REFERENCE PAGES - Hillsdale Community Schools
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REFERENCE PAGES - Hillsdale Community Schools
Reference Pages Contents Mini Almanac R1 Foldables R6 Skills Handbook R12 Primary Sources & Literature Library R32 English/Spanish Glossary R58 Index R93 Acknowledgments and Photo Credits R120 Mini Almanac (l) Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS, (r) Bettmann/CORBIS A n almanac is a book or table that contains a variety of statistical, tabular, or general information. The most common almanacs in history have been those that kept astronomical data or that gave weather predictions and related advice to farmers. In agricultural societies it was important to keep accounts of natural phenomena so that farmers would have an idea of when to plant and harvest their crops. Ancient Egyptians carved their almanacs on sticks of wood and called them “fingers of the sun.” The first printed almanac was prepared in Europe in 1457. The Old Farmer’s Almanac has been published continuously since 1792. Because almanacs are compact and concise, they are a popular way of presenting a wide variety of information. Mini Almanac R1 Population (in billions) MINI ALMANAC World Population, A.D. 1–2005 6 2005 6.46 billion 5 1999 6 billion 4 1974 4 billion 3 1927 2 billion 2 1650 500 million 1 200 million 1 1804 1 billion 0 A.D. 500 1 1000 1500 2000 Year 0OPULATIONBY#ONTINENT Source: United Nations Population Division, 2005. #ONTINENT 0OPULATION !SIA !FRICA %UROPE .ORTH!MERICA 3OUTH!MERICA !USTRALIA/CEANIA 3OURCE5NITED.ATIONS0OPULATION$IVISION .OTE0OPULATIONSAREESTIMATES $! 30) -'1 (.'-+1 +, "#' $$"'$#!" ##(-(' %&- *- &(' $#!% $# '(++ $)#(&+ )' $)(- & +' # #'##" ,+ % +%( " /3 %' &, ! !& '$- 3$'"(& # "# '$- 3-- , )'' " #$% ! $"" #$' # (-((' ! "1)- $)(-$& +2$% # (- #$" .,,$ # '$ &# (.-#3!+$ &"#+ (2&$*. %# R2 ##(-$&(! (+ Mini Almanac *,' -3**,!-.3*/).,%!- &(#)1! )*1&+%*(!) 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R4 ,OWEST!DULT,ITERACY2ATES Mini Almanac Women 3OURCE 4HE7ORLD&ACTBOOK .OTE,ITERACYISDEFINEDBYEACHCOUNTRY "-.535*0)/-35&)5%& %5*(")5&)"!5/%"5&$%/5/*5*/" "- *0)/-3 "- *0)/-3 "15"')! /'3 0./-'& +) *-13 -$")/&) )&/"!5&)$!*( "2& * )! )!& "-()3 -"" " )&/"!5//". $3+/ *0/%5#-& ")3 -4&' 1&/4"-')! -) " -, .UCLEAR7EAPONS#APABILITY (IGHEST-ILITARY%XPENDITURES "ILLIONSOF53 $OLLARSPER9EAR #OUNTRY $ATEOF&IRST4EST 5NITED3TATES 5NITED3TATES 2USSIA 3OVIET5NION #HINA 5NITED+INGDOM &RANCE &RANCE *APAN #HINA 5NITED+INGDOM )NDIA 'ERMANY 0AKISTAN )TALY +OREA3OUTH )NDIA 3AUDI!RABIA MINI ALMANAC #OUNTRY 0ERCENTAGEOF 'ROSS$OMESTIC0RODUCT '$0 3OURCE 53$EPARTMENTOF3TATEAND4)-% MAGAZINE 3OURCE 4HE7ORLD&ACTBOOK +))0*'!/'+*5-+0*"5/+-(" #(#1'.'+*. ,#-5 #-.+*. #(#,&+*# '*5'*#. ,#-5 #-.+*. #((0(-5&+*# 0 .!-' #-. ,#-5 #-.+*. ./')/#" #-.+*( +),0/#-. ,#-5 #-.+*. 5 5 5 0 -*!# #-)*4 /(4 ,* #3'!+ 0..' +0/&5$-'! *'/#"5'*%"+) *'/#"5//#. '(45#2.,,#'-!0(/'+* ,#-5 #-.+*. "'+. ,#-5 #-.+*. *" &'* +0*/-4 Mini Almanac R5 Foldables FOLDABLES Dinah Zike’s Foldables™ are three-dimensional, interactive, graphic organizers used to help organize and retain information. Every chapter in your text uses a Foldable to help you identify and learn about the Big Ideas discussed in the chapter. The following pages provide complete folding instructions for the nine different Foldables used throughout your Student Edition text. Table of Contents Folded Table or Chart . . . . . . R7 Three-Pocket Book . . . . . . . . R9 Four-Tab Book. . . . . . . . . . . . R7 Three-Tab Book . . . . . . . . . R10 Four-Door Book . . . . . . . . . . R8 Trifold Book . . . . . . . . . . . . R11 Layered-Look Book. . . . . . . . R8 Two-Tab Book . . . . . . . . . . . R11 Shutter Fold . . . . . . . . . . . . . R9 >PF@ä$LIA>?IBä1E>MBP 2>@Lä$LIA ROOFQLä$LIA R6 Foldables &>J?RODBOä$LIA 1ERQQBOä$LIA 4>IIBVä$LIA &LQä"LDä$LIA +LRKQ>FKä$LIA Folded Table or Chart 1. Fold the number of vertical columns needed to make the table or chart. 2. Fold the horizontal rows needed to make the table or chart. 3. Label the rows and columns. Remember: Tables are organized along vertical and horizontal axes, while charts are organized along one axis, either horizontal or vertical. Table Chart FOLDABLES Four-Tab Book 1. 2. 3. 4. Fold a sheet of paper (8½" × 11") in half like a hot dog. Fold this long rectangle in half like a hamburger. Fold both ends back to touch the mountain top or fold it like an accordion. On the side with two valleys and one mountain top, make vertical cuts through one thickness of paper, forming four tabs. Use this book for data occurring in fours. 1 3 2 4 Foldables R7 Four-Door Book FOLDABLES 1. Make a shutter fold using 11" × 17" or 12" × 18" paper. 2. Fold the shutter fold in half like a hamburger. Crease well. 3. Open the project and cut along the two inside valley folds. 4. These cuts will form four doors on the inside of the project. Use this fold for data occurring in fours. When folded in half like a hamburger, a finished four-door book can be glued inside a large (11" × 17") shutter fold as part of a larger project. 1 2 3 4 Layered-Look Book 1. Stack two sheets of paper (8½" × 11") so that the back sheet is one inch higher than the front sheet. 2. Bring the bottom of both sheets upward and align the edges so that all of the layers or tabs are the same distance apart. 3. When all tabs are an equal distance apart, fold the papers and crease well. 4. Open the papers and glue them together along the valley, or inner center fold, or staple them along the mountain. 1 2 3 R8 4 Foldables Shutter Fold 1. Begin as if you were going to make a hamburger but instead of creasing the paper, pinch it to show the midpoint. 2. Fold the outer edges of the paper to meet at the pinch, or midpoint, forming a shutter fold. Use this book for data occurring in twos. Or, make this fold using 11" × 17" paper and smaller books—such as the half-book, journal, and two-tab book— that can be glued inside to create a large project full of student work. FOLDABLES 1 2 Three-Pocket Book 1. Fold a horizontal sheet of paper (11" × 17") into thirds. 2. Fold the bottom edge up two inches and crease well. Glue the outer edges of the two-inch tab to create three pockets. 3. Label each pocket. Use to hold notes taken on index cards or quarter sheets of paper. 1 2 3 Foldables R9 Three-Tab Book FOLDABLES 1. Fold a sheet of paper like a hot dog. 2. With the paper horizontal, and the fold of the hot dog up, fold the right side toward the center, trying to cover one half of the paper. Note: If you fold the right edge over first, the final graphic organizer will open and close like a book. 3. Fold the left side over the right side to make a book with three folds. 4. Open the folded book. Place your hands between the two thicknesses of paper and cut up the two valleys on one side only. This will form three tabs. Use this book for data occurring in threes, and for two-part Venn diagrams. Variation A: Draw overlapping circles on the three tabs to make a Venn diagram. Variation B: Cut each of the three tabs in half to make a six-tab book. 1 2 3 4 R10 Foldables Trifold Book 1. Fold a sheet of paper (8½" × 11") into thirds. 2. Use this book as is, or cut into shapes. If the trifold is cut, leave plenty of fold on both sides of the designed shape, so the book will open and close in three sections. Use this book to make charts with three columns or rows, large Venn diagrams, and reports on data occurring in threes. FOLDABLES 1 2 Two-Tab Book 1. Fold a sheet of paper like a hamburger. Make a second hamburger fold. 2. Cut up the valley of the inside fold toward the mountain top. This cut forms two large tabs that can be used front and back for writing and illustrations. The book can be expanded by making several of these folds and gluing them side-by-side. Use this book with data occurring in twos. For example, use it for comparing and contrasting, determining cause and effect, finding similarities and differences, and more. 1 2 Foldables R11 Skills Handbook TABLE OF CONTENTS SKILLS HANDBOOK Critical Thinking Skills Identifying the Main Idea Determining Cause and Effect Making Generalizations Distinguishing Fact from Opinion Formulating Questions Analyzing Information Evaluating Information Making Inferences Comparing and Contrasting Detecting Bias Synthesizing Information Drawing Conclusions Predicting Problems and Solutions R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 Social Studies Skills Reading a Map Interpreting Graphs Sequencing Events Interpreting Political Cartoons Analyzing Primary Sources Chad Baker-Ryan McVay/Getty Images R27 R28 R29 R30 R31 Identifying the Main Idea Why Learn This Skill? Finding the main idea in a reading passage will help you see the “big picture” by organizing information and assessing the most important concepts to remember. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to identify the main idea. Then answer the questions below. 2. As you read the material, ask: What is the purpose of this passage? 3. Skim the material to identify its general subject. Look at the headings and subheadings. Evidence indicates that all the victims were ritually killed to consecrate successive stages of the [Pyramid of the Moon’s] construction. . . . A wounded foreigner, most likely a prisoner of war, was apparently buried alive with his hands tied behind him. Animals representing mythical powers and military might surrounded him—pumas, a wolf, eagles, a falcon, an owl, and rattlesnakes. . . . Finely crafted offerings included weapons of obsidian and a figurine of solid greenstone, perhaps a war goddess to whom the burial was dedicated. Each subsequent burial was different, but all had the same aim: “Human sacrifice was important to control the people,” says Sugiyanga, “to convince them to do what their rulers wanted.” —A. R. Williams, “Pyramid of Death,” National Geographic, October 2006 4. Identify any details that support a larger idea or issue. 5. Identify the central issue. Ask: What part of the selection conveys the main idea? ▲ Pyramid of the Moon, Mexico SKILLS HANDBOOK 1. Determine the setting of the passage. Practicing the Skill 1. Where did this article appear? 2. What is the main idea of the passage? 3. What details support the main idea? Find an article about the city of Teotihuacán and bring it to class. On a slip of paper, write the main idea of the article and explain why it is important. Display the article and the slip of paper on a bulletin board. Skills Handbook Richard I’Anson/Lonely Planet Images R13 Determining Cause and Effect Why Learn This Skill? Determining cause and effect involves considering why an event occurred. A cause is the action or situation that produces an event. What happens as a result of the cause is an effect. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Then answer the questions below. SKILLS HANDBOOK 2. Decide whether one event caused the other. Look for “clue words” such as because, led to, due to, brought about, produced, as a result of, so that, since, and therefore. 4. Identify the outcomes of events. Remember that some effects have more than one cause, and some causes lead to more than one effect. Also, an effect can become the cause of yet another effect. 3. Look for logical Since the aftermath of the 1991 gulf war, nearly four relationships between million Kurds have enjoyed complete autonomy in the events, such as “She region of Iraqi Kurdistan—protected from Saddam under overslept, and then a “no-fly zone” north of the 36th parallel and behind the she missed her bus.” defensive wall of the Kurds’ highly disciplined army, the peshmerga. They have held region-wide elections, formed a legislature, and chosen a president, establishing a world entirely apart from Baghdad—a de facto independent state. For the first time in their long history, Kurds are wielding significant political power, successfully negotiating for control over their own military forces and author- 1. Identify two or more events or ity over new oil discoveries in their own terrain. Under developments. the federated Iraq being called for by the international community, they would have powers of autonomy that match—or even exceed—what they now enjoy. —Frank Viviano, “The Kurds in Control,” National Geographic, January 2006 ▲ An Iraqi Kurd Practicing the Skill 1. Based on the reading, why have the Kurds in Iraq begun to enjoy complete autonomy? 2. What is the cause for this recent autonomy? 3. What is the cause-and-effect chain that could lead to an even greater autonomy and international recognition of this autonomy? R14 Thomas Dworzak/Magnum Photos Skills Handbook Use library or Internet sources to research Kurdish culture under the rule of Saddam Hussein. Then explain the causes and effects of his dictatorship in a chart like the following: Causes Kurdish culture Effects Making Generalizations Why Learn This Skill? Generalizations are judgments that are usually true, based on the facts at hand. If you say, “We have a great soccer team,” you are making a generalization. If you also say that your team is undefeated, you are providing evidence to support your generalization. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to make a valid generalization. Then answer the questions below. SKILLS HANDBOOK 1. Identify the subject matter. Berbers live throughout North Africa, but nowhere has denial of their identity been more systematic than in Morocco, ethnically the most Berber of the region’s 2. Collect factual countries. Although 60 percent of its population claim information and Berber descent and nearly 40 percent speak one of three examples relevant Berber languages, Morocco’s constitution declares the to the topic. country part of Arab North Africa, proclaims Arabic as its official language, and makes no mention of the Berbers. This is a legacy of the Arab nationalism that sparked colonial-era independence movements in the region and, in the name of unity, ignored or even suppressed the cultures and languages of non-Arab peoples. —Jeffrey Taylor, “Among the Berbers,” National Geographic, January 2005 3. Identify similarities among these facts. 4. Use these similarities to form some general ideas about the subject. Practicing the Skill 1. Based on the facts above, what generalization can you make about the status of Berbers in Morocco? 2. What evidence supports your generalization? Use library or Internet resources to research the status of Berbers in another country in North Africa. Write a generalization based on what you found. Provide details to support your generalization. Skills Handbook R15 Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Why Learn This Skill? Distinguishing fact from opinion can help you make reasonable judgments about what others say and write. Facts can be proved by evidence such as records, documents, or historical sources. Opinions are based on people’s differing values and beliefs. Learning the Skill SKILLS HANDBOOK Follow these steps to learn how to identify facts and opinions. Then answer the questions below. ▲ 2. If a statement can be proved by information from a reliable source, it is factual. After decades of economic progress, Puerto Rico is struggling, and the mainland has both missed this horrific 1. Identify the facts. Ask: economic slide and contributed to it through benign Can these statements neglect. be proved? Where Poverty on the island is rampant. The per capita would I find information income is just about half that of the poorest state in the to verify them? United States. Nearly one-third of the population was unemployed in 2000. And a good quarter of all employment is in government jobs . . . The bleak picture is set out in a long-overdue, exhaustive study . . . from the Center for the New Economy, 3. Identify opinions by a nonpartisan Puerto Rican research group, and the looking for statements Brookings Institution. of feelings or beliefs. Much of the blame can be put on Washington, which They may contain has been tone deaf to the island’s needs and has miscalcuwords like should, lated where help was needed. . . . would, could, best, greatest, all, every, or —New York Times, “Puerto Rico, an Island in always. Distress,” October 23, 2006 A street vendor, Puerto Rico Practicing the Skill 1. What are two factual statements in the editorial? 2. Which statements are opinions? R16 Skills Handbook Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions Find a news article and an editorial about the same issue. Identify two facts and two opinions from these sources. Formulating Questions Why Learn This Skill? Asking questions helps you to process information and understand what you read. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to formulate questions. Then answer the questions below. SKILLS HANDBOOK 2. Ask who, what, when, where, why, and how about the main ideas, places, and events. 1. Think about questions you have. Often you can find the answers in the next paragraph or section. Feudal Order Kings Land (fief) Fees, loyalty, military support Lords Medieval knight Fees, loyalty, military support Land Knights Protection Fees, loyalty, labor Serfs 3. Reread to find answers to your questions. Practicing the Skill 1. What is the topic of the chart? 2. Select the parts of the chart you would like to understand better. 3. Formulate two questions about these parts. 4. Where might you find answers to your questions? Formulate two more questions about the information on this page. Then use Internet sources to find answers to your questions. Skills Handbook SuperStock R17 Analyzing Information Why Learn This Skill? The ability to analyze information is important in deciding what you think about a subject. Analysis requires a critical study of what an author or artist is trying to get across. Learning the Skill SKILLS HANDBOOK Follow these steps to learn how to analyze information. Then answer the questions below. Divided Germany and the Berlin Airlift 1. Identify the topic that is being discussed. 60°N FPO SOVIET UNION Hamburg British NETH. Zone 0 POLAND N Berlin Hannover Brunswick EAST GERMANY 50°N S 20°E WEST GERMANY Am LUX. FRANCE French Zone SWITZ. er ic a 25°E CZECH. nZ on AUSTRIA e British French Zone Zone 10°E 200 miles Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection E W Frankfurt 2. Examine how the information is organized. What are the main points? 0 200 kilometers ITALY YUGO. 15°E Allied occupation zone Soviet occupation zone Routes of the Berlin Airlift, 1948 –1949 Iron Curtain Division of Allied zone 3. Summarize the information in your own words, and then make a statement of your own based on your understanding of the topic and what you already know. Practicing the Skill 1. Based on the title, what does the information on the map represent? 2. How is the information organized? What are the main points? 3. Summarize the information from the map, and then provide your analysis based on the information and what you know about the Berlin Airlift. R18 Skills Handbook Find a news story about another airlift operation in history. Analyze the story and use your analysis to summarize the similarities and differences between this airlift and the Berlin Airlift. Evaluating Information Why Learn This Skill? We live in an information age. The amount of information available can be overwhelming, and it is sometimes difficult to know when information is true and useful. You need to evaluate what you read and hear to determine the reliability of the information presented. Learning the Skill Source A Oil prices are so high, becuz big oil companys are trying to goug us. Greedy oil executives, are driven up prices to get richer. —published on an individual’s Internet blog SKILLS HANDBOOK When evaluating information to determine its reliability, ask yourself the following questions as you read: • Is there bias? In other words, does the source unfairly present just one point of view, ignoring any arguments against it? • Is the information published in a credible, reliable publication? • Is the author or speaker identified? Is he or she an authority on the subject? • Is the information up-to-date? • Is the information backed up by facts and other sources? Does it seem to be accurate? • Is it well-written and well-edited? Writing that has errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation is likely to be careless in other ways as well. Source B It’s certainly clear that high oil prices aren’t dulling demand for energy products. According to the Energy Dept.’s Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. demand for gasoline in June was 9.5 million barrels a day, a record. —BusinessWeek, July 7, 2006 Source C The single biggest factor in the inflation rate last year was from one cause: the skyrocketing prices of OPEC oil. We must take whatever actions are necessary to reduce our dependence on foreign oil—and at the same time reduce inflation. —President Jimmy Carter, January 23, 1980 Practicing the Skill Look at the above statements about oil prices. Rank them in order of most reliable to least reliable, and then explain why you ranked them as you did. Find an advertisement that contains text and bring it to class. In a brief oral presentation, tell the class whether the information in the advertisement is reliable or unreliable and why. Skills Handbook R19 Making Inferences Why Learn This Skill? To infer means to evaluate information and arrive at a conclusion. When you make inferences, you “read between the lines,” or use clues to figure something out that is not stated directly in the text. Learning the Skill SKILLS HANDBOOK Follow these steps to learn how to make inferences. Then answer the questions below. 1. Read carefully for stated facts and ideas. In Bamako I live in a guest house called the Centre d’Acceuil, run by Spanish nuns. The rooms are cheap— a bed, mosquito netting. The bad thing about the Centre d’Acceuil is that although there are ten rooms for rent, there is only one shower. Moreover, it is constantly occupied these days by a young Norwegian, who came here not realizing how hot it gets in Bamako. The African interior is always white-hot. It is a plateau relentlessly bombarded by the rays of the sun, which appears to be suspended directly above the earth here: make one careless gesture, it seems, try leaving the shade, and you will go up in flames….The Norwegian, after several suffocating, sweltering days, decided to leave everything and return home. But he had to wait for the plane. And the only way he could survive until then, he concluded, was by never coming out from under the shower. —Ryszard Kapus’cin’ski, The Shadow of the Sun 2. Summarize the information and list important facts. 3. Apply related information that you may already know. 4. Use your knowledge and insight to develop some logical conclusions. Practicing the Skill 1. What facts are presented in the passage? 2. What can you infer from the presence of mosquito netting? 3. What can you infer about the availability of air transportation in Bamako? R20 Skills Handbook Make inferences based on pictures of Africa you find on the Internet, and write questions based on your inferences. Exchange your pictures and questions with another student and answer each other’s questions. Comparing and Contrasting Why Learn This Skill? When you make comparisons, you determine similarities among ideas, objects, or events. When you contrast, you are noting differences between ideas, objects, or events. Comparing and contrasting are important skills because they help you choose among several possible alternatives. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to compare and contrast. Then answer the questions below. 2. To compare, determine a common area or areas in which comparisons can be drawn. Look for similarities within these areas. SKILLS HANDBOOK 1. Identify or decide what two or more items will be compared and/or contrasted. Life in Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Geography Egypt Fertile Crescent (Southwest Asia) Africa Rivers Tigris and Euphrates Nile Natural Barriers Flat plains Deserts, seas, cataracts Religion Polytheistic Polytheistic Government City-states; theocracy; large bureaucracy; kings ruled Rural villages; dynasties; divine kings ruled SocialStructure Nobles, commoners, slaves Upper classes, merchants, artisans, peasants Economy Farming and trade Farming and trade Written Language Cuneiform Hieroglyphics 3. To contrast, look for areas that are different. These areas set the items apart from each other. Practicing the Skill 1. What characteristics does the table use to compare and contrast life in Mesopotamia and Egypt? 2. How was life in Mesopotamia similar to life in Egypt? 3. How was life in Mesopotamia different from life in Egypt? With a partner, research life in the other three early culture hearths—the Indus Valley, the Huang He Valley, and Middle America. Use your information to create a table like the one above. Develop three questions based on your table. Exchange your work with another pair of students and answer the questions based on their table. Skills Handbook R21 Detecting Bias Why Learn This Skill? Most people have a point of view, or bias. This bias influences the way they interpret and write about events. Recognizing bias helps you judge the accuracy of what you hear or read. Learning the Skill 4. Identify any expression of opinion or emotion. Look for words that have positive or negative overtones for clues about the author’s feelings on The bourgeoisie . . . has put an end to all feudal, the topic. patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors,” and has left remaining no other nexus 5. Determine how between man and man than naked self-interest, than the author’s callous “cash payment.” It has drowned the most point of view is heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous reflected in the enthusiasm . . . in the icy water of egotistical calculation. work. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value. And in place of the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom—Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Manifesto of the Communist Party SKILLS HANDBOOK Follow these steps to learn how to detect bias. Then answer the questions below. 3. Determine the author’s point of view. 2. Identify statements of fact. 1. Examine the author’s identity, especially his or her views and particular interests. ▲ Karl Marx Practicing the Skill 1. Are there any statements of fact presented in this passage? If so, what are they? 2. What opinions are stated? 3. What evidence of bias do you find? Do the authors think it is a good thing or a bad thing that the bourgeoisie have put an end to feudal ties? R22 Imagno/Getty Images Skills Handbook Find written material about a topic of interest to you. Possible sources include editorials, letters to the editor, and political pamphlets. Apply the steps for recognizing bias to the material. Write a paragraph summarizing your findings. Synthesizing Information Why Learn This Skill? Synthesizing information involves combining information from two or more sources. Information gained from one source often sheds new light upon other information. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to synthesize information. Then answer the questions that follow. Source A 1. Analyze each source separately to understand its meaning. SKILLS HANDBOOK “Rome has been rising for 3,000 years,” says Darius Arya, an archaeologist and director of the American Institute for Roman Culture. Much of Rome is situated in a floodplain, including the modern city center, known in antiquity as Campus Martius, at a bend of the Tiber River. Although the Romans put up levees, the city still flooded periodically, so they built upward, laying new structures and streets on earlier ones. “It was cost-effective, and it worked,” Arya says. “We see the Romans jacking their city up two meters at a time, raising themselves above the water but also burying their past.” —Paul Bennett, “In Rome’s Basement,” National Geographic, July 2006 2. Determine what information each source adds to the subject. Source B Of all the old saws about the Eternal City, at least one remains simply true: dig a deep hole almost anywhere here, and you’ll unearth an archaeological artifact or two. Yet a wave of public and private building projects is suddenly focusing unusual attention on Rome’s rich subterranean world as one treasure after another emerges at a steady clip. “We’re walking on the world’s largest untapped underground museum,” said Maria Antonietta Tomei, a government official responsible for coordinating archaeological digs in Rome. During the last week reports surfaced that 800 coins from the fourth and fifth centuries BC had been unearthed during the reconstruction of a movie theater near the Trevi Fountain. —“Treasures galore still emerging from underneath Rome,” Taipei Times (online), December 27, 2006 3. Identify points of agreement and disagreement between the sources. Ask: Can Source A give 4. Find relationships between the me new information or new ways of thinking information in the sources. about Source B? Practicing the Skill 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the main subject of each passage? What does Source A say about the subject? What information does Source B add? Sum up what you have learned from both sources. Find two sources of information on a topic dealing with archaeological excavations in Rome. What are the main ideas in each? How does each add to your understanding of the topic? Skills Handbook R23 Drawing Conclusions Why Learn This Skill? A conclusion is a logical understanding that you reach based on details or facts that you read or hear. When you draw conclusions, you use stated information to figure out ideas that are unstated. Learning the Skill SKILLS HANDBOOK Follow these steps to draw conclusions. Then answer the questions below. DARFUR FACTS 1. Read carefully for stated facts and ideas. 2. Summarize the information and list important facts. 1.8 million people currently live in camps or makeshift settlements in Darfur. Political infighting prevents 250,000 Darfur refugees from receiving humanitarian aid. 215,000 Sudanese have fled to Chad because of continuing violence. 300,000 people in Darfur have been killed or died as a result of the conflict. The Sudanese government spent $18 million on weapons in 2003. Between 2000 and 2003, arms and ammunition exports to Sudan from China increased by a factor of 30. China, Russia, and France are major suppliers of arms to Sudan and permanent members of the UN Security Council. The UN Security Council agreed to extend an existing arms embargo to the Sudanese government in March 2005. Source: Amnesty International, Fall 2006. 3. Apply related information that you may already know. 4. Use your knowledge and insight to develop some logical conclusions. Practicing the Skill 1. Which facts from the table support the conclusion that “the Sudanese government is trying to drive out the people of Darfur”? 2. What conclusion might you draw about why the UN Security Council waited so many years before extending an existing arms embargo to Sudan? R24 Skills Handbook Find an article describing a current conflict in Africa. Use the steps on this page to draw conclusions about the causes of the conflict. Summarize your conclusions in a paragraph. Predicting Why Learn This Skill? Predicting future events can be difficult and sometimes risky. The more information you have, however, the more accurate your predictions will be. Making good predictions will help you understand what you read. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to make a prediction. Then answer the questions below. 2. Use your knowledge about history and human behavior to identify what consequences could result. SKILLS HANDBOOK 1. Gather information about the decision or action. There is little freedom to disagree with the determinations of the authorities [in South Africa]. There is large scale unemployment here because of the drought and the recession that has hit most of the world’s economy. And it is such a time that the authorities have increased the prices of various foodstuffs and also of rents in black townships—measures designed to hit hardest those least able to afford the additional costs. . . . The authorities have not stopped stripping blacks of their South African citizenship. . . . The South African government is turning us into aliens in the land of our birth. White South Africans are. . . .scared human beings, many of them; who would not be, if they were outnumbered five to one? Through this lofty body I wish to appeal to my white fellow South Africans to share in building a new society, for blacks are not intent on driving whites into the sea but on claiming only their rightful place in the sun in the land of their birth. —Bishop Desmond Tutu, speech on apartheid to the United Nations Security Council, October 23, 1984 3. Analyze each consequence by asking: How likely is this to occur? Practicing the Skill 1. What events does the passage describe? 2. Do you think what the author described changed after his speech? 3. On what do you base this prediction? 4. What occurrences might have an effect on changing these events? 5. What are the possible outcomes for all involved in the appeal proposed by the author? Find a newspaper or magazine article that describes the current state of politics, economy, or society in South Africa. Analyze the article, and describe how the people of South Africa are trying to solve the problem. Predict three consequences of the actions described. On what do you base your prediction? Skills Handbook R25 Problems and Solutions Why Learn This Skill? Suppose you are not doing well in basketball. You wonder why you cannot do better since you always go to practice, try your best, and pay attention to the coach’s instructions. In order to improve a situation such as this one, you need to identify a specific problem and then take actions to solve it. Learning the Skill SKILLS HANDBOOK Follow these steps to help you through the problem-solving process. Then answer the questions below. 1. Identify the problem. 2. Gather information. 3. List possible solutions. In just two decades . . . China’s Northeast has gone from dynamo to dinosaur, tracing virtually the opposite trajectory of the country’s 4. Consider the thriving southern coastal regions. . . . The region’s industrial advantages and production has sagged to less than 9 percent of national output, while disadvantages its heavy reliance on state-owned enterprises—once a blessing, now a of each solution. curse—has made market-oriented reforms seem like all shock and no therapy. The landscape left behind is . . . [t]housands of obsolete staterun factories, millions of laid-off workers, a growing gap between rich and poor, rampant corruption, deadly human and environmental disasters. . . . 5. Choose the best Hoping to reverse this dangerous slide, Beijing has so far spent solution to your 7.5 billion dollars to rehabilitate the region, closing or privatizing problem and old state-owned factories while retraining workers for industries carry it out. more suited to the 21st century. . . . The real key, however, will be foreign investment. The region that once symbolized China’s drive for self-sufficiency is now unabashedly courting foreign investors. . . . It is too early to tell whether the rust belt can truly be revitalized. —Brook Larmer, “The Manchurian Mandate,” National 6. Evaluate the Geographic, September 2006 effectiveness of the solution. Practicing the Skill 1. What problem does the writer present in this selection? 2. What options are available to solve this problem? Can you think of any other options? 3. Explain the solutions implemented according to the selection. Were they successful? How do you determine this? R26 Skills Handbook Select a current political problem that needs to be solved. The problem can be anything from the conflict between Israel and Palestine to the agreement on a constitution by all members of the European Union. Create a presentation in which you identify the problem, list options with their advantages and disadvantages, choose a solution, and evaluate the chosen solution. Reading a Map Why Learn This Skill? Maps can direct you down the street, across the county, or around the world. An ordinary map holds all kinds of information. Learn the map’s code, and you can read it like a book. Learning the Skill 0 Resources and the Civil War 400 kilometers 0 400 miles Albers Equal-Area projection 1. Look at the title of the map—it tells you what kind of information the map shows. SKILLS HANDBOOK 5. Determine the relationship between map measurements and actual distances on Earth by using the scale bar. Follow these steps to learn how to read a map. Then answer the questions below. Boston 40°NUse lines of latitude 6. and longitude to determine the absolute location of places on the map. New York City i our Miss Chicago Philadelphia Cincinnati R. Washington R . 2. Study the map key to determine the meanings of the symbols, colors, and lines used on the map. io Oh St. Louis Richmond 70°W R. ATLANTIC OCEAN R. kan sas Mississippi Ar Charleston Savannah 30°N Mobile 3. Read the labels on the map to learn where things such as cities, groups of people, and physical features are located. Union Confederacy New Orleans Gulf of Mexico 80°W 90°W N 4. Find the compass rose to learn the orientation of the map. W Resources and Industries E S Coal Iron ore Iron or steel mill Cotton Textiles Flour mill Corn and wheat Rice and sugarcane Practicing the Skill 1. What kinds of resources enabled the North to triumph over the South? 2. Where are most cities located? Why? Choose a map from your world history text and work with a partner to write three questions that can be answered by reading the map. Then exchange questions with another pair and answer each other’s questions. Skills Handbook R27 Interpreting Graphs Why Learn This Skill? Graphs are visual representations of statistical data. Large amounts of information can be condensed when presented in a graph. Studying graphs allows readers to see relationships clearly. Bar graphs use bars of different lengths to compare different quantities. Circle graphs show the relationship of parts to a whole as percentages. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to interpret graphs. Then answer the questions that follow. SKILLS HANDBOOK Age Composition of Mexican Population 1. Read the graph title to identify the subject. 80+: 1.2% 70–79: 2.7% 60–69: 4.7% 50–59: 7.4% 0–9: 20.0% 10–19: 20% 20–29: 17.3% 30–39: 15.2% 3. Study the information presented and the use of colors and patterns. 40–49: 11.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Database. Literacy Rate for Adults Over 15 (2002) Mexico 2. Study the labels to understand the numerical information presented. 4. Compare the lines, bars, or segments, and look for relationships in order to draw conclusions. World 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Female Male Source: World Resources Institute. Practicing the Skill 1. How does the literacy rate in Mexico compare to literacy in the rest of the world? 2. What percentage of the Mexican people are under 20 years of age? 3. What general population trends in Mexico do these two graphs show? R28 Skills Handbook Poll your classmates about countries they would like to visit. Use the data to design and draw a line, bar, or circle graph. Sequencing Events Why Learn This Skill? Sequencing involves placing facts in the order in which they occurred. Sequencing helps you deal with large quantities of information in an understandable way. In studying history, sequencing can help you understand cause-and-effect relationships among events. This in turn helps analysts to predict outcomes of various events or policies. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to sequence events. Then answer the questions below. SKILLS HANDBOOK 1. Look for dates or clue words such as in 1920, later that year, first, then, and in the late eighteenth century. When the new moon of the month Shawwal appeared in the same year [1st September 1326], the Hijaz caravan left Damascus and I set off along with it. At Bosra the caravans usually halt for four days so that any who have been detained at Damascus by business affairs may make up on them. Thence they go to the Pool of Ziza, where they stop for a day, and then through al-Lajjun to the Castle of Karak. Karak, which is also called “The Castle of the Raven,” is one of the most marvellous, impregnable, and celebrated of fortresses. . . . The caravan stopped for four days at a place called ath-Thaniya outside Karak, where preparations were made for entering the desert. —Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354 2. Arrange facts in the order in which they occurred. 3. Consider using an organizational tool such as a time line, which makes it easy to see the chronology, as well as any cause-and-effect relationships, between events. Practicing the Skill 1. What dates or clue words in this selection can help determine the sequence of events being described? 2. Fill in a time line like the one below to show the sequence of events as described in the selection. First Event Find a newspaper or magazine article about a world event. Sequence the information presented in the article in a time line or chart. Final Event Skills Handbook R29 Interpreting Political Cartoons Why Learn This Skill? Political cartoonists use art to express opinions. Their work appears in newspapers, magazines, books, and on the Internet. Political cartoons usually focus on public figures, political events, or economic or social conditions. They can give you a summary of an event or circumstance and the artist’s opinion in a quick, entertaining manner. Learning the Skill SKILLS HANDBOOK To interpret a political cartoon, follow these steps. Then answer the questions below. 2. Identify the characters or people shown. They may be caricatures, or unrealistic drawings that exaggerate the characters’ physical features. 3. Identify any symbols shown. Symbols are things that stand for something else. Commonly recognized symbols may not be labeled. Unusual symbolism will be labeled. 1. Read the title, caption, or conversation balloons. They help you identify the subject of the cartoon. 4. Examine the actions in the cartoon—what is happening and why? 5. Identify the cartoonist’s purpose. What statement or idea is he or she trying to get across? Decide if the cartoonist wants to persuade, criticize, or just make people think. Practicing the Skill 1. Who is depicted in the cartoon? What is he doing? 2. What do the stones along the path represent? 3. What overall message do you think the cartoonist is trying to send? R30 Jonathan Shapiro Skills Handbook Bring a newspaper or news magazine to class. With a partner, analyze the message in each political cartoon that you find. Analyzing Primary Sources Why Learn This Skill? An eyewitness account of a place or event is a primary source. The advantage of a primary source is that it contains firsthand knowledge. Primary sources may include diaries, letters, memoirs, interviews with eyewitnesses, photographs, news articles, and legal documents. Often they provide detailed accounts of events, but reflect only one perspective. For this reason, you must examine as many sources as possible before drawing any conclusions. Learning the Skill Follow these steps to learn how to analyze a primary source. Then answer the questions below. 2. Identify when and where the document was written. SKILLS HANDBOOK 1. Identify the author of the source. Note any biases or opinions expressed by the author or creator of the source. The festivals generally conclude with an amusement unknown in Europe—a combat between two elephants. . . . A wall of earth is raised three or four feet wide and five or six high. The two ponderous beasts meet one another face to face, on opposite sides of the wall, each 3. Read the document having a couple of riders. . . . The riders animate the for its content and elephants either by soothing words, or by chiding them as try to answer the five cowards, and urge them on with their heels, until the poor “W” questions: Who creatures approach the wall and are brought to the attack. is it about? What is The shock is tremendous, and it appears surprising that it about? When did it they ever survive the dreadful wounds . . . inflicted with happen? Where did their teeth, their heads, and their trunks. . . . it happen? Why did it The fight of these noble creatures is attended with happen? much cruelty. . . . [S]ome of the riders are trodden underfoot; and killed on the spot. . . [T]his amusement . . . does not always end with the death of a rider: . . . some spectators are knocked down and trampled upon. . . . —François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656–1668 4. Determine what kind of information may be missing from the primary source. Practicing the Skill 1. How can you tell the source contains firsthand knowledge of the elephant fight? 2. Who has the author’s sympathy? How can you tell? 3. What information from the source did you find valuable? What about the topic of elephant fights would you still like to learn? Find a firsthand account of a recent event or a historical event. Evaluate its validity and usefulness as a primary source. Skills Handbook R31 PRIMARY SOURCES & Literature Library LIBRARY An Egyptian Father’s Advice to His Son The Burning of Books Plague in Athens From the Iliad Muhammad’s Wife Remembers the Prophet A Woman May Need to Have the Heart of a Man The Buddha’s Sermon Five Poems A Reformation Debate The Silk Industry in China Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen From Candide R34 R35 R35 R36 R38 R39 R39 R40 R42 R43 R43 R44 Imperial Decree to Free the Serfs The Unfortunate Situation of Working Women The Impact of British Rule in India From Shooting an Elephant An American Soldier Remembers World War I Gandhi Takes the Path of Civil Disobedience The Holocaust—The Camp Victims From A Room of One’s Own Progress Never Stops An Ideal for Which I Am Prepared to Die China’s Gilded Age “Civil Peace”, from Girls at War and Other Stories R46 R47 R47 R48 R50 R51 R51 R52 R54 R55 R55 R56 What Is It and How Do I Use It? Checking Your Sources The primary sources as defined here are written testimony or documents from a particular era in history or about an important development. The source may be the writings of a noted historian or political leader, or it may be from the diary of someone who lived at the time and recorded the events of the day. Reading primary sources is an excellent way to understand how and why people believed and acted as they did in the past. While many people might have written down their stories or beliefs, the sources chosen here are from witnesses who were close to events or especially sensitive to them. When you read primary or secondary sources, you should analyze them to determine if they are dependable or reliable. Historians usually prefer primary sources to secondary sources, but both can be reliable or unreliable, depending on the following factors. Time Span With primary sources, it is important to consider how much time passed from the date the event occurred to the date that the primary source was written. Generally, the longer the time span between the event and the account, the less reliable the account is. As time passes, people often forget details and fill in gaps with events that never took place. Although we like to think we remember things exactly as they happened, the fact is, we often remember them very differently than they occurred. Reliability Another factor to consider when evaluating a primary source is the writer’s background and reliability. When reading a historical document, try to determine if the statements and information can be proved. If the information can be verified as true by independent sources, then it probably is fact. Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY Opinions When evaluating a primary source, you should also decide whether or not the account has been influenced by emotion, opinion, or exaggeration. Writers sometimes distort the truth to suit their personal purposes. Ask yourself: Why did the person write the account? Do any words or expressions reveal the author’s emotions or opinions? Again, you may wish to compare the account with another primary source document about the same event. If the two accounts differ, ask yourself why they differ and then conduct your own outside research to determine which account can be verified by other authoritative sources. Interpreting Primary Sources To help you analyze a primary source, use the following steps: • Examine the origins of the document. ▲ You need to determine if it is indeed a primary source. Prussian soldiers • Find the main ideas. LIBRARY Read the document and summarize the main ideas in your own words. • Reread the document. Difficult ideas and historical documents are not always easily understood on the first reading. • Use a variety of resources. Use a dictionary, an encyclopedia, and maps to further your understanding of the topic. These resources are tools to help you discover new ideas and knowledge and check the validity of sources. ▲ Polish children at Auschwitz Primary Sources and Literature Library (t) CORBIS, (b) Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum R33 PRIMARY SOURCES Reader’s Dictionary fraud: deception imperial: relating to the empire or the emperor archives: official documents that are preserved for historical or public use LIBRARY discourse: discussion decree: an order that has the force of law calamity: distress or misery U pper-class Egyptians enjoyed compiling collections of wise sayings to provide guidance for leading an upright and successful life. This excerpt from The Instruction of the Vizier Ptah-hotep dates from around 2450 B.C. Then he said to his son: If you are a leader commanding the affairs of the many, seek out for yourself every good deed, until it may be that your own affairs are without wrong. Justice is great, and it is lasting; it has been disturbed since the time of him who made it, whereas there is punishment for him who passes over its laws. Wrongdoing has never brought its undertaking into port. It may be that it is fraud that gains riches, but the strength of justice is that it lasts . . . . If you are a man of standing who is pleasing to god, if he is correct and inclines toward your ways and listens to your instruction, while his manners in your house are fitting, and if he takes care of your property as it should be, seek out for him every useful action. He is your son, . . . you should not cut your heart off from him. If he [the son] goes astray and does not carry out your instruction, so that his manners in your household are wretched, and he rebels against all that you say, while his mouth runs on in the most wretched talk, quite apart from his experience, while he possesses nothing, you should cast him off: he is not your son at all. He was not really born to you . . . He is one whom god has condemned in the very womb. This rendition of an Egyptian father teaching his son is on the wall of the Tomb of Sennedjem. ▲ Prehistory–A.D. 500 AN EGYPTIAN FATHER’S ADVICE TO HIS SON Art Archive/Dagli Orti The First Civilizations and Empires PLAGUE IN ATHENS THE BURNING OF BOOKS L i Su was a chief minister of the First Qin Emperor. A follower of Legalism, he hoped to eliminate all rival theories of government. ▲ hucydides (471–c. 400 B.C.) is regarded as the first scientific historian. In his account of the plague that broke out in Athens in 430 B.C., Thucydides simply presents the facts, describing the disease’s symptoms and impact on the city itself. . . . Externally, the body was not so very warm to the touch; it was not pale, but reddish, livid, and breaking out in small blisters and ulcers. But internally it was consumed by such a heat that the patients could not bear to have on them the lightest coverings or linen sheets. . . . The Athenians suffered further hardships owing to the crowding into the city of the people from the country districts; and this affected the new arrivals especially. For since no houses were available for them and they had to live in huts that were stifling in the hot season, they perished in wild disorder. Bodies of dying men lay one upon another, and half-dead people rolled about in the streets and, in their longing for water, near all the fountains. . . . The calamity which weighed upon them was so overpowering that men became careless of all law, sacred as well as profane. And the customs which they had hitherto observed regarding burial were all thrown into confusion, and they buried their dead each one as he could. . . . LIBRARY Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of Qin, be burned. All persons in the empire, except members of the Academy of Learned Scholars, in possession of the Book of Odes, the Book of History, and discourses of the hundred philosophers [including Confucius] should take them to the local governors and have them burned. Those who dare to talk to each other about the Book of Odes and the Book of History should be executed and their bodies exposed in the market place. Anyone referring to the past to criticize the present should, together with all members of his family, be put to death. Officials who fail to report cases that have come under their attention are equally guilty. After thirty days from the time of issuing the decree, those who have not destroyed their books are to be branded and sent to build the Great Wall. Books not to be destroyed will be those on medicine and pharmacy, agriculture and arboriculture [the cultivation of trees and shrubs]. People wishing to pursue learning should take the officials as their teachers. T Chinese scroll 1. Evaluating Does any part of the Egyptian father’s advice have value today for sons or daughters? Be specific and support your answer. 2. Drawing Conclusions Why did Li Su think that burning books would eliminate all rival theories of government? 3. Listing What hardships did newcomers to Athens face during the time of the plague? Primary Sources and Literature Library (l) Réunion des Musées Nationaux /Art Resource, NY, (r) Scala/Art Resource, NY R35 The First Civilizations and Empires Prehistory–A.D. 500 World Literature LIBRARY ▲ Homer About the Author Homer is probably one of the best known figures to have emerged from Greek antiquity. Writing in the eighth century B.C., Homer’s most famous works are the Iliad and the Odyssey. These works mark the beginnings of Greek literature and are used as models even in contemporary work. The Iliad is the story of the Trojan War, and the Odyssey recounts the challenges of one Greek hero, Odysseus (also known as “Ulysses”), in returning to his homeland. Reader’s Dictionary By Homer, translated by Samuel Butler I n the Iliad, Hektor was the Trojans’ hero and son of King Priam. Achilles, the Greeks’ hero, was the son of Peleus. Hektor killed Achilles’ friend Patroklos, and Achilles was determined to avenge the death. Hektor was first to speak. “I will no longer flee you, son of Peleus,” said he, “as I have been doing hitherto. . . .