(pp. 639, 707)
isthmus/istmo una faja estrecha de tierra que conecta dos
áreas de tierra más grandes (p. 657)
joint occupation/ocupación en común la posesión y colonización de un área como esfuerzo compartido por
dos o más países (p. 357)
joint-stock company/compañía por acciones una compañía en
la cual los inversionistas compran acciones de la compañia a cambio de una porción de las ganancias en el
futuro (p. 71)
judicial branch/rama judicial la rama de gobierno, incluyendo el sistema de tribunales federales, que interpreta
las leyes de una nación (p. 210)
judicial review/repaso judicial el derecho del Tribunal
Supremo para determinar si una ley viola la
Constitución (pp. 222, 281)
K
kamikaze/kamikase durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial,
un piloto suicida japonés cuya misión era chocar con
el blanco (p. 779)
laissez-faire/laissez-faire la creencia de que el gobierno no
debe de involucrarse en los asuntos comerciales y
económicos del país (pp. 279, 350, 621)
land-grant college/colegio de tierras donadas originalmente,
un colegio agrícola establecido como resultado del
Decreto Morrill de 1862 que dio a los estados, grandes
cantidades de tierras federales que podrían ser vendidas para recaudar dinero para la educación (p. 598)
landslide/victoria arrolladora una victoria abrumadora
(p. 336)
League of Nations/Liga de Naciones una asociación de
naciones para mantener la paz y resolver disputas
internacionales propuesta en los Catorce Puntos de
Wilson (p. 689)
lease/arrendar entregar propiedad en cambio de renta
(p. 705)
legislative branch/rama legislativa la rama de gobierno que
redacta las leyes de una nación (p. 209)
lend-lease/prestar-arrendar el decreto aprobado durante la
Segunda Guerra Mundial que permitía a los Estados
Unidos que vendiera, prestara, o arrendara armas u
otros abastos de guerra a cualquier nación considerada “vital para la defensa de los Estados Unidos”
(p. 761)
line of demarcation/línea de demarcación una línea imaginaria a lo largo del medio del Océano Atlántico desde el
Polo Norte hasta el Polo Sur para dividir las Américas
entre España y Portugal (p. 47)
line-item veto/veto de partida el poder que permite al presidente que cancele partidas particulares de gastos de
un presupuesto o proyecto de ley (p. 937)
literacy/alfabetismo la capacidad de leer y escribir (p. 113)
literacy test/examen de alfabetismo un método usado para
prohibir a los afroamericanos a votar por requerir a
presuntos votantes que pudieran leer y escribir a niveles especificados (p. 519)
lock/esclusa en un canal un recinto con puertas en cada
extremo y usado para levantar y bajar los buques
mientras pasan de un nivel al otro (p. 318)
lode/filón una faja o venero de mena intercalada entre
estratos de piedra (p. 529)
log cabin campaign/campaña de cabaña rústica el nombre dado
a la campaña para la presidencia de William Henry
Harrison en 1840, debido al uso de una cabaña rústica
de troncos como su símbolo por los whigs (p. 351)
Loyalists/lealistas colonizadores americanos que quedaron
leales a la Bretaña y se opusieron a la guerra para la
independencia (p. 145)
lynching/linchamiento matar a una persona a través de la
acción ilegal de una muchedumbre airada (p. 520)
Spanish Glossary
J
L
M
maize/maíz una forma antigua de elote cultivado por los
Nativos Americanos (p. 19)
majority/mayoría más de la mitad (p. 335)
Spanish Glossary
1021
Manifest Destiny/Destino Manifiesto–nullify/anular
Spanish Glossary
Manifest Destiny/Destino Manifiesto la idea popular en los
Estados Unidos durante los años 1800 de que el país
debería de extender sus fronteras hasta el Pacífico
(p. 360)
manumission/manumisión el liberar a unas personas esclavizadas (p. 201)
martial law/ley marcial ley administrada por las autoridades civiles en una situación de emergencia
(p. 887)
martyr/mártir una persona que sacrifica su vida por un
principio o una causa (p. 448)
mass media/difusoras de información formas de comunicación que alcanzan a grandes números de personas, tal como periódicos, radio, y televisión (p. 714)
mass production/fabricación en serie la producción de
grandes cantidades de productos usando máquinas y
muchas veces una línea de montaje (p. 566)
materialism/materialismo atribuir demasiada importancia a
las posesiones y comodidades físicas (p. 830)
Mayflower Compact/Convenio del Mayflower un documento
formal escrito en 1620 que proporcionó leyes para el
mantenimiento del orden público en la colonia de
Plymouth (p. 77)
Medicaid/Medicaid un programa social que da dinero a los
estados para ayudar a las personas que no pueden
pagar la factura del hospital (p. 847)
Medicare/Medicare un programa social que ayuda en pagar
el esmero médico para los ancianos (p. 847)
mercantilism/mercantilismo idea de que el poder de una
nación dependía de ampliar su comercio y aumentar
sus reservas de oro (p. 59, 109)
mercenary/mercenario soldado remunerado para servir en
el ejército de un país extranjero (p. 164)
merger/fusión de empresas la asociación de dos o más negocios en uno (p. 571)
MIAs/MIAs soldados clasificados como extraviados en la
guerra, inglés missing in action (p. 889)
migrant worker/obrero migrante una persona que se mueve
de un lugar a otro para buscar trabajo en la cosecha de
frutas y vegetales (p. 737)
migration/migración el movimiento de un gran número de
personas hacia una nueva patria (p. 17)
militarism/militarismo un desarrollo de poder militar dentro
de un país (p. 667)
militia/milicia un grupo de civiles entrenados para luchar
durante emergencias (pp. 118, 142)
minutemen/minutemen compañías de soldados civiles que
se jactaban de que podrían estar listos para tomar
armas en sólo un minuto (p. 142)
mission/misión una comunidad religiosa (pp. 54, 92)
mobilization/mobilización juntar recursos y preparar para la
guerra (pp. 683, 765)
moderate/moderado opuesto a gran cambio social o ideas
políticas extremas (p. 815)
1022
Spanish Glossary
monopoly/monopolio control total de una industria por una
persona o una compañía (p. 570)
Morse code/código Morse un sistema para transmitir mensajes que usa una serie de puntos y rayas para
representar las letras del abecedario, los números, y la
puntuación (p. 389)
mosque/mezquita una casa de alabanza musulmana (p. 42)
mountain man/hombre montañés colonizador que vivía en el
monte, como en las Montañas Rocosas (p. 357)
muckraker/expositor de corrupción periodista que descubre
abusos y corrupción en una sociedad (p. 613)
mudslinging/detractar intentar arruinar la reputación de un
adversario con insultos (p. 336)
N
national debt/deuda nacional la cantidad de dinero que un
gobierno debe a otros gobiernos o a su pueblo (p. 260)
National Grange/Granja Nacional la primera organización de
granjeros de los Estados Unidos (p. 549)
nationalism/nacionalismo lealtad a una nación y promoción
de sus intereses sobre todos los demás (pp. 293, 667)
nativism/nativismo la creencia de que aquellos que
nacieron en un país son mejores que los inmigrantes
(p. 717)
nativist/nativista una persona que favorece a los nacidos en
su patria y se opone a los inmigrantes (p. 395)
naturalization/naturalización el otorgar la plena ciudadanía
a un extranjero (p. 229)
neutral/neutral que no toma partido a ninguna persona ni a
ningún país en un conflicto (p. 163)
neutral rights/derechos neutrales el derecho para navegar en
el mar sin tomar partido en una guerra (p. 290)
neutrality/neutralidad una posición de no tomar partido en
un conflicto (p. 265)
New Deal/Nuevo Trato el nombre dado a las leyes nuevas
con la meta de aliviar la Depresión que fueron estatuidas por el Congreso durante los Cien Días y los meses
siguientes (p. 733)
nomadic/nómada que se mueve de un lugar a otro sin hogar
permanente (p. 543)
nomads/nómadas personas que se mueven de lugar a lugar,
generalmente en busca de comida o de tierras para
pastar (p. 17)
nominating convention/convención nominadora sistema en el
cual los diputados estatales escogieron al candidato
para la presidencia de su partido (p. 337)
nonimportation/no importación la acción de evitar la
importación o uso de ciertos productos (p. 134)
normal school/escuela normal una escuela con programa de
dos años para entrenar a los graduados de preparatoria para ser maestros (p. 413)
Northwest Passage/Paso Noroeste ruta acuática para Asia por
América del Norte buscada por exploradores
europeos (p. 60)
nullify/anular cancelar o hacer sin efecto (pp. 271, 338)
offensive/ofensiva–proprietary colony/colonia propietaria
O
offensive/ofensiva la posición de atacar o el mismo ataque
(p. 463)
on margin/al margen comprar acciones por pagar sólo una
fracción del precio del valor y el resto del préstamo
recibido a un corredor (p. 725)
Open Door policy/política de Puerta Abierta una política que
permitía a cada nación extranjera en China que comerciara libremente en las esferas de influencia de las
otras naciones (p. 647)
open range/terreno abierto tierra sin cercas ni dividida en
solares (p. 534)
ordinance/ordenanza una ley o regulación (p. 196)
ore/mena un mineral minado por la sustancia valorable
que contiene, tal como plata (p. 529)
override/vencer rechazar o derrotar, como un proyecto de
ley propuesto en el Congreso (p. 505)
overseer/capataz persona que supervisa una operación
grande o a sus trabajadores (pp. 106, 403)
ozone/ozono el estrato de gas compuesto de una forma de
oxígeno que protege la tierra y a su gente de los rayos
del sol que causan el cáncer (p. 944)
P
Spanish Glossary
Spanish Glossary
pacifist/pacifista persona opuesta al uso de guerra o violencia para arreglar disputas (pp. 85, 686)
partisan/partidario a favor de una parte de un asunto
(p. 268)
patent/patente un documento que da al inventor el derecho
exclusivo legal de una invención durante un período
de tiempo (p. 308)
Patriots/patriotas colonizadores americanos que estaban
determinados para luchar en contra de los británicos
hasta que se ganara la independencia americana (p. 145)
patronage/patronazgo otro nombre del sistema de recompensa política en el cual puestos y favores gubernamentales se dan a aliados políticos y a amigos (p. 612)
patroon/patroon terrateniente de las colonias holandesas
que gobernaba áreas grandes de tierra como un rey
(p. 83)
peaceful coexistence/coexistencia pacífica acuerdo entre países
opuestos de que competirán uno con el otro pero evitarán la guerra (p. 820)
pension/pensión una cantidad pagada a una persona,
generalmente después de la jubilación (p. 743)
perestroika/perestroika una política de gobierno y economía
empezada por Gorbachev en la Unión Soviética a
mediados de los años 1980 (p. 926)
perjury/perjurio el mentir después de haber jurado decir la
verdad (p. 807)
persecute/perseguir tratar cruelmente a alguién a causa de
sus creencias o prácticas (p. 76)
petition/petición una solicitud formal (pp. 148, 196)
philanthropy/filantropía acciones caritativas o donaciones de
dinero para beneficiar a la comunidad (p. 570)
pilgrimage/peregrinación un viaje a un sitio sagrado (p. 42)
Pilgrims/peregrinos separatistas que viajaron a las colonias
durante los años 1600 por un propósito religioso
(p. 77)
plantation/plantación una finca grande manejada por el
dueño o un gerente y cultivada por trabajadores que
vivían allí (p. 55)
plurality/pluralidad el mayor número de individuos (p. 335)
political machine/máquina política una organización aliada
con un partido político que muchas veces controlaba
el gobierno local (p. 610)
poll tax/impuesto de capitación un impuesto de una cantidad fija por cada persona que tenía que ser pagada
antes de que pudiera votar la persona (p. 519)
pool/consorcio un grupo compartiendo de una actividad,
por ejemplo, entre barones ferrocarrileros que hacían
acuerdos secretos y fijaban tipos entre ellos mismos
(p. 559)
popular sovereignty/soberanía popular la teoría política de
que el gobierno está sujeto a la voluntad del pueblo
(p. 218); antes de la Guerra Civil, la idea de que la
gente que vivía en un territorio tenía el derecho de
decidir por votar si allí sería permitida la esclavitud
(p. 442)
Populist Party/Partido Populista partido político de los
EE.UU. formado en 1892 que representaba principalmente a los granjeros, que favorecía la acuñación libre
de plata y el control gubernamental de ferrocarriles y
otros monopolios (p. 550)
poverty line/línea de pobreza el nivel de ingresos personales
o familiares clasificado de pobre según la norma del
gobierno (p. 847)
preamble/preámbulo la introducción de un documento formal, especialmente la Constitución (pp. 151, 217)
precedent/precedente una tradición (p. 259)
prejudice/prejuicio una opinión injusta no basada en los
hechos (p. 392)
presidio/presidio un fuerte español en las Américas construido para proteger las colonias misioneras (p. 54)
primary/elección preliminar una elección en la cual los
votantes escogen al candidato de su partido (p. 614)
privateer/buque corsario buque armado privado (pp. 179,
297)
productivity/productividad la cantidad de trabajo que hace
cada trabajador (pp. 710, 822)
prohibition/prohibición leyes que prohiben el hacer o vender
de bebidas alcohólicas (p. 619)
Prohibition/Prohibición entredicho contra la fabricación,
transportación, y venta de bebidas alcohólicas por
todo los Estados Unidos (p. 717)
propaganda/propaganda ideas o información diseñadas para
influenciar la opinión (pp. 137, 672)
proportional/proporcional que son iguales o que corresponden (p. 203)
proprietary colony/colonia propietaria colonia dirigida por
personas o grupos a quienes se les había otorgado la
tierra (pp. 83, 111)
1023
protectorate/protectorado–Separatists/separatistas
protectorate/protectorado un país que es técnicamente independiente, pero que en realidad está bajo el control de
otro país (p. 653)
public works/proyectos públicos proyectos tal como carreteras, parques, y bibliotecas construidos con fondos
públicos para el uso del público (p. 727)
pueblo/pueblo una casa o una comunidad de casas construidas por Nativos Americanos (pp. 29, 54)
Puritans/puritanos protestantes que, durante los años 1600,
querían reformar la iglesia anglicana (p. 77)
Q
quota system/sistema de cuotas un arreglo que pone un
límite en el número de inmigrantes de cada país
(p. 718)
R
Spanish Glossary
radical/radical extremo (p. 501)
ragtime/ragtime una clase de música con un ritmo fuerte y
una melodía animada con notas acentuadas que era
popular al principio del siglo (p. 601)
ranchero/ranchero dueño de rancho mexicano (p. 371)
rancho/rancho propiedades grandísimas para producir
ganado establecidas por colonizadores mexicanos en
California (p. 371)
ratify/ratificar dar aprobación oficial para (pp. 185, 211, 476)
ration/racionar distribuir los artículos escasos sobre una
base limitada (p. 766)
realism/realismo una perspectiva de literatura, arte, y teatro
que representa las cosas tal como son (p. 600)
rebate/rebaja descuento o devolución de una porción de un
pago (p. 559)
Rebel/rebelde soldado confederado, así nombrado a causa
de su oposición al gobierno establecido (p. 464)
recall/elección de revocación el derecho que permite a los
votantes que despidan de la oficina a los oficiales
elegidos que son inadecuados (p. 614)
recession/recesión un deslizamiento en actividades comerciales (p. 709)
reconciliation/reconciliación arreglar por acuerdo o por
reunirse de nuevo (p. 514)
Reconstruction/Reconstrucción la reorganización y la reconstrucción de los anteriores estados confederados
después de la Guerra Civil (p. 501)
recruit/reclutar enlistar a soldados para el ejército (p. 165)
referendum/referéndum la práctica de permitir a los votantes que acepten o rechazen medidas propuestas por la
legislatura (p. 614)
regionalism/regionalismo en arte o literatura, la práctica de
enfocar en una región en particular del país (p. 600)
relief/ayuda social ayuda para los pobres; asistencia pública
(p. 727)
relocate/reubicar forzar a una persona o a un grupo de personas a trasladarse (p. 342)
1024
Spanish Glossary
Renaissance/Renacimiento un período de creatividad intelectual y artística, alrededor de los años 1300–1600 (p. 39)
rendezvous/rendezvous una reunión (p. 357)
reparations/reparaciones pago por el país que pierde una
guerra al país que gana por los daños causados por la
guerra (p. 690)
repeal/revocar cancelar un decreto o ley (p. 134)
republic/república un gobierno en el cual ciudadanos gobiernan por medio de representantes elegidos (p. 193)
republicanism/republicanismo que favorece una república, o
sea una democracia representativa, como la mejor
forma de gobierno (p. 218)
reservation/reservación un área de tierra pública apartada
para los Nativos Americanos (p. 543)
reserved powers/poderes reservados poderes retenidos por
los estados (p. 219)
resolution/resolución una expresión formal de opinión
(p. 134)
revenue/ingresos entrada de dinero (p. 133)
revenue sharing/ingreso compartido dinero recaudado de
impuestos federales y dado a los estados para uso a
los niveles estatales y locales (p. 902)
revival/renacimiento religioso una serie de reuniones dirigidas por un predicador para animar emociones religiosas (p. 413)
royal colony/colonia real colonia administrada por un
gobernador y un consejo nombrados por el rey o
reina (p. 111)
S
sabotage/sabotaje acción secreta por agentes del enemigo o
los que compadecen para dañar el esfuerzo de guerra
de una nación (p. 686)
scalawags/scalawags nombre dado por los confederados
anteriores a los blancos sureños que apoyaban la
Reconstrucción republicana del Sur (p. 510)
search-and-destroy mission/misión de buscar y destruir una
estrategia usada en Viet Nam en la cual las fuerzas
americanas buscarían las unidades nortevietnameses
y vietconenses para destruirlas (p. 875)
secede/separarse abandonar o retirar (pp. 285, 338, 438)
secession/secesión retiro de la Unión (p. 451)
Second New Deal/Segundo Nuevo Trato un nuevo juego de
programas y reformas lanzados por Franklin D.
Roosevelt en 1935 (p. 744)
sectionalism/regionalismo lealtad a una región (pp. 322, 437)
sedition/sedición actividades con el propósito de debilitar
un gobierno establecido (p. 271)
segregation/segregación la separación o aislamiento de una
raza, una clase, o un grupo (pp. 519, 838)
Separatists/separatistas protestantes que, durante los años
1600, querían dejar la iglesia anglicana para fundar sus
propias iglesias (p. 77)
settlement house/casa de beneficencia–telegraph/telégrafo
standard of living/norma de vivir una medida de calidad
comprensiva de vida y riqueza de la gente; el mínimo
de las necesidades y lujos a los cuales un grupo está
acostumbrado (p. 822)
states’ rights/derechos estatales derechos y poderes independientes del gobierno federal que son reservados a los
estados por la Constitución (pp. 271, 451)
steerage/entrepuente los cuarteles apretados de las cubiertas bajas de un barco para los pasajeros que pagan los
pasajes más bajos (p. 584)
stock/acciones valores de propiedad de comercio que vende
una compañía que llevan muchas veces el poder de
votar (p. 568)
stock exchange/mercado de acciones un lugar donde acciones
de sociedades anónimas se venden y se compran a
través de un sistema organizado (p. 725)
strait/estrecho un paso angosto que conecta dos extensiones más grandes de agua (p. 49)
strike/huelga un paro de trabajo por los trabajadores para
forzar al empresario a satisfacer demandas (p. 392)
strikebreaker/esquirol una persona contratada para reemplazar a un huelguista para suprimir una huelga
(p. 575)
subsidy/subsidio donación de dinero del gobierno a una
persona o una compañía para una acción con el
propósito de beneficiar al público (pp. 530, 733)
subsistence farming/agricultura para subsistencia labranza que
produce solamente la comida que se necesita para dar
de comer a la familia del trabajador (p. 101)
suburbs/suburbios áreas residenciales que brotaron cerca de
o alrededor de ciudades como resultado de mejoramientos de transportación (p. 592)
subversion/subversión un esfuerzo para derrocar un gobierno montado por personas trabajando secretamente
desde adentro (p. 806)
suffrage/sufragio el derecho al voto (pp. 336, 426)
suffragist/sufragista un hombre o mujer que luchaba para el
derecho al voto de la mujer (p. 616)
summit/conferencia cumbre una reunión de altos jefes de
gobierno (p. 820)
surplus/superávit exceso; la cantidad que sobra después de
pagar los gastos necesarios (p. 815)
sweatshop/fábrica-opresora un taller o fábrica donde se
explota a los trabajadores, trabajándolos muchas
horas por poco pago y en condiciones malsanas
(pp. 573, 585)
Spanish Glossary
settlement house/casa de beneficencia institución colocada en
una vecindad pobre que proveía numerosos servicios
a la comunidad tal como cuidado médico, cuidado de
niños, bibliotecas, y clases de inglés (p. 593)
sharecropping/aparcería sistema de agricultura en el cual un
granjero labra la tierra para un dueño que provee
equipo y semillas y recibe una porción de la cosecha
(p. 512)
shareholder/accionista una persona que invierte en una
sociedad anónima por comprar acciones y que es un
dueño parcial (p. 568)
shuttle diplomacy/diplomacia de lanzadera negociaciones
entre naciones llevada a cabo por una persona que
viaja entre ellas yendo y viniendo (p. 900)
silent majority/mayoría callada la frase usada por Nixon para
describir la mayoría de los americanos, los que no
protestaban ni demostraban (p. 882)
sit-in/plantón el acto de ocupar asientos o de sentarse en el
suelo de un establecimiento como una forma de
protesta organizada (p. 849)
slave code/código de esclavos las leyes aprobadas en los estados sureños que controlaban y restringían a la gente
esclavizada (p. 405)
slum/barrio bajo vecindad pobre, superpoblada, y de de
vecindades ruinosas (p. 591)
smuggling/contrabandear cambiar ilegalmente con otras
naciones (p. 109)
Social Security Act/Decreto de Seguro Social una ley que exige
a los empleados y a los empresarios que paguen un
impuesto; el dinero provee una pensión mensual para
personas jubiladas (p. 744)
socialist/socialista una persona que cree que las industrias
deben de ser poseídas por el público y manejadas por
el gobierno en lugar de personas particulares (p. 686)
sodbuster/rompedor de césped nombre dado al granjero de
las Llanuras (p. 539)
speculator/especulador persona que arriesga dinero para
hacer una ganancia grande (pp. 125, 261)
sphere of influence/esfera de influencia sección de un país
donde una nación extranjera tiene derechos y poderes
especiales (p. 647)
spiritual/espiritual una canción popular religiosa afroamericana (p. 405)
spoils system/sistema de despojos la práctica de dar puestos
gubernamentales a los partidarios; reemplazar a los
empleados del gobierno con los partidarios del candidato victorioso (p. 337)
square deal/trato justo la promesa de Theodore Roosevelt
para el trato justo e igual para todos (p. 621)
stagflation/stagflación una combinación del alza de precios y
una economía estancada con una tasa alta de desempleo (p. 903)
stalemate/estancamiento una situación durante un conflicto
cuando la acción se para debido a que ambos partidos
son igualmente poderosos y ningún de los dos lo
abandonará (p. 804)
standard gauge/medida normal la anchura uniforme de 4
pies, 8.5 pulgadas de las vías ferroviarias, adoptada
durante los años 1880 (p. 558)
T
tariff/tarifa impuesto sobre productos importados o exportados (pp. 262, 338)
technology/tecnología el uso de conocimientos científicos
para propósitos prácticos (pp. 40, 308)
Tejano/tejano un mexicano que reclama Texas como su
patria (p. 363)
telegraph/telégrafo un aparato o sistema que usa señales
eléctricas para transmitir mensajes a códigos a través
de alambres (p. 389)
Spanish Glossary
1025
temperance/templanza–yeoman/terrateniente menor
Spanish Glossary
temperance/templanza el uso de poca o de ninguna bebida
alcohólica (p. 413)
tenant farmer/granjero arrendatario un granjero que labra la
tierra de otro dueño y paga renta ya sea con la cosecha
o al contado (pp. 92, 402)
tenement/casa de vecindad un edificio en el cual varias familias alquilan cuartos o apartamentos, a menudo con
pocas medidas sanitarias o seguridad (p. 591)
terrace/terraza una parcela de tierra elevada y allanada
para fomentar la agricultura (p. 26)
terrorism/terrorismo el uso de la violencia contra ciudadanos para lograr un gol político (p. 944)
theocracy/teocracia una forma de gobierno en la cual la
sociedad está gobernada por líderes religiosos (p. 23)
Tidewater/Orilla del Mar una región de llanuras planas y
bajas alrededor de la costa del mar (p. 105)
toleration/tolerancia el aceptar creencias diferentes (p. 79)
total war/guerra total la guerra en todo aspecto de la vida
del enemigo (p. 490)
totalitarian/totalitario un sistema político en el cual el gobierno suprime toda oposición y controla muchos
aspectos de la vida de la gente (p. 754)
trade deficit/déficit de cambio la situación cuando el valor de
las importaciones de un país excede el valor de las
exportaciones (p. 911)
trade union/gremio una organización de artesanos con el
mismo oficio o destreza (pp. 392, 573)
transcendentalist/transcendentalista uno de un grupo de
escritores de Nueva Inglaterra que acentuaban la
relación entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza, asuntos espirituales sobre asuntos materiales, y la importancia de la conciencia particular (p. 415)
transcontinental/transcontinental que se extiende a través del
continente (p. 531)
triangular trade/trato triangular una ruta de comercio para
cambiar productos entre las Antillas, las colonias
americanas, y África del Oeste (p. 102)
tribute/tributo dinero pagado para protección (pp. 52, 289)
trust/cártel una combinación de firmas o sociedades anónimas formada por un acuerdo legal, especialmente
para reducir la competición (pp. 569, 612)
trustbuster/rompedor de cárteles alguién que divide un cártel
en compañías más pequeñas (p. 621)
turnpike/autopista una carretera que uno debe de pagar
para usar; el dinero se usa para pagar el costo de la
carretera (p. 315)
U
unalienable right/derecho inalienable un derecho al que no
se puede renunciar (p. 154)
unconstitutional/anticonstitucional no de acuerdo ni consistente con la Constitución (p. 262)
underemployment/empleo insuficiente la condición cuando la
gente trabaja en puestos para los cuales están sobrecalificados o que no utilizan sus destrezas (p. 908)
1026
Spanish Glossary
Underground Railroad/Ferrocarril Subterráneo un sistema que
ayudó a los afroamericanos esclavizados a seguir una
red de rutas de escape afuera del Sur hacia la libertad
del Norte (p. 422)
unemployment insurance/seguro de desempleo pagos por el
gobierno durante un cierto período limitado de tiempo a las personas que han perdido sus trabajos (p. 744)
utopia/utopía una comunidad basada en una visión de la
sociedad perfecta buscada por los reformistas (p. 412)
V
vaquero/vaquero trabajador ranchero hispánico (p. 536)
vaudeville/teatro de variedades entretenimiento compuesto
de varios actos, tal como baile, canción, comedia, y
espectáculos de mágica (p. 602)
vertical integration/integración vertical la asociación de compañías que abastecen con equipo y servicios necesarios para una industria particular (p. 570)
veto/vetar rechazar un proyecto de ley y prevenir que vuelva a ser una ley (p. 349)
Vietcong/Vietcong los soldados guerrillistas de la facción
comunista en Viet Nam, también conocidos por el
Frente Nacional para Liberación (p. 872)
Vietnamization/vietnamización la política de Nixon que
demandó que Viet Nam del Sur tomara un papel más
activo en luchar la guerra y que los americanos se
involucaran menos (p. 885)
vigilantes/vigilantes gente que toman la ley en sus propias
manos (pp. 377, 529)
W
War Hawks/halcones de guerra republicanos durante la presidencia de Madison que insistían en la guerra con la
Bretaña (p. 293)
work relief/ayuda de trabajo programas que dieron trabajos
gubernamentales a los pobres (p. 733)
writ of assistance/escrito de asistencia documento legal que
permitía a los oficiales que exploraran las casas y
bodegas en busca de productos que tal vez pudieran
ser de contrabandeado (p. 133)
XYZ
Yankee/yanqui soldado de la Unión (p. 464)
yellow journalism/periodismo amarillista escritura que exageraba acontecimientos sensacionales, dramáticos, y
repulsivos para atraer a los lectores, citando historias
que fueron populares durante los fines de los años
1800 (p. 600); una clase de reportaje sensacional, prejuzgado, y a menudo falso (p. 650)
yeoman/terrateniente menor dueño sureño de una granja
pequeña que no tenía esclavos (p. 402)
Abbott, E. C. – American
Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in the index:
m = map, c = chart, p = photograph or picture, g = graph, crt = cartoon, ptg = painting, q = quote
A
Abbott, E. C., q534
Abbott, Grace, 587
Abilene, Kansas, 535, 536
Abnaki, the, m294
abolitionists, 415, 418–24, 441;
early efforts of, 418–19;
Emancipation Proclamation,
473–76, 990; Fugitive Slave
Act, 441–42; Harpers Ferry,
448, 449; increased momentum of, 419–21; leaders of,
419–21, p418–21; Thirteenth
Amendment, 246, 476;
Underground Railroad, 406,
422–24, m422, m423, p429,
442. See also anti-slavery
movement
ACLU (American Civil
Liberties Union), 718
Acoma, the, 32
Act of Toleration, 88
Adams, Abigail, 149, p149, q170,
322, q325
Adams, John, p980; 1796
election, 270; 1800 election,
271–72, 278–79; American
Revolution, q163; Boston
Massacre, 137; Continental
Congress, 142; Declaration of
Independence, 147, 150,
ptg150, q170; federal court
system, 281; France,
relations with, 270; Great
Britain, relations with,
264–65; Marbury v. Madison,
998–99; James Monroe visit
to, 322; Treaty of Paris, 185,
198; U.S. representative in
London, 198; as vice
president, p234, 258, 259
Adams, John Quincy, p980; 1824
election, 334–35, c335, 518;
1828 election, 334, 335–36;
Adams-Onís Treaty, 326, 357,
363; and Manifest Destiny,
359; as president, 335; as secretary of state, 326, 436
Adams, Samuel, 134, 137, 138,
p138, q138, 139, 143;
Committee of Correspondence, 152; Continental
Congress, 142; Second Continental Congress, 148
Adams-Onís Treaty, 326, m329,
357, 363
Addams, Jane, p593, q593, 616,
617, 972
Adena Mound Builders, 30
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Twain), 600
Adventures of Tom Sawyer
(Twain), 600
Advice on the Prairie (Ranney),
ptg330–31
AFL (American Federation of
Labor), 573–74, 745
affirmative action, 902
Afghanistan, 913, 946, 948, 950
Africa: American Colonization
Society and, 419; Barbary
Coast states, 289; Ghana, 41,
m41; Mali, 41–42, m41; Peace
Corps, 867; slave trade, 41,
44, 102, p102, q102, m103, 107,
120; Songhai Empire, m41, 42;
trading kingdoms of, 41–42,
m41
African Americans: abolitionists,
418–24, 421; American
Revolution, 164, 167, 175–76,
ptg184; back-to-Africa movement, 703; Black Codes, 505;
in business, 393; Christianity,
405; citizenship granted to,
505; in the Civil War, 464,
c475, p475, 476–77, p476, p990;
civil rights movement, 1950s,
838–42; civil rights movement, 1960s, 848–53, p849,
q851; cowhands, 536, p536;
cultural traditions of, 106,
403–05, p404; discrimination
against, 629, 630–32, p630,
652, 676, 685–86, 703; education, 994; education of, 106,
201, 392, 405, 413, 414, 502,
511–12, p512, 599, 631, 997; in
English colonies, 1700, g81;
factory workers, 392–93,
ptg392, 591; farmers’ alliances,
549; Fifteenth Amendment,
248, 508, 511, 519, 523; free,
in the North, 421; free, in the
South, 106, 406–07, 420,
ptg434–35, 513; Freedmen’s
Bureau, 502, 505, 511, 512; in
government, 510, q517; home
front, World War II, 766–67;
Great Depression, 737; Great
Plains homesteaders, 538;
Harlem Renaissance, 715; in
industrial jobs, 684; inventors,
564, 599; jazz, 715; Jim Crow
laws, 519; in labor unions,
702–3; leaders, 405–06; literature of, 192, p192; military,
World War II, 767, p767;
music of, 601; newspapers
owned by, 393, 600; Nobel
Peace Prize, 599; in North vs.
South, mid-1800s, c409;
Olympic medal winners, 757;
in politics, 550; post-World
War II, 800–01, p801; as railroad laborers, 531; during
Reconstruction, 502, 504–06,
ptg505, p511, p512, q517;
school integration, 839–40,
m839, p840; scientists, 632; in
Spanish-American War, 649,
p649, 651, 652; urban migration of, 591; violence against,
520, 630, 632, 703, 717; voting
rights, after Reconstruction,
519, crt520; voting rights, during Reconstruction, 501, 506,
507, 508, 511, 515; voting
rights of, 111, 193, 201, 204,
247, 248, 337, 392, 550, 852;
women leaders of, 222, p222,
p427, 632; women’s clubs,
616; in World War I, 676; writers, 601. See also slave trade;
slavery
Age of Innocence, The
(Wharton), 601
Agent Orange, 875
Agnew, Spiro, 906
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA), c732,
745
agriculture: during the Civil
War, 483; colonial, 72–73,
m77, 113; communities,
p24–25; drought, 29; early
1800s, p306; in English
colonies, 72, m77; Great
Plains, 536, 537–39, p537,
p538; growth of, 310; irrigation, 29; Mayan, 23; mid1800s, g396; in Middle
colonies, m83, 103; of Native
Americans, 19; in New
England, 101, 307, 310; of
New England colonies, m77,
101; plantation system, 55,
104–06, ptg105, q312, ptg385,
402–03, ptg402; rice, m87, p90,
107–08, 398, 399; sharecropping, 512, 518; Shays’s
Rebellion, 200, p200, q200;
Southern, 104–06, p105;
Southern, (mid-1800s), 310;
Southern, 1850–1890, 518,
g519, 520; technology effect
on, 389; tenant farmers, 402,
518; terrace farming, 26,
p24–25; tobacco, 72–73, m87,
107, 398, 399; in the West,
310; western, 263. See also
farmers
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 651, 654
AIDS, 916
airplanes: invention of, p561–62,
576; jet travel, 824, p824;
Lindbergh flight, 713–14; in
World War I, p669, 670; in
World War II, 760, p760, p761
Alabama, 397; readmission to
Union, 507; secession, 451,
m452; statehood, 319; steel
industry in, 518
Alamo, Battle of the, 364,
p364–65, 365–66
Alaska, 17, 357; gold in, 640;
National Park System in,
626–27; population of, 358;
purchase of, 640, p640; statehood, 816
Albany, New York: Erie Canal,
318, m318; Revolutionary
War, 167–68; steamboat
travel, 316
Albany Plan of Union, 119
alcohol: anti-alcohol movement,
413; Eighteenth Amendment,
221, 249, 619, 717; prohibition, 716–17; Twenty-first
Amendment, 221, 242, 249,
250, 717. See also prohibition;
temperance movement
Alcott, Louisa May, p413
Alexandria, Virginia, p471
Alger, Horatio, 601
Alianza Hispano Americo
(Hispanic American
Alliance), 633
Alien and Sedition Acts, 271,
c271, crt272, 280
Allen, Ethan, 144
Allen, Macon B., 393
Allen, Richard, p201
Allied Powers: World War I,
668–69, m668. See also World
War I
al-Qaeda, 946, 947, 950
Amendment(s): process of, 221,
242, 260. See also Constitution
of the United States; specific
amendments, by number
America First Committee, 760
America’s Fund for Afghan
Children, 948
American Antislavery Society,
420, 421
American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), 718
American Colonization Society,
419
American Crisis, The (Paine)
from, q166
American Expeditionary Force
(AEF), 679–80
Index
1027
American Federation of Labor (AFL)–Biederbecke, Bix
Index
American Federation of Labor
(AFL), 573–74, 745
American Fur Company, 357
American Indian Movement
(AIM), 859–60
American Party, 395; 1856 election, 446
American Protective
Association (APA), 629
American Red Cross, 480
American Revolution: African
Americans in, 164, 167,
175–76, ptg184; Continental
Congress, First, 141–42, 152;
Continental Congress,
Second, 147–48, ptg148, 187;
Declaration of Independence,
147, 150–51, ptg150, q151,
154–57; early years, 162–68;
events leading to, 152; influence of, 187
American Slavery As It Is
(Weld), 420
American Socialist Party, 613
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, 413
Americans With Disabilities
Act (1990), 860, p860, 933,
p933
Ames, Nathaniel, q116
Amherst, Jeffrey, 124
amnesty: during Reconstruction,
501, 503, 514
Anasazi, the, 28, 29, p29
Ancon, the, 656, 658
Anderson, Joseph Reid, 400
Anderson, Marian, 737
Anderson, Sherwood, 716
Angel Island, San Francisco
Bay, 584
Anglican Church, 76–77, 78, 113,
164
Animal Farm (Orwell), 795
Anthony, Susan B., p426, 427,
q540, p607, q607, 616
anthrax, 948
anti-immigrant sentiment, 395,
586–87, 628–29, 717
anti-imperialism, 653, 654
Anti-Imperialist League, 653
Anti-Saloon League, 619
anti-slavery movement:
American Colonization
Society, 419; Frederick
Douglass, leader of, 373;
Northern reaction to, 423,
424; roots of, 418; Southern
reaction to, 423, 424;
422–24, m422, m423, p429,
442. See also abolitionists
Antietam, Battle of, m470,
471–72, 480, p492–93
Antifederalist Papers, The, 212
Antifederalists, 212, ptg212,
q212, q215
Anzio, 772
1028
Index
Apache, the, 32, 363, 543, m544,
546, 633
Appalachia, 829, m829
Appalachian Mountains, 105
appeals courts, 226, 241
appeasement, 755
Apollo project, 870
Appomattox Courthouse,
Virginia, m489, 491
Arab-Israeli relations, 794,
899–900, 913, p913, 951
Arapaho, the, 543, m544, 545
architecture: The Capitol, p261;
early civilization, p23–24;
Fallingwater, p825;
Independence Hall, p202,
p204; Monticello, p279; New
England colonies, 101, p101;
Old Senate Chamber, p209;
skyscrapers, 593–94, p594,
595
Argonne Forest, Battle of, m668,
680, m693
Aristotle: on government, 242
Arizona, m87, 92; Gadsden
Purchase, 374, m380; mining
in, 530
Arkansas, 397; Civil War, 487;
readmission to Union, 501,
507; secession, 452, 453, 460
Arkwright, Richard, 309
armed forces: African Americans
in, g475 p475–76, 476, 477–78;
arms limitation, 707; buildup
of, 667, 707; during Civil War,
453, 460, 464, 471, 478–79;
commander in chief, 209, 210,
225–26; constitutional authority for, 217; draft, registering
for, 229; Navy symbol, p237.
See also military
Armistice Day, p681
arms, right to bear, 244
Armstrong, Louis, 715
Armstrong, Neil, 832, q832, p832,
870, q870
Army of Northern Virginia, 485
Arnold, Benedict, 144, 149, 168
art: African celebration, colonial,
p105; Civil War quilt, p496;
colonial tapestry, p104; of late
1800s, 601, ptg601; trends in,
415, 601
Arthur, Chester A., 539, 540, 612,
p982
Articles of Confederation, p193;
America’s first constitution,
193–94; approval of, 193–94;
Constitution compared to,
c206; federal vs. state powers
under, 193–95, c196; revision
of, 199, 201; strengths of, 194;
weaknesses of, 195
Ashcroft, John, 949
Ashmun Institute, 414
Asia: immigrants from, 376,
g596, g721; land bridge from,
14, 16, 20–21, m21; trade with,
288, 639
Asian Americans: discrimination against, 630. See also
individual country of origin
assembly, freedom of, 220, 228,
244
assembly line, 565–66, 710, p711
Astor, John Jacob, 357
astrolabe, 40, p16, p40
astronomy: Mayan, 23–24; Maria
Mitchell, 427
Atahualpa, 53
Atlanta, Georgia: Civil War,
m489, 490; growth of, 406
Atlanta University, 502, 512
Atlantic Charter, 761
Atlantic Monthly magazine, 600
attainder, bill of, 237
atomic bomb, 779–80, q780
Attorney General, Office of, 259
Attucks, Crispus, 137
Audubon, John James, q413,
p413
Austin, Moses, 363
Austin, Stephen F., 363, p363,
365
Austria: German invasion of,
755; Spain, relations with, 327
Austria-Hungary: World War I,
667–68, m668, 669, 689
automation, 830
automobile industry, 561,
564–66, q642, 643, 757; golden
age of, p708, 709, p709, g710,
711–12, p711; strikes, 744–45
Aztec civilization, 23, 24–25,
m27, 52–53, q53
Axis powers, 754
B
Babbitt (Lewis), 716
baby boom, 822–23
back-to-Africa movement, 703
Bacon, Nathaniel, 88–89, p89
Bacon’s Rebellion, 88–89
Badillo, Herman, 858
Bagley, Sarah G., 393
Baker, Ella, 849
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 48–49
Balkans, crisis in, 667–68; peacekeeping, 944; war, 932
Baltimore, Lord, 87
Baltimore, Maryland, m87; 1832
nominating convention, 337;
in the Civil War, 461, 486;
growth of, 406; railroads,
388–89; steam locomotives,
388; telegraph, 389; as trade
center, 311; War of 1812,
ptg277, 299
Bank of the United States, First,
262
Bank of the United States,
Second, 311, 324–25; 1828
election, 336; Andrew
Jackson, action against,
348–50; McCulloch v.
Maryland, 998–99
banking industry, c275; Federal
Reserve Act, 624; Great
Depression, 731–32; growth of
corporations and, 568; New
Deal Programs for, c732, 734;
savings and loans crisis, 932
Banneker, Benjamin, p260
Barbary Coast states, 289
Barnett, Ross, 850
Barrio Boy (Galarza), 915
Barrow, Clyde, q756
Barton, Clara, 480, p480, 481
baseball, 413, 602, 643, 715
basketball, 602
Bataan Death March, q779
Bates, Katherine Lee, p525, q525
Battle of North Point (Troiani),
ptg277
Baumfree, Isabella. See Truth,
Sojourner
Bay of Pigs, 868
Bear Flag Republic, 373, p373
Beauregard, P.G.T., 466, 469
Becknell, William, 370
Beckwourth, Jim, 358
Beecher, Catherine, 427–28
Beecher, Lyman, 413
Begin, Menachem, 913, p913
Beijing, China, 647
Beirut, Lebanon, 925
Belgium: World War I, m668, 669
Belize, 23
Bell, Alexander Graham, p541,
562–63, 565
Bell, John, 450, m457
Bell Telephone Company, 563
Bellamy, Francis, 992
Belleau Wood, Battle of, m668,
680, m693
Bennington, Vermont, 168
Bentsen, Lloyd, 929
Bering land bridge, 14, 16,
20–21, m21
Bering Strait, 17
Beringia, 17, 18
Berkeley, Lord John, 84
Berkeley, Sir William, 88
Berlin, Germany: airlift, 792–93;
q792, p792, m793, p793; blockade, 791–92; division of, 791,
792
Berlin Wall, p864; construction,
868–69; collapse of, 930, p931
Bessemer Process, 518, 570
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 737
Betts, Elden, 680
Beveridge, Albert, q638, 654
Bibb, Henry, 423
Bicentennial, U.S., p895
Biddle, Nicholas, crt337, 349
Biederbecke, Bix, 715
big business, age of–cartoons
boycotts: colonial, 134, 135, 137,
138, 142
Boyd, Belle, 480
Boyd, Henry, 393
bracero, 767
Braddock, Edward, 122–23, p122
Bradford, William, 77
Brady, Mathew, p482
Brady Bill, 937
Brain Trust, 730
Brant, Joseph, chief, 178
Brazil: Portuguese control in,
327
Breckinridge, John C., 450, m457
Breed’s Hill, 145
Brent, Margaret, p88
Brezhnev, Leonid, q898
Bridger, Jim, 358
Broker, Ignatia, 295, p295
Brooklyn Bridge, p540, 595
Brooks, Preston, 444
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, 702–3
Brown, Henry “Box,” 422, p422
Brown, John, 444, p444, 445, 448
Brown v. Board of Education,
831, 839–40, 863, 994, 997
Bruce, Blanche K., 510
Bryan, William Jennings: 1896
622; Scopes trial, 718–19
Bryn Mawr College, 598
Buchanan, James, p981; 1856
election, 446; Dred Scott decision, 446–47; secession, reaction to, 451
budget deficit, 937
budget surplus, 938
Buena Vista, Mexico, 373
buffalo, 542–44, g543
Buffalo, New York: Erie Canal,
318, m318; growth of, 393;
railroads, 388–89; steamboats,
387
Buffalo Bill, 543
Bulge, Battle of the, 775
Bull Run, First Battle of, 466–67,
m470, 480
Bull Run, Second Battle of,
m470
Bunche, Ralph, 599, 737
Bunker Hill, Battle of, ptg131,
145, 152, m153, m169
Bunker Hill (Troiani), ptg131
Bunyan, Paul, 319
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 545
Burger, Warren, 902, p923
Burgoyne, John, 167–68
Burnet, David G., 367
Burns, Anthony, 441
Burnside, Ambrose, 472, 486
Burr, Aaron: 1796 election, 270;
1800 election, 278; Hamilton,
duel with, 285
Burroughs, William, 563
Bush, George H.W., p984; end
of Cold War, 930, q930; as
navy pilot, 928; and
Operation Desert Storm, 932,
q932; and recession, 933; and
START, 929; and war on
drugs, 931
Bush, George W., p984; p921,
and cabinet, 942, p942; and
economy, 943, q943; election
of 2000, 518, 941, p941, m941;
National Missile Defense system, 943; State of the Union
Address, p526; tax cut, 942;
and war on terrorism, 948–51,
q948, q949, q951, q978–79
Bush, Laura, 942
Bush v. Gore (2000), 941
business: African Americans in,
393; capitalism, 308, 568;
Coolidge administration and,
706, crt706; corporations, 311,
568–69; free enterprise, 308;
government regulation of,
571; inventions for, 563;
laissez-faire policy towards,
621; monopolies, 570; New
Deal programs for, c732, 734,
742–43; progressive reforms,
612, 613, 624; stock, 311;
trusts, 569–70, 612; Wilson’s
policies towards, 624. See also
labor unions
Butler, Andrew P., 444
C
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez,
m52, 53–54
cabinet: of Thomas Jefferson,
280; of president, 226, 240; of
Theodore Roosevelt, 737; of
George Washington, 259
Cabot, John, m48
Cabral, Pedro Alváres, 44–45,
m48
Cabrini, Mother, 616
Cactus Hill, Virginia, 20, m21
Cahokia Mound Builder settlement, 30–31
Cairo, Illinois, 468
Calhoun, John C., p440; 1828
election, 336, crt337; 1844
election, 360; Compromise of
1850, 438–39; as secretary of
war, 326; slavery in territories
and, 437–38, q440; states’
rights, support of, 322–23,
336, 338, 339, q339; War
Hawk, 293
California: California Bear Flag,
373, p373; California Trail,
m381; Gold Rush, 375–77,
c377, crt378; immigrants in,
376, 588; Mexican War,
371–73, m372; Mexico, control
of, 370, 371, 373–74, p373;
missions in, 92–93, p93, 370;
Native Americans, 32; settlement of, 370, 375–77, p375,
c377; slavery issue in, 437–39;
Spanish culture of, 370–71;
statehood, 377; women’s
property laws, 428
Californios, 373, 376
Call of the Wild, The (London),
601
Calvert, Sir George, 87
Calvin, John, 59
Camden, South Carolina, 180
camera, 563, p565
Camp David Accords, 913
Canada: Convention of 1818,
326; NAFTA, 940; Rush-Bagot
Treaty, 326
canals, 318, m318, 319, 387
Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 77
Cape of Good Hope, 44
capitalism, 701; economic independence, 310–11; foreign
trade, 288–89; global production, 934–35, m935; Industrial
Revolution, 307–08; jointstock company, 71; mediums
of exchange, 95; private land
ownership, 73; role of profit,
308; Southern industry,
399–400; technology and, 308,
315; welfare capitalism, 710.
See also business; economy;
industry; unions
Capitol Hill, p261
Capone, Al “Scarface,” 717,
p717, q717
The Capitol, Washington, D.C.,
p261
Caraway, Hattie, 736
Caribbean Islands, 47
Carlisle Indian Industrial
School, 600
Carnegie, Andrew, 570–71, p570,
q570, p576, 600, 654
carpetbaggers, 510
Carranza, Venustiano, 661
Carson, Kit, 358, 373
Carter, James, q312
Carter, James E., Jr., p984; economy, 911; election of 1976,
910–11, p911, q911; and
energy, 911–12; foreign policy,
912–14, p913; human rights,
912; Iran hostage crisis,
913–14
Carteret, Sir George, 84
Cartier, Jacques, m48, 60, m61
cartoons: 1828 election, crt337;
African American voting
rights, crt520; cold war,
crt818; colonies and Britain,
crt176; Clinton and Congress,
crt938; Coolidge administration, crt706; dollar diplomacy,
crt659; European leaders,
crt325; fighting in Congress,
crt272; Grant administration,
crt514; Iron Curtain, crt790;
Index
Index
big business, age of, 567–71;
corporations, growth of, 568;
factors of production, 568; oil
business, 569–70, p569; raising capital, 568; steel business, 570–71, p570. See also
business
bill of attainder, 237
Bill of Rights, 205, 208, 220,
c221; Constitution, addition
to the, 212, 213, 220–21, 244,
260
Bill of Rights, English, 208
bin Laden, Osama, 946, 950
Bingham, Hiram, 22
biological warfare, 948
Birmingham, Alabama: steel
industry in, 570
Black Codes, 505
Black Hawk, chief, m342,
344–45, p345, q345
Black Hills, South Dakota, 545
Black Kettle, chief, 545
Black Panther party, 853
Black Power, 852–53
Black Thursday, 725
Blackfeet, the, 543
Blackmun, Harry, 902
Blackwell, Elizabeth, p427
Blaine, James G., q641
bleeding Kansas, 443–44
blockade: British, in
Revolutionary War, 178–79;
of France, by England, 290; of
Germany by Great Britain,
673–74; of Tripoli, 289; Union,
of Southern ports, 463,
467–68, m470, 480, 483, m487
Blue Jacket, chief, 264
Bolívar, Simón, 327
Bolivia, 327
Bolsheviks, 678, 690, 701
bomb shelter, 832, q832
Bonaparte, Napoleon: England,
war with, 299; James Madison,
relations with, 291; plans for
American empire, 283
Bonhomme Richard, 179
boomtowns, 529, p530
Booth, John Wilkes, 502
bootlegging, 717
border states: in Civil War, 461
Bosnia: World War I and, 666
Boston, Massachusetts: 1873 fire
in, 593; British troops in, 136;
Constitution ratification, 213;
police strike in, 702;
Revolutionary War, 149,
m153; subway in, 595; as
trade center, 311
Boston Harbor (Salmon), ptg257
Boston Massacre, 137
Boston Tea Party, 138–39, p138,
m153
Bowie, Jim, 365, 366
Boxer Rebellion, 647, p647
1029
Carver, George Washington–Clinton, Henry
Index
Andrew Jackson, crt325,
crt328, crt337, crt338, crt349;
Joe McCarthy, crt809; Monroe
Doctrine, crt659; Mussolini,
crt753; Native Americans,
discrimination against,
crt635; New Deal, crt745;
Populist Party, crt550; ratifying the Constitution, crt213;
Reconstruction, crt520;
Theodore Roosevelt, crt658;
Sedition Act, crt272; Standard
Oil Trust, crt569; Taft and
Roosevelt, crt625; Truman
and Congress, crt797; Tweed
Ring, crt611; U.S.-Chinese
relations, crt898; value of dollar, crt902; War of 1812,
crt297; yellow journalism,
crt650
Carver, George Washington,
599, 632
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, p427
Cassatt, Mary, 601
Castro, Fidel, 867–68
Catholics: discrimination
against, 629; immigrants, 395
Catlin, George, 313, ptg313
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 616, q616
cattle industry, m533, 534–36,
p536, 541, 552, m553; cattle
kingdom, end of, 536; the
long drive, 535, p535; railroads, impact of, 535; Spanish
influence on, 536, p536
Cayuga, the, 33, 117
Cayuse, the, 358
census, 314–15
Central America: Spain, independence from, 327; Spanish
control in, 327
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), 798–99, 819
Central Pacific Railroad, 531–32,
557
Central Powers: World War I,
668–69, m668
Century of Dishonor, A
(Jackson), q547
Chaco Culture National
Historical Park, p28
Chamberlain, Neville: Munich
Conference, 755
Champlain, Samuel de, m61, 62
Chancellorsville, Virginia:
Battle of, 486, m487
Charles I, king of England, 78,
82, 84–85, 87
Charles II, king of England, 83,
89, 108
Charles Town, South Carolina,
m87, 179, 180, 185
Charleston, South Carolina, 89;
in the Civil War, p499, q521,
577; cotton exchange in, 403
charter colonies, 110
Château-Thierry, France, m668,
680, m693
1030
Index
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 406,
m487, 488
Chamberlain, Neville, 755
Chambers, Whittaker, 807
Chao, Elaine, 942
Chávez, César, 858, p858
checks and balances, 210–11,
219–20, c224; Franklin D.
Roosevelt and, 746
chemical warfare, 949
Cheney, Richard, p226, 941
Cherokee, the, 33, m294, p341,
m342, p346, p347, 367; accomplishments of, 341; Trail of
Tears, m342, 343–44, ptg343,
q343, q344, m346–47, 1000;
Worcester v. Georgia, 343, 1000
Chesapeake, 290
Chesapeake Bay, 71, 74, m75
Chesnut, Mary, q480
Cheyenne, the, 543, 545–46
Cheyenne, Wyoming, 535
Chicago, Illinois, 387; 1871 fire
in, 541, 593; Al Capone, 717;
growth of, 393; Haymarket
riot, 572, p572; Hull House,
593, 616; immigrants in, 586,
590; meatpacking industry in,
591, 613; political machines
in, 613; poverty in, 593; racial
riots in, 703; Sears Tower in,
595; skyscrapers in, 593;
World’s Fair, 594
Chickahominy River, 74, m75
Chickasaw, the, 33, m294, 313,
341, m342
child labor laws, 573, 624, 706,
734, 745
Children’s Bureau, Labor
Department, 618
Chile, 327, 900
China: Boxer Rebellion, 647,
p647; communist state, 794;
demonstrations, 932; immigrants from, 376, 583, 586,
628, 718; immigrants from,
exclusion of, 587; Japan, relations with, 647, 648; Open
Door policy, 647; relations
with U.S., 896–98, crt898, 907;
spheres of influence in, 647;
trade with, 288, 639, 647
Chinese Americans: in
California, 376; Chinese
Exclusion Act and, 587; discrimination against, 630; prejudice against, 586, 628; as
railroad laborers, 531; violence against, 631
Chinese Exclusion Act, 587, 630
Chinook, the, 32
Chiracahua Apache, the, 546
Chisholm Trail, 535, m553
Chisholm v. Georgia, 245
Chivington, J. M., 545
Choctaw, the, 313, ptg313, p340,
341, m342
Christianity: 39, 46, 53, 77, 110–12,
413, 825; of African Americans,
405; Native Americans’ conversion to, 56–57, p56–57,
92–93, p93, 117, 358, 370, m65.
See also Great Awakening, individual religious groups.
Church of Jesus Christ of the
Latter-day Saints. See
Mormons
Churchill, Winston, p786; Battle
of Britain, q760; Iron Curtain,
790; Yalta, 788–89, p788
Cincinnati, Ohio, 393; growth
of, 311, 393; steamboats, 387
CIO (Congress of Industrial
Organizations), 745
cities, ptg257; California Gold
Rush, 376; city government
corruption, 610–11, crt611,
613; dangers of, 541; growth
of, 590–95, g591, p594, m605;
immigrants in, 393–94,
585–86, 587, 590, p590, 610;
Industrial Revolution,
growth of, g310, 311; life in
industrial, 311, 393; Mayan,
23–24, p23; middle-class in,
592; poverty in, 591, 592–93,
615; railroads, 591; reform in,
593, 610–12, crt611; rural
migration to, 590, 591; settlement houses in, 593, 616; skyscrapers, 593–94, p594, 595; in
the South (mid-1800s), 400,
406–07; symphonic orchestras
in, 601; Tenochtitlán, 24–25;
theaters in, 602; transportation in, 594–95
citizenship: to African
Americans, 505; becoming a
citizen, 229; colonial government, 110–11; constitution,
views of, 268–69; Constitutional debate, 211; constitutional debate, 211–13; defined,
247; democracy, 613–14;
474–75; equality, 175–76;
Great Compromise, 204–05;
Great Migration, 79; progressive education and, 598;
representative government,
73; responsibilities of, 159,
229–30; rights of, 228; voting
rights, p218–19, 228, 230, 248,
336–37
civil disobedience, 415, 832
civil rights: Bill of Rights, 205,
208, 212, 213, 220, c221, 244,
260; Declaration of
Independence, 147, 150–51,
ptg150, q151, 154–57, q228,
280, 412; Fourteenth
Amendment, 229, 247,
505–07, 997, 998, 999
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 505
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 847,
852
Civil Service Commission, 612
Civil War: African Americans in,
p990; Emancipation
Proclamation, p990
Civil War (1861–1865), ptg459,
ptg461, q485; African
Americans in, 464, c475, p475,
476–77, p476; Anaconda Plan
of, m488; beginning of, q452,
453; border states, 461; casualties of, g488, 501; debt from,
247; defined, 444; early years
of, 466–72; in the East,
469–72, m470; economy during, 482–83; Emancipation
Proclamation, 473–76; events
leading to, 436–53; final battles of, 488–91, m488, m489,
p491; invasion of the North,
486–87; life during, 478–81,
p481; literature, 465; money
of, p236, 483; Northern victories, 486–88, m487, m488;
opposition to, 481–82; raising
armies, 453, 460, 463–64,
g475, p475, 476–77, 481–82;
results of, 491, 501; at sea,
467–68, p468; Southern victories, 485–86; the two sides,
460–64, 482–83; in the West,
468–69; women in, 477,
479–80, 481
Civilian Conservation Corps.
(CCC), c732, 733
Clark, George Rogers, 178, p180,
q180, 181
Clark, William, 284–87
Clay, Henry, p438, q438; 1824
election, 334–35, c335; 1828
election, crt337; 1832 election,
349–50; 1844 election, 351,
360, 368; American System,
324; Bank of the United
States, 349; Compromise of
1850, 438–39; Force Bill, 339;
Missouri Compromise,
323–24, 437; as secretary of
state, 335; War Hawk, 293,
323
Claypoole, David, p325
Clayton Antitrust Act, 624
Clemenceau, Georges, 689–90,
p993
Clemens, Samuel, q540. See also
Twain, Mark
Clemente, Roberto, 858
Clermont, 316–17, p320
Cleveland, Grover, p982; 1892
551; Cuba, relations with,
650; Hawaii annexation, 646;
immigration policy of, 587;
tariffs lowered by, 612
Cleveland, Ohio, 569; city government of, 612; steel industry in, 570; streets in, 595
cliff dwellings, 29
Clinton, DeWitt, 317
Clinton, Henry, 180, 182, 184, 185
Clinton, Hillary Rodham–Crane, Stephen
Concord, Massachusetts, 143,
m143, 144, 152, m153
concurrent powers, 219
Conestoga wagon, 283, p293
Confederacy, African Americans
in, 476; formation of, 451;
goals, 463; reaction to,
451–52
Confederate Battle Flag, p486
Confederate States of America.