[Let] me either slay or be slain, for I am in the mind to face you. Let us, then, give pledges to one another by our gods; . . . [that if] I take your life, I am not to treat your dead body in any unseemly fashion, but when I have stripped you of your armor, I am to give up your body to the Achaeans, And do you likewise.” Achilles glared at him and answered, “Fool . . . [there] can be no covenants between men and lions, wolves and lambs can never be of one mind, but hate each other out and out. . . . Therefore there can be no understanding between you and me . . . till one or other shall fall. . . . You have no more chance, and Pallas Athena will forthwith vanquish you by my spear: you shall now pay me in full for the grief you have caused me on account of my comrades whom you have killed in battle.” He poised his spear as he spoke and hurled it. Hektor saw it coming and avoided it; he watched it and crouched down so that it flew over his head and stuck in the ground beyond; Athena then snatched it up and gave it back to Achilles without Hektor’s seeing her; Hektor thereon said . . . “You have missed your aim, Achilles. . . . [And] now for your own part avoid my spear if you can—would that you might receive the whole of it into ▲ covenant: a binding agreement or promise spoil: to plunder from an enemy in war FROM THE ILIAD R36 Primary Sources and Literature Library (t) Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b) Alinari/Art Resource, NY Athena you low. The Achaeans shall give him all due funeral rites, while dogs and vultures shall work their will upon yourself.” Then Hektor said, as the life-breath ebbed out of him, “I pray you . . . , let not dogs devour me at the ships of the Achaeans, but accept the rich treasure of gold and bronze which my father and mother will offer you, and send my body home, that the Trojans and their wives may give me my dues of fire when I am dead.” Achilles glared at him and answered, “Dog . . . [though] Priam . . . should bid them offer me your weight in gold, even so your mother shall never lay you out and make lament over the son she bore, but dogs and vultures shall eat you utterly up.” Hektor with his dying breath then said, “I know you what you are, and was sure that I should not move you, for your heart is hard as iron. . . .” When he had thus said the shrouds of death’s final outcome enfolded him, whereon his life-breath went out of him and flew down to the house of Hades, lamenting its sad fate that it should enjoy youth and strength no longer. LIBRARY your body; if you were once dead the Trojans would find the war an easier matter, for it is you who have harmed them most.” He poised his spear as he spoke and hurled it. His aim was sure for he hit the middle of Achilles’ shield, but the spear rebounded from it, and did not pierce it. Hektor was angry when he saw that the weapon had sped from his hand in vain, and stood there in dismay for he had no second spear. . . . [Then] he said to himself, “Alas! The gods have lured me on to my destruction. . . . [Death] is now indeed exceedingly near at hand and there is no way out of it. . . . My doom has come upon me; let me not then die ingloriously and without a struggle, but let me first do some great thing that shall be told among men hereafter.” As he spoke he drew the keen blade that hung so great and strong by his side, and gathering himself together he sprang on Achilles . . . . Achilles mad with rage darted towards him. . . . He eyed [Hektor’s] fair flesh over and over to see where he could best wound it, but all was protected by the goodly armor of which Hektor had spoiled Patroklos after he had slain him, save only the throat where the collar-bones divide the neck from the shoulders, and this is the quickest place for the lifebreath to escape: here then did Achilles strike him as he was coming on towards him, and the point of his spear went right through the fleshy part of the neck, but it did not sever his windpipe so that he could still speak. Hektor fell headlong, and Achilles vaunted over him saying, “Hektor, you deemed that you should come off scatheless when you were spoiling Patroklos. . . . Fool that you were: for I, his comrade, mightier far than he, was still left behind him at the ships, and now I have laid 1. Describing How does Achilles plan to avenge his friend Patroklos’ death beyond killing Hektor? 2. Explaining Explain Achilles’ concern with Hektor’s armor. 3. Interpreting What does Hektor’s last request reveal about Greek attitudes towards death? Applications Activity Outline a story for a modern epic. Who would be your hero and why? Primary Sources and Literature Library Hervé Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY R37 New Patterns of Civilization A.D. 400–1500 PRIMARY SOURCES Reader’s Dictionary cobble: to repair shoes accrue: to happen as a direct result of some LIBRARY other action err: to make mistakes remonstrate: to scold or reproach lamentation: an expression of mourning ▲ Woman playing a lute R38 Scala/Art Resource, NY Primary Sources and Literature Library MUHAMMAD’S WIFE REMEMBERS THE PROPHET W hat kind of man was Muhammad that he could achieve such profound changes in Arab civilization? This description comes from his wife, Ayesha, the daughter of Abu Bakr. When Ayesha was questioned about Muhammad she used to say: He was a man just such as yourselves. He laughed often and smiled much. He would mend his clothes and cobble his shoes. He used to help me in my household duties; but what he did oftenest was to sew. If he had the choice between two matters, he would choose the easiest, so long as no sin could accrue therefrom. He never took revenge excepting where the honor of God was concerned. When angry with anyone, he would say, “What hath taken such a one that he should soil his forehead in the mud.” His humility was shown by his accepting the invitation even of slaves. . . . He would say: “I sit at meals as a servant does and I eat like a servant. For I really am a servant.” Muhammad hated nothing more than lying. Whenever he knew that any of his followers had erred in this respect, he would hold himself aloof from them until he was assured of their repentance. He did not speak rapidly, running the words into one another, but enunciated each syllable distinctly, so that what he said was imprinted in the memory of everyone who heard him. He used to stand for such a long time at his prayers that his legs would swell. When remonstrated, he said: “What! Shall I not behave as a thankful servant should?” He refused to accept presents that had been offered as alms. Neither would he allow anyone in his family to use what had been brought as alms. “For,” said he, “alms are the impurity of mankind.” C hristine de Pizan was widowed at age 25. She supported her three children by copying manuscripts, compiling a manual of instructions for knights, and writing books. The following is from her 1405 work, The Treasure of the City of Ladies. A wandering Buddhist sage THE BUDDHA’S SERMON S iddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, gave sermons in India, which were written down after 250 B.C. An excerpt from one of these follows. 1. Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of pain: birth is painful, old age is painful, sickness is painful, death is painful, sorrow, lamentation, dejection, and despair are painful. Contact with unpleasant things is painful, not getting what one wishes is painful. In short the five khandhas of grasping are painful. 2. Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the cause of pain: that craving which leads to rebirth, combined with pleasure and lust, finding pleasure here and there, namely, the craving for passion, the craving for existence, the craving for non-existence. 3. Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of pain: the cessation without a remainder of that craving, abandonment, forsaking, release, non-attachment. 4. Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the way that leads to the cessation of pain: this is the noble Eightfold Path. . . . LIBRARY It is the responsibility of every baron to spend the least possible time at his manors and his own estate, for his duties are to bear arms, to attend the court of his prince and to travel. Now, his lady stays behind and must take his place. . . . Her men should be able to rely on her for all kinds of protection in the absence of their lord. . . . She ought to know how to use weapons and be familiar with everything that pertains to them, so that she may be ready to command her men if the need arises. She should know how to launch an attack or to defend against one. In addition she will do well to be a very good manager of the estate. . . . She will busy herself around the house; she will find plenty of orders to give. She will have the animals brought in at the right time [and] take care how the shepherd looks after them. . . . In the winter-time, she will have her men cut her willow groves and make vine props to sell in the season. She will never let them be idle. . . . She will employ her women . . . to attend to the livestock, . . . [and] to weed the courtyards. . . . There is a great need to run an estate well, and the one who is most diligent and careful about it is more than wise and ought to be highly praised. ▲ Peter Willi/SuperStock A WOMAN MAY NEED TO HAVE THE HEART OF A MAN 1. Describing According to Ayesha, what kind of man was Muhammad? Did he behave like a ruler? 2. Identifying What are some of the duties and responsibilities of the medieval gentlewoman, according to Christine de Pizan’s account? 3. Summarizing According to the Buddha, what is the cause of pain? Primary Sources and Literature Library R39 New Patterns of Civilization A.D. 400–1500 World Literature FIVE POEMS By Li Bo I n the following poems, Li Bo interprets parting from a friend, life as a journey, and his experience with his homeland. Taking Leave of a Friend Blue mountains to the north of the walls, White river winding about them; Here we must make separation And go out through a thousand miles of dead grass. LIBRARY ▲ Mind like a floating wide cloud, Sunset like the parting of old acquaintances Who bow over their clasped hands at a distance. Our horses neigh to each other as we are departing. Li Bo About the Author Li Bo was born in A.D. 701 in western China. People began praising his beautiful poems even before he reached adulthood. Throughout his life he traveled extensively in China, amazing people with his ability to compose insightful, touching poems. He wrote about the world around him, the people he met, and the emotions he felt. By the time of his death in A.D. 762, he was regarded as one of China’s greatest poets, a distinction he still holds today. Clearing at Dawn The fields are chill, the sparse rain has stopped; The colours of Spring teem on every side. With leaping fish the blue pond is full; With singing thrushes the green boughs droop. The flowers of the field have dabbled their powdered cheeks; The mountain grasses are bent level at the waist. By the bamboo stream the last fragment of cloud Blown by the wind slowly scatters away. Reader’s Dictionary sparse: few and scattered thrush: a type of small to medium sized bird ▲ that is an excellent singer brooklet: a small brook or creek R40 Primary Sources and Literature Library (t) Mary Evans Picture Library, (b) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Edward Elliott Family Collection. Purchase, The Dillon Fund Gift, 1982. 1982.2.2 This painting is titled Spring Dawn Over Elixir Terrace. Hard Is the Journey Gold vessels of fine wines, thousands a gallon, Jade dishes of rare meats, costing more thousands, I lay my chopsticks down, no more can banquet, And draw my sword and stare wildly about me: Listening to a Flute in Yellow Crane Pavilion I came here a wanderer thinking of home remembering my far away Ch’ang-an. And then, from deep in Yellow Crane Pavilion, I heard a beautiful bamboo flute play “Falling Plum Blossoms.” It was late spring in a city by the river. Ice bars my way to cross the Yellow River, Snows from dark skies to climb the T’ai-hang Mountains! At peace I drop a hook into a brooklet, At once I’m in a boat but sailing sunward . . . So when a breeze breaks waves, bringing fair weather, I set a cloud for sails, cross the blue oceans! ▲ Landscape of the Four Seasons by Shen shih-Ch’ung LIBRARY (Hard is the Journey, Hard is the Journey, So many turnings, And now where am I?) In the Mountains on a Summer Day Gently I stir a white feather fan, With open shirt sitting in a green wood. I take off my cap and hang it on a jutting stone; A wind from the pine-tree trickles on my bare head. 1. Identifying What detail in “Taking Leave of a Friend” reveals a custom in Li Bo’s times? 2. Interpreting What is the meaning of the last line of “Listening to a Flute in Yellow Crane Pavilion”? 3. Drawing Conclusions Li Bo describes beauty and peace and luxury in “Hard Is the Journey”. Why does he call the journey “hard”? Applications Activity Write a poem describing your hometown. Make sure to include a description of something unique to that area. Primary Sources and Literature Library Burstein Collection/CORBIS R41 The Early Modern World A REFORMATION DEBATE I n 1529 Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli debated over the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, or Communion. 1350–1815 PRIMARY SOURCES Reader’s Dictionary LIBRARY contention: point made in an argument Scripture: passage from the Bible revered: honored or respected hemp: a fiber from the mulberry bush imprescriptible: cannot be taken away by law ▲ R42 ▲ Ulrich Zwingli Martin Luther Primary Sources and Literature Library (t) Stock Montage, (b) Art Archive/University Library Geneva/Dagli Orti LUTHER: Although I have no intention of changing my mind, which is firmly made up, I will nevertheless present the grounds of my belief and show where the others are in error. . . .Your basic contentions are these: In the last analysis you wish to prove that a body cannot be in two places at once, and you produce arguments about the unlimited body which are based on natural reason. I do not question how Christ can be God and man and how the two natures can be joined. For God is more powerful than all our ideas, and we must submit to his word. Prove that Christ’s body is not there where the Scripture says, “This is my body!” God is beyond all mathematics and the words of God are to be revered and carried out in awe. It is God who commands, “Take, eat, this is my body.” I request, therefore, valid scriptural proof to the contrary. ZWINGLI: I insist that the words of the Lord’s Supper must be figurative. This is ever apparent, and even required by the article of faith; “taken up into heaven, seated at the right hand of the Father.” Otherwise, it would be absurd to look for him in the Lord’s Supper at the same time that Christ is telling us that he is in heaven. One and the same body cannot possibly be in different places. . . . LUTHER: I call upon you as before: your basic contentions are shaky. Give way, and give glory to God! ZWINGLI: And we call upon you to give glory to God and to quit begging the question! The issue at stake is this: Where is the proof of your position? LUTHER: It is your point that must be proved, not mine. But let us stop this sort of thing. It serves no purpose. ZWINGLI: It certainly does! It is for you to prove that the passage in John 6 speaks of a physical meal. LUTHER: You express yourself poorly. . . . You’re going nowhere. THE SILK INDUSTRY IN CHINA D uring the 1600s Sung Ying-Hsing wrote a book on Chinese industry called T’ien-kung K’ai-wu (Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century), which included sections on the production of silk. ▲ Emperor’s robe, Qing dynasty O lympe de Gouges composed her own Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791. Following are excerpts. 1. Woman is born free and lives as equal to man in her rights. Social distinctions can be based only on the common utility. 2. The purpose of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of woman and man; these rights are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression. . . . 4. Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason. . . . 6. The law must be . . . the same for all: male and female citizens. . . . 7. No woman is an exception; she is accused, arrested, and detained in cases determined by law. Women, like men, obey this rigorous law. . . . 11. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of woman, since that liberty assured the recognition of children by their fathers. . . . 1. Drawing Conclusions Was a conclusion reached in the debate presented between Luther and Zwingli? 2. Listing According to Sung Ying-Hsing, from what two sources was all clothing made? 3. Defending Olympe de Gouges states that free communication of thoughts is one of the most precious rights of women. Do you agree or disagree? Primary Sources and Literature Library Lowe Art Museum/SuperStock LIBRARY . . . Members of the aristocracy are clothed in flowing robes decorated with patterns of magnificent mountain dragons, and they are rulers of the country. Those of lowly stations would be dressed in hempen jackets and cotton garments to protect themselves from the cold winter and cover their nakedness in summer, in order to distinguish themselves from the birds and beasts. Therefore nature has provided the materials for clothing. Of these, the vegetable [plant] ones are cotton, hemp, meng hemp, and creeper hemp; those derived from birds, animals, and insects are furs, woolens, silk, and spun silk. . . . But, although silk looms are to be found in all parts of the country, how many persons have actually seen the remarkable functioning of the draw-loom: Such words as “orderly government” [chih, i.e., the word used in silk reeling], “chaos” [luan, i.e., when the fibers are entangled], “knowledge or good policy” [ching-lun, i.e., the warp thread and the woven pattern] are known by every schoolboy, but is it not regrettable that he should never see the actual things that gave rise to these words? DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN AND THE FEMALE CITIZEN R43 The Early Modern World 1350–1815 ▲ LIBRARY World Literature Voltaire About the Author Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694. He assumed the pen name “Voltaire” in 1718. Voltaire was a critical and satiric writer who used his wit to attack both church and state. Candide is one of Voltaire’s most brilliant and most well-known works. Reader’s Dictionary bulwark: strong support or protection summarily: without delay or formality R44 Primary Sources and Literature Library Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY FROM CANDIDE By Voltaire C andide has been taught that “everything is for the best.” However, his adventures usually prove the opposite. Here, he has just been cast out of a castle. The “men in blue” he meets are army recruiters for Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, who was at war with the French when Voltaire wrote Candide. Candide . . . dragged himself into the neighboring village, which was called Waldberghofftrarbkdikdorff; he was penniless, famished, and exhausted. At the door of a tavern he paused forlornly. Two men dressed in blue [Prussian soldiers] took note of him: —Look, chum, said one of them, there’s a likely young fellow of just about the right size. They approached Candide and invited him very politely to dine with them. —Gentlemen, Candide replied with charming modesty, I’m honored by your invitation, but I really don’t have enough money to pay my share. —My dear sir, said one of the blues, people of your appearance and your merit don’t have to pay; aren’t you five feet five inches tall? —Yes, gentlemen, that is indeed my stature, said he, making a bow. —Then, sire, you must be seated at once; not only will we pay your bill this time, we will never allow a man like you to be short of money; for men were made only to render one another mutual aid. —You are quite right, said Candide; it is just as Dr. Pangloss always told me, and I see clearly that everything is for the best. They beg him to accept a couple of crowns, he takes them, and offers an I.O.U.; they won’t hear of it, and all sit down at table together. —Don’t you love dearly . . .? —I do indeed, says he, I dearly love Miss Cunégonde. LIBRARY ing for the third beating, Candide, who could —No, no, says one of the gentlemen, we are endure no more, begged as a special favor that asking if you don’t love dearly the King of the they would have the goodness to smash his Bulgars [Frederick the Great]. head. His plea was granted; they bandaged —Not in the least, says he, I never laid eyes his eyes and made him kneel down. The King on him. of the Bulgars [Frederick the Great], passing —What’s that you say? He’s the most by at this moment, was told of the culprit’s charming of kings, and we must drink his crime; and as this king had a rare genius, he health. understood, from everything they told him —Oh, gladly, gentlemen; and he drinks. of Candide, that this was a young metaphy—That will do, they tell him; you are now sician, extremely ignorant of the ways of the bulwark, the support, the defender, the the world, so he granted his royal pardon, hero of the Bulgars; your fortune is made and with a generosity which will be praised your future assured. in every newspaper in every age. A Promptly they slip irons on his legs worthy surgeon cured Candide in and lead him to the regiment. There three weeks with the ointments they cause him to right face, left described by Dioscorides. He alface, present arms, order arms, ready had a bit of skin back and aim, fire, doubletime, and they was able to walk when the King give him thirty strokes of the of the Bulgars went to war with rod. Next day he does the drill the King of the Abares. a little less awkwardly and gets Nothing could have been so only twenty strokes; the third fine, so brisk, so brilliant, so wellday, they give him only ten, and drilled as the two armies. The he is regarded by his comrades as trumpets, the fifes, the oboes, the a prodigy. drums, and the cannon produced Candide, quite thunderstruck, such a harmony as was never heard did not yet understand very clearly how he was a hero. One fine spring ▲ Frederick the Great, in hell. First the cannons battered down about six thousand men on morning he took it into his head to king of Prussia each side; then volleys of musket fire go for a walk, stepping straight out removed from the best of worlds about nine as if it were a privilege of the human race, or ten thousand rascals who were cluttering as of animals in general, to use his legs as he up its surface. chose. He had scarcely covered two leagues when four other heroes [Prussian soldiers], each six feet tall, overtook him, bound him, and threw him into a dungeon. At the court1. Explaining Explain the irony of the solmartial they asked which he preferred, to be diers’ statement, “your fortune is made flogged thirty-six times by the entire regiment and your future assured.” or to receive summarily a dozen bullets in 2. Making Connections Why is Candide the brain. In vain did he argue that the human punished? How does this relate to the will is free and insist that he preferred neither philosophy of the Enlightenment? alternative; he had to choose; by virtue of the 3. Analyzing What is Voltaire’s attitude divine gift called “liberty” he decided to run toward the “King of the Bulgars”? the gauntlet thirty-six times, and actually endured two floggings. The regiment was Applications Activity composed of two thousand men. That made Write a satirical piece criticizing something four thousand strokes. As they were preparabout a television show or movie. Remember that a satire does not directly attack but criticizes by showing how ridiculous something is. Primary Sources and Literature Library Art Archive/Musée du Chateau de Versailles/Dagli Orti R45 An Era of European Imperialism 1800–1914 PRIMARY SOURCES Reader’s Dictionary autocrat: a monarch who rules with unlimited LIBRARY authority close: an enclosed area of land abject: existing in a low state or condition infanticide: killing an infant resuscitation: restoration or renewal ▲ R46 Czar Alexander II Primary Sources and Literature Library Hulton Archive/Getty Images IMPERIAL DECREE TO FREE THE SERFS I n 1861 the Russian czar Alexander II issued the Emancipation Manifesto, an imperial decree to free his country’s serfs. By the grace of God, we, Alexander II, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc., to all our faithful subjects, make known: Examining the condition of classes and professions comprising the state, we became convinced that the present state legislation favors the upper and middle classes, . . . but does not equally favor the serfs. . . . These facts had already attracted the attention of our predecessors, and they had adopted measures aimed at improving the conditions of the peasants. But decrees on free farmers and serfs have been carried out on a limited scale only. We thus came to the conviction that the work of a serious improvement of the condition of the peasants was a sacred inheritance bequeathed to us by our ancestors, a mission which, in the course of events Divine Providence called upon us to fulfill. . . . In virtue of the new dispositions above mentioned, the peasants attached to the soil will be invested within a term fixed by the law with all the rights of free cultivators. . . . At the same time, they are granted the right of purchasing their close, and, with the consent of the proprietors, they may acquire in full property the arable lands and other appurtenances [rights of way] which are allotted to them as a permanent holding. By the acquisition in full property of the quantity of land fixed, the peasants are free from their obligations towards the proprietors for land thus purchased, and they enter definitely into the condition of free peasants-landholders. THE UNFORTUNATE SITUATION OF WORKING WOMEN T his article was published in L’Atelier, a Parisian workingman’s newspaper, in 1842. I n 1871 Dadabhai Naoroji commented on the benefits and the problems of British rule in India. Benefits of British Rule: In the Cause of Humanity: Abolition of suttee and infanticide. Civilization: Education, both male and female. . . . Resuscitation of India’s own noble literature. Politically: Peace and order. Freedom of speech and liberty of the press. . . . Improvement of government in the native states. Security of life and property. Freedom from oppression. . . . Materially: Loans for railways and irrigation. Development of a few valuable products, such as indigo, tea, coffee, silk, etc. Increase of exports. Telegraphs. The Detriments of British Rule: In the Cause of Humanity: Nothing. Civilization: [T]here has been a failure to do as much as might have been done. Politically: Repeated breach of pledges to give the natives a fair and reasonable share in the higher administration of their own country, . . . an utter disregard of the feelings and views of the natives. Financially: [N]ew modes of taxation, without any adequate effort to increase the means of the people to pay. Summary: British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other; materially, impoverishment. . . . Our great misfortune is that you do not know our wants. When you will know our real wishes, I have not the least doubt that you would do justice. The genius and spirit of the British people is fair play and justice. LIBRARY Although women’s work is less productive for society than that of men, it does, nevertheless, have a certain value, and, moreover, there are professions that only women can practice. For these, women are indispensable. . . . It is these very workers in all these necessary trades who earn the least and who are subject to the longest layoffs. Since for so much work they earn only barely enough to live from day to day, it happens that during times of unemployment they sink into abject poverty. Who has not heard of the women silkworkers’ dirty, unhealthy, and badly paid work; of the women in the spinning and weaving factories working fourteen to sixteen hours (except for one hour for both meals); always standing, without a single minute for repose, putting forth an enormous amount of effort. And many of them have to walk a league or more, morning and evening, to get home. Nor should we neglect to mention the danger that exists merely from working in these large factories, surrounded by wheels, gears, enormous leather belts that always threaten to seize you and pound you to pieces. The existence of women who work as day laborers, and are obliged to abandon . . . the care of their children to indifferent neighbors is no better. . . . We believe that the condition of women will never really improve until workingmen can earn enough to support their families, which is only fair. Woman is so closely linked to man that the position of the one cannot be improved without reference to the position of the other. THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA 1. Explaining Why does Czar Alexander II free the serfs? 2. Identifying Points of View What is the attitude of the L’Atelier writer toward women and women’s work? Is the author of the article likely to be a woman or a man? What makes you think so? 3. Summarizing Summarize the benefits and problems of British rule in India. Primary Sources and Literature Library R47 An Era of European Imperialism 1800–1914 LIBRARY World Literature ▲George Orwell About the Author George Orwell was the pen name of English author Eric Arthur Blair, who was born in Motihari, India, on June 25, 1903. Although born in India, he was educated in England. He lived for 46 years, and during that time, he wrote many influential essays, novels, and newspaper articles. His two most famous works are 1984 and Animal Farm, both of which are commentaries against totalitarianism. Reader’s Dictionary mahout: a keeper and driver of an elephant dominion: rule, control sahib: title meaning “sir” or “master” FROM SHOOTING AN ELEPHANT By George Orwell G eorge Orwell served for several years as an assistant superintendent in the Indian Imperial Police but resigned due to his distaste of imperialism. In Shooting an Elephant, he describes an incident that happened to him, and he satirizes the problems of colonial rule. I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant—it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of machinery—and obviously one ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided. And at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. I thought then and I think now that his attack of “must” was already passing off; in which case he would merely wander harmlessly about until the mahout came back and caught him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I would watch him for a little while to make sure that he did not turn savage again, and then go home. But at that moment I glanced round at the crowd that had followed me. It was an immense crowd, two thousand at the least and growing every minute. It blocked the road for a long distance on either side. I looked at the sea of yellow faces above the garish clothes—faces all happy and excited over this bit of fun, all certain that the elephant was going to be shot. They were watching me as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a trick. They R48 Primary Sources and Literature Library Hulton Archive/Getty Images ▲ Colonial hunter Working elephants, 1890s . . . But I did not want to shoot the elephant. . . . The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmese would see me trampled on, and reduced to a grinning corpse. And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would laugh. That would never do. There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim. The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theater curtain go up at last, breathed from innumerable throats. They were going to have their bit of fun after all. . . . When I pulled the trigger I did not hear the bang or feel the kick—one never does when a shot goes home—but I heard the devilish roar of glee that went up from the crowd. . . . You could see the agony of it jolt [the elephant’s] whole body and knock the last remnant of strength from his legs. . . . In the end I could not stand it any longer and went away. I heard later that it took him half an hour to die. . . . . . . I often wondered whether any of the others grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool. LIBRARY did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward irresistibly. And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that I first grasped the hollowness, the futility of the white man’s dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd—seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind. I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the “natives,” and so in every crisis he has got to do what the “natives” expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to doing it when I sent for the rifle. A sahib has got to act like a sahib; he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things. To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing—no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man’s life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at. 1. Drawing Conclusions Why does the narrator ultimately decide that he must shoot the elephant? 2. Recognizing Bias What does this story reveal about Orwell’s attitudes about imperialism? How can you tell? 3. Explaining According to Orwell in this piece, who held the power in colonial India? ▲ Applications Activity Write a narrative account of an incident when you felt people were pushing you to act in opposition to your original intentions. Primary Sources and Literature Library Mary Evans Picture Library R49 The TwentiethCentury Crisis 1914–1945 PRIMARY SOURCES Reader’s Dictionary parapet: wall of earth piled on top of a trench snipers: people who shoot at exposed individuals from a concealed location civil disobedience: refusal to obey LIBRARY governmental demands exploitation: unfair use for one’s own advantage disarmament: reducing or eliminating weapons ▲Battle R50 Bridgeman Art Library of the Somme Primary Sources and Literature Library AN AMERICAN SOLDIER REMEMBERS WORLD WAR I A rthur Guy Empey reflects upon his experiences during World War I in the trenches in France. This is an excerpt from his book Over the Top. Suddenly, the earth seemed to shake and a thunderclap burst in my ears. I opened my eyes,—I was splashed all over with sticky mud, and men were picking themselves up from the bottom of the trench. The parapet on my left had toppled into the trench, completely blocking it with a wall of tossed-up earth. The man on my left lay still. . . . A German “Minnie” (trench mortar) had exploded in the [trench]. . . . Stretcher-bearers came up the trench on the double. After a few minutes of digging, three still, muddy forms on stretchers were carried down the communication trench to the rear. Soon they would be resting “somewhere in France,” with a little wooden cross over their heads. They had done their bit for King and Country, had died without firing a shot. . . . I was dazed and motionless. Suddenly a shovel was pushed into my hands, and a rough but kindly voice said: “Here, my lad, lend a hand clearing the trench, but keep your head down, and look out for snipers. . . .” Lying on my belly on the bottom of the trench, I filled sandbags with the sticky mud. . . . The harder I worked, the better I felt. Occasionally a bullet would crack overhead, and a machine gun would kick up the mud on the bashed-in parapet. At each crack I would duck and shield my face with my arm. One of the older men noticed this action of mine, and whispered: “Don’t duck at the crack of a bullet, Yank; the danger has passed,—you never hear the one that wings you. Always remember that if you are going to get it, you’ll get it, so never worry.” . . . [Days later] we received the cheerful news that at four in the morning we were to go over the top and take the German frontline trench. My heart turned to lead. GANDHI TAKES THE PATH OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE M ohandas Gandhi explains why British rule in India must end. A French doctor describes the victims of one of the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau during the Holocaust. It is mid-day, when a long line of women, children, and old people enter the yard. The senior official in charge . . . climbs on a bench to tell them that they are going to have a bath and that afterwards they will get a drink of hot coffee. They all undress in the yard. . . . The doors are opened and an indescribable jostling begins. The first people to enter the gas chamber begin to draw back. They sense the death which awaits them. The SS men put an end to the pushing and shoving with blows from their rifle butts beating the heads of the horrified women who are desperately hugging their children. The massive oak double doors are shut. For two endless minutes one can hear banging on the walls and screams which are no longer human. And then—not a sound. Five minutes later the doors are opened. The corpses, squashed together and distorted, fall out like a waterfall. The bodies which are still warm pass through the hands of the hairdresser who cuts their hair and the dentist who pulls out their gold teeth. . . . 1. Describing How did Arthur Empey feel and act during his time in the trenches of World War I? 2. Analyzing Why do you think Gandhi believed that nonviolent civil disobedience would encourage the British to free India? 3. Identifying Points of View What is the French doctor’s point of view about the events he describes at the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp? Primary Sources and Literature Library Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS LIBRARY Before embarking on civil disobedience and taking the risk I have dreaded to take all these years, I would fain approach you and find a way out. My personal faith is absolutely clear. I cannot intentionally hurt anything that lives, much less fellow human beings, even ▲ Mohandas Gandhi though they may do the greatest wrong to me and mine. Whilst, therefore, I hold the British rule to be a curse, I do not intend harm to a single Englishman or to any legitimate interest he may have in India. I must not be misunderstood. Though I hold the British rule in India to be a curse, I do not, therefore, consider Englishmen in general to be worse than any other people on earth. I have the privilege of claiming many Englishmen as dearest friends. Indeed much that I have learned of the evil of British rule is due to the writings of frank and courageous Englishmen who have not hesitated to tell the truth about that rule. And why do I regard British rule as a curse? It has impoverished the ignorant millions by a system of progressive exploitation and by a ruinously expensive military and civil administration which the country can never afford. It has reduced us politically to serfdom. It has sapped the foundations of our culture. And, by the policy of cruel disarmament, it has degraded us spiritually. Lacking the inward strength, we have been reduced . . . to a state bordering on cowardly helplessness. . . . THE HOLOCAUST— THE CAMP VICTIMS R51 The TwentiethCentury Crisis 1914–1945 World Literature Reader’s Dictionary ▲ LIBRARY agog: full of intense interest or excitement moon: to dream Virginia Woolf About the Author Virginia Woolf was born in 1882 in London. Her work changed the ways many modern novels were written. She used an experimental narrative technique known as stream of consciousness, in which characters are portrayed through their inner lives and thoughts without explanation from the writer. She is also known for her feminist writings. One of the most famous of these is A Room of One’s Own. Its title reflects her belief that a woman “must have money and a room of her own” in order to write. R52 Bettmann/CORBIS Primary Sources and Literature Library FROM A ROOM OF ONE’S OWN by Virginia Woolf V irginia Woolf was a fervent supporter of women’s rights. In A Room of One’s Own, she responds to those who would question the capabilities of women because there was no “female Shakespeare.” . . . Let me imagine, since facts are so hard to come by, what would have happened had Shakespeare had a wonderfully gifted sister, called Judith, let us say. Shakespeare himself went, very probably—his mother was an heiress—to the grammar school, where he may have learnt Latin—Ovid, Virgil and Horace—and the elements of grammar and logic. He was, it is well known, a wild boy who poached rabbits, perhaps shot a deer, and had, rather sooner than he should have done, to marry a woman in the neighbourhood, who bore him a child rather quicker than was right. That escapade sent him to seek his fortune in London. He had, it seemed, a taste for the theatre; he began by holding horses at the stage door. Very soon he got work in the theatre, became a successful actor, and lived at the hub of the universe, meeting everybody, knowing everybody, practising his art on the boards, exercising his wits in the street, and even getting access to the palace of the queen. Meanwhile his extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose, remained at home. She was as adventurous, as imaginative, as agog to see the world as he was. But she was not sent to school. She had no chance of learning grammar and logic, let alone of reading Horace and Virgil. She picked up a book now and then, one of her brother’s perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her parents came in and told her to mend the stockings or mind the stew and not moon about with books and papers. They would have spoken sharply but kindly, for they were substantial people who knew the conditions of life for a woman and loved in a tavern or roam the streets at midnight? Yet her genius was for fiction. . . . At last—for she was very young, oddly like Shakespeare the poet in her face, with the same grey eyes and rounded brows—at last Nick Greene the actor-manager took pity on her; [but] she . . . killed herself one winter’s night and lies buried at some cross-roads where the omnibuses now stop outside the Elephant and Castle. That, more or less, is how the story would run, I think, if a woman in Shakespeare’s day should have had Shakespeare’s genius. LIBRARY their daughter—indeed, more likely than not she was the apple of her father’s eye. Perhaps she scribbled some pages up in an apple loft on the sly, but was careful to hide them or set fire to them. Soon, however, before she was out of her teens, she was to be betrothed to the son of a neighbouring wool-stapler. She cried out that marriage was hateful to her, and for that she was severely beaten by her father. Then he ceased to scold her. He begged her instead not to hurt him, not to shame him in this matter of her marriage. He would give her a chain of beads or a fine petticoat, he said; and there were tears in his eyes. How could she disobey him? How could she break his heart? The force of her own gift alone drove her to it. She made up a small parcel of her belongings, let herself down by a rope one summer’s night and took the road to London. She was not seventeen. The birds that sang in the hedge were not more musical than she was. She had the quickest fancy, a gift like her brother’s, for the tune of words. Like him, she had a taste for the theatre. She stood at the stage door; she wanted to act, she said. Men laughed in her face. The manager—a fat, loose-lipped man—guffawed. He bellowed something about poodles dancing and women acting—no woman, he said could possibly be an actress. He hinted—you can imagine what. She could get no training in her craft. Could she even seek her dinner ▲ Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed at the Globe Theatre in London. William Shakespeare ▲ 1. Describing What were “the conditions of life for a woman” that made Judith’s parents scold her for attempting to read and write? 2. Drawing Conclusions What is Woolf’s conclusion about the possibility of a woman becoming Shakespeare? 3. Analyzing Why does Virginia Woolf have Shakespeare marry, but Shakespeare’s sister run away from marriage? Applications Activity What does a person today need to succeed as a writer or artist? Write a descriptive account to illustrate your argument. Primary Sources and Literature Library (l) Bettmann/CORBIS, (r) Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library R53 Toward a Global Civilization 1945–Present PRIMARY SOURCES Reader’s Dictionary reserve: a reservation; land set aside for use by a particular group squatters: those who settle on public land LIBRARY without rights or permission perturbation: major change or disturbance ▲ R54 Bettmann/CORBIS John Glenn Primary Sources and Literature Library PROGRESS NEVER STOPS I n 1962 John J. Glenn, Jr., was commander of the first U.S. crewed spacecraft to orbit the earth. Glenn spoke to a joint meeting of Congress six days after he returned from orbit. What did we learn from the flight? . . . The Mercury spacecraft and systems design concepts are sound and have now been verified during manned flight. We also proved that man can operate intelligently in space and can adapt rapidly to this new environment. Zero G or weightlessness appears to be no problem. As a matter of fact, lack of gravity is a rather fascinating thing. Objects within the cockpit can be parked in midair. For example, at one time during the flight, I was using a hand-held camera. Another system needed attention; so it seemed quite natural to let go of the camera, take care of the other chore, then reach out, grasp the camera, and go back about my business. There seemed to be little sensation of speed although the craft was traveling at about five miles per second—a speed that I too find difficult to comprehend. The view from that altitude defies description. The horizon colors are brilliant and sunsets are spectacular. It is hard to beat a day in which you are permitted the luxury of seeing four sunsets. . . . Our efforts today and what we have done so far are but small building blocks in a huge pyramid to come. But questions are sometimes raised regarding the immediate payoffs from our efforts. Explorations and the pursuit of knowledge have always paid dividends in the long run— usually far greater than anything expected at the outset. Experimenters with common, green mold, little dreamed what effect their discovery of penicillin would have. We are just probing the surface of the greatest advancements in man’s knowledge of his surroundings that has ever been made. . . . Knowledge begets knowledge. Progress never stops. AN IDEAL FOR WHICH I AM PREPARED TO DIE N elson Mandela gave this speech during his trial in South Africa in 1964. Following the trial, he was sentenced to life in prison. X iao-huang Yin recounts his trip through China in 1994. Recently I took a six-week journey across China. It was my first trip back since . . . 1985. In the course of my visit I saw—I felt—the perturbations of profound and chaotic social change. China’s stunning hurtle from a centrally planned economy to a free market has set off an economic explosion and generated tremendous prosperity. Its economic growth was 13 percent in 1993, and average personal income in urban areas had doubled since 1985. With the state-owned sector accounting for less than 30 percent of total economic output, the socialist system is becoming an empty shell. Across China the lines between the state and private economies are blurring. At the largest national department store in Shanghai, a symbol of Chinese socialist business, customers now bargain for better prices. The counters within the store have been contracted out to shop clerks, who decide the prices. Dual ownership has in essence turned this state enterprise into a private business. . . . Not everyone gets rich quick, but the economic boom has brought most urban Chinese a huge improvement in their standard of living. Color TV sets, refrigerators, and VCRs, considered luxuries when I lived in China, can be found in almost every working-class urban household—at least in the prosperous coastal cities. LIBRARY The whites enjoy what may well be the highest standard of living in the world, whilst Africans live in poverty and misery. Forty percent of the Africans live in hopelessly overcrowded and, in some cases, droughtstricken reserves, where soil erosion and the overworking of the soil make it impossible for them to live properly off the land. Thirty percent are labourers, labour tenants, and squatters on white farms. The other thirty percent live in towns where they have developed economic and social habits which bring them closer, in many respects, to white standards. Yet forty-six percent of all African families in Johannesburg do not earn enough to keep them going. The complaint of Africans, however, is not only that they are poor and whites are rich, but that the laws which are made by the whites are designed to preserve this situation. . . . During my lifetime I have dedicated my life to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But my lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. CHINA’S GILDED AGE 1. Identifying Central Issues What are the immediate and long-term “payoffs” of John Glenn’s 1962 space mission, according to his report to Congress? 2. Explaining What ideal does Nelson Mandela discuss? 