See Confederacy
Confederation Congress, 194,
195; Articles of Confederation, 193–94; Finance
Department created by, 197;
John Hanson, 198; land policies, 195–96; Ordinance of
1785, 194, p194, 196; powers
of, 194, 195, 199
Congress: Bank of the United
States, Second, 998–99; intra
and interstate commerce and,
997–98
Congress, U.S., 223–25; Alien
and Sedition Acts, 271, crt272;
amendment process and, 221,
242, 260; armed forces
buildup, 270; Bank of the
United States, Second, 311;
checks and balances, 210,
219–20, c224; commerce
clause of Constitution and,
221; committees, 224–25;
composition of, 209; Compromise of 1850, 438–39;
Constitutional amendments
and, 221; declaration of war,
223, 225, 236; disabilities act,
933; elastic clause of Constitution and, 221, 237; Embargo
Act, 290; federal court system
established by, 259, 281; the
first, 259; Force Bill, 339;
functions of, 223, 235–36;
how bill becomes law,
224–25, c225, 235–36; internal
improvements, 324; KansasNebraska Act, 442–43, m443;
lame-duck session of, 226,
240, 249; legislative branch,
223–25, c224, 233–38; Lewis
and Clark expedition, 284–85;
national bank, 262; National
Road, 315; Non-Intercourse
Act, 290; neutrality acts, 755;
pay raises for, 253; powers
denied, 237–38, 259; powers
of, 209, c224, 236–37, 280;
protective tariff, 262; Revolutionary War debt, 261;
Revolutionary War pay, 186;
Seal of, p223; slave trade, outlawed by, 405; states, admission by, 242; supremacy
243; tax laws, originated by,
235; treasury system, 350;
Treaty of Paris, 185, 186, 198;
War of 1812, 294; women in,
666, p666. See also House of
Representatives; Senate
Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO), 745
Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE), 849
Connecticut, m77, 79, c81; agriculture in, 307; as charter
colony, m77, 110, 119;
Constitutional Convention,
204; population of, 1700, g81;
slavery, 201, 436; state constitution, 193
conservationism, 622; Theodore
Roosevelt’s policies of, 622,
626; Taft’s policies of, 622
constitution: the first, written in
America, 79; Iroquois, 33. See
also Constitution of the United
States; state government
Constitution, U.S.S., 297, p312,
313
Constitution of the United
States (1787), 233–53, 412;
amendment process, 221, 242,
260 (See also specific amendments, by number); Articles
of Confederation compared
to, c206; Bill of Rights, 205,
208, 212, 213, 220, c221, 244,
260; branches of government,
209–10, c224; checks and balances, 210–11, c218, 219–20,
c224; commerce clause of,
221; concurrent powers, 219;
elastic clause of, 221, 237;
enumerated powers, 219, 236;
federal government powers,
208–09, 268–69; the federal
system, 208–09, c218, 219–20,
c219; federalism, c218, 219,
c219; flexibility of, 232; goals
of, 217–18; implied powers,
221, 268–69; individual
rights, c218, 220; interpreting,
221; judicial review and, 222,
281, 998; limited government,
218–19, c218; popular sovereignty, 218, c218, 442, 447;
Preamble, 217, q217, 233;
principles of, 218–21; ratification of, 211–13, crt213, 243;
Republicanism, 218, c218;
reserved powers, 219; roots
of, 207–08, q208; separation of
powers, c218, 219, c224; signers of, 243; supremacy clause
of, 243. See also federal government; state government
202–05, p202, p204; approving
the constitution, 205, q205;
New Jersey Plan, 203; slavery
issue, 204–05, 418; ThreeFifths Compromise, 203–04
Constitutional Union Party, 450
containment, 790
Continental Army, 148, 149,
p152, 166–69, ptg173, 174
Continental Congress, Second,
147–48, ptg148, 150, ptg150,
187; Articles of Confederation, approval of, 194; plans
for new government, 193–94
Continental Congress (1787),
152, 172; Continental Army,
165, 178, 180; prints paper
money, 174–75, p175, 197,
p197; Revolutionary War
debt, 197; state governments,
193; Treaty of Paris, 185, 186,
198; warships, Revolutionary
War, 179
Contract with America, 937
Convention of 1818, 326
Coolidge, Calvin, p983, 705, 719;
becoming president, 706;
Boston police officers’ strike
and, q702; business, support
of, crt706; foreign policy of,
707
Cooper, Peter, 388
copper mining, 530
Copperheads, 481
Coral Sea, Battle of, 779, m778
Corbin, Margaret, 165
Corinth, Mississippi, 469
Cornell, Ezra, 598
Cornell University, 598
Cornish, Samuel, 393, 421
Cornwallis, Charles, 167, 180,
182, 184–85, ptg185
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez
de, m52, 54
corporations: development of,
311; government regulation
of, 571; growth of, 568–69,
571, 576; holding companies,
571; horizontal integration,
569; mergers, 571; vertical
integration, 570
Corps of Discovery, 287
corruption: bootlegging, 717;
city government, 610–11,
crt611; in Grant administration, crt514, 515; Reconstruction governments, 510, 514;
Teapot Dome Scandal, 705–6
Corsi, Edward, q642
Cortés, Hernán, q25, 52–53, q53
cotton gin, 308, 398, p399
cotton industry: 1850–1890, g519;
Civil War, 463; growth of,
310; Southern, 397–99, p397,
g398, m398, p399, 403, 518
Coughlin, Fr. Charles, 743, p743
counter-terrorism, 949
Country School, The (Homer),
ptg411
court system, federal: creation
of, 210, 259; Jefferson administration, 280–81
Cowpens, South Carolina, 182
Cox, James, 705
Crane, Stephen, 465, p465, 601
Index
Index
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 937
Clinton, William J., p936, p940;
and campaign of 1992, 936;
and Congress, 937, 938;
domestic program, 937, p937;
health insurance, 937, p937;
impeachment of, 938–39,
q939; second term, 938
clipper ship, 387, p387, 455
Clovis, New Mexico, 20, m21
coal industry: decline in, 712;
Pennsylvania, 307; railroads,
impact of, 532, 557; United
Mine Workers strike, 621;
working conditions in, 573,
p573
code talkers, 767, p768
Cody, William, 543
Coercive Acts, 139
Cohan, George M., 687, p687
Cold War, 792–93; and Berlin,
868; and Cuba, 867, 869,
m869; end of, 930; causes and
effects, 807; Red Scare,
806–09, q806
Cole, USS: attack on, 946, m947
collective bargaining, 574
colleges, 113, 414, 428, 502, 512,
598, 599, 616
Colombia, 327
colonies. See English Colonies
Colorado: Dust Bowl, 736–37;
gold in, 528–29; homesteading in, 537; Native
American conflict in, 545;
Pike’s expedition, 285; statehood, 529
Colored Farmers’ National
Alliance, 549
Columbia, South Carolina, 406
Columbia River, 357
Columbian Exchange, 60, m60
Columbus, Christopher, q12, 43;
Columbian Exchange and, 60,
m60; voyages of, 45, 46–47,
m48, q46, q958
Comanche, the, 345, 363, 543,
m544, 545
Committee on Public
Information, 685, 686
committees of correspondence,
137–38, 145, 152
Common Sense (Paine), 149–50,
q150, 166, q962
communication: improvements
in, p386, 389, 561–63; mass
media, 714
Communism: fall of, 930; Great
Depression, 738; Red Scare,
701
companies. See corporations
compass, 96–97, p96–97
Compromise of 1877, 516–17
Comstock Lode, 529
concentration camps, 775–76,
p775
1031
Crawford, William H.–economy
Crawford, William H.: 1824 election, 335, c335
Crazy Horse, chief, 542, 545
Creek, the, 33, 298, 313, 337,
q340, 341, m342, 367
Creel, George, 685
Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. John,
960
Crittenden, John, 451, 463
Crockett, Davy, 362–63, q362,
365, 366; and Texas war for
independence, 363
Cromwell, Oliver, 82
Cronkite, Walter, q880, p880
Crow, the, 543
Crusades, the, 39
Cuba: immigration, 858; independence of, 653; SpanishAmerican War, 649–53;
refugees, 912–13; Soviet
alliance, 867; Spanish control
in, 327; takeover by Castro,
819–20; U.S. acquisition of, 653
Cubría, Mercedes, 767
Cullen, Countee, 715
culture(s): of African Americans,
106; effects of alcoholic beverages, 716–17; American,
changing of, 415; changing
of, 394–95; colonial, 112–13;
early civilization, 19; the
Enlighten-ment, 113, 208; of
enslaved persons, 403–05;
Harlem Renaissance, 715; of
immigrants, 394–95, p581,
585, 586; of Native
Americans, m30, 546–47,
632–33; Renaissance, 39
Cummings, Kate, q481
currency. See money
Custer, George, m544, 545–46
Cuzco, 26
Czechoslovakia: German invasion of, 755
D
Index
D-Day, 772–74, q772, p772, m773,
p773, q773
da Gama, Vasco, 44–45
Dade, Francis, 344
Dakota, the, 32
Dakota Territory, m544, 545
Daley, Richard J., 881
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers
Through the Cumberland Gap
(Bingham), ptg254–55
Dare, Virginia, 71
Darrow, Clarence, 719
Daugherty, Harry, 704, 705
Daughters of Liberty, 135,
138–39
Daughters of Temperance, 427
Davis, Benjamin, Jr., 767
Davis, Jefferson, p450, 451; commander in chief, 462, 471–72,
1032
Index
482, 491; Fort Sumter, attack
upon, 453; Inaugural
Address, 450
Davis, John W., 706
Dawes, William, 143, m143
Dawes Act, 547
De Carli, Bianca, q584
De Grasse, François, 184
de la Cruz, Jesse, q856
de la Cruz, Juanita Inés, 54,
ptg54
de Soto, Hernando, m52, 54
Debs, Eugene V., 613
Decatur, Stephen, 289
Declaration of Independence
(1776), 147, 150–51, ptg150,
q151, 154–57, q228, 412
Declaratory Act, 134
Deere, John, 390
Deerfield, Massachusetts, 117
Defense Department: reorganization of, 798–99
Delaware: in the Civil War, 461;
colonial, m83; Constitution
ratification, 213; Constitutional Convention, 203; as
proprietary colony, 110
Delaware, the, 292
democracy: Wisconsin electoral
reform, 613–14
Democratic Party: 1828 election,
335–36, m353; 1836 election,
350; 1840 election, 351; 1844
election, 351, 360, 368, 437;
1848 election, 438; 1852 election, 442; 1856 election, 445,
446; 1860 election, 449–50,
m457; 1864 election, 489–90;
1868 election, 508; 1872 election, 514; 1876 election, m515,
516; 1892 election, 550; 1896
623–24; 1916 election, 674;
1920 election, 691, 705,
730–31; 1924 election, 706–7;
1928 election, 719; 1932 election, 729–30; 1936 election,
745; division of, 445–46, 481;
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 443;
Lincoln-Douglas debates,
447–48; Mexican War, 372;
during Reconstruction,
514–15; Southern political
power of, 517, 550; spoils
system, 337, 348
Democratic-Republican Party:
1796 election, 269–70; 1800
election, 271–72, 278–79; 1808
Election, 291; 1828 election,
335–36; emergence of, 268;
Federalists, differences
between, 268–69, c269
Denali National Park and
Preserve, 626–27
depression: in 1873, 515; of 1873,
541
deregulation, 923
Deseret, Utah, 378
Detroit, Michigan, 178; automobile industry, 564, 711;
growth of, 393; immigrants
in, 590; steel industry in, 570;
War of 1812, 297
Dewey, George: SpanishAmerican War, 651
Dewey, John, 598
Dias, Bartholomeu, 44
Díaz, Porfirio, 660
Dickens, Charles, 386
Dickinson, Emily, 415, q415
disabled Americans: education
for, 414–15, p427
discrimination, 628; African
Americans, 392, 629, 630–32,
p630, 652, 676, 685–86, 703;
Asian Americans, 630;
Catholics, 629; on cattle
drives, 536; free African
Americans, 201, 407, 519,
crt520; immigrants, 395;
Japanese Americans, 630, 648;
Jews/Jewish Americans, 629;
Mexican Americans, 633, 660;
Native Americans, 632–33; in
voting rights, 201, 248;
women, 393, 426
disease: in cities, 311, 593; of
colonists, 72, 74, 77;
Hawaiians, effect on, 645; in
Mexican War, 374; Native
Americans, effect on, 53, 55,
358; in Panama, 657; SpanishAmerican War, 652; yellow
fever, 541, 657
district courts, 226
District of Columbia: electors
from, 251. See also District of
Columbia
Dix, Dorothea, 414–15, 481
Dixon, Cromwell, 643
Dodge City, Kansas, 535, 536
Dole, Robert, 911, 938
Dominican Republic, 658, 659,
707
domino theory, 819, q819, 873
Doolittle, James, 779
Dorris, Michael, 50, p50
Doubleday, Abner, q453
Douglas, Stephen A.: 1860
election, 449–50, m457;
Compromise of 1850, 439;
Kansas-Nebraska Act,
442–43; Lincoln-Douglas
debates, 447–48
Douglass, Frederick, 406, 418,
421, q421, p474, 511, p511,
q969; Emancipation
Proclamation, q476; Mexican
War, 372–73; Seneca Falls
Convention, 426
draft: during Civil War, 453, 460,
464, 481–82; registering for,
229; during World War I, 676
Drake, Edwin L., 567–68, 569
Drake, Sir Francis, 71, 118, p118
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 446–47;
Civil Rights Act of 1866 and,
505; reaction to, 447, 997
Drew, Charles, p736
drought: defined, 29
dry farming, 539
Du Bois, W.E.B., q520, q521, 632,
p632
due process, 228, 244, 247, 447,
506, 1000
Dukakis, Michael, 929
Duke, James, 518
Dulles, John Foster, 816
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 601
Dunmore, Lord, 164
Dust Bowl, 736-37, 740–41, m740
Dutch West India Company, 62,
83
E
Eads Bridge, 595
Eakins, Thomas, 601
Earp, Wyatt, p540
East Germany: reunion with
West Germany, 930
East India Company, 138–39, 139
East St. Louis, Illinois, 686
Eastman, George, 563, 565
Eckford, Elizabeth, q840, p840
economics: abolitionism, effects
of, 424; of agriculture, g5, 72;
American Revolution,
174–75; capitalism, 308, 701;
colonial, 72, 109; consumer
economy, 710–11; factors of
production, 568; free enterprise, 308; free silver, 550–51;
mercantilism, 109; Middle
colonies, m83, 103–04, p104;
national bank, 262, 998–99;
New England colonies, m77,
101–03, p102, m103; plantation owners, 403, c403; price
controls, 796; railroads and,
532, 556, 557–58, m558, 576,
m577; of Southern colonies,
g72, m87, 104–06, p105;
Southern rural economy, 518,
520; tariff issue, 328; trade,
growth of, 39, 41; wartime
production, 684; of Washington’s presidency, 260–61;
welfare capitalism, 710
economy: in 1900, 643, in 1950s,
828–29, m829; automobile
industry, effect of, 709–12; big
business, growth of, 567–71;
during the Civil War, 482–83;
during depressions, 350; during Great Depression, 725–26,
g757; Industrial Revolution,
311; income levels, 822;
installment buying, 711;
international products,
934–35, m934–35; of the
North, mid-1800s, 386–90;
Ecuador–Family and Medical Leave Act
1858, 447; 1866, 506–07; 1874,
515; 1890, 550; 1932, 731;
1994, 937
Elections (Presidential) of: 1796,
269–70; 1800, 271–72, 278–79;
1804, 290; 1808, 291; 1816,
321; 1820, 322; 1824, c325,
334–35, 518; 1828, 334,
335–36, m353; 1832, 349–50;
1836, 350; 1840, 293, 350, 351,
368; 1844, 351, 360, 368, 437;
1848, 438; 1856, 446; 1860,
449–50, m457; 1864, 489–90;
1868, 508; 1872, 514; 1876,
m515, 516; 1888, 518; 1892,
550; 1893, 612; 1896, 550, 551;
1900, 620; 1904, 621; 1908,
622; 1916, 674; 1920, 618, 691,
704, 730–31; 1924, 706–7;
1928, 719; 1932, 729–30; 1940,
761; 1948, 799–800, m800;
1952, 814–15; 1956, 816; 1960,
845, m891;1968, 882, 903–04,
m891; 1976, 910–11; 1980, 914;
1984, 925; 1988, 929; 1992,
937; of 2000, 518, 941–42,
m941; campaign buttons,
p251; election reforms, 550;
third party results, c623
Electoral College, 239, 246;
1796 election, 270; 1800 election, 279; 1804 election, 290;
1808 election, 291; 1820 election, 322; 1824 election, 335,
c335, 518; 1832 election, 350;
1860 election, 450, m457; 1876
election, m515, 516; 1888 election, 518; 1892 election, 550;
1948 election, m800; 1952
election, 814–15; 1960 election, 845, m981;1968 election,
882, 905, m891;1984 election,
925; 1980 election, 914; 1988
937; 2000 election, 518;
District of Columbia electors
and, 251; progressive reform,
613–14; selection of electors,
210, 337
electricity, 561, 564, 578–79;
demand for, 710; industrial
use of, 710
Eleventh Amendment, 245
Elizabeth I, queen of England,
59, 70
Ellington, Duke, 715
Ellis Island, New York Harbor,
584
Ellsberg, Daniel, 999
Ellsworth, Oliver, 281
Emancipation Proclamation
(1863), 473–76, p474–75, 493
Embargo Act, g289, 290
Emergency Banking Relief Act,
731
Emergency Quota Act, 718
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 144,
412, 415
Empire State Building, 595
Empress of China, 288
England: in America, 74–75,
m75, m87, 92, m117, 118, p118,
m123; early explorers of, m48,
60; France, war with, 93,
116–18, m117, p118; Spain,
war with, 70, 71, 93, 173, 181;
Spanish Armada, 70, 71. See
also English colonies; Great
Britain
English Bill of Rights, 109, 208,
986
English colonies: agriculture,
72–73, m77; government in,
72, 73, 79; Middle colonies,
82–85, m83, ptg84; Native
Americans, relations with, 72,
73, 74, 77–78, ptg78, 80, 85;
New England colonies,
77–80, m77, p78; population
of, g81; settlement of, 71–73,
g72, m72, ptg72, m75, m95,
115. See also Middle colonies;
New England colonies
English settlements, the first,
71–73
Enlai, Zhou, q896, p897
Enlightenment, 113, 208
Enron, 943
enslaved persons. See slavery
entertainment: 1930s, p738, 739;
Jazz Age, 714–16; movies and
radio, 714–15, 739, p756. See
also sports
enumerated powers, 219, 236
environment: conservationism,
622
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), 902
Equiano, Olaudah, q102, 107,
q115
Era of Good Feelings, 321–22
Erie Canal, 318, m318, 389
Eriksson, Leif, 46
Ervin, Sam, 905
Espionage Act, 686
Estevanico, 54
Ethiopia: Italy invasion of, 753
ethnic groups: nationalism and,
667
Europe: alliances in, 667; demonstrations, 929; early exploration by, 44–49, p46, m48,
60–62, m61; Great Depression,
726; immigrants from,
393–94, c394, 582–83, 584,
m588–89, g596, 718, g721;
imperialism in, 667; military
buildup in, 667; North
America, conflicts in, 93;
World War I, m668, m678,
m693; after World War I, 690,
m690; after World War II, 786,
m789, crt790. See also World
War I; World War II
Evers, Medgar, 951
ex post facto law, 237
executive branch, 209–10,
225–26, 238–40; checks and
balances of, 210–11, 219–20,
c224; departments of, 225;
powers of, 210, 221–22, c224,
240; terms of office, 210, 238,
251. See also presidency
Executive Office of the
President (EOP), 226
executive order, 240
executive privilege, 906
Exodusters, 538
expansionism. See Manifest
Destiny
expatriotism, 716
exploration: of the Americas,
44–49, m48, 60–62, 64 (See also
specific country)
expressed powers, 236
F
F. W. Woolworth, 541, 566
factories, g396; African
American workers, 392–93,
ptg392, 591; child labor, 573;
cities, growth of, 311, 393;
during the Civil War, 483;
immigrant workers, 393–94;
in the North, 308–11; in the
North (mid-1800s), 391–93;
source of power for, 307–08;
in the South, 399–400; trade
unions, 392; women workers,
393, q414, 573; working conditions in, p309, q309, 391–93,
ptg392, 572–73, p573. See also
labor unions
factors of production, 568
Fair Labor Standards Act
(FLSA), c732, 745
Fall, Albert, 705
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 264,
m265
families: Civil War, 480, p481;
education in colonies, 112;
education in the 1800s, 407,
413, 512, 523; education
reform, 413, 512; enslaved
persons, 402, 404–5; extended,
405; Great Plains, p537; and
GI Bill, 798–99, p799;
Japanese American, 769,
p769; Mexican American, 915,
p915; middle-class, 592; in
1950s, 825; plantation, 403;
Reconstruction, 512, p512;
responsibilities, 230; schools,
1800s, 414–15; western settlement, 319; women’s role in,
615; World War II, 766, 767
Family and Medical Leave Act
(1993), 937
Index
Index
production factors and,
568; after Revolutionary War,
197, 199–200; roaring 20’s,
713–20; of South, mid-1800s,
397–400, g398, m398, q400,
401–03; value of dollar,
crt902; after World War I,
709–12; after World War II,
821–22, 824–25. See also Great
Depression
Ecuador, 327
Ederle, Gertrude, 715
Edison, Thomas A., q540, 564,
p564, 565, p576, 602
education: for African American
women, p427; of African
Americans, 106, 201, 392, 405,
413, 414, 502, 511–12, p512,
599, 631, 997; Brown v. Board
of Education, 994; colleges,
113, 414, 428, 502, 512, 598,
599, 616; colonial, 113, 115;
country schools, ptg411; for
disabled Americans, 414–15,
p427; in early 1900s, p598–99;
evolution theory in, 718–19;
of immigrants, 585, p585, 597;
of Mexican Americans, 660;
of Native Americans, 599,
600, p600; newspapers, 600;
normal schools, 413; oneroom schoolhouse, p414; philosophy of, 598; public
libraries, 600; public schools,
407, 512, 598; during Reconstruction, 511–12, p512;
reform of, 413–15; school
busses, p598; school enrollment, 1850–2000, g431; school
year, length of, g604; segregation in schools, 392; of slaves,
106; in the South (mid-1800s),
407; of women, 413, 414,
427–28, p427, 598, 616. See also
literature
Edwards, Jonathan, p110, 112
Eighteenth Amendment, 221,
249, 619, 717
Eighth Amendment, 245
Einstein, Albert, 779
Eisenhower, Dwight D., p983;
Bonus Army, 728; campaign
in Africa, 771–72; D-Day,
772–74, q772, p772, q774;
domestic policy, 815–16, q815;
domino theory, q819; election
of 1952, 814–15, q815; election
of 1956, 816; farewell address,
q820; foreign policy, 816–20;
military career of, 439; Pledge
of Allegiance, 992; school
integration, 840
El Paso, Texas, 53
el-Sadat, Anwar, 900, 913, p913
elastic clause, 237
elderly: pension plan for, 743
Elections (Congressional) of:
1826, 335; 1832, 339; 1842,
447; 1848, 447; 1854, 446, 455;
1033
Farewell to Arms, A–Frick, Henry Clay
Index
Farewell to Arms, A
(Hemingway), 716
Farm Security Administration
(FSA), c732
farmers, m533; Dust Bowl,
736–37, q737, 739, m740, q756;
on the Great Plains, 538, 539;
migrant workers, 737; New
Deal programs for, c732, 733;
organizations of, 548–49;
prices, decline in, 712; railroads, conflict with, 549
Farmers’ Alliances, 549, 550
Farragut, David, 469, 489
fascism, 739, 753
Fascist Party, 753
Faubus, Orville, 840
federal debt, g924
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), c732, 734
Federal Emergency Relief
Administration (FERA),
c732, 733
federal government: branches
of, 223–27; checks and balances, 210–11, c218, 219–20,
c224; concurrent powers, 219;
enumerated powers, 219, 236;
implied powers, 221, 268–69;
limited, 218–19, c218, 237–38,
245, 280; Native Americans,
policy, 264, m265; popular
sovereignty, 218, c218, 442,
447; powers of, 208–09, 262,
281; reserved powers, 219;
separation of powers, 209–10,
c218, 219, c224; state government, sharing powers with,
208–09, 245, 271. See also executive branch; judicial branch;
legislative branch
Federal Highway Act, 816
Federal Reserve Act, 624
Federal Trade Commission
(FTC), 624
federalism, 208–09, 212, q212,
q215, c218, 219, c219
Federalist, The, No. 10, 986
Federalist Papers, The, 212
Federalist Party: 1796 election,
269–70; 1800 election, 271–72,
278–79; 1804 election, 290;
1808 Election, 291; 1816 election, 321; DemocraticRepublican Party, differences
between, 268–69, c269; emergence of, 268; federal courts
policy, 280–81; Hartford
Convention, 300; Louisiana
Purchase, opposition to, 285;
secession plans of, 285; War
of 1812, opposition to, 294
Feehan, William, 946
Ferdinand, Franz, archduke of
Austria, 666, 667–68, p667
Ferdinand, king of Spain, 46
Ferguson, Miriam, 707
Ferraro, Geraldine, 925
1034
Index
Fetterman Massacre, 545
Field, Cyrus, 562
Fifteenth Amendment, 248, 508,
511, 519, 523, 616
Fifth Amendment, 228, 244, 447,
999
54th Massachusetts regiment,
477
Fight for the Colors (Troiani),
ptg459
Fillmore, Millard, 378, p981;
1856 election, 446; Asian
trade policies, 639;
Compromise of 1850, 439
Finney, Charles, 413
firefighters, p946, p948
First Amendment, 229, 244, 1000
First Reconstruction Act, 507
First Thanksgiving
(Brownscombe), ptg78
Fisk University, 502
Fitch, John, 316
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 716
Five Civilized Tribes, 342, 345
Five-Power Treaty, 707
flags: Betsy Ross Flag, p259;
California Bear Flag, 373,
p373; Confederate Battle Flag,
p486; Continental Colors,
p148; Don’t Tread On Me,
p136; First Stars and Stripes,
p167; flag etiquette, 229; Flag
of 1818, p322; Great Star Flag,
p322; Lone Star flag, p368; of
New France, p62; Polk campaign banner, p437; Revolutionary War flag, p128;
Seventeenth Flag of the
Union, p486; Spanish banner
flag, p49; Star-Spangled
Banner, p300; Twentieth Flag
of the Union, 529; Twentyfifth Flag, 624; Union and
Confederate, p458, p486
flappers, p714
Florida: acquisition of, m329;
readmission to Union, 507;
m181; secession, 451;
Seminole, resistance of, m342,
344–45; Spain, 195, 283;
Spanish control in, m117, 124,
188, 195, 294, 326; Treaty of
Paris, 124, 198
FLSA (Fair Labor Standards
Act), 745
Flying Cloud clipper ship, p387
Food Administration, 684
football, 602
Foraker Act, 653
Forbes, Charles, 705
Forbes, Esther, 140
Force Bill, 339
Ford, Gerald R., p252, p984;
becomes president, 252;
becomes vice-president, 252;
economic policy, 908; presidency, 906–08, p908
Ford, Henry, 564–66, 710, 711,
p711
Ford Motor Company, 710, 712
foreign policy: American expansionism, 638–41; Coolidge
administration, 707; dollar
diplomacy, 659–60; Harding
administration, 707; Latin
America, 656–60; George
Washington’s views on, q255,
265, 638–39
Formosa, 647
Fort Clatsop, m284, m286
Fort Dearborn, m298
Fort Detroit, m298
Fort Donelson, 469
Fort Duquesne, 118, 122, m123,
124
Fort Frontenac, m123, 124
Fort Gibson, m342
Fort Henry, 469
Fort Leavenworth, m372
Fort Lyon, Colorado, 545
Fort Mandan, m284, m286
Fort McHenry, m298, 299
Fort Necessity, 118, 119, 122,
m123
Fort Niagara, m123, m298
Fort Oswego, m123
Fort Pitt, 125
Fort Stanwix, New York, 168
Fort Sumter, 453, m470
Fort Ticonderoga, m123, 144,
149, 168
Fort William Henry, m123
Forten, Charlotte, q523
forty-niners, 375–76, 376, 378
Founding of Maryland (Leutze),
ptg37
Fourteen Points, 689, 993
Fourteenth Amendment, 229,
247, 505–07, 997, 998, 999
Fourth Amendment, 244
Fox, the, m342, 344
France: John Adams, relations
with, 271; John Adams
administration, relations
with, 270; in America, 92,
m117, 118, p118, m123;
American Civil War, 463, 472,
474, 476, 486; American
Revolution, 173, 174, 183–84,
p183, 187; China, relations
with, 647; early explorers of,
m48, 60, 61, m61; England,
war with, 93, 116–18, m117,
p118, 264–65, 270, 289, 290,
299; Five-Power Treaty, 707;
French and Indian War,
121–25, p122, m123, p124;
imperialism by, 667;
Louisiana Purchase, 283;
Native Americans, relations
with, 92, 122, 264; in Panama,
657; Spain, relations with,
283, 327; Statue of Liberty,
584; World War I, m668, 669,
679–80, 689. See also French
and Indian War; French
Revolution; Seven Years’ War
Francisco, Peter, 186, p186
Frankfurter, Felix, 702
Franklin, Benjamin: Albany
Plan of Union, 119; American
Revolution, 164, 179; on the
Constitution, q220; Constitutional Convention, 202, 204,
205, q205, 207, q207; Declaration of Independence, 150,
ptg150; France, experiment,
q961; seeking support from,
172–73, 174; life of, 109, p109;
post office, 148; Second
Continental Congress, 148;
Treaty of Paris, 185
Franklin, William, 164
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 486,
m487
Free African Society, 201, p201
free enterprise, 308; English
colonies, 101, 103–04; goods
and services, 431; growth of
industry, 306–07, 387; growth
of population, 377; New Deal
and, 742; post-World War II
economy, 821; price system,
105; private land ownership,
79, 89, 308; profit and, 308;
role of competition, 72, 308;
supply and demand, 523
free silver, 550–51
Free-Soil Party, 438, 444–45; 1856
election, 446
freedmen, ptg434–35; in New
England, 201; in the South,
402, c403, 406–07; voting
rights of, 550
Freedmen’s Bureau, 502, 505,
511, 512
freedom of assembly, 220, 228,
244
freedom of religion, 76–78,
ptg78, 79, 84, 88, 104, 196, 220,
228, 244, 279
freedom of speech, 220, 228, 244,
260
freedom of the press, 114, 220,
228, 244
Freedom Riders, 849, 854–55,
m854–55, p855
Freedom’s Journal, 383, 421
Freeport Doctrine, 448
Frémont, John C., 371, p371, 373;
1856 election, 446
French and Indian War, 121–25,
p122, m123, p124; events leading to, 116–19; land claims
after, 124, 125, 132; Native
Americans and, 121, ptg122,
123, 124, 125; Proclamation of
1763, 125, 132–33, m133;
Treaty of Paris, 124
French Revolution, 264
Freneau, Philip, 268
Frick, Henry Clay, 592
Friedan, Betty–Griswold, Roger
Friedan, Betty, q831
Frobisher, Martin, m48
Fugitive Slave Act, 441–42
Fuller, Margaret, 415
Fulton, Robert, 315, p315, 316,
387
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut, 79, 119, 985
fur trading, 62, 92, 117, 132, 264,
288, 357–58
Furman v. Georgia, 997
G
Goodnight-Loving Trail, 535,
m553
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 925–26,
p926, 929
Gore, Al, 936, 941, p941
Gorgas, William, 658
government: Albany Plan of
Union, 119; Antifederalists,
212, ptg212, q212; Articles of
Confederation, 193–95, c196;
branches of, 209–10, 223–27;
checks and balances, 210–11,
c218, 219–20, c224; citizens’
wishes and, 229, p230; civil
service reform, 612; colonial,
73, 108–11, 119, 148; concurrent powers, 219; English Bill
of Rights, 109; enumerated
powers, 219, 236; Federalists,
212, q212; Iroquois, 33; laws
of Islam, 42; limited, 208,
218–19, c218, 280; of Native
Americans, 543; popular sovereignty, 218, c218, 442, 447;
reserved powers, 219; selfgovernment concept and,
211; separation of powers,
209–10, c218, 219, c224;
Spanish settlements, 54–55;
spoils system, 337, 348, 612;
theocracy, 23. See also cities;
federal government; state
government; states’ rights
Grady, Henry, 517–18
Graham, Billy, 825
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act,
924
grandfather clause, 519
Grange, Red, 715
Grange, the, 549
Grant, Ulysses S., q469, m489,
p982; 1868 election, 508; 1872
515–16; on African American
soldiers, 477; background,
488; Battle of Chattanooga,
488; Battle of Shiloh, 469;
Battle of Vicksburg, 486–87,
m487; corruption in administration, crt514, 515; military
career of, 439; plan to crush
Confederacy, 488–89;
Reconstruction policy of, 513,
514; surrender of Lee, 491,
p491; Tennessee River victories, 469
Grapes of Wrath, The
(Steinbeck), 739
Gray, Robert, 357
Great Awakening, The, 110–11,
p110, m111, 112
Great Britain: American Civil
War, 463, 472, 474, 476, 486;
China, relations with, 647;
Five-Power Treaty, 707;
France, war with, 93, 264–65,
270, 289, 290, 299; French and
Indian War, 121–25, p122,
m123, p124; Germany, rela-
tions with, 667; immigrants
from, c394; imperialism by,
667; Industrial Revolution in,
307, 308–09; mining industry
investment, 529; Native
Americans, relations with,
264, 293, 296; Northwest
Territory, conflict in, c273;
Oregon Country, claim on,
357, 360, 371; Proclamation of
1763, 125, 132–33, m133;
Samoa Islands, 645; U.S., relations with, 198, 326; War of
1812, 296–300, crt297, m298;
George Washington, relations
with, 265–66, 268; World War
I, m668, 669, 670, 673–74. See
also England; Seven Years’
War
Great Compromise, the, 204
Great Depression, p740, p741;
causes and effects of, 726,
748; Dust Bowl, 736–37, q737,
m740–41, q756; economy,
725–26, 731–32, 746, g757;
food prices, c727; Hoover’s
handling of, 727–28; international, 726; life during,
726–27, p726–27, p731,
735–39, p735, p737, p738,
p741, p757; plight of minorities, 737–38; political movements, 738–39; population,
changes in, m739–40;
Roosevelt Depression, 746;
stock market crash, 724–25,
g725; unemployment during,
726, 735, p735; work projects,
733–34
Great Lakes, 317, 387, 393
Great Migration, 79
Great Northern Railroad, 557
Great Plains: climate on, 538;
Dust Bowl years, 736–37,
p737, m740–41, q756; farming
on, 390, 536, 537–39, p537,
p538; life on, 538–39; Native
American conflict on, 545–47;
Native Americans on, 543,
p543; white settlement of,
537–39, p537, p538
Great Salt Lake, Utah, 378
Great Seal of the United States,
p211
Great Serpent Mound, 30
Great White Fleet, 648
Greeley, Horace, 514
Green Berets, 867, 873
Green Mountain Boys, 144, 168
Greene, Nathanael, 182
Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, 480
Gregg, Josiah, 369
Gregg, William, 400
Grenada, 925
Grenville, George, 133
Grimké, Angelina, 420
Grimké, Sarah, 420
Griswold, Roger, crt272
Index
Index
Gadsden Purchase, 374, m380
Gage, Sir Thomas, 142, q143
Galarza, Ernesto, 915, p915
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 830
Gallatin, Albert, 280
Gallaudet, Thomas, 414
Galveston, Texas, 611
Gálvez, Bernardo de, 173,
180–81, p182, q182
Gandhi, Mohandas, 842
García, Calixto, 651
Garcia, John, q758
Garfield, James A., p982; assassination of, 612; spoils system
reform, 612
Garland, Hamlin, 379, p379
Garrison, William Lloyd, 418,
419–20, q420, 421, 424
Garvey, Marcus, 700, 703
Gates, Horatio, 168, 178, 180
General Motors Company, 710,
712
General Patrick R. Cleburne
(Troiani), ptg432–33
General Trades Union of New
York, 392
Genêt, Edmond, 265
Geneva Accords, 819
Gentlemen’s Agreement, 630,
648
geography: dictionary of, 8–9,
p8–9; five themes of, 2; history influenced by, 6–7, p6–7;
physical regions of United
States, m1; six elements of,
2–3, p2–3; using maps, 4–5,
m4, m5; Victory at Vincennes,
178
George, David Lloyd, 689–90,
p993
George III, king of England,
p122, 125; Boston Tea Party,
p138; colonial tax issues and,
p138, 139, 148–49, 150, 151,
209
Georgia, 397; Cherokee and,
m342, 343, 1000; colonial,
m87, 90–91, c91; gold in, 341;
Revolutionary War, 180; rice
grown in, m87, 107–08; as
royal colony, 111; secession,
451; slavery in, 106, 200; state
constitution, 193; voting
restrictions in, 519; Worcester
v. Georgia, 1000
German Americans, 104, 394,
395; World War I and, 686
Germany: American Revolution,
174; China, relations with,
647; expansion of, 755; fascism in, 739; Great Britain,
relations with, 667; under
Hitler, 752–54, 755; immigrants from, 104, 394, c394,
395, 583, p583; imperialism
by, 667; Japan, alliance with,
754; nationalism in, 667;
Russia, relations with,
678–79; reunification, 749;
Samoa Islands, 645; Soviet
Union, alliance with, 755; Uboats, p670, 673–74, p673,
677–78; World War I, m668,
669–81, 689; World War I,
armistice, 680–81; World War
I, peace negotiations, 689–90
Geronimo, 546, q546
Gerry, Elbridge, 205
Gettysburg, Battle of, ptg459,
486, m487, m495
Gettysburg Address, 487–88,
q487, 991
Ghana, 41, m41
Ghost Dance, 547
GI Bill, 798–99, p798, p799, q799
Gibbons, Floyd, q679
Gibbons v. Ogden, 281, 325,
997–98
Gideon v. Wainwright, 998
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 71
Gilded Age, 592
Gilded Age, The (Twain and
Warner), 592
Gingrich, Newt, 937
Girls with Lobster (Homer),
ptg601
glasnost, 925
Glenn, John, 870
global community: communication advances and, 562
global warming, 944
Glorious Revolution, 109
gold: in Alaska, 640; Black Hills,
545; in California, 375–77,
c377, crt378; in Colorado,
528–29; in Georgia, 341; mining of, 528–29, 528–30; trade
with, 44, 52, m52; for wealth,
51–54, 55, 59, 74, 455
Gold Coast, 44
Gold Rush Society, 377
Goliad, Texas, 367, m367
Gompers, Samuel, 574
Gone With the Wind (Mitchell),
739, 757
Gonzales, Texas, 365, m367
Goodnight, Charlie, 535
1035
gross domestic product–immigration
gross domestic product, 938
Gruber, John, q312
Guadalcanal, 779
Guam: U.S. acquisition of, 653
Guantanamo Bay, 653
Guatemala: Mayan civilization,
23
Guerrière, 297
guerrilla warfare, 180, 182, 344
Guilford Courthouse, North
Carolina, 182
H
Index
habeas corpus, writ of, 237, 481,
482
Haida, the, 32
Haiti, 187, 707; Santo Domingo
revolution, 283
Hale, Nathan, 166, q166
Hamilton, Alexander: 1800
election, 271–72; Articles of
Confederation revision, q201;
Burr, duel with, 285; Constitution, support for, 212;
Federalists, support of, 212,
268–69, c269, q269; Great
264–65; as secretary of the
treasury, 259, 260–62, 263;
with, 260, 262, 268
Hamilton, Andrew, 114
Hamilton, Henry, 178
Hampton Institute, 599
Hancock, John, 136, 143;
Declaration of Independence,
150; Second Continental
Congress, 148
Hanoi, North Vietnam, 888
Hanna, Mark, 620
Hanson, John, 198
Harding, Warren G., p983; 1920
election, 704–5, p705, 730;
administration of, corruption in, 705; foreign policy
of, 707
Harlem, New York City, 700
Harlem Renaissance, 715
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, 448,
449
Harper’s Magazine, 600
Harper’s Weekly magazine, 611
Harrison, Benjamin, p982; 1888
election, 518; Hawaii annexation, 645
Harrison, William Henry, p350,
p981; 1840 election, 293, p350,
351, 368; Battle of
Tippecanoe, 292–93, 351;
Indiana Territory governor,
292; military career of, 439;
War of 1812, 297
Hartford Convention, 300
Hartford School for the Deaf,
414
1036
Index
Harvard University, 113, 632
Hawaii, m646; annexation of,
645–46; geography of, 644–45;
missionaries in, 645; Queen
Liliuokalani, 645, p645; statehood, 816; sugar plantations,
645; U.S. trade with, 645
Hay, John, 647, 652, 657
Hayes, Ira, 767
Hayes, Lemuel, 167
Hayes, Rutherford B., p982; 1876
election, m515, 516; end of
Reconstruction, q517; spoils
system reform, 612
Haymarket riot, 572
Hayne, Robert, 338
Head Start, 847
Hearst, William Randolph, 600,
650
Hemingway, Ernest, 716
Henry, John, 319
Henry, Patrick, q129, 134, q134,
ptg135; Constitution ratification, 213; Continental
Congress, 142, q142; Patriot
view of, q163; Second
Continental Congress, 148
Henry the Navigator, 44
Henry VIII, king of England,
59, 76
Henson, Josiah, 403–04, q404
Her World (Evergood), ptg843
Hidalgo, Miguel, p326, 327
hieroglyphics, 24
Hill, James J., 557, 621
Hiroshima, Japan, m778, 780,
p781
His First Vote (Wood), ptg505
Hispanic Americans, 376; in
Civil War, 464, 469, 489;
cowhands, 536; Great
Depression, 738; Revolutionary War, 180–81, 186; World
War II, 767–68. See also Cuba;
Latin America; Mexico;
Puerto Rico; Spain
Hispanics: in America, 51–55,
m52, 56–57, m117, 915, q915;
alliance, 633; American
Revolution, 173, 180–81,
m181, q181, p182; bracero program, 767; Californios, 373,
376; civil rights movement,
660, 858–59, p858; Civil War,
469, 489; contributions of
Puerto Ricans, 858; discrimination, 633, 660; early explorers, 46–49; education, 660;
employment in the 1950s,
829; farmworkers union, 858;
Mexico, independence of,
363, 369; influences, 370–71,
536; migration to U.S., 915,
q915; Pearl Harbor, q758; settlements of, 92–93; Spanish
Missions, 56–57, p56–57;
vaqueros, ptg370, 376; World
War II, 767. See also Hispanic
Americans; Spain
History of the Standard Oil
Company, The (Tarbell), 613
Hitler, Adolf: political philosophy of, q752; rise to power,
752–54; Sovet Union, 755,
760
Ho Chi Minh, 872, q876
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 816
Hohokam, the, 28, 29
holding companies, 571
Holliday, Doc, 539
Hollywood, California, 714
Holocaust, 775–76, p775
Holocaust Memorial Museum,
776
Homer, Winslow, 601, ptg601
Homeland Security,
Department of, 949
Homestead Act, 537
Honduras, 23
Honolulu, Hawaii, 645
Hooker, Joseph, 486
Hooker, Thomas, 79
Hoover, Herbert: p983; 1928 election, 719; 1932 election, 730;
Bonus Army, 728, p728; Food
Administration, 684; Great
Depression, 727–28; as secretary of commerce, 705;
Supreme Court, 747
Hoover, Herbert C., p983
Hoover, J. Edgar, 701
“Hope” (Dickinson), q415
Hopewell Mound Builders, 30
Hopi, the, 32
Hopkins, Harry, 733, 744
Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 298,
m298, 337
House of Burgesses, 73
House of Mirth, The (Wharton),
601
House of Representatives, U.S.,
233; 1800 election, 279; 1824
election, 335, c335; checks
and balances, 210, c224; composition of, 223, 233, 247; constitutional authority, 209;
creation of, 204; powers of,
223, c224; states’ representation in, 204, 209; tax laws,
originated by, 235
Houston, Sam, 367, q443
Houston, Texas, m367
How the Other Half Lives (Riis),
610
Howard, Nancy, q423
Howard University, 502, 599
Howe, Elias, 387
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 414
Howe, Sir William, 149, 166,
167–68
Hudson, Henry, m48, 60–61, 62
Hudson Bay, 61, m61
Hudson River: Erie Canal, 318,
m318; steamboat travel, 316
Hudson River (Melchers),
ptg524–25
Huerta, Victoriano, 660, 661
Hughes, Charles Evans, 674,
705, 707
Hughes, Langston, 715, p715,
q767
Hull, William, 297
Hull House, 593, 616
Humphrey, Hubert, 881, 882
Hungary, 818
Huntington, Collis P., 557
Hurston, Zora Neale, 715
Hussein, Saddam, 931, 932, 951
Hutchins, Robert M., 754
Hutchinson, Anne, 79, ptg79
I
“I Have a Dream” speech
(King), 996
I Know Why the Caged Bird
Sings (Angelou), 843
ICC (Interstate Commerce
Commission), 612
Ice Age, 17, 18
Idaho: statehood, 530
Idar, Jovita, 660, p660
Il Duce, 753
ILGWU (International Ladies’
Garment Workers Union),
574, 585
Illinois: Lincoln-Douglas
debates, 447–48; Native
Americans in, 344; railroads,
389; statehood, 319
immigrants: Alien and Sedition
Acts, 271, c271, 280; anti-foreign sentiment, 701–2, p701,
717; from China, in California,
376; contributions of, 587;
education of, 585, p585, 597;
Ellis Island, 584; entrance
examinations of, 584; finding
work, 584–85; Great Plains
homesteaders, 537, 538, p538;
and growth of cities, 393–95,
p581, 585–86, 587, 610; homelands of, 582–83, m588–89,
g596, g721; Immigration Act
of 1917, 587; journey of, 584;
lives of, 584–85, 588; naturalization process, 229; prejudice against, 395, 586–87,
628–30; as railroad laborers,
531; Red Scare, 701; religions
of, 583, 586, 587, 629
Immigrants’ Protective League,
587
immigration: 1860–1920, g596;
1921–1930, g721; 1990–2000,
944–45; Chinese Exclusion
Act, 587, 630; to English
colonies, 104; Gentlemen’s
Immigration Act of 1917–Joplin, Scott
installment buying, 711
interchangeable parts, 309
Interior, Department of, 226
internal improvements: 1824
election, 335, c335; regional
conflict over, 322, 324
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers Union (ILGWU),
574, 585
Internet, 943
internment camps, 768, q768
Interstate Commerce Act, 612
Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC), 612
Intolerable Acts, 139
Inuit, the, 31–32
inventions: by African
Americans, 564, 599; business, 563, 576; communication, 561–63, 576; by Thomas
Edison, 564, 576; railroad,
558–59; textile industry, 307,
308, p308–09, 387, p399; transportation, 315–16, p562–63,
576
Invisible Thread, The (Uchida),
769, p769
Iowa: farming in, 390
Iran hostage crisis, 913–14, p914
Iran-Contra hearings, 925
Iraq, 931, 951
Ireland: immigrants from,
393–94, c394, 395
Irish Americans, 318, 393–94,
395; discrimination against,
631; as railroad laborers, 531;
World War I and, 673, 686
iron curtain, 790, crt790, 819
iron industry, ptg555; railroads,
impact of, 557, m577
Ironworkers’ Noontime
(Anshutz), ptg555
Iroquois, the, 32, 33, m294
Iroquois Confederacy, the, 33,
117–18, 119
Isabella, queen of Spain, 46, p46
Islam, 38, 41, 42, 946, 948
Islands of Samoa, 646, m646
isolationism: Coolidge administration, 707; of George
Washington, 639
Israel, 794, 899
Italian Americans: in cities, 586;
Sacco and Vanzetti trial,
701–2
Italy: fascism in, 739, 753; FivePower Treaty, 707; Germany,
alliance with, 754; immigrants from, 583, m588–89;
imperialism by, 667; Japan,
alliance with, 754; under
Mussolini, 753; nationalism
in, 667; World War I, 669
Iwo Jima, 779, p780
J
Jackson, Andrew, ptg332, crt337,
crt338, q349, 368, p980; 1824
election, 334–35, c335; 1828
election, 300, 334, 335–36,
crt337, m353; 1832 election,
349–50; Bank of the United
States, opposition to, 348–50,
crt349; Battle of New Orleans,
300, 336; era of, 334–39, p352;
Force Bill, 339; foreign policy
of, 325–26, crt325; inaugural
reception, 336; log cabin of,
p330, 336; Native Americans,
relocation of, 341, 342–45,
1000; nullification, view on,
338–39, q339; popularity of,
336; in Revo-lutionary War,
336; Spanish forts, capture of,
326; spoils system, 337, 348,
612; Texas annexation issue,
367; in War of 1812, 298, 335,
336
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 547, q547
Jackson, Jesse, 929
Jackson, Mississippi, 406
Jackson State, 887
Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,”
467, 471, 486, 493
James I, king of England, 71, 73,
74
James II, king of England,
108–09
James River, 74, m75
Jamestown settlement, 71–73,
g72, m72, ptg72, 74–75, m75,
115
Janney, Eli H., 558
Japan: Axis Alliance, 754; China,
relations with, 647, 648; FivePower Treaty, 707; immigrants from, 583, m588–89,
718; immigrants from, exclusion of, 587; Manchuria,
invaded by, 754; Russia, relations with, 648; trade with,
639, ptg639; World War I, 669;
World War II, 758, 777–80
Japanese Americans: discrimination against, 630, 648, 768;
internment of, 768, p769,
q769, 998
Java, 297
Jay, John: as chief justice, 259;
Constitution, support for,
212; Jay’s Treaty, 265–66, 270;
Treaty of Paris, 185; western
settlement, q198
Jay’s Treaty, 265–66, 270
jazz, 601; age of, 698–719
Jazz Singer, The, 714
Jefferson, Thomas, q279, q436,
p980; 1796 election, 270; 1800
election, 272, 278–79; 1804
election, 290; American
System, opposition to, 324;
cabinet of, 280; Constitution,
support for, 212, q212; Corps
of Discovery, 287; Declaration
of Independence, 147, 150,
ptg150, 280; DemocraticRepublicans, support of,
268–69, c269, q269; embargo,
use of, 290; federal courts
and, 280–81; France, relations
with, 265; Alexander
Hamilton, conflicts with, 262,
268–69; Inaugural Address,
279; Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions, 271, 338; legal
career of, 439; Lewis and
Clark expedition, 284–85,
m284, m286–87; Louisiana
Purchase, 221, 283, m284,
m286–87; Monticello, p279,
q279; national bank, 262;
Northwest Territory, 196;
Pike’s expedition, 285; policies of, 280; Revolutionary
War, 182; Second Continental
Congress, 148; as secretary of
state, 259; Shays’s Rebellion,
q200; Tripoli, war with, 289;
as vice president, 270; George
Washington, relations with,
268
Jenney, William LeBaron, 593
Jerked Down (Russell), ptg535
Jeter, Jeremiah, 420
Jews/Jewish Americans: discrimination against, 629;
immigrants, 583, 586; Nazi
persecution, 753; newspapers
of, 600
Jim Crow laws, 519
John, king of England, 110, 985
Johnny Appleseed, 270
Johnny Tremain (Forbes), 140
Johnson, Albert Sidney, 469
Johnson, Andrew, p982; African
Americans, attitude toward,
503; impeachment, 507–08,
516; Reconstruction plan, 503,
504–05, 506–07
Johnson, Henry, 676
Johnson, Hugh, 734
Johnson, James Weldon, 715
Johnson, Lyndon B., p984; on
declining to run, 880; q880;
Great Society, 846–47, q847;
Gulf of Tonkin, 874; succeeding to presidency, 846, p846;
and Vietnam War, 874–76,
q874, q880; War on Poverty,
847
Johnson, Tom, 612
Joliet, Louis, m61, 92
Jones, Absalom, p201
Jones, Bobby, 715
Jones, John Paul, 179, q179
Jones, Marion, p857
Jones, “Mother” Mary, q540, 574
Jones Act, 653
Joplin, Scott, 601
Index
Index
Agreement, 630; impact of,
mid-1800s, 393–95, c394;
“push, pull factors” of, 583,
588; quota system, 718;
sources of, c394, m588–89
Immigration Act of 1917, 587
impeachment, 223, c224, 233,
234, 240, p240; of Andrew
Johnson, 507–08, 516, p940; of
Bill Clinton, 938–39, q939,
p940
imperialism: age of, 639–41;
European, 639–40; late 1800s,
early 1900s, 638–39; in the
Pacific, 644–48, m646; sentiment against, 653; SpanishAmerican War, 649–53; prior
to World War I, 667
impressment, 265, 290
Inaugural Address: of Jefferson
Davis, 450; Thomas Jefferson,
279; of John F. Kennedy, 995,
p995; of Abraham Lincoln,
450, 451–52, q452, q490, p500,
516; James Monroe, q321; of
Franklin D. Roosevelt, q731
Incas, the, p15, 22–23, m27, 53
income tax, 248, p248, 483, 550,
551, 622; during Civil War,
483; Coolidge administration
and, 706; introduction of, 550,
551; during World War I, 684
Independence Day, 151
Independence Hall,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
p202, p204
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968,
859
Indian Peace Commission, 543,
544
Indian Removal Act, 342, m342
Indian Territory, 342, m342, 345,
539, m544, 545
Indiana, 319; railroads, 389;
Revolutionary War, 178;
statehood, 319; women’s
property laws, 428
Indiana Territory, 292
Industrial Revolution: Great
Britain started in, 307; in
New England, 306–11; technology of, 307–08, p307,
386–90
industry: assembly line technology, 565–66, 710, p711; automobile industry, effect of,
712; electrical power in, 710;
growth of, 306–11; railroads,
389, 559, m577; scientific
management of, 710;
Southern, after Civil War,
518; Southern, mid-1800s,
399–400; textile, 307–10, p307,
p308–09. See also factories;
labor unions
inflation: 796, 902, 908; Civil
War, 483; defined, 483
initiative, state election, 614
1037
Jordan, Barbara–Lincoln University
Jordan, Barbara, p222, q222
Joseph, Chief, p546, 992
journalism: muckrakers, 613;
yellow journalism, 600, 650,
crt650
Judge, Mychal, 946
judicial branch, p210, 226–27,
240–41; checks and balances
of, 210–11, c224; constitutional authority, 210; powers
of, 210, 222, c224, 226–27,
240–41. See also Supreme
Court
judicial review, 222, 226, 281,
998
Judiciary Act of 1789, 226, 259,
281
Judiciary Act of 1801, 281
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 613
K
Index
Kai-shek, Chiang, 794, 898,
crt898
Kalakaua, king of Hawaii, 645
Kamehameha I, king of Hawaii,
645
Kansas: bleeding Kansas,
443–44; Dust Bowl, 736–37;
Exodusters, 538; KansasNebraska Act, 442–43, m443;
slavery, 443–44, m443
Kansas City: meatpacking
industry in, 591
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 442–43,
m443
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 373
Keating-Owen Act, 624
keelboat, p287
Keller, Helen, p427
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 707
Kelly, William, 518
Kennedy, Anthony, 923
Kennedy, Jacqueline, p831, q831
Kennedy, John F., p984; assassination, 846; Bay of Pigs,
868; civil rights, 851, q851;
Cuban missile crisis, 869–70,
q869; election of 1960, 844–45,
p845; foreign policy, 866–70;
inaugural address of, 995,
p995; New Frontier, 845–46,
q846
Kennedy, Robert F., 849, 854,
880, 881
Kent State, 887, p887, q887
Kentucky, 319; Civil War, 469; in
the Civil War, 461; public
schools in, 407; secession,
452; statehood, 300, 319
Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions, 271, 338
Kentucky Derby, 541
Kerouac, Jack, 830–31, q831
Key, Francis Scott, 299
1038
Index
Khrushchev, Nikita, 886; Berlin
Wall, 868; Cuban missile crisis, 869–70; summit meeting,
820
Kickapoo, the, m294
Kidnapped Prince, The
(Equiano), 107
Kies, Mary, 313
King, Martin Luther, Jr., p996;
p836, p841, p861; assassination, 853, 880–81; “I Have a
Dream” speech, p996; Letter
from the Birmingham Jail, q850,
q851; March on Washington,
851, q851; Montgomery bus
boycott, 841, q841; nonviolent
protest, 842
King Philip’s War, 80
Kings Mountain, Battle of,
m181, 182
Kino, Eusebio Francisco, 56–57,
p56–57
Kiowa, the, 345, 363, 545
Kissinger, Henry, 885, 888, 897,
p897,898, 900
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina,
562–63, p562–63
Knight, Amelia Stewart, q359
Knights of Labor, 573
Know Nothing Party, 395, 446
Knox, Henry: as secretary of
war, 259
Korea: Japan, relations with, 648
Korean War: p787, q802; beginning of conflict, 802–03, q803;
casualties of, g488; conflict
grows, 803–05, m803, p804;
ending the conflict, 805
Korematsu v. United States, 768,
998
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 174
Ku Klux Klan, 514; growth of,
630, p630, 717; during
Reconstruction, 504
Kublai Khan, 38
Kuwait, 931, 932
L
La Flesche, Susette, p427
La Follette, Robert, 613–14, 706
labor unions, q540; AFL, 573–74;
collective bargaining, 574;
decline in, 702–3; formation
of, 573, 576; ILGWU, 574, 585;
Knights of Labor, 573; New
Deal programs for, c732, 734;
Sherman Antitrust Act, 612;
sit-down strike, 744–45;
strikes of, 392, 573, 702–3,
p702; trade unions, 392, 573,
631; United Mine Workers
strike, 621; women, discriminated by, 393; women members of, 574; women’s labor
unions, 618–19
lacrosse, 313, ptg313
Ladies’ Home Journal magazine,
600
Lafayette, Marquis de, 174, 182,
184, ptg184
Lahaina, Hawaii, 645
Lake Erie, 297, m298, 318, m318
Lake Texcoco, 24
Lakota Sioux, the, 545–46, 547,
q958–59
Lamar, Mirabeau, 367
land bridge, 14, 16, 20–21, m21
land-grant colleges, 598
Land Law of 1851, 376
land policies, 195–96, m195
Landon, Alfred M., 745
Lange, Dorothea, p737
Larcom, Lucy, q309
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 55
La Salle, Robert Cavelier Sieur
de, m61, 92
Lathrop, Julia Clifford, 587
Latimer, Lewis Howard, 564, p565
Latin America: Alliance for
Progress, 867; anti-U.S. sentiment in, 660, 661; Coolidge
administration policies, 707;
dollar diplomacy, 659–60;
Harding administration policies, 707; immigrants from,
g721; Monroe Doctrine, 327,
641; moral diplomacy,
660–61; Roosevelt Corollary,
658–59; Spanish empire in,
326–27; U.S. policies toward,
641, 656–60. See also specific
country
latitude, 4, m4
law: due process of, 228, 244,
247, 447, 506, 1000; duty to
obey, 229; equal protection of,
228, 229, 506, 997
Lawrence, Kansas, 444
Lazarus, Emma, q584, q642
Leadville, Colorado, p530
League of Mexican Women, 660
League of Nations, 689, 691, 753,
754
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 415,
455
Lee, Richard Henry, 142, 148,
150, q150, 196
Lee, Robert E., q451, 463, 485,
m489, m493; African
American soldiers, 476; Battle
of Antietam, 471–72, p492–93;
Battle of Fredericksburg, 486;
Battle of Gettysburg, m495;
defense of Richmond, 471;
surrender to Grant, 491, p491
legislative branch. See Congress
Lena, Maggie, 632
Lend-Least Act (1941), 761
Leni-Lenape, the, m294
Lenin, Vladimir, 678
Leningrad, siege of, 773–74
Lens, Sidney, q726
León, Juan Ponce de, m52, 53
Leonard, Jonathan Norton, q725
Letter from Birmingham Jail
(King), 850
Letters from an American
Farmer (Crevecoeur), 960
Levitt, William, 823
Levitttown, 823
Lewis, John, 854, q854
Lewis, John L., 745
Lewis, Meriwether, 284–87
Lewis, Sinclair, 716
Lewis and Clark expedition,
284–85, m284, m286–87,
p286–87; journal of, p301;
with, 284–85; Oregon
Country, 357; scientific discoveries, 284, 313
Lexington, Massachusetts,
143–44, 152, m143
Leyte Gulf, Battle of, m778, 779
Liberal Republican Party, 514
Liberator, The, 419–20, 421
Liberia, 419
Liberty Bonds, 684
Liberty League, 742–43
Liberty (ship), 136
libraries, p599, 600
Lieberman, Joseph, 941
Life on the Mississippi (Twain),
603
light bulb, q540
Lighthorsemen, 345
Liliuokalani, queen of Hawaii,
645, p645
limited government, 110,
218–19, c218
Lin, Maya, 889
Lincoln, Abraham, q433, q434,
q442, p447, p450, p474, q474,
q481, p516–17, q516, p981;
1860 election, 449–50, m457;
1864 election, 489–90; on
African American soldiers,
477; assassination, 502–03,
p502, 516–17, p517; commander in chief, 467, p467,
470, 471, 472; Emancipation
Proclamation, 473–76, 493,
629, 990, p990; Gettysburg
Address, 487–88, q487, 991;
Ulysses S. Grant and, 488,
489; Inaugural Address, First,
450, 451–52, q452; Inaugural
Address, Second, q490, 516;
legal career of, 439; LincolnDouglas debates, 447–48;
Mexican War, 372–73;
Reconstruction plan, 501, 516;
secession, reaction to, 451–52;
slavery, attitude towards, 447,
q448, 474, q474; West Virginia
statehood, 242
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 463
Lincoln Highway, c317, m317
Lincoln University, 414
Lindbergh, Charles–Mexico City, Mexico
Luther, Martin, 58–59
Luzon, Philippines, 651
Lynch, John, q517
lynchings, 520, 630, 632, 703, 717
Lyon, Mary, 414, 425, 428
Lyon, Matthew, crt272
M
MacArthur, Douglas: Bonus
Army, 728; Korean War,
803–05; World War II, 778–79,
p778, q779
Machu Picchu, p15, 22, 26
Madero, Francisco, 660
Madison, Dolley, 299, p299
Madison, James, q224, p232, 321,
p980; 1808 Election, 291;
Articles of Confederation
revision, 201; Bank of the
United States, First, opposition to, 262; congressional
pay raises and, 253;
Constitution, support for,
212; Federalists, support of,
212, 268–69; France, relations
with, 291; Great Britain, relations with, 291; Alexander
Hamilton, conflicts with, 262,
268–69; Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions, 271,
338; Marbury v. Madison, 222,
281, 998; as president, 291–94,
321–22; as secretary of state,
280, 290; Virginia Plan, 202,
203, p203; War of 1812, 299;
war of 1812, 296
Magellan, Ferdinand, 49, p63
Maggie (Crane), 601
Magna Carta, 110, 208, 985
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 641
mail order business, 566
Maine: statehood, 242, 324, 437;
temperance movement in,
413
Maine, the, 650
Main Street (Lewis), 716
Makkah, m41, 42
malaria, 657
Malcolm X, 852, p852, q853
Mali, 41–42, m41
Manassas, Virginia, 466–67, 469,
471
Manchuria, 647, 648, 754
Mandela, Nelson, p920
Manhattan Island, m83
Manhattan Project, 779
Manifest Destiny, m380; California, 371; New Mexico, 370;
Oregon, 359–60; Texas, 360,
368
Manila, Philippines, m651
Mankiller, Wilma, 912, p912
Mann, Horace, 413
manufacturing. See factories;
industry
maps: improvements in, 40;
parts of, 4; types of, 4
Marbury v. Madison, 222, 281,
998
March on Washington, p837,
851, q851
March to Valley Forge, The
(Trego), 173–74, ptg173
Marcy, William, q371
Marion, Francis, 177, p177, 180
Marne, Battle of the, 669, 680
Marquette, Jacques, m61, 92
Marshall, George, 791
Marshall, James, q375
Marshall, John: as chief justice,
281, 998; McCulloch v. Maryland, 237, 325; Worcester v.