3. Evaluating Why does Xiao-huang Yin believe that socialism is becoming an “empty shell” in China? Primary Sources and Literature Library R55 Toward a Global Civilization 1945–Present LIBRARY World Literature ▲ Chinua Achebe About the Author Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria and was christened Albert Chinualamogu. He rejected his British name while studying at the University College of Ibadan. Many of his works deal with the impact of Western values and culture on African society. He has done more than almost any other author to spread the understanding and influence of African literature worldwide. Reader’s Dictionary commandeer: to seize for military purposes Biro: a British term for a ballpoint pen raffia: fiber of a type of palm tree R56 Primary Sources and Literature Library (l) Ho/Suhrkamp/AP Images, (r) Greg Stott/Masterfile “CIVIL PEACE” FROM GIRLS AT WAR AND OTHER STORIES By Chinua Achebe “C ivil Peace” is one of the stories from Girls at War and Other Stories in which Achebe responds to the Nigerian civil war. The story takes place in the forests of Nigeria in 1970, just after the war has ended. Jonathan Iwegbu counted himself extraordinarily lucky. “Happy survival!” meant so much more to him than just a current fashion of greeting old friends in the first hazy days of peace. It went deep to his heart. He had come out of the war with five inestimable blessings—his head, his wife Maria’s head and the heads of three out of their four children. As a bonus he also had his old bicycle—a miracle too but naturally not to be compared to the safety of five human heads. The bicycle had a little history of its own. One day at the height of the war it was commandeered “for urgent military action.” Hard as its loss would have been to him he would still have let it go without a thought had he not had some doubts about the genuineness of the officer. It wasn’t his disreputable rags, nor the toes peeping out of one blue and one brown canvas shoes, nor yet the two stars of his rank done obviously in a hurry in Biro, that troubled Jonathan; many good and heroic soldiers looked the same or worse. It was LIBRARY things. He got a destitute carpenter with one rather a certain lack of grip and firmness in old hammer, a blunt plane and a few bent and his manner. So Jonathan, suspecting he might rusty nails in his tool bag to turn this assortbe amenable to influence, rummaged in his ment of wood, paper and metal into door and raffia bag and produced the two pounds with window shutters for five Nigerian shillings which he had been going to buy firewood or fifty Biafran pounds. He paid the pounds, which his wife, Maria, retailed to camp ofand moved in with his overjoyed family carficials for extra stock-fish and corn meal, and rying five heads on their shoulders. got his bicycle back. That night he buried it in the little clearing in the bush where the dead of the camp, including his own youngest son, were buried. When he dug it up again a year later after the surrender all it needed was a little palm-oil greasing. “Nothing puzzles God,” he said in wonder. He put it to immediate use as a taxi and accumulated a small pile of Biafran money ferrying camp officials and their families across the four-mile stretch to the nearest tarred road. His standard charge per trip was six pounds and those who had the money were only glad to be rid of some of it in this way. At the end of a fortnight he had made a small fortune of one hundred and fifteen pounds. Then he made the journey to Enugu and found another miracle waiting for him. It ▲ Children Dancing, c. 1948, by was unbelievable. He rubbed his eyes and Robert Gwathmey looked again and it was still standing there before him. But, needless to say, even that monumental blessing must be accounted also totally inferior to the five heads in the family. This newest miracle was his little house in Ogui Overside. Indeed nothing puzzles God! Only two houses away a huge concrete edifice some wealthy contractor had put up just before the war was a mountain of rubble. And here was Jonathan’s little zinc house of no regrets built 1. Drawing Conclusions What does Jonathan’s with mud blocks quite intact! Of encounter with the false officer reveal about the course the doors and windows were conditions of the war? missing and five sheets off the roof. 2. Identifying Biafra lost the civil war. What But what was that? And anyhow he clues in the text indicate this outcome? had returned to Enugu early enough 3. Evaluating Do you think it is effective for to pick up bits of old zinc and wood Achebe to discuss the war through an individand soggy sheets of cardboard lying ual account rather than as a direct discussion of the devastation created? Why or why not? around the neighborhood before thousands more came out of their Applications Activity forest holes looking for the same Choose a contemporary problem and describe it through the effect it has on an individual or family. Primary Sources and Literature Library The Butler Institute of American Art. R57 Glossary/ Glosario • • • • Content vocabulary terms in this glossary are words that relate to world history content. They are highlighted yellow in your text. Los términos del vocabulario de contenido de este glosario son palabras relacionadas con el contenido de historia mundial. Están resaltadas en amarillo en tu libro de texto. Words below that have an asterisk (*) are academic vocabulary terms. They help you understand your school subjects and are boldfaced in your text. Las palabras que tienen un asterisco (*) son términos del vocabulario académico. Ellas te ayudarán a comprender los temas escolares y están en negritas en tu libro de texto. ENGLISH ESPAÑOL GLOSSARY a R58 *abandoned: deserted (p. 352) *abandonado: desierto (pág. 352) abbess: the head of a convent (p. 306) abadesa: superiora de un convento (pág. 306) abolitionism: a movement to end slavery (p. 637) abolicionismo: movimiento para terminar con la esclavitud (pág. 637) absolutism: a political system in which a ruler holds total power (p. 464) absolutismo: sistema político en el que el gobernante mantiene un poder total (pág. 464) *abstract: a style of art, emerging around 1910, that spoke directly to the soul and avoided visual reality by using only lines and color (p. 676) *abstracto: estilo de arte, surgido alrededor de 1910, que habla directamente al alma y evita la realidad visual al utilizar solamente líneas y colores (pág. 676) *accurate: exact or right (p. 374) *preciso: exacto o correcto (pág. 374) *acquired: came into possession or control of (p. 273) *adquirir: obtener la posesión o el control de (pág. 273) acropolis: in early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings (p. 112) acrópolis: en las ciudades-estado de la antigua Grecia, lugar fortificado de reuniones en la cima de una montaña, donde en ocasiones había templos y edificios públicos (pág. 112) *administrative: relating to the execution of public affairs, as distinguished from policy making (p. 244) *administrativo: relacionado con la ejecución de asuntos públicos, a diferencia de la elaboración de políticas (pág. 244) *administrator: one who manages the affairs of a government or a business (p. 494) *administrador: el que dirige los asuntos de un gobierno o negocio (pág. 494) adobe: sun-dried brick (p. 371) adobe: ladrillo secado al sol (pág. 371) *advocate: support; speak in favor of (p. 662) *abogar: apoyar; hablar en favor de (pág. 662) Age of Pericles: the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power (p. 121) Era de Pericles: el período entre 461 a.C. y 429 a.C., cuando Pericles dominaba la política ateniense y Atenas alcanzó la cúspide de su poder (pág. 121) agora: in early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market (p. 112) ágora: en las ciudades-estado de la antigua Grecia, área abierta que servía como lugar de reunión y como mercado (pág. 112) agricultural society: a group of people whose economy is largely based on farming (p. 294) sociedad agrícola: grupo de personas cuya economía se basa principalmente en la agricultura (pág. 294) Glossary *aid • armada *ayuda: asistencia, ya sea en dinero o insumos (pág. 776) AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; caused by the HIV virus that is spread through bodily fluids and weakens the body’s immune system; AIDS is a worldwide problem (p. 989) sida: síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida; causado por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), que se transmite a través de los fluidos corporales y debilita el sistema inmunitario del organismo; el sida es un problema mundial (pág. 989) Allah: Arabic for “God”; the supreme god of Islam (p. 188) Alá: dios en árabe; el dios supremo en el islam (pág. 188) *amendment: an alteration proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure (p. 569) *enmienda: alteración propuesta o realizada por el parlamento o un procedimiento constitucional (pág. 569) anarchy: political disorder; lawlessness (p. 494) anarquía: desorden político; sin leyes (pág. 494) annexed: incorporated territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country (p. 692) anexado: territorio incorporado a una unidad política existente, como una ciudad o un país (pág. 692) *annual: yearly (p. 791) *anual: en un año, cada año (pág. 791) annul: declare invalid (p. 420) anular: declarar no válido (pág. 420) anthropology: the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils (p. 4) antropología: el estudio de la vida y la cultura humanas, basado en artefactos y fósiles humanos (pág. 4) anti-Semitism: hostility toward or discrimination against Jews (p. 353) antisemitismo: hostilidad hacia o discriminación contra los judíos (pág. 353) apartheid: “apartness,” the system of racial segregation in South Africa from the 1950s until 1991 (p. 987) apartheid: “separación”, sistema de segregación racial in Sudáfrica desde la década de 1950 hasta 1991 (pág. 987) appeasement: satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability (p. 857) apaciguamiento: satisfacer demandas razonables de potencias insatisfechas en un esfuerzo por mantener la paz y la estabilidad (pág. 857) apprentice: one who learns a trade by practical experience under skilled craftspeople (p. 341) aprendiz: quien aprende un negocio mediante la experiencia práctica bajo la guía de artesanos calificados (pág. 341) *approach: the way or method one examines or studies an issue or a concept (p. 641) *enfoque: la manera o el método en que uno examina o estudia un asunto o un concepto (pág. 641) arabesque: geometric patterns repeated over and over to completely cover a surface with decoration (p. 207) arabesco: patrones geométricos repetidos una y otra vez para cubrir completamente una superficie con decorados (pág. 207) *arbitrary: at one’s discretion; random (p. 551) *arbitrario: a la discreción de uno; aleatorio (pág. 551) archaeology: the study of past societies through an analysis of the items people left behind them (p. 4) arqueología: estudio de sociedades pasadas mediante el análisis de los objetos que las personas dejan tras sí (pág. 4) archipelago: a chain of islands (p. 290) archipiélago: cadena de islas (pág. 290) *area: a geographic region (p. 290) *área: región geográfica (pág. 290) arete: in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest (p. 111) arete: en la antigua Grecia, las cualidades de excelencia que un héroe se esforzaba por alcanzar en una batalla o competencia (pág. 111) aristocracy: an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another (p. 86) aristocracia: clase superior, cuya riqueza se basa en la posesión de tierras y cuyo poder pasa de una generación a otra (pág. 86) armada: a fleet of warships (p. 456) armada: flota de barcos de guerra (pág. 456) Glossary GLOSSARY *aid: assistance such as money or supplies (p. 776) R59 GLOSSARY armistice • *benefit armistice: a truce or agreement to end fighting (p. 780) armisticio: tregua o acuerdo para finalizar una guerra (pág. 780) arms race: building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy (p. 903) carrera armamentista: aumento de los ejércitos y almacenamiento de armas para igualar al enemigo (pág. 903) artifact: tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, and household items left behind by early people (p. 4) artefacto: herramientas, artículos de alfarería, pinturas, armas, edificaciones y artículos para el hogar dejados por pueblos antiguos (pág. 4) artisan: a skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry (p. 16) artesano: trabajador calificado que fabrica productos, como armas o joyas (pág. 16) Aryan: a term used to identify people speaking IndoEuropean languages; Nazis misused the term, treating it as a racial designation and identifying the Aryans with the ancient Greeks and Romans and twentieth-century Germans and Scandinavians (p. 806) ario: término utilizado para identificar a las personas que hablan lenguas indo-europeas; los nazis abusaron de este término, tomándolo como una designación racial e identificando a los arios con los antiguos griegos y romanos y con los alemanes y escandinavos del siglo XX (pág. 806) *assemble: to gather; to meet together (p. 112) *ensamblar: unir; juntar (pág. 112) *assembly: the fitting together of parts to make a complete product (p. 813) *ensamblaje: la unión de piezas para armar un producto completo (pág. 814) assembly line: pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods (p. 655) línea de ensamblaje: método de producción, introducido por Henry Ford en 1913, que permitía producir artículos masivamente con mucha mayor eficiencia (pág. 655) astrolabe: an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars (p. 205) astrolabio: instrumento usado por los navegantes para determinar su ubicación según la posición de las estrellas (pág. 205) *attain: to gain or achieve (p. 408) *lograr: ganar o alcanzar (pág. 408) Australopithecus: the earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago (p. 7) australopiteco: primera criatura humanoide que floreció en el este y sur de África hace tres o cuatro millones de años (pág. 7) *authority: power; person in command (p. 464) *autoridad: poder; persona a cargo (pág. 464) autonomous: self-governing (p. 939) autónomo: con gobierno propio (pág. 939) *available: ready for immediate use; accessible (p. 274) *disponible: listo para su uso inmediato; accesible (pág. 274) b R60 balance of trade: the difference in value beween what a nation imports and what it exports over time (p. 440) balanza comercial: la diferencia en valor entre lo que una nación importa y lo que exporta en un período de tiempo (pág. 440) banners: in Qing China, separate military units made up of Manchus; the empire’s chief fighting force (p. 513) estandartes: en la China de los Qing, unidad militar independiente constituida por manchúes y la principal fuerza de combate de ese imperio (pág. 513) baroque: an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements (p. 473) barroco: estilo artístico del siglo XVII caracterizado por formas complejas, ornamentación audaz y elementos contrastantes (pág. 473) bazaar: a covered market in Islamic cities (p. 201) bazar: mercado techado de las ciudades islámicas (pág. 201) *benefit: to be useful or profitable to (p. 517) *benéfico: ser útil o dar beneficios (pág. 517) Glossary Bhagavad Gita, The • caste system Bhagavad Gita, The: parte de la epopeya india Mahabharata; el Gita es un sermón del dios Krishna en vísperas de una importante batalla, establece un punto clave de la cultura india: uno no debe preocuparse por el éxito o fracaso de una acción, debe atender sólo lo moralmente correcto de la acción misma (pág. 80) bioterrorism: the use of biological and chemical weapons in terrorist attacks (p. 1040) bioterrorismo: uso de armas biológicas o químicas en ataques terroristas (pág. 1040) bishopric: a group of Christian communities, or parishes, under the authority of a bishop (p. 304) obispado: grupo de comunidades o parroquias cristianas bajo la autoridad de un obispo (pág. 304) blitz: the British term for the German air raids on British cities and towns during World War II (p. 884) blitz: término británico para referirse a los ataques aéreos alemanes a ciudades y pueblos británicos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pág. 884) blitzkrieg: German for “lightning war,” a swift and sudden military attack; used by the Germans during World War II (p. 864) blitzkrieg: término alemán para “guerra relámpago”, una táctica utilizada por los alemanes durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pág. 864) bloc: a group of nations with a common purpose (p. 917) bloque: grupo de naciones con un objetivo común (pág. 917) bourgeoisie: the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people (pp. 339, 578, 656) burguesía: clase media, incluye a los comerciantes, industriales y profesionales (pp. 339, 578, 656) boyar: a Russian noble (p. 468) boyar: noble ruso (pág. 468) Buddhism: a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddhārtha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One” (p. 73) budismo: doctrina religiosa introducida en el norte de la India en el siglo VI a.C. por Siddhartha Gautama, conocido como Buda (o “el Iluminado”) (pág. 73) budget deficit: the state that exists when a government spends more than it collects in revenues (p. 944) déficit presupuestario: el estado que existe cuando un gobierno gasta más de los ingresos que recibe (pág. 944) bureaucracy: an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures (pp. 37, 528) burocracia: organización administrativa basada en funcionarios no elegidos y procedimientos habituales (pp. 37, 528) Bushido: “the way of the warrior,” the strict code by which Japanese samurai were supposed to live (p. 280) bushido: “código del guerrero”, estricto código según el cual debían vivir los samuráis japoneses (pág. 280) GLOSSARY Bhagavad Gita, The: part of the Indian epic Mahabharata; the Gita, a sermon by the god Krishna on the eve of a major battle, sets forth one key point of Indian culture—one must not worry about the success or failure of an action but should only be aware of the moral rightness of the act itself (p. 80) c caliph: a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims (p. 192) califa: sucesor de Mahoma como líder espiritual y temporal de los musulmanes (pág. 192) *capable: having or showing ability (p. 599) *capaz: que tiene o demuestra habilidad (pág. 599) capital: money available for investment (p. 614) capital: dinero disponible para invertir (pág. 614) carruca: a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare (p. 334) carruca: pesado arado con ruedas y reja de hierro (pág. 334) cartels: groups of drug businesses (p. 977) cártel: grupo de negociantes de drogas (pág. 977) cash crop: a crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use (p. 712) cultivos para vender: cultivo destinado para la venta y no para su consumo personal (pág. 712) caste system: a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person’s occupation and economic potential, as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color (p. 71) sistema de castas: conjunto de categorías rígidas en la antigua India que determinaba la ocupación de una persona y su potencial económico, así como su posición en la sociedad, parcialmente sobre la base del color de la piel (pág. 71) Glossary R61 GLOSSARY caudillo • Cold War R62 caudillo: in post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite (p. 711) caudillo: en la América Latina post revolucionaria, líder poderoso que gobernaba principalmente mediante la fuerza militar, a menudo con el respaldo de la elite hacendada (pág. 711) *cease: to come to an end (p. 836) *cesar: llegar al fin (pág. 836) censorate: part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs (p. 96) censorado: parte de la burocracia china que vigilaba que los funcionarios gubernamentales hicieran su trabajo (pág. 96) *challenge: a summons that is often stimulating, inciting, or threatening (p. 317) *reto: emplazamiento que con frecuencia estimula, incita o amenaza (pág. 317) chanson de geste: a type of vernacular literature, this heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and described battles and political contests (p. 351) canción de gesta: tipo de literatura vernácula, epopeya heroica popular en la Europa medieval, en la que se describían batallas y contiendas políticas (pág. 351) *chemical: produced by chemicals (p. 946) *químico: producido mediante reactivos químicos (pág. 946) chivalry: in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold (p. 313) caballería: en la Edad Media, el ideal de comportamiento civilizado que florecía entre la nobleza; era un código ético que los caballeros debían mantener (pág. 313) Christian humanism: a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church (p. 412) humanismo cristiano: movimiento que se desarrolló en el norte de Europa durante el Renacimiento que combinaba las enseñanzas clásicas (humanismo) con la meta de reformar la Iglesia católica (pág. 412) city-state: a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside (p. 28) ciudad-estado: ciudad con control político y económico sobre los campos que la rodean (pág. 28) *civil: involving the general public or civic affairs (p. 704) *civil: relacionado con asuntos generales públicos o civiles (pág. 704) civil disobedience: refusal to obey laws that are considered to be unjust (p. 832) desobediencia civil: rechazo a obedecer leyes que son consideradas injustas (pág. 832) civilization: a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art (p. 18) civilización: compleja cultura en la que un gran número de personas comparte ciertos elementos, como la estructura social, la religión y el arte (pág. 18) civil rights movement: began in 1954 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the practice of racial segregation (separation) was illegal; led to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act, which created the means to end segregation and discrimination in the workplace and all public places and made it easier for African Americans to vote in southern states, respectively (p. 918) movimiento por los derechos civiles: comenzó en 1954 cuando la Corte Suprema de los EE.UU. estableció que la práctica de la segregación (separación) racial era ilegal; provocó la aprobación de la Ley de los Derechos Civiles de 1964 y de la Ley del Derecho al Voto, la primera permitió poner fin a la segregación y discriminación en los centros de trabajo y lugares públicos, y la segunda facilitó el voto a los afronorteamericanos en los estados sureños (pág. 918) clan: a group of related families (pp. 370, 517) clan: grupo de familias relacionadas (pp. 370, 517) *classical: authoritative, traditional; relating to the literature, art, architecture, or ideals of the ancient Greek and Roman world (p. 121) *clásico: documentado, tradicional; relacionado con la literatura, el arte, la arquitectura o los ideales del mundo antiguo griego y romano (pág. 121) clergy: church leaders (p. 173) clero: líderes de la Iglesia (pág. 173) *code: a system of principles or rules (p. 280) *código: sistema de principios y reglas (pág. 280) Cold War: the period of political tension following World War II and ending with the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s (p. 886) Guerra Fría: período de tensión política que siguió a la Segunda Guerra Mundial y que culminó con la caída del comunismo en la Unión Soviética a fines de la década de 1980 (pág. 886) Glossary collaborator • *conflict colaborador: persona que ayuda al enemigo (pág. 877) *collapse: to break down completely; to suddenly lose force or effectiveness (p. 174) *colapsar: desplomarse completamente; perder súbitamente la fuerza o efectividad (pág. 174) collective bargaining: the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours (p. 794) convenio colectivo: derecho de los sindicatos a negociar con los empleadores acerca de remuneraciones y horarios (pág. 794) collectivization: a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government (p. 800) colectivización: sistema en el cual se eliminan las granjas privadas y los campesinos trabajan la tierra perteneciente al gobierno (pág. 800) colony: a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control (p. 440) colonia: asentamiento de personas que están viviendo en un nuevo territorio enlazado a la madre patria por el comercio y el control directo del gobierno (pág. 440) Columbian Exchange: the extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (p. 436) Intercambio Colombino: extenso intercambio de plantas y animales entre el Nuevo Mundo y el Viejo, especialmente durante los siglos XVI y XVII (pág. 436) *commentary: an explanatory treatise (p. 204) *comentario: tratado explicatorio (pág. 204) commercial capitalism: economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits (pp. 338, 516) capitalismo comercial: sistema económico en el cual la gente invierte en el comercio y en bienes con el fin de obtener ganancias (pp. 338, 516) commodity: a marketable product (p. 735) artículo de consumo: producto que se puede comercializar (pág. 735) common law: a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place (p. 317) derecho común: sistema uniforme de leyes desarrollado en Inglaterra, basado en las decisiones de las cortes y en las costumbres y usos, en vez de en códigos de leyes escritas; sustituyó los códigos legales que variaban de un lugar a otro (pág. 317) commonwealth: a republic (p. 461) mancomunidad: una república (pág. 461) commune: in China during the 1950s, a group of collective farms, which contained more than 30,000 people who lived and worked together (p. 1013) comuna: grupo de granjas colectivas de China durante la década de 1950, cada una de las cuales contenía más de 30,000 personas que vivían y trabajaban juntas (pág. 1013) *community: a group of people with common interests and characteristics living together within a larger society (p. 522) *comunidad: grupo de personas con intereses y características comunes que viven juntas en una sociedad mayor (pág. 522) *compensation: payment (p. 829) *compensación: pago (pág. 829) *compiled: collected and edited into a volume (p. 202) *compilado: reunido y editado en un volumen (pág. 202) *complex: having many intricate parts (pp. 196, 759) *complejo: que tiene muchas partes complicadas (pp. 196, 759) *complexity: the state of being complex or of having many intricate parts (p. 267) *complejidad: estado de ser complejo o de tener muchas partes complicadas (pág. 267) concentration camp: a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions (p. 806) campo de concentración: campamento donde se confina a prisioneros de guerra, prisioneros políticos o miembros de grupos minoritarios, por lo general bajo severas condiciones (pág. 806) concession: a political compromise (p. 738) concesión: compromiso político (pág. 738) *conflict: opposition; a fight, battle, or war (p. 454) *conflicto: oposición; pelea, batalla o guerra (pág. 454) Glossary GLOSSARY collaborator: a person who assists the enemy (p. 877) R63 GLOSSARY Confucianism • cooperative R64 Confucianism: the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion (p. 90) confucianismo: sistema de ideas políticas y éticas formuladas por el filósofo chino Confucio hacia fines de la dinastía Zhou; fue concebido para restaurar el orden en una sociedad que estaba en estado de confusión (pág. 90) conquistador: a Spanish conqueror of the Americas (p. 434) conquistador: se refiere a los conquistadores españoles de las Américas (pág. 434) conscription: military draft (p. 759) conscripción: llamado obligatorio al servicio militar (pág. 759) *consent: approval (p. 961) *consentimiento: aprobación (pág. 961) *consequence: the effect or result of an action (p. 353) *consecuencia: efecto o resultado de una acción (pág. 353) conservatism: a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion (p. 624) conservadurismo: filosofía política basada en la tradición y estabilidad social sobre la base de la obediencia a la autoridad política y a la religión organizada (pág. 624) *constitution: the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it (p. 626) *constitución: principios básicos y leyes de una nación, estado o grupo social, que determina los poderes y los deberes del gobierno y garantiza ciertos derechos al pueblo (pág. 626) *construction: manner or method of building (p. 348) *construcción: manera o método de construir (pág. 348) consul: a chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year, one to run the government and one to lead the army into battle (p. 148) cónsul: jefe ejecutivo de la República Romana; se elegían dos cada año: uno para llevar el gobierno y el otro para dirigir el ejército en las batallas (pág. 148) consulate: government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government (p. 598) consulado: gobierno establecido en Francia después del derrocamiento del Directorio en 1799, con Napoleón como primer cónsul y en control de todo el gobierno (pág. 598) *consumer: relating to one who consumes or uses economic goods (p. 577) *consumidor: relativo al que consume o usa un bien (pág. 577) consumer society: a society preoccupied with buying goods (p. 920) sociedad de consumo: sociedad preocupada en comprar bienes (pág. 920) *context: the circumstances surrounding a situation or event (p. 743) *contexto: circunstancias que rodean una situación o evento (pág. 743) *contract: a binding agreement between two or more people or parties (p. 311) *contrato: acuerdo vinculante entre dos o más personas o partes (pág. 311) *contractor: one who contracts or is a party to a contract to perform work, provide supplies, or erect buildings (p. 164) *contratista: el que contrata o es parte en un contrato para realizar un trabajo, suministrar algo o construir edificios (pág. 164) contras: rebels financed by the United States who began a guerrilla war against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua (p. 971) contras: rebeldes financiados por los Estados Unidos que entablaron una guerra guerrillera contra el gobierno sandinista en Nicaragua (pág. 971) *controversy: a dispute or quarrel (p. 673) *controversia: disputa o querella (pág. 673) *conversion: the change from one belief or form to another (p. 76) *conversión: cambio de una creencia o forma a otra (pág. 76) *convert: to change over from one belief to another (p. 462) *convertir: cambiar de una fe a otra (pág. 462) *cooperation: common effort (p. 780) *cooperación: esfuerzo común (pág. 780) cooperative: a farm organization owned by and operated for the benefit of the farmers (p. 975) cooperativa: sociedad agrícola perteneciente a agricultores y administrada para su beneficio (pág. 975) Glossary *corporation • *debated *corporación: forma de organizar los negocios que tiene una entidad legal independiente con todos los derechos y responsabilidades de un individuo, incluso el derecho a comprar y vender la propiedad, establecer contratos legales y demandar o ser demandados judicialmente (pág. 350) cottage industry: a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes (p. 615) industria casera: método de producción en el que las tareas las realizan las personas en sus hogares (pág. 615) coup d’état: a sudden overthrow of the government (p. 593) golpe de estado: súbito derrocamiento del gobierno (pág. 593) *created: made or brought something new into existence (p. 46) *crear: hacer o dar existencia a algo nuevo (pág. 46) *creative: imaginative (p. 475) *creativo: imaginativo (pág. 475) creole: a person of European descent born in the New World and living there permanently (pp. 444, 708) criollo: descendiente de europeos nacido en el Nuevo Mundo y que vive permanentemente allí (pp. 444, 708) *crucial: essential; important (p. 334) *crucial: esencial; importante (pág. 334) Crusades: military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims (p. 325) Cruzadas: expediciones militares llevadas a cabo por cristianos europeos en la Edad Media para reconquistar la Tierra Santa de manos de los musulmanes (pág. 325) cultural imperialism: referring to Western nations’ control of other world cultures similar to how they had controlled colonial governments (p. 949) imperialismo cultural: se refiere al control ejercido por los países occidentales sobre otras culturas del mundo, similar a como controlaban los gobiernos coloniales (pág. 949) culture: the way of life a people follows (pp. 18, 254) cultura: forma de vida que siguen las personas (pp. 18, 254) cuneiform: “wedge-shaped,” a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet (p. 30) cuneiforme: “en forma de cuña”, sistema de escritura desarrollado por los sumerios utilizando un punzón de lengüeta para crear impresiones en forma de cuña en una tableta de arcilla (pág. 30) *currency: coins, for example, that are in circulation and used as a medium of exchange (p. 940) *moneda: dinero, por ejemplo, el que se encuentra en circulación y se usa como medio de intercambio (pág. 940) *cycle: a series of events that recur regularly and usually lead back to the starting point (p. 88) *ciclo: serie de eventos que se repiten regularmente y que por lo general llevan al punto de partida (pág. 88) czar: Russian for “caesar,” the title used by Russian emperors (p. 468) zar: “césar” en ruso; título adoptado por los emperadores rusos (pág. 468) GLOSSARY *corporation: form of business organization that has a separate legal entity with all the rights and responsibilities of an individual, including the right to buy and sell property, enter into legal contracts, and sue and be sued (p. 350) c d daimyo: “great names,” heads of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection (pp. 281, 520) daimyo: “grandes nombres”, líderes de familias nobles en Japón, que controlaban vastas propiedades y confiaban su protección a los samuráis (pp. 281, 520) Dao: “Way,” the key to proper behavior under Confucianism (p. 87) tao: “Camino”, la clave para la conducta apropiada bajo el confucianismo (pág. 87) Daoism: a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its course (p. 92) taoísmo: sistema de ideas basado en la doctrina de Laozi; enseña que la verdadera manera de seguir la voluntad del Cielo es la inacción, dejando a la naturaleza seguir su curso (pág. 92) *debated: discussed by considering opposing viewpoints (p. 109) *debatido: discutido mediante la consideración de los puntos de vista contrarios (pág. 109) Glossary R65 GLOSSARY *decline • disarmament group R66 *decline: a change to a lower state or level (p. 398) *declinar: cambio a un estado o nivel más bajo (p. 398) deficit spending: when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt (p. 795) gastos deficitarios: gastos gubernamentales que exceden a lo que se recibe a través de los impuestos y otros ingresos, por lo que se endeuda (pág. 795) deforestation: the clearing of forests (p. 1042) deforestación: tala de bosques (pág. 1042) deism: an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law (p. 548) deísmo: filosofía religiosa del siglo XVIII basada en la razón y en la ley natural (pág. 548) demilitarized: elimination or prohibition of weapons, fortifications, and other military installations (p. 857) desmilitarizar: eliminar o prohibir las armas, fortificaciones y otras instalaciones militares (pág. 857) democracy: “the rule of the many,” government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives (p. 114) democracia: “gobierno de la mayoría”, gobierno por personas elegidas directamente o a través de sus representantes elegidos (pág. 114) *demonstration: a public display of group feeling toward a person or a cause (p. 936) *demostración: muestra pública de los sentimientos colectivos hacia una persona o causa (pág. 936) depression: a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment (p. 792) depresión: período de baja actividad económica y aumento del desempleo (pág. 792) *derived: process of obtaining a product from a parent substance (p. 616) *derivado: proceso de obtención de un producto a partir de una sustancia progenitora (pág. 616) desertification: formation of degraded soil, turning semi-arid lands into nonproductive deserts (p. 1042) desertificación: formación de suelos degradados, que convierte los terrenos semiáridos en desiertos improductivos (pág. 1042) de-Stalinization: the process of eliminating Stalin’s more ruthless policies (p. 911) desestalinización: proceso de eliminación de las políticas más crueles de Stalin (pág. 911) détente: a phase of relaxed tensions and improved relations between two adversaries (p. 930) détente: fase de relajamiento de las tensiones y mejoramiento de las relaciones entre dos adversarios (pág. 930) deterrence: during the Cold War, the U.S. and Soviet policies of holding huge arsenals of nuclear weapons to prevent war; each nation believed that neither would launch a nuclear attack since both knew that the other side could strike back with devastating power (p. 905) disuasión: durante la Guerra Fría, las políticas de los EE.UU. y de los soviéticos de mantener enormes arsenales de armas nucleares para evitar la guerra; cada país creía que ninguno lanzaría un ataque nuclear ya que ambos sabían que la otra parte podía responder con un ataque devastador (pág. 905) dharma: in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society (p. 73) dharma: en el Hinduismo, ley divina que gobierna el karma; exige que todas las personas cumplan con su deber según su estatus en la sociedad (pág. 73) dictator: an absolute ruler (p. 154) dictador: gobernante absoluto (pág. 154) dictatorship: a form of government in which a person or small group has absolute power (p. 656) dictadura: forma de gobierno en el que una persona o un pequeño grupo tiene el poder absoluto (pág. 656) direct democracy: a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings (p. 121) democracia directa: sistema de gobierno en el que las personas participan directamente en las decisiones del gobierno mediante asambleas masivas (pág. 121) direct rule: colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country (p. 690) gobierno directo: gobierno colonial en el que se le retira el poder a la elite local y se lo dan a nuevos funcionarios traídos de la metrópoli (pág. 690) disarmament group: a nongovernmental group that works to limit the size of military forces and weapons stocks (p. 1053) grupo de desarme: grupo no gubernamental que trabaja para limitar el tamaño de las fuerzas armadas y de las reservas de armamentos (pág. 1053) Glossary discrimination • elector discriminación: tratamiento prejuiciado, generalmente por la raza, la religión, la clase social, el género o la edad (pág. 1023) dissident: a person who speaks out against the regime in power (p. 930) disidente: persona que critica abiertamente al régimen que tiene el poder (pág. 930) *diverse: varied and not alike (p. 988) *diverso: variado o que no se parece (pág. 988) divine right of kings: the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God (p. 461) derecho divino de los reyes: creencia de que los reyes reciben su poder de Dios y de que responden sólo ante Dios (pág. 461) diviner: a person who is believed to have the power to foretell events (p. 253) adivino: persona de quien se cree tiene el poder de predecir eventos (pág. 253) *document: an original or official paper that gives proof of or support to (p. 317) *documento: papel original u oficial que prueba o apoya algo (pág. 317) *domain: where one has absolute ownership of land or other property (p. 486) *dominio: donde alguien tiene la propiedad absoluta de la tierra u otro bien (pág. 486) *domestic: relating to or originating within one’s country (pp. 79, 588) *doméstico: relativo al país de uno u originado en él (pp. 79, 588) *domesticated: adapted to life with and to the advantage of humans (p. 46) *domesticado: adaptado a vivir con las personas y para su beneficio (pág. 46) domestication: adaption for human use (p. 14) domesticación: adaptación para el uso de las personas (pág. 14) *dominate: influence or control (p. 856) *dominar: influir o controlar (pág. 856) domino theory: idea that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall (p. 907) teoría del domino: idea de que si un país cae ante el comunismo, los países colindantes también lo harán (pág. 907) dowry: a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife (pp. 203, 269, 403) dote: dinero o bienes pagados en el momento del matrimonio por los padres de la novia a su esposo, o en sociedades islámicas, por el marido a su esposa (pp. 203, 269, 403) *draft: to select for some purpose; to conscript (p. 446) *reclutar: seleccionar para algún propósito; alistar (pág. 446) *drama: a composition that tells a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed for the theater (p. 474) *drama: composición que cuenta una historia, por lo general implicada con conflictos y emociones, a través de la acción y el diálogo, diseñada habitualmente para el teatro (pág. 474) *dramatic: remarkable; notable; amazing (p. 1024) *dramático: considerable; notable; sorprendente (pág. 1024) Duma: the Russian legislative assembly (p. 670) Duma: la asamblea legislativa rusa (pág. 670) dynasty: a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family (p. 36) dinastía: familia de gobernantes cuyo derecho a gobernar se transmite dentro de la familia (pág. 36) GLOSSARY discrimination: prejudicial treatment usually based on race, religion, class, sex, or age (p. 1023) ce ecology: the study of the relationships between living things and their environment (p. 1042) ecología: estudio de las relaciones entre los seres vivos y su ambiente (pág. 1042) *economic: relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services (p. 174) *económico: relativo a la producción, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios (pág. 174) elector: an individual qualified to vote in an election (p. 593) elector: persona calificada para votar en una elección (pág. 593) Glossary R67 GLOSSARY *element • *estimate R68 *element: a distinct group within a larger group (p. 824) *elemento: un grupo particular dentro de un grupo mayor (pág. 824) emancipation: the act of setting free (p. 636) emancipación: acción de dejar en libertad (pág. 636) empire: a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territorities (p. 32) imperio: gran unidad política, comúnmente bajo un solo líder, que controla a muchos pueblos o territorios (pág. 32) *enabled: made possible (p. 309) *posibilitar: hacer posible (pág. 309) enclosure movement: in Great Britain during the 1700s, the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town (p. 614) movimiento de cerramiento: durante los años 1700, un decreto del parlamento británico autorizó a cercar terrenos públicos, lo que obligó a muchos campesinos a marcharse a las ciudades (pág. 614) encomienda: a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers (p. 435) encomienda: sistema de trabajo empleado por los españoles en las Américas; los terratenientes españoles tenían el derecho, otorgado por la reina Isabel, a emplear a los nativoamericanos como peones (pág. 435) *enhanced: improved (p. 910) *mejorado: perfeccionado (pág. 910) enlightened absolutism: a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers (p. 554) absolutismo ilustrado: sistema en el cual los gobernantes trataban de gobernar por medio de principios de la Ilustración mientras mantenían todos sus poderes reales (pág. 554) *enormous: huge; vast; immense (p. 324) *enorme: tremendo; vasto; inmenso (pág. 324) *ensure: to make sure (p. 307) *asegurar: estar seguro (pág. 307) entrepreneur: a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits (p. 614) empresario: persona interesada en hallar nuevas oportunidades de negocios y nuevas formas de obtener ganancias (pág. 614) *environment: the complex factors—climate, soil, and living things—that act upon an ecological community and determine its form and survival (p. 1041) *medioambiente: complejos factores—clima, suelo y seres vivientes—que actúan sobre una comunidad ecológica y determinan su forma y supervivencia (pág. 1041) ephor: one of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens (p. 116) éforo: cada uno de los cinco hombres elegidos cada año en la antigua Esparta, responsables de la educación de los jóvenes y de la conducta de todos los ciudadanos (pág. 116) epic poem: a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer (p. 111) poema épico: extenso poema que cuenta las hazañas de un gran héroe, como la Iliada y la Odisea, de Homero (pág. 111) Epicureanism: school of thought developed by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal in life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure (p. 139) epicureanismo: escuela del pensamiento desarrollada por el filósofo Epicuro en la Atenas helenística; sostenía que la felicidad es la principal meta en la vida y que el medio para lograr la felicidad era la búsqueda del placer (pág. 139) *eroded: diminished or destroyed by degrees (p. 203) *erosionado: reducido o destruido gradualmente (pág. 203) *establish: to set up permanently; to found (p. 847) *establecer: fijar permanentemente; fundar (pág. 847) estate: one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate) (pp. 319, 576); a landed property usually with a large house on it (p. 707) estado: cada una de las tres clases en las que se dividía la sociedad francesa medieval: el clero (primer estado), los nobles (segundo estado) y la plebe (tercer estado) (pp. 319, 576) *estimate: to make a rough determination of (p. 374) *estimar: calcular aproximadamente (pág. 374) Glossary eta • feudal contract eta: la clase más baja de la sociedad japonesa, cuya forma de vida era estrictamente regulada por el Tokugawa (pág. 523) *ethical: conforming to accepted standards of conduct; moral (p. 90) *ético: de acuerdo con los estándares aceptados de conducta; moral (pág. 90) *ethics: moral principles; generally recognized rules of conduct (p. 129) *ética: principios morales; reglas de conducta generalmente aceptadas (pág. 129) *ethnic: relating to people who have common racial, religious, or cultural origins (p. 874) *étnico: relativo a las personas que tienen el mismo origen racial, religioso o cultural (pág. 874) ethnic cleansing: a policy of killing or forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands; used by the Serbs against the Muslim minority in Bosnia (pp. 824, 939) limpieza étnica: política de matar o expulsar por la fuerza a un grupo étnico de sus territorios; usada por los serbios contra las minorías musulmanas en Bosnia (pp. 824, 939) *eventually: in the end (p. 837) *finalmente: al final (pág. 837) *excluded: not counted or included (p. 302) *excluido: no contado o incluido (pág. 302) *exclusion: barred from inclusion or participation in (p. 581) *excluir: impedir incluirse o participar en algo (pág. 581) *exclusive: limited to a single indivdual or group (p. 729) *exclusivo: limitado a un sólo individuo o grupo (pág. 729) *expand: to enlarge or to spread (p. 484) *expandir: ampliar o extender (pág. 484) *exploit: to make use of meanly or unfairly for one’s own advantage (p. 690) *explotar: utilizar cruel o injustamente para provecho propio (pág. 690) *export: to send a product or service for sale to another country (p. 690) *exportar: enviar en venta un producto o servicio a otro país (pág. 690) *external: relating to dealings or relationships with foreign countries (p. 588) *externo: relativo a tratos o relaciones con países extranjeros (pág. 588) extraterritoriality: living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws (p. 726) extraterritorialidad: vivir en una sección de un país apartada para extranjeros, pero no sujeta a las leyes del país anfitrión (pág. 726) GLOSSARY eta: Japan’s outcast class, whose way of life was strictly regulated by the Tokugawa (p. 523) cf faction: a dissenting group (p. 587) facción: grupo de disidentes (pág. 587) *factor: a contributing part (p. 243) *factor: elemento que contribuye (pág. 243) fascism: a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler (p. 797) fascismo: filosofía política que glorifica al estado por sobre el individuo y enfatiza la necesidad de tener un gobierno central fuerte encabezado por un gobernante dictatorial (pág. 797) federal system: a form of government in which power is shared between the national government and state governments (p. 569) sistema federal: forma de gobierno en la cual el poder es compartido entre el gobierno nacional y los gobiernos estatales (pág. 569) feminism: the movement for women’s rights (p. 662) feminismo: movimiento a favor de los derechos de las mujeres (pág. 662) feudal contract: under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal (p. 311) contrato feudal: reglas no escritas que determinaban la relación entre un señor y su vasallo en el feudalismo (pág. 311) Glossary R69 feudalism • global economy feudalism: political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service (p. 310) feudalismo: sistema político y social que se desarrolló durante la Edad Media cuando los gobiernos reales ya no podían defender a sus pueblos; los nobles ofrecían protección y tierras a cambio de servicios (pág. 310) fief: under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief (p. 310) feudo: concesión de tierras hecha a un vasallo en el feudalismo; el vasallo tenía autoridad política dentro de su feudo (pág. 310) filial piety: the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, a concept important in Confucianism (p. 89) respeto filial: deber de los miembros de la familia de subordinar sus necesidades y deseos a los del cabeza de familia, un concepto importante en el confucianismo (pág. 89) *final: the last in a series, process, or progress (p. 1013) *final: el último de una serie, proceso o progreso (pág. 1013) *financial: relating to the management of funds (p. 152) *financiero: relativo al manejo de fondos (pág. 152) *financier: one who deals with finance and investment on a large scale; one who specializes in raising and expending public monies (p. 652) *financista: persona que maneja las finanzas e inversiones a gran escala; persona especializada en colectar y gastar los fondos públicos (pág. 652) fossil: a remnant or impression of an organism from a past geologic age that has been preserved in the earth’s crust (p. 4) fósil: residuo o impresión de un organismo de una era geológica pasada que se ha preservado en la corteza terrestre (pág. 4) *founder: one who founds or establishes (p. 139) *fundador: quien funda o establece algo (pág. 139) *founding: originating; beginning (p. 253) *fundar: originar; comenzar (pág. 253) fresco: a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with waterbased paints (p. 409) fresco: pintura hecha en yeso fresco y húmedo con pinturas a base de agua (pág. 409) *function: operate (p. 1039) *funcionar: operar (pág. 1039) *fund: to provide money for (p. 977) *financiar: aportar dinero para algo (pág. 977) GLOSSARY cg R70 gender parity: a policy by which women have to make up either a certain number of the candidates in an election or a certain number of those elected (p. 948) paridad de género: política mediante la cual las mujeres deben contar con un determinado número de candidatos en las elecciones o con un determinado número entre los elegidos (pág. 948) gender stereotyping: restricting what a person could do just because of the person’s gender (p. 948) estereotipia de género: la restricción en el juicio de lo que una persona puede hacer, basándose sólo en su género (pág. 948) *generation: a group of individuals born and living at the same time (p. 548) *generación: grupo de individuos que nacen y viven en una misma época (pág. 548) genocide: the deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group (pp. 824, 876) genocidio: matanza masiva deliberada o extinción física de un grupo racial, político o cultural en particular (pp. 824, 876) geocentric: literally, earth-centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it (p. 540) geocéntrico: literalmente, centrado en la Tierra; sistema de movimiento planetario que ubica a la Tierra como el centro del universo, con el Sol, la Luna y los otros planetas girando en torno a ella (pág. 540) global economy: an economy in which the production, distribution, and sale of goods take place on a worldwide scale, as in a multinational corporation (p. 1043) economía global: economía en la cual la producción, distribución y venta de bienes se realiza a escala mundial, como en una corporación multinacional (pág. 1043) Glossary globalization• heresy globalization: the movement toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy (pp. 949, 1051) globalización: movimiento hacia una economía mundial más integrada e independiente (pp. 941, 1051) *goal: an aim or a purpose (p. 986) *meta: objetivo o propósito (pág. 986) grand vizier: the Ottoman sultan’s chief minister who carried the main burdens of the state and who led the council meetings (p. 487) gran visir: ministro principal de los sultanes otomanos, que se ocupa de los principales problemas del estado y encabezaba las reuniones del consejo (pág. 487) grassroots level: community level (p. 1053) nivel de base: nivel comunitario (pág. 1053) greenhouse effect: global warming caused by the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (p. 1042) efecto invernadero: calentamiento global causado por la acumulación de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera (pág. 1042) griot: a special class of African storytellers who help keep alive a people’s history (p. 255) griot: tipo especial de narradores africanos de cuentos que contribuían a mantener viva la historia de un pueblo (pág. 255) *guaranteed: assured the fulfillment of a condition (pp. 168, 569) *garantizado: que asegura el cumplimiento de una condición (pp. 168, 569) guerrilla tactics: the use of unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy (p. 838) tácticas de guerrilla: uso de maniobras inesperadas, como sabotajes y subterfugios para luchar contra un enemigo (pág. 838) guild: a business association that is associated with a particular trade or craft; guilds evolved in the twelfth century and played a leading role in the economic life of medieval cities (p. 341) gremio: asociación comercial relacionada con un oficio o artesanía en particular; los gremios evolucionaron en el siglo XII y desempeñaron un papel importante en la vida económica de las ciudades medievales (pág. 341) gunpowder empire: an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms (p. 486) imperio de pólvora: imperio formado por conquistadores extranjeros que unificaron regiones conquistadas gracias a su habilidad con las armas de fuego (pág. 486) ch hajj: peregrinación a La Meca; uno de los requisitos de los Cinco Pilares del Islam (pág. 190) hans: approximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa (p. 522) han: cada uno de los aproximadamente 250 dominios en los que se dividió Japón bajo los Tokugawa (pág. 522) harem: “sacred place,” the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided (p. 486) harén: “lugar sagrado”, dominio privado del sultán otomano, donde residían él y sus esposas (pág. 486) heavy industry: the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines (p. 910) industria pesada: manufactura de máquinas y equipo destinadas a fábricas y minas (pág. 910) heliocentric: literally, sun-centered; the system of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicolaus Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planets revolve around the sun (p. 540) heliocéntrico: literalmente, centrado en el Sol; sistema del universo propuesto en 1543 por Nicolás Copérnico, quien sostuvo que la Tierra y los planetas giraban en torno al Sol (pág. 540) Hellenistic Era: the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world (p. 137) Era Helenística: era de Alejandro Magno; período en el cual los griegos llevaron su idioma y sus ideas fuera del mundo griego (pág. 137) helot: in ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror (p. 115) ilota: en la antigua Esparta, persona cautiva que era forzada a trabajar para su conquistador (pág. 115) heresy: the denial of basic Church doctrines (p. 346) herejía: negación de las doctrinas básicas de la Iglesia (pág. 346) Glossary GLOSSARY hajj: a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam (p. 190) R71 GLOSSARY hieratic script • imperator hieratic script: simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life (p. 43) escritura hierática: versión simplificada de los jeroglíficos usada en el antiguo Egipto para las transacciones comerciales, registros y las necesidades generales de la vida cotidiana (pág. 43) hieroglyph: a picture or symbol used in a hieroglyphic system of writing (p. 375) caracteres jeroglíficos: dibujos o símbolos usados en el sistema jeroglífico de escritura (pág. 375) hieroglyphics: “priest-carvings” or “sacred writings,” a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Mayans (p. 42) jeroglíficos: “grabados sacerdotales” o “escrituras sagradas”, complejo sistema de escritura que utilizaba tanto dibujos como formas más abstractas; empleado por los antiguos egipcios y mayas (pág. 42) *highlighted: centered attention on (p. 725) *resaltar: centrar la atención en algo (pág. 725) Hijrah: the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam (p. 190) hégira: viaje de Mahoma y sus seguidores a Medina en el año 622, que pasó a ser el año 1 del calendario oficial del islam (pág. 190) Hinduism: the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C. (p. 72) hinduismo: principal sistema religioso de la India, que tuvo sus orígenes en las creencias religiosas de los arios que se establecieron en la India después del año 1500 a.C. (pág. 72) hominid: humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright (p. 6) homínido: humanos y otras criaturas similares a los humanos que caminaban erectos (pág. 6) Homo sapiens sapiens: “wise, wise human,” a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first anatomically modern humans (p. 7) Homo sapiens sapiens: “ser humano sabio sabio”, especie que apareció en África entre 150,000 y 200,000 años atrás; desde el punto de vista anatómico fueron los primeros humanos modernos (pág. 7) hoplite: in the early Greek military system, a heavily armed foot soldier (p. 113) hoplita: en el sistema militar de la antigua Grecia, soldado de infantería fuertemente armado (pág. 113) hostage system: a system used by the shogunate to control the daimyo in Tokugawa Japan; the family of a daimyo lord was forced to stay at their residence in the capital whenever the lord was absent from it (p. 522) sistema de rehén: sistema utilizado por el shogunado para controlar al daimyo en el Japón de los Tokugawa; la familia de un daimyo estaba obligada a permanecer en su residencia en la capital mientras él se encontrara ausente (pág. 522) humanism: an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history (p. 406) humanismo: movimiento intelectual del Renacimiento basado en el estudio de las humanidades, que incluía gramática, retórica, poesía, filosofía moral e historia (pág. 406) *hypothetical: assumed but not known (p. 621) *hipotético: supuesto, pero no comprobado (pág. 621) ci R72 *identifying: believing that one is the same or very similar to another (p. 36) *identificar: considerar que uno es igual o muy similar a otro (pág. 36) ideograph: a character that combines two or more pictographs to represent an idea; used in ancient Chinese script (p. 90) ideograma: carácter que combina dos o más pictogramas para representar una idea; usado en la antigua escritura china (pág. 90) *ideological: based on a set of beliefs (p. 886) *ideológico: basado en un conjunto de convicciones (pág. 886) *ideology: a set of beliefs (p. 96) *ideología: conjunto de convicciones (pág. 96) *ignorant: unaware; lacking knowledge of (p. 414) *ignorante: desinformado; falto de conocimientos sobre algo (pág. 414) imperator: commander in chief; the Latin origin of the word emperor (p. 156) emperador: comandante en jefe; el origen latino de la palabra es “imperator” (pág. 156) Glossary imperialism • *intensity imperialismo: extensión del poder de una nación hacia otras tierras (pág. 686) *implies: expresses indirectly through reference or association (p. 114) *implica: expresa indirectamente mediante una referencia o asociación (pág. 114) *impose: to establish or apply (p. 529) *imponer: establecer o aplicar (pág. 529) *inadequate: not sufficient (p. 149) *inadecuado: que no es suficiente (pág. 149) *incentive: something that motivates (p. 518) *incentivo: algo que motiva (pág. 518) indemnity: payment for damages (p. 731) indemnización: pago por daños (pág. 731) indigenous: native to a region (p. 696) indígena: nativo de una región (pág. 696) indirect rule: colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status (p. 690) dominio indirecto: gobierno colonial en el que los gobernantes locales pueden mantener sus posiciones de autoridad y estatus (pág. 690) *individuality: a total character that distinguishes an individual from others (pp. 95, 638) *individualidad: conjunto total de caracteres que distinguen a un individuo de los otros (pp. 95, 638) inductive reasoning: the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles (p. 545) razonamiento inductivo: doctrina de que los científicos debían proceder de lo particular a lo general, mediante observaciones sistemáticas y experimentos cuidadosamente organizados para probar las hipótesis o teorías, proceso que conduciría a principios generales correctos (pág. 545) indulgence: a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death (p. 414) indulgencia: perdón de todo o parte de un castigo por pecar otorgado por la Iglesia católica, reduciendo el tiempo en el purgatorio tras la muerte (pág. 414) industrial capitalism: an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing (p. 620) capitalismo industrial: sistema económico basado en la producción industrial o la manufactura (pág. 620) infidel: an unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades (p. 325) infiel: persona no creyente; término aplicado a los musulmanes durante las Cruzadas (pág. 325) inflation: a rapid increase in prices (pp. 176, 458) inflación: rápido aumento de los precios (pp. 176, 458) *innovation: a new idea, method, or device (p. 30) *innovación: idea, método o dispositivo nuevos (pág. 30) *insecure: uncertain, shaky; not adequately covered or sustained (p. 671) *inseguro: que no es cierto, convulsivo; que no está cubierto o sostenido adecuadamente (pág. 671) *instability: not steady; wavering (pp. 152, 398) *inestabilidad: que no está estático; que se balancea (pp. 152, 398) *instituted: put into action (p. 96) *instituido: puesto en marcha (pág. 96) *institution: an organization for the promotion of a cause (p. 148) *institución: organización para la promoción de una causa (pág. 148) *instructed: taught or trained (p. 384) *instruido: enseñado o entrenado (pág. 384) insulae: Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete with wooden beam floors (p. 165) insulae: bloques de apartamentos romanos construidos de concreto con piso de vigas de madera (pág. 165) *intelligent: having a high degree of understanding and mental capacity (p. 498) *inteligente: que tiene una alto grado de comprensión y capacidad mental (pág. 498) *intensity: extreme degree of strength, force, energy, or feeling (p. 679) *intensidad: grado de fortaleza, fuerza, energía o sentimiento (pág. 679) Glossary GLOSSARY imperialism: the extension of a nation’s power over other lands (p. 686) R73 interdict • knight interdict: a decree by the pope that forbade priests to give the sacraments of the Church to the people (p. 344) interdicción: decreto papal que prohibía a los sacerdotes impartir los sacramentos de la Iglesia a la gente (pág. 344) *intervention: involvement in a situation to alter the outcome (p. 711) *intervención: involucrarse en una situación para alterar el resultado (pág. 711) intifada: “uprising,” militant movement that arose during the 1980s among supporters of the Palestine Liberation Organization living in Israel (p. 999) intifada: “levantamiento”, movimiento militante surgido en la década de 1980 entre quienes respaldaban a la Organización para la Liberación de Palestina y vivían en Israel (pág. 999) *investor: a person or entity that commits money to earn a financial return (p. 844) *inversor: persona o entidad que compromete su dinero para obtener una ganancia económica (pág. 844) *involvement: a commitment or a connection to (p. 866) *implicación: compromiso o conexión con algo (pág. 866) Islam: monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century A.D. (p. 190) islam: religión monoteísta que surgió en la Península Arábiga en el siglo VII d.C. (pág. 190) isolationism: a policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations (p. 866) aislacionismo: política de aislamiento nacional mediante la abstención de establecer alianzas y relaciones políticas y económicas internacionales (pág. 866) *issue: a vital or unsettled matter (p. 996) *asunto: cuestión vital o no acordada (pág. 996) GLOSSARY cj janissary: a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks (p. 484) jenízaro: soldado de la guardia elite de los turcos otomanos (pág. 484) jihad: “struggle in the way of God” (p. 192) jihad: “lucha en el camino de Dios” (pág. 192) journeyman: a worker who has learned a trade and works for wages for other masters (p. 341) jornalero: trabajador que ha aprendido un oficio y trabaja por un salario para un patrón (pág. 341) *justification: the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God (p. 419) *justificación: proceso de ser justificado o juzgado digno de la salvación por Dios (pág. 419) c k R74 kaiser: German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire (p. 633) káiser: término alemán para “césar”, título de los emperadores del Segundo Imperio Alemán (pág. 633) kamikaze: Japanese for “divine wind”, a suicide mission in which young Japanese pilots intentionally flew their airplanes into U.S. fighting ships at sea (p. 883) kamikaze: término japonés para “viento divino”, misión suicida en la que jóvenes pilotos japoneses intencionalmente estrellaban sus aviones contra los buques de guerra de los EE.UU. (pág. 883) karma: in Hinduism, the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life (p. 73) karma: en el Hinduismo, la fuerza generada por las acciones de una persona, lo que determina cómo renacerá esta persona en la próxima vida (pág. 73) khanate: one of the several separate territories into which Genghis Khan’s empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons (p. 270) kanato: cada uno de los diversos territorios independientes en los que se dividió el imperio de Genghis Khan y que estaban bajo el gobierno de uno de sus hijos (pág. 270) knight: under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry (p. 310) caballero: en el feudalismo, miembro de la caballería fuertemente acorazado (pág. 310) Glossary *labor • magic realism cl *mano de obra: personas con todas sus habilidades y esfuerzo (pág. 444) laissez-faire: literally, “let [people] do [what they want]”; the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone (p. 550) laissez-faire: literalmente, “dejar [a las personas] hacer [lo que quieran]”; el concepto de que el estado no debe imponer regulaciones gubernamentales, sino que debe dejar la economía andar sola (pág. 550) laity: regular church members (p. 173) laicado: miembros regulares de una Iglesia (pág. 173) lay investiture: the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office (p. 342) investidura secular: práctica mediante la cual los líderes seculares elegían a los nominados a cargos en la Iglesia y los investían con los símbolos de su cargo (pág. 342) *legal: relating to law; founded on law (p. 322) *legal: relativo a la ley; basado en la ley (pág. 322) Legalism: a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it proposes that human beings are evil by nature and can only be brought to the correct path by harsh laws (p. 93) legalismo: filosofía popular desarrollada en China hacia fines de la dinastía Zhou; postula que los seres humanos son malvados por naturaleza y sólo pueden ser llevados a la senda correcta mediante leyes fuertes (pág. 93) *legislature: an organized body that makes laws (p. 822) *legislatura: cuerpo organizado que hace las leyes (pág. 822) *liberal: broad-minded; associated with ideals of the individual, especially economic freedom and greater participation in government (p. 601) *liberal: de mente amplia; asociado con los ideales del individuo, especialmente la libertad económica y una mayor participación en el gobierno (pág. 601) liberalism: a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people— should be protected (p. 626) liberalismo: filosofía política originalmente basada en gran medida en los principios de la Ilustración, que sostenía que las personas deben estar lo más libres posible de las restricciones gubernamentales y que las libertades civiles—los derechos básicos de las personas— deben protegerse (pág. 626) *liberated: freed (p. 900) *liberado: independizado (pág. 900) lineage group: an extended family unit that has combined into a larger community (p. 251) grupo de linaje: unidad extendida de una familia que se ha mezclado en una comunidad mayor (pág. 251) literacy: the ability to read (p. 665) alfabetización: capacidad de leer y escribir (pág. 665) longhouse: Iroquois house about 150 to 200 feet (46 to 61 m) long built of wooden poles covered with sheets of bark and housing about a dozen families (p. 370) vivienda comunal: vivienda de los indios iroqueses, de aproximadamente 150 a 200 pies (46 a 61 m) de longitud, construida sobre pilares de madera cubiertos con láminas de corteza y que albergaba a aproximadamente una docena de familias (pág. 370) Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith (p. 416) luteranismo: doctrina religiosa que desarrolló Martín Lutero; difiere del catolicismo en cuanto a la doctrina de salvación, que Lutero consideraba que podía alcanzarse mediante la fe sola, no por buenas acciones; el luteranismo fue la primera fe protestante (pág. 416) GLOSSARY *labor: people with all their abilities and efforts (p. 444) m c magic realism: a form of expression unique to Latin American literature; it combines realistic events with dreamlike or fantasy backgrounds (p. 964) realismo mágico: singular forma de expresión de la literatura latinoamericana; combina elementos realistas sobre un fondo de sueños o fantasía (pág. 964) Glossary R75 GLOSSARY Magna Carta • mestizo R76 Magna Carta: the “Great Charter” of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215 (p. 318) Carta Magna: “Gran Carta Real” de derechos que el rey Juan Sin Tierra fue obligado a firmar por los nobles ingleses en Runnymede en 1215 (pág. 318) Mahayana: a school of Buddhism that developed in northwest India, stressing the view that nirvana can be achieved through devotion to the Buddha; its followers consider Buddhism a religion, not a philosophy, and the Buddha is a divine figure (p. 284) Mahayana: escuela de budismo que se desarrolló en el noroeste de la India y que enfatiza la visión de que se puede alcanzar el nirvana a través de la devoción a Buda; sus seguidores consideran al budismo una religión, no una filosofía, y a Buda como una figura divina (pág. 284) mainland states: part of a continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands (p. 529) territorio continental: parte de un continente, a diferencia de las penínsulas o las islas (pág. 529) *maintain: to keep in an existing state of repair or efficiency (p. 1024) *mantener: conservar un estado existente de compostura o eficiencia (pág. 1024) maize: corn (p. 383) maíz: cultivo nativo de las Américas (pág. 383) *major: great; significant in size or importance (p. 36) *principal: significativo en tamaño o importancia (pág. 36) mandate: a nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations (p. 783) mandato: nación gobernada por otra en nombre de la Liga de Naciones (pág. 783) Mandate of Heaven: claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the universe (p. 87) Mandato del Cielo: reivindicación de los reyes de la dinastía Zhou de China de que ellos recibieron directamente del cielo la autoridad para gobernar y mantener en orden el universo (pág. 87) Mannerism: an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation (p. 472) manierismo: movimiento artístico surgido en Italia en las décadas de 1520 y 1530; marcó el fin del Renacimiento al romper los principios de balance, armonía y moderación (pág. 472) manor: in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked (p. 336) feudo: en la Europa medieval, propiedad agrícola administrada por un señor y trabajada por campesinos (pág. 336) mass production: production of goods in quantity usually by machinery (p. 655) producción masiva: producción de bienes en grandes cantidades, generalmente con el empleo de máquinas (pág. 655) masterpiece: piece created by a journeyman who aspires to be a master craftsperson; it allowed the members of a guild to judge whether the journeyman was qualified to become a master and join the guild (p. 341) obra maestra: obra creada por un aprendiz que aspira a ser maestro artesano; permitía a los miembros de un gremio juzgar si un aprendiz estaba calificado para convertirse en maestro e integrar el gremio (pág. 341) matrilineal: tracing lineage through the mother rather than the father (p. 252) matrilineal: que traza el linaje a través de la madre y sus ancestros, no a través del padre (pág. 252) *media: channels or systems of communication (p. 798) *medios: canales o sistemas de comunicación (pág. 798) megacity: a city that has grown so fast in population that it cannot provide regular urban services (p. 962) megaciudad: ciudad cuya población ha crecido tan rápidamente que no puede garantizar los servicios urbanos habituales (pág. 962) mercantilism: a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver (p. 440) mercantilismo: conjunto de principios que dominaban el pensamiento económico en el siglo XVII; sostenía que la prosperidad de una nación dependía de tener grandes cantidades de oro y plata (pág. 440) mercenary: a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder (p. 400) mercenario: soldado que vende sus servicios al mejor postor (pág. 400) mestizo: a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent (pp. 444, 709) mestizo: persona que desciende de un progenitor europeo y uno nativoamericano (pp. 444, 709) Glossary *method • mosque *método: plan sistemático para hacer algo (pág. 129) Middle Passage: the journey of enslaved persons from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route (p. 442) Paso Central: viaje de los africanos esclavizados a las Américas, llamado así porque era la porción intermedia de la ruta del comercio triangular (pág. 442) *migration: the movement of people from one country, place, or locality to another (p. 1050) *migración: flujo de personas de un país, lugar o localidad a otra (pág. 1050) militant: combative (p. 454) militante: persona combativa (pág. 454) militarism: reliance on military strength (p. 632) militarismo: dependencia de la fuerza militar (pág. 632) *military: relating to the armed forces or to soldiers, arms, or war (pp. 174, 759) *militar: relativo a las fuerzas armadas o a los soldados, las armas o la guerra (pp. 174, 759) minaret: the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day (p. 207) minarete: torre de las mezquitas desde la cual el muecín llama a los fieles a orar cinco veces al día (pág. 207) *minimal: barely adequate (p. 916) *mínimo: escasamente adecuado (pág. 916) ministerial responsibility: the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the king or president (p. 668) responsabilidad ministerial: concepto de que el primer ministro es responsable ante el poder legislativo electo por el pueblo y no ante el rey o el presidente (pág. 668) missionary: a person sent out to carry a religious message (p. 306) misionero: persona enviada para llevar un mensaje religioso (pág. 306) mita: a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work in the Spanish landowners’ silver mines (p. 446) mita: sistema de trabajo usado por los funcionarios españoles en Perú para reclutar nativos para trabajar en las minas de plata de los terratenientes españoles (pág. 446) mobilization: the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war (pp. 761, 880) movilización: proceso de agrupar tropas y suministros y prepararlos para la guerra (pp. 761, 880) modernism: a movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance (p. 674) modernismo: movimiento en el que escritores y artistas se rebelaron entre 1870 y 1914 en contra de los estilos literarios y artísticos tradicionales que habían dominado la vida cultural europea desde el Renacimiento (pág. 674) monarch: a king or queen who rules a kingdom by organizing armies to protect their populations and making laws to regulate subjects’ lives (p. 18) monarca: rey o reina que gobierna un reino mediante la organización de ejércitos para la protección de la población y la elaboración de leyes que regulan la vida de sus súbditos (pág. 18) monarchy: government by a soverign ruler such as a king or queen (p. 57) monarquía: gobierno encabezado por un soberano, como un rey o una reina (pág. 57) monasticism: practice of living the life of a monk (p. 305) monacato: práctica de vivir la vida de un monje (pág. 305) money economy: an economic system based on money rather than barter (p. 338) economía monetaria: sistema económico basado en el dinero y no en el trueque (pág. 338) monk: a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots (p. 305) monje: hombre que se aparta de la sociedad humana ordinaria con el fin de dedicarse a Dios; los monjes viven en monasterios dirigidos por abades (pág. 305) monotheistic: having one god (p. 50) monoteísta: que tienen un solo dios (pág. 50) monsoon: a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter (p. 66) monzón: patrón estacional de vientos en el sur de Asia que soplan aire cálido y húmedo desde el suroeste durante el verano, con fuertes lluvias, y traen aire frío y seco desde el noreste en el invierno (pág. 66) mosque: a Muslim house of worship (p. 199) mezquita: templo musulmán (pág. 199) Glossary GLOSSARY *method: a systematic plan for doing something (p. 129) R77 *motive • *nuclear *motive: a reason to take action (p. 735) *motivo: razón para una acción (pág. 735) muezzin: the crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque (p. 207) muecín: voceador que llama a los fieles a orar desde el minarete de una mezquita (pág. 207) mulatto: a person of mixed African and European descent (p. 444) mulato: persona descendiente de un progenitor europeo y otro africano (pág. 444) multinational corporation: a company with divisions in more than two countries (pp. 960, 1051) corporación multinacional: compañía con divisiones en más de dos países (pp. 960, 1051) multinational state: a state in which people of many nationalities live (p. 629) estado multinacional: estado en el que viven personas de diversas nacionalidades (pág. 629) mummification: a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from decaying (p. 37) momificación: proceso consistente en secar lentamente un cadáver para evitar su descomposición (pág. 37) GLOSSARY cn R78 nationalism: the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols (p. 602) nacionalismo: singular identidad cultural de un pueblo basada en un idioma, una religión y símbolos nacionales en común (pág. 602) natural rights: rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property (p. 477) derechos naturales: derechos con los que todos los humanos nacen, entre ellos el derecho a la vida, la libertad y la propiedad (pág. 477) natural selection: the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms, “survival of the fittest” (p. 642) selección natural: principio establecido por Charles Darwin de que algunos organismos son más adaptables al medio que otros; en términos populares, “supervivencia de los más aptos” (pág. 642) Nazi: shortened form of the German Nazional, or the National Socialist German Workers’ Party; a member of such party (p. 804) nazi: forma abreviada de la palabra alemana Nazional o Partido Nacionalsocialista Alemán del Trabajo; miembro de ese partido (pág. 804) neo-Confucianism: a revised form of Confucianism that evolved as a response to Buddhism and held sway in China from the late Tang dynasty to the end of the dynastic system in the twentieth century (p. 273) neoconfucianismo: forma modificada de confucianismo que evolucionó como respuesta al budismo y mantuvo su dominio en China desde fines de la dinastía Tang hasta fines del sistema de dinastías en el siglo XX (pág. 273) *network: an interrelated or interconnected group or system (p. 526) *red: grupo o sistema interrelacionado o interconectado (pág. 526) neutrality: refusal to take sides or become involved in wars between other nations (p. 866) neutralidad: rechazo a tomar parte o involucrarse en guerras entre otras naciones (pág. 866) new monarchy: in the fifteenth century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, i.e., France, England, and Spain (p. 357) nueva monarquía: en el siglo XV, gobierno en el que el poder se había centralizado bajo un rey o reina, como en Francia, Inglaterra y España (pág. 357) New Testament: the second part of the Christian Bible, it provides a record of Jesus’ life and teachings (p. 170) Nuevo Testamento: segunda parte de la Biblia cristiana; contiene un registro de la vida y enseñanzas de Jesús (pág. 170) nirvana: in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul (p. 74) nirvana: en el budismo, la realidad final, el fin del yo y reunión con el Gran Alma Mundial (pág. 74) nongovernmental organization: an organization that has no government ties and works to address world problems (p. 1053) organización no gubernamental: organización que no tiene lazos con el gobierno y trabaja en la solución de problemas mundiales (pág. 1053) *nuclear: being a weapon whose destructive power comes from a nuclear reaction (p. 903) *nuclear: arma cuyo poder destructivo proviene de una reacción nuclear (pág. 903) Glossary nuclear proliferation • “out-of-Africa” theory nuclear proliferation: the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability (p. 1049) proliferación nuclear: extensión de la tecnología y el conocimiento para la producción de armas nucleares a países que no tienen esa capacidad (pág. 1049) nun: a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; nuns live in convents headed by abbesses (p. 306) monja: mujer que se aparta de la sociedad humana ordinaria para dedicarse a Dios; las monjas viven en conventos encabezados por abadesas (pág. 306) co *ocupación: fuerza militar que ocupa un país o las políticas llevadas a cabo por ella (pág. 875) occupied: held by a foreign power (p. 1024) ocupado: poseído por un poder extranjero (pág. 1024) oligarchy: “the rule of the few”, a form of government in which a select group of people exercises controls (pp. 114, 847) oligarquía: literalmente, “gobierno de pocos”, forma de gobierno en el que un grupo selecto de personas ejerce el control (pp. 114, 847) one-child policy: China’s effort, beginning in 1979, to control population growth; incentives such as education benefits, child care, and housing are offered to couples who limit their families to one child (p. 1016) política de un solo hijo: esfuerzo realizado por China a partir de 1979 para controlar el crecimiento de su población; se ofrecen beneficios, como la educación, guarderías y viviendas a las parejas que tengan solo un hijo (pág. 1016) *ongoing: continuing (p. 961) *en curso: que continúa (pág. 961) Open Door policy: a policy, proposed by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899, that stated all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country (p. 731) política de puertas abiertas: política propuesta por el secretario de estado de los EE.UU. John Hay en 1899, que establecía que todas las potencias con esferas de influencia en China respetarían las oportunidades comerciales equitativas con China y no establecerían tarifas que dieran ventajas injustas a los ciudadanos de sus países (pág. 731) oracle: in ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess (p. 124) oráculo: en la antigua Grecia, templo sagrado donde, según se decía, un dios o una diosa revelaba el futuro a través de un sacerdote o una sacerdotisa (pág. 124) ordeal: a means of determining guilt in Germanic law, based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent (p. 304) ordalía: medio para determinar la culpabilidad en la ley germánica basándose en la idea de una intervención divina: si el acusado no resultaba dañado luego de una prueba física, se asumía que era inocente (pág. 304) organic evolution: the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms (p. 642) evolución orgánica: principio establecido por Charles Darwin de que cada planta o animal ha evolucionado, o cambiado, durante un largo periodo, de formas más primitivas y simples de vida a formas más complejas (pág. 642) *oriented: directed toward the interests of a particular group (p. 192) *orientado: dirigido a los intereses de un grupo particular (pág. 192) orthodoxy: traditional beliefs, especially in religion (p. 494) ortodoxia: creencia tradicional, especialmente en religión (pág. 494) ostracism: in ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicans from the city by popular vote (p. 121) ostracismo: en la antigua Atenas, proceso para prohibir temporalmente, mediante el voto popular, el acceso de políticos ambiciosos a la ciudad (pág. 121) “out-of-Africa” theory: also called the replacement theory; this theory refers to when homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia (p. 7) teoría “desde África”: también llamada teoría de reemplazo; se refiere que el Homo sapiens sapiens comenzó a expandirse desde África hacia otras partes del mundo hace alrededor de 100,000 años y reemplazó las poblaciones de los homínidos primitivos en Europa y Asia (pág. 7) Glossary GLOSSARY *occupation: the military force occupying a country or the policies carried out by it (p. 875) R79 *overseas • per capita *overseas: movement or transport over the sea; land beyond the sea (p. 430) *ultramar: movimiento o transportación por mar; tierras allende los mares (pág. 430) GLOSSARY cp R80 Pan-Africanism: the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries (pp. 830, 988) panafricanismo: movimiento unitario de toda el África negra, independientemente de las fronteras nacionales (pp. 830, 988) Pan-Arabism: Arab unity, regardless of national boundaries (p. 998) panarabismo: unidad árabe, independientemente de las fronteras nacionales (pág. 998) Parliament: in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all of the nobles and bishops throughout England (p. 318) parlamento: en la Inglaterra del siglo XIII, el gobierno representativo que surgió; estaba compuesto por dos caballeros de cada condado, dos personas de cada pueblo y todos los nobles y obispos de Inglaterra (pág. 318) *participate: to take part (p. 106) *participar: tomar parte (pág. 106) *participation: having a part in or sharing in something (p. 931) *participación: tener una parte en algo o compartir algo (pág. 931) partisan: a resistance fighter in World War II (p. 871) partisano: luchador de la resistencia en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pág. 871) pasha: an appointed official in the Ottoman Empire who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan’s court (p. 486) pachá: oficial designado en el Imperio otomano que cobraba impuestos, mantenía la ley y el orden y era directamente responsable ante la corte del sultán (pág. 486) *passive: not active (p. 665) *pasivo: no activo (pág. 665) pastoral nomad: a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals (p. 46) pastor nómada: persona que domestica animales para alimentarse y vestirse y se traslada a lo largo de las rutas migratorias regulares para proporcionar una fuente estable de comida a sus animales (pág. 46) paterfamilias: in the Roman social structure, the dominant male head of the household, which also included his wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves (p. 162) paterfamilias: jefe de familia, en la antigua estructura social romana, el hombre dominante que encabezaba el hogar, en el que se incluían su mujer, sus hijos y las mujeres de estos con sus niños, las hijas solteras y los esclavos (pág. 162) patriarch: the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor (p. 323) patriarca: líder de la Iglesia ortodoxa oriental, originalmente designado por el emperador bizantino (pág. 323) patriarchal: dominated by men (p. 33) patriarcal: dominado por los hombres (pág. 33) patrician: wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic (pp. 148, 340) patricio: rico y poderoso terrateniente; formaban la clase dominante en la República Romana (pp. 148, 340) patrilineal: tracing lineage through the father (p. 252) patrilineal: que traza su linaje a través del padre (pág. 252) peacekeeping forces: military forces drawn from neutral members of the United Nations to settle conflicts and supervise truces (p. 1048) fuerzas de paz: fuerza militar formada por miembros neutrales de las Naciones Unidas para resolver conflictos y supervisar treguas (pág. 1048) peninsulare: a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe (pp. 444, 708) peninsular: persona nacida en la Península Ibérica; por lo general, un funcionario español o portugués que residía temporalmente en América Latina para obtener ganancia política y económica y luego regresar a Europa (pp. 444, 708) per capita: per person (p. 1014) per cápita: por persona (pág. 1014) Glossary *percent • pogrom *porcentaje: parte de un todo dividido en 100 partes (pág. 432) perestroika: fundamental restructuring of the Soviet economy; policy introduced by Gorbachev (p. 932) perestroika: reestructuración fundamental de la economía soviética; política introducida por Gorbachov (pág. 932) *period: an interval of time (p. 266) *período: intervalo de tiempo (pág. 266) permanent revolution: an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor favored by Mao Zedong to enable China to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism (p. 1014) revolución permanente: atmósfera constante de fervor revolucionario apoyada por Mao Zedong para permitir a China vencer su pasado y lograr la etapa final del comunismo (pág. 1014) *perspective: viewpoint (p. 512) *perspectiva: punto de vista (pág. 512) phalanx: a wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation (p. 113) falange: muralla de escudos creada por soldados de infantería que marchaban hombro con hombro en formación rectangular (pág. 113) pharaoh: the most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant “great house” or “palace” (p. 37) faraón: el más común de los diversos títulos que existían para los monarcas del antiguo Egipto; el término originalmente significaba “gran casa” o “palacio” (pág. 37) *phase: a part in the development cycle (p. 733) *fase: parte de un ciclo de desarrollo (pág. 733) philosophe: French for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals—i.e., writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers—during the Enlightenment (p. 548) philosophe: término francés para “filósofo”, se aplicaba a todos los intelectuales—escritores, periodistas, economistas y reformadores sociales—durante la Ilustración (pág. 548) *philosopher: a person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or a thinker (p. 538) *filósofo: persona que busca la sabiduría o la iluminación; estudioso o pensador (pág. 538) philosophy: an organized system of thought, from the Greek for “love of wisdom” (pp. 90, 128) filosofía: sistema organizado del pensamiento, del griego “amor a la sabiduría” (pp. 90, 128) photomontage: a picture made of a combination of photographs (p. 814) fotomontaje: imagen compuesta de una combinación de fotografías (pág. 814) *physical: relating to the body (p. 37) *físico: relativo al cuerpo (pág. 37) pictograph: a picture symbol, or character, that represents an object; used in ancient Chinese script (p. 90) pictograma: símbolo dibujado o carácter que representa un objeto; usado en la escritura de la antigua china (pág. 90) pilgrim: a person who travels to a shrine or other holy place (p. 79) peregrino: persona que viaja a un santuario u otro lugar sagrado (pág. 79) plague: an epidemic disease (p. 174) peste: enfermedad epidémica; también llamada plaga (pág. 174) planned economies: economic systems directed by government agencies (p. 767) economía planificada: sistema económico dirigido por agencias gubernamentales (pág. 767) plantation: a large agricultural estate (p. 441) plantación: propiedad agrícola grande (pág. 441) plateau: a relatively high, flat land area (p. 236) altiplano: terreno relativamente alto y llano (pág. 236) plebeian: in the Roman Republic, a social class made up of minor landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers (p. 148) plebeyos: en la República Romana, clase social compuesta de terratenientes menores, artesanos, mercaderes y pequeños granjeros (pág. 148) plebiscite: a popular vote (p. 635) plebiscito: voto popular (pág. 635) pogrom: organized persecution or massacre of a minority group, especially Jews (p. 679) pogromo: persecución organizada o masacre de un grupo minoritario, especialmente judíos (pág. 679) Glossary GLOSSARY *percent: a part of a whole divided into 100 parts (p. 432) R81 GLOSSARY *policy • *process R82 *policy: an overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures of a governmental body (p. 455) *política: plan global que comprende las metas generales y los procedimientos aceptables de un cuerpo gubernamental (pág. 455) policy of containment: a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves (p. 902) política de contención: plan para mantener algo, como por ejemplo el comunismo, dentro de sus fronteras geográficas existentes e impedir posteriores acciones agresivas (pág. 902) polis: the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside (p. 112) polis: ciudad-estado de la antigua Grecia, que consistía en una ciudad o pueblo y los campos circundantes (pág. 112) polytheistic: having many gods (p. 27) politeísta: que tiene muchos dioses (pág. 27) pope: the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church (p. 304) papa: obispo de Roma y líder de la Iglesia católica romana (pág. 304) popular culture: entertainment created for a profit and for a mass audience (p. 949) cultura popular: entretenimiento creado para obtener una ganancia y para un público de masas (pág. 949) porcelain: a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures (pp. 275, 519) porcelana: cerámica hecha de arcilla fina horneada a temperaturas muy altas (pp. 275, 519) postmodernism: an artistic movement that emerged in the 1980s; its artists do not expect rationality in the world and are comfortable with many “truths” (p. 949) postmodernismo: movimiento artístico que surgió en la década de 1980; los artistas no esperan que el mundo sea razonable y aceptan muchas “verdades” (pág. 949) praetor: an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law (p. 148) pretor: oficial de la República Romana encargado de hacer cumplir la ley civil (pág. 148) *precise: exact or sharply defined (p. 413) *preciso: exacto o bien definido (pág. 413) predestination: the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate) (p. 419) predestinación: creencia de que Dios ha determinado anticipadamente quién se salvará (el elegido) y quien se condenará (el réprobo) (pág. 419) prefecture: in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord (p. 740) prefectura: en la Restauración Meiji japonesa, territorio gobernado por el anterior daimyo (pág. 740) prehistory: the period before writing was developed (p. 4) prehistoria: periodo anterior a que se creara la escritura (pág. 4) priest: in early urban civilizations, an important and powerful person who supervised rituals aimed at pleasing the gods and goddesses (p. 19) sacerdote: en las civilizaciones urbanas primitivas, persona importante y poderosa que supervisaba los ritos dirigidos a complacer a los dioses y las diosas (pág. 19) *primary: most important (pp. 162, 441) *primordial: de la mayor importancia (pp. 162, 441) *principle: a fundamental law or idea; when said of people (e.g., someone is highly principled), it means a devotion to high codes or rules of conduct (p. 501) *principio: ley o idea fundamental; dicho de una persona (por ejemplo, alguien de elevados principios), significa su devoción a elevados códigos o reglas de conducta (pág. 501) principle of intervention: idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments (p. 625) principio de intervención: idea de que las grandes potencias tienen el derecho de enviar ejércitos a países donde existen revoluciones a fin de restaurar los gobiernos legítimos (pág. 625) principle of nonalignment: Jawaharlal Nehru’s refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance (p. 1018) principio de no alineamiento: rechazo de Jawaharlal Nehru de alinear a la India en algún bloque o alianza (pág. 1018) privatization: the sale of government-owned companies to private firms (p. 966) privatización: venta de compañías del estado a firmas privadas (pág. 966) *process: a series of actions or operations necessary to meet a specified end (p. 520) *proceso: serie de acciones u operaciones necesarias para lograr un fin dado (pág. 520) Glossary procurator • rationalism procurador: en el Imperio romano, oficial a cargo de una provincia (pág. 169) *prohibit: to prevent or to forbid (p. 809) *prohibir: impedir o proscribir (pág. 809) *projection: an estimate or a calculation (p. 1050) *proyección: estimación o cálculo (pág. 1050) proletariat: the working class (p. 656) proletariado: clase trabajadora (pág. 656) propaganda: ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause (p. 762) propaganda: ideas que se difunden para influir en la opinión pública a favor o en contra de una causa (pág. 762) protectorate: a political unit that depends on another government for its protection (p. 688) protectorado: unidad política que depende de otro gobierno para su protección (pág. 688) provincial: local; of or relating to a province (p. 732) provincial: local; de una provincia o relativo a ella (pág. 732) psychoanalysis: a method by which a therapist and patient probe deeply into the patient’s memory; by making the patient’s conscious mind aware of repressed thoughts, healing can take place (p. 677) psicoanálisis: método mediante el cual un terapeuta y un paciente indagan profundamente en la memoria del paciente; al hacer que la mente consciente del paciente tome consciencia de pensamientos reprimidos se puede llegar a la cura (pág. 677) *psychological: mental; directed toward the will or mind (p. 778) *psicológico: mental; dirigido hacia la voluntad o la mente (pág. 778) *published: printed for distribution (p. 418) *publicado: impreso para su distribución (pág. 418) puddling: process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron (p. 616) pudelación: proceso en el cual se utiliza coque derivado del carbón para extraer impurezas del hierro bruto mediante el fuego y producir un hierro de alta calidad (pág. 616) pueblo: a multi-storied structure of the Anasazi that could house up to 250 people (p. 371) pueblo: estructuras de múltiples pisos de los anasazi y que podían albergar hasta 250 personas (pág. 371) *pursue: to follow up or proceed with (p. 342) *perseguir: seguir o ir en pos de algo (pág. 342) GLOSSARY procurator: in the Roman Empire, an official in charge of a province (p. 169) cq queue: the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by Chinese males (p. 513) coleta: cola de pelo trenzado usada tradicionalmente por los hombres en China (pág. 513) quipu: a system of knotted strings used by the Inca people for keeping records (p. 385) quipu: sistema de cuerdas con nudos usado por los incas para mantener sus registros (pág. 385) Quran: the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam (p. 190) Corán: escrituras sagradas del islam (pág. 190) cr racism: the belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities (p. 687) racismo: creencia de que la raza determina los rasgos y la capacidad de las personas (pág. 687) *radical: relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change (p. 628) *radical: relativo a grupos políticos asociados con puntos de vista, prácticas y políticas de cambios extremos (pág. 628) *ratio: proportion (p. 792) *relación: proporción (pág. 792) rationalism: a system of thought expounded by René Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge (p. 545) racionalismo: sistema del pensamiento, expuesto por René Descartes, basado en la creencia de que la razón es la fuente principal del conocimiento (pág. 545) Glossary R83 GLOSSARY realism • *revelations R84 realism: mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middleclass life as it actually was (p. 643) realismo: movimiento de mediados del siglo XIX, que rechazaba al romanticismo y buscaba retratar la vida de las clases media y baja tal como eran (pág. 643) real wages: the actual purchasing power of income (p. 917) salario real: poder adquisitivo real de los ingresos (pág. 917) *recovery: an upturn (p. 914) *recuperación: mejoría (pág. 914) *redistribution: alteration in the distribution of; reallocation (p. 712) *redistribución: alteración en la distribución de algo; reasignación (pág. 712) redistribution of wealth: the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority (p. 841) redistribución de las riquezas: cambio de las riquezas de las manos de una minoría rica a las de una mayoría pobre p. 841) *regime: the government in power (pp. 96, 635) *régimen: gobierno en el poder (pp. 96, 635) *region: a broad geographic area distinguished by similar features (p. 290) *región: amplia área geográfica distinguida por características similares (pág. 290) *regulation: a governmental rule or order that controls activities (p. 967) *regulación: pauta u orden gubernamental que controla las actividades (pág. 967) reincarnation: the rebirth of an individual’s soul in a different form after death (p. 73) reencarnación: renacimiento del alma de una persona en una forma diferente después de la muerte (pág. 73) relic: bones or other objects connected with saints; considered worthy of worship by the faithful (p. 347) reliquia: huesos u otros objetos relacionados con santos, considerados dignos de adoración por los creyentes (pág. 347) *remove: to eliminate (p. 343) *eliminar: suprimir (pág. 343) reparation: a payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of a war (p. 781) reparación: pago hecho a los victoriosos por los derrotados para cubrir los costos de una guerra (pág. 781) republic: a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote (p. 148) república: forma de gobierno en la cual el líder no es un rey y ciertos ciudadanos tienen derecho a votar (pág. 148) *require: to demand as being necessary (p. 809) *requerir: demandar por necesidad (pág. 809) *resident: one who resides in a place (p. 384) *residente: quien reside en un lugar (pág. 384) *resolution: an expression of opinion or intent (p. 996) *resolución: expresión de opinión o intento (pág. 996) *resolve: determination; a fixed purpose (p. 866) *decisión: determinación; propósito establecido (pág. 866) *resources: available means for economic or political development (p. 239) *recursos: medios disponibles para el desarrollo económico o político (pág. 239) *responsive: quick to respond or react to (p. 932) *sensible: que responde o reacciona rápidamente a algo (pág. 932) *restoration: a bringing back to a former position or condition (p. 462) *restauración: restablecer algo a una posición o condición anterior (pág. 462) *restraint: a controlling force (p. 56) *freno: fuerza que controla (pág. 56) *retained: kept in possession or use (p. 284) *retener: mantener la posesión o uso (pág. 284) *reveal: show; to make known (p. 70) *revelar: mostrar; hacer público (pág. 70) *revelations: divine truths (p. 189) *revelaciones: verdades divinas (pág. 189) Glossary *revenue • satrap *revenue: the yield of sources of income that a nation or state collects and deposits into its treasury for public use (p. 279) *renta: producto de las fuentes de ingreso que un país o estado recibe y deposita en su tesorería para uso público (pág. 279) revisionist: a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism (p. 657) revisionista: marxista que rechazó el enfoque revolucionario y cree en cambio en una evolución por medios democráticos para lograr los objetivos del socialismo (pág. 657) *revolution: a sudden, complete change; an overthrow of government (pp. 14, 774) *revolución: cambio completo y brusco; derrocamiento de un gobierno (pp. 14, 774) *rigid: inflexible, unyielding (p. 556) *rígido: inflexible, inquebrantable (pág. 556) ritual: a ceremony or a rite (p. 124) ritual: ceremonia o rito (pág. 124) rococo: an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action (p. 562) rococó: estilo artístico que sustituyó al barroco en la década de 1730; era muy secular, hacía énfasis en la gracia, el encanto y las acciones nobles (pág. 562) *role: a socially expected behavior pattern (pp. 16, 1019) *papel a desempeñar: patrón de comportamiento esperado por la sociedad (pp. 16, 1019) romanticism: an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing (p. 638) romanticismo: movimiento intelectual que surgió a finales del siglo XVIII como respuesta a las ideas de la Ilustración; hacía énfasis en los sentimientos, la emoción y la imaginación como fuentes del conocimiento (pág. 638) cs sacramento: rito cristiano (pág. 344) salon: the elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment (p. 552) salón: elegantes salas de las grandes casas urbanas donde, en el siglo XVIII, escritores, artistas, aristócratas, funcionarios gubernamentales y personas acomodadas de la clase media se reunían para discutir las ideas de los philosophes, con lo que ayudaban a divulgar las ideas de la Ilustración (pág. 552) salvation: the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works (p. 414) salvación: estado de ser salvado (es decir, ir al cielo) a través de la fe sola o de la fe y buenas obras (pág. 414) samurai: “those who serve”, Japanese warriors similar to the knights of medieval Europe (p. 280) samuráis: “aquellos que sirven”, guerreros japoneses similares a los caballeros de la Europa medieval (pág. 280) sanctions: restrictions intended to enforce international law (p. 861) sanciones: restricciones impuestas para obligar a cumplir la ley internacional (pág. 861) sans-culottes: “without breeches”, members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches of the nobles) (p. 583) sans-culottes: “sin pantalones”, miembros de la Comuna de París que se consideraban patriotas ordinarios (en otras palabras, usaban calzones largos en vez de finos pantalones hasta la rodilla) (pág. 583) Sanskrit: the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C. (p. 70) sánscrito: primer sistema de escritura de los arios, creado alrededor del año 1000 a.C. (pág. 70) satellite state: a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country (p. 902) estado satélite: país que depende económica y políticamente de otro (pág. 902) satrap: “protector of the Kingdom”, the governor of a province (satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius (p. 57) sátrapa: “protector del Reino”, gobernador de una provincia (satrapía) del Imperio persa durante el gobierno de Darío (pág. 57) Glossary GLOSSARY sacrament: Christian rites (p. 344) R85 GLOSSARY satrapy • Shia R86 satrapy: one of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire (p. 57) satrapía: cada una de las 20 provincias en las que Darío dividió el Imperio persa (pág. 57) savanna: broad grassland dotted with small trees and shrubs (p. 237) sabana: tierras de pastoreo amplias, dotadas de pequeños árboles y arbustos (pág. 237) schism: the separation between the two great branches of Christianity that occurred when the Roman Pope Leo IX and the Byzantine patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other in 1054 (p. 324) cisma: ruptura entre las dos grandes ramas del cristianismo que tuvo lugar cuando el papa romano León IX y el patriarca bizantino Miguel Cerularius se excomulgaron mutuamente en 1054 (pág. 324) scholar-gentry: in China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service (p. 269) aristocracia intelectual: en China, grupo de personas que controlaba gran parte de las tierras y proveían la mayor parte de los candidatos para el servicio civil (pág. 269) scholasticism: a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason (p. 350) escolasticismo: sistema filosófico y teológico medieval que trataba de conciliar la fe y la razón (pág. 350) scientific method: a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world (p. 545) método científico: procedimiento sistemático para recolectar y analizar evidencias, fue crucial para la evolución de la ciencia en el mundo moderno (pág. 545) secede: withdraw (p. 637) secesión: separación (pág. 637) secular: worldly (p. 398) secular: mundano (pág. 398) secularization: indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration (p. 641) secularización: indiferencia o rechazo a la religión o la consideración religiosa (pág. 641) *security: freedom from danger or invasion; safety (p. 245) *seguridad: liberación de un peligro o invasión; condición de seguro (pág. 245) self-strengthening: a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions (p. 728) autofortalecimiento: política promovida por reformadores hacia fines de la dinastía Qing, bajo la cual China adoptaría la tecnología occidental, aunque mantendría sus valores e instituciones confucianos (pág. 728) separation of powers: a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances (p. 548) separación de poderes: forma de gobierno en la cual las ramas ejecutiva, legislativa y judicial se limitan y controlan entre sí a través de un sistema de controles y balances (pág. 548) sepoy: an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company’s interests in the region (p. 702) cipayo: soldado indio contratado por la Compañía Británica de la India Oriental para proteger los intereses de esa compañía en la región (pág. 702) serf: in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control (p. 336) siervo: en la Europa medieval, campesino confinado legalmente a la tierra y que tenía que proporcionar servicios, pagar rentas y estar sujeto al control del señor (pág. 336) *series: a group of related things or events (p. 511) *serie: grupo de cosas o eventos relacionados entre sí (pág. 511) shah: king (used in Persia and Iran) (p. 492) sha: rey (se usaba en Persia e Irán) (pág. 492) shari’ah: a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad’s death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives (p. 191) sharia: código legal formulado por eruditos musulmanes después de la muerte de Mahoma; ofrece a los creyentes un conjunto de leyes prácticas para regular sus vidas cotidianas (pág. 191) sheikh: the ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders (p. 188) jeque: soberano de una tribu árabe, elegido de una de las familias dominantes por un consejo de ancianos (pág. 188) Shia: a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed’s son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam (p. 194) shií: grupo musulmán que acepta sólo a los descendientes del yerno de Mahoma, Alí, como el verdadero líder del islam (pág. 194) Glossary *shift • stalemate *cambio: variación en la dirección o la actitud (pág. 940) Shinto: “the Sacred Way” or “the way of the Gods”, the Japanese state religion; among its doctrines are the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation (p. 282) sintoísmo: “el Camino Sagrado” o “el Camino de los Dioses”, religión de estado en Japón; entre sus doctrinas están la divinidad del emperador y la santidad de la nación japonesa (pág. 282) shogun: “general”, a powerful military leader in Japan (p. 281) shogun: “general”, poderoso líder militar de Japón (pág. 281) Silk Road: a route between the Roman Empire and China, so called because silk was China’s most valuable product (p. 78) Ruta de la seda: ruta entre el Imperio romano y China, se llamaba así porque la seda era el producto más valioso de China (pág. 78) *so-called: commonly named; popularly termed (p. 236) *así llamado: comúnmente llamado; popularmente llamado (pág. 236) social contract: the concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community (p. 551) contrato social: concepto propuesto por Rousseau de que una sociedad completa accede a ser gobernada por su voluntad general y que todos los individuos deben ser forzados a someterse al deseo general, ya que representa lo mejor para la comunidad completa (pág. 551) Social Darwinism: theory used by Western nations in the late nineteenth century to justify their dominance; it was based on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, “the survival of the fittest”, and applied to modern human societies (p. 678) darwinismo social: teoría utilizada en las naciones occidentales a finales del siglo XIX para justificar su dominio; se basaba en la teoría de la selección natural de Charles Darwin, “la supervivencia de los más aptos”, aplicada a las sociedades humanas modernas (pág. 678) socialism: a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production (p. 621) socialismo: sistema en el cual la sociedad, por lo general en la forma de un gobierno, posee y controla los medios de producción (pág. 621) Socratic method: the method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-andanswer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason (p. 129) método socrático: método de enseñanza utilizado por el filósofo griego Sócrates; emplea un formato de preguntas y respuestas para llevar a los alumnos a ver las cosas por sí mismos usando su propia razón (pág. 129) *sole: being the only one (p. 910) *solo: ser el único (pág. 910) *sought: made an attempt; tried (p. 56) *intentar: hacer un intento; tratar (pág. 56) *source: a document or primary reference book that gives information (p. 1014) *fuente: documento o libro de referencia primaria que ofrece información (pág. 1014) soviets: Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers (p. 774) soviet: consejo ruso, compuesto de representantes de los trabajadores y los soldados (pág. 774) *sphere: any of the concentric, revolving, spherical transparent shells in which, according to ancient astronomy, the stars, sun, planets, and moon are set (p. 540) *esfera: cualquiera de las capas esféricas, transparentes, concéntricas y giratorias en las que, según la astronomía antigua, estaban las estrellas, el Sol, los planetas y la Luna (pág. 540) spheres of influence: areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges (p. 729) esferas de influencia: áreas en las que a una potencia extranjera se le han garantizado derechos y privilegios exclusivos, como derechos comerciales y privilegios de minería (pág. 729) *stability: the state of being stable; strong enough to endure (p. 464) *estabilidad: propiedad de estable; suficientemente fuerte como para resistir (pág. 464) stalemate: the condition that exists when neither of two opposing sides is able to make significant gains (p. 1021) estancamiento: condición que existe cuando ninguno de las dos partes opuestas puede obtener ventajas significativas (pág. 1021) Glossary GLOSSARY *shift: a change in direction or attitude (p. 940) R87 GLOSSARY state capitalism • Swahili R88 state capitalism: an economic system in which the central government plays an active role in the economy, establishing price and wage policies and subsidizing vital industries (p. 1026) capitalismo de estado: sistema económico en el cual el gobierno central desempeña una función activa en la economía, mediante políticas de precios y salarios y el subsidio de industrias vitales (pág. 1026) stateless society: a group of independent villages organized into clans and led by a local ruler or clan head without any central government (p. 249) sociedad sin estado: grupo de aldeas independientes organizadas por clanes y lideradas por un soberano local o líder de un clan sin un gobierno central (pág. 249) Stoicism: a school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers (p. 139) estoicismo: escuela de pensamiento creada por el profesor Zenón en la Atenas helenística; sostenía que solo se puede lograr la felicidad cuando las personas consiguen la paz interior, mediante una vida en armonía con los deseos de Dios y que las personas deben soportar todo lo que la vida les depare (pág. 139) *strategy: a plan or method (p. 123) *estrategia: plan o método (pág. 123) *structure: an arrangement in a definite pattern of organization (p. 173) *estructura: disposición en un patrón de organización definido (pág. 173) *style: having a distinctive quality or form (p. 409) *estilo: tener una cualidad o forma distintiva (pág. 409) *submission: act of submitting to the control or authority of another (p. 190) *sometimiento: acto de someterse al control o autoridad de otro (pág. 190) *subsidizing: aiding or promoting with public money (p. 138) *subsidiar: ayudar o promover con recursos públicos (pág. 138) *subsidy: government payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity (pp. 440, 741) *subsidio: pago gubernamental para estimular o proteger cierta actividad económica (pp. 440, 741) subsistence farming: the practice of growing just enough crops for personal use, not for sale (p. 247) agricultura de subsistencia: práctica de sembrar sólo la cosecha suficiente para uso personal, no para la venta (pág. 247) *successor: one that follows, especially one who succeeds to a throne or an office (p. 494) *sucesor: el que sigue, especialmente el que sigue en el trono o en un cargo (pág. 494) suffrage: the right to vote (p. 663) sufragio: derecho a votar (pág. 663) sultan: “holder of power”, the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans (pp. 197, 486) sultán: “poseedor del poder”, líder militar y político del estado bajo el gobierno de los turcos seléucidas y otomanos (pp. 197, 486) Sunni: a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam (p. 194) suníes: grupo musulmán que sólo acepta a los descendientes de los Omeya como los verdaderos gobernantes del islam (pág. 194) surrealism: artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious (p. 814) surrealismo: movimiento artístico que trata de representar la vida del inconsciente (pág. 814) *survive: to remain alive or in existence (pp. 8, 368) *sobrevivir: mantenerse vivo o en existencia (pp. 8, 368) sustainable development: economic development that does not limit the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs (p. 1042) desarrollo sostenible: desarrollo económico que no limita la capacidad de generaciones futuras de satisfacer sus necesidades básicas (pág. 1042) *sustained: supported or held up (p. 57) *sostenido: apoyado o mantenido (pág. 57) suttee: the Hindu custom of cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre (p. 501) suttee: costumbre hindú de incinerar a la viuda en la pira funeraria de su esposo (pág. 501) Swahili: a mixed African-Arabic culture that developed along the east coast of Africa; also, the major language used in that area, combining Bantu with Arabic words and phrases (p. 248) swahili: cultura mixta africana y árabe que se desarrolló a lo largo de la costa oriental de África; también la lengua principal que se emplea en esa región, que combina el bantú con palabras y frases árabes (pág. 248) Glossary *symbol • *traditions *symbol: something that stands for something else by way of association; a visible sign of something invisible (p. 938) *símbolo: algo que sustituye a algo más por asociación; signo visible de algo invisible (pág. 938) systematic agriculture: the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis (p. 14) agricultura sistemática: el mantenimiento de animales y la siembra de alimento de modo regular (pág. 14) ct taille: impuesto directo anual, por lo general sobre la tierra o la propiedad, que generaba una fuente regular de ingresos para la monarquía francesa (pp. 357, 576) *target: something or someone marked for attack (p. 765) *blanco: algo o alguien marcado para ser atacado (pág. 765) *task: a duty or function (p. 975) *tarea: deber o función (pág. 975) *technology: the science or study of the practical or industrial arts; applied sciences (pp. 46, 334) *tecnología: ciencia o estudio de las artes prácticas