Georgia, 343, 1000
Marshall, Louis, p586
Marshall, Thurgood, 599, 839
Marshall Plan, 791
Martí, José, 649–50
Mary, queen of England, 109
Maryland, 397; Articles of
Confederation, 194–95; Civil
War, 472; in the Civil War,
461; colonial, c81, 87–88, m87;
McCulloch v. Maryland, 237,
324–25, 998–99; population
of, 1700, g81; as proprietary
colony, 110; tobacco grown
in, 107
Mason, George, 205
Mason-Dixon Line, 88
mass production, 566
Massachusetts: agriculture in,
307; colonial, m77, 111, 113;
205; education reform in, 413;
population of, 1700, g81;
secession plans of, 285;
Shays’s Rebellion, 200, p200;
slavery, 176, 201; state constitution, 193
Massachusetts Bay Colony, m77,
78–79, c81
Massasoit, 78
Matzeliger, Jan E., 564
Mayan civilization, 23–24, m27;
architecture of, p23
Mayflower, 77, 114, p115
Mayflower Compact, ptg66–67,
77, 986
McAvoy, Joseph, 20, p20
McCain, John, 941
McCarthy, Eugene, 879–80
McCarthy, Joseph: 808–09;
crt809; Army-McCarthy hearings, 809, q809
McClellan, George, 463, p467,
469–71, 472, 493, m493
McClure’s Magazine, 613
McCormick, Cyrus, 390
McCoy, Elijah, 564
McCulloch v. Maryland, 237,
281, 324–25, 998–99
McDowell, Irvin, 466
McGovern, George, 903
McGuffey’s Reader, p414
McKay, Claude, 715
McKinley, William, p653, p982;
1896 election, 551; assassination of, 620; Cuba, relations
with, 650; Hawaii annexation,
646; Philippines annexation,
653; Spanish-American War,
650
Meade, George, 486
Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania, 20,
m21
Meat Inspection Act, 613, 622
meat-packing industry, 591, 613;
regulation of, 622
Medicare, 943
medicine: in the Civil War, 479,
481; future developments,
916; in mid-1800s, p324;
women in, 481
Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1857,
545
Meek, Joe, 358
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 752–53
Meir, Golda, 900, p900
Mellon, Andrew, 705
Memphis, Tennessee, 403, 504
Mennonites: slavery and, 106
mental illness, 415
mercantilism, 59, 109
Meredith, James, 850
Merrimack, 468, m470
Mesa Verde, 29
mestizos, 55
Metacomet, chief, 80
Metoyer family, 402
Mexican Americans: as
cowhands, ptg370; discrimination against, 633, 660;
equal rights for, 660; in
industrial jobs, 684
Mexican Cession, 374
Mexico, 19; California, control
of, 370, 371, 373–74, p373;
Coolidge administration, 707;
Gadsden Purchase, 374, m380;
immigrants from, 583, 718;
Mayan civilization, 23–24,
m27; Mexican Cession, 374;
and NAFTA, 940; New
Mexico, control of, 369–70,
371, 373; rebellion in, 326, 327;
Spain, independence from,
363, 369; Texas, conflict over,
363–68, m367, 372; trade with,
364; U.S. relations with, 660–61
Mexico, war with, m372;
American attitudes toward,
373; casualties of, g488; conflict begins, 372–73; events
leading to, 371–72; Mexico
City captured, 374; naval
intervention, 373–74; Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 374
Mexico City, Mexico, 24, 373, 374
Index
Index
Lindbergh, Charles, 713–14,
p756
line of demarcation, 47–48
line-item veto, 937
literacy test, 519
literature: of African Americans,
192, p192; expatriates, 716; of
late 1800s, 600–601; patriotic
songs, 687, p687; trends in,
415
Little Bighorn, 542, m544, 545–46
Little Rock, Arkansas, 840
Little Turtle, chief, 264, c273
Livingston, Robert, 150, 283, 316
Livingston, William, 176
Locke, John, 89, q89, 150, 159,
208, p208, q208
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 654, 691
Lone Star flag, p368
Lone Star Republic, 367–68,
m367
Lone Tenement, The (Bellows),
ptg609
Long, Huey, 743, p743
Long Drive, 535–36, ptg535, p536
Long Island, New York, battle
of, 166
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth,
415
longitude, 4, m4
Louis XIV, king of France, 92
Louisbourg, Canada, 124
Louisiana, 92, 173, 326; Civil
War, 487; in the Deep South,
397; readmission to Union,
501, 507; Revolutionary War,
180–81, m181; secession, 451
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 221,
283, m284, m286–87, p293,
345; West Florida as part of,
326
Louisiana Territory, 283, m284;
Proclamation of 1863, m133;
slavery issue in, 323–24,
m323; Texas, conflict over,
363. See also Louisiana
Purchase
Louisville, Kentucky: growth of,
311, 393
Love, Nat, 536, p536
Lovejoy, Elijah, 424
Loving, Oliver, 535
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 309–10
Lowell factory system, p307,
391, q414
Lowell Female Labor Reform
Organization, 393
Lowell Offering magazine, p309
Loyalists, 145, 163–64, 175,
179–80
loyalty oaths, 807
Lucas, Eliza, 89
lumber industry, 557
Lundy, Benjamin, q419
Lusitania, the, p672, 673, 694–95,
q973
1039
MIAs–Native Americans
Index
MIAs, 889
Miami, the, 117, 264, c273, 292,
m294
Michigan, 319
Middle colonies, 82–83, 82–85,
m83, ptg84, c94; economics of,
m83; education, 113; England
and, 82–83; government in,
84; Great Awakening in,
m111; life in, 103–04, p104. See
also individual colonies
middle passage, 102, p102, m103,
q103
Midway, battle of, m778, 779
Midway Islands, 644
Midwest: farming in, 390, 393;
railroad network of, 388–89,
m388
migrant workers, 737
migration, to Americas, 10, c17,
m18
military: arms limitation, 707;
buildup of, 667, 707; cavalry,
p665; constitutional authority
for, 217; expansion of, 294;
Incan, 26; president as commander in chief of, 209, 210,
225–26; submarine, 315,
673–75, p673, 677–78. See also
armed forces
militias: at Bunker Hill, 145; at
Concord, m143, 144, 145;
forming of, for Revolutionary
War, 142, 165; 7th New York
Militia, ptg461; Shays’s
Rebellion, 200; in War of
1812, 296, 298–99; under
George Washington, 118–19
Miller, Alice Duer, 617
Milosevic, Slobodan, 940
Milwaukee, Wisconsin: growth
of, 393
Milwaukee College for Women,
428
mining industry, 528–30, p528,
p530, m533, 552
Minnesota: farming in, 390;
Scandinavian settlers in, 538
Minnesota Territory, 545
Minuit, Peter, 62
minutemen, 142, m143
Miralles, Juan de, 174
Miranda, Ernesto, 999
Miranda v. Arizona, 999
Mission over Normandy
(Phillips), ptg751
Mississippi, 326, 397; Civil War,
469; readmission to Union,
507; secession, 451; statehood,
319; women’s property laws,
428
Mississippi River, 54, 92, 124,
319; bridge across, 595; Civil
War, 463, 468–69, 486–87,
m487; as national boundary,
283, m284; Spain and, 198;
trade on, 393
1040
Index
Missouri: in the Civil War, 461;
in the Deep South, 397; farming in, 390; secession, 452;
slavery issue in, 436–37;
statehood, 319, 323–24,
436–37
Missouri Compromise, 323–24,
m323, 436–37, 447, 997
Missouri Pacific Railroad, 535
Missouri River, 284, m284
Mitchell, Margaret, 739, 757
Mitchell, Maria, p427
Mobile, Alabama, 403, m489
Moctezuma. See Montezuma
Model A Ford, 712
Model T Ford, 565, p566, 711
Mohawk, the, 33, 80, 117, 178
Mohegan, the, m294
Molly Pitcher at the Battle of
Monmouth (Carter), ptg161
Mondale, Walter, 911, 925
money: American Revolution,
148; bank note, mid-1800s,
p348; during Civil War, p236,
483; Congressional control
over, 236; first U.S. coin, 312;
mid-1800s bank note, p348;
printed by Congress, 174–75,
p175, 197, p197; U.S. coins,
p238
Monitor, 468, p468, m470
monopolies, crt569, 570, 571
Monroe, James, p980; 1816
322; 1824 election, 334; Era of
Good Feelings, 321–22; flag
design, 322; France, representative to, 283; Great Britain,
relations with, 326; Inaugural
Address, q321; Louisiana
Purchase, 283; Monroe
Doctrine, 327, 988; Spain,
relations with, 326
Monroe Doctrine, 327, 641,
crt659; Roosevelt Corollary
to, 658–59
Montana: statehood, 530
Montcalm, Marquis de, 124
Monte Cassino, battle of, 772
Monterrey, Mexico, 373
Montesquieu, Baron de, 208, 209
Montezuma, Carlos, 633
Montezuma (Moctezuma), 52
Montgomery, Alabama: growth
of, 406
Montgomery Ward, 566
Monticello, p279, q279
Montreal, Canada, 61, 124, 149
Monument Valley, p12–13
Moore’s Creek, Battle of, 179
Morehouse College, 512
Morgan, Daniel, 182
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 570, 571,
592, 621
Mormons, 377–78, 413
Morning Girl (Dorris), 50
Morris, Gouverneur, 202
Morris, Robert, 197, ptg197
Morrison, Toni, 599
Morse, Samuel, 389, p389, 562
Morse code, 389, 562
Mother Cabrini, 616
motion picture industry, 714;
Great Depression, 739, p756
Mott, Lucretia, 425–26, p426,
989
Mound Builders, the, 28, 30,
m35
Mount Holyoke Seminary, 414,
428
Mount McKinley National
Park, 626–27
mountain men, 357–58, p357
Muhammad, Askiya, 42
Munich Conference, 755
Murphy, Audie, 764
Murrah Federal Building, 944
Musa, Mansa, 42
music: jazz, 715–16; late 1800s,
601; spirituals, 405
Muslims. See Islam
Mussolini, Benito, 753, crt753
N
NAACP (National Association
for the Advancement of
Colored People), 632
Nader, Ralph, 941
Nagasaki, Japan, m778, 780
Naismith, James, 602
Narraganset, the, 80, m294
Narváez, Pánfilo de, 35
Nast, Thomas, 611
Natchez, m294
Nation, Carrie, 619
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA),
817, 870
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), 632
National Association of Colored
Women, 616, 632
national bank: 1824 election,
335, c335; 1828 election,
335–36; regional conflict over,
321, 322, 324
National Conservation
Commission, 622
national debt: after American
Revolution, 260–61; Jefferson
administration, 280
National Grange, 549
National Industrial Recovery
Act (NIRA), 734
National Labor Relations Act,
745
National Municipal League, 611
National Negro Business
League, p631
National Organization for
Women (NOW), 857
National Origins Act, 718
National Parks System, 626–27
National Recovery
Administration (NRA), c732,
734
National Republican Party: 1828
election, 335–36, m353
National Road, 315, m316, c317,
p317
National Security Act (1947),
798
National Security Council, 783,
793
National Socialist German
Workers’ Party, 753
National War Labor Board, 684
National Woman Suffrage
Association, 616
National Women’s Party, 617
nationalism: after War of 1812,
300, 321, 325–26, crt325; War
of 1812, 293–94; prior to
World War I, 667
Native Americans: agriculture
of, 19; American Indian
Movement, 859–60; American
Revolution, 148, 312; buffalo,
dependence upon, 542–44,
g543, p543, 552; Christianity,
conversion to, 56–57, p56–57,
m65, 92–93, p93, 117, 358, 370;
civil rights movement,
859–60; cowhands, 536; culture, m30, 546–47, 632–33;
discrimination against,
632–33; early communities,
cultures, 16–18; education of,
599, 600, p600; English
colonists, relations with, 72,
73, 74, 77–78, ptg78, 80, 85,
p114, 123, 124; and Europeans, p37, 54, 55; federal
government, policies, 264,
m265, 544–47, 552; food gathering methods of, m31;
France, relations with,
117–18, ptg122, 264; French
and Indian War, 121, ptg122,
123, 124, 125; French colonists, relations with, 92; fur
trade, 62, 117, 292, 357–58;
government of, 543; Great
117–18, 264, c273, 293, 296,
297, 298; Great Depression,
738; hunting for food, 17–18;
journey from Asia, 16–18,
m18; lacrosse, 313, ptg313;
land lost by, 125, 178, 264,
m265, 292, q292, m294, 298,
313, q340, 341–45, m342,
542–44, m544, 552; Lewis and
Clark expedition, 284–85;
population decline, g543;
religion of, 543; relocation
of, 341–44, m342, ptg343,
m346–47; relocation of,
nativists–Open Door policy
New France colony, 62, p62, m87,
92, m117, 124
New Freedom, 624
New Hampshire, m77, 80; agriculture in, 307; Constitution
ratification, 213; as royal
colony, m77, 111; slavery, 176,
201
New Harmony, Indiana, 412
New Jersey, m83, 84; colonial,
m83, 84; Constitutional
Convention, 203; Revolutionary War, 167; as royal colony,
111; slavery, 176, 201
New Jersey Plan, 203
New Mexico, m87, 92; Anasazi
pueblos, 29; Dust Bowl,
736–37; Gadsden Purchase,
374, m380; Mexico, control of,
369–70, 371, 373; mining in,
530; slavery issue in, 437–39;
Texas, border dispute, 438;
Pancho Villa in, 661
New Netherland, 62, 83, m83
New Orleans, Battle of, m298,
300, 337
New Orleans, Louisiana, 92;
Civil War, 469; cotton
exchange in, 403; freedmen
in, 407; growth of, 406; jazz
music in, 601, p716;
Revolutionary War, 180–81,
m181; Spain, possession of,
283, m284; Treaty of Paris,
124; War of 1812, m298;
Phillis Wheatley club, 616
New Spain colony, m65, m87,
92–93, m117
New York: colonial, c81, 83, m83;
Constitution ratification, 213,
crt213; Declaration of
Independence, 150; population of, 1700, g81; as royal
colony, 111; slavery, 201; state
constitution, 193; women’s
property laws, 428
New York Central Railroad, 557
New York City: city government
corruption in, 611, 613; colonial, ptg99, 103; Constitution
ratification, 213; Erie Canal,
317, m318; growth of, 393;
Harlem, 700; Harlem
Renaissance, 715; immigrants
in, p581, 584, 586, 590, 591;
poverty in, 593; railroads,
388–89; Revolutionary War,
m165, 166, 184, 185; skyscrapers in, p594, 595; subways in, 595; symphonic
orchestra in, 601; as trade
center, 311; Tweed Ring,
crt611
New York Harbor, 584
New York Times Company v.
United States, 999
New York Weekly Journal, 114
Newburgh conspiracy, 186
Newman, Pauline, q585
Newport, Christopher, 74
Newport, Rhode Island, 183–84
newspapers: African American
owned, 393, 600; special edition, creation of, 694–95; technology advances and, 600
Nez Perce, the, 32, m544, 546,
992
Niagara movement, 632
Nicaragua, 660, 707, 924
Night Flying Woman (Broker),
295
Nimitz, Chester, 779
Nineteenth Amendment, 249,
618, 714
Ninth Amendment, 229, 245
Nixon, Richard M., p984, q896;
détente, 897; domestic policy,
901–04; election of 1960,
844–45, p845; election
of 1968, 882, q882, p883;
foreign policy, 896–97, q897,
crt898, Gerald Ford as vicepresident, 252; “Pentagon
Papers,” 999; resignation of,
252, 906; Supreme Court, 902;
Vietnam War, 884–89; visit to
China, 898; Watergate crisis,
904–06, p905, q905, 1000
Nobel Peace Prize, 599
nomadic life, 17
Nonintercourse Act, g289, 290
Norfolk, Virginia: Civil War, 468
Noriega, Manuel, 931
Normandy, invasion of, 772–74,
q772, p772, m773, p773, g773
North, Oliver, 925
North America: settlement of,
16–18, m18, 71–73, g72, m72,
ptg72, 74–75, m75, 115
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 940
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), 793
North Carolina, 397; colonial,
m87, 89–90; Constitution ratification, 213; Declaration of
Independence, 150;
Democratic Party in, 514;
public schools in, 407; readmission to Union, 507;
m181, 182; as royal colony,
111; secession, 452, 453, 460;
tobacco industry in, m87, 518
North Dakota, 538; statehood,
530
North Platte River, 542
North Vietnam, 872
North (region): economy of, during the Civil War, 483; economy of, mid-1800s, 386–90;
factories in, 391–93, p391,
ptg392; Fugitive Slave Act,
441–42; Harper’s Ferry incident, 448; Industrial
Revolution in, 306–11,
386–87; Kansas-Nebraska
Act, 442–43, m443; Missouri
slavery issue, 437; population
of (mid-1800s), c403, c409;
racial prejudice in, 514; railroad system in, 462, g462;
secession, reaction to, 451;
slavery abolition in, 200–01,
205; slavery opposition in,
323–24, 436–55; tariff issue,
321, 338. See also Civil War
Northern Securities Company,
621
Northstar, 421
Northwest Ordinance, 196–97,
446
Northwest Passage, 60, 287
Northwest Territory, p194–95,
195–96, m195; conflicts in,
c273; Native American campaigns, 264, m265, ptg265;
white settlement of, 195–96,
282–83
Norway: immigration, 538
Nova Scotia, 117
Nueces River, 372, m372
Nuestra Senora de los Dolores,
57
nullification, 338–39
Nullification Act, 339
O
Oakley, Annie, 643
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 857, 923,
p923
Oglethorpe, James, 90
Ohio: National Road, 315; railroads, 389; settlement of, 260,
264, c273, 292; statehood, 292,
315, 319; steel industry in, 570
Ohio River valley, 116–17, m117,
260, 264, m265, c273; agriculture in, 311, 319; Native
American conflict, 292
oil industry, 567–68; automobile
industry and, 712
Ojibway, the, 295
Okinawa, 779
Oklahoma: homesteaders in,
539; Indian Territory, m342,
345, 539, m544, 545
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 944
Old Plantation, The, ptg105
Old Senate Chamber, p209
Old Three Hundred, the, 363
Olive Branch Petition, 148–49
Oliver Plantation, The, ptg385
Olmec civilization, 23
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 594
Omaha, Nebraska, 550
Omaha, the, p427, 543
Oñate, Juan de, m52, 54, 57
Oneida, the, 33, 117
Onís, Louis de, 326
Onondaga, the, 33, 117
Open Door policy, 647
Index
Index
resistance to, 344–45, p344,
p345, q345, 552; reservations,
m342, 345, 543–45, m544, 546,
547; Sinague people, 28; as
slaves, 54, 55, 370, 371; Spain,
relations with, 264; in
Spanish colonies, 370, 371; in
Texas, 363; voting rights of,
337; War of 1812, 296, p296,
297, 298; white settlers, conflicts with, 264, m265, p265,
c273, 292, 545–47, m546, 552;
women, 32, p427, 543; World
War II, 767, p768. See also
individual Native American
Nations
nativists, 395, 586–87, 717–18
naturalization, 229, 247
Navajo, the, 32, 600, p600, 767,
p768
Navigation Acts, 109
navy: African Americans in,
476–77; American, in
Revolutionary War, 179–80,
p312; in the Civil War, 467–68,
p468, m470, 476–77; expansion of, 641, 707; of Great
Britain, 667
Nazi Party, 753, q754
Netherlands: early explorers of,
m48, 62
Neugin, Rebecca, p346
neutrality: of American merchant ships, 290; of George
Washington, q255; in World
War I, 666, 671–75
Neutrality Acts, 755, 761
Nevada: gold mining in, 529
New Amsterdam, 62, m83
New Deal, 732–34; agriculture,
effect on; banking; business
and, 742–43; effects of,
742–46; end of, 746; labor
unions, effect on, 744–45,
p744; legislation, c732; opponents of, 742–43; Second,
c732, 743–44; support for the
elderly; Supreme Court and,
745–46, crt745, 746, 747; taxation; unemployment relief
New England Antislavery
Society, 420
New England colonies, c95;
agriculture in, m77, 101; economics of, m77; education,
113; government in, 77, 79;
Great Awakening in, m111;
life in, 100–03, 101; Native
Americans, relations with,
77–78, ptg78, 80; religious
freedom in, 76–77. See also
individual colonies
New England Primer, The, 113
New England (region): agriculture in, 310; Industrial
Revolution in, 307–08, p307,
p308–09; trading center of,
308
New Federalism, 902
1041
Operation Desert Shield–presidency
Operation Desert Shield, 931
Operation Desert Storm, 931–32
Ordinance of 1785, 194, p194,
196
Oregon: 1876 election, m515;
election reform, 614; slavery
issue, 438; statehood, 455
Oregon Country, m284, 358–60,
m361, 371; disputes over land
claims, 356–57, 359
Oregon Trail, 358, 359, p359,
m361, 371, 376, m381, 382
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC),
905, 908
Orlando, Vittorio, 689–90
Orwell, George, 795, p795
Osage, the, m294, 345, 543
Osceola, chief, m342, 344, p344
O’Sullivan, John, 360
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 846
Ota, Peter, q768
Otis, Elisha, 593
Otis, James, 133–34, q134
Ottawa, the, 125
Ottoman Empire: World War I,
669
Owen, Robert, 412
Owens, Jessie, 757
P
Index
Pachacuti, 26
Pago Pago, Samoa Islands, 646
Paine, Thomas, 149–50, q150,
p166, q166, q962
painters. See art
Pakistan, 950
Palestine, 794, 899, p899
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 701
Palermo, Sicily, p696–97
Pan-American Union, 641
Panama, 327, m663; Columbia,
province of, 656–57; geography of, 657; independence of,
657; treaties, 913; and war on
drugs, 931
Panama Canal, m663; benefits of,
656; construction of, 657–58,
p657; treaties, 913
Panic of 1837, 350–51
Paris Peace Conference, 689–90
Parker, John, 143, q143
Parks, Rosa, q785, p836, 841–42,
p842
Parliament: colonial troops,
136–37; lawmaking body of,
208; Navigation Acts, 109;
power of, 109; Revolutionary
War, 142, 148; tax laws passed
by, 123, 133–35, 136, 137, 142
patents, 308
Paterson, William, 203
Patrick Henry Before the
Virginia House of Burgesses
(Rothermel), ptg135
1042
Index
Patriot Act (2001), 949
patriots, 145, 152, 153, 162, 163,
p163, 180, 183
Patton, George, 772, 774, p774
Paul, Alice, 617–18
Pawnee, the, 543
Peace Corps, 867
Peale, Norman Vincent, 825
Pearl Harbor: attack on, q758,
762–63, c762, p762, p763, q763,
m783, 998
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: naval
base in, 645
Pendleton Act, 612
peninsulares, 55
Penn, William, 84–85, q85, q961
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians,
ptg84
Pennsylvania: African
Americans, voting rights of,
392; coal industry in, 307;
colonial, c81, m83, 84–85,
ptg84; German immigrants to,
104; oil industry in, 567, 569;
population of, 1700, g81; as
proprietary colony, 110;
Revolutionary War, ptg173;
slavery issue in, 176, 200, 201,
p201; state constitution, 193;
steel industry in, 570;
Whiskey Rebellion, 263–64;
women’s property laws, 428
Penobscot, the, m294
Pentagon, 878, 945
“Pentagon Papers,” 999
Pequot, the, 80, m294
perestroika, 926
Perkins, Frances, q733, 736
Perkins Institute, 414
Perot, H. Ross, 878, p878, 936–37
Perry, Matthew, ptg639
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 297
Perry’s First Landing in Japan at
Kurihama (Ogata), ptg639
Pershing, John J., 661, 679–80
Persian Gulf War, p164, 931–32,
p932, m953
Peru, 327
Petersburg, Virginia, 489, m489,
490
petition, right to, 228, 244
petroleum. See Oil industry
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
colonial, 85, 103; Constitution
ratification, 213; Constitutional Convention, 202–05,
p202, p204; Continental
Congress, Second, 150, 152;
Free African Society, 201,
p201; growth of, 393; July 4th
celebration at, p255; labor
unions, 573; National
Municipal League in, 611;
nation’s capital, 267; railroads, 388–89; Revolutionary
War, 168; women’s rights
movement in, 426
Philadelphia (warship), 289
Philip II, king of Spain, 70, 71
Philippine Islands: SpanishAmerican War, 651, m651;
U.S. acquisition of, 653, 654;
World War II, 777–79, p779
Phillis Wheatley Club, New
Orleans, 616
phonograph, p565
physical maps, 4
Pickens, Francis, 453
Pickett’s Charge, 486
Pierce, Franklin, 442–43, p981
Pike, Zebulon, m284, 285
Pikes Peak, Colorado, 285,
528–29
Pilgrims, 77, m77; first
Thanksgiving, 53, p114;
Mayflower Compact,
ptg66–67
Pilgrims Going to Church
(Boughton), ptg69
Pinckney, Charles, 270, 278; 1804
election, 290; 1808 Election,
291
Pinckney, Thomas, 266
Pinckney’s Treaty, 266
Pitcher, Molly, ptg161, p164, 165
Pitt, William, 123–24
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 118;
growth of, 311, 393; railroads,
388–89; steel industry in, 570,
584, 591
Pizarro, Francisco, 53
Plains of Abraham, 124
plantation system, 55, 104–06,
ptg105, q312, ptg385, 402–03,
ptg402
Platt Amendment, 653
Pledge of Allegiance, The, 992
Plessy v. Ferguson, 519, 630, 999
Plymouth settlement, g72, m72,
p114
Pocahontas, 71, ptg72, 74
Poe, Edgar Allan, p414
poison gas, 669, p680
Poland: American Revolution,
174; immigrants from,
m588–89; Soviet Union invasion of, 755; World War I, 679
polio vaccine, 823
political machines, 610–11
political maps, 4
political parties: 1828 election,
335–36; causes and effects of,
g268; differences between,
c269; the first American,
267–70; nominating conventions, 337; George
Washington, opposition to,
266, 268
Polk, James K., p981; 1844 election, 351, 360, 368, 437, p437;
Manifest Destiny, support of,
371, 374; and Mexican War,
371–73, m372, 374
poll tax: abolition of, 252; after
Reconstruction, 519
Polo, Marco, 38–39, 43
Pomo, the, 32
Pontiac, chief, q121, q124;
Pontiac’s War, 125
Pony Express, 454
Poor Richard’s Almanac
(Franklin), 109
Pope, John, 471
popular sovereignty, 218, c218,
442, 447, 448
population: African Americans
(mid-1800s), c403, c409; agricultural vs. nonagricultural,
1840–1870, c396; of Alaska,
358; changes in, 1930–1940,
m739–40; of English
colonies, g81; growth of,
1800–1840, g310, m310;
immigration restrictions
and, g629; life expectancies
of, 1900, 643; Native
American, decline of, g543;
of the North (mid-1800s),
c409; prehistoric migrations
of, m18, 20–21, m21; projections, 916; railroads and,
559; of the South (mid1800s), c403, c409; urban vs.
rural, 1820, g310; urban vs.
rural, 1860–1900, g591; western settlement, m291, 292,
314–15, 319
Populist Party, 550–51, crt550;
1896 election, 550, 551
Port Hudson, Louisiana, 487
Portolá, Gaspar de, 370
Portugal: explorers, 44–45, 47,
m48; trade, 44, 47–48
Post Road, m152–53
Postmaster General, Office of,
259
Potomac River, 87, m87, 470,
m470
poverty line, g829
Powderly, Terence V., 573
Powell, Colin: biography, 943,
p943; Operation Desert
Storm, 932; secretary of state,
942, p942, 943, 949
Powell, Louis, 902
Powhatan, the, 74, m294
Preamble to the Constitution,
217, q217, 233
prejudice: against African
Americans, 392; against
immigrants, 395. See also discrimination; lynchings;
racism
Prescott, William, ptg131, m143,
145
presidency: cabinet of, 226, 240;
checks and balances, 210,
219–20, c224; commander in
chief, 209, 210, 225–26; “dark
horse” president, 360; election to, 210, 238–39; executive
Presley, Elvis–Revolutionary War
Pulaski, Casimir, 174
Pulitzer, Joseph, 600, 650
Pullen, Frank W., 651
Pullman, George M., 558–59
Pure Food and Drug Act, 613,
622
Puritans, 77, 82, 113; slavery
and, 106
Pyle, Ernie, q770
Q
Quadruple Alliance, 327
Quakers, 85, 113; anti-slavery
movement of, 106, 200, 419;
women’s rights movement
and, 425–26
quartering of troops, 244
Quayle, Dan, 928
Quebec, Battle of, 124
Quebec, Canada, 62, 92, 124, 149
Quebec Act, 139
Quechua, Incan language, 26
R
Race, The (Künstler), ptg524–25,
ptg527
racism: after Reconstruction, 514,
519–20, crt520; fascism and,
753; Ku Klux Klan, 504, p504;
of Nazi Party, 753; slavery
defense and, 424. See also
prejudice
Radical Republicans, 501
radio, 714–15, 739
ragtime, 601
railroads, 370, q557; after the
Civil War, 518; buffalo and,
543; cattle industry, impact
on, 535; cities, growth of, 591;
Civil War, importance in, 462,
g462; competition among,
559; consolidation of, 558; as
corporations, 568; decline in,
712; discomfort of, 386; economy, impact on, 389, 530, 532,
556, 557–58, m558, 576, m577;
expansion of, 556–59, 571,
576, m577; farmers, conflict
with, 549; farmers, effect on,
389; government aid to,
530–31; improvements in,
558–59; mining industry, 530;
network of, 388–89, m388,
p389, 530–31; in the North,
462, g462, 556; Plessy v.
Ferguson, 999; rate setting,
549, 559, 612; regulation of,
559, 612, 621; in the South
(late-1800s), 518; in the South
(mid-1800s), 400; strikes, 571;
time zones and, 532;
transcontinental lines,
530–32, 556; western settlement, impact on, 530, 532,
537, p538, 552
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 71
Randolph, A. Philip, 702–3, 767,
842
Randolph, Edmund: as attorney
general, 259; Constitutional
Convention, 202, 203, 205
Rankin, Jeannette, 666, 676
Reagan, Ronald W., p984 q925;
aid to contras, 924; air traffic
controllers’ strike, 923;
assassination attempt, 922,
q922; election of 1980, 914;
governor of California, 911;
and Grenada, 925; and
Middle East, 925; and SDI,
924; second term, 925; and
supply-side economics, 923;
values, 923
Rebels, 464. See also Confederacy
recall election, 614
recession: after World War I, 709
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (RFC), 728
Reconstruction, 500–20; 1866
Congressional elections,
506–07; African Americans,
502, 504–06, ptg505, p511,
p512, 517, q517; Congressional Plan, 501–02; decline
of, 513–15; end of, 515–17;
impact of, 520; Andrew
Johnson’s plan, 503, 504–05,
516; Lincoln’s death, 502–03,
516–17; Lincoln’s plan, 501,
516; military reconstruction
districts, 507, m507; Radical
Republican plan, 504, 507;
resistance to, 510; South
affected by, 509–12; state governments affected by, 501,
503, 504–08
recreation: in early 1900s, 601–2
Red Badge of Courage, The
(Crane), 465, 601
Red Cloud, chief, q542, 545
Red Jacket, chief, 47, 312, p312,
q312
Red Record, A (Wells), 632
Red Scare, 701
referendum, 614
reforms, 412–28; of Populist
Party, 550; progressivism,
608–26; settlement houses,
593, 616; slavery, 415, 418–24;
social, 412–17; women’s
rights movement and,
425–28. See also progressivism; social reform
Rehnquist, William, 902
religion: anti-Catholicism and,
629; Aztec, 25; camp meeting,
q967; freedom of, 76–78,
ptg78, 79, 84, 88, 104, 196, 220,
228, 244, 279; The Great
Awakening, 110–11, p110,
m111, 112; of immigrants, 583,
586, 587, 629; Incan, 26–27; of
Native Americans, 543;
Protestant Reformation, 59;
Second Great Awakening,
413; Spanish missions, 56–57,
p56–57, m65, 92–93, p93, 369.
See also specific religion
Remington, Frederic, 601
Renaissance, the, 39
Reno, Janet, 938
representative government, 110
republic, 193, 207, 218
Republic of Texas, m367
Republican Party: 1816 election,
321; 1824 election, 334–35,
c335; 1856 election, 446; 1860
election, 449–50, m457; 1866
Congressional elections,
506–07; 1868 election, 508;
1872 election, 514; 1876 election, 515–16, m515; 1896 election, 551; 1900 election, 620;
1912 election, 623–24, p623;
1916 election, 674; 1920 election, 704–5; 1924 election,
706–7; 1928 election, 719;
1932 election, 729–30; 1936
election, 745–45; formation
of, 445–46; Lincoln-Douglas
debates, 447–48; Radical
Republicans, 501; during
Reconstruction, 504, 507,
509–10, 514–15, 515;
Wisconsin electoral reform,
613–14. See also DemocraticRepublican Party
Republicanism, 218, c218
rescue operations, 946, p946,
p948
reservations, m342, 345, 543–45,
m544, 546, 547
reserved powers, 219
Return to Fredericksburg After
the Battle, The (Henderson),
ptg501
Revels, Hiram, 510
Revenue Act, 744
Revere, Paul, p140, 143, m143,
145, p146, 313
revivals, 413
Revolutionary War: American
advantages, 164, 187; British
advantages, 163; campaigns
in, m165, 166–68, 177–79,
p177, 179–82, m180, p180,
m181, p182; casualties of,
g488; causes and effects of,
g142; colonies taking sides,
145, 150; Declaration of
Independence, 147, 150–51,
ptg150, q151, 154–57;
European allies, role of,
173–74, 180–81, m181, q181,
p182, 183–84, p183, ptg184,
ptg185, 187; first battles of,
142–44, m143, ptg144,
m152–53; on the home front,
175; Native Americans,
177–78, 312; in the South,
p177, 179–82, p180, m181,
p182; Treaty of Paris, 185–86,
m189, 198; Valley Forge,
Index
Index
branch, authority over, 210,
c224, 238, 259; lame-duck
officials and, 249; powers of,
210, 221–22, c224, 240, 259;
roles of, 225–26, 240; State of
the Union Address, p226; succession to, 239, 250, 252;
terms of office, 210, 238, 251;
veto by, 224–25, c224, c225,
235, 236, 507–08
Presley, Elvis, 826, 827, p827
press, freedom of, 114, 220, 228,
244, 999
primary election, 614
Princeton, New Jersey, 167
Pringle, Catherine Sager, q359
printing press, 112, p112
prison reform, 414–15
Problem We All Live With, The
(Rockwell), ptg784–85
Proclamation of 1763, 125,
132–33, m133
Proclamation of Neutrality, 265
Progressive Party, 623
progressivism: business reforms,
612, 613; civil service reform,
612; in education, 598; election reform, 614; government
reform, 613; journalism support of, 613; prejudice within,
631; presidential policies of,
620–27; social reform, 613,
618–19; tariff reform, 612;
temperance movement,
618–19, p619, 716–17; urban
reforms, ptg609, 610–11, p610,
crt611; women’s involvement
in, 615–16, p615, 618–19, p619;
woman suffrage, 616–18,
m617, p618
prohibition, 716–17; Eighteenth
Amendment, 249, 619; repeal
of, 250
Promontory Point, Utah, 532
propaganda, 673, 685, 710–11
Prophet, the, 292–93
proprietary colonies, 111
protective tariff, 262, 612
Protestant Reformation, 59
Proud to be an American,
(Greenwood), 978
Prussia: Spain, relations with,
327
public debt, 247
public libraries, 600
public work projects, 727. See
also New Deal
Public Works Administration
(PWA), c732, 734
Pueblo, USS, 879
Pueblo Bonito, p29
pueblos, 29
Puerto Rico: commonwealth status of, 654; Spanish-American
War, m651, 652; Spanish control in, 327; U.S. acquisition
of, 653–54
1043
RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)–Seventeenth Amendment
Index
173–74, ptg173, q963; in the
West, 177–79, m180; Yorktown, Battle of, 182, 183–85,
ptg185, q185, 187. See also
American Revolution
RFC (Reconstruction Finance
Corporation), 728
Rhine River, 681
Rhineland, 755
Rhode Island, m77, 79–80;
African Americans, voting
rights of, 392; agriculture in,
307; as charter colony, m77,
110; Constitution ratification,
213; opposition to Constitution, 211; Revolutionary
War, 167; slavery, 201; state
constitution, 193
Rice, Condoleezza, 942
rice: as cash crop, m87, p90,
104–05, 398, 399, g519
Richardson, Henry, 594
Richmond, Virginia, p402; Civil
War, 463, 470–71, m470,
m489, 490, 491; Confederate
capital, 461; trolley cars in,
594–95
Rickenbacker, Eddie, 670, 685,
p685
Riddle, Albert, q467
Ridge, Tom, 949
rights of citizens, q228, 247; Bill
of Rights, 205, 208, 212, 213,
220, c221, 244, 260; freedom
of assembly, 220, 228, 244;
freedom of religion, 76–78,
ptg78, 79, 84, 88, 104, 196, 220,
228, 244, 279; freedom of
speech, 220, 228, 244, 260,
1000; freedom of the press,
114, 220, 228, 244, 260, 999;
limits on, 229; natural rights,
208, 220; right to bear arms,
244; right to petition, 228,
244; rights of accused persons, 244; speedy, fair trial,
245; trial by jury, 110, 196,
220, 229, 241, 260; unalienable, 151, 228; voting rights,
228, 230, 247, 248 (See also
voting rights)
Riis, Jacob, 592, p592, q593
Rio Grande River, 372, m372,
374
Rivero, Horacio, 767
roads, 315, m316–17, 387; 1828
election, 336; in cities, 595;
Santa Fe Trail, 370; to the
West, 315
Roanoke Island, NC, 71
roaring twenties, 713–20
Robinson, Jackie, q838, 850–51,
p850, p851
Robinson, Rachel, q850
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste de,
183–84
rock ‘n’ roll music, 826–27
Rockefeller, John D., 569, 571
1044
Index
Rockefeller, Nelson A.: as vicepresident, 252
Rocket steam locomotive, 388
Rockwell, Norman, ptg784–85
Roe v. Wade, 1000
Roebling, John, 540
Rogers, Francis, q288
Rogers, Will, 718, p718, q724
Rolfe, John, 72
Rommell, Erwin, 771
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 730, 736, 737,
q775
Roosevelt, Franklin D., p697,
q697, p757, p983; 1920 election, 705; 1932 election,
729–30, 730–31, q756; 1936
election, 745–45, q757; 1940
election, 761; advisers, 730;
banking crisis, 731–32; death
of, 775, 790; declaration of
war, 763, q763; fireside chats,
p730, 732; Japanese Americans, 998; neutrality efforts;
polio, 730, p730, 736; presidential years; reelection;
Roosevelt Depression, 746;
Supreme Court packing plan,
crt745, 747; terms of office of,
251; Yalta, 788–89, p789. See
also New Deal
Roosevelt, Theodore, crt625,
q642, p652, p982; 1912 election, 623–24, p623; Black
Cabinet of, 737; Bull Moose
Party, 623; conservationism,
622, 626–27; Great White
Fleet, 648; immigration policies of, 630, 648; labor crisis,
621; Monroe Doctrine,
Roosevelt Corollary to,
658–59; New York City police
commissioner, 592; Panama
Canal, 657–58, p657; progressive policies of, 620–22;
Rough Riders, ptg637, 649,
652; Spanish-American War,
651, 652; square deal, 621–22;
Treaty of Portsmouth, 648; as
trustbuster, 621
Rosenberg trial, 808
Ross, Betsy, 259
Ross, John, p346
Ross, Nellie Tayloe, 707
Rough Riders, ptg637, 649, 652
royal colonies, 111
Rumsey, James, 316
Rumsfeld, Donald, 942, p942,
949
Rural Electrification
Administration (REA), c732
Rush, Benjamin, 178, q178
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 326
Russia: Alaska purchased from,
640; Bolsheviks, 678, 690, 701;
China, relations with, 647;
immigrants from, 583; imperialism by, 667; independent
republics, m930; Japan, rela-
tions with, 648; Oregon
Country, claim on, 357;
Russian Revolution, 674,
678–79, 701; Spain, relations
with, 327; World War I, m668,
669, 678–79, 689
Russo-Japanese War, 648
Russwurm, John B., 393, 421
Ruth, Babe, 715
S
Sabotage Act, 686
Sacagawea, 284, p286, 287
Sacco, Nicola, 701–2, p701
Sacramento, California, 371, 375
Sagoyewatha, 312, p312, q312
Saigon, South Vietnam, 879, 889
Saint Domingue, 187
Salem, Peter, 167
Salk, Jonas, p812, 823, p823
SALT treaties, p894, 898, 913
Samoa Islands, 646, m646
Samoset, 78
Sampson, Deborah, 164, 165
San Antonio, Texas, m87, 92,
m372; and Texas war for
independence, 365, m367
San Diego, California, 93, 373
San Francisco, California, 376;
cable-cars in, 594; immigrants
in, 586, 591, 628, 630
San Gabriel Mission, 370
San Jacinto, Battle of, 367, m367
San Juan Hill, ptg637
San Juan Hill, Battle of, 652,
m652
San Martín, José de, 327
Sand Creek, battle of, m544, 545
Santa Anna, Antonio López,
364–65, 366, 367
Santa Fe, New Mexico, m87, 92,
369, 373
Santa Fe Trail, 369–70, 373, 376
Santiago, Cuba, 651, m651
Santo Domingo, 283
Sarajevo, Bosnia, 666
Saratoga, Battle of, 168, 172, 187
Saratoga, New York, 168, 172,
187
satellites: navigation satellites,
p40
Sauk, the, m342, 344, p345
Savannah, Georgia, m87, 90, 185,
403
Scalia, Antonin, 923
Schlafly, Phyllis, 857
Schurz, Carl, q510, 654
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 931, 932
Scopes, John, 718–19
Scott, Dred, 446–47, p997
Scott, Winfield, 343, 374
Sea Wolf, The (London), 601
search and seizure, unreasonable, 244
Sears, Roebuck, 566
Sears Tower, Chicago, Illinois,
595
secession, 439, 451–52, m452;
defined, 285, 338, 438, 451;
Federalists’ plan for, 285;
reactions to, 451; southern
states support of, 449; states’
rights, basis for, 338, 339
Second Amendment, 244
Second Great Awakening, 413
Second Reconstruction Act, 507
sectionalism: 1824 election, 335,
c335; 1828 election, 336; 1860
election, 449–50; Gibbons v.
Ogden, 325, 997–98; growth
of, 322–24, m323; McCulloch v.
Maryland, 237, 324–25;
Missouri Compromise,
323–24, m323, 436–37; slavery
issue, 323–24, m323, 436–37,
436–55; tariff issue, 321, 322,
323, 324, 338, 339; Texas
annexation issue, 368; Whig
Party and, 351
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), 734
Sedalia, Missouri, 535
Sedition Act, 270, c271, crt272,
280, 686
segregation: of African
Americans, 392, 519, 999;
Brown v. Board of Education,
997; Plessy v. Ferguson, 519,
630; in schools, 392, 994, 997
Seguín, Juan, 365
Selassie, Haile, 753
selective service, 676, 761, 878
Seminole, the, m294, 326, 341,
m342, 344–45, p344
Senate, U.S., 234, 248; checks
and balances, 210, 219–20,
c224; composition of, 223,
234; creation of, 204; election
reform, 614; Jay’s Treaty, 266;
Old Senate Chamber, p209;
powers of, 209, 223, c224;
states’ representatives in, 204,
209
Seneca, the, 33, 47, 117
Seneca Falls, New York, 426
Seneca Falls Convention, p426,
616; Seneca Falls Declaration,
989
separatists, 77
Sequoya, 341
Serbia: Archduke Ferdinand’s
assassination, 667–68
Serra, Junípero, 93, p93, q93,
370
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.
See GI Bill
Seton, Elizabeth, 313, p354
settlement houses, 593, 616
Seven Days battles, 471
Seven Years’ War, 123
Seventeenth Amendment, 234,
248, 614
Seventeenth Flag of the Union–Springfield, Illinois
slavery, q312, p455; California
statehood, 377; criticism of,
106; Dred Scott decision, 997;
473–76, p474–75, 990; in
English colonies, 73, 102,
p102, m103, 107; Fugitive
Slave Act, 441–42; in Georgia,
106, 200; Missouri Compromise, 323–24, m323, 436–37;
of Native Americans, 54, 55;
in the North, 200–01, 205;
Northwest Territory, 195–96;
slave codes, 105, 405; in the
South (mid-1800s), 397, 399,
400, 401–02, 403–05, p404,
q404, 418–24; in Southern
colonies, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90,
ptg91, 104–06, p105, 107; in
Spanish colonies, 55; states’
rights, 322–23; in Texas, 363,
364, 368, 373; Thirteenth
Amendment, 246, 476, 503,
990; Three-Fifths Compromise,
204–05, 419; Underground
Railroad, 406, 422–24, m423,
p429, 442
Slidell, John, 372
Sloat, John, 373
Smith, Alfred E., 719
Smith, Bessie, 715, p715
Smith, Jedediah, 358, 370, 371
Smith, John, q67, 72, 74
Smith, Jonathan, q215
Smith, Joseph, 377–78
Smith, Margaret Chase, 808,
p808
Smith College, 598
social reform, 618–19; alcohol,
413; of disabled Americans,
414–15; education, 413–15,
p414; ideals of, 412–13; labor
movement, 618–19; religious
influence on, 413; temperance
crusade, 619, p619. See also
abolitionists; anti-slavery
movement; women’s rights
movement
Social Security Act (SSA), c732,
744, 745, 746
socialism, 613, 686; Great
Depression, 738
society: in Spanish settlements,
55
Society of American Indians,
633
sodbusters, 539
Solidarity, 929
Somme, Battle of, 669, m693
Son of the Middle Border, A
(Garland), 379
Song of Hiawatha (Longfellow),
415
Songhai Empire, m41, 42
Sonoma, California, 373
Sons of Liberty, 134, 139, 143,
148
Sorenson, Charles, 565
Sousa, John Philip, 601
South America: immigrants
from, g596; Monroe Doctrine,
327
South Carolina, 397; colonial,
m87, 89–90; Nullification
Act, 339; readmission to
Union, 507; Revolutionary
War, 167, 177, p177, 179, 180,
m181, 182; rice grown in, m87,
107–08; secession, 339, 449,
451, m452; slavery in, 200;
tariff issue, 339
South Dakota, 538; statehood,
530
South Pass, 358
South Vietnam, 872–74
South (region): 1796 election,
270; 1828 election, 336, m353;
agriculture in, 104–06, p105,
310, 402, 518, g519, 520;
American System, opposition
to, 324; cities in (mid-1800s),
406–07; Democratic Party in,
550; economy of, after
Reconstruction, 517–18, 520;
economy of, during the Civil
War, 483; economy of, mid1800s, 397–400, g398, m398,
q400, 401–03; education in,
407; France, relations with,
265; industry, after Civil War,
518; industry in, 399–400;
Kansas-Nebraska Act,
442–43, m443; Missouri
Compromise, m323, 324,
436–37; population of (mid1800s), c403, c409; during
Reconstruction, 509–12; after
Reconstruction, 513–20;
Revolutionary War in, p177,
179–82, p180, m181, p182;
after Revolutionary War, 200,
261; secession issue, 338, 438,
439; sectionalist issues of,
322–23, 436–55; segregation
in, 519; slavery in (mid1800s), 397, 399–400, 401–02,
403–05, p404, q404, 418–24;
states’ rights, 322–23, 338,
339; tariff issue, 262, 324, 338,
339; Texas annexation issue,
368. See also Civil War
South Side of St. John’s Street,
The (Smith, J.), ptg99
Southern Alliance, 549
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC), 842
Southern colonies, 86–93, m87,
ptg88, ptg89, p93, c94; agriculture in, 86, 87, m87, 89, 90,
ptg91; economy of, m87,
89–90; government in, 88–89,
89; Great Awakening in,
m111; life in, 104–06, p105;
with, 88–89; slavery in, 81, 86,
87, 88, 90, ptg90, 104–06,
ptg105, 107. See also individual colonies
Soviet-German Non-Aggression
Pact, 755
Soviet Union: Germany, alliance
with, 755; and arms limitations, 926, p926; fall of communism, 930, q930; and
glasnost, 929; and Gorbachev,
925; non-aggression pact with
Germany, 755; post-World
War II Europe, 789–94, m789;
relations with U.S., 818–20,
crt819, 898, q898, 907; under
Stalin, 754–55
space exploration, p562, 817–18,
p817, q817, p892–93
Spain: Adams-Onís Treaty, 326,
357, 359, 363; in America,
51–55, m52, 56–57, p56–57,
m117; American Revolution,
173, 180–81, m181, q181, p182,
187; California, control of,
370; early explorers of, 46–49,
p46, m48; England, war with,
70, 71, 93, 173, 181; fascism
in, 739; Florida, 124, 188, 195,
283, 294, 326, m329; France,
relations with, 283; Latin
American empire, 326–27;
Louisiana Territory, 124,
283–84, m284, 363; Mexico,
independence of, 363, 369;
with, 264; Oregon Country,
claim on, 357; Philippines,
independence of, 651; settlements of, m87, 92–93;
Spanish-American War,
649–53; Spanish Armada, 70,
71; Spanish Civil War, 739;
Spanish Missions, 56–57,
p56–57, 92–93, p93, 369, m65;
Texas, conflict over, 363; U.S.,
relations with, 198, 326;
with, 266
Spanish-American War, m651;
African Americans in, 649,
p649, 651, 652; events leading
to, 649–50; Rough Riders,
ptg637, 649, 652; Treaty of
Paris, 652–53; war in the
Philippines, 651
Spanish Armada, 70, 71
Spanish Galleon, 45
Speckled Snake, q340
speech, freedom of, 220, 228,
244, 260, 1000
spheres of influence: in China,
647
Spirit of Laws, The
(Montesquieu), 208
spoils system, 337, 348, 612
sports: baseball, 602, 643, 715;
basketball, 602; football, 602,
715; lacrosse, 313, ptg313;
radio broadcast of, 715
Springfield, Illinois, 629
Index
Index
Seventeenth Flag of the Union,
p486
Seventh Amendment, 245
7th New York Militia at Jersey
City on April 19, 1861
(Henry), ptg461
Seward, William H., 640, p640,
644
Seymour, Horatio, 508
Shakers, 413
Shame of the Cities, The
(Steffens), 613
sharecroppers, 512, 518
Sharpsburg, Maryland, m492–93
Shaw, Anna Howard, 616
Shawnee, the, 264, 292, m294,
m342
Shays, Daniel, 200
Shays’s Rebellion, 200, p200,
q200, 217
Sheen, Fulton, J., 825
Shepard, Alan, 868, p868, 870
Sherman, Roger, 150;
204
Sherman, William Tecumseh,
463, p464, q464, 488, 489;
March to the Sea, m489, 490
Sherman Antitrust Act, 571, 576,
612, 621
Shiloh, Battle of, 469, m470, 480
shipbuilding: colonial, m77, 101;
improvements in, 40–41; ironclads, 468, p468
ships: clipper, 387, p387; galleon,
45; merchant, 288, 289, p289
Shirer, William, q752
Sholes, Christopher, 563
Shoshone, the, 32, 284
Siberia, 17
Sierra Nevadas, 376
Signing of the Constitution
(Stearns), ptg191
Signing of the Mayflower
Compact (Moran), ptg66–67
silver mining, 529, 530, 551; freesilver economy, 551
Sinague, the, 28
Sinclair, Upton, 613
Singletary, Amos, q215
Sioux, the, q542, 543, m544,
545–46, 547
Sisters of Charity, 313
sit-down strike, 744–45
sit-ins, 848–49, p849
Sitting Bull, 542, q544, p545,
q545, 547
Sixteenth Amendment, 248, 622
Sixth Amendment, 245, 998
Slater, Samuel, 308–09
slave trade, 41, 44, 102, p102,
q102, m103, 107, q115; causes
and effects of, 120; outlaw of,
405; Three-Fifths Compromise, 205
1045
Springfield, Massachusetts–Texas
Index
Springfield, Massachusetts, 200
Spirit of St. Louis, the, 713
Sputnik, 816
Squanto, 78
SSA (Social Security Act), c732,
744, 745, 746
St. Augustine, Florida, 53, m329
St. Clair, Arthur, 264
St. Lawrence River, 92, 122, 124
St. Leger, Barry, 167–68
St. Louis, Missouri, 393
St. Lusson, Sieur de, 118, p118
Stalin, Joseph: rise to power,
754; Yalta, 788–89, p788, q788
Stalingrad, 774
Stamp Act, 134, p134, 175–76
Stamp Act Congress, 134
Standard Oil Company, 569,
571, 576, 613
Stanford, Leland, 532, 557, 598
Stanford University, 598
Stanton, Edwin, 507
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 426,
427, 616, p989
“Star-Spangled Banner, The,”
299, 987
Starr, Kenneth, 938
State, Department of, 226, 259
state facts, RA14, RA15
state government: challenges
faced by new, 193–94;
Constitutional amendments
and, 221; constitutions, adoption of, 193; electoral college,
210; federal government,
sharing powers with, 208–09,
219, c219, 238, 241–42, 245;
land-grant colleges, 598;
powers of, 209, 219, c219, 238,
241–42, 260; senate election
reform, 614; supremacy
243; vs. federal powers, 194,
c196, 219, c219, 241–42, 245
states’ rights: 1828 election, 336;
Chisholm v. Georgia, 245;
Confederacy, power of, 463;
Gibbons v. Ogden, 325, 997–98;
interstate commerce, 997–98;
Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions, 271; limits on,
281; McCulloch v. Maryland,
237, 324–25; nullification
right, 338–39, 339; regional
conflict over, 322–23; slavery,
322–23; state sovereignty,
322–23; John Tyler, supporter
of, 351; Webster-Hayne
debate, 338
Statue of Liberty, 584, q642
steamboats, 315, 318, 387
steam engine, 315–16
steel industry, ptg555; automobile industry and, 712;
Bessemer Process, 518, 570;
growth of, 570–71, m577, 591;
hazards in, 573; immigrant
1046
Index
workers in, 584–85; railroads,
impact of, 532, 557; Southern,
after the Civil War, 518;
strikes in, 702, p702
Steffens, Lincoln, 613
Stein, Gertrude, 716
Steinbeck, John, 739
Stephens, Alexander H., 504
Steuben, Friedrich von, 174, 182
Stevens, John, 645
Stevens, Thaddeus, q501, 514
Stevenson, Adlai, 814–15
Stewart, Amelia, q454
stock market: 1873 crash of, 541;
1929 crash of, 724–25, g725
stock(s): concept of, 311; regulation of, 734
Stokes, Thomas, q732
Stone, William, 464
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 415, 442,
p442, 455
Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty (START), 929
Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI), 924
Strauss, Levi, 376, p376, 454
strikes, 392, 702–3; of Boston
police officers, 702; Knights
of Labor and, 573; labor’s
struggle for justice and, m574;
railroad workers, 571; sitdown strike, 744–45; steel
industry, 702, p702; United
Mine Workers, 621; by
women’s labor unions, 618;
after World War II, 797
Strong, Josiah, 640
Stuart, James E.B., 471
Stuart, Robert, 358
Stump Speaking (Bingham),
ptg333
Stuyvesant, Peter, 83
submarine warfare: invention
of, 315; World War I, 673–75,
p673, 677–78
suburbs, 592, 595, 712, g822,
823–24
Sudetenland: German annexation of, 755
Suez crisis, 816
suffrage, 249, 336–37, 426–27,
616–18, q616, p618; opposition to, 616–17
Sugar Act, 133
sugar plantations, 645
Sullivan, Louis, 593
Sumner, Charles, 444, q508
Sun Also Rises, The
(Hemingway), 716
Sunbelt, 922
Supreme Court, p210; Bank of
the United States, Second,
324–24; Brown v. Board of
Education, 994; checks and
balances, 210, 219–20, c224;
constitutional authority of,
210, 241; creation of, 259;
New Deal and, 745, 747;
powers of, 240–41
Supreme Court decisions: Bank
of the United States, Second,
998–99; Brown v. Board of
Education, 997; Chisholm v.
Georgia, 245; death penalty
decision, 997; Dred Scott v.
Sandford, 446–47, 505, 997;
Furman v. Georgia, 997;
Gibbons v. Ogden, 281, 325,
997–98; Gideon v. Wainwright,
998; judicial review and, 998;
Korematsu v. United States,
281, 998; McCulloch v.
Maryland, 237, 281, 324–25,
998–99; Miranda v. Arizona,
999; New York Times Company
v. United States, 999; Plessy v.
Ferguson, 519, 630, 999; Roe v.