o industriales; ciencia aplicada (pág. 46, 334) *temporary: lasting for a limited time; not permanent (p. 368) *temporal: que dura un tiempo limitado; no permanente (pág. 368) tepee: a circular tent made by stretching buffalo skins over wooden poles (p. 371) tepee: tienda circular hecha de pieles de búfalo estiradas sobre postes de madera (pág. 371) Thatcherism: the economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, which limited social welfare and restricted union power (p. 943) thatcherismo: política económica de la primera ministra británica Margaret Thatcher, que limitaba el bienestar social y restringía el poder de los sindicatos (pág. 943) theocracy: government by divine authority (p. 29) teocracia: gobierno por autoridad divina (pág. 29) theology: the study of religion and God (p. 350) teología: estudio de la religión y de Dios (pág. 350) *theory: hypothesis or unproved assumption (p. 4) *teoría: hipótesis o suposición no demostrada (pág. 4) Theravada: “the teachings of the elders”, a school of Buddhism that developed in India; its followers view Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion, centered on individual salvation (p. 284) Theravada: “las enseñanzas de los ancianos”, escuela del budismo creada en la India; sus seguidores ven el budismo como un estilo de vida centrado en la salvación del individuo, no como una religión (pág. 284) totalitarian state: a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens (p. 796) estado totalitario: gobierno que aspira a controlar la vida política, económica, social, intelectual y cultural de sus ciudadanos (pág. 796) total war: a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields (p. 767) guerra total: guerra que implica la movilización completa de recursos y personas, afecta a las vidas de todos los ciudadanos en los países en guerra, incluso de aquellos alejados de los campos de batalla (pág. 767) tournament: under feudalism, a series of martial activities such as jousts designed to keep knights busy during peacetime and help them prepare for war (p. 312) torneo: bajo el feudalismo, serie de actividades marciales, como justas, diseñadas para mantener a los caballeros ocupados durante los tiempos de paz y ayudarlos a preparase para la guerra (pág. 312) trade embargo: a policy prohibiting trade with a particular country (p. 969) embargo comercial: política que prohíbe el comercio con un país en particular (pág. 969) trading society: a group of people who depend primarily on trade for income (p. 294) sociedad comercial: grupo de personas cuyos ingresos dependen principalmente del comercio (pág. 294) *traditional: established; customary (p. 289) *tradicional: establecido; habitual (pág. 289) *traditions: established customs of a people (p. 698) *tradiciones: costumbres establecidas de un pueblo (pág. 698) Glossary GLOSSARY taille: an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy (pp. 357, 576) R89 GLOSSARY tragedy • *unique tragedy: a form of drama that portrays a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme sorrow, especially as a result of a fatal flaw (p. 126) tragedia: forma de drama que representa un conflicto entre el protagonista y una fuerza superior y que tiene un protagonista que es llevado a la ruina o un dolor extremo, en especial como resultado de un error fatal (pág. 126) *transfer: to take over the control of (p. 1020) *transferir: transmitir el control de algo (pág. 1020) *transform: to change the form or appearance of (p. 207) *transformar: cambiar la forma o apariencia de algo (pág. 207) *transformation: conversion; change in character or condition (p. 170) *transformación: conversión; cambio en el carácter o condición (pág. 170) *transition: changeover; the move toward one form, stage, or style to another (p. 655) *transición: conversión; el cambio de una forma, estado o estilo a otro (pág. 655) *transport: the moving of goods or people (p. 29) *transportar: trasladar bienes o personas (pág. 29) *transportation: means of travel from one place to another (p. 440) *transporte: medio de viajar de un lugar a otro (pág. 440) trench warfare: fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, as in World War I (p. 763) guerra de trincheras: combate desde trincheras protegidas por alambres de púa, como en la Primera Guerra Mundial (pág. 763) *trend: a pattern or general tendency (p. 814) *tendencia: patrón o inclinación general (pág. 814) triangular trade: a pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the American continents; typically, manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for enslaved persons, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe (p. 442) comercio triangular: patrón comercial que conectaba a Europa y África con las Américas, por lo general se enviaban manufacturas de Europa a África, donde las intercambiaban por esclavos que enviaban a las Américas y donde los cambiaban por materias primas que enviaban a Europa (pág. 442) tribute: goods or money paid by conquered peoples to their conquerors (p. 378) tributo: bienes o dinero pagado por pueblos conquistados a sus conquistadores (pág. 378) triumvirate: a government by three people with equal power (p. 154) triunvirato: gobierno de tres personas con igual poder (pág. 154) tyrant: a ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and the poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics (p. 114) tirano: gobernante que quitó el poder a los aristócratas por la fuerza, ganó el apoyo de los nuevos ricos y de los pobres y mantiene el poder mediante el uso de soldados contratados y tácticas de combate (pág. 114) cu R90 ulema: a group of religious advisers to the Ottoman sultan; this group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims (p. 487) ulema: grupo de consejeros religiosos del sultán otomano; este grupo administraba el sistema legal y las escuelas para educar a los musulmanes (pág. 487) uncertainty principle: the idea put forth by Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based on uncertainty (p. 815) principio de incertidumbre: idea establecida por Heisenberg en 1927 de que el comportamiento de las partículas subatómicas es incierto, lo que sugiere que todas las leyes físicas que rigen el universo se basan en la incertidumbre (pág. 815) *uncharted: not mapped; unknown (p. 695) *ignoto: que no aparece en el mapa; desconocido (pág. 695) *unification: the act, process, or result of making into a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being unified (p. 631) *unificación: acción, proceso o resultado de convertir algo en un entero coherente o coordinado; estado de estar unificado (pág. 631) *unique: distinctive; unequaled (p. 562) *único: distintivo; sin igual (pág. 562) Glossary universal law of gravitation • war communism universal law of gravitation: one of the three rules of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity (p. 541) ley de la gravitación universal: una de las tres reglas del movimiento que rigen los cuerpos planetarios establecida por sir Isaac Newton en su Principia; explica que los cuerpos planetarios no se mueven en línea recta, sino que continúan en órbitas elípticas alrededor del Sol, porque cada objeto en el universo es atraído hacia todos los otros objetos por una fuerza llamada gravedad (pág. 541) universal male suffrage: the right of all males to vote in elections (p. 628) sufragio universal masculino: el derecho de todos los hombres a votar en elecciones (pág. 628) *unprecedented: having nothing that has been done or said in the past to compare to (p. 796) *sin precedentes: que no se ha hecho o dicho algo similar en el pasado (pág. 796) *unreliable: not dependable (p. 969) *desconfiar: que no se puede confiar (pág. 969) *unrestricted: having no restrictions or bounds (p. 767) *irrestricto: que no tiene restricciones ni límites (pág. 767) urban society: a system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life (p. 398) sociedad urbana: sistema social en el cual las ciudades son el centro de la vida política, económica y social (pág. 398) cv vasallo: en el feudalismo, hombre que servía a un señor en calidad de militar (pág. 310) Vedas: the earliest known Indian literature, which contain religious chants and stories that were originally passed down orally from generation to generation and then recorded in Sanskrit after writing developed (p. 80) Vedas: primeros escritos literarios conocidos de la India, contienen cantos religiosos e historias que inicialmente pasaron oralmente de generación en generación y se registraron en sánscrito una vez desarrollada la escritura (pág. 80) vernacular: the language of everyday speech in a particular region (pp. 351, 407) vernácula: lengua que se habla cotidianamente en una región particular (pp. 351, 407) *via: by way of (p. 69) *vía: por medio de (pág. 69) viceroy: a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch (p. 704) virrey: gobernador que regía como representante de un monarca (pág. 704) *violation: a disregard of rules or agreements (p. 856) *violación: desacato de las reglas o acuerdos (pág. 856) *virtually: almost entirely; nearly (p. 148) *virtualmente: casi enteramente; aproximadamente (pág. 148) *vision: the way of seeing or believing (p. 275) *visión: forma de ver o creer (pág. 275) vizier: a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries (pp. 37, 196) visir: alto funcionario gubernamental en el antiguo Egipto o en países musulmanes (pp. 37, 196) *volunteer: one who enters the military voluntarily (p. 828) *voluntario: quien entra voluntariamente al ejército (pág. 828) GLOSSARY vassal: under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity (p. 310) w c war communism: in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control (p. 777) comunismo de guerra: en la Rusia de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el control gubernamental de los bancos y la mayoría de las industrias, la confiscación de granos a los campesinos y la centralización de la administración estatal bajo el control comunista (pág. 777) Glossary R91 war of attrition • Zionism war of attrition: a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses, such as World War I (p. 765) guerra de desgaste: guerra que se basa en desgastar al otro bando con constantes ataques y grandes pérdidas, como en la Primera Guerra Mundial (pág. 765) welfare state: a state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services such as health care (p. 916) estado de bienestar: estado en el que el gobierno asume la responsabilidad de proveer a los ciudadanos de servicios como la atención sanitaria (pág. 916) wergild: “money for a man”, the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed (p. 304) wergild: “dinero por un hombre”, indemnización; el valor de una persona en dinero, dependiendo de su estatus social; en la sociedad germánica, una multa pagada por un malhechor a la familia de la persona a quien dañó o mató (pág. 304) *whereas: although (p. 159) *mientras: en tanto que (pág. 159) *widespread: widely extended or spread out (p. 880) *generalizado: ampliamente extendido o diseminado (pág. 880) women’s liberation movement: the renewed feminist movement of the late 1960s, which demanded political and economic equality with men (p. 921) movimiento de liberación de la mujer: movimiento feminista renovado de finales de la década de 1960, que exigía la igualdad política y económica con los hombres (pág. 921) y yoga: a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with God (p. 72) yoga: método de ejercitación creado por los hindúes que se supone conduce a la unidad con Dios (pág. 72) GLOSSARY z R92 zaibatsu: in the Japanese economy, a large financial and industrial corporation (p. 834) zaibatsu: en la economía japonesa, gran corporación financiera e industrial (pág. 834) zamindar: a local official in Mogul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government (p. 499) zamindar: oficial local en la India de los mogoles, que recibía un lote de terreno para su uso temporal a cambio de cobrar impuestos para el gobierno central (pág. 499) Zen: a sect of Buddhism that became popular with Japanese aristocrats and became part of the samurai’s code of behavior; under Zen Buddhism, there are different paths to enlightenment (p. 282) Zen: secta del budismo que se hizo popular entre los aristócratas japoneses y se volvió parte del código de conducta de los samuráis; según el budismo Zen, existen diferentes vías para llegar a la iluminación (pág. 282) ziggurat: a massive stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city (p. 29) ziggurat: torre escalonada en la cual se construía un templo dedicado al dios o diosa principal en las ciudades sumerias (pág. 29) Zionism: an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel (p. 679) sionismo: movimiento internacional que originalmente abogaba por el establecimiento de una comunidad nacional o religiosa judía en Palestina y después por el apoyo al Israel moderno (pág. 679) Glossary Index Abbas, Mahmoud—Antigone (Sophocles) The following abbreviations are used in the index: m = map; f = feature (photograph, picture, painting, cartoon, chart); t = table; q = quote a Abbas, Mahmoud, 999 Abbasid dynasty, 196. See also Arab Empire; decline and division, 196; empire of, 197m; gold dinar from, 201f; rule, 196 ‘Abbās (shāh of S·afavid Empire), 493–495, 504 abbess(es), 306 ‘Abd ar-Rah·mān (caliph of Arab Empire), 195f Abdülhamıˉd II (Ottoman ruler), 822 abolitionism, 637 absolutism, 464; in Central and Eastern Europe, 467–469; and crisis in Europe, 452–481; enlightened, 554–558, 555m; Louis XIV and, 465f, 478; response to crises, 464–469, 478 abstract painting, 676 Abū al-‘Abbās (caliph of Arab Empire), 196 Abū Bakr, 192 Achebe, Chinua, 993 Acheson, Dean, 902q acid rain, 1042 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 989, 1041, 1041f acropolis, 112 Acropolis, 113f, 126 Act of Supremacy: of 1534, 421 Actium, Battle of, 155 Adenauer, Konrad, 915–916, 916f troops, 896–897f; invasion by Soviet Union, 931; Soviet occupation of, 1001; Taliban in, 1001; U.S. invasion of, 1001, 1047 Afonso I (king of the Congo), 442, 442f, 442q Africa, 151. See also Central Africa; East Africa; individual states; West Africa; North Africa; African society and culture, 250–255; Atlantic slave trade, 440–443; changing names of African National Congress (ANC), 986–987, 990, 991f African socialism, 988 African Union (AU), 988 Afrikaners (Boers), 693m, 696–697, 986–987 Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 127f Agamemnon (king of Mycenae), 109, 111, 140f Age of Pericles, 121 Agincourt, Battle of, 356 agora, 112 Agra, 501 Agricultural Revolution, 238 agriculture. See also farming; systematic agriculture: agricultural societies, 294; during the Columbian Exchange, 436; development of systematic, 17m; Green Revolution, 1041; growing of crops, 15; humans begin to practice systematic, 20; in India, 288; in Middle Ages, 334–335; number of farms in the U.S., 15f; plantations, 441–442; systematic, 3,14–18, 17m; today’s agricultural revolution, 15f Aguinaldo, Emilio, 689 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 1001 Ahuizotl (Aztec king), 386q Ahuramazda, 57 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 989, 1041, 1041f Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 558 Aiyar, G. S., 707 Akbar (shāh of India), 498, 500f, 500q, 504, 609f; expansion of Mogul rule in India, 452; reign of, 498–500 Akkadian Empire, 32–33 Akkadians, 32 Al-Bakri, 242q Albania, 912; transition from communism, 937m Albany Congress, 561f Alberti, Leon Battista, 398 Albert (Prince of Great Britain), 645q Aldrin, Buzz, 1040 Alexander II (czar of Russia), 636 Alexander III (czar of Russia), 636 Alexander Nevsky (prince of Novgorod), 321 Alexander the Great, 82–83f, 134, 140, 183f, 188; army of, 136f; conquest of Egypt, 40; conquests of, 135–136; empire of, 135m; Hellenistic Era and, 134–139; legacy of, 136 Alexandra (empress of Russia), 772 Alexandria, Egypt, 135, 137, 183f Alexius I (Byzantine emperor), 198, 324, 325 al-Fatah, 999 Alfonsín, Raúl, 974 Algeria: French colony in, 694; independence of, 986 Allah, 188, 210 Allegory of the Planets and Continents (Tiepolo), 562 Allende, Salvador, 972 Allied Powers: division of Germany into four zones, 902; help to Communists’ enemies during Russian Revolution, 777; United States as arsenal of, 881; in World War I, 766 Allied Reparations Commission, 791 Alps, 151 al-Qaeda, 944f, 945, 1001 Alsace, 633, 782 Alvarado, Juan Velasco, 975 Amazon Basin: deforestation in, 1043f Amenhotep IV (Egyptian pharaoh), 40 American Civil War, 443, 637, 663, 671 American Federation of Labor, 671 American Red Cross, 636f American Revolution, 566–568, 570; land claims after, 567m; surrender of British at Yorktown, 570f Americas, 368 Amin, Idi, 990 amphora, 116f Amritsar massacre, 832 Anabaptist(s), 419m, 421; persecution of an, 424f Analects (Confucius), 90 anarchy, 494 Anasazi, 371; center in Chaco Canyon, 388f; early people of North America, 388 Anatolian Peninsula, 484, 824, 846f Angkor, 292. See also Khmer Empire Angkor Wat, 294f, 295 INDEX Adhai-Din-Ka Jhonpra, 287f adobe, 371 Adoration of the Magi (Dürer), 411 Adrianople, 177 The Adventures of the Ten Princes (Dan·d·in), 289 Aegean Sea, 107, 170 Aeneid (Virgil), 161 Aeschylus, 126, 127f Afghanistan, 931, 945; Afghan nations, 1059f; cities, 992–993; climate and geography of Africa, 237, 237m; colonial legacy in, 990, 992, 992f; David Livingstone arrives in, 695; development of African civilizations, 236–239; dictatorships ended in, 990; economic problems of, 988–989, 992f; on the eve of colonialism, 700–701m; expansion of Ottoman Empire in, 485–486; Great Britain annexes west coastal states of, 692; health problems of, 988–989; imperialism in, 686, 692–699, 693m, 829m; independent nations of, 986, 987m; infection of cattle, 753f; influenced by nationalism, 850; kingdoms and states of, 242–249; kinship with ancestors in African societies, 251f; leaders of independent states, 987–988; malaria outbreak, 1059f; nationalism in, 698–699, 828–830, 829m, 846f; new imperialism and, 718; number of Africans who fought in World War II, 895f; number of languages spoken in, 1059f; percentage of Africa controlled by colonial powers, 753f; political challenges in, 989–990, 1045; religion in, 253m; religious beliefs, 253–254; scramble for, 701f; society and culture of, 992–993; sources of enslaved Africans, 442; trade networks from East Africa to Asia, 240–241m; two centers of trade in, 238t; women’s roles in, 251–252, 993 African Americans: civil rights movement, 582f, 918; enslaved, 637; music, 254f; as part of the military during World War II, 882; post-Civil War, 671; relocation to northern cities during World War II, 882; segregation becomes illegal in U.S. public schools, 924f Anglican Church (Church of England), 419m, 420–421, 422f Anglo-Saxons, 302, 316 Angola, 986 anime, 1027f Anjou, France, 358 An Lushan: starts civil war in China, 266f Annam, 688 Annan, Kofi, 1052f, 1052q annexed, 692 annul, 420 Anson’s Bay, China, 727f anthropology, 4; archaeology and, 4 Antigone (Sophocles), 127 Index R93 anti-Semitism—Azikiwe, Nnamdi anti-Semitism. See also Holocaust; Jews; Nazi Germany: Black Death and, 353; during Crusades, 327; of Hitler, 804, 805f; Kristallnacht, 808f, 809; of Nazi Germany, 806, 807f, 808f, 809, 816f; 890f; Nuremberg laws, 809; during Reformation, 422; roots of, 679; Zionism and, 678f, 679 Antoninus Pius (Roman emperor), 157 Antony, Marc, 155 ANZUS defensive alliance, 1029 apartheid, 986–987, 990, 991f APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation), 1052 Apollonius, 138 appeasement, 857 apprentice, 341 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 350, 350f Aquino, Benigno, 1023 Aquino, Corazon, 1023 Aquitaine, France, 356 Arab Empire: Arab rule, 193; campaigns into France, 195m; conquests, 192–193; creation of, 192–193; end of expansion in Europe, 195f; how it succeeded, 198f; Islamic society, 202–203; its successors and, 192–199; prosperity in the Islamic world, 200–201; role of cities, 200–201; Seljuk Turks and the Crusades, 197–198; a split in Islam, 194; Umayyad dynasty, 194 arabesques, 207 Arabia, 192, 239, 254; independence of, 823 The Arabian Nights (The 1001 Nights) (Khayyám), 206 INDEX Arabian Peninsula, 188 Arab-Israeli conflict, 940 Arab-Israeli disputes, 996, 997m, 998–1000 Arab nationalism, 826–827 Arabs, 188–189. See Arab Empire Arafat, Yasir, 999 Aragon, Spain, 358–359 Aramco, 827 Arandora Star, 878 Arbenz, Jacobo, 971 Arc de Triomphe, 574 archaeology, 4; archaeological finds, 5m; discovery of King Tut’s tomb, 895f; field archaeology, 9f Archimedes, 139, 538 archipelago, 290 architecture, 207; of ancient Egypt, 43; of ancient India, 81; the baroque period, 473–474; Bauhaus, 894f; classical Greek, 126; Doric columns, Greek, 125f; early Indian, 289; of Enlighten- R94 Index ment, 561–562; functionalism in, 676; Gothic, 348–349, 349f; Islamic, 207, 287f; Latin American, 965; modernism in, 676; neo-Gothic style, 638; in the Ottoman Empire, 488; Palace of Versailles, 470–471f; Renaissance, 409–410; Roman arch, vault, and dome, 160; Romanesque, 348; romanticism in, 638; Southeast Asian, 295; Washington, D.C., 161f; what significance a building can convey, 684–685f Ardennes Forest, 864 arete, 111 Argentina, 960, 973; authoritarian rule in, 847; caudillos and, 712; export economy of, 715, 844; Great Depression in, 845f, 846; independence of, 710, 711; major developments in since 1945, 963m; move toward democracy, 974; nationalism in, 846f; new strategy in, 973–974; political events in, 973m; teenage life in, 978–979f Argonautica (Apollonius), 138 Aristarchus, 138 aristocracy, 86 Aristotle, 113, 130, 130–131, 131q, 182f, 204, 350, 538, 540 armada, 456 Armenia, 776 Armenian genocide, 823–824, 824f armistice, 780 arms race, 903–904 Armstrong, Neil, 1040 Arno River, 410f Arouet, François-Marie. See Voltaire Arroyo, Gloria, 1023 Arthasastra (Mauryan), 76 Articles of Confederation, 569 artifacts, 4; Bronze Age, 18f; dating fossils and, 4–5 artisans, 16 art(s). See also architecture; drama; literature; music; painting; poetry; sculpture; theater: African, 993; after the Renaissance, 472–474; artistic hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt, 42f; baroque period, 473–474; Chinese, 519; classical Greek, 126–128; dadaism, 814; in the Dark Age of ancient Greece, 110f; Egyptian, 43, 59f; of Enlightenment, 561–563; Etruscan, 178f; everyday art in ancient Athens, 116f; golden age, 274–275, 474–476; Han dynasty, 99; Hellenistic Era, 137–138, 140f; Hindu gods in art, 72f; Hindu temple art, 289; Islamic, 207; Japanese theater, 524; Latin American art and architecture, 965; Latin American literature, 964–965; Mannerism, 472; of Nazi Germany, 815; Northern Renaissance, 411; in the Ottoman Empire, 488; Paleolithic, 11; Phoenician, 52–53f; photomontage, 814; postmodernism, 949; realism in, 642f, 643; Renaissance, 409–411; rock paintings in early Africa, 255; rococo style, 562, 562f; Roman, 160; romanticism in, 638–639, 639f; surrealism, 814–815; in the Tokugawa Era in Japan, 523–524; trends in after World War II, 949 Aryabhata, 81 Aryans: arrival of the, 69–70; giving up nomadic life for farming, 70; Nazi German view of, 678–679, 805f, 806, 807, 807f, 809 ascetics, 74 Ashanti, 253 Ashurbanipal (king of Assyrian Empire), 55f, 55q Asia. See also Southeast Asia; South Asia; Southwest Asia; Western Asia: Asian theater during World War II, 869, 871; Cold War in, 1017; ethnic and religious conflicts in, 1044; imperialism in, 686–687; nationalism in, 831, 846f, 850; New Order in, 879; political challenges in, 1045; women in, 1023; World War II in, 1941–1945, 868m Asia Minor, 118, 153, 194; founding of Christian communities in, 170 Asian tigers, 1027–1029 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 1052 Aśoka (ruler of Mauryan Empire), 76, 77q assembly line, 655, 813 Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Henry VIII), 420f Assisi, 345 Assyrian Empire, 54–55 Assyrians, 54 astrolabe, 205, 433f; Islamic, 208–209f astronomy: Hellenistic Era, 138; Muslim masters of the sky, 208–209f; Scientific Revolution and, 540–541, 542f Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal), 824–825, 846f Athens, city-state of, 113f, 117; compared to Sparta, 182f; daily life in, 121; economy and society, 121–122; everyday art in, 116f; “Maiden Porch,” 1f Atlantic Ocean, 236 Atlantic slave trade, 440–443 atoms, 676, 815 Attlee, Clement, 916 Augsburg, Peace of, 413m, 417, 418, 424, 460 Augustus (Roman emperor), 155f, 156; Age of, 155, 156; revival of Roman state religion, 168 Aum Shinrikyo, 1040 Aung San, 1021 Aung San Suu Kyi, 1021 Aurangzeb (shāh of India), 501 Auschwitz, 876; the Final Solution at, 877f Australia, 1032; recent years, 1029 Australopithecus, 7; flourish in Africa, 2; “Lucy,” 7 Austria, 467, 782; AustroPrussian War, 632; authoritarian rule in, 802–803; Congress of Vienna, 624–625; Crimean War, 630–631; expansion of, 467m; German unification and, 632, 858; Italian unification and, 631–632; in late Middle Ages, 359; Austrian Empire, 467–468; right to vote for women, 920; Seven Years’ War, 558–559; succession of Maria Theresa in, 558; war with France, 583 Austria-Hungary: anti-Semitism in, 679; Balkans and, 673; creation of, 635; end of AustroHungarian Empire, 780; government of, 670; industrialization in, 655; nationalities in, 628m, 629; as part of Central Powers in World War I, 766; response to assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, 760; Triple Alliance, 672; in Triple Alliance, World War I, 758, 763, 764, 768, 780 Austrian Empire: enlightened absolutism in, 555m, 556–557; nationalism in, 635; nationalities in, 628m, 629; revolutions of 1848 and, 629 Austrian Succession, War of, 558 Austro-Prussian War, 632 authoritarian governments, 816 authoritarian states, 802; Eastern Europe, 802–803; Spain, 803 autonomous, 939 Autumn (Ba Jin), 737 Avignon, France, 355 Axis Powers, 869, 890, 900 Axum kingdom (Africa), 238f, 239 Ayacucho, Battle of, 711 Azerbaijan, 492; independence from Soviet Union, 932 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 830 the Aztec—Bush, George W. the Aztec, 376, 377–379; culture of, 379; destruction of civilization, 434–435; early people of Mesoamerica, 388; education of, 378f; political and social structures of, 378–379; practice of human sacrifice, 387f; religion of, 379, 386–387f; rise of, 377–378; role of religion in Aztec society, 386–387f b Bābur (shāh of India), 498 Babylon, 33 Babylonia, 56 Babylonian Empire, 32–33 Bacciochi, Elisa, 600f Bach, Johann Sebastian, 563 Bacon, Francis, 539m, 544q, 545 Bagehot, Walter, 634f Baghdad, Iraq, 196, 197, 197m, Barrios de Chungara, Domitila, 1045q Barton, Clara, 636f, 663 Baseball Player at Bat, 664f Basescu, Traian, 938 Basho, Matsuo, 524 basilicas, 348 Basque region, 951 Bastille, 580 Batista, Fulgencio, 968, 968f Bauhaus School, 894f Bay of Pigs, 905–906, 968f bazaar(s), 201; S·afavid, 496–497f Beccaria, Cesare, 550 bedouin, 190 Beer Hall Putsch, 804 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 639–640 Begin, Menachem, 999 731, 1015, 1015f; Red Guards parade in, 1032f Belarus: independence from Soviet Union, 932 Belgian Congo, 986 Belgium: artistic Renaissance in, 411; Hitler’s victory against, 864; imperialism by, 693m, 695, 829m; independence of, 627; industrialization in, 619, 655 Bell, Alexander Graham, 653 Bellarmine (Cardinal), 541q Benedictines, 344 Benin, 255, 443 Berbers, 194, 243 Bering Strait, 368 Berlin Airlift, 903f, 903m Berlin Conference, 695, 701f Berlin Wall, 905, 908–909f, 924f; destruction of, 954f; fall of, 938f Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 326, 344, 362f Berners-Lee, Tim, 1058f Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 678 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 473 Beslan, 935 Beveridge, Albert, 689q The Bhagavad Gita, 73, 80 Bhopal chemical disaster, 1042 Bible: comparison of views on, 422f; Gutenberg’s, 402f Bill of Rights: American, 568f, 569, 626; English, 463; English, enactment of, 453 bin Laden, Osama, 944–945, 944f, 1001 bioethics, 1040 biological weapons, 1040 bioterrorism, 1040 biowarfare, 1040 birth control, 662 Birth of a Nation, 812 bishopric, 304 Bismarck, Otto von, 632–633, 633f, 670, 672, 672f, 695; at Berlin Conference, 701f; William II fires, 650 Black Death, 352–353, 354f, 360–361f; impact of, 353, 354f; number of Muslims killed by year 1349, 393f; spread of, 352, 353m Black Dragon Society, 835 Blackfriars, 474 “Black Hole of Calcutta”, 503 The Black Man’s Burden (Morel), 698q Black Sea, 107, 352 Blackshirts, 816f Black Stone, 189 Blair, Tony, 943 Blake, William, 641 blitz, 884, 894f; London’s finest hour, 888–889f blitzkrieg, 864 bloc, 917 Bloody Mary, 421 “Bloody Sunday”, 670, 951; in St. Petersburg, Russia, 651 Blucher, 617 Blue Mosque: in ∙Istanbul, 394–395f The Body of Civil Law (The Justinian Code), 322 Boer republics, 696–697 Boers (Afrikaners), 693m, 696–697 Boer War, 697 Boff, Leonardo, 976f Bohemia, 355, 417, 460, 629 Boissy d’ Anglas salutes the head of the deputy Feraud, May 20, 1795 (Fragonard), 595f Bojaxhiu, Agnes Gonxha. See Mother Teresa Boleyn, Anne, 420, 421 Bolívar, Simón, 710–711, 710f Bolivia, 711, 844, 962; political events in, 973m Bologna, Italy, 350 Bolsheviks, 774, 784, 800; Lenin and the, 774–775; Old, 801; seize power in Russia, 775–776 Bombay (Mumbai), India, 705 Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon. See Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, Jerome, 600f Bonaparte, Joseph, 600f Bonaparte, Louis, 600f Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor of France) Boniface VIII (pope), 355 Bonivard, François, 639f Book of Hours, 337f The Book of the City of Ladies (de Pizan), 408 The Book of the Courtier (Castiglione), 402 Book of the Dead (Egyptian), 42f Borghese, Pauline, 600f Bosnia, 760, 954; annexation of, 673; wars in, 939 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 939 Bosnian Crisis, 673 Bosnian War, 824 Bosporus, 114, 175, 484 Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne, 465q Botswana, 989 Boulding, Elise, 1053 Bourbon dynasty, 632 bourgeoisie (burghers), 339, 578, 620, 656 Boxer Rebellion, 731, 733m, 734f Boxers, 731 boyars, 468 Boyle, Robert, 539m, 542 Boyle’s Law, 542 Brahmasputha Siddhanta (Brahmagupta), 393f Brahma the Creator, 72 Brahmins, 70, 71t Brandt, Willy, 916, 941 Brasília, Brazil, 965 Brazil, 444, 960, 975, 980; authoritarian rule in, 847; “economic miracle”, 975; export economy of, 712, 715, 844; Great Depression in, 845f, 846, 847; harvesting coffee in, 718f; independence of, 711; major developments in since 1945, 963f; nationalism in, 846f; as part of Portuguese Empire, 435; political events in, 973m; Portuguese control of, 447; return to democracy, 975; silver mines in, 448f Brazzaville, 992 Brezhnev, Leonid, 930; Brezhnev Era, 930–931 Brezhnev Doctrine, 930 Brezhnev Era, 930–931 Briand, Aristide, 792 Britain, Battle of, 866–867 British East India Company, 503, 702, 703, 726 British India. See also India: splits into India and Pakistan, 1032 Brittany, 951; Fest Noz, 951 Bronze Age, 16, 108; artifacts, 18f; begins, 3 Brownshirts (SA) (Storm Troops), 804 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 401f, 409–410 Brussels, 473 bubonic plague, 352–353, 353m, 354f, 360–361f Budapest, Hungary, 635, 913 Buddha, 73, 284 Buddhism, 73, 216–217f; in ancient India, 73–74; in China, 273; decline of, 284; Four Noble Truths, 75, 75f; in India, 285f; introduction of in Korea, 283; Mahayana, 284; principles of, 74–75, 75t; stupas show spread of, 80f; Theravada, 284 budget deficits, 943 Bulgaria, 673, 802–803; transition from communism, 937m bureaucracy, 37, 528 burghers, 339, 403 INDEX 205, 339; center of Arab trade empire, 196; destruction of by Mongols, 199 Baines, Edward, 623f Ba Jin, 737, 737q balance of power: Congress of Vienna and, 624–625 balance of trade, 440 Balfour, Arthur James, 826f, 827 Balfour Declaration, 826f, 827 Balkans, 323; Crimean War, 630–631; crises in, 673, 760; expansion into by Ottomans, 504f; first war of the, 680f Bande Mataram, 707 Bangladesh, 285; creation of, 1020 banners, 513 Bantu(s), 247; migration of, 246m, 247; spread iron working, 246f baroque period, 473–474 baroque style, 562, 563 barrel vault, 348 Beguines, 346f Beijing, China, 271, 510, 727, Burma (modern Myanmar), 292–293; British control of, 688, 690, 729; independence of, 1021; resistance to colonial rule in, 690f, 691 Burundi, 990 Bush, George, 944, 971 Bush, George W., 944, 1001, 1002, 1046–1047; 9/11, 944–945; war on terror, 944f Index R95 Byzantine Empire—children Byzantine Empire, 177, 322–324, 485; attack by Umayyads on Constantinople, 194; conflicts with Arab Empire, 192–193; conquered by the Ottomans, 327, 504; Crusades and, 325–327; heights of and problems in, 324; life in Constantinople, 324; Macedonian emperors, 324; pressure from Seljuk Turks, 197; religious issues in, 324 Byzantium, 114, 175 c Cabot, John, 433 Caesar, Julius, 154, 155, 155f Caffa, 352 Cahokia, 370 Cairo, Egypt, 196, 339; as center of Islamic civilization, 199 Cairo Trilogy (Mahfouz), 1003 Calcutta (Kolkata), India, 503, 705, 1019, 1020f Calderón, Felipe de Jesús, 967 calendar: French revolutionary, 590; Mayan, 374, 375–376, 376f Caligula (Roman emperor), 156, 183f caliph, 192 Caliph al-Ma’mūn, 209f Caliph al-Mutawakkil, 206f Calvin, John, 418–420, 422, 422f, 424, 460 Cambodia: French control of, 688; Pol Pot regime in, 1021 Cambyses (king of Persia), 56 Cameroon, 692 Camp David Accords, 999 Canada, 945; AmericanCanadian relations, 919; NAFTA and, 1052; Official Languages Act, 945; Quebec secession issue, 945; Seven Years’ War and, 560–561, 566; U.S. and, 943–945 INDEX 696, 992 capital, 614 capitalism, 340f; commercial, 338, 516; industrial, 620 Caracalla (Roman emperor), 159 Caral, 382, 388 Caravaggio, 474 caravansaries: S·afavid, 496–497f caravel, 433f Cárdenas, Lázaro, 846f, 847–848 Caribbean, 442; economic dependence of, 712; export economy of, 844; political events in, 967m; U.S. role in, 845 Carnegie Steel Company, 671 Carolingian Empire, 306m, 306–307, 307, 319; Charlemagne as emperor, 307; end of the, 308–309; Renaissance of, 307 Carolingian Renaissance, 307 carruca, 334–335 Carson, Rachel, 1042 cartels, 977; in Colombia, 980 Carter, Howard, 895q Carter, Jimmy, 92f, 931, 943, 971, 999 Carthage, 150; destruction by Rome, 151 457 Calvinism, 418–420, 419m, Candra Gupta (king of Gupta Empire), 79 Candra Gupta II (king of Gupta Empire), 79 Cannae, 151 Canning, Charles, 703f cannons: Hundred Years’ War and, 356, 362f The Canon of Medicine (Ibn Sıˉnā), 205f Canterbury, England, 407–408 The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 407 Can Vuoug, 691 Cao Xuein: The Dream of the Red Chamber, 519 R96 Cape Colony, 696, 696f, 697 Cape of Good Hope, 236 Capetian dynasty, 319 Cape Town, South Africa, Index Carthaginians: Hannibal, 151; Punic Wars with Rome, 150–151 Cartwright, Edmund, 616 cash crops, 712 Caspian Sea, 200, 492 caste system, 70–71; in India, 1019 Castiglione, Baldassare, 402, 402q Castile, Spain, 358–359 Castle of Chillon, 639f Castro, Fidel, 905, 968, 980f; Cuban Revolution, 968f; rise to power, 968 Castro, Raúl, 968 Çatalhüyük, Turkey, 12–13f, 16 Catherine II (Catherine the Great) (Russian ruler), 555m, 557–558, 557f, 558, 570f Catherine of Aragon, 420, 421 Catholic Church. See also Catholicism: Anglican Church and, 420–421; Beguines, 346f; beliefs of, 422f; Benedictines, 344; Black Death’s effects on, 354f; Cistercians, 344; decline of power of, 355; Dominicans, 345–346; in Europe, 1600, 419m; in fascist Italy, 799; Franciscans, 345–346; French Revolution and, 576, 577f, 581; Galileo versus, 540–541, 541q; Great Schism of, 355, 362; Henry II and the, 316–317; Inquisition, 346, 346f; liberation theology, 976f; Martin Luther versus, 415–416; in medieval Europe, 342–347; monks and monasteries, 305–306; Napoleon Bonaparte and, 599; organization of the, 304–306; Peace of Augsburg and, 417; reformation of, 412–414, 423; role of the Church after fall of Roman Empire, 304–306; in Slavic Europe, 320–321; Spirituals, 346f; state and Church in colonial Latin America, 446–447; women in, 344–345 Catholicism. See also Catholic Church: in the Middle Ages, 362; Spain’s militant, 454 Catholic Reformation, 423 caudillos, 711–712 Cavaliers, 461 Cavendish, Margaret, 539m, 543, 543q cave paintings, 2–3f Cavour, Camillo di, 631–632 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 938 cell phones, 1039f censorate, 96 Central Africa: Hutu versus Tutsi in, 990; imperialism in, 695 Central America, 969–971. See also individual states; economic dependence of, 712; economic, social, and political issues in, 980; export economy of, 715, 844; independence of, 711; as part of Spanish Empire, 435; political events in, 967m; U.S. role in, 845 Central Europe, 320–321. See also individual states; absolutism in, 467–469; governments of, 670; in late Middle Ages, 359; literacy and, 665; revolutions of 1848 in, 629; Slavic peoples of, 320m Central Powers: in World War I, 766 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 905 ceramics: Chinese, 275 Cercle Social, 594f Cervantes, Miguel de, 475 Cezanne, Paul, 675 Chacabuco, Battle of, 711 Chaco Canyon, 371; Anasazi center in, 388f Chaeronea, Battle of, 134 Chaldeans: defeat of the Kingdom of Judah, 49 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 678–679 Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de, 971 Champa, kingdom of, 292 Changan, 268 Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), 84, 85, 94, 264, 266, 726, 836, 839 chanson de geste, 351 Chao K’uang-yin, 267f Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (king of the Franks), 306, 306f; as Roman emperor, 307 Charles I (king of England), 461, 462f; execution of, 478f Charles I (king of Spain), 400, 417 Charles II (king of England), 462 Charles V (Holy Roman emperor), 415, 417 Charles V (king of Spain), 386f Charles VII (king of France), 356, 357f Charles VIII (king of France), 400 Charles X (king of France), 627 Charles the Great (king of the Franks). See Charlemagne Charter Oath, 740 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 407 Chauvet, Jean-Marie, 11 Chauvet Cave, 10m, 10f, 11 Chávez, Hugo, 977 Chavin: early culture of South America, 388 Chavin culture, 382 Chechnya, 934f; ongoing turmoil in, 935; Yeltsin’s use of force against, 934 checks and balances, 548, 569 Cheka, 777 chemical wastes, 1042 chemical weapons, 1040 chemistry: classification of elements, 641; Scientific Revolution and, 542 Chennai (Madras), India, 503 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 1042 Chiang Kai-shek, 842f; attempt to build a republic, 850; versus Communists, 837m, 837–839, 1012; flight to Taiwan, 1012; as leader of China, 839–841; as leader of Republic of China (Taiwan), 1028–1029; losing control of China, 903; New Life Movement of, 840f, 841; seeks to appease Japan, 860–861 Chichén Itzá, 377 children: Aztec, 378–379, 378f; in China, 1016; labor performed by, 616, 617f, 619, 621; in Chile—command economy Chinese empires, 94–99; rivers and mountains, 84; rural in the 1930s, 843f; sale of British goods in, 748f; Shang dynasty, 86–87; Shanghai Massacre, 837; Song dynasty, 266; spheres of influence in, 725m, 748; Sui dynasty, 264; systematic agriculture develops in, 14; Tai Ping Rebellion, 726–727; Tang dynasty, 264–266; urban in the 1930s, 842f; war with Japan, 729, 743, 860–861; Zhou dynasty, 87–90 chinampas, 378 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 836, 838f, 843f; is formed, 836 Chirac, Jacques, 941 chivalry, 313, 314–315f; nobility and, 311–313 chlorofluorocarbons, 1042 Choshu, Japan, 739 Chrétien, Jean (prime minister of Canada), 945 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 915; in West Germany, 942 Christian humanism, 412–413, 414f Christianity, 218–219. See also Catholic Church: development of, 168–173; in early Africa, 239; in Middle Ages, 342–347; rise of, 170–173; Roman Empire adopts, 172–173; Roman persecution of Christians, 171–172; spread of, 171m, 172f; teachings of Jesus, 170; Theodosius I makes official religion of Empire, 172f Chulalongkorn (king of Thailand), 688 Churchill, Winston, 870, 886, 887, 888–889f Church of England (Anglican Church), 419m, 420–421, 422f, 424 Church of Saint Thomas, 563 Church of the Fourteen Saints, 562 Cicero, 168, 182q, 406 Cincinnatus (Roman ruler), 148, 162 World War II, 884–885; Chinese, 267; living conditions in ancient Rome, 165; medieval, 339–341; public health and sanitation in, 658–659; rise of cities during Neolithic period, 18; role of cities in Arab Empire, 200–201; in Roman Empire, 159, 161f; Sumerian, 28–29 city-state(s), 28. See also polis; of ancient Mesopotamia, 28–29; Athens, 117; community of the, 112–113; organization of the, 112; Sparta, 115–117; Sumerian cities, 28–29; two rival city-states, 114; tyranny in ancient Greek, 114; Ur, ziggurat at, 28f Civil Code (Napoleonic Code), 599 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 581 civil disobedience, 832; Gandhi and, 706, 706f, 832, 833f civilization, 18, 204; begins in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, 20, 26–33; development of African, 236–239; early Chinese, 84–93; early Greek, 106–111; early Indian, 66–75; Egyptian, 34–43; emergence of, 18–19; Greco-Roman, 159, 160; Indus River valley, 68–69, 68m; Islamic, 200–203; Minoan, 108–109; Neolithic Revolution and rise of, 14–19; centers of, 46–51; patterns of, 184–393; Southeast Asian, 290–295; toward a global, 896–1059; Western values, 170; what it is, 2 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 661f, 918, 919f civil rights movement, 582f, 918, 924; 1960s and, U.S., 918 civil service: exam during Tang dynasty (China), 265; merit-based, 91f; reform in the U.S., 92f Civil Service Act of 1883, 92f Civil War: in the U.S., 443, 637, 663, 671 civil wars: as ongoing challenge, 1044 Circus Maximus, 164f, 165 Cistercians, 344 cities, growth of: in Africa, Ci Xi (Chinese empress dowager), 728f, 729, 732, 989; in Industrial Revolution, 619–620; mass society and, 658; in Middle Ages, 339–341; in United States, 671 citizen, 594f citizenship: views of, in revolutionary France, 594–595f; who should be a citizen, 594–595f city(ies). See also cities, growth of; city-state(s): African, 992–993; bombing of during clan(s), 370, 517 classical Greece. See Greece, 734f ancient classical music, 563 classless society, 656, 656f Claudius (Roman emperor), 156 Clay, Lucius, 903f Cleisthenes (king of Athens), 117 Clemenceau, Georges, 781, 781f Clement III (antipope), 343f Clement V (pope), 355 Clement VII (pope), 417 Cleopatra VII (Egyptian pharaoh), 40; alliance with Marc Antony, 155 Clermont, 619 Clinton, Bill, 943, 999, 1000f Clive, Sir Robert, 502f, 503 cloning, 1040, 1059f clothing: of France, 584–585f The Cloud Messenger (Kālidāsa), 81 Clovis (ruler of the Franks), 302–303 Clytemnestra, 127f coal industry, 616, 620–621 Code of Hammurabi, 32f, 33 coke, 616 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 466 Cold War, 886, 949; arms race, 903–904; in Asia, 1017; Berlin Wall, 905; confrontation of the superpowers, 900–902; Cuban Missile Crisis, 905–907; development of, 900–907, 904t; division of Germany, 902; intensifies, 931; Marshall Plan, 902; military alliances, 904–905; political division and conflict during, 924; in Southeast Asia, 1022f; Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during, 924; spread of, 903–907, 904f; Truman Doctrine, 901–902; Vietnam and the domino theory, 907; Western Europe and North America during, 924 collaborators, 877 collective bargaining, 657, 794 collectivization, 800–801, 1012–1013 Colombia, 962, 976; coffee and cocaine, 976–977; drug cartels in, 980; independence movement in, 710, 711; independence of Panama, 971; major developments in since 1945, 963f; political events in, 973m; U.S. intervention in, 713 colonial rule. See imperialism colony, 440 Colosseum: in ancient Rome, 166f, 183f INDEX Renaissance Italy, 403; in World War II, 877–878 Chile, 960, 972; art of, 849; cultures of, early, 384–385; export economy of, 844; Great Depression in, 846; independence of, 710–711; major developments in since 1945, 963f; number of governments between 1931 and 1932, 895f; political events in, 973m; protest of brutal rule of Augusto Pinochet, 980f; toward economic stability in, 972 Chimor, kingdom of, 384 China, 78, 532. See also People’s Republic of China; ancient culture compared to India, 100t; beginning of Southern Song period, 267f; Boxer Rebellion, 731; Chiang Kai-shek. See Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese philosophy, 90–93; Chinese society and culture, 269, 516–518; civilization begins in, 20f; civil war in, 735; climate, 85; Confucianism, 90–93; cultural changes in, 735–737, 736f; Daoism, 93; development of printing in, 274f; development of written language, 90; dynasties of, 266–267f; early Chinese civilizations, 84–93; early dynasties of, 88t; economic changes in, 517f; economy of, 735–736; empires in, 265m; Europeans in, 515; first contacts with the West, 512; Five Dynasties Era begins, 267f; goes to war with Japan over Korea, 650f; golden age in literature and art, 274–275; government and economy, 267–268; Great Wall, 95–96, 97f, 100f; Han dynasty, 98m, 98–99; impact of geography on, 84–85, 85m; imperialism in, 728–731, 736, 748; influenced by nationalism and revolution, 850; isolation of, 514f; at its height, 510–515; Legalism, 93; Lord Macartney leads British trade mission to, 509f; martial arts, 524f; under the Ming and Qing dynasties, 1368–1911, 511m; the Ming dynasty, 510– 512; Mongol dynasty in, 272m; Mongol Empire, 271m; Mongols and, 270–275; Neolithic farming villages in, 16; Open Door Policy, 730–731, 730f, 835; Opium War, 726, 727f; population growth, 960–1933, 517t; Qin dynasty, 94–96; Qing dynasty, 513–515. See Qing dynasty of China; religion and government, 273; reunified by Sui dynasty, 264–269; revolution and transition in, 748; revolution of 1911, 732–735; rise and fall of Columbian Exchange, 435–436, 438–439f; international trade and, 436f Columbus, Christopher, 432, 436f, 438f; arriving in the Americas, 448f, 609f Comintern (Communist International), 831, 836 command economy: comparison of market and command economies, 911f, 911t Index R97 commercial capitalism—Darwin, Charles commercial capitalism, 338, 516 Committee of Public Safety, 588, 589, 590f, 593 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 824f commodities, 735 common law, 317 commonwealth, 461 communes, 1013 communism, 655; in art, 848f, 849; in Asia, 831, 831f; in China, 836–839, 1012–1017; in Europe, 1930s, 797m; Great Depression and, 793; in North Korea, 1017; revolts against, 913; in Russia, 776f; in Southeast Asia, 831, 831f, 1021, 1022f; in Soviet Union, 799–801; transition of Eastern Europe from, 937m; U.S. fighting spread of in Latin America, 962–963; U.S. intervention in Central American politics, 980 Communist China. See People’s Republic of China Communist International. See Comintern The Communist Manifesto (Marx), 655, 656f, 848f Communist National Liberation Front (NLF), 1022f Communist Party, 911, 1012. See Communist(s) Communist People’s Liberation Army, 900 Communist(s), 775; celebra- INDEX tions in Moscow, 850f; in China, 850; complacent and corrupt in Soviet Union, 930; in Czechoslovakia, 912, 913; fear of infiltration in the U.S., 917–918; in Hungary, 913; number of current Communist states, 1059f; patterns of control in Eastern Europe, 912–913; in Poland, 913; Red Terror, 777; triumph in Russia, 777 Compromise of 1867, 635 computer-aided imaging, 1040 computers, 1038–1040 concentration camps, 806 Concert of Europe, 625; breakdown of, 630–631 concessions, 738 Concordat of Worms, 343–344 The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (Engels), 622f Coney Island, 664f Confederate States of America, 637 Confederation of the Rhine, 601 R98 Index Confucianism, 90, 90–93, Cortés, Hernán, 386q, 431, 220–221f, 840f; rule of merit, 91f Confucius, 90, 91f, 92q, 182q Congo: Belgian colonies in, 695; Democratic Republic of, 986, 988, 990 Congo River, 236, 695 Congress of Vienna, 624–625; Europe after, 625m Congress Party, 1018, 1020 conquistadors, 434; seizing of land ruled by Aztec and Inca, 448 434–435, 436f; description of Aztec temple, 386q Costa Rica, 711 cottage industry, 615, 617f, 621, 623f cotton industry, 615–616, 620, 621, 623f, 637 Conrad III (emperor of Germany), 326 conscription, 759 conservatism, 624–625 Conservative Party, 668, 795; Great Britain, 943 Consistory, 420 Constance, Switzerland, 355 Constantine (Roman emperor), 173, 174–176, 490f; conversion to Christianity, 172f Constantinople, 175, 322, 339, 485, 491m. See also ∙I stanbul, Turkey: as center of commerce, 324; crusaders sack of, 327; fall of, 491f; life in, 324; rebuilding of, 324 Constitution: American, 569, 637, 661f, 671; Austrian, 670; French, of 1791, 582; French, of 1795, 593; French, of 1875, 668–669; German, 670; Iroquois, 370f; Japanese, 1024, 1025; Meiji, 740; Mexican, of 1917, 714f, 715; Turkish, 822 Constitutional Convention, 569 consulate, 598 consuls, 148 consumer society, 920 Continental Army, 568 Continental Congress, 567–568 Continental System, 601, 602 contras, 971 Convention People’s Party, 988f conversos, 358f cooperatives, 975 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 539, 539m, 540, 542f, 570f Coral Sea, Battle of the, 869 Corday, Charlotte, 588f Córdoba. See also Fatimid dynasty Cornwallis (General), 568, 570f The Coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I (David), 597f Cort, Henry, 616 Cortázar, Julio, 965 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 902 council of the plebs, 149 Council of Trent, 423 coup d’état, 593 Courbet, Gustave, 642f, 643 Cranmer, Thomas, 420 Crassus, 154 The Creation (Haydn), 563 Crécy, Battle of, 356 Creditanstalt Bank, 792 creoles, 444, 448, 708, 710 Crimean War, 630–631, 636f, 646, 663 On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria), 550 Croatia, 939 Croats, 628m, 629 Croesus (king of Lydia), 125 Cromwell, Oliver, 461, 462, 462f crossbow(s), 356, 362f cross vault, 348 Cruikshank, George, 592f Crusades, 198, 325, 325–327, 326m; anti-Semitism during, 327; early, 325–327; later, 327 Crystal Palace, 644–645f Cuba, 432, 905; Cuban Revolution, 968–969; decline of Cuban economy, 980; economic dependence of, 712; economic, social, and political issues in, 980; Great Depression in, 845f; major developments in since 1945, 963f; political events in, 967m; as protectorate of United States, 713; relations with the U.S., 969 Cuban missile crisis, 905–907, 906f, 924, 969 Cuban Revolution, 968–969; Cuban revolutionaries seize Havana, 980f; Fidel Castro’s, 968f cubism, 676 cultural imperialism, 949 Cultural Revolution (China), 1014; Red Guards parade in Beijing, 1032f culture, 18; African society and, 250–255; Chavin, 382; Chinese, 516–519; of classical Greece, 124–131; distinctive Korean, 525; in early India, 289; in early Japan, 282; of High Middle Ages, 348–351; identity and, 949–951; Inca, 385; of Islam, 204–207; Latin America, 964–965; mass, 812–813, 814f; Moche, 383; Nazca, 388; popular, 949; regional identity in Western Europe, 950m; Roman, 160–165; spread and transformation of Western, 954; Western culture and society, 946–951; world of European, 472–477 culture of modernity, 674–676 cuneiform, 30 Curie, Marie, 676, 680; Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 753f currency. See also euro: S·afavid use of coins, 496–497f Cuzco, 384, 385 Cyrus (Cyrus the Great) (king of Persia), 56 czar, 468 Czechoslovakia, 782, 913, 936–937; Communist control of, 912; democracy in, 803; Dubc̆ek’s “socialism with a human face”, 913; Hitler’s destruction of, 858; invasion by Soviet Union, 913; Nazi invasion of, 754–755f; right to vote for women, 920; split into Czech Republic and Slovakia, 937; transition from communism, 937m Czech Republic, 934, 937 Czechs: in Austrian Empire, 628m, 629, 670; revolution in Bohemia of, 355 d Dacia, 158 dadaism, 814 d’Aelders, Etta Palm: citizenship for women, 594q da Feltre, Vittorino, 409q da Gama, Vasco, 240–241m, 432; lands in Calicut, 508f Daily Mail (London), 665 daimyo, 281, 520 Dakar, 992 Dalai Lama, 1044 de Albuquerque, Afonso, 432 Dalí, Salvador, 815 Damascus, Syria, 194, 339 dancing cabinet, 743 Dan·d·in, 289 d’Anglas, Boissy, 595f Dante Alighieri, 407, 407f Danton, Georges, 586, 588 Danube River, 158, 177 Dao, 87, 91, 92 Daoism, 93, 275; in China, 273 Dardanelles, 484, 630 Darfur, Sudan, 990, 1044 Darius (king of Persia), 136f Darius III (king of Persia), 56–57, 118, 136f Dark Age: changes of the, 110–111; early Greek civilizations, 110–111; Homer: poet of the, 111 Darwin, Charles, 641–642 da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula—Edo (Tokyo), Japan da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula, 975 David, Jacques-Louis, 578f, 588f, 597f David Copperfield (Dickens), 643 da Vinci, Leonardo, 398, 410, 410f, 609f Dawes Plan, 792 D-Day, 870, 870f; the five beaches, 870m; invasion, 872f; Normandy invasion, 872–873m death camps, 807, 876; Auschwitz, 876, 877f The Death of Marat (David), 588f de Beauharnais, Eugène, 600f de Beauharnais, Hortense de, 600f de Beauvoir, Simone, 920f, 921 De Beers mining company, 696f Deccan Plateau, 66, 69, 500 de Cervantes, Miguel, 475 de Chamorro, Violeta Barrios, 971 Declaration of Independence, 568; U.S., 476f Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 581, 589, 594f Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World (Garvey), 830 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Gouges), 581q Defender of the Faith, 420f deficit spending, 795 de Firmont, Henry, 588q deforestation, 1042, 1043f, 1054 Deganawida, 370 Degas, Edgar, 742f de Gaulle, Charles, 914, 915, 986 552–553 de Gortari, Carlos Salinas, 967 de Gouges, Olympe, 581, 581q, 589; writes declaration of rights for women, 509 deism, 548 de Klerk, F. W., 990, 991f Delacroix, Eugène, 639, 639f de la Cruz, Sor Juana Inés, 447 de las Casas, Bartolomé, 446q de Lesseps, Ferdinand, 693 Delhi, India, 498, 501; the siege of, 718f Delian League, 121 Delos, 121 Delphi, 124 794f demilitarized, 857 demilitarized zone (DMZ), 1028f democracy, 114; Argentina’s move toward, 974; Brazil’s return to, 975; Chinese movement for, 1013m, 1014–1015, 1015f; comparing Athenian to U.S., 120t; direct, 121; early Greece and the polis, 140; in Europe, 1930s, 797m; Latin America’s move toward, 961; mass society and, 650–679; ministerial responsibility and, 668; Pericles expands Athenian, 120f; in Southeast Asia, 1023; in Western Europe, 668–669 Democracy Wall, 1015f Democratic Republic of Congo, 986, 988, 990 Deng Xiaoping (leader of China), 1014, 1015, 1032 Denmark: adoption of gender parity policies, 948; Latin American colonies of, 709m de Pizan, Christine, 408, 408q depression, 792 de Rosas, Juan Manuel, 712 Descartes, René, 539m, 544–545, 544q The Descent of Man (Darwin), 642 desertification, 1042 de Staël, Anne-LouiseGermaine, 599 de-Stalinization, 911 détente, 930, 931 deterrence, 905 de Vega, Lope, 476 developed nations, 1043 developing nations, 1043; population trends in, 1050; women entrepreneurs in, 1044f development: sustainable, 1042; United Nations goals for, 1052f Dewey, Commodore George, 688 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 827 dharma, 73 Díaz, Porfirio, 714 Dickens, Charles, 643 dictatorship, 656 Diderot, Denis, 549, 557, 557f, 570f Diem, Ngo Dinh, 1021, 1022f Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam, 1021 Diocletian (Roman emperor), 173, 174–176; reforms by, 174–176 direct democracy, 121 the Directory, 593 direct rule, 690, 698 disarmament groups, 1053 Discourse on Method (Descartes), 544 Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind (Rousseau), 551 discrimination, 1023 Disraeli, Benjamin, 634f dissidents, 930 Divine Comedy (Dante), 407, 407f divine right of kings, 461 diviners, 253 documentaries, 813, 813f doge, 400 Domesday Book, 316 domestication: of animals, 14 Dominican Republic, 713, 713f Dominican(s), 345–346; missionaries in the Spanish Empire, 447 domino theory, 907; Vietnam and, 907 Donatello, 401f, 409 Don Giovanni (Mozart), 563 Don Quixote (Cervantes), 475 Dorian Greeks, 110 Doric columns, 125f Doryphoros, 126 dowry, 203, 269, 403 drama. See also literature: Greek classical, 126–127; Kabuki, 530–531f Dravidians, 69, 72 Drawn in Color (Jabavu), 993 The Dream of the Red Chamber (Xuein), 519 Dresden, Germany, 884 Dreyfus, Alfred, 678f, 679 Dreyfus Affair, 678f, 679 Duarte, José, 970 Dubc̆ek, Alexander, 913 Dublin, Ireland, 815 Du Bois, W.E.B., 830 Du Fu, 274, 275q; “Spring Prospect”, 275 Duke of Wellington, 603 Duma, 670, 774 Dürer, Albrecht, 411 Dutch, 529. See the Netherlands Dutch East India Company, 437, 690 Dutch East Indies, 688, 690; Japanese invasion of, 867 Dutch Republic: American Revolution, 568; Belgium annexed by, 627 dynasty, 36 e The Early History of Rome (Livy), 162 Early Middle Ages: development of feudalism, 310–311; population in, 334 East Africa. See also individual states: imperialism in, 695; Indian Ocean trade ports, 247–248; societies in, 247–248; trade networks from to Asia, 240–241m East Asia. See also individual states: East Asian world, 508–535 Eastern Europe, 320–321, 912–913, 936–939. See also individual states: absolutism in, 467–469; after World War I, 783; authoritarian states in, 802–803; Black Death spread to, 352; during the Cold War, 924; Communist patterns of control, 912–913; conflict of superpowers over, 900; economic and political change in, 954; Gorbachev stops giving Soviet military support to, 932; governments of, 670; in late Middle Ages, 359; revolutions in, 936–938; Slavic peoples of, 320m; Soviet Union and, 910–913; ten countries join the European Union, 940; transition from communism, 937m Eastern Front: World War I, 763–764 Eastern Orthodox Church, 321, 323, 359, 419m; patriarch, 323 Eastern Roman Empire, 322–323. See also Byzantine Empire Eastern Woodlands peoples, 369–371 East Germany, 941–942; Berlin Wall, 905; creation of, 902 East Jerusalem, 999 Eastman, George, 675 East Timor, 1044 Ebert, Friedrich, 780 Echeverría, Luis, 966 ecological disasters, 1042 ecology, 1042 economic imperialism in Latin America, 712 economic interdependence, 1051f, 1052 INDEX de Geoffrin, Marie-Thérèse, demand-side economics, economics: laissez-faire, 549f, 550, 550f; Smith on, 549–550; supply-side versus demand-side, 794f economy(ies): colonial, 690; global, 655, 1043, 1051–1052, 1051f; keiretsu, 834f; money, 338; zaibatsu, 834, 834f, 1026 Ecuador, 383, 384, 710; political events in, 973m Eden, Fanny, 752q Edict of Milan, 172f, 173 Edict of Nantes, 457 Edict of Worms, 415 Edison, Thomas, 650f, 652–653 Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), 738, 744f, 748f Edo (Tokyo), Japan, 520, 740 Index R99 education—Exploration, Age of education: in ancient Egypt, 42–43; in ancient Rome, 162; Aztec, 378f; community education and initiation in African society, 252; humanist, 408–409; in Japan, 742; universal, 664–665 Education for All program, 1049f Edward I (king of England), 318 Edward III (king of England), 356 Edward VI (king of England), 421 INDEX Edwards, Jorge, 965 ego, 677f Egypt: Camp David Accords, 999; potamia, 32–33; Athenian, 121– 123; Carolingian, 306–307; in China, 265m; first civilizations and, 1–183; Gupta, 79; Holy Roman, 319–320; Khmer, 292; Kushān, 78–79; Mauryan, 76–77; Mogul, 498–503; Ottoman, 484–489; rise and fall of Chinese, 94–99; rise of, 54–57; Roman, 152–159; S·afavid, 492–495 Enabling Act, 806 enclosure movement, 614 encomienda, 435; system, 446f imperialism in, 693; independence of, 692–693; Islamic revivalism and, 1003; literature in, 1003; Napoleon’s plans for, 597; Palestine Liberation Organization and, 999; Pan-Arabism in, 998; Six-Day War, 997f, 998–999; Suez Canal, 693–694, 694f; Suez War, 997, 997f; in United Arab Republic, 998; Yom Kippur War, 997f, 999 Egypt, ancient, 68, 137; accomplishments of, 42–43; civilization, 20f, 34–43; daily life in, 41; discovery of King Tut’s tomb, 895f; Egyptian kingdoms, 36–40, 38–39f; fall of the Empire, 40; geography of, 35m; life in, 41; Middle Kingdom, 38–39; Neolithic farming villages in, 16; New Kingdom, 39–40; Old Kingdom, 37–38; society of, 41; systematic agriculture develops in, 14 Egyptians. See also Egypt; Egypt, creation myths of, 59f; mummification, 44–45f, 183f Einsatzgruppen, 876 Einstein, Albert, 541, 676–677, 680, 815, 895f, 1058q Eisenhower, Dwight D., 870, 917q Eleanor of Aquitaine, 313 electors, 593 electricity, 641, 652–654 Elements (Euclid), 138 El Greco, 472 elite class, 660 Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades (Diderot), Elizabeth I (queen of England), 421, 455, 461; at the enlightened absolutism, Globe Theater, 475f Elizabeth Tudor. See Elizabeth I (queen of England) El Salvador, 711, 969, 969–970, 971; political events in, 967m Elvis: number of No. 1 hits, 1059f e-mail, 1039–1040 emancipation, 636 Enlightenment, 570; absolutism Emancipation Proclamation, 637 R100 Embarkation for Cythera (Watteau), 562 Émile (Rousseau), 551 empire(s), 32; in ancient Meso- Index 549, 557f endangered species, 1042 Engels, Friedrich, 622q, 655, 656f England. See also Great Britain: Bill of Rights, 463; Black Death spread to, 352; British control of India, 502f; city population of, 658; civil war and commonwealth, 461; defeat of the Spanish Armada, 452f, 456m; Elizabethan education, 608f; English explorers and settlements, 437; establishment of Parliament, 318; Glorious Revolution, 463; Great Schism and, 355; Hadrian’s Wall, 157f, 158; in High Middle Ages, 316–318; Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f; monarchy in, 358; Norman conquest of, 316; population of, 1750–1851, 615f; Protestantism in, 455; the Restoration, 462–463; revolutions in, 461–463; Bath, England, 156f; Shakespeare’s, 474; the Stuarts and divine right, 461; surrender of British to Americans at Yorktown, 570f; United Kingdom formed with Scotland, 566; War of the Roses, 358 The English Constitution (Bagehot), 634f English Reformation, 420–421 554–558, 555m and, 554–558, 555m; arts of, 561–563; Europe in age of, 547m; French Revolution and, 578, 581; influence of Locke and Newton on, 546–547; liberalism and, 626; philosophes of, 548–549, 551; reading in, 552; religion in, 553; romanticism and, 638; salons in, 552–553; Scientific Revolution and, 542f, 546; social contract of, 551; social sciences of, 549–550; women’s rights and, 551, 662 entrepreneurs, 614 Enûma elish, 58f environmental crisis, 1042, 1043f ephors, 116 The Epic of Gilgamesh (Sumerian), 30 epic poem, 111 Epicureanism, 139 Epicurus, 139 Equal Pay Act of 1963, 661f, 948 Erasmus, Desiderius, 412–413, 414f, 424 Eratosthenes, 138 Erhard, Ludwig, 916 Eşfahān, 493; center of S·afavid economic power, 496–497f Esmā‘ıˉl (shah of S·afavid Empire), 492–493, 504 Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 546 Essenes, 169 estates, 319, 576–578, 584–585f Estates-General, 319, 578–580 Estonia, 782; independence from Soviet Union, 932 eta, 523 Ethiopia, 239, 697, 989, 990; defeat of Italy by, 694; Mussolini’s invasion of, 858 ethnic cleansing, 824, 939; in Bosnia, 824, 1044 ethnic conflicts: as ongoing challenge, 1044 Etruscan(s), 146, 147; art, 178f; influence development of early Rome, 147; Rome’s defeat of, 148 Euclid, 138 Euphrates River, 26 Euripides, 126 euro, 940, 1052; debut of, 1059f Europe. See also Central Europe; Eastern Europe; individual states; Western Europe: in 1871, 669m; in 1923, 791m; in 1930s, 797m; after Peace of Augsburg, 413m; after Peace of Westphalia, 460m; after World War I, 779m; after World War II, 886m; alliances in, 1914, 759m; anti-Semitism in, 679; arrival of Europeans in Southeast Asia, 528–529; average height of a European during Middle Ages, 393f; Congress of Vienna, 624–625, 625m; crisis and absolutism in, 452–481; development of systematic agriculture in, 14–18; domination of world economy by early 1900s, 680; education in, 664–665; era of European imperialism, 610–751; Europeans in China, 515; Europeans in Japan, 520–522; European theater during World War II, 869, 870; European voyages of discovery, 431m; European rivals during Age of Exploration, 437; feudalism, 522f; imperialism of. See imperialism; Industrial Revolution in, 618–621; invasions of, 309m; Jewish population in Europe before and after World War II, 875f; leisure in, 665; liberalism and, 626; in Middle Ages, 317m, 332–359; migration in, 942f; Neolithic farming villages in, 16; Napoleonic, 600m; nationalism in, 626, 634–636; national unification in, 630–633; the New Order in, 874–875; new social structure, 919–921; North America and, 940–945; population growth of, 659m; population trends in, 1050; reform in, 634–636; religious conflicts in, 478; revolutions in, 626–629; rivalry of superpowers during Cold War, 900; road to World War I, 680, 758–761; Seven Years’ War in, 559, 559m; Slavic, 320–321, 320m; social structure of, 660; systematic agriculture develops in, 14; Thirty Years’ War, 460; urban environment of, 658–659; the Wars of Religion, 454–457; witchcraft trials, 458–459; women in, 661–663, 920–921; world of European culture, 472–477; World War II and, 865m; World War I in, 763m European Community (EC), 940 European Economic Community (ECC), 940; 1957, 915m; move toward unity, 917 European kingdoms: growth of, 316–321 European Recovery Program. See Marshall Plan European Union (EU), 940, 954; euro, 940; euro as currency of, 1052; expansion of, 1957–2007, 941m; as trading bloc, 1052 Evans, Arthur, 108, 108q Evening News (London), 665 evolution: organic, 642 Exploration, Age of, 430–447; Atlantic slave trade, 440–443; early exploration of West Africa, India, and the Americas, 448; European rivals, 437; European voyages of discovery, 431m; motives and means to explore, 430–431; new lands to explore, 433; Portuguese explorers, 432; extraterritoriality—Freud, Sigmund race for riches, 432–433; Spanish Empire, 434–436; Spanish explorers, 432–433; technology and exploration, 433f extraterritoriality, 726 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1042 ‘Ezānā (king of Axum), 239 f Facing Mount Kenya (Kenyatta), 830q factions, 587 Factory Act of 1833, 621 Falkland Islands, 974 family: bond of in Germanic kingdoms, 304; changes in the Western culture, 947; family life in ancient Rome, 162–163; lineage in African society, 251; in nineteenth century, 662; in Renaissance Italy, 403 Family (Ba Jin), 737 Famous Places on the Tokaido: a Record of the Process of Reform (Hiroshige III), 742f Fanning, Shawn, 1058f Faraday, Michael, 641 farming: Agricultural Revolution Fascio di Combattimento, 797 fascism, 797; in Europe, 1930s, 797m; in Italy, 796–799, 798f Fatimid dynasty, 196, 197, 198 Fatimids. See also Fatimid dynasty Faucher-Gudin, 587f Faxian, 79, 79q Federalists, 637 Federal Republic of Germany, 902 federal system, 569 Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick, 663 feminism, 662 760f, 784f Ferdinand (king of Spain), 358f, 359 Fertile Crescent, 13f, 26 Fest Noz, 951 feudal contract, 311, 336 feudalism, 308–313, 310, 311f; aristocratic women’s roles, 313; Church and, 342; comparing Japanese and European, 522t; development of, 310–311; feudal society, 311–313; impact of Crusades on, 327; Japanese and European, 522f; manorial system and, 336–338; nobility and chivalry, 311–313 fief, 310, 336 Fielding, Henry, 563 Fifteenth Amendment, 671 Fifth Modernization, 1014, 1015f Fillmore, Millard, 738 film. See movies Final Solution. See also Holocaust: at Auschwitz, 877f; Nazi Germany’s, 876 Finland, 776, 782; women’s suffrage in, 663 fire: early humans learn to make, 20f Firmont, Henry de, 588q First Battle of the Marne, 762 First Continental Congress, 567 First International, 657 First Punic War, 150–151 First Republic of France, 586 First Triumvirate, 154 First War of Independence in India, 702–703, 703f Five Pillars of Islam, 190f, 191 Five Women Who Loved Love (Saikaku), 523 Five-Year Plans, 800 Flanders, 338, 411 Flaubert, Gustave, 643 Florence, Italy, 339, 399, 400, 401f, 407f, 409, 410, 410f, 424 Florus, 155q flying buttress, 349, 349f flying shuttle, 615 footbinding, 268f, 518, 726 Forbidden City. See Imperial City Ford, Edsel, 654f Ford, Gerald, 943 Ford, Henry, 654f, 655 Formosa. See Taiwan fossils, 4; dating artifacts and, 4–5 Four Modernizations, 1014, 1015f Four Olds, 1014 “Fourteen Points”: Woodrow Wilson’s proposal, 780 Fourteen Saints, Church of the, 562 Fourteenth Amendment, 671 Fox, Vicente, 967, 980 Fragonard, Alexandre, 595f France: American Revolution, 568; anti-Semitism in, 679; Arab campaigns into, 195m; bans wearing of headscarves by Muslims, 942f; Black Death spread to, 352; Boxer Rebellion and, 731; city population of, 658; Congress of Vienna, 624, 625m; Crimean War, 630; declares war on Germany, 859; de Gaulle and, 914–915; democracy in, 668–669; explorers, 431m; Franco-Prussian War, 633, 635; French explorers and settlements, 437, 445m; French Wars of Religion, 457; German unification and, 632–633; Great Depression and, 794; Great Schism and, 355; Hitler’s victory against, 864–866; Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f; imperialism by. See France, colonial interests of; impressionism and postimpressionism in, 674–675; industrialization in, 619, 655; Italian unification and, 632; Italian wars, 400; Laos occupied by, 729; under Louis XIV, 464–466; in Middle Ages, 319; National Assembly, 940; monarchy in, 357–358; Ottoman territories controlled by, 826; Popular Front government in, 794; reacts to Hitler’s aggression, 858; reparation demands by, 790–791; response to German expansion, 856; right to vote for women, 920; Ruhr Valley occupation by, 791, 791m; Second Empire of, 635; Seven Years’ War, 558– 561; spheres of influence in China, 729; Suez War, 997; Third Republic of, 668–669; three estates of, 576–578, 577f; Triple Entente, 672, 758; uncertainties in, 940–941; Vichy France, 866; vying for trade in India, 503; war with Austria, 583 France, colonial interests of: in Africa, 692–694, 693m, 695, 698, 828, 829m, 986; in Latin America, 708–709, 709m; in Middle East, 823m, 824, 826; in Southeast Asia, 687m, 688, 716–717f, 831, 831f, 1021, 1022f France, First Republic of, 586 France, revolutionary: army of, 591; the Directory, 593; radicalization of, 586–588; Reign of Terror, 574, 585f, 589–590, 590–591f, 592, 592f; revolution of 1848 in, 627–628 France, Second Republic of, 628 Franciscan(s), 345–346; missionaries in the Spanish Empire, 447 Francis I (king of France), 417 Francis Joseph (ruler of Austria-Hungary), 635, 670 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 345, 345f Franco, Francisco, 803, 803q Franco-Prussian War, 633, 635 Frankenstein, Victor, 752q Frankenstein (Shelley), 640, 640f, 641 Frankfurt, Germany, 659 Frankfurt Assembly, 628, 632 Franklin, Benjamin, 370f, 549f, 561f Franks: kingdom of, 302–303 Frederick Barbarossa (emperor of Germany), 326 Frederick I (emperor of the Romans), 319 Frederick I (king of Prussia), 467 Frederick II (emperor of the Romans), 319–320 Frederick II (Frederick the Great) (king of Prussia), 555, 555m, 556, 556f, 558, 559 Frederick the Wise (elector of Saxony), 414, 415 Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 555 Frederick William IV (king of Prussia), 628 Frederick William the Great Elector, 467, 478 French and Indian War, 560m, 560f French Empire, 601 French Guiana: political events in, 973m French Indochina, 688, 690, 716–717f, 831, 831f, 1021, 1022f French New Deal, 794 French Republic: Fifth, 914; Fourth, 914 French Revolution: background to, 576–578; beginning of, 574, 576–583; causes of the, 604; clothing of, 585f; long-term effects of, 604; Napoleon and ideals of, 598–599, 600f, 601; radicalization of, 586–588; short-term effects of, 604; spread of ideals of, 600f, 601 French Wars of Religion, 457. See also Wars of Religion; Battle of Ivry, 478f; beginning of, 452 French West Africa, 692 fresco, 409, 411, 562 Freud, Sigmund, 674, 677, 677f, 680, 815 Index INDEX in Africa, 238; ancient Athenian economy and, 121–122; in Arab Empire, 201; Aryans give up nomadic life for, 70; average annual precipitation in three Indian cities, 67f; creation of iron plow, 70; debates over organic, 946; decline in 1950s Europe, 920; growing of crops in Neolithic period, 15; importance of in Arab Empire, 201; in Mesopotamia, 26; Neolithic farming villages, 16; in the Nile Valley, 34; number of farms in the U.S., 15f; revival in ancient Greece, 110; in Roman Empire, 159; in Roman Republic, 152; subsistence, 247; in Zhou dynasty, 90 farming, development of. See also farming: in Neolithic Revolution, 14–16 Ferdinand, Archduke Francis, 760; assassination of, R101 Friend of the People (Marat)—Great Britain, colonial interests of Friend of the People (Marat), 586 566 Froissart, 356 Führer, 806 fuji, 995f Fujimori, Alberto, 961, 976 Fulton, Robert, 619 functionalism, 676 fundamentalist militants, 1047 Fuyo, 834f g Soviet Union, 932 German Communist Party, 780 German Confederation, 628; North, 632, 633 German Democratic Republic, 902 German East Africa, 692 Germanic kingdoms: new, 302–304, 303m; society in, 304 German Reformation, 417 German Social Democratic Party, 656f, 657 German Southwest Africa, 609f; Catholic Church versus, 540–541, 541q; Church condemns teachings of, 509 Gallipoli, 766 Gandhi, Indira, 1019–1020, 1020f German Workers’ Party, 804 Germany, 319. See also East 833f, 846f, 850, 1018; revives India’s movement for independence, 706; Salt Walk, 895f Gandhi, Rajiv, 1020 Gandisê (Kailas), 289 Ganges River, 66, 70 Garcia, Anastasio Somoza, 970 Garfield, James, 92f Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 632, 633f Garvey, Marcus, 830 Gascony, France, 356 Gasparovic, Ivan, 937 GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs), 1052 Gaul, 154 gender parity, 948 gender stereotyping, 948 General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), 1052 General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (Keynes), 794f, 795 General War Commissariat, INDEX Georgia: independence from Gabriel, 189 Gaelic, 951 Galen, 542 Galilee, 170 Galilei, Galileo. See Galileo Galileo, 539, 539m, 542f, Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), 706, 706f, 718, 832, 467, 478 Genesis: book of, 58f genetic engineering, 1040 Geneva, Switzerland, 420 Geneva Peace Accords, 1022f Genghis Khan, 199, 267f, 270, 271, 273f, 276–277f genocide, 824, 876, 878f. See also Holocaust; ethnic cleansing; Armenian, 823–824, 824f; in Darfur, 1044; in Rwanda, 990 Gentiles, 170 Gentileschi, Artemisia, 474 gentlemen’s agreement, 744 geocentric, 540 George, David Lloyd, 781 R102 George I (king of England), Index 692 German states: industrialization in, 619 Germany; Nazi Germany; Nazi Germany; West Germany: 1950–1961, 908–909m; antiSemitism in, 353, 679; Bauhaus architecture, 894f; Black Death spread to, 352; Bosnian Crisis and, 673; Boxer Rebellion and, 731; collapse and armistice, World War I, 779–780; divided Germany and the Berlin Airlift, 903m; division of, 887, 902; Great Depression and, 792–793, 793f, 794, 805; imperialism by. See Germany, colonial interests of; industrialization in, 655; inflation in, 791–792, 794; in late Middle Ages, 359; German offensive during World War I, 778–779; old order in, 670; political change in postwar, 916f; provisions of Treaty of Versailles, 782, 790–791; racism in, 678–679; religious warfare in, 417; reparations for World War I, 781, 791, 792; results of peace treaties after World War I, 784f; reunification of, 932, 938, 941–942; revolutionary forces in, 780; right to vote for women, 920; sinking of the Lusitania, 766f, 767; Spanish Civil War and, 802f, 803; spheres of influence in China, 729; transition from communism, 937m; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia, 776; Triple Alliance, 672, 758; unification of, 631m, 632–633; Weimar Republic, 794 Germany, colonial interests of: in Africa, 692, 693m, 695, 828, 829m; in China, 730; in Southeast Asia, 687m germ theory of disease, 641 Gerzso, Gunther, 849, 849q Ghana, 242; economy of the kingdom of, 243f; independence of, 986, 988f; kingdom of, 242–243; Nkrumah’s leadership in, 988, 988f Ghazna (Ghaznıˉ), 286 ghettos: Jewish, 679 Gill, Irving, 894f Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride (van Eyck), 411 Girondins, 587, 588 Giza, Egypt, 37 gladiator(s), 166–167f; gladiatorial shows, 165; global economic organizations, 1051 global economy, 1043, 1051– 1052; economic interdependence, 1054; interdependence of, 1051f; Second Industrial Revolution and, 655 globalization, 949, 1051; economic, 1051–1052, 1051f; global challenges, 1054; global solutions, 1054; political and social, 1053 global warming, 947f, 1042, 1058f Globe Theater, 474, 475f Glorious Revolution: England, 463 Gobi Desert, 95, 266, 270 gods: Olympian, 125t Goebbels, Joseph, 812–813 Golan Heights, 999 Gold Coast, 692, 986, 988f The Golden Lotus (Chinese), 519 Gómez, Juan Vicente, 845 Gomułka, Władysław, 913 Good Friday Peace Pact, 1045 Good Neighbor policy, 845, 848, 962 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 932, 933f, 934, 936, 954 Gordon, Charles, 694 Gordon, George (Lord Byron), 639f; death of, 753f Gospels, 170 Gothic architecture, 348–349, 349f Gothic literature, 640–641 Government of India Act, 832, 846f government(s): absolutism, 464; autonomous, 939; citystate, 28; democracy, 114; dictatorship, 656; direct democracy, 121; monarchy, 57; oligarchy, 114, 847; republic, 148; socialism, 621; totalitarian, 816 Gozzoli, Benozzo, 401f Gracchus, Gaius, 152, 153f Gracchus, Tiberius, 152, 153f Graceland (Paul Simon), 949 Grameen Bank, 1044f Granada, Spain, 207, 358f Gran Colombia, 710f Grand Alliance: World War II, 868–869, 886, 890 Grand Army of Napoleon, 601–603 Grand Canal (of China), 264, 510; Sui Yangdi completes construction of, 266f Grand Empire of Napoleon, 601 grand vizier, 487 grassroots level, 1053 gravitation: universal law of, 541 Great Britain. See also England: abolishment of slavery in British Empire, 753f; alliance with Japan, 729; American Revolution, 566–568; annexes west coastal states of Africa, 688; Balfour Declaration, 826f, 827; Battle of Britain, 866–867; blitz, 888–889f, 894f; Boer War, 697; bombing of cities during World War II, 884; Boxer Rebellion and, 731; China and, 725–726; conflict in Falkland Islands, 974; Congress of Vienna, 624–625; creation of, 566; Crimean War, 630; declares war on Germany, 859; decline of, 916–917; democracy in, 668; explorers, 431m; fight for control in Greece, 900; Great Depression and, 793, 795; imperialism by. See Great Britain, colonial interests of; Indian words into English language, 753f; Industrial Revolution in, 614–618, 622–623f, 655; industry in, by 1850, 615m; Irish nationalism in, 634; London Paddington station, 610–611f; Napoleon and, 601; Opium War, 726, 727f; Ottoman territories controlled by, 826; Parliament of, 566; as part of the Grand Alliance, World War II, 868, 869; political reform in, 634, 634f; reacts to Hitler’s aggression, 857, 858; right to vote for women, 920; Royal African Company, 609f; Salt Acts, 832, 833f; siege of Delhi, 718f; Seven Years’ War, 558–561; spheres of influence in China, 729; Suez War, 997; Tehran Conference, 886; Thatcherism and, 943; trade unions in, 657; Triple Entente, 672, 758; War of 1812, 637; women’s rights in, 662–663, 663f; Yalta Conference, 886–887 Great Britain, colonial interests of: in Africa, 692–698, 693m, 828–830, 829m, 986; in Hong Kong, 726, 1029; in India, 702–707, 705m, 832, 833f, 846f; in Latin America, 709m, 711, 712, 844; in Middle East, 822–823, 823m, 824, 826, 827, 996; in Southeast Asia, 687m, 688, 1021 Great Depression—Hitler, Adolf Great Depression: causes of, 792; effects of, 793–795, 793f; “Hoover Village”, 816f; impact of global depression, 816; in Latin America, 845–846, 845f, 847; responses to, 792–793; unemployment during, 793f Great Enclosure, 249 Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere, 867 Great Exhibition of 1851, 644–645f Great Leap Forward, 1012–1013 Great Mosque of Kilwa, 240f, 247 Great Mosque of Sāmarrā’, 206f, 207 Great Peace of the Iroquois, 370 Great Peloponnesian War, 123 Great Plains peoples, 371 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1014 Great Pyramid: at Giza, 36f, 37, 45f, 183f, 370 Great Rebellion in India, 702–703, 703f Great Retreat of Napoleon, 603 Great Rift Valley, 236 Great Schism, 355, 362 Great Sphinx, 38 Great Wall of China, 95–96, 97m, 100f; in history and legend, 97f Great War for Empire, 559–561 Great Zimbabwe, 240–241m, 247, 249 Greco-Roman, 159 Greece. See also Athens, city- Gregory I (Gregory the Great) (pope), 304 Gregory VII (pope), 342–344, 343f Gregory XI (pope), 355 griot(s), 255, 256–257f; becoming a, 256f; many roles of, 257f; in West Africa today, 257f Gropius, Walter, 894f Group of United Officers (GOU), 846f, 847 Guam, 671 Guang Xu (Chinese emperor), 728f, 729, 734, 734f Guangzhou (Canton), China, 94, 512, 725, 726, 736 Guatemala, 711, 713, 849, 971; massacre of indigenous people, 971; political events in, 967m Guernica, Spain, 802f, 803 Guernica (Picasso), 802f, 803 guerrilla tactics, 838 Guevara, Ernesto Ché, 969 guilds, 340f, 341 guillotine, 588 Guinea, 988 Gulf of Aqaba, 998 Gulf of Mexico, 369 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1022f Hammurabi (king of Babylon), 33; Code of, 32f, 33 Handel, George Frideric, 563 Han dynasty, 98m, 98–99, 264, 267; fall of the, 99, 177; political and social structures, 98–99; technology and culture, 99 Hangul: Korean writing system, 525 Hangzhou, 266 Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 151 Hanoi, Vietnam, 688, 1021 Hanoverians, 566 hans, 522 Han Wudi (emperor of China), 98 Hapsburg dynasty, 359, 417, 473, 629, 635 Harappa, India, 68; rulers and the economy, 69 harem, 486 Hargreaves, James, 615 Harris, Betty, 622q Harris, Townsend, 738 Hārūn a-Rashıˉd (caliph of Arab Empire), 196 Harvey, William, 539m, 542, 609f Hatshepsut (Egyptian pharaoh), 40, 40f Havana, 968; Cuban revolutionaries seize, 980f Havel, Václav, 937 Hawaiian Islands, 671, 671f Hay, John, 730, 730f Haydn, Franz Joseph, 563 health care: advances in, 1040–1041 gunpowder: Chinese invention, 267, 271; Hundred Years’ War and, 356 gunpowder empire, 486 Guptas: empire, 79; India after the, 284–289 Gutenberg, Johannes, 402f Gutenberg’s press, 402f Gutierrez, Gustavo, 976f Guzmán, Dominic de, 346 h The Habits of Good Society, 660 Hadith, 207 Hadrian (Roman emperor), 157 Hadrian’s Wall, 157f, 158 Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom), 324, 325f, 488 Haiti, 709, 713, 845; first independent state in Latin America, 709; political events in, 967m hajj, 190 Hamas, 997f, 1000 Hamburg, Germany, 663 Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, 726 heavy industry, 910 Heian period (in Japan), 280 Heisenberg, Werner, 815 Helen of Troy, 111, 140f heliocentric, 540f heliocentric system, 570f Hellenistic Era, 137, 137–139; Alexander and the, 134–139; kingdoms of, 137; Rome’s battle with Hellenistic states, 151, 168 Hellespont Strait, 114 helots, 115 Hemingway, Ernest, 894q Henderson, Hazel, 1053, 1053q Henry II (king of England), 313; Church and, 316–317 Henry IV (king of France) (Henry of Navarre), 457, 478f Henry IV (king of Germany), 343, 343f Henry V (king of England), 356 Henry VII (king of England), 358 Henry VIII (king of England), 420–421, 420f, 424 Henry Pu Yi (emperor of China), 860 heresy, 346, 346f hermit kingdom: Korea, 525 Herodotus, 37–38, 127 heroic epic, 351 heroic epic poems, 362 Herzegovina: annexation of, 673 Herzl, Theodor, 678f, 679q Hesse, Hermann, 815 Heydrich, Reinhard, 808q, 876 Hezbollah, 997f, 1000 Hiawatha, 370 Hidalgo, Miguel, 575f, 709, 709q hieratic script, 43 hieroglyphics, 42, 42f hieroglyphs, 375–376 High Middle Ages: architecture of, 348–349, 349f; England in, 316–318; heresy in, 346; nuns in, 344–345; population growth in, 334; religion in, 347; society in, 362; universities of, 350; vernacular literature of, 351 High Renaissance, 410 hijab: understanding the, 202f Hijrah, 190 Hilda (abbess of Whitby), 306 Hildegard of Bingen, 345, 345f Himalaya, 66 Himmler, Heinrich, 807, 807f, 874, 876, 878q Hindenburg, Paul von, 806 Hinduism, 72, 72–73, 222–223f; Angkor Wat, 294f; Hindu gods in art, 72f; in India, 285f; principles of, 73; temple at Khajuraho, 288f Hindus, See also Hinduism: Indian National Congress and, 705; migration to India of, 1018, 1019m; rivalry with Muslims in India, 702–703, 705–706, 832, 1018, 1020; Sepoy Mutiny and, 702–703 Hiroshige III, 742f Hiroshima, 871, 884, 885m; destruction in, 1945, 885f Hispanic Americans: growing population in U.S., 964f Hispaniola, 435, 708–709 INDEX state of; Greece, ancient: civil war in, 900; classical Greece, 118–123, 140; early civilizations in, 106–111; failure of Mussolini’s invasion of, 867; independence of, 673, 822; invasion of Turkey, 824; Olympic games and festivals, 132–133f; the Truman Doctrine, 901 Greece, ancient, 113f; Athenian Empire, 121–122; challenge of Persia to, 118–119; classical Greece, 118–123, 140; colonies of, 114; culture of classical, 124–131; Dark Age, 110–111; Greek colonies and expansion, 114, 115m; Greek religion, 124–125; Hellenistic Age, 140; Macedonians invade, 134–136; Minoans and Mycenaeans, 108–109; Mycenae: first Greek city-state, 109; Nike of Samothrace, 140f; Olympian gods, 125t; Parthenon, 113f, 140; Peloponnesian War, 122m, 123; philosophy, 128–131; Phoenician alphabet, 110; polis as center of Greek life, 112, 113f, 140; writing of the history, 127–128 Greek tragedies, 126 greenhouse effect, 1042 Green Revolution, 1041 Gregorian chant, 345 History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (Baines), 623f History of the Persian Wars (Herodotus), 127 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (Fielding), 563 Hitler, Adolf, 793f, 799, 804, 806q, 856, 859f, 869q. See also Nazi Germany; annexes Austria, 858; attacks Soviet Union, 867; demands the Sudetenland, 858; early victories in World War II, 864–866; economic policies of, 808; forms alliance with Index R103 Hitler Youth—Industrial Revolution Mussolini, 857–858; German path to war and, 856–859; Hitler Youth, 810–811f; invades Poland, 859; propaganda of, 812–813, 813f; resettlement plans for Slavic peoples, 874; rises to power, 805–806; signs Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 858–859; Spanish Civil War and, 802f, 803; SS and, 807; suicide of, 871; Third Reich, 856; views of, 804, 809; violates Treaty of Versailles, 856–857 Hitler Youth, 805f; future of a doomed state, 810–811f Hittite Empire, 47m Hittites, 47, 70; first to use iron, 47; Hittite Empire, 47m HIV, 989, 1041, 1041f Hobbes, Thomas, 476–477 Höch, Hannah, 814 Ho Chi Minh, 831, 831f, 1021 holistic health-care movement, 1040 Holocaust, 876–878, 877, INDEX 890. See also Final Solution; death camps, 876; death toll, 876–877; Einsatzgruppen, 876; Jewish population in Europe before and after World War II, 875f; New Order and the, 874–878; U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 878f Holstein, 632 Holtzendorf, Admiral, 767 Holy Land (Palestine), 325 Holy Roman Empire, 319–320, 359, 417, 460, 555m; effects of struggles on, 320 Homeland Security, Department of, 1046f, 1047 Homer, 109, 110, 136, 140f, 161; poet of the Dark Age, 111 hominid, 6; hominids to homo sapiens, 6–7 Homo erectus, 7, 9; appears, 2; fire and, 9–10 Homo habilis, 7 Homo sapiens, 7; hominids to, 6–7; species develops, 2 Homo sapiens sapiens, 7 Honduras, 711, 713 Honecker, Erich, 938 Hong Kong: British control of, 726; returned to Chinese control, 1029 Hong Xiuquan, 726 “Hoover Village”, 816f Hopewell, 369 hoplites, 113 Horace, 161–162 hostage system, 522 Hourani, Albert, 198q, 203q House of the Chosen Women, 388f House of the Ladies, 703 “House of Wisdom”, 209f R104 Index Huang He (Yellow River), 84, 86, 264 Huayna Inca (Inca ruler), 384 Hubble Space Telescope, 1040; repairing the, 1054f Hugh Capet (king of France), 319 Huguenots, 457 Huitzilopochtli, 377, 379, 386f, 387f; Aztec god, 386f Hülegü Khan (emperor of China), 199 humanism, 406, 424; Christian, 412–413; development of, 406; in education, 408–409; vernacular literature and, 407–408, 407f human rights movement, 1045 Hume, David, 549f Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f, 362f; effects of, 357–358 Hungarians, 629, 635 Hungary, 308, 417, 782, 913, 934; authoritarian rule in, 802–803; Hungarian uprising of 1956, 924f; in late Middle Ages, 359; nationalism in, 635; right to vote for women, 920; Soviet Union attack on Budapest, 913; transition from communism, 937m hunger, world, 1043–1044 Huns, 176 Hurricane Katrina, 945 Hus, John, 355 Husák, Gustav, 913 Hussein, Saddam, 944f, 1001–1002 Hussein (king of Jordan), 1000f Hussein (of Umayyad dynasty), 194 Hutu, 990 hydrogen bomb, 910 Hyksos, 39 hypertext transfer protocol (http), 1040 i Iberian Peninsula, 358, 358f IBM, 1038–1039 Ibn Battuta, 247, 392f Ibn-Khaldūn, 205 Ibn-Rushd, 204 Ibn Sa‘ūd, 827, 846f Ibn Sıˉnā, 205f Ibsen, Henrik, 674 Ice Ages, 2, 10; systematic agriculture begins after the, 20 Iceland: reduction of dependence on fossil fuels, 947f id, 677f ideographs, 90 Ife, 255 Ignatius of Loyola, 423 Ile-de-France. See Paris, France Iliad (Homer), 111, 136, 140f imperator, 156 Imperial City, 508–509f, 510–511, 519. See also Forbidden City imperialism: in Africa, 692–699, 986; in China, 728–731, 836; defined, 686; economic, in Latin America, 712; effects of, in Africa, 697–699; era of European, 610–751; height of, 688–717; in India, 702–707; by Japan, 739m, 743–744, 744f, 835; in Latin America, 708–711, 709m; motives for, 686–687; new, 686–687, 689f, 698f; resistance to, 691; in Southeast Asia, 688–691; trade and imperialism in Japan, 748 imperialism, new, 718 Imperial Rule Assistance Association, 835 impressionism, 674, 675f, 742f Impression Sunrise (Monet), 675f the Inca, 384–385; building and culture of, 385; conquest of the, 435; House of the Chosen Women, 388f; Machu Picchu, 184–185f; Pachacuti builds empire in South America, 508f; political structures of, 384; social structure of, 385 indemnity, 731 India: after the Guptas, 284–289; ancient culture compared to China, 100t; arrival of the Aryans, 69–70; average annual precipitation in three Indian cities, 67f; British colonial rule in, 704, 705m; British gain control of, 502f; Buddhism in, 73–74, 285f; caste system, 70–71; caste system in, 1019; change comes to India’s culture, 71f; civilization begins in, 20f; culture in early, 289; culture of, 706–707; daily life in ancient, 70; early civilizations in, 66–75; empire of the Guptas, 79; empires in, 76–81; Europeans come to, 503; Gandhi revives the movement for independence, 706; Hinduism in, 285f; impact of geography on, 67m; impact of religion on India’s development, 284–286; incorporation of Indian words into English language, 753f; independence of, 832, 833f; Indian accomplishments, 80–81; Islam in, 285f, 287; Kushān Empire, 78–79; mass migration to, 1032f; Mauryan Empire, 76–77; migration, 69–71, 1018, 1019m; monsoons, 66–67; mountains, rivers, and plains, 66; nationalism in, 705–706, 832, 833f, 846f; Neolithic farming villages in, 16; new imperialism and, 718; nuclear test by, 1049; number of people who died of famine between 1800 and 1900, 753f; partition of, 1018–1020, 1019m; population growth in, 1019, 1043, 1050; religions of, 72–75, 1019f; Sepoy Mutiny in, 702–703, 703f, 718f; Seven Years’ War in, 559m, 559–560, 566; split of British India, 1032; systematic agriculture develops in, 14; three Indian empires, 76–79, 77m; Victoria Memorial, 684–685f Indian National Congress (INC), 705, 832, 833f, 1018; forms, 650 Indian Ocean, 236, 247; crossing the, 240–241m; trade, 248m Indian subcontinent, 66 indigenous, 696; massacre of indigenous peoples of Guatemala, 971; religions, 230–232f indirect rule, 690, 697 Indochinese Communist Party, 831f Indo-Europeans, 46; move into Italy, 146; Persians, 56 Indonesia: independence of, 1021; recent years, 1023 Indonesian archipelago, 293, 526, 528 inductive reasoning, 545 indulgence, 414 Indus River valley, 66; change comes to India’s culture, 71f; civilization, 68–69; civilization and trade, 68m; end of the civilization, 69; Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, 68m; Indus writing, 69f industrial capitalism, 620 industrial middle class, 619, 620 Industrial Revolution: cities and, 619–620; coal industry and, 616; cotton production and, 615–616; cultural movement arising from the, 646; electricity and, 652–654; an English factory worker tells all, 752f; in Europe, 618–621, 653m; factories and, 616; in Great Britain, 614–618, 615m; ideologies arising from the, 646; iron industry and, 616; population growth and, 619; railroads and, 617–618; reform and, 655; romanticism as response to, 640f, 641; Second. See Industrial Revolution, Second; a showcase for industry and progress, 644–645f; social classes of, 620–621; socialism and, 621, 655–657; spread of, 618–619; steam engine and, 616, 618f; Industrial Revolution, Second—jihad steel industry and, 652; workers’ lives during, 622–623f Industrial Revolution, Second, 652; economic causes and effects, 680; education and, 664–665; improvements for London’s working class, 666f; leisure and, 664f, 665; London’s industrial owners, 667f; new patterns of, 654–655; new products of, 652–654; reform and, 655; social effects of, 680; socialism and, 655–657; social structure of, 655, 660; trade unions and, 655, 657; urban environment of, 658–659; women and, 661–663; World’s Fair in Paris, 650–651f industrial working class, 619, 620–621, 655–657 infidels, 325 inflation, 176, 458; in Weimar Germany, 792, 794 influenza: the epidemic of 1918, 768f Innocent III (pope), 327, 344, 344q, 362 Inquisition, 346, 346f, 358f Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 419 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 847, 966 insulae, 165 interdict, 344 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1049 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1051 Internet, 1038, 1039–1040; world wide wonder, 1058f The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 677 intervention: principle of, 625 Inti, 384, 385 intifada, 997f, 999 Inuit, 368; early people of North America, 388 Investiture Controversy, with Iraq, 1001; Islamic society in, 1000–1001, 1047; nuclear program of, 1001, 1049; oil in, 825, 1000; Persia becomes, 825–826, 846f; women in, 1003 Iraq: British control of, 826; conflicts with Iran, 1001; invasion of Kuwait, 1001; United States invasion of, 1001–1002 Iraq War, 944f, 945, 1002 Ireland, 456 Irigoyen, Hipólito, 847 Irish nationalism, 634 Irish potato famine, 619, 620f Irish Republican Army (IRA), 620f, 1045 of North America, 388 Iroquois League, 370, 370f Irrawaddy River, 292 Isabella (queen of Spain), 358–359, 358f, 435 Islam, 190, 210, 224–225f; in Afghanistan, 1001; culture of, 204–207; eastward expansion of, 285; in Europe, 1600, 419m; Five Pillars of, 190f; focuses all aspects of Muslim life, 210; in India, 285f, 287; Indian society and, 287; in Iran, 1000–1001; Islamic advancements, 204–205; Islamic trade network, 526; movements based on, 1000, 1003, 1047; Muslims in United States, 494f; rise of, 188–191; rise of Islam in Africa, 239; rise of Islam in Eastern Roman Empire, 322; a split in, 194; spread of, 193m; spread of in Africa, 254 Islamic militants, 1047 Islamic revivalism, 1003 Ismā’īl, Khedive, 694f isolationism, 866; cultural isolation, 525 Israel, 678f, 679; Arab-Israeli disputes, 996, 997m, 998–1000; Balfour Declaration, 826f, 827; Camp David Accords, 999; creation of, 996, 997f; Lebanon invasion by, 997f, 1000; Oslo Accords, 997f, 999, 1000f; SixDay War, 997f, 998–999; Yom Kippur War, 997f, 999 Israel, kingdom of, 49, 827 Israelites, 49, 49–51; divided kingdom of, 49–50; united kingdom of, 49 ∙ Istanbul, 485; Blue Mosque, 394–395f; Topkapi Palace, 487f ∙ Istanbul, Turkey, 114, 490m. See also Constantinople Isthmus of Corinth, 106 Italian Renaissance. See Renaissance, Italian Italian wars, 400 Italy, 147m. See also Renaissance, Italian; alliance with Germany, 857–858; Black Death spread to, 352; city-states of, 399–400; democracy in, 669; fascism in, 796–799, 798f; Great Depression and, 793f; imperialism by, 693m, 694, 829m, 830, 846f; industrialization in, 655; Italian expansion, 1935–1939, 857m; land and peoples of early, 146–147; Napoleon’s campaigns in, 597; as one of the Allies during World War I, 781; Renaissance, 399m; revolts of 1830 in, 627; revolts of 1848 in, 629; right to vote for women, 920; Spanish Civil War and, 803; struggles during the Middle Ages, 319–320; Triple Alliance, 672, 758; unification of, 631m, 631–632 Ito Hirobumi (ruler of Japan), 740 Iturbide, Agustín de, 710 Itzamna, 375 Ivan III, 359 Ivan IV (czar of Russia), 468 Ivanhoe (Scott), 640 Ivry, Battle of, 478f j Jabavu, Noni, 993 Jacobins, 587, 592 Jahān (shāh of India), 500–501; building of Taj Mahal, 501–502, 608f Jahāngıˉr (shāh of India), 500 Jains, 287f James, Apostle, 347 James I (king of England), 461 James II (king of England), 462 janisarries, 484, 504f Japan, 532. See also Japan, postwar; after World War II, 1032; alliance with Britain, 729; anime of, 1027f; bioterrorism in, 1040; bombing of cities 871, 884; Chinese influences, 279; collapse of central rule, 281; colonial policies of, 879; conquest of Manchuria, 859–860; cooperation with Nazi Germany, 861; culture in early, 282; early, 278–281, 279m; economics of Meiji, 740–741; feudalism, 522f; foreign trade by, 739f, 741f; fortunes fading during World War II, 869; goes to war with China, 650; Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 867; great unifiers of, 520; Heian period, 280; impact of geography on Japanese societies, 278; imperialism by, 739m, 743–744, 744f, 835; invasion of China, 863f; invasion of Korea, 525; isolation ends in, 738–739; Japanese expansion, 860m; Japanese isolation, 280f; Japanese path to war, 859–861; Japanese war policy in Asian areas, 879; Kabuki performances, 530–531f; Kamakura shogunate, 281; keiretsu economy of, 834f; and Korea, 521m; Korea controlled by, 744, 1017; launches attack, 861; life in early, 281–282; Manchuria and, 835; martial arts, 524f; Meiji Restoration, 739, 740–743; militarism in, 835; mobilization during World War II, 883; Nara period, 279; new Asian order, 861; new “community”, 867; plan to seize Soviet Siberia, 861; political changes in, 520–522; politics of Meiji, 740; religion in early, 282; Sat-Cho alliance, 739; spheres of influence in China, 729; sumo as national sport, 746–747f; teenagers in, 1030–1031f; Tokugawa, 520–524; Tokugawa shogunate in, 738; Toyota factory in Miyazaki, 1032f; trade and imperialism in, 748; United States’s relations with, 744; war with China, 729, 860–861; war with Russia, 743–744, 744f; Westernization of, 742f; World War II and, 867–868; zaibatsu economy of, 834, 834f, 1026 Japan, postwar, 1025m; Allied occupation of, 1024–1025, 1026; economy of, 1025f, 1026; politics and government of, 1025–1026, 1025f; society and culture of, 1025f, 1026–1027 Japanese Americans: internment in the United States, 882f jati, 70 Jayavarman II (founder of Khmer Empire), 292, 292f Jefferson, Thomas, 370f, 568, 598f Jen-Tsung (emperor of China), 91f Jeria, Michelle Bachelet, 972 Jerusalem, 49, 347, 486, 999; during Crusades, 325–326; destruction of by Chaldeans, 49; destruction of temple by Romans, 169; invasion by Saladin, 198, 326 Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 423; missionaries in the Spanish Empire, 447; mission states in Latin America, 445m Jesus, 170, 190, 303, 304; teachings of, 170 The Jewish State (Herzl), 679 Jews, 50. See also anti-Semitism; Holocaust; Judaism; Nazi Germany; Zionism; anti-Semitism during Crusades, 327; expulsion from Spain, 358f, 359; hostility toward. See anti-Semitism; immigration to Palestine, 679, 996; immigration to United States, 679; Inquisition and, 346f; Jewish population in Europe before and after World War II, 875f; Jewish traditions, 50f; Judaism, 50–51; Judaism in the Roman Empire, 169; Romans force to leave Palestine, 50f Jiangxi, China, 838, 839 jihad, 192 Index INDEX 342–344, 343f Ionia, 110 Iran. See also Persia: conflicts Irnerius, 350 iron, 90, 246f, 247, 334, 616, 671 Iron Age, 16 Iroquois, 370–371; early people R105 Jingdezhen, China—Lenin, V. I. Jingdezhen, China, 518f Joan of Arc, 356, 357f Joao (king of Portugal), 442f Jobra, Bangladesh, 1044f Johanson, Donald, 7, 7q John (king of England), 317; signs Magna Carta (1215), 318f John of Plano Carpini, 270q John Paul II (pope), 936 Johnson, Lyndon B., 907, 917, 918, 1021, 1022f Jordan: British control of, 826; independence of, 996; Israel recognized by, 997f, 999, 1000f Joseph II (ruler of Austria), 555m, 556–557, 558 journeymen, 341 Joyce, James, 815 Juárez, Benito, 712 Judaea, 169 Judah, kingdom of, 49, 169 Judaism, 50–51, 226–227f; in Europe, 1600, 419m; in the Roman Empire, 169 Julius II (pope), 410f, 414 junk science, 678 Juno (Roman god), 168 Jupiter (Roman god), 168 Justinian (Byzantine emperor), 322, 324, 392q, 488; Justinian Code, 323f Justinian Code, 323f Juvenal, 165q k ka: spiritual body in ancient Egyptian religion, 37 Kaaba, 189, 189f Kabuki, 530–531f; inside a theater, 532f Kabul, Afghanistan, 1001 Kaczynski, Lech, 936 kaiser, 633 Kajinosuke, Tanikaze, 746–747f INDEX Kalahari Desert, 237 Kālidāsa, 81 Kamakura shogunate, 281 kamikaze, 280f, 883 Kanagawa, Treaty of, 738, 740 Kandinsky, Wassily, 676 Kangxi (emperor of China): reign of, 514–515 Kanpur (Cawnpore), India, 703 karma, 73 Kashmir, 1020 Katsav, Moshe, 916f keiretsu, 834f Kellogg-Briand Pact, 792 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 824–825, 846f Kennan, George, 902 Kennedy, John F., 917, 918, 946; Bay of Pigs, 969; Cuban Missile Crisis, 905–907, 906f R106 Index Kent State University: student protest, 918 Kenya: independence of, 986; Kenyatta’s leadership in, 988, 988f; nationalism in, 829–830, 846f Kenyatta, Jomo, 830, 830q, 846f, 988, 988f Kepler, Johannes, 539, 539m, 540, 542f Kepler’s First Law, 540 Kerensky, Aleksandr, 774 Kesari (Tilak), 707 Keynes, John Maynard, 794f, 795 Khadija, 189 Khafre (king of Egypt), 36f, 38, 44–45f Khajuraho, 289; temple at, 288f khanates, 270 Khatemi, Mohammed, 1001 Khatoon, Sophia, 1044f Khmer, 526 Khmer Empire, 292 Khmer Rouge, 1021 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 943, 1000, 1003 Khrushchev, Nikita, 905, 906q, 912f, 913, 924, 930; the Khrushchev Era, 911–912 Khufu (king of Egypt), 36f, 37, 44–45f; burial site in the Great Pyramid at Giza, 44–45f Khyber Pass, 498 Kibaki, Mwai, 1058q Kiel, 780 Kiev, 321 Kikuyu Association, 829–830 Kilwa, 247 Kim Il Sung, 1027 kimono, 1030f Kim Tae-jung,, 1028 King, Martin Luther, Jr. (Dr.), 582f, 918, 919f; assassination of, 918 The King and I, 688 Kingdom of Piedmont, 629, 631–632 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 629, 632 Kipling, Rudyard, 698q Kirch, Gottfried, 543, 543q Kirchner, Nestor, 974 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 963 Kisaburo, Onogawa, 746–747f Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 654 Klaus, Václav, 937 knights, 310; tournaments, 312 Knossos, 108; the Palace at, 108f Kodak, 675 Kohl, Helmut, 938f, 942 Kolkata (Calcutta), India, 503, 705, 1019, 1020f Kongfuzi, 90 Korea, 532. See also North Korea; South Korea: distinctive culture of, 525; division of, 1017; emergence of, 283; hermit kingdom, 525; independence of, 743; Japan and, 1560–1600, 521m; Japanese annexation of, 744; Japanese influence in, 729, 743; Korean War, 1016m, 1017; martial arts, 524f; Russian designs on, 728–729, 743; United Nations’ role in, 1028f Korean War, 905, 1016m, 1017, 1022f, 1028f, 1032 Kosovo, 939, 954; wars in, 939 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 939 Kosygin, Alexei, 930 Kovác, Michal, 937 Kowloon Peninsula, China, 727 Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy), 813 krater, 116f Kremlin, 933f Kristallnacht, 808f, 809 Kshatriyas, 70, 71f Kublai Khan (emperor of China), 199, 267f, 271, 280f, 430 kufi, 994f Kukulcan, Pyramid of, 376f Kurds, 1001, 1002 Kushān Empire, 78–79 Kushites, 238 Kush kingdom (Africa), 238–239, 238f Kuwait, 1001 Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 936 kylix, 116f Kyoˉto, Japan, 278, 282, 520, 739, 740, 1042 Kyoto Protocol, 947f, 1042, 1058f l labor union. See trade unions Labour Party, 668, 795; Great Britain, 916, 943 La Fête Champêtre (Watteau), 562f Lagos, 992 Lagos Weekly Record (Macaulay), 829 laissez-faire, 549f, 550, 550f Lake Baikal, 729 Lake Tanganyika, 695 Lake Texcoco, 377 Laos: communism in, 1021; French control of, 688, 729 Laozi, 92–93 Lascaux, France, 2–3f, 11 Late Middle Ages: Black Death, 352–353, 353m, 354f; decline of Church power in, 355; disruptive forces of the, 362; Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f; monarchies of, 357–359 latifundia, 159 Latin America. See also Central America; individual states, South America: in 1939, 845m; authoritarian rule in, 846–848; colonial, 444–447, 448, 445m; culture of, 848f, 849, 964–965; economic imperialism in, 712; economic instability, 960; economies of, 715, 844; Great Depression in, 845–846, 845f; gross domestic product per capita, 961f; Haiti, 709; inequality in, 712; influenced by nationalism, 850; main exports in the 1990s, 961m; major developments in since 1945, 963m; move toward democracy, 961; nationalism in, 708–711, 844–849, 846f; nation building in, 711–712; new imperialism and, 712, 718f; political challenges in, 1045; population, 962, 961f; social classes in, 444–445; society, 962; state and church, 446–447; U.S. and, 962–963; U.S. fighting spread of communism in, 962–963; U.S. role in, 713, 713f, 844–845 Latin language, 351, 407f; classical, 406, 407 Latins, 146 Latvia, 782; independence from Soviet Union, 932 La Venta, 372 Lavoisier, Antoine, 539m, 542 Law of Nations: Roman law, 150 Law of 22 Prairial, 591f, 592 Lawrence, T. E., 822 Lawrence of Arabia, 766 lay investiture, 342–344, 343f League of Combat, 797 League of Nations, 781, 863f; African territories supervised by, 828, 829m; European territories supervised by, 791m; Germany joins, 792; Ottoman territories supervised by, 826; weakness of, 790 Leakey, Louis, 6f Leakey, Mary, 6f Leakey, Richard, 6q Lebanon: French control of, 826; independence of, 996; Israeli invasion of, 997f, 1000 lebensraum, 804 Legalism, 93, 96 Legislative Assembly (French), 582, 586 legitimacy, principle of, 624 leisure, 664f, 665, 813 L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 161f Lenin, V. I., 772, 774, 775q, 776q; Bolsheviks and, 774–775; Comintern created by, 831; Diego Rivera’s portrait of, 849; embalming of, 895f; Ho Chi Minh influenced by, 831f; New Leningrad—Marshall Plan Economic Policy of, 799–800; Soviet Union created by, 799 Leningrad, 880 Leonidas, 182f Liu Pang (emperor of China), Leopold II (king of Belgium), rives in Africa, 695 Livy, 148, 162, 162q Li Zicheng, 512 Lloyd, Charles, 254f 695 Leo X (pope), 415, 420f Lepidus, 155 Lesbos, 110 Lesotho, 989 Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 693 Leviathan (Thomas Hobbes), 476 Liaodong Peninsula, 729, 743, 744 liberalism, 626 Liberal Party, 668 liberal studies, 350, 408–409 liberation theology: new role for the Catholic Church, 976f Liberia, 697, 989, 990 Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 639 Li Bo, 274, 275q; “Quiet Night Thoughts”, 274 Libya: Italian control of, 694; nationalism in, 830, 846f Liebknecht, Karl, 780 Life and Death in Shanghai (Nien Cheng), 1014 life expectancy, 1050 light bulb: invention of, 652 “lightning war”, 864 Liliuokalani, Queen, 671, 671f Lima, Peru, 435, 711 Lincoln, Abraham, 637 lineage groups, 251 Linear B, 108f Lin Zexu, 726q, 727f The Lion Hunt (Delacroix), 639 Lisbon, Portugal, 436f literacy: Enlightenment and, Little Red Book (Mao Zedong), 1014, 1032f Liverpool, England, 617 Livingstone, David, 695; ar- Lobengula (southern African king), 699q Locarno, Treaty of, 792 Locke, John, 476f, 477, 546–547, 546q, 549f; writes Two Treatises of Government, 453 Lombardy, 400, 629, 632 London, England, 884; the blitz, 888–889f; newspapers in, 552, 665; population of, 339, 619, 658 longbow(s), 356, 362f Long Count, 375–376 longhouses, 370, 370f Long March, 837m, 838f, 839 loom: water-powered, 616 Loong, Lee Hsien, 1029 Lord Chamberlain’s Men, 474 Lord of the Rings, 949 Lord Tokitaka, 521, 521q Lorraine, 633, 782 Louisiana Purchase, 574, 598f Louis VII (king of France), 313, 326 Louis IX (king of France), 319 Louis XI (king of France), 357–358 Louis XIV (king of France) (Sun King), 464, 465f; and absolutism, 465f; begins absolute rule of France, 453; comes to power, 465–466; France under, 464–466; legacy of, 466; Palace of Versailles, 452–453f, 470–471f; signing of Treaty of Nijmegen, 478f Louis XV (king of France): statute of replaced by guillotine then by obelisk, 604f Louis XVI (king of France), 578, 586; concession of, 580f, 581; Estates-General and, 578–579; execution of, 574f, 587–588, 587f, 590f; fall of Bastille and, 580; flight of, 582 Louis XVIII (king of France), 603 Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III, Emperor of France), 628, 631, 635 Louis Philippe (king of France), 627, 627f, 628 Low Countries, 417; artistic Renaissance in, 411; Black Death spread to, 352 Lower Egypt, 34 Ludendorff, Erich, 778, 779q Luftwaffe, 866–867 Luoyang, 99 Lusitania: the sinking of, 766f, 767 Makkah (Mecca), 189, 189f, 191, 210, 486, 827 Luther, Martin, 412, 414f, 415–417, 418, 420f, 608q; excommunication of, 415, 424f; on Jews, 422; Ninety-five Theses of, 415, 416f; on women’s role, 422 Lutheranism, 416–417, 419m, 422f, 424 Luxembourg: artistic Renaissance in, 411 Luxemburg, Rosa, 780 Lyon, France, Reign of Terror in, 589, 590f m MacArthur, Douglas, 869, 1024 Macartney, Lord George, 514f, 515; leads British trade mission to China, 509 Macaulay, Herbert, 829 Macaulay, Lord Thomas, 704q Maccabees, Judas, 154q Macedonia, 123, 134, 137, 1020f. See also Alexander the Great; under Roman rule, 151 Macedonians: emperors, 324; invade Greece, 134–136 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 401, 410f, 424, 608q machine guns, 764f, 770f Machu Picchu, 184–185f, 385, 393f Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 643, 646, 646f Madero, Francisco, 714–715 Madinah (Medina), 190, 194, 486, 827 Madras (Chennai), India, 503, 558, 559, 705 Madrid, Spain, 473, 803 Magellan, Ferdinand, 432–433 The Magic Flute (Mozart), 563 magic realism, 964 Maginot Line, 864–865 Magna Carta, 317–318, 318f Magyars, 308, 628m, 629 Mahabharata (Indian), 80–81 Mahatma. See Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma) Mahayana, 284 Mahayana Buddhism. See also Buddhism Mahfouz, Naguib, 1003 Mah·mūd of Ghazna, 286 “Maiden Porch”: in Athens, 1f Maine, France, 358 mainland states: emerging, 526–528, 529 maize, 383 Majapahit, kingdom of, 293 Major, John, 943 Malaya, 1021 Malay Peninsula, 290, 528 Malaysia, 1029 Mali, 989 Mali kingdom (Africa), 244, 255 Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of the Witches), 459f Mamluks, 199 Manchester, England, 617 Manchukuo, 860 Manchuria, 512; Japanese control of, 835, 859–860, 863f; Russian control of, 728–729 Manchus, 512. See Qing dynasty of China Mandate of Heaven, 87; dynastic cycles and the, 88f mandates, 783 Mandela, Nelson, 986, 990, 991f, 991q, 993 manga, 1027f Mannerism, 472 manor, 336; organization of, 335f manorial system, 336–338, 337f Mansa Mūsā (king of Mali), 244 Mao Dun, 737 Mao Zedong, 838, 894q, 903, 1032; Cultural Revolution, 1014; death of, 1014; forms People’s Republic of China, 903; Great Leap Forward, 1012–1013; Little Red Book, 1014; Long March, 837m, 838f, 839, 850f; rise to power of, 1012; society under, 1016 Marat, Jean-Paul, 586, 588f Marconi, Guglielmo, 653, 653q, 812 Marco Polo, 269, 272q, 392f, 430, 512 Marcos, Ferdinand, 1023 Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor), 157, 174 Maria Theresa (ruler of Austrian Empire), 556, 556f, 558 Marie Antoinette (queen of France), 578, 589 Marius (Roman general), 153 market economy: comparison INDEX 552; public education and, 665; rates of, 1049m; United Nations programs for, 1049f literature: African, 993; chanson de geste, 351; Chinese, 519; classical Greek, 126–128; early Japanese, 282; of Enlightenment, 563; golden age, 274–275, 474–476; Gothic, 640–641; Hellenistic Era, 137–138; Indian, 80–81, 289; Islamic, 206; Latin American, 964–965; Middle Eastern, 206, 1003; modernism in, 674; Roman, 160–162; romanticism in, 640–641; Spanish, 475–476; stream of consciousness in, 815; Sumerian, 30; symbolist writers, 674; Tokugawa Era, 523–524; vernacular, 351, 407–408, 407f Lithuania, 782; independence from Soviet Union, 932 98 of market and command economies, 911f, 911t Marlborough, duke of, 660 Marne: First Battle of, 762; Second Battle of, 778 Márquez, Gabriel García, 964 marriage: in nineteenth century, 662; in Renaissance Italy, 403 The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart), 563 Mars exploration, 1040 Marshall, George C., 902 Marshall Plan, 902, 914; aid, 1948–1951, 