Wade, 1000; Tinker v. Des
Moines School District, 1000;
United States v. Butler, 733;
United States v. Nixon, 1000;
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at
Yorktown (Trumbull), ptg185
Susquehanna, the, m294
Sussex, the, 674
Sutter, John, 375
Swain, Louisa, p541
Swamp Fox, 177, 180
Sweden: immigration, 538
Swift, Gustavus, 558
Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (spiritual), 968
T
Taft, William Howard, crt625,
p983; 1908 election, 622; 1912
election, 623–24; as Chief
Justice, 702; dollar diplomacy,
659–60; Philippine independence, 654; progressive policies of, 622
Taft-Hartley bill, 798
Taiwan, 794
Taliban, 947, 950
Talleyrand, Charles de, 270, 283
Taney, Roger B., 447
Tanner, Henry, 601
Tarbell, Ida, 613, p613, q613
Tariff of 1816, 323
Tariff of Abominations, 338, 339
tariffs: 1824 election, 335, c335;
Coolidge administration and,
706; on Hawaiian sugar, 645;
income tax and, 622; progressive reforms of, 612; regional
conflict over, 321, 323, 324;
Wilson’s reforms, 624
taxation: after the American
Revolution, 197, p263; Bank
of the United States, Second,
325; during the Civil War,
483; on colonists, 123, 133–35,
136, 137; duty to pay, 229;
income tax, 248, p248, 483,
550, 551, 622; tax laws, originated of, 235; whiskey, 262,
263–64, 280; without representation, 204
Taylor, Maxwell, 871, q871
Taylor, Zachary, 377, p981; 1848
election, 438; death of, 439;
Mexico, war with, 372, 373; in
the military, 439
Tea Act, 138–39
Teapot Dome Scandal, 705–6
technology: advances in, 40; civil
war camera, p482; communication, p386, 389, 561; Ben
Franklin, 109; Industrial
Revolution, 308–11, 386–87;
interchangeable parts, 309;
light bulb, q540, 561; medical,
p324; NAVSTAR Global
Positioning System, p40;
printing press, 112, p112;
sewing machine, 387; Spanish
Galleon, 45; steam engine,
315–16, 318, 387; steam locomotive, 387, p389, p531; telegraph, p386, 389, 562;
telephone, p541, 561, 562–63;
textile mill, p307; tools, q306
Tecumseh, 292–93, q292, 297,
298, 351
Tejanos, 363, 365, 366
telegraph, 389, 562
telephone, p541, 561, 562–63,
p565
television, 825–26, 832
Temperance Movement, 413,
619, p619; Susan B. Anthony,
427
Temple, Shirley, p756
Ten Percent Plan, 501
tenant farmers, 402, 518
Tender Is the Night (Fitzgerald),
716
tenements, 591, 610, 615
Tennessee, 319; in the Civil War,
461; Fourteenth Amendment
ratification by, 506; readmission to Union, 501, 507;
Scopes Trial, 718–19; secession, 452, 453, 460; statehood,
319
Tennessee River, 733; Civil War,
468–69
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA), c732, 733, 745, 749
Tenochtitlán, 24–25, 52
Tenth Amendment, 245, 260
Tenure of Office Act, 507
terrace farming, p25, 26
Terrell, Mary Church, 616
terrorism, 944, 945–47,
949–51
Tet offensive, 879
Texas, m87, 92; cattle ranching,
535, 536; Civil War, 487; in
textile industry–Velázquez, Loretta Janeta
c398; Embargo Act, effect on,
g289, 290; embargoes affecting, g289, 290; with France,
173; freedom of the seas, 290;
of fur, 62, 92, 117, 132, 264,
288, 357–58; growth of, 39, 41;
with Hawaii, 645; imports
and exports, 1800–1820, c289;
intra and interstate commerce and, 997–98; with
Latin America, 641; Mayan,
24; with Mexico, 364;
Navigation Acts, 109;
Nonintercourse Act, effect on,
g289, 290; Santa Fe Trail, 370;
by ships, 288–89; of slaves,
41, 44, 102, p102, q102, m103,
107; trade routes and, 39–40,
41, 43–49, c44, p46, m48; trading kingdoms of Africa, 41,
m41; during World War I,
672–73
trade goods: from Africa, 41;
colonial, 101; of early Native
Americans, 24
trade unions, 392, 573, 631. See
also labor unions
Trail of Tears, m342, 343–44,
ptg343, q343, q344, m346–47,
1000
Trail of Tears (Lindneux), m342,
343–44
transatlantic telegraph, 562
transcendentalists, 415
transcontinental railroad,
530–32, 556
transportation: American highways, 1811–1852, m317; automobile industry, 561, 564–66;
canals, 317–18, m318, 319,
387; in cities, 594–95; clipper
ships, 387, p387, 455;
Conestoga wagon, p282, 283,
p293; impact of, 314–19, 328,
387, 390, 400, 408; keelboat,
p287; pirogues, p287; prairie
schooners, 358; railroads, 386;
on rivers, 315–17; roads, 315,
m316–17, 387; in the South
(mid-1800s), 400; steamboats,
387. See also canals; railroads;
roads
Travis, William, 364, 365–66,
q366
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 678–79
Treaty of Ghent, 299–300, 323
Treaty of Greenville, 264, m265
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
374, 376
Treaty of Kanagawa, 639
Treaty of Paris (1763), 124, 132,
185–86, m189, 198
Treaty of Paris (1783), 652–53
Treaty of Portsmouth, 648
Treaty of Tordesillas, 48, 60
Treaty of Versailles, 690, 691,
700, 753
trench warfare, 669, p679
Trenton, New Jersey, 167
trial by jury, 110, 196, 220, 229,
241, 260
Triangle Shirt Company, 574
triangular trade, 102, p102, q102,
m103
Triple Alliance, 667
Triple Entente, 667
Tripoli, United States conflict
with, 289
Troy Female Seminary, 428
Truman, Harry S, p983; Berlin,
791–93; and Congress,
797–98, crt797, economy,
q796; election of 1948,
799–800, m800, p800; Fair
Deal, 800, q800; foreign policy, 791–93; Korean War,
803–05, q803, q805; on
Roosevelt’s death, 775, q790;
Truman Doctrine, 791, q791;
United Nations, 790
trusts, 569–70, 571; regulation of,
612, 621, 624
Truth, Sojourner, p420, q420,
q421
Tubman, Harriet, 406, p406,
p419, q419, 423, 477, 480
Tucker, William, 73
Tucson, Arizona, 633
Tumacácori, Arizona, 57
Turner, Nat, 405
Turner, W. T., q673
turnpikes, 315
Tuskegee Airmen, 767, p767
Tuskegee Institute, 599, 631, 632,
642
TVA (Tennessee Valley
Authority), c732, 733, 745,
749
Twain, Mark, q540, 592, q594,
600, 603, p603, q642, 654
Tweed, William M. “Boss,” 611,
crt611
Twelfth Amendment, 239, 246,
279, 335
Twentieth Amendment, 249
Twenty-fifth Amendment,
252–53
Twenty-first Amendment, 221,
242, 249, 250, 717
Twenty-fourth Amendment,
247, 252
Twenty-second Amendment,
251
Twenty-seventh Amendment,
253
Twenty-sixth Amendment, 228,
253
Twenty-third Amendment, 251
Two Treatises on Civil
Government (Locke), 208,
q208
Tyler, John, 351, 368, p981
U
U-boats, p670, 673–75, p673,
677–78
USA Patriot Act (2001), 949
U-2 spy plane, 819–20
Uchida, Yoshiko, 769, p769
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 415,
442, p455
422–24, m423, p429, 442
unemployment: Great
Depression, 726–27, 734, 737,
g757; Panic of 1837 and, 350;
unemployment insurance,
744
UNIA (Universal Negro
Improvement Association),
703
Union (North before Civil War):
goals, 463; resources, 462,
g462
Union Pacific Railroad, 531–32,
556
unions. See labor unions
United Mine Workers, 621, 745
United Nations, 790
United States Postal Service,
226
United States Steel Corporation,
570
United States v. Butler, 733
United States v. Nixon, 1000
Universal Negro Improvement
Association (UNIA), 703
Up from Slavery (Washington,
B.T.), 632, 642
U.S. Forestry Service, 622
U.S. Post Office, 566
Utah: settlement of, 377–78; slavery issue, 438; statehood, 378
Utah Territory, 378
Ute, the, 32
utopias, 412
V
Valley of the Yosemite
(Bierstadt), ptg305
Van Buren, Martin, p981; 1832
350; 1840 election, 351; 1844
438; Panic of 1837, 350–51;
Texas annexation issue, 368
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 557
Vanderbilt, William, 592
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 701–2,
p701
vaqueros, 376, 536
Vaqueros in a Horse Corral
(Walker), ptg370
Vassar College, 598
V-E Day, 775
Velázquez, Loretta Janeta, 480
Index
Index
the Deep South, 397; Dust
Bowl, 736–37, q756; land
grants in, 363–64; New
Mexico, border dispute, 438;
secession, 451; slavery issue
in, 363, 364, 368, 437;
Southern Alliance of farmers
in, 549; statehood, 368; war
for independence, 363–68,
q366, m367, 372
textile industry: British inventions for, 307; cotton gin, 308,
p399; decline in, 712; hazards
in, 573; immigrant workers
in, q585; New England factories, 306–11, p307, p308–09,
m310, 391; sewing machine,
387; Southern, after Civil
War, 518
Thames, Battle of the, 297
Thanksgiving, first, 53, q114
Third Amendment, 244
Thirteenth Amendment, 246,
476, 503, 990
Thompson, Parker, q181
Thoreau, Henry David, 412,
415
Three-Fifths Compromise,
204–05
Three Mile Island, 912
Thurman, John, 563
Tiananmen Square, 931
Tidewater, the, 105
Tikal, Mayan city, 23
Tilden, Samuel J., 508, m515, 516
Timbuktu, m41, 42
time zones, 532, 541, 559, m560
Tinker v. Des Moines School
District, 1000
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 292–93,
351
Titusville, Pennsylvania, 568,
569
Tlingit, the, 32
tobacco, 72–73, 115; 1850–1890,
g519; after the Civil War, 518;
as cash crop, m87, 104, 398,
399; English colonies, 74, 104
Tom Thumb, 388, p389
Tompkins, Sally, 481
Topa Inca, 26
Tories, 163–64
Torlino, Tom, p600
Toronto, Canada, 297
totalitarian state, 754
Toussaint-Louverture, 187, 283
Townsend, Francis, 743
Townshend Acts, 135
trade: after World War I, 755;
with Allies, World War I,
677–78; American, expansion
of, 288–89; with Asia, 288,
639; canals, 318, m318; with
China, 288, 639, 647; colonial,
101–03, p102, m103, 109,
133–35; cotton, as export,
1047
Venezuela–Willard, Emma Hart
Index
Venezuela, 327, 658
Veracruz, Mexico, 374
Verdun, Battle of, 669, m693
Vermont: agriculture in, 307;
slavery, 176; statehood, 300,
319
Verrazano, Giovanni da, m48, 60
Vespucci, Amerigo, m48
Veterans’ Day, p681
veto, 224–25, c224, c225, 235, 236,
507–08
vice presidency: election to, 210;
presidential vacancies and,
239, 250, 252; term of office,
210
Vicksburg, Mississippi: Battle
of, 486–87, m487
Vietcong, 872
Vietnam War: 871–76, q871, p873,
p874, p875, q875, q876, m885;
casualties of, g488; demonstrations, 878, 880, p879;
expanding the war, 885,
m886; in the 1950s, 818–19;
MIAs, 889; Paris peace
accords, 888–89; “Pentagon
Papers,” 999; Tet offensive,
879; veterans, p888;
Vietnamization, 885
Vietnam Veterans Memorial,
p888, 889
View of Peking After the Boxer
Rebellion (Yoshikazu
Ichikawa), ptg647
View of the Town of Concord,
1775, A (unknown artist),
ptg144
Vikings, 45–46
Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 661,
p661
Vincennes, Illinois, 178, 181
Virginia, 397; agriculture in, 88;
colonial, c81, m87, 88–89, 115;
Constitution ratification, 213,
crt213; Constitutional
Convention, 205; Democratic
Party in, 514; growth of, 88;
population of, 1700, g81;
Revolutionary War, m181,
182; as royal colony, 111;
secession, 452, 453, 460,
461–62; settlement of, 71, 72,
73; tobacco grown in, 74,
m87, 107
Virginia City, Nevada, 529
Virginia Company of London,
71, 72, 73
Virginia (ironclad), 468
Virginia Plan, 202–03
V-J Day, 780
Volstead Act, 717
von Richthofen, Baron, 670
voting rights, p218–19, 228, 230,
p246, 336–37; of African
Americans, 111, 193, 201, 204,
247, 248, 337, 392, 501, 506,
507, 508, 511, 519, crt520, 550;
1048
Index
colonial, 111; discrimination
in, 201, 248; Fifteenth
Amendment, 248, 508, 511,
519, 523; under Andrew
Jackson, 337; of Native
Americans, 337; Nineteenth
Amendment, 249, 618, 714;
poll tax, 252, 519; restrictions
against, 519; Twenty-sixth
Amendment, 228, 253; voting
age, 253; Voting Rights Act,
1965, 852; of women, 249,
337, 426–27, p541, 616–18,
m617, p618, 714
W
Waddel, Moses, 407, 666
Wade-Davis Bill, 501–02
Wagner, Robert, 745
Wagner Act, 745, 746
Wald, Lillian, 615
Walesa, Lech, 929
Walker, David, 421
Wallace, George, 850, q882, 903
Wampanoag, the, 80, m294
War, Department of, 259
War Hawks, 293–94, 296, 300,
322
War Industries Board, 684
War News from Mexico
(Woodville), ptg355
War of 1812, 296–300, crt297,
m298, p299, q312; America,
unprepared for, 296; Battle of
New Orleans, 300; British
attack on Washington, D.C.,
298–99, m298; Canadian campaign, 297; cost of, 313;
Native Americans and, 296,
297, 298; naval battles of, 297,
m298; Treaty of Ghent,
299–300, 323
war on terrorism, 945–47, q945,
m947, 949–51
Warner, Charles Dudley, 592
Warren, Earl, 846
Warren, Mercy Otis, 212, p212,
q212
Warren Commission, 846
Warsaw Pact, 793
Washington, Booker T., 599,
631–32, p631, 642, p642
Washington, D.C.: in 1803, p280;
becoming capital, 261, p261,
278; Bonus Army, 728, p728;
in the Civil War, 463, 471,
486; slavery issue in, 438;
telegraph, 389; today, p280;
War of 1812, 298–99, m298.
See also District of Columbia
Washington, George, ptg128–29,
ptg173, ptg178–79, ptg185,
p199, p255, q312, p980;
Articles of Confederation,
199, 201; Confederation, 198,
199; Constitution, support
for, 211; Constitutional
Convention, 202; Continental
Army, leadership of, 148, 149,
164, 166–67, 174, 178–79, 182,
183–86, 439; Continental
Congress, 142; Declaration of
Independence, 150; Farewell
Address, 266, q266, 638;
Farewell Address of, 987;
farewell to troops, 186–87,
q187; first command, 118–19,
122; first president, 198, p239;
on foreign relations, q255,
265; France, relations with,
265–66; French and Indian
War, 122–23, q122; Great
265–66, 268; Alexander
Hamilton, relations with, 260,
262, 268, q269; inauguration,
258, q964; Thomas Jefferson,
relations with, 268, q269;
national bank, 262; Native
American policies, 264, c273;
political parties, opposition
to, 266, 268; Second
Continental Congress,
147–48, 187; Shays’s
Rebellion, q200; Spain, relations with, 266; Whiskey
Rebellion, 264
Washington, Martha, 174, 267
Washington Crossing the
Delaware (Leutze), ptg128–29
Washington (state): statehood,
530
Watergate crisis, 252, 904–06,
p905, q905; tape recordings,
1000
Watson, Gregory, 253
Wayne, Anthony, 184, 264, m265
We Shall Overcome, q977
weapons: American Revolution,
ptg161, 162, 171; Civil War,
p466, 483; poison gas, 669,
p680; of World War I, 669–70,
p669, p670, p673
Weaver, James B., 550
Weaver, Robert, 737
Webster, Daniel, q323, p331,
q331; Bank of the United
States, 349; Compromise of
1850, 438–39, 439, q439;
states’ rights, opposition to,
338; Webster-Hayne debate,
338
Webster-Hayne debate, 338
Welch, Joseph, q809
Weld, Theodore, 420
welfare capitalism, 710
Wellesley College, 598
Wells, Ida B., 632, p633, q633
West Germany, reunification,
930
West Indies, 47, 102, m103, 124
West Point, 144
West (region): 1800–1820 territorial growth, m291, 292; agri-
culture, 263, 310; education
in, 413; population growth in,
314–15; Revolutionary War
in, 177–79, m180. See also
Northwest Territory; western
settlers
West Virginia: in the Civil War,
462; secession from Virginia,
m452; statehood, 242, 462
western settlers, p382; 1800–1820
territorial growth, m291, 292;
Adams-Onís Treaty, 326, 357,
363; California, 1840s, 371;
causes and effects of, g377;
Great Plains, 537–39, p537,
p538; life of, 314, 319, p454,
q454; Native Americans, conflicts with, 264, m265, 545–47;
New Mexico territory,
369–70, p370; Northwest
Territory, p194–95, 195–96,
m195, 264, m265, ptg265, c273,
282–83; Oregon country,
356–57, 358–60, m361; railroads, impact of, 530, 532,
537, p538, 552; Spanish influence, 541; Texas war for independence, 363–68, m367;
travel routes, 315, 358, p359,
370, ptg370; western land use,
m533. See also Manifest
Destiny
Western Union Telegraph
Company, 562
Westinghouse, George, 558, 564
Westmoreland, William, 880
Wharton, Edith, 601
Wheeling, West Virginia,
388–89
Wheelwright, John, 80
Whig Party, 348; 1836 election,
350; 1840 election, 350, p350,
351; 1844 election, 351, 360,
368; 1848 election, 438; 1856
election, 445; Compromise of
1850, 439; destruction of,
444–45; Mexican War, 372;
Tyler’s policies and, 351
Whirling Thunder, p345
Whiskey Rebellion, 263–64
Whistler, James, 601
Whistler’s Mother (Whistler),
601
White, John, q71
White, Ryan, q916, p916
White Cross, 660
Whitefield, George, 110, 112
Whiteman, Paul, 715
Whitman, Marcus, 358
Whitman, Narcissa, 358
Whitman, Walt, 415, 455
Whitney, Eli: cotton gin, 308,
398, p399; interchangeable
parts, 309
Whyte, William, H., Jr., 920
Wilhelm II, German kaiser, 681
Willamette Valley, 359
Willard, Emma Hart, 427–28
Willard, Frances–Zuni, the
481; in the military, p164, 676;
in mining towns, 529; Native
American, 32, p427, 543;
Nineteenth Amendment, 249,
618; on the Oregon Trail,
p359, q359; on plantations,
duties of, 403; in politics, 222,
p222, 666, p666, 676, 707, 736;
Revolutionary War, p164, 165;
of the roaring twenties, 714,
p714; in Spanish colonies, 54,
ptg54; urban migration of,
591; voting rights of, 111, 113,
249, 337, 426–27, p541,
616–18, m617, p618, 714; in
the West, 319; women’s labor
unions, 618–19; in the workforce, 573, 684, 736; and
World War II, 766, g766; writers of mid-1800s, 415. See also
women’s rights movement
Women’s Air Force Service
Pilots, p765
women’s rights movement,
q540, 615–16; leaders, 425–28,
p425, p426, p427; Seneca Falls
Convention, 426–27, p426–27,
616, 989, p989
Women’s Trade Union League
(WTUL), 618
Woods, Granville, 564
Woodward, Ellen Sullivan, 736
Woolworth Building, p594
Work and Win (Alger), 601
work relief programs, 732–34
Work Trains, Miraflores (Clark,
A.S.), ptg657
Works Progress Administration
(WPA), p723, c732, 744
World Trade Center, 945–47
World Trade Organization
(WTO), 943
World War I, 661–81, 692, m693;
alliance system prior to, 667;
Allied Powers vs. Central
Powers, 668–69, m668;
Balkans, crisis in, 667–68,
m668; casualties of, g488, 689,
g689; causes and effects of,
g684; cavalry, p665; civil liberties in, 700; events leading to,
666–70; peace after, 688–91;
propaganda used in, 673, 685;
at sea, 670, p670; technology
of, 669–70, p669; U.S. neutrality, 671–75; western front,
669–70, p669, m678, m693
World War I, U.S. involvement,
675–81; Allies, trade with,
677–78; antiwar sentiment,
674, 685, 686; declaration of
war, 675–76; enlistment
poster from, p606; on the
home front, 683–86; peace,
680–81; social change, 685–86;
U.S. neutrality, 666, 671–72;
war costs, 684; Zimmermann
telegram, 674
World War II: African
Americans, 766–67, p767,
q767; on the Atlantic; Battle of
Britain, 760; casualties, c762,
780; in Europe, 758–60, p759,
ptg759, 773–74, m773; events
leading to, 752–55; in France,
m771, 772, p772, m773, p773,
774–75, p775; Hispanic
Americans, 767–68; Holocaust, 775–76, p775, q776; in
Italy, m771, 772; Japanese
Americans, 768, p768, 769,
p769; Native Americans, 767,
p768; Normandy invasion,
772, p772–73, m773, 774; in
North Africa, 770–72, m771;
in the Pacific, 777–80, m778,
p778, q779, p780, p781; Pearl
Harbor, q758, p758, 762–63,
c762, p762, p763, q763, m783;
Poland, invasion of, 758–59;
in Soviet Union, 773–74; submarine warfare, 761; women
in, 766, g766
World War II, U.S. involvement:
declaration of war, 762–63,
c762, p762, p763, m783; military involvement; mobilization, 765–66; neutrality, 754,
755, 761; preparation for, 761,
p761, 764–65; social changes,
766; strategy
Wounded Knee, South Dakota,
m544, 547, 860
Wovoka, 547
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 825
Wright, Orville, 562–63, p562–63,
p643
Wright, Wilbur, 562–63, p562–63,
p643
Writ of Habeas Corpus, 237, 481,
482
writing systems: hieroglyphics,
24
writs of assistance, 133
Wyoming: homesteading in, 537;
statehood, 530; voting rights,
427, p541; woman suffrage in,
617
X
XYZ affair, 270
Y
Yakima, the, 32
Yalta, 788
Yeager, Chuck, p563
yellow fever, 541, 657
yellow journalism, 600, 650,
crt650
Yeltsin, Boris, 930
Yom Kippur War, 899
York, Alvin, 677
York, Duke of, 83
Yorktown, Virginia, 182; Battle
of, 182, 183–85, ptg185, q185,
187
Yosemite Valley (Adams),
ptg606–7
Young, Brigham, 378
Young, Charles M., 649
Young Man in White Apron
(Falconer), ptg392
Young Men’s Christian
Association (YMCA), 593,
602
Young Women’s Christian
Association (YWCA), 593
Z
Zaharias, Babe Didrickson, 857,
p857
Zavala, Lorenzo de, 367
Zedong, Mao, 794
Zenger, John Peter, 113
Zimmermann telegram, 674–75
Zuni, the, 32
Index
Willard, Frances, 619
William and Mary College, 113
William of Orange, king of
England, 109
Williams, Roger, 79–80
Wilmot Proviso, 437–38
Wilson, Edith, 691
Wilson, James, 202
Wilson, Woodrow, p983, p993;
1912 election, 623–24; 1916
election, 674; Congress, relations with, 691; declaration
of war, 675–76, q676; Fourteen Points, 689, 993; League
of Nations, 689, 691; moral
diplomacy of, 660–61;
national self-determination,
689; neutrality policy of,
671–72; peace negotiation,
689–91; progressive policies
of, 624; women’s suffrage,
618; World War I armistice,
q681, 688
Winesburg, Ohio (Anderson),
716
Winslow, Edward, p114
Winthrop, John, 78–79
Wisconsin: electoral reform,
613–14; women’s property
laws, 428
Wisconsin Territory, m342, 997
Withdrawal From Dunkirk, The
ptg759
Wolfe, James, 124
Woman’s Christian Temperance
Union (WCTU), 619
women: abolitionists, 406, p406,
p419, q419, 420, p420, q420,
q421; changing roles of,
615–16; in the Civil War, 477,
479–80, 481; colonial, 88, p88,
89, 101, 111, 112–13, 135; discrimination, 857; of early
1800s, q306; education for,
413, 414, 427–28, p427, 598,
616; equal rights movement,
857; flappers, 714, p714; on
the Great Plains, p537,
538–39; as homesteaders, 537;
immigrants, 394, 585, q585,
588; in industrial jobs, 573,
684; inventors, 313; Iroquois
society, 32, 33; labor unions,
393, 574; marriage and family
laws and, 428; in medicine,
Teacher, Student & Parent One-Stop Internet Resources
This textbook contains one-stop Internet resources for teachers, students and parents. Log on to taj.glencoe.com
for more information. Online study tools include Chapter Overviews, Self-Check Quizzes, an Interactive Tutor, and
E-Flashcards. Online research tools include Student Web Activities, Beyond the Textbook Features, Current Events,
Web Resources, and State Resources. The interactive online student edition includes the complete Interactive
Student Edition along with textbook updates. Especially for teachers, Glencoe offers an online Teacher Forum, Web
Activity Lesson Plans, and Literature Connections.
Index
1049
Acknowledgements
50 From Morning Girl by Michael Dorris. Text © 1992 by Michael Dorris. Reprinted
with permission from Hyperion Books for Children.
107 From The Kidnapped Prince by Olaudah Equiano. Adapted by Ann Cameron. Copyright
© 1995 by Ann Cameron. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
140 Excerpt from Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes. Copyright © 1943 by Esther Forbes
Hoskins, © renewed 1971 by Linwood M. Erskine, Jr., Executor of the Estate of Esther
Forbes Hoskins. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Co. All rights reserved.
295 From Night Flying Woman: An Ojibway Narrative by Ignatia Broker. Copyright ©
1983 by the Minnesota Historical Society. Reprinted by permission.
769 Reprinted with the permission of Simon & Schuster Books for Young readers, an
imprint of Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing Division from The Invisible Thread by
Yoshiko Uchida. Copyright © 1991 by Yoshiko Uchida.
841, 996 Reprinted by arrangement with the Heirs to the Estate of Martin Luther King,
Jr., c/o Writers House, Inc. as agent for the proprietor. Copyright © 1963 by Martin
Luther King, Jr., copyright renewed 1991 by Coretta Scott King.
843 From I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou. Copyright © 1969 by
Maya Angelou. Reprinted with permission of Random House, Inc.
915 From Barrio Boy by Ernesto Galarza. Copyright © 1971 by the University of Notre
Dame Press. Used by permission of the publisher.
978 “God Bless the USA,” words and music by Lee Greenwood. Copyright © 1984
Songs of Universal Inc. and Universal-Songs of Polygram International Inc. (BMI)
International Copyright Secured. All Rights Reserved.
Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating
this program: Morgan Cain & Associates; Ortelius Design, Inc.; QA Digital
Photo Credits
Cover (tr)CORBIS, (cr)The Corcoran Gallery of Art/CORBIS, (br)Wally McNamee/
CORBIS, (bl,cl)Digital Stock, (c)CORBIS, (background)PhotoDisc; iv (t)file photo,
(b)Peabody Museum of Salem; v (t)Grant Heilman Photography, (tc)Mark Burnett,
(bc)SuperStock, (b)Smithsonian Institution; vi (t)Michael Freeman, (b)PhotoDisc;
vii (t)NASA, (b)James P. Blair/National Geographic Image Collection; xi (t)Indiana
Historical Society, (b)Smithsonian Institution; xviii Bettman-CORBIS; xix (t)courtesy
Ford Motor Company, (b)PhotoDisc RA16/1 PhotoDisc; 2 (t)Robert W. Madden/
National Geographic Society, (b)Rich Buzzelli/Tom Stack & Associates, (others)
PhotoDisc; 3 PhotoDisc; 6 CORBIS; 7 (l)The Andrew J. Russell Collection, The
Oakland Museum, (r)Library of Congress; 10–11 PhotoDisc; 12 Scala/Art Resource,
NY; 12–13 CORBIS; 13 Brown Brothers; 14 (l)Bridgeman/Art Resource, NY, (c) file
photo, (r)Addison Doty/Morning Star Gallery; 15 (t)Ed Simpson/Stone, (bl)Michel
Zabe/Museo Templo Major, (br)Heye Foundation, National Museum of The American
Indian/Smithsonian Institution; 17 Heye Foundation, National Museum of The
American Indian/Smithsonian Institution; 23 (l)Richard Alexander Cooke III, (r)David
Hiser/Stone; 25 (t)DDB Stock Photo, (bl)North Wind Credit, (br)Inga Spence/DDB
Stock Photo, (background)USDA; 27 Museum of Ethnology; 29 David Muench;
34(t,c)file photo, (b)Addison Doty/Morning Star Gallery; (t)Archivio Fotografico del
Museo Preistorico Etnografico L. Pigorini, Roma, (b)National Museum of African Art/
Jeffrey Ploskonka; 36–37 U.S. Architect of the Capitol; 37 (t)The Library of Congress,
(b)SuperStock, (c)National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource;
40 (l)NASA, (r)National Maritime Museum; 44 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 45 Doug
Martin; 46 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 47 Culver Pictures; 50 Louise Erdrich,
(b)Musee de L’Homme, Palais de Chateau, Paris; 54 Museo de Historia, Chapultepec/
Bob Schalkwijk; 56 Walter Edwards; 57 (t)Chas W. Polzer, (c)Greg Edwards, (b)Edwardo
Fuss; 58 SuperStock; 59 “Kateri Tekakwitha” by Father Claude Chauchetiere, S. J.,
around 1690, photo by Bob Peters, St. Fancis Xavier Mission, Kahnawake, Quebec;
60 CORBIS; 63 Maritime Museum, Seville/Artephot/Oronoz; 64 (t)University Museum
of National Antiquities, Olso, Norway, (c)U.S. Architect of the Capitol, (b)courtesy
The Oakland Museum; 66 Plymouth Plantation; 66–67 CORBIS; 67 Brown Brothers;
68 (t)Hulton/Archive, (b)file photo; 69 (t)New York Historical Society, (bl)courtesy
Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, (br)courtesy The Oakland
Museum; 72 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY;
74 Richard T. Nowitz/National Geographic Society; 75 (t)Jamestown Foundation,
(c,b)Bob Pratt/National Geographic Society; 78 (t)courtesy Pilgrim Society, Plymouth,
MA, (b)PhotoDisc; 79 Brown Brothers; 84 file photo; 88 Louis Glanzman/NGS Image
Collection; 89 The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Bacon’s
Castle, Library of Virginia; 90 Gibbes Museum of Art; 91 (t)Larry Stevens/Nawrocki
Stock Photo, (b)Nawrocki Stock Photo; 93 Historical Picture Collection/Stock Montage;
94 (t)National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY, (tc)Private
Collection, (b)Historical Picture Collection/Stock Montage, (cb)courtesy Haffenreffer
Museum of Anthropology, Brown University; 96 (t)Smithsonian Institution, (b)Peabody
Museum of Salem; 97 Timothy Fuller; 98 (l)Chicago Historical Society, (r)Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation; 99 (t)courtesy Old John Street United Methodist Church,
(bl)Blue Ridge Institute & Museums/Ferrum College, (br)Yale University Art Gallery;
101 (l)Lee Snider/CORBIS, (r)Bruce M. Wellman/ Stock Boston; 102 (t)courtesy
Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, (b)file photo; 104 courtesy American Antiquarian
Society; 105 Colonial Williamsburg; 107 (r)Lee Boltin Picture Library, Royal Albert
Memorial Museum, Exeter, England; 109 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian
Institution/Art Resources, NY; 110 Yale University Art Gallery; 111 National Portrait
Gallery, London/SuperStock; 111–112 PhotoDisc; 112 courtesy American Antiquarian
Society; 118 Culver Pictures; 120 file photo; 122 State Historical Society of Wisconsin
Museum Collection; 124 Amanita Pictures; 126 (t)Colonial Williamsburg, (tc)courtesy
1050
American Antiquarian Society, (b)Library of Congress, (bc)Musee de L’Homme/M.