915f Index R107 Martel, Charles—Mogul Empire Martel, Charles (“Charles the Hammer”) (mayor of Austrasia), 195f, 306 Marx, Karl, 621, 655–657, 656f, 831, 848f Marxism, 622f, 655–657; in China, 836; Great Depression and, 793, 793f; spread of, 831 Marxist Social Democratic Party, 670 Mary (mother of Jesus), 347 Mary (queen of England), 420, 421 Masaccio, 409 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 437; founding by English, 452 The Massacre of the Armenians, 824f mass culture, 812–813, 814f Mass in B Minor (Bach), 563 mass media, 798 mass production, 655, 813; mass-produced goods, 645f mass society: education in, 664–665; emergence of, 658; leisure in, 664f, 665, 813; movies in, 812–813; radio in, 812; social structure of, 660; urban environment of, 658–659; women in, 661–663 mastabas, 44–45f masterpiece, 341 Masurian Lakes, Battle of, 763 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Newton), 541 mathematics: advancements in, INDEX 204–205, 208–209f; of ancient Egypt, 43; in ancient India, 81; Hellenistic Era, 138; Pythagorean theorem, 128; Scientific Revolution and, 538–539 matrilineal, 252 Matta, Roberto, 849 Mau Mau uprising, 988f Maurya, Chandragupta, 76 Mauryan Empire, 76–77 the Maya, 373, 374–376; calendar of, 374, 375–376, 376f; early people of Mesoamerica, 388; massacre of in Guatemala, 971; political and social structures of, 375; Pyramid of Kukulcan, 376f; writings of, 375–376 Mazarin, Cardinal, 465 mbaqanga, 949 McCarthy, Joseph R., 918 McCay, Winsor, 863f McKinley, William, 688–689 Medici, Cosimo de’, 400, 401f Medici, Lorenzo de’, 400, 401f Medici, Piero de’, 401f Medici family: patronage of, 401f medicine, 205; annals of in Medieval Europe, 393f; germ R108 Index theory of disease, 641; Ibn Sıˉnā’s medical encyclopedia, 205f; Scientific Revolution and, 542; women in, 663 Meerut, India, 702 megacity, 962 Megasthenes, 76 Mehmed II (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 485, 491f Meiji Restoration, 739, 748; economics of, 740–741; education of, 742; military of, 742; politics of, 740; social structure of, 742–743 Mei-ling Soong, 840, 840f Mein Kampf (Hitler), 804 Meir, Golda, 999 Mekong Delta, 526 Melaka, 294, 432, 526 Mendeleyev, Dmitry, 641 Menelik (emperor of Ethiopia), 701f Menes (king of Egypt), 36 Meng Jiangnu, 97f Menkure (king of Egypt), 36f mercantilism, 440; laissez-faire versus, 550f; trade, colonies, and, 440–442 mercenaries, 400 Merida, Carlos, 849 merit. See also civil service: the rule of, 91f Merkel, Angela, 942 Meroë, 239 Mesa Verde, 371 Mesoamerica, 372; cultures of, early, 372–379, 374m; early people of, 388; Neolithic farming villages in, 16; systematic agriculture develops in, 14 Mesoamericans, 15 Mesopotamia, 26, 68; Akkadian and Babylonian Empires, 32–33; ancient, 27m; city-states of ancient, 28–29; civilization begins in, 20, 26–33; economy and society, 29; empires in ancient, 32–33; geography and religion, 26–27; Hammurabi’s code, 32f, 33; religion and rulers, 29; withdrawal of Roman forces, 158 Messiah (Handel), 563 mestizos, 444, 448, 708, 709 Methodism, 553 Metternich, Klemens von, 624, 629 Mexican Revolution, 714–715, 714f, 847, 966 Mexican War, 711–712 Mexico, 966–967; art of, 848f, 849; authoritarian rule in, 847–848; caudillos, role of, 711–712; Constitution of 1917, 714f, 715; early cultures of, 372–379, 374m; debt crisis, 966–967; Great Depression in, 845f, 846; Hidalgo’s revolt in, 709–710; Independence Day in, 710; inequality in, 712; Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 847, 966; Laws of Reform, 712; major developments in since 1945, 963f; Mexican Revolution, 966; NAFTA and, 945, 967, 1052; nationalism in, 709–710, 846f; oil industry in, 844, 846, 846f, 848, 850f; as part of Spanish Empire, 435; political events in, 967m; protests in, 966; revolution in, 714–715, 714f; U.S. intervention in, 713; war with United States, 711–712 Mexico City, 373, 376, 377 Mexico Today and Tomorrow (Rivera), 848f Michelangelo Buonarroti, 401f, 410, 410f; Sistine Chapel, 410, 410f, 424f microcredit, 1044f microprocessor, 1039 Middle Ages. See also Early Middle Ages; feudalism; High Middle Ages; Late Middle Ages: agriculture in, 334–335; average height of an European during Middle Ages, 393f; average life expectancy of a English person, 393f; Catholicism, innovations, and intellectual revival in the, 362; Christianity in, 342–347; cities in, 339–341; disruptive forces of the Late, 362; Europe, 317m; food and drink in, 338; France in, 319; Justinian Code, 323f; manorial system in, 336–338; medieval castle, 312f; noble men and women, 404f; peasants and the middle class, 405f; population growth in, 334; society in the High, 362; struggles in Italy during, 319–320; trade in, 338, 339m Middle Ages, Early: population in, 334 Middle Ages, High: architecture of, 348–349, 349f; heresy in, 346, 346f; nuns in, 344–345; population growth in, 334; religion in, 347; universities of, 350; vernacular literature of, 351 Middle Ages, Late: Black Death, 352–353, 353m, 354f; decline of Church power in, 355; Hundred Years’ War, 356, 357f; new monarchies of, 357–359 middle class(es): industrial, 619, 620; mass society and, 660 middle class(es): in China of the 1930s, 842f; in Middle Ages, 405f Middle East. See also individual states: of 1919–1935, 823m; after World War I, 779m; ArabIsraeli disputes, 996, 997m, 998–1000; influenced by nationalism and revolution, 850; modern, 998m; nationalism in, 822–826, 846f; society and culture of, 1003; women in, 1003 Middle Kingdom: of ancient Egypt, 38–39 Middle Passage, 442 Midnight (Dun), 737 Midway Island, 869; Battle of, 869 migration(s): of Bantus, 247; diversity and, 434f; in Europe, 942f; global, 1050; mass migration to India and Pakistan, 1032f; Yugoslavians migrate to Germany, 942 Milan, Italy, 339, 399, 400, 417, 424 militant, 454 militarism, 632, 759; in Japan, 835 Miloševic, Slobodan, 939 Minamoto Yoritomo (Japanese ruler), 281 minaret, 207 Mindanao, Philippines, 1023 Ming, 510. See Ming dynasty of China Ming dynasty of China, 510–512; China under, 511m; fall of the, 512; is overthrown, 509 Ming Hong Wu (emperor of China), 510 Ming porcelain, 518f ministerial responsibility, 668 Minoan, 108 Minoan civilization, 108–109 Minos (king of Crete), 108 Mir Jaffier: Battle of Plassey, 502f Missionaries of Charity, 1020f missionary(ies), 306 Mississippian culture, 369–370 Mistral, Gabriela, 965 mita, 446 Mitsubishi, 834, 834f Mitsui, 834, 834f Mitterrand, François, 940–941 mobilization, 761, 880; of workforce during World War II, 881f Mohács, Battle of, 486 Moche, 383, 384; early culture of South America, 388 Modena, 632 Modern Devotion, 414 modernism, 674; in architecture, 676; in literature, 674; in music, 676; in painting, 674–676 Mogadishu, 247 Mogul Empire: expansion of, 1530–1707, 499m; life in Mogul India, 501–502; Mogul dynasty, 498–501 Moguls—Nazi Germany Moguls. See also Mogul Empire: decline of the, 500–501; grandeur of Moguls, 498–503; history and culture, 504; rise of the, 498 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (shah of Iran), 826, 1000 Mohammed Ali Jinnah, 832 Mohammed Khatemi, 1001 Mohenjo Daro, India, 68 Moldavia, 630; independence from Soviet Union, 932 Moluccas (Spice Islands), 529. See also spice trade: spice trade in the, 532f Mombasa, 247 monarchies: new, 357–359 monarchs, 18 monarchy, 57, 357–359 monasticism, 305; monastic life, 305f Monet, Claude, 674, 675f, 742f money economy, 338 Mongkut (king of Thailand), 688 Mongol Empire, 199, 271m; dynasty in China, 272m; rule of Russia, 321 Mongolia, 270, 728 Mongols, 198, 199, 270–272, 359. See also Mongol Empire; campaigns of, 280m; and China, 270–275; Kublai Khan defeats Song dynasty, 266, 267f; on the move, 276–277f; Mongol tumen, 276f; seize northern Korea, 283 monk, 305; daily timetable, 305t Monk, George, 462 Monkey Brigade, 1020f monotheistic, 50, 191 Monroe, James, 711, 713f Monroe Doctrine, 711, 713f monsoon, 66–67 Montcalm (General), 561 Montenegro, 673, 939 Monterey Jazz Festival, 254f Montesquieu, baron de, 548, 569 386f, 434, 436f Montt, Rios, 971 Moo-hyun, Roh, 1028 moon landing, 946, 1040; U.S. astronauts first to walk on the moon, 954f Moors, 358f More, Sir Thomas, 420f, 421, 621 Morel, Edward, 698q Morgan, J. P., 653 Morisot, Berthe, 674 Morocco, 200; French protectorate in, 694; independence of, 986 Moses, 49, 50, 190, 191 Moses Maimonides, 392q mosques, 199; Great Mosque of Sāmarrā’, 206f, 207 people of North America, 388 the Mountain, 587–588 Mount Parnassus, 124 movies: in mass culture, 812, 814f; for propaganda, 798, 812–813, 813f Mozambique, 695, 986 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 563 Mu‘āwiyah, 194 muezzin, 207 Muhammad, 189, 192; his vision, 210; life of, 189–190; Southwest Asia in his time, 189f; teachings of, 191 Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi), 694 Muhammad Ali, 693 Muhammad Ture (king of Songhai), 245 “Mukden incident”, 859 Mukhtar, Omar, 830, 846f mulattoes, 444, 448 Muller, Herbert J., 198q Mulroney, Brian, 945 multinational corporation(s), 960, 1051–1052 multinational state, 629 mummification, 37, 183f; preparing for the afterlife, Egyptian, 44–45f Munich, Germany, 804, 949; 1972 Olympic Games, 949 Munich Conference, 858 Munich Olympic Games: terrorism at, 1046 Muqaddimah (Introduction to History) (Ibn-Khaldūn), 205 Murakami, Haruki, 1027 Murasaki Shikibu, 282, 282f Murat, Caroline, 600f Murat, Joachim, 600f Murrow, Edward R., 894f Museveni, Yoweri, 989 music: of Enlightenment, 563; global exchange of popular, 953f; modernism in, 676; rock and roll, 254f, 952–953f; romanticism in, 639–640 Muslim League, 705–706, 832 Muslims, 190; in France, 951; France bans wearing of headscarves by, 942f; migration to Pakistan of, 1018, 1019m; number killed by Black Death by year 1349, 393f; occupation of Spain by, 358–359, 358f; rivalry with Hindus in India, 702–703, 705–706, 832, 1018, 1020; Sepoy Mutiny and, 702–703; Shia, 210, 1001, 1002; spread the faith, 210; Sunni, 210, 1001, 1002; teenagers in Nigeria, 994–995f Mussolini, Benito (Il Duce), 793f, 797–799, 798f, 816f, 857–858, 867, 870, 871 Mutsuhito (emperor of Japan), 740 Myanmar, 1021. See also Burma (modern Myanmar) Mycenae: first Greek city-state, 109 Mycenaean(s), 109; attack on Troy, 111; conquest of Minoans, 109; Greek dialect, 108f n NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 945, 967, 1052 Nagasaki, Japan, 738, 743, 871, 884, 885m, 885f Nagy, Imre, 913 Nairobi, Kenya, 992, 992f Namibia, 989 Nanjing, China, 726–727, 837 Nanjing, Treaty of, 726, 727f Nantes, France, Reign of Terror in, 589 Napier, John, 539 Naples, Italy, 400, 417, 629, 632 Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor of France): 277q, 307, 604; Arc de Triomphe and, 574; coronation of, 597f; coup d’état by, 574, 593, 598; defeat of, at Waterloo, 575, 603; domestic policies of, 598–599; empire of, 601–602; fall of, 602–603; family of, 600f; on Frederick the Great, 556f; invasion of Russia by, 575, 602m, 602–603; Louisiana Purchase and, 598f; revolutionary ideals spread by, 600f, 601; rise of, 596–598 Napoleonic Code (Civil Code), 599 Napoleonic Europe, 600m Napoleonic Wars: number of people killed, 609f Napoleon II, 635 Napoleon III. See Louis-Napoleon Nara period (in Japan), 279 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 1040 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 997–998, 998, 999 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1040 National Assembly, 579–581, 586; of France, 940 National Citizenship Day, 434f National Convention, 586, 588, 590, 593 nationalism, 602; in Africa, 698–699, 828–830, 829m, 846f; Africa and Asia influenced by, 850; and alliances of World War I, 758; Arab, 826–827; in Argentina, 846f; Armenian, 823–824; in Asia, 831, 846f; in Brazil, 846f; in China, 732–735, 836–839; in Europe, 626, 634– 636; extreme, 678–679; fascism and, 798; Hitler and, 804; in India, 705–706, 832, 833f, 846f; in Iran (Persia), 825–826, 846f; Irish, 634; Jewish, 826f, 827; in Kenya, 829–830, 846f; in Latin America, 708–711, 844–849, 846f; Latin America influenced by, 850; in Libya, 830, 846f; in Mexico, 709–710, 846f; in Middle East, 822–826, 846f; Middle East and China influenced by, 850; Napoleon and, 602; in Saudi Arabia, 827, 846f; in Southeast Asia, 691; in Turkey, 822–825, 846f; in the United States, 637; in Vietnam, 691, 716–717f, 831 Nationalist Party (Guomindang), 733, 735, 836–839, 1012 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP). See Nazi Party national unification: of Germany, 631m, 632–633; of Italy, 631m, 631–632 Native Americans. death from European diseases, 448f; effect of the missionaries on, 447; encomienda system, 435, 446f; in French and Indian War, 560; as labor source in Latin America, 445–446; in Mexican revolt, 709–710; mita system and, 446; population, 445m; Queen Isabella’s rules regarding, 435; working silver mines in Brazil, 448f natural rights, 477, 554 natural selection, 642 Nazca: early culture of South America, 388 Nazca culture, 382 Nazca Lines, 382 Nazi, 804 Nazi Germany. See also Germany; Hitler, Adolf: of 1933–1939, 806–809; alliance with Italy, 857–858; anti-Semitism of, 806, 807f, 808f, 809; attacks Denmark and Norway, 864; attacks the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, 864; bombing of cities during World War II, 884; breaks through British defenses in Egypt, 869; changing attitudes toward women’s roles, 883; demands for the Sudetenland, Index INDEX Montezuma (Aztec ruler), Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 974f Mother Teresa, 1019, 1020f Mound Builders, 369; early R109 Nazi Party—One Hundred Days of Reform 858; economic policies of, 808; Enabling Act, 806; Final Solution, 876; German expansion, 1935–1939, 857m; German path to World War II, 856–859; Hitler Youth members, 878; Holocaust, 876–878; invades Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia, 858; invades Poland, 859; invades the Soviet Union, 867; invasion of Czechoslovakia, 754–755f; launches the Battle of Britain, 866–867; leisure in, 813; liberates Mussolini, 867; major Nazi death camps, 875m; mobilization during World War II, 883; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 858–859; propaganda in, 812–813, 813f; resettlement of Poland, 874; rise of, 816; Schlieffen Plan, 761; slave labor in, 875; spectacles used by, 808; terror used in, 807, 807f; union with Austria, 858; women in, 809 Nazi Party, 805, 816, 816f Nazi(s), 816. See also Nazi Germany; Nazi Party Nazism. See also Nazi Germany: message of, 805f; origin of, 804; rise of, 805–806 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 858–859, 859f Neanderthals (Neandertals), 7; living in Germany, 3 Nebuchadnezzar (king of Chaldean Empire), 56 Nefertari (Egyptian pharaoh), 42f Nehru, Jawaharlal, 832, 850, 1018 Nehru, Motilal, 832 neo-Confucianism, 273 neo-Gothic style, 638 Neolithic Revolution, 14, INDEX 14–19, 17f; effects of, 16; end of the Neolithic Age, 16; humans practice burial rituals, 3f; Neolithic farming villages, 16; and the rise of civilization, 14–19 neo-Nazis, 942 Nero (Roman emperor), 156, 157, 165, 172 Neruda, Pablo, 1059f Nerva (Roman emperor), 157 the Netherlands, 454; artistic Renaissance in, 411; the Dutch at Batavia, 528f; Dutch colonies in Latin America, 445m; Dutch explorers and settlements, 437; explorers, 431m; Hitler’s victory against, 864; imperialism by. See the Netherlands, colonial interests of; industrialization in, 655; as a power in Southeast Asia, 529; resistance during Wars of Religion, 454–455 R110 Index the Netherlands, colonial interests of: in Cape Town, 696; in Latin America, 709m; in Southeast Asia, 687m, 1021 Neumann, Balthasar, 562 Neutra, Richard, 894f neutrality, 866 Neva River, 773 New Deal, 795, 917 New Economic Policy (NEP), 799–800 New Granada (Colombia), 710 New Harmony, Indiana, 621 New Kingdom: of ancient Egypt, 39–40 New Lanark, Scotland, 621 New Life Movement, 840f, 841 new monarchies, 357–359 New Order: Japan’s, 861 newspapers: in Fascist Italy, 798; first daily, 552; in India, 707; literacy and, 665 New State, 846f, 847 New Stone Age. See Neolithic Revolution New Testament, 170 “New Thinking”: Gorbachev’s, 932 Newton, Sir Isaac, 539, 539m, 541, 542f, 547, 549f, 608q, 676 New York, New York, 671 New Zealand, 1032; recent years, 1029 NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 1053 Nicaragua, 970, 970–971; independence of, 711; major developments in since 1945, 963f; political events in, 967m; U.S. intervention in, 713 Nice, Italy, 631, 632 Nicholas, Saint, 347 Nicholas II (czar of Russia), 670, 761, 772; death of, 777 Nicholas of Cologne, 327 Niemeyer, Oscar, 965 Nien Cheng, 1014 Niépce, Joseph, 753f Niger, 989 Nigeria, 253; British control of, 692; civil war in, 990; independence of, 986; nationalism in, 829, 830; oil in, 989; teenagers in, 994–995f Niger River, 245, 247 Nightingale, Florence, 636f, 663 Nike of Samothrace, 140f Nile River, 34–35, 236 Nineteenth Amendment, 661f Ninety-five Theses (Luther), 415, 416f nirvana, 74 Nixon, Richard M., 907, 918, 943, 954; Chinese relations and, 1017; Vietnam War and, 1021; Watergate scandal, 943, 954 Nkrumah, Kwame, 986, 988, 988f nobility: and chivalry, 311–313; in France, 576, 577f; of Italian Renaissance, 402–403 nomads, 8; Berbers, 243; early Arabs, 188; Mongols, 199; pastoral, 46; role of nomadic peoples, 46–47; Seljuk Turks, 197; temporary settlements of, 12f nuclear age, 885f Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 1049 nuclear proliferation, 1001, 1017, 1020, 1028f, 1040, 1049 nun(s), 306, 344–345 Nūr Jahān, 500 Nuremberg laws, 809 Nuremberg rallies, 805f, 808, 813f nursing profession, 636f, 663 Nyerere, Julius, 988 o nonalignment, principle of, 1018 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 1053, 1054 nonviolence. See civil disobedience Noriega, Manuel, 971 Normandy, 309, 870; Allied troops land at, 890f; invasion, 872–873m, 873f Normandy, France, 356 North Africa: imperialism in, 692–694; World War II in Europe and, 1939–1941, 865m North America. See also individual states: during the Cold War, 924; early people of, 368–371, 388; 369m; Europe and, 940–945; imperialism in, 686; Industrial Revolution spread to, 619; Seven Years’ War in, 560–561, 560f; Western Europe and, 914–921 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 945, 967, 1052 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 900, 904, 917, 924; member nations, 1949, 901m; nations joining as of 1955, 901m Northern Expedition, 836, 837m Northern Ireland, 951; “Bloody Sunday”, 951; conflict in, 943; Good Friday Agreement, 951; Protestants and Catholics clash in, 954f Northern Renaissance art, 411 Northern Renaissance humanism, 412–413 North German Confederation, 632, 633 North Korea. See also Korea: Communist rule in, 1027; creation of, 1017; Korean War, 1016m, 1017; nuclear test by, 1028f, 1049 North Vietnam, 1021, 1032 Norway: adoption of gender parity policies, 948; women’s suffrage in, 663 Notre Dame cathedral, 590 Novotný, Antonín, 913 Nubia, 38, 238 The Oath of the Tennis Court June 20th 1789 (David), 578–579f Obadina, Tunde, 992f Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy (Cavendish), 543 occupied country, 1024 The Ochre People (Jabavu), 993 Octavian, 15. See Augustus, 156 (Roman emperor) Oda Nobunaga, 520; seizure of Kyoˉto, Japan, 452 Odysseus, 111 Odyssey (Homer), 111 Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), 126 Official Languages Act: Canada, 945 oil: in Argentina, 846; in Iran, 825, 1000; in Mexico, 844, 846, 846f, 848; in Middle East, 998, 999, 1047; in Nigeria, 989; in Saudi Arabia, 827 oil painting, 411 Old Kingdom: of ancient Egypt, 37–38 Old Stone Age. See Paleolithic Age Olduvai Gorge, 6 Oleg (Viking ruler), 321 oligarchy, 114, 847 Oliver Twist (Dickens), 643 the Olmec, 372–373, 373f; early people of Mesoamerica, 388 Olson, Culbert, 882q Olympia, 132–133f Olympian gods, 125t Olympic games: athletes of ancient world, 132–133f; first held, 183f; number of athletes competing in first modern, 753f Olympus, 106, 124 Omari, Lulua Abdullah al-, 1058q Omar Khayyám, 206, 206q Ometeotl, 379 one-child policy, 1016, 1043 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 911–912 One Hundred Days of Reform, 729 One Hundred Years of Solitude (Márquez)—Peter (Christian leader) One Hundred Years of Solitude (Márquez), 964 The 1001 Nights (Arabian Nights) (Khayyám), 206 Onondaga people, 370 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 641–642 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 999 Open Door Policy, 730–731, 730f, 835 Opium War, 726, 727f Opportunity, Mars rover, 1040 oracle, 124 Orange Free State, 696 ordeal, 304 Oresteia (Aeschylus), 126, 127f organic evolution, 642 organic farming, 946, 1041 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 988 Organization of American States (OAS), 962 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 999 Orléans, Battle of, 356 Ortega, Daniel, 971 orthodoxy, 494 Oˉsaka, 278, 520 Oslo Accords, 997f, 999, 1000f Ostia, 159 ostracism, 121 Ostrogoths, 302 Oswald, Saint, 347 Otto I (king of Germany), 319 Ottoman Empire, 484–489, p Pacal (Maya ruler), 376 Pachacuti (Incan ruler), 384, 384f, 388; builds empire in South America, 508f Pacific, 78; after World War II, 1032; World War II in, 1941–1945, 868m Pagan, kingdom of, 292 painting, 275; abstract, 676; Chinese, 275; cubism in, 676; of Enlightenment, 562; fresco, 409, 562; of High Renaissance, 410; impressionism in, 674, 675f, 742f; Latin American, 965; Mannerism, 472; modernism in, 674–676; of Northern Renaissance, 411; oil, 411; postimpressionism in, 675, 675f; realism in, 642f, 643; of Renaissance, 409; rococo style, 562, 562f; romanticism in, 638–639, 639f; surrealism in, 814–815 Pakistan, 285; Afghanistan and, 1001; Bangladesh separates from, 1020; creation of, 832, 1018; migrations, 1018, 1019m, 1032f; nuclear test by, 1049; split of British India, 1032 Palace at Knossos, 108f Palace of Versailles, 452–453f, 470–471f Palenque, 375, 376 Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age), 2f, 8, 9 Palestine, 50, 322; British control of, 826; conflict in, 996, 997m, 998–1000; Jewish immigration to, 679, 827; Lebanon and, 999–1000; nationalism of Arabs and Jews in, 827; Oslo Accords, 997f, 999, 1000f Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 997f, 999, 1000f Palestinian Authority, 999 Pan-Africanism, 830, 988 Panama, 971; break from Colombia, 971; independence of, 713; major developments in since 1945, 963f; U.S. intervention in, 713 Panama Canal, 713; opens, 651f; Panama’s control of, 971; Treaty, 970m Pan-Arabism, 998 Panel of Ashurbanipal, 55f Pankhurst, Emmeline, 663, 663f pantelons, 585f Pantheon, 161f papacy: in Avignon, 355; Great Schism of, 355; in Middle Ages, 342–344; reform of, 342–344, 413–414, 423 Papal States, 304, 319, 342, 414, 596, 629 Paraguay, 711; political events in, 973m Paris, France, 319, 551; liberation by Allied troops, 871, 873f; modernization of, 635; University of, 350 Paris, Treaty of: of 1763, 560, 561; of 1783, 568; of 1856, 630 Paris Commune, 583, 586, 588 Paris Peace Accords, 1021 Paris Peace Conference, 781 Paris (prince of Troy), 111 Paris Telephone Exchange, 680f Park Chung Hee, 1028 Parliament: English, 318 Parma, 632 Parthenon, 113f, 125f, 126, 140f Pasha, Enver, 824q pashas, 486 Pasteur, Louis, 641 pastoral nomads, 46 paterfamilias, 162 patriarch, 323 patriarchal, 33 patricians, 148, 340 patrilineal, 252 Patriot Act, 1047 Paul (Christian leader), 170, 347 Paul III (pope), 414f, 423, 424 Pax Romana, 157 peacekeeping forces, 1048 Peace of Augsburg, 413m, 417, 418, 424, 460 Peace of Westphalia, 460; Europe after, 460m Pearl Harbor: Japanese attack of, 868, 890 Pearson, Lester, 919 peasant(s): in France, 577, 577f, 580, 588; of Italian Renaissance, 403; in medieval Europe, 336–338, 337f; in Russia, 636; Wheel of Life of, 337f Peisistratus (king of Athens), 117 Peloponnese, 110 Peloponnesian War, 122m; Great, 123 PEMEX, 846f, 848 peninsulares, 444, 448, 708, 710 Pentagon: 9/11 attack, 945; terrorist attack on, 1046 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 838f, 839, 1012 People’s Republic of China: after World War II, 1032; civil war in, 1012; Cultural Revolution, 1014; democracy movement in, 1013m, 1014–1015, 1015f; Deng Xiaoping, 1014–1015; enters Korean War, 1016m, 1017, 1032; Four Modernizations, 1014, 1015f; Great Leap Forward, 1012–1013; Hong Kong returned to, 1029; Long March, 837m, 838f, 839; Mao Zedong. See Mao Zedong; Nationalist-Communist alliance in, 836–837; New Life Movement, 840f, 841; Northern Expedition, 836, 837m; one-child policy, 1016, 1043; population growth in, 1012, 1016, 1043, 1050; Red Guards, 1013m, 1014; since 1945, 1013m; Taiwan, claims on, 1028, 1029; Tibet conflict, 1044; U.S. relations with, 1017; Vietnam War, 1022f; World Trade Organization membership, 1017 People’s Republic of Korea. See North Korea Pépin (king of the Franks), 306 per capita, 1014 perestroika, 932 Pérez, Alan García, 976 Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 977 Pergamum, 137; under Roman rule, 151 Pericles, 120f, 120q, 121, 123; Age of, 121 permanent revolution, 1014 Perón, Eva, 974 Perón, Juan, 847, 973–974 Perry, Matthew, 738, 744f; arrives in Japan, 738, 748f Persia. See also Iran: Iran develops from, 825–826; nationalism in, 825–826, 846f; oil discovered in, 825; Persian Wars, 119m; Qājār dynasty, 825 Persian carpets, 504f Persian Empire, 56m, 56–57. See also Persia, Iran. Alexander the Great defeats, 135; challenge of Persia to Greece, 118–119; conquest by Arab Empire, 193; fall of the, 57; revival of Kingdom of Judah, 50; rise of the, 56–57 Persian Gulf, 1001 Persians, 56, 118 Persian Wars, 119m Peru, 962, 975; Communist guerrillas in, 980; cultures of early, 382–385; export economy of, 715; independence of, 711; military and civilian rule in, 975–976; political events in, 973m; U.S. role in, 844 pesticides, 1042 Pétain, Marshal Henri, 866 Peter (Christian leader), 304, 347 Index INDEX 823m. See also Ottoman Turks; in the 1450s, 490–491f; advance against S·afavids, 492, 493t; Armenian genocide, 823–824, 824f; break up of the, 783; Crimean War and, 630; destruction of, 766; division of, 826; Egypt and, 692–693; end of, 850; expansion into Europe, 486; expansion into Western Asia and Africa, 485–486; expansion of, 484, 485m; fall of, 822–824; nature of Ottoman rule, 486; Palestine and, 679; problems in the, 489; religion in the, 487; society and the role of women, 488; Topkapi Palace, 487f; World War I impact on, 822–823 Ottoman Turks: control of Western Asia and Africa, 485–486; expansion into Europe, 486; rise of the, 484–486; siege of Constantinople, 485 “out-of-Africa” theory, 7 OVRA, 798 Owen, Robert, 621 Oxford, England, 350 ozone layer, 1042 R111 Peter III (czar of Russia)—Quebec Peter III (czar of Russia), 557, 557f, 559 Peter the Great (czar of Russia), 469, 478; becomes czar of Russia, 453 Petrarch, 355q, 406 Petrograd, Russia, 773 phalanx, 113 pharaoh, 37 Pharisees, 169 Pheidippides, 118 Philip Augustus (king of France), 344 Philip II Augustus (king of France), 319, 326 Philip II (king of Macedonia), 134 Philip II (king of Spain), 454, 478; height of Spanish power under, 455m Philip IV (king of France), 355 Philip IV (Philip the Fair) (king of France), 319 Philip VI (king of France), 356 Philippines, 527; acquisition by INDEX United States, 671, 688–689; democracy in, 1045; independence gained by, 1021; independence movement by, 689; recent years, 1023; Spanish, 689 philosophes, 548–549, 551 philosophy, 128; Chinese, 90– 93; classical Greek, 128–131; Epicureanism, 139; Hellenistic Era, 138–139; Stoicism, 139 Phoenicia: its colonies and, 52m Phoenician alphabet, 48, 48f, 110 Phoenicians, 48, 48f, 52–53f; Punic Wars with Rome, 150–151 photography, 675 photomontage, 814 Physiocrats, 549 Picasso, Pablo, 675–676, 802f, 803 pictographs, 90 Piedmont, Kingdom of, 629, 631–632 pig iron, 616 Pilate, Pontius, 170 pilgrims, 79 Pincevent, France, 12–13f Pinel, Philipe, 587q Pinochet, Augusto, 972; protest of his brutal rule of Chile, 980f Pisa, Italy, 410f Pi Sheng, 274f Pitt, William (the Elder), 560, 566 Pizarro, Francisco, 435 plague, 174; Black Death, 352–353, 353m, 354f Plains Indians, 371; early people of North America, 388 planned economies, 767 R112 Index plantations, 441 Plassey, Battle of, 502m, 504 Plataea, 119 plateaus, 236 Plato, 128f, 129–130, 130q, 182f, 204, 538 Plaza de Mayo: mothers of, 974f plebeians, 148 plebiscite, 635 Pliny the Younger, 182f, 182q PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 997f, 999, 1000f Poe, Edgar Allan, 641 poetry: Chinese, 274–275; epic poem, 111; heroic epic poems, 362; troubadour poetry, 351, 362 pogroms, 679 Poland, 782, 874, 913, 934, 936; authoritarian rule in, 802–803; German invasion of, 859, 890f; Jews flee to, 353; in late Middle Ages, 359; nation-state, 782; revolution crushed in, 627; right to vote for women, 920; transition from communism, 937m Poles: in Austrian Empire, 628m, 629, 670 policy of containment, 902 polis, 112. See also city-state(s); center of Greek life, 113f; early Greece and, 140 Politburo, 800 political democracy. See democracy Politics (Aristotle), 131 Pol Pot, 1021 Polyclitus, 126 polytheistic, 27, 188 Pompeii: eruption of Vesuvius, 182f Pompey, 154 Pope, Alexander, 549f popes, 304. See papacy popular culture, 949. See also youth culture: global exchange of popular music, 953f; rock and roll around the world, 952–953f; U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s, 922–933f Popular Front government in France, 794 population: of Africa, 989; Black Death and, 354f; of China, 1012, 1016, 1043, 1050; city, 658, 671; current trends, 1050; in developing nations, 1043; environmental effects of growth, 1042; in Europe, 659m; of India, 1019; industrialization and, 619; of Japan, 834; in Middle Ages, 334; world, 393f, 1043, 1050 porcelain, 240–241m, 275, 519; Ming, 518f Port Arthur, Manchuria, 743, 744f Portillo, José López, 966 Portugal, 432; arrival in China, 512; imperialism by. See Portugal, colonial interests of; industrialization in, 655; Portuguese colonies in Latin America, 445m; Portuguese explorers, 431m, 432; Portuguese occupy Moluccas and are pushed out, 528–529; trading with Japan, 520–521 Portugal, colonial interests of: in Africa, 693m, 695, 829m, 986; in Latin America, 708, 709m, 711, 712; in Southeast Asia, 687m postimpressionism, 675, 675f postmodernism, 949 Potsdam Conference, 887 praetorian guard, 156 praetors, 148 Prague, Czechoslovakia, 473, 629, 858 “Prague Spring”, 913 The Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 413, 414f predestination, 419 prefectures, 740 prehistory, 4 priests, 19 PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), 847, 966 The Prince (Machiavelli), 401 The Princess (Tennyson), 662 Princip, Gavrilo, 760 Principia (Newton), 541 principle of intervention, 625 principle of legitimacy, 624 principle of nonalignment, 415–416, 416f; reasons for, 412–414; spreading of, 424 Provence, France, 358 provincial, 732 Prussia, 467; army in, 555–556; Austro-Prussian War, 632; bureaucracy in, 555–556; city population of, 658; Congress of Vienna, 624–625; the emergence of, 467; enlightened absolutism in, 555m, 555–556; expansion of, 467m; FrancoPrussian War, 633; German unification and, 632–633; Seven Years’ War, 558–559 psychoanalysis, 677, 677f Ptolemaic system, 540 Ptolemy, 538, 540 public health, 636f, 658–659 puddling, 616, 646f Pueblo Bonito, 371 pueblos, 371 Puerto Rico, 671, 713 Pugachov, Yemelyan, 557 Punic Wars, 150m, 150–151; First, 150–151; Second, 151; Third, 151 Punjab, India, 1019 Puritans, 461 Puteoli, 159 Putin, Vladimir, 934; Chechnya policy, 935; Russia under, 934–935 Pu Yi, Henry (infant emperor of China), 734 Pyramid of Kukulcan, 376f Pyramid of the Sun, 373 Pythagoras, 128 q 1018 printing: development of printing in China, 274f; Gutenberg’s press, 402f; Scientific Revolution and, 538; woodblock printing, 274f The Prisoner of Chillon (Byron), 639f Prisoner of Chillon (Delacroix), 639f privatization, 966 procurator, 169 proletariat, 656 propaganda, 762; in Fascist Italy, 798, 798f; in Nazi Germany, 812–813, 813f protectorate, 688 Protestantism. See also Protestant Reformation: Anabaptists, 421; Anglicans, 420–421; Calvinism, 418–420; in England, 455; Lutheranism as start of, 416, 416f; society and, 422; Zwinglians, 418 Protestant Reformation, 412. See also Protestantism; beginning of, 424; in England, 420–421; in Germany, 417; Martin Luther and, 412, 414f, Qājār dynasty of Persia, 825 Qianlong (emperor of China), 514q, 515 Qin dynasty, 89, 94–96, 98m, 267; the emperor’s army, 94–95, 95f; fall of, 96; Great Wall, 95–96; political changes, 96 Qing, 512. See Qing dynasty of China Qing dynasty of China, 512, 513–515, 748; begins, 509; China under, 511m; decline of, 724–731; empire of 1911, 733m; fall of, 732–735; imperialism in China and, 728–731; Opium War, 726, 727f; pressures on, 724–725; Qing adaptations, 513; reform efforts of, 727–728, 732; Revolution of 1911 brings an end to the, 748f; Tai Ping Rebellion, 726–727 Qin Shihuangdi (emperor of China), 94, 96 Quakers. See Society of Friends Quebec: secession issue, 945, 954 Quechua language—Roosevelt, Theodore Quechua language, 384 Quetzalcoatl, 377, 379 queues, 513, 736f “Quiet Night Thoughts” (Li Bo), 274 quipu, 385 Quo Vadis, 812 Quran, 190, 190f, 191, 192, 203, 210f, 244; calendar of, 208–209f r Rabin, Yitzhak, 916f, 1000f racism: in Germany, 678–679; of Hitler, 804; imperialism and, 687 Radical Party, 847 Radical’s Arms (Cruikshank), 592f radio, 653, 798, 812, 814f radium, 676 Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, 688 railroads, 617–618, 619 rajas, 70 Rajputs, 286 Ramadan, 191 Ramayana (Indian), 80–81 Ramses II (Egyptian pharaoh), 40, 40f Raphael, 406f, 410 Rasputin, Grigory, 772–773 rationalism, 544–545 reading: growth of during Enlightenment, 552 Reagan, Ronald, 931, 943, 944, 969 Reagan Revolution, 944 realism, 643, 646; in art, 642f, 643; in literature, 643 realpolitik, 632 real wages, 917, 920 Reconquista of Spain, 358–359, 358f Red Army, 772, 777 Red Cross, 1053; helps famine victims in Sudan, 1054f parade in Beijing, 1032f redistribution of wealth, 841 Red River. See Yuan River “Red Scare”, 917–918, 924 Red Sea, 236, 239 Red Shirts, 632 Red Square, 933f Red Terror, 777 Reform Act of 1832, 634f, 663f Reform Act of 1867, 634f, 668 Reform Act of 1884, 668 Reformation. See Protestant Reformation regime, 96, 635 regional identity: nationalism and, 951; in Western Europe, 950m Reichstag, 670, 805, 806 590–591f, 604; beginning of, 574; clothing during, 584–585f; clothing worn during, 585f; decapitation of Feraud, 595f; end of, 592; victims, by class, 592f reincarnation, 73 relativity, theory of, 676–677 relics, 347, 414 religion(s), 18–19. See also individual religions: African, 253m, 253–254; ancient Egyptian, 35–36, 59f; ancient Persian, 57; ancient societies’ belief about creation, 58–59f; Aztec, 379, 386–387f; Buddhism, principles of, 74–75, 216–217; Calvinism, 460; Confucianism, 90–93, 220–221f; Daoism, 93; development during Neolithic Revolution, 18–19; development of Christianity, 168–173, 218–219f; in early Japan, 282; Enlightenment and, 553; in Europe, 1600, 419m; French Revolution and, 590; Greek, 124–125, 125f; growth of religion in ancient Egypt, 35–36; growth of religion in Mesopotamia, 27; Hinduism, 72–73f, 222–223; indigenous, 230–232f; of India, 72–75, 284–286, 285t, 1019f; Islam, 210, 224–225f; Judaism, 50–51 226–227f; in medieval Europe, 342–347; monotheistic, 50; neo-Confucianism, 273; Olympian gods, 125t; in Ottoman world, 487; Persian, 57; polytheistic, 27; religious trends, 950–951; rise of Islam in Africa, 239; Roman, 168–169, 169f; Sikhism, 228–229f; Shinto, 282; in Southeast Asia, 295, 527; spread of Christianity, 171m, 172f; Sumerian, 29; trends in Western culture, 950–951; Zen, 282 religious orders: Cistercians, 344; Dominicans, 345–346; Franciscans, 345–346; women in, 344–345 Renaissance: Carolingian, 307 Renaissance, Italian, 398–399, 399m; art after the, 472–474; art of, 409–411; education of, 408–409; High Renaissance, 410; humanism of, 406–408; Italian city-states of, 399m, 399–400; Italian wars of, 400; in Italy and Northern Europe, 424; in northern Europe, 411; popes of, 413–414; Scientific Revolution and, 538; society, 402–403, 404–405f Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 674 reparations, 781, 791, 792 republic, 148 Republicans, 637 Republic of China. See Taiwan (Formosa) Republic of Korea. See South Korea Republic of Virtue, 589–590, 592 The Republic (Plato), 129–130 Restoration, 462–463 The Return of the King, 949 revisionists, 657 Revive China Society, 732 revolution: permanent, 1014 Revolutionary Alliance, 733 Revolution of 1911, 734–735 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 540 Revolutions of 1830, 626–627 Revolutions of 1848, 627–629 Reza Shah Pahlavi (shāh of Iran), 825–826, 846f Rhee, Syngman, 1027–1028 Rhineland, 857 Rhodes, Cecil, 696f, 697 Rhodesia, 697 ribbed vault, 348, 349f Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) (king of England), 326 Richelieu, Cardinal, 464 Riefenstahl, Leni, 813f Rio de Janeiro, 980f Riou, Edouard, 694f The Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 676 rituals, 124 Rivera, Diego, 848f, 849 Riza-i-Abbasi, 495 Robespierre, Maximilien, 588, 588f, 589q, 590, 591f, 592, 594q Rockefeller, Nelson, 849 Rocket, 617–618, 618f rococo style, 562, 562f Rodriguez, Simon, 710f Roe v. Wade, 948 Roma, 877 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Roman Confederation, 148 Roman Empire, 78, 194, 268; Christianity, 168–173, 172f; beginning of the, 156–159; Charlemagne, 307; decline and fall of the Western Empire, 178; the decline of, 174–176; Eastern Empire, 322–323. See also Byzantine Empire; economy and society, 159; emperors and Early Empire, 156–157; empire replaces republic, 178; expansion of, 158–159; Germanic tribes migrate into, 176–177; Holy Roman Empire, 319–320; invasion of Sassanid Persians, 174; invasions into the, 176m; Judaism in, 169; Justinian, 322; Pax Romana, 157; persecution of Christians, 171–172; political structure of, 148–149; problems and upheavals in, 174; reforms by Diocletian and Constantine, 174–176; religion in the, 168–169; Roman religion, 169f; under the Tetrarchs, 175m; trade and expansion, 158m; trade with China, 78–79 Romanesque architecture, 348 Romania, 158, 782, 938; authoritarian rule in, 802–803; independence of, 673; transition from communism, 937m Romanians, 628m, 629 Roman law, 149–150, 149f; Twelve Tables, 149f Romanov, Michael (czar of Russia), 468 Roman Republic, 148–150; end of the, 152–155; First Punic War, 150–151; First Triumvirate, 154; growing unrest in, 152; Law of Nations, 150; role of Roman army, 153–154; Roman law, 149–150; Rome creates an expansive republic, 178; Second Punic War, 151; Second Triumvirate, 155; struggle of the two orders, 149; successful strategies of, 148; Third Punic War, 151; war and conquest, 148 Romansch, 628m Roman Senate, 148–149, 168 romanticism, 638, 646; in art and music, 638–640; in literature, 640–641 Rome, ancient, 146. See also Roman Empire; Roman Republic: games of death in, 166–167f; gladiators in Roman society, 166–167f; influence of the Etruscans, 147; influence of the Greeks, 147; life in, 162–163, 163f; living conditions in, 165; the rise of, 146–151; Roman bath in Bath, England, 156f; slavery and slave revolts in, 164; Vandals sack, 177; Visigoths sack, 177 Rome, Italy, 632; as papal residence, 355; as pilgrimage center, 347; sack of, 400; Sistine Chapel in, 410, 410f INDEX Red Guards, 1013m, 1014; Reign of Terror, 589–590, Romero, Oscar (Archbishop), 969 Rommel, Erwin, 869 Romulus Augustulus (Roman emperor), 177 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 866; Executive Order 9066, 882f; Good Neighbor policy, 845, 848, 962; New Deal, 795, 917; United Nations supported by, 1048; Yalta Conference, 886 Roosevelt, Theodore, 713, 713f, 744 Index R113 Roosevelt Corollary—Siddhārtha Gautama Roosevelt Corollary, 713f Rosetta Stone, 608f Rothschild, Lord, 826f Rothwell, Richard, 640f Roundheads, 461 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 551 Royal Road: in Persian Empire, 57 Rubaiyat (Khayyám), 206 Rubens, Peter Paul, 474 Rubicon River, 154 Rudel, Jaufré, 351q Ruhr Valley, 791, 791m Russia, 321, 797. See also Soviet Union; Balkans and, 673; Black Death spread to, 352; Boxer Rebellion and, 731; city population of, 658; civil war in, 776–777; communism in, 775, 776f; Congress of Vienna, 624–625; Crimean War, 630–631; enlightened absolutism in, 555m, 557–558; expansion of, 1505–1725, 468m; government of, 670; independence from Soviet Union, 932; industrialization in, 655; Kievan Rus, 321; the March Revolution, 773–774; mobilization of, 761; Mongols, 321; 359; Napoleon’s invasion of, 575, 602m, 602–603; the new, 934–935, 934f; New Economic Policy in, 799; Peter the Great, 468–469; under Putin, 934–935; reform in, 635–636; the Russian Revolution, 772–777, 773m; Seven Years’ War, 559; spheres of influence in China, 728–729; Triple Entente, 672, 758; using resources as political lever, 935; war with Japan, 743–744, 744f; under Yeltsin, 934 Russian Revolution, 772–777, 775f, 784 Russo-Japanese War, INDEX 743–744, 744f Ruthenians, 628m, 629 Rutherford, Ernest, 815 Rwanda, 990, 1045; number of Rwandans killed during TutsiHutu conflict in 1994, 1059f Ryukyu Islands, 743 s sacraments, 344, 415, 422f Sadat, Anwar el-, 999, 1003 Sadducees, 169 S·afavid dynasty of Persia, 492–494. See also S·afavid Empire; S·afavids; at the crossroads of trade and of history, 496–497f; life under, 495; rule of the, 492–495 S·afavid Empire. See also S·afavid dynasty of Persia; R114 Index S·afavids: 1501–1722, 493m; advance against Ottoman Turks, 492; compared to Ottoman Empire, 493t; glory and decline, 494 S·afavids, 492–495. See also S·afavid dynasty of Persia; S·afavid Empire; history and culture, 504 S·afıˉ od-Dıˉn (Turkish leader), 492 Sahara Desert, 236 Saigon, Vietnam, 688, 1021 Saikaku, Ihara, 523 Saint Benedict, 305; daily timetable for monks, 305t Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 326, 344, 362f Saint Domingue, Hispaniola, 708 Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 416f, 473, 473f Saint Petersburg, Russia, 469, 670 Saint Thomas, Church of, 563 Sakhalin Island, 744 Saladin (sultan of Egypt), 198, 326 Sallust (Roman historian), 154q salons, 552–553, 564–565f Salt March, 832, 833f; number of miles walked, 895f salvation, 414, 422f Salween River, 292 Samarqand, 286 Sāmarrā’, 207 Samoan Islands, 671 Samudra Gupta (king of Gupta Empire), 79 samurai, 280; attacking a Mongol ship, 280f San, Aung, 1021 Sánchez Navarro family, 712 sanctions, 861 Sandinistas, 971 sanitation, 658–659 San Lorenzo, 372 San Martin, José de, 710–711, 710f sans-culottes, 583, 585f Sanskrit, 70, 289 Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 711–712 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 347 Santo Domingo, 713f Sarajevo: assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in, 760 Sardinia, 631 Sargon (king of Akkadians), 32 Sassanid Persians, 174 SA (Storm Troops) (Brownshirts), 804 Sat-Cho alliance, 739, 740 satellites, 1038, 1039f, 1040 satellite states, 902 Satires (Horace), 162 satrapies, 57 Satsuma, Japan, 739 Saudi Arabia: creation of, 827, 846f; nationalism in, 827, 846f; oil discovered in, 827 savannas, 237 Savonarola, Girolamo, 400 Savoy, Italy, 631, 632 Saya San, 690f, 691 Say’s Law, 794f Scandinavia, 352 Schindler, Oscar, 894q schism, 324 Schleswig, 632 Schlieffen Plan, 761, 763m Schliemann, Heinrich, 109 scholar-gentry, 269 scholasticism, 350 School of Athens (Raphael), 410 Schröder, Gerhard, 916f Schutzstaffeln. See SS science: advancements in, 204–205; in ancient Egypt, 43; in ancient India, 81; Hellenistic Era, 138–139; junk, 678; nineteenth century, 641–642, 676–677; technology and science in Western culture, 946 scientific method, 544f, 545, 546 Scientific Revolution, 542f, 570; astronomy and, 540–541, 542f; causes of, 538–539; chemistry and, 542; intellectuals of, 539m; medicine and, 542; rationalism and, 544–545; women’s contributions to, 543 Scivias (Hildegard of Bingen), 345f Scotland, 456; United Kingdom formed with England, 566 Scott, Sir Walter, 640 sculpture: African, 255; classical Greek, 126; Hellenistic Era, 137; of Michelangelo, 410f; modernism in, 675; Renaissance, 409–410; Roman, 160 Sea of Marmara, 484 The Seasons (Haydn), 563 secede, 637 Secondat, Charles-Louis de. See Montesquieu, baron de Second Battle of the Marne, 778 Second Continental Congress, 568 Second Empire of France, 635 Second German Empire, 633 Second International, 657 Second Punic War, 151 Second Republic of France, 628 The Second Sex (de Beauvoir), 920f, 921 Second Triumvirate, 155 secular, 398 secularization, 641 Seko, Mobutu Sese, 988 self-strengthening, 728 Selim I (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 485, 486 Selim II (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 489 Seljuk Turks, 197; Crusades and, 198; pressures on Byzantine Empire, 324 Seneca Falls, New York, 661f Senegal, 830, 988 Senghor, Léopold, 830, 988 Seoul, South Korea, 525, 1028 separation of powers, 548, 569 sepoy, 702 Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion) (First War of Independence), 702–703, 703f, 718f September 11, 2001, 1001, 1002f, 1046–1047 Septimius Severus (Roman emperor), 174 Serbia, 760, 782, 939; Bosnian Crisis and, 673 Serbs: in Austrian Empire, 628m, 629 serfs, 336; Black Death’s effects on, 353, 354f; in manorial system, 336–338; in Russia, 636 Seven Years’ War, 558–561, 559m, 560m, 560–561f Sforza, Francesco, 400 shah, 492; role of the, 495 Shaka Zulu, 696f, 697 Shakespeare, William, 474, 475q Shandong Peninsula, 729 Shang dynasty, 86, 86m, 86–87 Shanghai, China, 736, 736f, 836, 837, 838, 1014 Shanghai Massacre, 837 shantytown(s): slums in Rio de Janeiro, 980f shari’ah, 191 Sharpeville Massacre, 987, 991f sheikh, 188 Shelley, Mary, 640, 640q, 641 Shia Muslims, 194, 210, 493, 493t, 494, 501,1001, 1002 Shikibu, Murasaki, 393f Shining Path, 976 Shinto, 282 Shiva the Destroyer, 72 shogun, 281 Shoˉtoku Taishi (Japanese ruler), 279–280 Siberia, 728, 776, 801, 911 Sicily: Black Death spread to, 352; first Roman province, 151; kingdom of, 629, 632 Siddhārtha Gautama, 73–75, 74f Siddhārtha (Hesse)—Stalin, Joseph Siddhārtha (Hesse), 815 Sieveking, Amalie, 663 The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919, 782f Sikhs, 1019, 1019m, 1020 Sikhism, 228–229f Sikkim, 729 Silent Spring (Carson), 1042 Silesia, 558, 559 silicon chip, 1039 silk: in history, 82–83f Silk Road, 78, 188, 268; famous fabric, 82–83f Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da, 975 Sima Qian, 96q Simon, Paul, 949 Simon Peter (Christian leader), 170 Sinai Peninsula, 158, 999 Sinan, 488 Singapore, 1032; colony of, 688; recent years, 1029 Sistine Chapel, 410, 410f, 424f Six-Day War, 997f, 998–999 slavery: abolishment in British The Social Contract (Rousseau), 551 Social Darwinism, 678, 678f, 687, 804 Social Democratic Party: emergence of German, 650 Social Democrats: in West Germany, 941–942 socialism, 621; African, 988; early, 621; industrialization and, 655–657; utopian, 420f, 621 socialist parties, 655, 657, 670 Socialists: in France, 940 social sciences: of the Enlightenment, 549–550 classless, 656, 656f; consumer, 920; mass, 658–665; matrilineal, 252; patrilineal, 252; stateless, 249; trading, 294; urban, 398 Society of Friends: condemnation of slavery, 443 Society of Harmonious Fists (Boxers), 731 Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 423 Socrates, 128f, 129 Socratic method, 129 Sokoto, 697 Solomon (king of Israelites), 49 Solon, 117 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 911 Somalia, 989, 990 Song dynasty, 266; begins, 267f Songhai kingdom (Africa), 245 Song of Roland, 351 Songs of Experience (Blake), 641 Songs of Innocence (Blake), 641 Sophists, 129; art of debate and, 130f Sophocles, 126, 182q South Africa: apartheid in, 986–987, 990, 991f; democratic elections in, 990, 991f; imperialism in, 696–697; societies in, 249; Zimbabwe, 249 South African Republic (Transvaal), 696 South America. See also individual states: early people of, 382–385, 383m, 388; imperialism in, 686; nationalist revolts in, 710–711; nations of, 972–977; number of countries under colonial power, 753f; as part of Spanish Empire, 435; political events in, 973m South Asia: after World War II, 1032 South China Sea, 98 Southeast Asia, 291m, 526; after independence, 1021; after World War II, 1032; civilization in, 290–295; conflicts in, 526; democracy in, 1023; ethnic and religious conflicts in, 1044; impact of geography on, 290; imperialism in, 687m, 688–691; Japanese colonial policies, 879; life in early, 294–295; nationalism in, 691, 879; new imperialism and, 718; religious and political systems, 527–528, 527m; society, 295; during the spice trade, 526–529, 532f; states of, 293t; trade in, 294–295; women in, 1023 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 905 Southern Song period (of China), 267f South Korea, 1032. See also Korea; creation of, 1017; democracy in, 1045; Korean War, 1016m, 1017; recent years, 1027–1028, 1028 South Vietnam, 1021, 1032 Southwest Asia: impact of Crusades, 198; in Muhammad’s time, 189f; trade in, 201m soviets, 774 Soviet Union, 910. See also Russia; by 1939, 801m; Afghanistan occupation by, 1001; aid to Cuba, 969; attacks Budapest, 913; Battle of Kursk, 871; biological weapon agreement, 1040; blockade of West Berlin, 902; breakup of, 931m, 933f; China and, 836, 1017; during the Cold War, 900–907, 924; collectivization in, 800–801; creation of, 799; decline of, 930–935; decline of Cuban economy, 980; Eastern Europe and, 910–913; economic and political change in, 954; explodes its first atomic bomb, 905; Five-Year Plans of, 800; former Soviet republics, 933t; German-Soviet war, 880; Hitler and the Soviets, 858–859, 867; industrialization in, 800, 801m; invades Czechoslovakia, 913; Korea and, 1017; mobilization during World War II, 880–881; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 858–859, 859f; part of the Grand Alliance, World War II, 869; policy of deterrence, 905; postwar Soviet leaders, 910–912; refusal to participate in 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, 949; role of women in the war effort, 881; Spanish Civil War and, 803; Stalin,800–801; under stress, 930–931; Suez War, 997; Tehran Conference, 886; Yalta Conference, 886–887 space exploration: Hubble Space Telescope, 1040; Mars missions, 1040; moon landing, 946, 1040; satellites, 1038, 1039f, 1040 space race, 946; U.S. astronauts first to walk on the moon, 954f; U.S. landing on moon, 946 Spain: American Revolution, 568; authoritarian rule in, 803; conflicts during Wars of Religion, 454–456; conquest of the Inca, 435; defeat of the Spanish Armada, 456m; destruction of Aztec civilization, 434–435; height of Spanish power under Philip II, 455m; imperialism by. See Spain, colonial interests of; industrialization in, 655; Italian wars, 400; as a Muslim state, 194; monarchy in, 358–359; Reconquista of, 358–359, 358f; Second Republic of, 803; Seven Years’ War, 561; Spanish-American War, 671, 688; Spanish Civil War, 802f, 803; Spanish colonies in Latin America, 445m; Spanish Empire, 434–436; Spanish explorers, 431m, 432–433 Spain, colonial interests of: in Africa, 693m, 829m; in the Americas, 375; in Latin America, 386f, 708–711, 709m, 712 Spanish-American War, 671, 688, 713 Spanish Armada: defeat of the, 452f, 456, 456m Spanish Civil War, 802f, 803 Spanish Empire, 434–436 Sparta, city-state of, 115, 115–117; compared to Athens, 182f Spartacus, 164 Speer, Albert, 883 Spencer, Herbert, 678, 678f spheres of influence, 725m, 729, 730–731, 748f Spice Islands, 528, 529, 532. See also Moluccas (Spice Islands); spice trade spice trade: arrival of Europeans, 528–529; the Dutch at Batavia, 528f; impact on the mainland, 529; Islamic trade network, 526; in the Moluccas, 532f; Portuguese occupy Moluccas and are pushed out, 528–529; Southeast Asia during the, 526–529 the Spider (Louis XI), 357 spinning jenny, 615 Spirit, Mars rover, 1040 The Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 548 Spirituals, 346f sports: as leisure activities, INDEX Empire, 753f; in Africa, 252; in ancient Rome, 164; Dutch merchants’ charge for one enslaved African, 609f; enslaved Africans working on a sugarcane plantation, 448f; in Islamic society, 202–203; sources of enslaved Africans, 442; in United States, 443, 637, 671 slave trade, 441–442; African slave trade of Europe, Asia, and the Americas, 448; Atlantic, 440–443, 441m; effects of, 443; growth of, 442; Middle Passage, 442; the Royal African Company, 609f; triangular trade, 442, 448; in West Africa, 692 Slavs, 320; in Austrian Empire, 670 Slovakia, 858, 937 Slovaks, 628m, 629 Slovenes, 628m, 629 Slovenia, 939 Smith, Adam, 549–550, 549f, 550f social contract, 551 Social Security Act, 795 Society for Revolutionary Republican Women, 590 society(ies): agricultural, 294; 664f, 665, 813 Spring (Ba Jin), 737 “Spring Prospect” (Du Fu), 275 Sputnik I, 905, 910, 946, 1059f SS (Schutzstaffeln), 807, 807f stained glass windows, 349, 349f stalemate, 1021 Stalin, Joseph, 816, 858, 859f, 912, 924; creating a new industrial base in the Soviet Union, 910; death of, 911; effects of, on Soviet Union, 801; fear of capitalist West, 900; Five Year Plans of, 800; Korean War and, 1017; Potsdam Conference, Index R115 Stalingrad—Tigris River 887; reign of, 910–911; rise of, 800; Yalta Conference, 886 Stalingrad, 869 Stamp Act, 567 Standard Oil, 827 Stanley, Henry, 695 The Starry Messenger (Galileo), 540 The Starry Night (van Gogh), 675f state capitalism, 1026 stateless societies, 249 steamboats, 619 steam engine, 616, 618f steam locomotive, 617, 618f steel industry, 652, 671 stem-cell research, 1040 Stephenson, George, 617 Steppenwolf (Hesse), 815 Stevin, Simon, 539 stock market crash, 792, 816 Stockton & Darlington, 617 Stoicism, 139 Stonebreakers (Courbet), 642f Storm Troops (SA) (Brownshirts), 804 Strait of Bosporus, 114 Strait of Hellespont, 114 Strait of Hormuz, 1001 Strait of Malacca, 293 Strait of Shimonoseki, 739 Stravinsky, Igor, 676 Stresemann, Gustav, 792 strike, 657 student revolts, 921; Kent State INDEX 488f, 489, 504 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (Roman general), 153; seize of Rome, 154 Sullivan, Louis H., 676 sultan, 197, 486 sultanate of Delhi, 286 Sumerian cities, 28–29 Sumerians, 26. See also Mesopotamia; cities, 28–29; creativity of, 30–31; discovery of bronze, 29; invention of the wheel, 29; technology, 31; writing and literature, 30 Sumitomo, 834 Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 350 sumo: ceremony of, 746–747f; wrestlers, 746–747f Sumptuary Laws, clothing and, 584–585f Sundiata Keita (king of Mali), 244, 244f, 255 Sun Fo, 841q Sunni Ali (king of Songhai), 245, 393f Sunni Baru (king of Songhai), 393f Sunni Muslims, 194, 210, 493, 493t, 504, 1001, 1002 Sun Yat-sen (Chinese nationalist), 732–735, University, 918; in Mexico, 966 stupa, 81; stupas show spread of Buddhism, 80f subsidies, 440, 741 subsistence farming, 247 733q, 734f, 734q, 748, 752q; 836–837, 839q superego, 677f supergerms, 1040 supply-side economics, 794f surrealism, 814–815 Sudan: British control of, sustainable development, 694; Darfur conflict, 990, 1044; drought in, 989; Red Cross helps famine victims in, 1054f Sudetenland, 858 Sudras, 70, 71f Suez Canal, 693, 694, 694f, 700f, 997; inauguration of the, 718f Suez Canal Company, 997, 997f Suez War, 997, 997f suffrage, 663; African American, 671; universal male, 628, 668, 669, 670 suffrage movement, 663, 663f suffrage movement, women’s, 661f Suharto, General, 1023 Sui dynasty, 264; begins, 266f Sui Wendi: reunites China, 266f Sui Yangdi (emperor of China), 264, 266f Sukarno, Achmed, 1021 sukiyaki, 1031f R116 Süleyman I (Süleyman the Magnificent) (sultan of Ottoman Empire), 486, Index 1042 suttee, 70, 501 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 1021 Swadeshamitram (Aiyar), 707 Swahili, 248 Swan, Joseph, 652 swastika, 805f Swaziland, 989 Sweden: right to vote for women, 920 Swift, Jonathan, 549f Switzerland: Calvinism in, 418–420; voting rights in, 794; Zwinglian Reformation in, 418 symbolist writers, 674 Syncom-IV satellite, 1039f Syria, 137, 193, 322; French control of, 826; independence of, 996; in United Arab Republic, 998; Yom Kippur War, 997f, 999 systematic agriculture, 14; development of, 17m; develops, 3; humans begin to practice after Ice Age, 20 t Tabrıˉz, 492 tabula rasa, 546 Tagore, Rabindranath, 706f, 707, 707q taille, 357, 576 Taipei, Taiwan, 1028 Tai Ping Rebellion, 726–727 T’ai Tsu (emperor of China), 267f Taiwan (Formosa), 513, 1032; democracy in, 1045; Japanese control of, 729, 743, 835; Nationalist Chinese settle on, 1012, 1028; recent years, 1028–1029 Taj Mahal, 501–502, 504f, 608f, 704 The Tale of Genji (Shikibu), 282, 282f, 393f Taliban, 944f, 945, 1001 Tang dynasty, 264–266; begins, 266f; collapses, 267f; gains control of Korea, 283 Tang Xuanzang (emperor of China), 265 Tannenberg, Battle of, 763 Tanzania, 247, 988 Tao Te Ching (The Way of the Dao), 93 Taylor, Keith W., 291q technological revolution, 1054 technology: environment and, 947f; exploration and, 433f; during Han dynasty, 99; and horror of war, 770–771f; impact on industrialization, 646; of Industrial Revolution, 615–618, 618f; of Middle Ages, 334; Scientific Revolution and, 538–539; of Second Industrial Revolution, 652–655; since the 1970s, 1038–1041, 1039f; spread and transformation of Western, 954; Sumerian, 31; technological revolution, 1054; and Western culture, 946; of World War I, 764f Tehran, Iran, 825 Tehran Conference, 886 telephone: cell, 1039f; invention of, 653; satellite, 1039f television: satellites and, 1039f; terrorism and, 1002f, 1046 Ten Commandments, 50 Tennis Court Oath, 578–579f, 579 Tennyson, Lord, 662q Tenochtitlán, 377, 379, 387f Teotihuacán, 373–374, 377 tepees, 371 terror: war on, 944f terrorism, 1054; in Afghanistan, 1001; car bomb, 1054f; in Iraq, 1002; Islamic militants and, 1047; modern, 1046; nuclear, 1049; in Philippines, 1023; in the United States, 1001, 1002f, 1046–1047, 1046f; weapons of mass destruction, 1040 Tetrarchs, 175m Tetzel, Johann, 415, 416f Texas: independence of, 711 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 644q Thai, 292 Thailand (Siam), 292; independence maintained by, 688 Thatcher, Margaret, 943, 1058q Thatcherism, 943 theater: Japanese Kabuki, 524, 530–531f; Shakespearean, 474 Thebes, 123, 134 Themistocles, 118 theocracy, 29 Theodosius I (Theodosius the Great) (Roman emperor), 172f, 173 theology, 350 theory of relativity, 676–677, 895f Thera, 109 Theravada, 284 Theravada Buddhism. See also Buddhism Thermopylae, 119 Things Fall Apart (Achebe), 993 Third Punic War, 151 Third Reich, 805f, 806, 856 Third Republic of France, 668–669 Third Symphony (Beethoven), 640 Thirteenth Amendment, 671 Thirty Years’ War, 460, 478; start of the, 452 Thomas à Becket, 317 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 350, 350f Thrace, 57, 114 Three People’s Principles, 734 Throne of Saint Peter (Bernini), 474 Thucydides, 127, 128q Thuku, Harry, 830, 830q, 846f Thutmose III (Egyptian pharaoh), 40 Tiananmen Square, 1015, 1015f Tianjin, China, 736 Tianjin, Treaty of, 727 Tiberius (Roman emperor), 156 Tiber River, 146 Tibet, 265, 729, 1044 Tientsin, 748f Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, 562 Tigris River, 26, 196 Tikal—United States Tikal, 375 Tilak, Balwantrao Gangadhar, 707 Timbuktu, Mali, 244 Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), empire, 492, 498 Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) (ruler of Samarqand), 286, 286f, 492 Title IX Education Amendment, 661f Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964, 661f Tito (Josip Broz), 912 Togo, 692 Toˉjoˉ, Hideki, 883 Tokitaka, Lord, 521, 521q Tokugawa Era, 523–524, 532. See also Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu, 520; takes title of shogun in Japan, 508 Tokugawa shogunate, 738 Tokyo, 278; earthquake of 1923, 278, 895f Tokyo Bay (Edo Bay), 738 Tokyo (Edo), Japan, 740; teenagers in, 1030–1031f Toledo, Alejandro, 976 the Toltec, 376–377; early people of Mesoamerica, 388 Tonkin, 688 tools: early humans learn to make, 20f; humans use simple stone, 8; Paleolithic humans carve with stone, 2f Topa Inca (Incan ruler), 384, 384f Topiltzin (Toltec ruler), 377 Topkapi Palace, 487, 487f totalitarian governments, 816 totalitarian state, 796 total war, 767; the impact of, 767–769; and women, 769 Toudouze, Georges, 766f Touré, Sékou, 988 tournaments, 312 Tours, Battle of, 194, 195f 708–709 townspeople: of Italian Renaissance, 403 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 520, 525, 608q trade: in ancient Greece, 114; in Arab Empire, 196, 200; Arab traders, 240–241m; Atlantic slave, 441–443, 441m; balance of, 440; Black Death and, 352, 353; colonies and mercantilism, 440–442; Columbian Exchange and international trade, 436f; Commodore Perry and Japan, 748f; during Dark Age in Greece, 110; effects of the slave, 443; global, 1052; Greek colonies and, 115m; growth of medieval Trudeau, Pierre, 945 Truman, Harry S., 871, 884, United Arab Republic (UAR), 917; Korean War and, 1017; Potsdam Conference, 887; Truman Doctrine, 901–902 Truman Doctrine, 901–902 tsetse fly, 237 Tudor dynasty, 358 Tugendhat House, 894f Tula, 376–377 Tunisia: French protectorate in, 694; independence of, 986 Turing, Alan, 1038 Turkey, 197; Islamic revivalism and, 1003; modernization of, 825; nationalism in, 822–825, 846f; Republic of, 824, 846f; the Truman Doctrine, 901; Young Turks, 822, 824f Turkish Republic, 824, 846f Tuscany, 400, 632 United Fruit Company, 844 United Kingdom of Great Britain. See also Great Britain: transnational organizations, Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 477; John Locke 1053 Trans-Siberian railway, 729 Transvaal (later South African Republic), 696, 697 Treatise on Toleration (Voltaire), 548 Treaty of Kanagawa, 738, 748 Treaty of Nijmegen: signing of, 478f Treaty of Tordesillas, 433, 609f Treaty of Versailles, 782f, 784 trench warfare, 763, 764f, 784; tactics of, 765; during World War I, 770–771f Trent, 423 Trés Riches Heures, 337f Trevithick, Richard, 617 triangular trade, 442, 448 tribunes, 149 tribute, 378 Triple Alliance, 672, 680, 758 Triple Alliance (Aztec), 379 Triple Entente, 672, 680, 758 Triplicane Literary Society, 707 Tripoli: Italian control of, 694 Triumph of the Will (Riefenstahl), 813f tropical rain forest destruction, 1042, 1043f Trotsky, Leon, 775, 777, 799q, 800 troubadour poetry, 351, 362 Troy, 109, 111, 140f Tutankhamen (Egyptian pharaoh), 40, 44f Tut (king of Egypt), 895f Tutsi, 990 Tutu, Desmond, 990 Twelve Tables, 149–150; Roman law, 149f twentieth-century: crisis, 754–893 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the, 629, 632 writes, 453 tyrants, 114 Tyre: in ancient Phoenicia, 52–53f u Uganda, 989, 990 Uighurs, 266 ukiyo-e, 742f Ukraine, 321, 776; independence from Soviet Union, 932 Ukrainians, 629 ulema, 487 ultra-Catholics, 457 Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich. See V. I. Lenin Ulysses (Joyce), 815 Umayyad dynasty, 194. See also Arab Empire Umbria, Italy, 340f uncertainty principle, 815 unconscious mind, 677, 677f, 815 UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 1049f Union of French Indochina, 688 Union of South Africa, 697 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union unions. See trade unions 998 creation of, 566 United Nations, 1054; AIDS initiatives of, 1041; creation of, 1048; General Assembly of, 1048; Iraq war and, 1002; Israeli statehood and, 996; in Korea, 1016m, 1017, 1028f, 1028f; literacy programs of, 1049f; Millennium Development Goals of, 1052f; NGOs and, 1053; nuclear proliferation and, 1049; peacekeeping role of, 1048; plans for establishing at the Yalta Conference, 887; Security Council of, 1048; sustainable development promoted by, 1042; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1045; view of colonialism, 986; Yom Kippur War and, 999 United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1049f United States: 1960s and civil rights, 918; Afghanistan invasion by, 1001, 1047; after World War II, 917–919; American-Canadian relations, 919, 943–945; architecture in, 116f, 676; Articles of Confederation, 569; Bill of Rights, 568f, 569, 626; Boxer Rebellion and, 731; Camp David Accords, 999; China and, 726, 1017; civil rights movement in, 582f, 918; Civil War, 443, 637, 663, 671; Cold War and, 900– 907; Constitution, 569; control of Panama Canal, 971; economy of, 671; entry into World War I, 767; entry into World War II, 868; fear of communism, 900; Good Neighbor policy, 845, 848, 962; Great Depression and, 795; growing Hispanic American population, 964f; Guam and, 671; Hawaiian Islands and, 671, 671f; Homeland Security, Department of, 1046f, 1047; imperialism by, 671, 687m, 688, 689f, 730–731; Industrial Revolution spread to, 619; intervention in Central American politics, 980; Iran hostage crisis, 1001; Iraq invasion by, 1001–1002; Iraq invasion of Kuwait and, 1001; “island hopping” to Japan in World War II, 869; Japanese anime and, 1027f; Japanese expansion and, 835; Japanese isolation and, 738–739; Japanese products in, 741f, 834f; Japanese relations with, 744; Korean War, 1016m, Index INDEX Toussaint-Louverture, François-Dominique, cities and, 362f; during Han dynasty, 99; imperialism and trade in Japan, 748; in India, 289; Indian Ocean, 240–241m, 247–248, 248m; Islamic trade network, 526; in kingdom of Ghana, 243; Kush and Axum kingdoms in Africa, 238t; medieval, 338, 339, 339m; Minoan, 108–109; networks from East Africa to Asia, 240–241m; Phoenician, 48, 52–53f; Portuguese take control of, 240–241m; Roman Empire, 158m; between Roman Empire and China, 78–79; S·afavid, 496–497f; sale of British goods in China, 748f; Silk Road, 82–83f; in Southeast Asia, 294–295; in Southwest Asia, 201m; during Tang dynasty, 268; trade routes of the ancient world, 78m; trading societies, 294; triangular trade, 442, 448; in West Africa, 245m trade embargo, 969 trade fairs, 338 trade unions, 655, 657, 671 trading societies, 294 Trafalgar, Battle of, 601 tragedies, 126 Trajan (Roman emperor), 157 transistor, 1039 R117 United States Capitol—women 1017, 1028f; Kyoto Protocol and, 947f; Latin America and, 711, 712, 713, 713f, 844–845, 962–963; League of Nations and, 790; Louisiana Purchase, 574, 598f; mass culture of, 814f; Mexican War, 711–712; Mexico and, 848; mobilization during World War II, 881–882; Monroe Doctrine, 711, 713f; NAFTA and, 945, 967, 1052; nationalism in, 637; new social structure, 919–921; Open Door Policy, 730–731, 730f, 835; as part of the Grand Alliance, 868–869; Philippines and, 671, 688–689, 1021; policy of deterrence, 905; population trend in, 1050; Puerto Rico and, 671, 713; revolution, 566–568; right to vote for women, 920; sanctions on Japan, 861; slavery in, 443, 637, 671; social upheaval, 918; Samoan Islands and, 671; Spanish-American War, 671, 688, 713; stock market crash in, 792, 816; Suez War, 997; Tehran Conference, 886; terrorism in, 1001, 1002f, 1046–1047, 1046f; U.S. astronauts first to walk on the moon, 954f; Vietnam War, 1021, 1022f; War of 1812, 637; war on terror, 944f; wind farms, 947f; women in the postwar world, 920–921; women’s rights in, 661f, 662–663; Yalta Conference, 886–887 United States Capitol, 161f Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1045 universal law of gravitation, 541 universal male suffrage, 628, INDEX 668, 669, 670 universities: of High Middle Ages, 350 Untouchables, 71 Upper Egypt, 34 Ur: the Standard of, 31f; ziggurat at, 28f Urals, 777, 880 Urban II (pope), 325 Urban VI (pope), 355 urban society, 398. See city(ies) Uribe, Alvaro, 977 Urubamba River, 385 Uruguay, 711 Uruk, 28 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 878f U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 92f USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union Utopia (More), 420f, 621 utopian socialists, 420f, 621 R118 Index Uzbekistan: independence from Soviet Union, 932 v Vaisyas, 70, 71t Vandals, 177; sack of Rome, 177 Vanderbilt, Consuelo, 660 van Eyck, Jan, 411 van Gogh, Vincent, 675, 675f Vargas, Getúlio, 846f, 847 varnas, 70 Varus (Roman general), 156 vassal(s), 310, 336, 342 Vatican City, 473, 799 vault: barrel, 348; cross, 348; ribbed, 348, 349f Vedas, 70, 80 Venetia, 629, 632 Venezuela, 973m, 977; Chávez rules in, 977; dependence on oil reserves, 980; independence of, 710, 711; political events in, 973m; U.S. role in, 845 Venice, Italy, 338, 339, 399, 400; as center of Renaissance, 424 Verdun, France, 765 vernacular, 351, 407 vernacular literature, 351, 407–408, 407f Versailles: Palace of Louis XIV, 452–453f, 470–471f To Versailles, to Versailles, 580f Versailles, Treaty of: French demands for enforcement of, 790–791 Vesalius, Andreas, 539m, 542 Vespucci, Amerigo, 433, 433f Vesuvius, 182f viceroy, 704 Vichy France, 866 Victor Emmanuel II (king of Piedmont), 631, 632 Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy), 798, 799, 870 Victoria Memorial, 684–685f Victorian Age, 634 Victoria (queen of England), 634, 699, 703, 726, 727f Vienna, Austria, 473, 624, 629, 635, 677, 804 Viet Cong, 1021 Viète, François, 538–539 Vietminh, 1021 Vietnam, 291, 291–292. See also North Vietnam; South Vietnam: communism in, 831, 831f; conquered by Kublai Khan, 271; domino theory and, 907; French control of, 688, 716–717f; nationalism in, 691, 716–717f, 831; Vietnam War, 918, 921, 1021, 1022f; Vietnamese “March to the South,” 526 Vietnam War, 918, 921, 1021, 1022f Vikings, 308–309; move into Russia, 321; softer side of, 392f Villa, Pancho, 714f, 715 A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft), 551 Virgil, 161, 161q, 406, 407f Visconti family, 400 Vishnu the Preserver, 72, 73f Visigoths, 176, 302; sack of Rome, 177 vizier, 37, 196 Vladimir (Kievan Rus ruler), 321 Volga River, 776, 869 Voltaire, 548, 549f, 556 von Richthofen, Manfred (the Red Baron), 765f von Schlieffen, Alfred, 761 von Wegerer, Alfred, 782q Voting Rights Act of 1965, 918, 919f w wabenzi, 989 Wagner, Richard, 813f Walachia, 486, 630 Walesa, Lech, 936 Walpole, Robert, 566 Wang Anshi, 392q war communism, 777 warfare: reality of modern, 784; trench, 763, 764f, 765, 770–771f, 784 “War Girls”, 769 war of attrition, 765 War of Austrian Succession, 558 War of 1812, 637 Warren, Earl, 918 Warsaw Pact, 900, 904, 913, 924; members as of 1955, 901m Wars of Religion. See French Wars of Religion Wars of the Roses, 358 Washington, George, 560f, 568, 574 Watergate, 943, 954 Waterloo, Battle of, 575, 603 water-powered loom, 616 Watt, James, 616 Watteau, Antoine, 562, 562f Watts riots, 918 The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 550, 550f weapons of mass destruction, 1040, 1054 Web browsers, 1040 Wei Jingsheng, 1015q Weimar Republic, 794 Weldon, Fay, 1058q welfare state, 916 Wellington, Duke of, 603 Wells, H. G., 764q wergild, 304 Wesley, John, 553 West Africa: Ghana as first great trading state of, 242; griot(s), 256–257f; imperialism in, 692; kingdom of Mali, 244; trade in, 245m The West African Pilot (Azikiwe), 830 West Bank, 999 Western Asia: Ottoman Empire in, 485–486 Western Europe. See also individual states: during the Cold War, 924; democracy and, 668–669; invasion by Muslims, 308; new unity, 914–917; North America and, 914–921; regional identity in, 950m; winds of change in, 940–943 Western Front: World War I, 762–763 West Germany, 915, 916f, 941–942; Berlin Airlift, 903f; Berlin Wall, 905; creation of, 902; its economic miracle, 915–916 white-collar workers, 660, 661 “white man’s burden,” 687, 689f The White Man’s Burden (Kipling), 698f Wilberforce, William, 608q A Wild Sheep Chase (Murakami), 1027 William I (emperor of Germany), 646f William I (king of Prussia), 632, 633 William II (emperor of Germany), 650, 670, 672, 672f, 673, 731q, 760, 780 William of Normandy, 316 William the Silent (prince of Orange), 455, 463 Wilson, Woodrow, 768, 780, 790, 794, 831f, 863f; “Fourteen Points”, 780; League of Nations, 781 wind farms, 947f Winkelmann, Maria, 539m, 543 Winter Palace: Bolsheviks seize, 775f witchcraft, 458; hysteria, 459f; trials, 458–459 Witches’ Sabbath: The Conjurers, 459f Wittenberg, Germany, 415, 416f Wolfe (General), 561 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 551 women. See also women, rights of; in Africa, 993; in ancient Egypt, 41; in ancient India, 70; aristocratic in Middle Ages, 313; Aztec, 379; changes in women’s lives in Western culture, 947–948; in China, women, rights of—Zwinglian Reformation women’s liberation movement, 921 women’s movement, 948, 954 Women’s Social and Political Union, 663, 663f “Wonders of the Ancient World”, 183f Wordsworth, William, 592q, 641, 641q workforce: number of women in, 1975–2001, 948f working class(es): industrial, 619, 620–621; in London, 1890, 666f; mass society and, 660; Second Industrial Revolution and, 655–657 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 795 World Bank, 1051 World Health Organization, 1041 World’s Fair: in Paris, 650–651f World Trade Center: 9/11 attack, 945; terrorist attacks on, 1002f, 1046 World Trade Organization (WTO), 1052; China joins, 1017 World War I, 762–769; aftermath of, 816; alliances in Europe, 759m; Balkans and, 673; begins, 651; causes of, 758–759, 784; Eastern Front, 763–764; end of, 778–783, 784; entry of United States in, 767; in Europe, 763m; German offensive, 778–779; the great slaughter, 764–765; illusions and stalemate, 762–764; impact of total war, 767–769; international rivalries set the stage for war, 680; last year of the war, 778–780; legacies of the war, 782–783; manipulation of public opinion, 768; new technology of, 764f; number killed (combined with World War II figures), 895f; Ottoman Empire and, 822–823; outbreak of war, 760–761; peace settlements, 780–783; road to, 758–761; total war and women, 769; trench warfare, 763, 764f, 765, 770–771f, 784; war in the air, 765; Western Front, 762–763; widening of the war, 766–767 World War II: advance of the Allies, 868–869; Allied troops land at Normandy, 1944, 890f; in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945, 868m; Asian theater, 869, 871; balance of power after, 901m; Battle of Britain, 866–867; beginning of, 890; blitz of Great Britain, 884, 894f; bombing of cities, 884; bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 871, 885f; causes of, 862–863f; children in the war, 877–878; course of, 864–871; D-Day, 870, 870f; in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, 865m; European theater, 869, 870–871; Europe at war, 864–867; German path to war, 856–859; Grand Alliance, 868–869; Hitler’s attack on the Soviet Union, 867; Hitler’s early victories, 864–866; home front, 880–887, 881f; Japan at war, 867–868; Japanese path to war, 859–861; Jewish population in Europe before and after World War II, 875f; last years of the war, 870–871; lives affected by war, 890; Nazi invasion of Czechoslovakia, 754–755f; Normandy invasion, 872–873f; number killed (combined with World War I figures), 895f; number of Africans who fought in, 895f; paths to war, 856–861; peace and a new war, 886–887; Tehran Conference, 886; turning of the tide, 869; U.S. after, 917–919; Yalta Conference, 886–887 World Wide Web, 1038 Worms, Edict of, 415 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 676 Wright, Orville, 654 Wright, Wilbur, 654 writing: ancient Egyptian, 42–43; development of during Neolithic Revolution, 19; Hangul, 525; Phoenician alphabet, 48, 48f; Sumerian, 30 Wuhan, China, 736, 836 Würzburg: palace of, 562 Wu Zhao (emperor of China), 266f, 268f, 269 x Young Kikuyu Association, 830, 846f Young Turks, 822, 824f Yousef, Ramzi, 1002f youth culture: of the 1950s, U.S., 922f; of the 1960s, U.S.,933f Yuan dynasty, 271; Kublai Khan founds, 267f Yuan River (Red River), 94 Yuan Shigai (ruler of China), 734–735, 734f Yucatán Peninsula, 374, 377, 966 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 1023 Yugoslavia, 782, 912; authoritarian rule in, 802–803; conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo, 939, 954; disintegration of, 939; ethnic conflict in, 1045; migrants in Germany, 942; split into Serbia and Montenegro, 939; transition from communism, 937m Yunus, Muhammad, 1044f z zaibatsu economy of Japan, 834, 834f, 1026 Zaire, 986 Zama, Battle of, 151 Zambezi River, 249 zamindars, 499, 704 Zapata, Emiliano, 714f, 715, 752q Xerxes (king of Persia), 118 Xia dynasty, 86 Xi’an, 268 Xianyang, 94 Xiongnu, 95–96, 98 y Yadong, Tibet, 729 Yahweh, 50 Yalta Conference, 886–887 Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang Yarmūk, 192, 322 Yasuda, 834 Yekaterinburg, Russia, 777 Yellow River. See Huang He Yellow Sea, 84 Yeltsin, Boris, 932, 934, 934f, 934q; Russia under, 934 Yi Sǒng-gye (emperor of Korea), 283, 525 yoga, 72 Yokohama: earthquake of 1923, 895f Yom Kippur War, 997f, 999 Yongan, China, 726 Yong Le (emperor of China), 510, 519 Zealots, 169 Zen, 282 Zend Avesta, 57 Zeno, 139 zepplelins, 765 Zhang Heng, 183f Zhang Zhidong, 724q Zheng He, 510; the voyages of, 510–512; voyages of, 1405– 1433, 513m Zhou dynasty, 86m, 87, 87–90, 96 INDEX 517–518, 1016; Civil Code and, 599; in colonial Latin America, 447; contributions to the Nazi war effort, 883; in early Japan, 281; in early Southeast Asia, 295; Enlightenment and rights of, 551; as entrepreneurs in developing world, 1044f; equality challenges today, 1045; as factory workers, 619, 621; family and, 662; in fascist Italy, 799; in French Revolution, 589–590; Inca, 385; in Islamic society, 203; in Japan, 742–743, 1026; Japan during World War II mobilization, 883; jobs and, 661–662, 680f; marriage and, 662; in medieval Europe, 338, 341; in Mesopotamian society, 33; in Middle Eastern society, 1003; in Mogul India, 501; Nazism and, 809; as nuns and abbesses, 306, 344–345; opportunities during Second Industrial Revolution, 661–663, 680f; in Ottoman Empire, 488; in Paleolithic Age, 8; portion of athletes at 2004 Summer Olympics, 1059f; in the postwar world, 920–921; Reformation and, 422; in religious orders, 344–345; in Renaissance, 409; role in African society, 251–252, 993; role in ancient Athens, 122; role in ancient Sparta, 116; role in the Tang and Song dynasties of China, 268f; roles in ancient Rome, 162–163; roles in Japan after World War II, 1032f; salon hosting by, 552–553, 565f; Scientific Revolution and, 543; in South and Southeast Asia, 1023; in Soviet Union during the war effort, 881; in Tokugawa Japan, 523; total war and, 769; in Turkey, 825; in Zhou dynasty, 89 women, rights of: American movement, 920f; citizenship for, Etta Palm d’Aelders, 594q; Equal Pay Act of 1963, 661f, 948; movement for, 661f, 662–663, 663f; right to vote, 794, 920; Roe v. Wade, 948; women’s movement, 948–954; in the workforce, 948f Zhoukoudianzhen Cave, China, 12–13f Zhu Yuanzhang (emperor of China), 272 ziggurat, 29; at Ur, 28f Zimbabwe, 249, 990 Zionism, 678f, 679, 826f, 827, 996 Zola, Émile, 674 Zoroaster, 57 Zoroastrianism, 57 Zulu, 696–697, 696f Zunyi, China, 838f Zürich, Switzerland, 418 Zwingli, Ulrich, 418 Zwinglian Reformation, 418 Yorktown, Battle of, 568 Yoruba, 253 Index R119 Acknowledgments and Photo Credits Acknowledgments PHOTO CREDITS 58: From Tablets IV and VI from “Enuma Elish” from The Babylonian Genesis: The Story of Creation by Alexander Heidl. Copyright © 1942, 1951 by The University of Chicago. Reprinted by permission. 58: Scripture taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. 163: “Pear Patina” recipe, from A Taste of Ancient Rome by Ilaria Gozzini Giacosa, translated by Anna Herklotz. Copyright © 1992, The University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission. 386: Aztec prayer, from The History of the Indies of New Spain by Frey Diego Duran, translated by Doris Heyden. Copyright © 1994 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. 833: Reprinted with permission from M.K. Gandhi, Hind Swataj, or Indian Home Rule (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust, 1946). 927: “The Times They Are AChangin’” by Bob Dylan. Copyright © 1963; renewed 1991 Special Rider Music. All rights reserved. International copyright secured. Reprinted by permission. R13: from “Pyramid of Death” by A.R. Williams, National Geographic, October 2006. Copyright © 2006 National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R14: from “The Kurds in Control” by Frank Viviano, National Geographic, January 2006. Copyright © 2006 National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R15: from “Among the Berbers” by Jeffrey Taylor, National Geographic, January 2005. Copyright © 2005 National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R23: from “In Rome’s Basement” by Paul Bennett, National Geographic, July 2006. Copyright © 2006 National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R26: from “The Manchurian Mandate” by Brook Larmer, National Geographic, September 2006. Copyright © 2006 National Geographic Society. Reprinted by permission. R34: “An Egyptian Father’s Advice to His Son,” from Pritchard, James; Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament- Third Edition with Supplement. © 1950, 1955, 1969, renewed 1978 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press. R35: from “Li Su, on the Destruction of Books” from Sources of Chinese Tradition by William de Bary. Copyright © 1960 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted by permission. R39: “A Woman May Need to Have the Heart of a Man” from The Treasure of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pisan, translated with an introduction by Sarah Lawson (Penguin Classics, 1985). This translation copyright © Sarah Lawson, 1985. Reprinted by permission. R40: “Taking Leave of a Friend” by Rihaku, Translated by Ezra Pound, from Personae, copyright © 1926 by Ezra Pound. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corp. R41: “Hard is the Journey” from Li Po and Tu Fu, selected and translated with an introduction and notes by Arthur Cooper (Penguin Classics, 1973). Copyright © Arthur Cooper, 1973. Reprinted by permission. R44: From Candide: A Norton Critical Edition, Second Edition by Voltaire, translated by Robert A. Adams. Copyright © 1991, 1966 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Used by permission of W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. R51: Reprinted with permission from M.K. Gandhi, “Letter to Lord Irwin” (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust, 1946). R52: Excerpt from A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf, copyright 1929 by Harcourt, Inc. and renewed 1957 by Leonard Woolf, reprinted by permission of the publisher. R55: From “China’s Gilded Age” by Xiao-huang Yin (Atlantic Monthly, April 1994). Reprinted by permission of the author R56: “Civil Peace” by Chinua Achebe. Copyright © 1972, 1973 by Chinua Achebe. Reprinted by permission of the Emma Sweeney Agency Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies that participated in illustrating this program: American Artists Reps Inc.; Deborah Wolfe Ltd/illustrationOnLine.com; GeoNova LLC; Mendola Artist Representatives. Photo Credits Cover (tl)Jacques M. Chenet/CORBIS, (tcl)Oliver Lang/AFP/Getty Images, (tc)Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy, (tcr)Keren Su/CORBIS, (tr) SuperStock, (b)Antonio M. Rosario/The Image Bank/Getty Images; Endsheet (b)photolibrary.com/Index Open, (bkgd)Getty Images; ii iii Antonio M. Rosario/The Image Bank/Getty Images; iv Art Archive/ Heraklion Museum/Dagli Orti; v Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; vi Ed Kashi/CORBIS; vii Hu Weibiao/Panorama/The Image Works; viii CORBIS; x Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works; xiii Philip Wolmuth/Alamy Images; xiv Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; xv Private Collection/ Dinodia/Bridgeman Art Library; xvi PA/Topham/The Image Works; xvii Shepard Sherbell/CORBIS; xviii Chip East/Reuters/CORBIS; R120 Acknowledgments and Photo Credits xxii Comstock/PictureQuest; xxiii Stockbyte/Punchstock Images; xxiv Getty Images; A28 (t to b)Michael Von Ruber/Imagestate, (2)David S. Boyer/Getty Images, (3)John Lamb/Getty Images, (4)Panoramic Images/Getty Images; GH2 BananaStock/PictureQuest; GH13 Copyright © 2008 by David W. Boles. All Rights Reserved.; GH14-1 age fotostock/ SuperStock; 2 (l)Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS, (r)Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers; 2–3 Sissie Brimberg/National Geographic/Getty Images; 3 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 6 (l)Topham/The Image Works, (r)Robert Campbell/CORBIS SYGMA; 9 (l)Ira Block/National Geographic/Getty Images, (tr)photolibrary.com/ Index Open, (br)Cordelia Molloy/Photo Researchers; 10 Jean Clottes; 15 Gail Mooney/Masterfile; 18 (l)Art Archive/Heraklion Museum/Dagli Orti, (c)Jean-Louis Nou/akg-images, (r)O Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic/Getty Images; 24 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 24– 25 David S. Boyer/Getty Images; 25 (l)Art Archive/Bibliothèque Musée du Louvre/Dagli Orti, (r)Roger Wood/CORBIS; 28 Topham/The Image Works; 31 British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 32 Art Media/Heritage-Images/The Image Works; 35 Art Archive/Luxor Museum, Egypt/Dagli Orti; 36 Travelpix Ltd/Getty Images; 38 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Werner Foreman/Topham/The Image Works; 39 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 40 (l)Michael Jenner/ CORBIS, (r)CM Dixon/HIP/The Image Works; 42 (l)Roger Wood/ CORBIS, (r)Werner Forman/CORBIS; 48 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 50 Kathleen Voege/Getty Images; 52 (l)Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images, (r)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 53 (t)British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 55 HIP/Art Resource, NY; 59 Werner Forman/ akg-images; 60 (t)Art Archive/Dagli Orti, (c)Jane Sweeney/Lonely Planet Images, (b)Art Archive/Musée du Louvre Paris/Dagli Orti; 64 Topham/ The Image Works; 64–65 Paul Springett/Alamy Images; 65 (l)akgimages, (r)Ru Suichu/Panorama/The Image Works; 69 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 71 (inset)Eames Collection/Newberry Library, (bkgd)Topham/The Image Works; 72 (l)Private Collection/ Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; 73 Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS; 74 Vanni/Art Resource, NY; 91 (l)Reuters/CORBIS, (r)Art Archive/Bibliothèque Nationale Paris; 92 Bettmann/CORBIS; 95 Atlantide Phototravel/ CORBIS; 97 (inset)Liu Liqun/ChinaStock, (bkgd)Paul Souders/CORBIS; 100 (tl)Jean-Louis Nou/akg-images, (tr)akg-images, (bl)Eames Collection/ Newberry Library, (br)Paul Souders/CORBIS; 104 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 104–105 Peter Barritt/Alamy Images; 105 (t)Art Archive/ Eton College/Dagli Orti, (b)Museum of Fine Arts, Houston/Bridgeman Art Library; 107 Andre Jenny/Alamy Images; 108 Roger Wood/CORBIS; 110 (l)The British Museum/Imagestate, (c)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Visual Arts Library (London)/Alamy Images; 113 Alinari Archives/ The Image Works; 116 (t)Cummer Museum of Art & Gardens/SuperStoc k, (bl)Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images, (br)Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 120 Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 122 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 125 Bridgeman Art Library; 127 Araldo de Luca/CORBIS; 128 (l)The British Museum/Topham-HIP/The Image Works; 128 (r)SEF/ Art Resource, NY; 130 Frances Roberts/Alamy Images; 136 David Lees/ CORBIS; 138 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 140 (t)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (c)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY, (b)Art Archive/Musée du Louvre, Paris/Dagli Orti; 144 The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images; 144–145 Images Etc Ltd/Alamy Images; 145 (l)Mimmo Jodice/CORBIS, (r)Araldo de Luca/CORBIS; 150 Art Archive/Museo Capitolino Rome/Dagli Orti; 153 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 155 (l)Prisma/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (r)Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images; 156 Philip Craven/ Getty Images; 157 David Robertson/Alamy Images; 161 Hisham F. Ibrahim/Getty Images; 163 (inset)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (bkgd)C.M.Dixon/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd; 164 The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images; 169 Alinari, Pompeii/Bridgeman Art Library; 172 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 175 Ken Welsh/Alamy Images; 178 (t c)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Yoshio Tomii/SuperStock; 184– 185 Jon Arnold Images/SuperStock; 186 HIP/Art Resource, NY; 186– 187 Alison Wright/CORBIS; 187 (t)AAAC/Topham/The Image Works, (b)akg-images; 189 Peter Sanders/HAGA/The Image Works; 195 Chateau de Versailles, France/Bridgeman Art Library; 198 The McGraw-Hill Companies; 201 The British Museum/HIP/The Image Works; 202 (l)Atlantide Phototravel/CORBIS, (c)Françoise De Mulder/ Roger-Viollet/The Image Works, (r)Paula Bronstein/Getty Images; 205 Art Archive/Pharaonic Village, Cairo/Dagli Orti; 206 Topham/The Image Works; 208 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 209 Art Archive/National Museum, Damascus, Syria/Dagli Orti; 210 (t)Art Archive/Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo/Dagli Orti, (c)Art Archive/Turkish Resource, NY, (c b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 428 The Granger Collection, New York; 428–429 Elk Photography; 429 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 433 (l)Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Dagli Orti, (r)Bettmann/ CORBIS; 434 Shannon Stapleton/Reuters/CORBIS; 436 (t)Art Archive/ Musée de la Marine, Paris/Dagli Orti, (b)The Granger Collection, New York; 438 (cw from top)Punchstock, (2)Alamy Images, (3)Getty Images, (4)C Squared Studios/Getty Images, (5)Punchstock, (6)PhotoAlto/Getty Images; 438–439 Art Archive/Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs Paris; 439 (cw from top)Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images, (2)CORBIS, (3)Artvillle/Getty Images, (4)Brand X Pictures/Punchstock, (5)Artvillle/ Getty Images, (6)Punchstock; 442 Mary Evans Picture Library; 446 The Granger Collection, New York; 448 (t)Charles Walker/Topham/The Image Works, (c)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY, (b)North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images; 452 (t)Charles Dixon (1924)/Mary Evans Picture Library, (b)Private Collection/Dinodia/ Bridgeman Art Library; 452–453 Gail Mooney/Masterfile; 453 Stock Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 459 Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 462 (l)Private Collection/Christie’s Images/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Topham/The Image Works; 465 (l)Art Archive/Dagli Orti, (r)Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 470 (t)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./ CORBIS, (b)Gian Berto Vanni/CORBIS; 471 (t)Author’s Image/Alamy Images, (b)Tony Craddock/Getty Images; 473 (t)Alinari Archives/ CORBIS, (b)Joseph Martin/Bridgeman Art Library; 475 Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; 476 Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; 478 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 482 (l)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Bridgeman Art Library; 482–483 Manish Swarup/AP Images; 483 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY; 487 (inset)Age Fotostock/SuperStock, (bkgd)ArthusBertrand/CORBIS; 488 Ali Meyer/CORBIS; 490 Araldo de Luca/CORBIS; 491 (t)HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 493 age fotostock/SuperStock; 494 Ed Kashi/CORBIS; 500 (l)Private Collection/Dinodia/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Stapleton Collection/ Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 502 National Portrait Gallery, London; 504 (t)Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY, (b)David Ball/Spectrum Colour Library/Imagestate; 508 (l)Collection of the New York Historical Society/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)National Museum of Ancient Art, Lisbon/Bridgeman Art Library; 508–509 Yann Layma/The Image Bank/Getty Images; 509 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 514 Visual Arts Library, London/Alamy Images; 517 Free Library, Philadelphia/Bridgeman Art Library; 518 Museum of East Asian Art/HIP/ The Image Works; 522 (l)Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images, (r)Christie’s Images/SuperStock; 524 Chris Ware/The Image Works; 528 The British Library/Heritage Images/Imagestate; 532 (t)Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS, (c)Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (b)Bridgeman Art Library; 536 Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library; 536–537 Scott Gilchrist/ Masterfile; 537 (t)Joseph Sohm/Jupiter Images, (b)Hu Weibiao/ Panorama/The Image Works; 541 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library; 542 Johann Brandst/akg-images; 549 (l)Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris/Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Bettmann/ CORBIS; 550 Bettmann/CORBIS; 552 Art Archive/City Temple, London/ Eileen Tweedy; 556 (l)Kurpfalzisches Museum, Heidelberg, Germany/ Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Art Archive/Museum der Stadt, Vienna/Dagli Orti; 557 (l)Art Archive/Russian Historical Museum, Moscow/Dagli Orti, (r)Louvre, Paris/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 561 CORBIS; 562 Erich Lessing/Private Collection/Art Resource, NY; 564 565 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 568 Joel Page/AP Images; 570 (t b) North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS; 574 Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 574– 575 John Lamb/Getty Images; 575 (l)Art Archive/Antochiw Collection, Mexico/Mireille Vautier, (r)Art Archive/Musée de L’Armée, Paris/Dagli Orti; 577 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 578–579 akg-images; 580 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 582 Bob Adelman/Magnum Photos; 587 Mary Evans Picture Library; 588 (l)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Explorer/E.S. Collection/Mary Evans Picture Library; 590 (l)Musée Carnavalet, Paris/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library; 591 (l)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 592 George Cruikshank, The Radical’s Arms, November 13, 1819. Etching with hand coloring. Published by George Humphrey, London, England. Collection of the Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts, Hammer Museum, UCLA. Richard Vogler Cruikshank Collection; 595 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 597 Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 598 Kress Collection, Washington, D.C./Bridgeman Art Library; 604 (t)Musée des Beaux-Arts, France/Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (c)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 607 The Granger Collection, New York; 610–611 Adoc-photos/Art Resource, NY; 612 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 612–613 Keith Acknowledgments and Photo Credits PHOTO CREDITS and Islamic Art Museum, Istanbul/Dagli Orti, (b)age fotostock/ SuperStock; 216 (t)Will & Deni McIntyre/CORBIS, (b)David Samuel Robbins/CORBIS; 217 (t)Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images, (b)ML Sinibaldi/CORBIS; 218 (t)CORBIS, (b)Ace Stock Limited/Alamy Images; 219 (t)Atlantide Phototravel/CORBIS, (b)Denis Sinyakov/AFP/Getty Images; 220 (t)Michel Setboun/CORBIS, (bl)Bettmann/CORBIS, (br)Blank Archives/Getty Images; 221 (t)STR/AFP/Getty Images, (b)Jack Hollingsworth/Getty Images; 222 (t)Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS, (b)CORBIS; 223 (t)Deshakalyan Chwodhury/AFP/Getty Images, (b)Sebastian D’Souza/AFP/Getty Images; 224 (t)Aaron Horowitz/CORBIS, (c)Kenneth Garrett/Getty Images, (b)CORBIS; 225 (t)Muhannad Fala’ah/Getty Images, (b)Madaree Tohlala/AFP/Getty Images; 226 (t)Hardy/zefa/ CORBIS, (bl)CORBIS, (br)Comstock Images/Alamy Images; 227 (t)Quique Kierszenbaum/Getty Images, (b)Ted Spiegel/CORBIS; 228 (t)Ashley Cooper/CORBIS, (c)Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images, (b)ArkReligion.com/ Alamy Images; 229 (t)Maynard Owen Williams/National Geographic/Getty Images, (b)Don MacKinnon/Getty Images; 230 (t)Beth Wald/Aurora/Getty Images, (bl)Ralph A. Clevenger/CORBIS, (br)Martin Harvey/Alamy Images; 231 (t)Nicholas DeVore/Getty Images, (cl)CORBIS, (cr)Paul Chesley/Getty Images, (b)Penny Tweedie/Wildlight; 232 (t)Pete Saloutos/CORBIS, (c)David Ball/CORBIS, (b)age fotostock/SuperStock; 234 Dave Bartruff/ CORBIS; 234–235 age fotostock/SuperStock; 235 (t)HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b)AAAC/Topham/The Image Works; 240 (l)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (r)Chris Howes/Wild Places Photography/Alamy Images; 241 (t)Sonia Halliday Photographs, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 243 (l)Charles O’Rear/CORBIS, (r)Art Archive/Musée des Arts Africains et Océaniens/Dagli Orti; 244 Illustration by David Wisniewski; 251 (l)Michael Graham-Stewart/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS; 254 Craig Lovell/CORBIS; 258 (t)Picture Contact/Alamy Images, (c b)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 262 Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 262–263 Stuart Dee/Getty Images; 263 (l)National Museum, Tokyo/SuperStock, (r)Nik Wheeler/ CORBIS; 266 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Burstein Collection/ CORBIS; 267 (t)akg-images, (b)Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 268 Musee Guimet, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 273 Superstock; 274 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)The British Library/HIP/The Image Works; 280 AAAC/Topham/The Image Works; 282 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 285 (l)Dinodia Photo Library, (c)Pascal Deloche/Godong/CORBIS, (r)Markus Matzel/Das Fotoarchiv/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 286 Stapleton Collection/CORBIS; 287 Anil Dave/Dinodia Photo Library; 288 Robert Preston/Alamy Images; 292 Gérard Degeorge/akg-images; 294 Christophe Loviny/CORBIS; 296 (t)Burstein Collection/CORBIS, (c)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (b)Steve Vidler/ Superstock; 300 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 300–301 age fotostock/SuperStock; 301 (t)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b)Heini Schneebeli/Bridgeman Art Library; 314 Bridgeman Art Library; 315 (tl)Visual Arts Library (London)/Alamy Images, (tr)Bridgeman Art Library, (bl)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY, (br)Giraudon/Musée Conde, Chantilly, France/Bridgeman Art Library; 318 Bettmann/CORBIS; 323 Christel Gerstenberg/CORBIS; 325 (t)Atlantide Phototravel/CORBIS, (b)age fotostock/SuperStock; 326 Art Resource, NY; 328 (t)Art Resource, NY, (c)age fotostock/ SuperStock, (b)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 332 (t)Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY, (b)AAAC/Topham/The Image Works; 332–333 Jason Hawkes/CORBIS; 333 Stapleton Collection/CORBIS; 337 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 340 Art Archive/Museo dell’Opera del Duomo Orvieto/Dagli Orti; 343 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 345 (l)Michael Teller/akg-images, (r)akg-images; 346 akg-images; 349 (inset)Andrea Pistolesi/Getty Images, (bkgd)Art Kowalsky/Alamy Images; 350 The Granger Collection, New York; 354 The British Library/Topham-HIP/The Image Works; 357 akg-images; 358 The Art Archive/CORBIS; 362 (t)Historical Picture Archive/CORBIS, (c)Chateau de Versailles, France/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)The Granger Collection, New York; 365 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 366 (t)Jose Fuste Raga/CORBIS, (b)Pirozzi/akg-images; 366–367 Panoramic Images/Getty Images; 367 Collection of the New York Historical Society/Bridgeman Art Library; 373 (l)Kimbell Art Museum/CORBIS, (r)Martha Cooper/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 376 Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS; 378 HIP/Art Resource, NY; 384 Stock Montage; 387 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 388 (t)George H. H. Huey/CORBIS, (c)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b)Topham/The Image Works; 391 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 394– 395 Danny Lehman/CORBIS; 396 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 396– 397 Paul Hardy/CORBIS; 397 (t)HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY; 401 402 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 407 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 408 (l)Francis G. Mayer/ CORBIS, (r)Art Archive/Galleria Brera Milan/Dagli Orti; 410 (l)Biblioteca Reale, Turin/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)akg-images; 414 (l)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 416 Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY; 420 (l)Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS, (r)Art Archive/Musée Granet Aix-en-Provence/Dagli Orti; 424 (t)Scala/Art R121 PHOTO CREDITS Levitt/Index Stock Imagery; 613 (t)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Archives Charmet, Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library; 617 Mary Evans Picture Library; 618 Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works; 620 Mary Evans Picture Library; 623 Bettmann/CORBIS; 627 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library; 633 (l)SuperStock, (r)Art Archive/Museo Civico Cremona/Dagli Orti; 634 HIP-Archive/Topham/The Image Works; 636 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 639 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 640 (t)SuperStock, (b)MEPL/The Image Works; 642 Galerie Neue Meister, Dresden/Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Germany/Bridgeman Art Library; 644–645 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 646 (t)Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Archives Charmet, Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Musee des Beaux-Arts, Rouen/Bridgeman Art Library; 650 Bettmann/CORBIS; 650–651 ND/Roger Viollet/Getty Images; 651 (t)Swim Ink 2/CORBIS, (b)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 654 AFP/Getty Images; 656 Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY; 661 Michelle D. Bridwell/PhotoEdit; 663 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ CORBIS; 664 (inset)Bettmann/CORBIS, (bkgd)Lake County Museum/ CORBIS; 671 672 Bettmann/CORBIS; 675 (l)Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource, NY, (r)Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 677 Bettmann/ CORBIS; 678 (l)Michael Nicholson/CORBIS, (r)Imagno/Getty Images; 680 (t)Imperial Cadett School/Scherl/SV-Bilderdienst/The Image Works, (c b)Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 683 CORBIS; 684 (l)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Chicago Historical Museum/ Bridgeman Art Library; 684–685 Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images; 685 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 689 Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-52583; 690 694 Mary Evans Picture Library; 696 (l)Topham/The Image Works, (r)The British Library/HIP/The Image Works; 698 (l)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS, (r)Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, NYWT&S Collection, LC-USZ62-130451; 700 Mary Evans Picture Library; 701 (t)akg-images, (b)Alinari Archives/ The Image Works; 703 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 706 (l)Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, (r)DPA/The Image Works; 710 (l)Bettmann/ CORBIS, (r)Private Collection/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library; 713 Bettmann/CORBIS; 714 Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS; 718 (t)Art Archive/Museo Civico Revoltella Trieste/Dagli Orti, (c)British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Royal Geographical Society, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 722 (t)Topham/The Image Works, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 722–723 GP Bowater/Alamy Images; 723 rochaphoto/Alamy Images; 727 Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy; 728 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (r)Hu Weibiao/ Panorama/The Image Works; 730 734 Bettmann/CORBIS; 736 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 741 Twphoto/CORBIS; 742 Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS; 744 Bettmann/CORBIS; 748 (t)Ann Ronan Picture Library/HIP/The Image Works, (c)Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 751 Bettmann/CORBIS; 754–755 Three Lions/Getty Images; 756 Bettmann/CORBIS; 756–757 Topham/The Image Works; 757 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)CORBIS; 760 Bettmann/CORBIS; 764 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 765 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 766 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library; 768 Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS; 775 RIA Novosti/Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow/Bridgeman Art Library; 776 Snark/ Art Resource, NY; 781 Lebrecht Music & Arts/The Image Works; 782 Imperial War Museum/akg-images; 784 (t)Private Collection/ Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Delaware Art Museum/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Albert Harlingue/Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; 788 Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images/The Image Works; 788–789 Bettmann/ CORBIS; 789 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 793 (t)akg-images, (b)Art Archive/Imperial War Museum; 794 Bettmann/CORBIS; 798 (l)akg-images, (r)Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS; 802 (t)Art Archive/Reina Sofia Museum, Madrid, (b)akg-images; 805 807 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 808 (t)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b)Bettmann/ CORBIS; 810 Stapleton Collection/CORBIS; 811 CORBIS; 813 (l)CORBIS, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 814 Najlah Feanny/CORBIS; 816 (t)Bettmann/ CORBIS, (c)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works, (b)HultonDeutsch Collection/CORBIS; 819 CORBIS; 820 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 820–821 Bettmann/CORBIS; 821 Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works; 824 Private Collection/ Bridgeman Art Library; 831 (l)Tim Page/CORBIS, (r)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 833 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Margaret Bourke-White/ Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 834 Myrleen Ferguson Cate/ PhotoEdit; 838 Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 840 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 846 Bettman/CORBIS; 848 Schalkwijk/Art Resource, NY; 850 (t)S.M./SV-Bilderdienst/The Image Works, (c)State R122 Acknowledgments and Photo Credits Russian Museum, St. Petersburg/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)SSPL/The Image Works; 853 Bettmann/CORBIS; 854 (t)David J. & Janice L. Frent Collection/CORBIS, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 854–855 CORBIS; 855 Bettmann/CORBIS; 859 CORBIS; 863 Bettmann/CORBIS; 865 Fox Photos/Getty Images; 870 Bettmann/CORBIS; 872 (l)AP Images, (r)Hulton Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 873 (t)Three Lions/Getty Images, (b)Peter J. Carroll/AP Images; 877 dpa/CORBIS; 878 Evan Vucci/AP Images; 881 (l)CORBIS, (r)Laski Diffusion/Getty Images; 882 CORBIS; 885 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Peace Memorial Museum/epa/CORBIS; 888 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Fox Photos/Getty Images; 889 (t)Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (b)NRM/SSPL/The Image Works; 890 (t)Bettmann/ CORBIS, (c)Jeffrey Markowitz/CORBIS, (b)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ CORBIS; 896–897 Patrick Robert/CORBIS SYGMA; 898 Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works; 898–899 Bettmann/CORBIS; 899 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Walter Dhladhla/AFP/Getty Images; 903 Bettmann/CORBIS; 904 AP Images; 906 Library of Congress, LCUSZ62-130423; 908 909 AP Images; 911 akg-images; 912 Bettmann/ CORBIS; 916 Johannes Eisele/AFP/Getty Images; 919 Francis Miller/Time &Life Pictures/Getty Images; 920 NASA/Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 922 Michael Ochs Archive/CORBIS; 923 Harry Diltz/CORBIS; 924 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (c)Look and Learn/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 928 Bettmann/CORBIS; 928–929 Tom Stoddart/ Getty Images; 929 Digital Vision/Getty Images; 933 Peter Turnley/ CORBIS; 934 (t)Patrick Chauvel/Sygma/CORBIS, (b)Steve Raymer/ CORBIS; 938 Lynne Fernandes/The Image Works; 942 Philip Wolmuth/ Alamy Images; 944 Ali Al-Saadi/AFP/Getty Images; 947 (inset)Matthias Rietschel/AP Images, (bkgd)Marco Cristofori/CORBIS; 948 Shepard Sherbell/CORBIS; 952 (l)Getty Images, (r)Michael Ochs Archives/CORBIS; 953 (t)Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Images, (b)Robert Grossman/ Africaphotos.com; 954 (t)Tom Stoddart/Getty Images, (c)Alan Lewis/ CORBIS SYGMA, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 958 Lester Cole/CORBIS; 958– 959 Alejandro Ernesto/epa/CORBIS; 959 (t)Susana Gonzalez/Bloomberg News/Landov, (b)Boris Yurchenko/AP Images; 968 970 CORBIS; 974 Carlos Carrion/Sygma/CORBIS; 976 Bernard Bisson/CORBIS SYGMA; 980 (t)Rika/dpa/CORBIS, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Diego Goldberg/Sygma/CORBIS; 984 (t)Rick Barrentine/CORBIS, (b)Adam Woolfitt/CORBIS; 984–985 CORBIS; 985 Martin H. Simon/CORBIS; 988 (l)Al Fenn/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, (r)PA/Topham/The Image Works; 991 Peter Turnley/CORBIS; 992 David Turnley/CORBIS; 1000 David Brauchli/CORBIS SYGMA; 1002 Chao Soi Cheong/AP Images; 1005 Jonathan Shapiro; 1006 (t)Gideon Mendel/CORBIS, (c)Reuters/CORBIS, (b)Charles O. Cecil/The Image Works; 1010 Bettmann/CORBIS; 1010–1011 Michael Von Ruber/Imagestate; 1011 Francoise Demulder/CORBIS; 1015 Bettmann/CORBIS; 1020 (l)Henri Bureau/Sygma/CORBIS, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 1022 Christian Simonpietri/Sygma/CORBIS; 1027 Steve & Ghy Sampson/Getty Images; 1028 Kim Kyung-Hoon/Reuters/CORBIS; 1032 (t)Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS; (b)Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS; 1036 (l)Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images, (r)Caroline Penn/CORBIS; 1036–1037 Jorgen Schytte/ Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1037 Reuters/CORBIS; 1039 Bettmann/CORBIS; 1043 Mark Edwards/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1044 Phillipe Lissac/Godong/ CORBIS; 1046 Kim Kulish/CORBIS; 1049 Ron Giling/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 1051 Reed Saxon/AP Images; 1052 Chip East/Reuters/CORBIS; 1054 (t)CORBIS, (c)Radar Bali/AP Images, (b)Viviane Moos/CORBIS; 1057 Kjell Nilsson-Maki/CartoonStock; R1 (l)Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS, (r)Bettmann/CORBIS; R12 Chad Baker-Ryan McVay/Getty Images; R13 Richard I’Anson/Lonely Planet Images; R14 Thomas Dworzak/ Magnum Photos; R16 Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions; R17 SuperStock; R22 Imagno/Getty Images; R30 Jonathan Shapiro; R32 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; R33 (t)CORBIS, (b)Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; R34 Art Archive/ Dagli Orti; R35 (l)Réunion des Musées Nationaux /Art Resource, NY, (r)Scala/Art Resource, NY; R36 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Alinari/Art Resource, NY; R37 Hervé Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; R38 Scala/Art Resource, NY; R39 Peter Willi/SuperStock; R40 (t)Mary Evans Picture Library, (b)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Edward Elliott Family Collection. Purchase, The Dillon Fund Gift, 1982. 1982.2.2; R41 Burstein Collection/CORBIS; R42 (t)Stock Montage, (b)Art Archive/University Library Geneva/Dagli Orti; R43 Lowe Art Museum/SuperStock; R44 Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; R45 Art Archive/Musée du Chateau de Versailles/Dagli Orti; R46 R48 Hulton Archive/Getty Images; R49 Mary Evans Picture Library; R50 Bridgeman Art Library; R51 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ CORBIS; R52 Bettmann/CORBIS; R53 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; R54 Bettmann/CORBIS; R56 (l)Ho/ Suhrkamp/AP Images, (r)Greg Stott/Masterfile; R57 The Butler Institute of American Art.