Delaplanche; 128 David A. Schorsch; 128–129 CORBIS; 130 (tl)courtesy Peabody Essex
Museum, Salem, MA, (c)Archive Photo, (b)Stock Montage; 131 (t)Painting by Don
Troiani, courtesy of Historical Art Prints, Ltd., (cl)courtesy American Antiquarian
Society, (cr)DAR Museum on loan from Boston Tea Party Chapter, (b)Massachusetts
Historical Society; 134 Massachusetts Historical Society; 135 Patrick Henry Before the
Virginia House of Burgesses (1851) by Peter F. Rothermel. Red Hill, The Patrick Henry
National Memorial, Brookneal, VA; 138 (tl)DAR Museum on loan from Boston Tea
Party Chapter; (tr)The Royal Collection © 2003 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, (br)
courtesy American Antiquarian Society, (bl)Stock Montage; 142 North Wind Picture
Archives; 144 Concord Museum, Concord, MA; 146 Private Collection; 148 Historical
Society of Pennsylvania; 149 Stock Montage; 150 ©1996 Virginia Historical Society,
All Rights Reserved; 152 Kordic Vladi/National Geographic Society; 153 Victor
R. Boswell/National Geographic Society; 155 CORBIS; 157 Bettman-CORBIS;
160 Giraudon/Art Resource; 161 Fraunces Tavern Museum, New York City; 163
North Wind Picture Archive; 164 Bettman-CORBIS; 166 Brown Brothers; 173 The
Valley Forge Historical Society; 174 CORBIS; 175 Eric P. Newman Numismatic
Education Society; 176 The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical
Gardens, San Marino, California/SuperStock; 178 CORBIS; 178–179 Library of
Congress; 179 Massachusetts Historical Society; 180 Stock Montage; 182 Archives
Division, Texas State Library; 184 Lafayette College Art Collection, Easton, PA. Gift
of Mrs. John Hubbard; 185 Trumball Collection, Yale University Art Gallery; 186
Courtesy J. Quintus Massie on behalf of descendants; 188 (t)CORBIS, (tc)Minute Man
National Historical Park, Concord, MA, (bc)Painting by Don Troiani, photo courtesy
Historical Art Prints, Ltd., (b)Virginia Historical Society; 190 Picture Research
Consultants; 191 (t,bl) Bettman-CORBIS; (br)New York Historical Society; 193 Picture
Research Consultants; 194 file photo; 196 PhotoDisc; 197 (l)Chicago Historical
Society; 197 ® Independence National Historic Park; 200 Bettman-CORBIS; 201
(l)Moorland Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, (r)Delaware Art Museum,
Wilmington. Gift of Absalom Jones School, Wilmington; 202 SuperStock; 203 Library
of Congress; 204 Independence National Historic Park; 208 National Portrait Gallery;
209 Fred Maroon/Smithsonian Institution; 210 Supreme Court Historical Society; 211
file photo; 212 Bequest of Winslow Warren, courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston;
213 file photo; 214 (t)Courtesy Meserve-Kunhardt Collection, Mt. Kisco, NY,
(c)Bettman-CORBIS, (b)Fraunces Tavern Museum; 216 Picture Research Consultants;
222 AP/Wide World Photo; 225 SuperStock; 226 CORBIS; 232–233 Mark Burnett; 236
CORBIS; 238 Boltin Picture Library; 246, 250, 251 CORBIS; 252 Museum of American
Textile History; 253 Paul Conklin; 254 Smithsonian Institution; 254-255 Washington
University Gallery of Art, St. Louis, Missouri, Gift of Nathaniel Phillips, 1890; 255
Peter Harholdt/SuperStock; 256 (t)Independence National Historic Park/Joseph
Painter, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 257 (t)Boston Naval Library & Institute
Collection, (bl)Yale University Art Gallery, (br)Collection of David J. & Janice L.
Frent; 260 Aaron Haupt; 261 David R. Frazier; 265 Chicago Historical Society; 268
Private Collection/Picture Research; 268–269 Washington University Gallery of Art,
St. Louis, Missouri, Gift of Nathaniel Phillips; 269 Stock Montage; 271 Archive Photo;
272 Stock Montage; 274 (t)Library of Congress, (b)Stock Montage; 276 (tl)Duke
University Archives, (tr)Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto/National Geographic
Society, (b)Eric Lessing/Art Resources, NY; 277 (t)Don Troiani, www.historicalartprints.com, (c)FPG, (b)North Wind Picture Archives; 279 North Wind Picture
Archive; 280 (l)Larry Lee Photography/CORBIS, (r)The Huntington Library, Art
Collections, and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California/SuperStock; 286 (t)from
Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 1863, photo by Volkmar Wentzel, (c)Bates Littlehales,
(b)E. S. Paxson, “Lewis and Clark at Three Forks,” courtesy of the Montana
Historical Society, photograph by Don Beaty; 287 (t)Western American Prints,
(b)Kevin C. Chadwick; 289 CORBIS; 292 (Tecumseh) Field Museum of Natural
History; 293 Brown Brothers; 295 (l)Darlene Pfister/Minneapolis Star Tribune,
(r)Minnesota Historical Society; 297 Library of Congress; 299 Stock Montage; 301
Missouri Historical Society; 302 (b)©New York State Historical Association,
Cooperstown; 302 (t, cl)White House Historical Association, (cr)Library of Congress,
(background)Kendall Cross; 304 (l)Smithsonian Institution, (r)Bob Mullenix; 305
(t)Burstein Collection/CORBIS, (l)Bettman-CORBIS, (r)New York Historical Society;
307 Aaron Haupt; 308 Museum of American Textile History, North Andover, MA; 309
(tl)American Antiquarian Society, (tr)Lowell National Historical Park, (br)Museum of
American Textile History, North Andover, MA, (bl)Lewis Hine/Museum of
Photography at George Eastman House, (background)Baker Library, Harvard
University; 315 Stock Montage; 316 (t)Michael G. Buettner, Lincoln Highway Association,
(b)Douglas Kirkland/CORBIS; 317 (tr)SuperStock, (l)David G. Houser/CORBIS,
(br)Henry Diltz/CORBIS; 324 (t)Boot Hill Museum/Henry Groskinsky, (b)Peter
Menzel; 325 (l)Library of Congress, (r)Collection of the Boston Public Library, Print
Division; 326 Schalkwijk/Art Resource, NY; 328 (t)Smithsonian Institution, (tc)The
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1942. (42.95.11), (l)Craig McDougal,
(r)Anthony Richardson, (b)New York Historical Society, (bc)James Monroe Museum
& Memorial Library; 330 Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 330–331 Collection
of Mrs. J. Maxwell Moran; 331 Brown Brothers; 332 (l)National Museum of American
Art, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY, (r)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent;
333 (c)Archives & Manuscripts Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society, (b)Indiana
Historical Society, Boatmen’s National Bank of St. Louis; 335 New York Historical
Society; 337 Library Company of Philadelphia; 338 North Wind Picture Archive;
340 The Philbrook Center; 340–341 Kevin C. Chadwick/ National Geographic Society;
343 SuperStock; 344 National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Gift
of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, JR/Art Resource, NY; 349 New York Historical Society;
350 (l)National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY, (r)Smithsonian Institution; 352 (tr)Collection of David J. & Linda L. Frent, (tl)SuperStock,
Gallery/Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY; 573 Library of Congress; 576 (t)
Library of Congress, (c)National Portrait Gallery/Smithsonian Institution/Art
Resource, NY, (b)Westmoreland Museum of Art, Greensburg, PA, (background)
Hulton Archive; 578 Michael Freeman; 579 (t,c)Aaron Haupt, (br)Timothy Fuller;
580 (b)Hulton Deutsch/CORBIS, (t)courtesy California History Room, California State
Library, Sacramento; 581 (t)Orchard Films, (b)White House Historical Association,
Bettman-CORBIS; 583 Library of Congress; 585 Jacob A. Riis Collection, Museum of
the City of New York; 586 (t)Rykoff Collection/CORBIS, (b) CORBIS; 588–589 Library
Company of Philadelphia; 592 Archive Photo; 593 University of Illinois at Chicago.
The University Library, Jane Addams Memorial Collection; 594 Brown Brothers;
596 Rudi von Briel; 598 Library of Congress; 599 (br)Bettman-CORBIS, (others)Library
of Congress; 600 Smithsonian Institution; 601 Winslow Homer American, 1836–1910.
Girls with Lobster, 1873. Watercolor and gouache over graphite, 24.2 x 32.9 cm. ©
The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2002. Purchase from the J.H. Wade Foundation, 1943.60;
603 (l)National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY, (r)from
the collection of Paul Urbahn at Steamboats.com; 604 (t)Bettman-CORBIS, (c, chart)
Library of Congress, (b)Smithsonian Institution, (background)Edwin Levick/Hulton/
Archive; 606 National Archives; 606–607 Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust/
CORBIS; 607 CORBIS; 608 (t)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (b)CORBIS;
609 (t)National Gallery of Art, Washington. Chester Dale Collection, (b)White House
Historical Association, (l)By permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard
University, (br)The Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York
Public Library; 611 Library of Congress; 613 The Ida M. Tarbell Collection, Pelletier
Library, Alleghany College; 616 CORBIS; 618 Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College;
619 (l)CORBIS, (r)Picture Research Consultants; 621 Collection of David J. & Janice
L. Frent; 622 David J. & Janice Frent Collection/CORBIS; 623 (t)David J. & Janice L.
Frent Collection/CORBIS, (c)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (cr)file photo,
(bl)The Museum of American Political Life, University of Hartford, (br)Library of
Congress; 625 Theodore Roosevelt Collection/Harvard College Library/by permission
of the Houghton Library/Harvard University; 626 Daniel J. Cox/naturalexposures.com;
627 Robin Brandt; 629 Brown Brothers; 630 (l)Bettman-CORBIS; 630 (r)Private
Collection; 631 Culver Pictures; 632 The Schomberg Center for Research in Black
Culture, New York Public Library; 633 Oscar B. Willis/The Schomburg Center for
Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library; 634 (tl)By permission of the
Houghton Library, Harvard University, (tr)Doug Martin, (c)Collection of David J. &
Janice L. Frent, (b)file photo; 635 Steve Kelley/Copley News Service; 636 Franklin D.
Roosevelt Library; 636–637 (t)Woodfin Camp & Associates, (b)White House Historical
Association; 637 (l)United States Military Museum, West Point, (r)Picture Research
Consultants; 639 courtesy US Naval Academy Museum; 640 (l)Historic Seward House/
James M. Via, (r)Hulton-Deutsch/CORBIS; 645 Bishop Museum; 647 Library of
Congress; 649 United States Military Museum, West Point; 650 (l)CORBIS, (c)Library
of Congress, (r)Bettman-CORBIS; 652 Brown Brothers; 653 Library of Congress;
655 Aaron Haupt; 657 (l)Leonard de Selva/CORBIS, (r)Private Collection/courtesy
R.H. Love Galleries, Chicago; 658 National Archives; 659 Library of Congress;
660 Courtesy of the Webb County Heritage Foundation; 661 CORBIS; 662 (t)National
Postal Museum, (c)Frederic Remington Art Museum, Ogdensburg, NY; (b)Picture
Research Consultants; 664 (tl)Bettman-CORBIS, (c,tr)Collection of Colonel Stuart S.
Corning/Rob Huntley/Lightstream, (b)Collection of Colonel Stuart S. Corning/Rob
Huntley/Lightstream; 664–665 (t)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS, (b)White House
Historical Association; 665 The National Gallery of Art, Washington DC/Gift of
Ethelyn McKinney in memory of her brother, Glenn Ford McKinney; 667 BettmanCORBIS; 669 US Airforce; 670 UPI/Bettman-CORBIS; 672 (l)Bettman-CORBIS,
(c)Bettman-CORBIS, (r)Larry O. Nighswander/National Geographic Society Image
Collection; 673 Culver Pictures; 674–675 Hulton-Archive/Getty Images; 675 National
Archives; 679 Brown Brothers; 680 (l)Lambert/Archive Photo, (r)Collection of Colonel
Stuart S. Corning/Rob Huntley/Lightstream; 681 US Signal Corps/National
Archives; 684, 685 Brown Brothers; 686 CORBIS; 687 (t)Archive Photos, (b)Franklin
D. Roosevelt Library, (c)Library of Congress; 689 CORBIS; 692 (t)Bettman-CORBIS,
(r)Collection of Colonel Stuart S. Corning/Rob Huntley/Lightstream, (background)
Scott Swanson/Archive Photos; 694 Hulton/Archive; 695 Timothy Fuller; 696 Private
Collection; 696–697 Hulton-Deutsch/CORBIS; 697 file photo; 698 (l)Private Collection,
(r)Brown Brothers; 698–699 (t)CORBIS, (b)White House Historical Association;
699 (l)Museum of Modern Art, NY/Gift of Mrs. Nickolas Muray, (r)Bettman-CORBIS;
701 (l)Bettman-CORBIS, (r)AP/Wide World Photos; 702 Bettman-CORBIS; 705 Brown
Brothers; 706 Picture Research Consultants; 708 Brown Brothers; 710 courtesy Ford
Motor Company; 711 FPG; 714 (t)The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture,
New York Public Library, (b)Billy Rose Theater Collection/New York Public Library
at Lincoln Center; 715 The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University;
716 (l,c)Frank Driggs Collection, (r)CORBIS; 717 Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS;
718 Culver Pictures; 720 (t)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (c)Brown Brothers,
(b)Picture Research Consultants; 722 Library of Congress; 723 (t)CORBIS, (bl)Collection
of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (br)courtesy of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences; 725 file photo; 726 Bettman-CORBIS; 727 (l)Berenice Abbot/Federal Arts
Project “Changing New York”/Museum of the City of New York, (r)Detroit Publishing Company; 728 Library of Congress; 730 (l)The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library,
(r)CORBIS; 731 Margaret Bourke-White/TimePix; 732 (l)Collection of David J. &
Janice L. Frent, (r)Library of Congress; 733 Library of Congress; 734 CORBIS;
736 Brown Brothers; 737 Library of Congress; 738 (l)CORBIS, (c)Parkers Brothers/
National Geographic Society, (r)Picture Research Consultants; 740 Library of Congress;
741 (t)Photo by Rilla (Hubbard) Wiggins, Friday, June 4, 1937, 6 o’clock p.m., Hugoton,
Kansas, copied by National Geographic Photographer Chris Johns, (b)Photo by
Dorothea Lange, Library of Congress; 743 (l)AP/World Wide Photos, (r)Collection of
David J. & Janice L. Frent; 744 Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 745 Franklin
D. Roosevelt Library; 748 (t)UPI/Bettman-CORBIS, (c)Detroit Publishing Company,
(b)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 750 (l)White House Historical Association,
(r)The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; 750–751 courtesy National Guard Heritage;
751 (c)Warren Motts Photographic Center, (l)Warren Motts Photographic Center,
Photo Credits
(background)New York Historical Society; 354 (l)Stock Montage, (r)Collection of
David J. & Janet L. Frent; 355 (t)The Manoogian Foundation, on loan to the National
Gallery of Art, Washington. Photo by Lyle Peterzell, (bl)Archives Division, Texas State
Library, (r)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 357 Hutton Archive/Getty Images;
359 (b)Henry Groskinsky, (t)Mongerson-Wunderlich Gallery, Chicago; 363 Institute of
Texas Culture; 364–365 Friends of the Governor’s Mansion, Austin; 366 Archives
Division, Texas State Library; 370 Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American Art, Tulsa
OK; 371 file photo; 373 California State Library; 376 (l)Levi Strauss & Company,
(r)Doug Martin; 377 SuperStock; 378 Bettman-CORBIS; 379 (l)Bettman-CORBIS,
(r)Wenham Museum; 380 courtesy Denver Public Library Western History Department;
382 American Museum, Bath, England/Bridgeman Collection/SuperStock, Inc.;
383 Timothy Fuller; 384 (tr)Smithsonian Institution, (others)file photo; 385 (t)SuperStock, (bl)North Wind Picture Archive, (br)National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian
Institution; 387 Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA/Mark Sexton; 389 (l)The Chessie
System, B70 Railroad Museum Archives (Photo by Robert Sherbow/UNIPHOTO),
(r)CORBIS; 392 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, M. & M. Karolik Collection; 394 (l)The
Bayard Harbor of New York c.1953–1855 Samuel B. Waugh (1814–1885) Watercolor on
canvas, 991/5 x 1981/4 Gift of Mrs. Robert L. Littlejohn, Museum of the City of New
York, 33.169 (detail), (r)Bostonian Society/Mark Sexton; 399 (l)Bettman-CORBIS,
(r)Smithsonian Institution; 402 (l)The J. Paul Getty Museum, (r)Bettman-CORBIS;
404 (background)Photo Researchers, (t)New York Historical Society, (cr)Adam Woolfitt/
CORBIS, (bl)courtesy of Charleston Museum, (br)Valentine Museum; 406 Stock
Montage; 408 (tr)Smithsonian Institution/Charles Phillips, (c)file photo, (b)T.W. Wood
Art Gallery, Montpelier, VT; 410 (t)The American Antiquarian Society, (b)BettmanCORBIS, (br)FPG; 411 (t)St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri, USA/SuperStock,
(bl)Chicago Historical Society, (br)Oberlin College Archives, Oberlin, Ohio; 414 (t)City
Art Museum of St. Louis/SuperStock, (bc)Brown Brothers, (bl)Museum of American
Textile History, (br)FPG; 419 Library of Congress; 420 Collection of William Gladstone;
422 Library of Congress; 426 (l)Chicago Historical Society, (r)Meserve Collection;
427 (tl)Maria Mitchell Association, (tr)National Archives of Canada, (br)Nebraska
State Historical Society, (bc)Hulton Archive, (bl)CORBIS; 430 (t)New York Historical
Society, (c)Peabody Essex Museum/Mark Sexton, (b)Library of Congress; 432 Mark
Burnett; 432–433 Painting by Don Troiani/photo courtesy of Historical Art Prints, Ltd.;
433 PhotoDisc; 435 (t)CORBIS, (l)Missouri State Historical Society, (r)Photo Network;
437 Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 438 New York Historical Society;
440 CORBIS; 442 Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College; 444 H. Armstrong Roberts;
446 (l)Al Fenn/Timepix, (r)Missouri State Historical Society; 447 courtesy Illinois State
Historical Library; 450 (t)courtesy Chicago Historical Society, (b)The Library of
Congress; 456 (t)North Wind Picture Archive, (tc)Missouri State Historical Society,
(bc)courtesy Chicago Historical Society, (b)Bettman-CORBIS; 458 (l)Museum of the
Confederacy, (c)Museum of the Confederacy, (r)Museum of the Confederacy;
459 (t)Painting by John Troiani/courtesy Historical Art Prints, Ltd., (bl) National
Archives, (bc)©1986 Time-Life Books Inc. from the series “Civil War”/Edward Owen,
(r)Illinois State Historical Library; 461 Seventh Regiment Fund, New York City;
462–463 PhotoDisc; 464 National Archives; 465 (r)file photo, (l)Bettman-CORBIS;
467 National Archives; 468 PhotoDisc; 471 Medford Historical Society Collection/
CORBIS; 474, 475 PhotoDisc; 476 file photo; 479 (l)Museum of the Confederacy,
(r)PhotoDisc; 480 FPG; 481 Library of Congress; 482 (l)Brown Brothers, (r)CORBIS;
484 MAK I; 486 Michigan Capitol Committee, photography by Peter Glendinning;
490 (l)Matt Meadows, (r)Picture Research Consultants; 491 (l)Brown Brothers,
(r)CORBIS; 494 (t)McLellan Lincoln Collection, The John Hay Library, Brown
University/John Miller, (ct)CORBIS, (bc)Painting by Don Troiani/courtesy Historical
Arts Prints, Ltd., (b)National Archives; 496 file photo; 497 Aaron Haupt; 498 North
Wind Picture Archive; 499 (t)CORBIS, (b)Museum of American Political Life;
501 Gettysburg National Military Park; 502 (l)©1986 Time-Life Books Inc. from the
series "Civil War"/Edward Owen, (r)Illinois State Historical Library; 505 Tennessee
Botanical Gardens & Museum of Art, Nashville; 511 Chester County Historical Society,
West Chester, PA; 512 National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution/
Rudolf Eickmeyer; 516 file photo; 516–517 CORBIS; 517 Bettman-CORBIS; 520 Museum
of American Political Life, University of Hartford; 521 National Portrait Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY; 522 (t)file photo, (c)Collection of David J.
& Janice L. Frent, (b)Corcoran Gallery of Art; 524 National Park Service Collection;
524–525 Peter Harholdt/CORBIS; 525 Brown Brothers; 526 (tl)Library of Congress, (tr)
Archive Photos, (b)Stock Montage; 526–527 (b)White House Historical Association;
527 (b)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 527 From the original painting by Mort
Kunstler, The Race, Mort Kunstler, Inc.; 530 Colorado Historical Society; 531 (l)Brown
Brothers, (r)L. Berger/SuperStock; 535 Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American Art;
536 Photograph from the book: The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known
in the Cattle Country as “Deadwood Dick” – BY HIMSELF – A True History of Slavery
Days, Life on the Great Cattle Ranges and on the Plains of the “Wild and Wooly” West,
Based on Facts, and Personal Experiences of the Author/Rare Book and Manuscripts,
Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; 537 (l)Nebraska
State Historical Society, Lincoln, Tulsa, OK, (r)Montana Historical Society, Helena;
538 Kansas Collection/University of Kansas Libraries; 543 (r)Smithsonian Institution,
National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY; 545 Denver
Public Library, Western History Collection; 546 Smithsonian Institution, National
Museum of American Art, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY; 546 Stock Montage;
550 AP/Wide World Photos; 552 (t)the Oakland Museum, (bl)The Beinecke Rare Book
& Manuscript Library, Yale University, (br)The Museum of the American Indian, Hye
Foundation, NY; 554 (t)courtesy Rockefeller Archive Center, (c)Stanford University
Museum of Art, (b)Michael Freeman; 555 (t)Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Gift
of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd 1979.7.4, (b)National Air and Space Museum;
562 NASA; 562–563 Brown Brothers; 563 National Air and Space Museum; 564 Stock
Montage; 565 (tl)Smithsonian Institution, (tc)Picture Research Consultants, (tr)Lewis
Latimer Collection, Queens Borough Public Library/Long Island Division, NY,
(bl)Picture Research Consultants, (br)courtesy George Eastman House; 566 courtesy
Ford Motor Company; 568 CORBIS; 569 Library of Congress; 570 National Portrait
1051
Photo Credits
(r)National Geographic Society Image Collection; 753 Manezh, Moscow; 754 National
Archives; 759 Imperial War Museum; 760 (l)Jack Novak/SuperStock, (r)BettmanCORBIS; 761 Imperial War Museum; 762 US Army; 763 National Archives; 765 US Air
Force Museum; 766 FDR Library; 767 CORBIS; 768 National Archives; 769 (t)Deborah
Storms/Macmillan Publication Co., (b)Los Angeles Daily News Morgue, Department
of Special Collections, Research Library, University of California; 772 (t)Department
of the Army, (l)Brown Brothers, (r)CORBIS, (bl)Brown Brothers, (br)Woodfin Camp;
774 Brown Brothers; 775 (t)Bettman-CORBIS, (b)AP/Wide World Photos; 778 (t)Carl
Mydans, Life Magazine ©Time Inc., (b)Picture Research Consultants; 780 Library of
Congress; 781 National Geographic Society Image Collection; 782 (t)Hugo Jaeger, Life
Magazine © Time Inc., (tc)National Archives, (l)National Archives, (b)Picture Research
Consultants, (bc)US Army; 784 Larry Burrows/Time, Inc.; 784–785 courtesy The
Norman Rockwell Museum at Stockbridge/Norman Rockwell Trust; 785 BettmanCORBIS; 786 (tl)file photo, (tr)George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA,
(b)AP/Wide World Photos; 786–787 (t)CORBIS, (b)White House Historical Association;
787 (l)AP/Wide World Photos, (r)AP/Wide World Photos; 790 Reprinted from the
Des Moines Registrar/Jay N. Darling, 1946; 792 (l, background)UPI/Bettman-CORBIS,
(r)Walter Sanders/TimePix; 793 UPI/Bettman-CORBIS; 795 (l)Aaron Haupt, (r)Bettman/
CORBIS; 797 Chicago Tribune cartoon by Carey Orr; 798 (l)Indiana University Photo
Services, (r)Superstock; 799 (l)Margaret Bourke-White/TimePix, (br)Brown Brothers;
800 Bettman-CORBIS; 801 (l)Cornell Capa/Life Magazine ©Time Inc., (r)Collection of
David J. & Janice L. Frent; 804 UPI/Bettman-CORBIS; 807 Bettman-CORBIS; 808 CORBIS;
809 Picture Research Consultants; 810 (t)George C. Marshall Research Library,
Lexington, VA, (tc)US Army, (b)Nato, (bc)UPI/ Bettman-CORBIS; 812 (l)White House
Historical Association, (r)FPG; 812–813 Edenhurst Gallery; 813 (l)Fred DeWitt/TimePix,
(r)PictureQuest; 815 (l)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 817 National Geographic
Society Image Collection; 818 file photo; 819 (l)SuperStock, (r)Woodfin Camp and
Associates, (background)Brown Brothers; 823 FPG; 824 (l)Museum of Flight/CORBIS;
825 Mark Burnett/Photo Researchers; 826 Robert Reiff/FPG; 827 Bettman-CORBIS;
830 Dan Weiner/courtesy Sandra Weiner; 834 (t)National Geographic Society Image
Collection, (c)Picture Research Consultants, (b)AP/Wide World Photos; 836 (l)Artis
Lane, (c)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (r)Picture Research Consultants;
836–837 (t)Flip Schulke/Black Star, (b)White House Historical Association; 837 (l)Ralph
J. Brunke, (br)W. Cody/CORBIS; 840 Francis Miller/TimePix; 841 Flip Schulke/
CORBIS; 842 SuperStock; 843 (t)Don Perdue/Liaison Agency, (b)The Metropolitan
Museum of Art, Arthur Hoppock Hearn Fund, 1950; 845 (l)AP/Wide World Photos,
(r)David J. & Janice L. Frent/CORBIS; 846 Bettman-CORBIS; 849 (l)Hulton-Archive/
Getty Images, (r)Charles Moore/Black Star; 850 Collection of David J. & Janice L.
Frent; 850–851 Bettman-CORBIS; 852 UPI/Bettman-CORBIS; 854 Bettman-CORBIS;
855 (t)Bettman-CORBIS, (b)Paul Schutzer/TimePix; 857 (l)Bettman-CORBIS, (r)BettmanCORBIS; 858 Bettmann; 859 (t)AP/Wide World Photos, (b)Collection of David J. &
Janice L. Frent; 860 Bruce Kliewe/The Picture Cube; 861 Bob Daemmrich/Stock Boston;
862 (tl)Don Uhrbroch/TimePix, (tr)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (tc)Arthur
Schatz/TimePix, (b)Picture Research Consultants, (bc)Collection of David J. & Janice
L. Frent; 864 (b)Black Star, (t)Larry Burrows, Life Magazine ©Time Inc.; 864–865 (t)Larry
Burrows/TimePix, (b)White House Historical Association; 865 (l)Collection of David J.
& Janice L. Frent, (r)courtesy Turner Publishing Inc./Claudio Vazquez; 867 (l)Collection
1052
of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (r)courtesy Archive of the American Illustrator’s Gallery,
NY; 868 FPG; 870 Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 872 (l)UPI/Bettman-CORBIS,
(r)AP/Wide World Photos; 873 US Center For Military History; 874 Ray Cranbourne,
Empire/Black Star; 875 Larry Burrows, Life Magazine ©Time Inc.; 876 Private Collection;
878 CORBIS; 879 (l)©Bernie Boston, (r)L. Kalvoord/Image Works; 880 Brown Brothers;
881 Steve Shapiro/Black Star; 883 Black Star; 885 Larry Burrows, Life Magazine ©Time,
Inc.; 885 (b)Aaron Haupt; 887 (l)John Filo, (r)copyright TIME Inc.; 888 Christopher
Morris/Black Star; 890 John Olson; 892 John Sohm/ChromoSohm/Stock Boston;
892–893 NASA; 893 (t)Joseph Sohm, Chromosohm/CORBIS; 894 (t)Dirck Halstead/
Gamma Liaison, (b)Mike Mazzaschi/Stock Boston; 895 (t)Charles E. Rotkin/CORBIS,
(b)White House Historical Association, Liaison Agency; 897 (l)Dennis Brack/Black
Star, (r)UPI/Bettmann; 898 Pat Oliphant. The Denver Post, 1971; 899 Rueters/BettmanCORBIS; 900 Magnum/Black Star; 902 Courtesy of the Richmond Times-Dispatch;
903 Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent; 904 (l)Bettman-CORBIS, (r)Mike Mazzaschi/
Stock Boston; 905 Alex Webb/Magnum Photos, Inc.; 906 TimePix; 907 AP/Wide World
Photos; 911 Jimmy Carter Library; 912 David & Peter Turnley/CORBIS; 913–914 Liaison
Agency; 915 (l)San Jose Mercury News, (r)Karen Tweedy-Holmes/CORBIS;
918 (t)Bettman-CORBIS, (c)AP/Wide World Photos, (b)Liaison Agency; 920 (t)Michael
R. Brown/Liaison International, (c)Terry Ashe/Time Magazine, (b)file photo;
920–921 (t)AP/Wide World Photos, (b)White House Historical Association; 921 Sergei
Guneyev/Time; 923 Fred Ward/Black Star; 924 (t)Latent Image, (b)Chris Hondros/
Liaison Agency; 926 (l)Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent, (r)David Burnett/
Contact Press Images; 927 Aaron Haupt; 929 Collection of David J. & Janice L. Frent;
932 (l)Luc Delahaye/Sipa Press, (r)Steve Liss/Time Magazine; 933 Marion Bernstein;
934 (t)Digital Stock, (c)John A. Rizzo/Photo Disc/Picture Quest, (b)Owen Franken/
CORBIS; 935 Dave G. Houser/CORBIS; 937 Dirck Halsted/Liaison International;
938 Heng/Lianhe Zaobao (Singapore); 939 Greg Gibson/AP/Wide World Photos;
940 (tr)CORBIS, (l)CORBIS, (br)file photo; 941 TimePix; 942 CORBIS; 943 AP/Wide
World Photos; 946 (l)CORBIS, (r)Thomas E. Franklin/Bergen Record/SABA/CORBIS;
948 (l)CORBIS, (r)Sygma/CORBIS, (c)Joe Raedle/Getty News, (background)AFP/
CORBIS; 950 (t)Ethan Miller/Reuters, (b)Steve Liss for Time; 952 Reuters/TimePix;
954 (tc, tlc)file photo, (br)Smithsonian Institution, (bc)Brown Brothers, (others)PhotoDisc; 954–955 PhotoDisc; 956 Missouri Historical Society; 957 Chicago Historical
Society; 958 National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution; 959 Scala/Art
Resources, NY; 960 W. Saunders/Time-Life Syndication; 961 Brown Brothers;
962 courtesy American Antiquarian Society; 963 Fort Ticonderoga Museum;
964 CORBIS; 965 Smithsonian Institution; 966 CORBIS; 967 Massachusetts Historical
Society, Boston; 968 courtesy Fisk University, Nashville, TN; 970 file photo; 971 Brigitte
Merle/Stone; 972 Mary Evans Picture Library/Photo Researchers; 974 Smithsonian
Institution; 975 Culver Pictures; 977 (t)Steve Shapiro/Black Star, (b)Collection of
David J. & Janice L. Frent; 979 Reuters/TimePix; 980–984 White House Historical
Association; 985 North Wind Picture Archive; 986, 987, 988 Bettman-CORBIS;
989 National Portrait Gallery/Smithsonian Institution, Art Resource; 990 (t)PhotoDisc,
(b)Mark Burnett; 991 (l)file photo, (r)Mark Burnett; 993 (t)The Museum of the
American Indian, NY, (b)CORBIS; 993, 994, 995 CORBIS; 996 Flip Schulke/Black Star;
997 Missouri State Historical Society; 998 CORBIS; 999 Bettman-CORBIS.

Glossary - Echols Middle School

Transcripción

Documentos relacionados

Valentines Day Gifts, February 14. Give Me 5 Fund Raiser Middle